question
stringlengths 18
1.2k
| facts
stringlengths 44
500k
| answer
stringlengths 1
147
|
|---|---|---|
Which Poet Laureate was born at Mytholmroyd in Yorkshire? | Ted Hughes | Poetry Foundation
Poetry Foundation
Poet Details
1930–1998
One of the giants of 20th century British poetry, Ted Hughes was born in Mytholmroyd, Yorkshire in 1930. After serving as in the Royal Air Force, Hughes attended Cambridge, where he studied archeology and anthropology, taking a special interest in myths and legends. In 1956 he met and married the American poet Sylvia Plath , who encouraged him to submit his manuscript to a first book contest run by The Poetry Center. Awarded first prize by judges Marianne Moore , W.H. Auden , and Stephen Spender , The Hawk in the Rain (1957) secured Hughes’s reputation as a poet of international stature. According to poet and critic Robert B. Shaw , “Hughes’s poetry signaled a dramatic departure from the prevailing modes of the period. The stereotypical poem of the time was determined not to risk too much: politely domestic in its subject matter, understated and mildly ironic in style. By contrast, Hughes marshaled a language of nearly Shakespearean resonance to explore themes which were mythic and elemental.” Hughes’s long career included unprecedented best-selling volumes such as Lupercal (1960), Crow (1970), Selected Poems 1957-1981 (1982), and The Birthday Letters (1998), as well as many beloved children’s books, including The Iron Man (1968). With Seamus Heaney , he edited the popular anthologies The Rattle Bag (1982) and The School Bag (1997). Named executor of Plath’s literary estate, he edited several volumes of her work. Hughes also translated works from Classical authors, including Ovid and Aeschylus. An incredibly prolific poet, translator, editor, and children’s book author, Hughes was appointed Poet Laureate in 1984, a post he held until his death. Among his many awards, he was appointed to the Order of Merit, one of Britain’s highest honors.
The rural landscape of Hughes’s youth in Yorkshire exerted a lasting influence on his work. To read Hughes’s poetry is to enter a world dominated by nature, especially by animals. This holds true for nearly all of his books, from The Hawk in the Rain to Wolfwatching (1989) and Moortown Diary (1989), two of his late collections. Hughes’s love of animals was one of the catalysts in his decision to become a poet. According to London Times contributor Thomas Nye, Hughes once confessed “that he began writing poems in adolescence, when it dawned upon him that his earlier passion for hunting animals in his native Yorkshire ended either in the possession of a dead animal, or at best a trapped one. He wanted to capture not just live animals, but the aliveness of animals in their natural state: their wildness, their quiddity, the fox-ness of the fox and the crow-ness of the crow.” However, Hughes’s interest in animals was generally less naturalistic than symbolic. Using figures such as “Crow” to approximate a mythic everyman, Hughes’s work speaks to his concern with poetry’s vatic, even shamanic powers. Working in sequences and lists, Hughes frequently uncovered a kind of autochthonous, yet literary, English language. According to Peter Davison in the New York Times, “While inhabiting the bodies of creatures, mostly male, Hughes clambers back down the evolutionary chain. He searches deep into the riddles of language, too, those that precede any given tongue, language that reeks of the forest or even the jungle. Such poems often contain a touch—or more than a touch—of melodrama, of the brutal tragedies of Seneca that Hughes adapted for the modern stage.”
Hughes’s posthumous publications include Selected Poems 1957-1994 (2002), an updated and expanded version of the original 1982 edition, and Letters of Ted Hughes (2008), which were edited by Christopher Reid and showcase Hughes’s voluminous correspondence. According to David Orr in the New York Times, Hughes’s “letters are immediately interesting and accessible to third parties to whom they aren’t addressed… Hughes can turn out a memorable description (biographies of Plath are ‘a perpetual smoldering in the cellar for us. There’s always one or two smoking away’), and his offhand observations about poetry can be startlingly perceptive.” The publication of Hughes’s Collected Poems (2003) provided new insights into Hughes’s writing process. Sean O’Brien in the Guardian noted, “Hughes conducted more than one life as a poet.” Publishing both single volumes with Faber, Hughes also released a huge amount of work through small presses and magazines. These poems were frequently not collected, and it seems Hughes thought of his small-press efforts as experiments to see if the poems deserved placement in collections. O’Brien continued: “Clearly [Hughes] needed to be writing all the time, and many of the hitherto uncollected poems have the provisional air of resting for a moment before being taken to completion—except that half the time completion didn't occur and wasn't even the issue… as far as the complete body of work went, Hughes seems to have been more interested in process than outcome.”
Though Hughes is now unequivocally recognized as one of the greatest poets of the 20th century, his reputation as a poet during his lifetime was perhaps unfairly framed by two events: the suicide of Plath in 1963, and, in 1969, the suicide of the woman he left Plath for, Assia Wevill, who also took the life of their young daughter, Shura. As Plath’s executor, Hughes’s decision to destroy her final diary and his refusal of publication rights to her poems irked many in the literary community. Plath was taken up by some as a symbol of suppressed female genius in the decade after her suicide, and in this scenario Hughes was often cast as the villain. His readings were disrupted by cries of “murderer!” and his surname, which appears on Plath’s gravestone, was repeatedly defaced. Hughes’s unpopular decisions regarding Plath’s writings, over which he had total control after her death, were often in service of his definition of privacy; he also refused to discuss his marriage to Plath after her death. Thus it was with great surprise that, in 1998, the literary world received Hughes’s quite intimate portrait of Plath in the form of Birthday Letters, a collection of prose poems covering every aspect of his relationship with his first wife. The collection received both critical praise and censure; Hughes’s desire to break the silence around Plath’s death was welcomed, even as the poems themselves were scrutinized. Yet despite reservations, Katha Pollitt wrote in the New York Times Book Review that Hughes’s tone, “emotional, direct, regretful, entranced—pervades the book’s strongest poems, which are quiet and thoughtful and conversational. Plath is always ‘you’—as though an old man were leafing through an album with a ghost.”
Though marked by a period of pain and controversy in the 1960s, Hughes’s later life was spent writing and farming. He married Carol Orchard in 1970, and the couple lived on a small farm in Devon until his death. His forays into translations, essays, and criticism were noted for their intelligence and range. Hughes continued writing and publishing poems until his death, from cancer, on October 28, 1998. A memorial to Hughes in the famed Poets’ Corner of Westminster Abbey was unveiled in 2011.
The Hawk in the Rain, Harper (New York, NY), 1957.
Pike, Gehenna Press (Northampton, MA), 1959.
Lupercal, Harper, 1960.
(With Thom Gunn) Selected Poems, Faber and Faber (London, England), 1962.
Animal Poems, Gilbertson (Crediton, Devon, England), 1967.
Gravestones, Exeter College of Art (Exeter, Devon, England), 1967, published as Poems, 1968.
I Said Goodbye to the Earth, Turret (London, England), 1969.
The Martyrdom of Bishop Farrer, Gilbertson (Crediton, Devon, England), 1970.
Crow: From the Life and Songs of the Crow, Faber and Faber (London, England), 1970, Harper, 1971, revised edition, Faber and Faber, 1972, Harper, 1981.
Fighting for Jerusalem, Mid-NAG (Ashington, Northumberland, England), 1970.
Selected Poems, 1957-1967, illustrated by Leonard Baskin, Faber and Faber, 1972, Harper, 1973.
Cave Birds, Scolar Press (London, England), 1975, enlarged edition published as Cave Birds: An Alchemical Drama, illustrated by Leonard Baskin, Faber and Faber, 1978, Viking Press (New York, NY), 1979.
The Interrogator: A Titled Vulturess, Scolar Press (London, England), 1975.
Guadete, Harper, 1977.
Remains of Elmet: A Pennine Sequence, photographs by Fay Godwin, Rainbow Press (London, England), 1979, second revised edition published as Elmet: Poems, Faber and Faber, 1994.
In the Black Chapel (poster), Victoria and Albert Museum (London, England), 1979.
1979-83 Woodpecker, Wolverine, Eagle, Mosquito, Tapir’s Saga, Wolf-Watching, Mice Are Funny Little Creatures, Weasels at Work, Fly Inspects (broadsides), Morrigu Press (North Tawton, Devon, England).
Moortown (also see below), Faber and Faber, 1979, Harper, 1980.
Sky-Furnace, painting by Roger Vick, Caricia Fine Arts (North Tawton, Devon, England), 1981.
A Primer of Birds: Poems, illustrated by Leonard Baskin, Gehenna Press (Lurley, Devon, England), 1981.
Selected Poems: 1957-1981, Faber and Faber, 1982, enlarged edition published as New Selected Poems, Harper, 1982, expanded edition published as New Selected Poems, 1957-1994, Faber and Faber, 1995.
River, photographs by Peter Keen, Faber and Faber, 1983, Harper, 1984.
Flowers and Insects: Some Birds and a Pair of Spiders, illustrated by Leonard Baskin, Knopf (New York, NY), 1986.
Tales of the Early World, Faber and Faber, 1988.
Wolfwatching, Faber and Faber, 1989.
Moortown Diary (originally published in Moortown), Faber and Faber, 1989.
Cappriccio, illustrated by Leonard Baskin, Gehenna Press (Searsmont, ME), 1990.
Rain-Charm for the Duchy and Other Laureate Poems, Faber and Faber, 1992.
The Birthday Letters, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (New York, NY), 1998.
Selected Poems, 1957-1994, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002.
Collected Poems, edited by Paul Keegan,Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003.
Letters of Ted Hughes, edited by Christopher Reid, Farrar, Straus, and Grioux, 2008.
Contributor to All around the Year by Michael Morpurgo, J. Murray, 1979.
POETRY (Limited Editions)
Moortown Elegies, Rainbow Press, 1978.
A Solstice, Sceptre Press, 1978.
Calder Valley Poems, Rainbow Press, 1978.
Adam and the Sacred Nine, Rainbow Press, 1979.
Henry Williamson: A Tribute, Rainbow Press, 1979.
Four Tales Told by an Idiot, Sceptre Press, 1979.
PLAYS
The House of Aries (radio play), broadcast, 1960.
The Calm, produced in Boston, MA, 1961.
A Houseful of Women (radio play), broadcast, 1961.
The Wound (radio play; also see below), broadcast, 1962, revised version produced in London, 1972.
Difficulties of a Bridegroom (radio play), broadcast, 1963.
Epithalamium, produced in London, 1963.
Dogs (radio play), broadcast, 1964.
The House of Donkeys (radio play), broadcast, 1965.
The Head of Gold (radio play), broadcast, 1967.
The Coming of the Kings and Other Plays (juvenile; contains Beauty and the Beast [broadcast, 1965; produced in London, 1971], Sean, the Fool [broadcast, 1968; produced in London, 1971], The Devil and the Cats [broadcast, 1968; produced in London, 1971], The Coming of the Kings [broadcast, 1964; televised, 1967; produced in London, 1972], and The Tiger’s Bones [broadcast, 1965]), Faber and Faber (London, England), 1970, revised edition (also contains Orpheus [broadcast, 1971; also see below]), published as The Tiger’s Bones and Other Plays for Children, illustrated by Alan E. Cober, Viking Press (New York, NY), 1975.
The Price of a Bride (juvenile; radio play), broadcast, 1966.
(Adapter) Seneca’s Oedipus (produced in London at National Theatre, 1968, in Los Angeles, 1973, in New York, 1977), Faber and Faber (London, England), 1969, Doubleday (New York, NY), 1972.
Orghast, produced in Persepolis, Iran, 1971.
Eat Crow, Rainbow Press (London, England), 1971.
The Iron Man (based on his juvenile book; televised, 1972; also see below), Faber and Faber (London, England), 1973.
Orpheus, Dramatic Publishing, 1973.
CHILDREN’S BOOKS
Meet My Folks! (verse), illustrated by George Adamson, Faber and Faber (London, England), 1961, Bobbs-Merrill (Indianapolis, IN), 1973, revised edition, Faber and Faber, 1987.
The Earth-Owl and Other Moon-People (verse), Faber and Faber, 1963, Atheneum (New York, NY), 1964, published as Moon-Whales and Other Moon Poems, illustrated by Leonard Baskin, Viking (New York, NY), 1976, revised edition published as Moon Whales, Faber and Faber, 1988.
How the Whale Became and Other Stories, Faber and Faber, 1963, revised edition, Atheneum, 1964, illustrated by Jackie Morris, Orchard Books (New York, NY), 2000.
Nessie, The Mannerless Monster (verse), illustrated by Gerald Rose, Faber and Faber, 1964, revised edition published as Nessie the Monster, illustrated by Jan Pyk, Bobbs-Merrill (Indianapolis, IN), 1974.
The Iron Giant: A Story in Five Nights, Harper (New York, NY), 1968, revised edition published as The Iron Man: A Story in Five Nights, Faber and Faber, 1968, revised edition, 1984, reprinted under original title, Knopf (New York, NY), 1999.
Five Autumn Songs for Children’s Voices, illustrated by Phillida Gili, Gilbertson (Crediton, Devon, England), 1968.
Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter, Rainbow Press (London, England), 1974, revised edition published as Season Songs, illustrated by Leonard Baskin, Viking Press, 1975, revised edition, Faber and Faber, 1987.
(And illustrator) Earth-Moon, Rainbow Press, 1976.
Moon-Bells and Other Poems, Chatto and Windus (London, England), 1978.
The Pig Organ; or, Pork with Perfect Pitch (opera), music by Richard Blackford, produced in London at the Round House, 1980.
Under the North Star, illustrated by Leonard Baskin, Viking Press, , 1981.
(Editor, with Seamus Heaney) The Rattle Bag: An Anthology of Poetry, Faber and Faber, 1982.
What Is the Truth?: A Farmyard Fable for the Young, illustrated by R. J. Lloyd, Harper, 1984.
Ffangs the Vampire Bat and the Kiss of Truth, Faber and Faber, 1986.
The Cat and the Cuckoo: Collected Poems, Wykeham Press (Winchester, England), c. 1987, Roaring Brook Press (Brookfield, CT), 1988.
The Iron Woman, Dial (New York, NY), 1995.
The Mermaid’s Purse, illustrated by Flora McDonnell, Knopf, 2000.
EDITOR
(With Patricia Beer and Vernon Scannell) New Poems 1962, Hutchinson (London, England), 1962.
(With Thom Gunn) Five American Poets, Faber and Faber, 1963.
Here Today, Hutchinson, 1963.
(With Alwyn Hughes) Sylvia Plath, Ariel, Faber and Faber, 1965, Harper (New York, NY), 1966.
(And author of introduction) Keith Douglas, Selected Poems, Faber and Faber, 1964, Chilmark Press (New York, NY), 1965.
Poetry in the Making: An Anthology of Poems and Programmes from “Listening and Writing,” Faber and Faber, 1967, abridged edition published as Poetry Is, Doubleday (New York, NY), 1970.
(And author of introduction) Emily Dickinson, A Choice of Emily Dickinson’s Verse, Faber and Faber, 1968.
(And translator, with Assia Gutmann) Yehuda Amichai, Selected Poems, Cape Goliard Press (London, England), 1968, revised edition published as Poems, Harper, 1969.
(And author of introduction) William Shakespeare, With Fairest Flowers While Summer Lasts: Poems from Shakespeare (also see below), Doubleday (New York, NY), 1971, published as A Choice of Shakespeare’s Verse, Faber and Faber, 1971, introduction published as Shakespeare’s Poem, Lexham Press (London, England), 1971.
Sylvia Plath, Crossing the Waters: Transitional Poems, Harper, 1971, published as Crossing the Waters, Faber and Faber, 1971.
Sylvia Plath, Winter Trees, Faber and Faber, 1971, reprinted, Harper, 1972.
(And translator, with János Csokits) János Pilinszky, Selected Poems, Carcanet (Manchester, England), 1976.
(And author of introduction) Sylvia Plath, Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams, and Other Prose Writings, Faber and Faber, 1977, Harper, 1979.
(And translator, with Yehuda Amichai) Yehuda Amichai, Amen, Harper, 1977.
New Poetry 6, Hutchison, 1980.
(And author of introduction) Sylvia Plath, The Collected Poems, Harper, 1981.
(With Seamus Heaney) Arvon Foundation Poetry Competition: 1980 Anthology, Kilnhurst, 1982.
Sylvia Plath, Sylvia Plath’s Selected Poems, Faber and Faber, 1985.
Winning Words (stories by children), Faber and Faber, 1991.
Dancer to God: Tributes to T. S. Eliot, Farrar, Straus, and Giroux (New York, NY), 1993.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, A Choice of Coleridge’s Verse, Faber and Faber, 1996.
(Consulting editor) Frances McCullough, editor, The Journals of Sylvia Plath, Anchor Books (New York, NY), 1998.
OTHER
Wodwo (includes play, The Wound), Harper, 1967.
(Translator, with Assia Gutmann) Yehuda Amichai, Selected Poems, Cape Goliard Press (London, England), 1968; expanded edition published as Poems, Harper.
The Demon of Adachigahara (libretto), Oxford University Press, 1969.
(With others) Corgi Modern Poets in Focus I, edited by Dannie Abse, Corgi (London, England), 1971.
(Adapter) The Story of Vasco (libretto; based on a play by Georges Schehade; produced in London, 1974), Oxford University Press, 1974.
(Translator) Charles Simic and Mark Strand, editors, Another Republic, Ecco Press, 1977.
The Threshold (short story), Steam Press (London, England), 1979.
(Translator, with Yehuda Amichai) Yehuda Amichai, Time, Harper, 1979.
(Consulting editor and author of foreword) Frances McCullough, editor, The Journals of Sylvia Plath, Dial, 1982.
(Translator, with János Csokits) János Pilinszky, The Desert of Love, Anvil Press Poetry, 1988.
(Translator, with Harold Schimmel and Assia Gutmann) The Early Books of Yehuda Amichai, Sheep Meadow Press, 1988.
Essential Shakespeare, Ecco Press, 1991.
Shakespeare and the Goddess of Complete Being, Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1992.
Winter Pollen: Occasional Prose (essays), edited by William Scammell, Faber and Faber, 1994, Picador USA (New York, NY), 1995.
The Dreamfighter, and Other Creation Tales (stories), Faber and Faber, 1995.
Difficulties of a Bridegroom: Collected Short Stories, Picador, 1995.
(Translator) Ovid, Tales from Ovid, Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1997.
(Translator) Aeschylus, The Oresteia, Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1999.
(Translator) Jean Racine, Phèdre, Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1999.
(Translator) Euripides, Euripides’ Alcestis, Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1999.
Contributor to numerous anthologies, including Writers on Themselves, BBC Publications, 1964. Contributor to periodicals, including New Yorker, New York Review of Books, and Spectator. Founding editor with Daniel Weissbrot of Modern Poetry in Translation, 1964-71. Hughes published several audio cassettes, particularly his works for children. His papers are contained in a collection at Emory University.
BOOKS
Children's Literature Review, Volume 3, Gale (Detroit, MI), 1978.
Contemporary Literary Criticism, Volume 2, 1974, Volume 4, 1975, Volume 9, 1978, Volume 14, 1980, Volume 37, Gale (Detroit, MI), 1986.
Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 40: Poets of Great Britain and Ireland since 1960, Part 1, 1985, Volume 161: British Children's Writers since 1960, first series, Gale (Detroit, MI), 1996.
Faas, Ekbert, Ted Hughes: The Unaccommodated Universe, Black Sparrow Press, 1980.
Gifford, Terry, and Neil Roberts, Ted Hughes: A Critical Study, Faber and Faber (London, England), 1981.
Hamilton, Ian, editor, The Modern Poet: Essays from "The Review," MacDonald, 1968.
King, P. R., Nine Contemporary Poets: A Critical Introduction, Methuen, 1979.
Malcolm, Janet, The Silent Woman: Sylvia Plath & Ted Hughes, Knopf (New York City), 1994.
Myers, Lucas, Crow Steered/Bergs Appeared: A Memoir of Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath, Proctor's Hall Press (Sewanee, TN), 2001.
Newsmakers, 1999, Issue 2, Gale (Detroit, MI), 1999.
St. James Guide to Young Adult Writers, 2nd edition, St. James Press (Detroit, MI), 1999.
Sagar, Keith, Ted Hughes, Longman, 1972, enlarged as The Art of Ted Hughes, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, England), 1978.
Sagar, Keith, The Achievement of Ted Hughes, Manchester University Press (Manchester, England), 1983.
Sagar, Keith, The Challenge of Ted Hughes, St. Martin's Press (New York, NY), 1994.
Tennant, Emma, Sylvia and Ted, Henry Holt (New York, NY), 2001.
PERIODICALS
Literary Review, spring, 1981.
London Review of Books, February 19, 1998, review of The Birthday Letters, p. 8.
Los Angeles Times, October 30, 1998, Marjorie Miller, "Britain Loses Poet laureate Ted Hughes, 68, to Cancer," pp. A1, A12.
Los Angeles Times Book Review, August 10, 1980, Peter Clothier, review of Moortown; March 15, 1998, review of The Birthday Letters, p. 7.
Nation, April 20, 1998, review of The Birthday Letters, p. 25.
New England Review, fall, 1998, review of The Birthday Letters, p. 154.
New Republic, September 3, 1984; June 6, 1994, p. 34; March 30, 1998, review of The Birthday Letters, p. 30.
New Statesman, January 4, 1980.
New Statesman and Society, April 17, 1992; April 14, 1995, p. 45; January 30, 1998, review of The Birthday Letters, p. 45.
Newsweek, April 12, 1971, Jack Kroll, review of Crow: From the Life and Songs of the Crow.
New Yorker, August 23, 1993.
New York Review of Books, June 10, 1982; March 5, 1998, review ofThe Birthday Letters, p. 7.
New York Times Book Review, July 20, 1980, Christopher Ricks, review of Moortown, p. 13; April 21, 1991, William Logan, review of Wolfwatching, p. 22; January 7, 1996, Penelope Laurans, review of Winter Pollen: Occasional Prose, p. 21; October 13, 1996, Andy Solomon, review of Difficulties of a Bridegroom: Collected Short Stories; December 14, 1997, James Shapiro, "Sex and Violence in Latin Hexameter"; February 13, 1998, Michiko Kakutani, "A Portrait of Plath in Poetry for Its Own Sake," p. 43; March 1, 1998, Katha Pollitt, "Peering into the Bell Jar," p. 4; March 15, 1998, Carol Muske, review of The Birthday Letters, p. 5; May 31, 1998, review of Tales from Ovid, p. 24; January 24, 1999, Eavan Boland, "Ted Hughes: A Reconciliation," p. 31; September 5, 1999, Garry Wills, "After the Trojan Horse: A New Translation by Ted Hughes of Aeschylus' Trilogy on the Fall of the House of Atreus," p. 10.
Observer (London), June 14, 1992; March 5, 1995; February 1, 1998, review of The Birthday Letters, p. 15; December 6, 1998, review of The Birthday Letters, p. 15; May 2, 1999, review of The Birthday Letters, p. 14; May 15, 2001, Vanessa Thorpe, "Secret Passions of a Poet Laureate," p. 4.
Poetry, June, 1998, review of The Birthday Letters and Tales from Ovid, p. 154.
Publishers Weekly, July 17, 1995, p. 230; August 21, 1995, p. 56; February 2, 1998, review of The Birthday Letters, p. 75; May 31, 1999, review of The Oresteia, p. 89.
Quill and Quire, February, 1994, p. 40.
School Librarian, November, 1991, p. 144; August, 1993, p. 108; February, 1996, p. 28.
Sewanee Review, July, 1998, review of Winter Pollen, p. 69.
Spectator, June 20, 1992; March 12, 1994; March 18, 1995; January 31, 1998, review of The Birthday Letters, p. 42.
Time, April 5, 1971, Christopher Porterfield; February 16, 1998, review of The Birthday Letters, p. 101.
Times (London), January 8, 1987, April 8, 2000, James Bone, "Hughes Papers Reveal Devotion to Plath," p. 10; April 10, 2000, James Bone, "Plath Owed Her Success to Me, Says Hughes," p. 5, Erica Wagner, "At Last, Justice for Hughes," p. S6; May 15, 2001, Erica Wagner, "The Poet as Rock God," p. S2; October 30, 1998, Peter Stothard, "The Poet Laureate's Last Reading," p. 24.
Times Educational Supplement, January 30, 1998, review of The Birthday Letters, p. 12.
Times Literary Supplement, January 4, 1980; April 17, 1992; May 6, 1994; November 17, 1995; February 6, 1998, review of The Birthday Letters, p. 3; December 4, 1998, review of The Birthday Letters.
USA Today, October 29, 1998.
Washington Post Book World, November 22, 1992, Gary Taylor; March 8, 1998, Linda Pastan, "Scenes from a Marriage," p. 5; March 15, 1998, review of Difficulties of a Bridegroom, p. 12.
Women's Review of Books, June, 1998, review of The Birthday Letters, p. 8.
World Literature Today, spring, 1998, review of Tales from Ovid, p. 379; summer, 1998, review of The Birthday Letters, p. 621.
OTHER
Academy of American Poets, http://www.poets.org/ (September 12, 2001), "Ted Hughes."
OBITUARIES:
PERIODICALS
New York Times, October 30, 1998, Sarah Lyall, "Ted Hughes, 68, a Symbolic Poet and Sylvia Plath's Husband, Dies," p. A1.
Washington Post, October 30, 1998, "British Poet Laureate Ted Hughes Dies at 68; Turbulent Marriage to Writer Silvia Plath Dogged His Reputation after Her Suicide," p. B6.
| Ted Hughes |
How many apprentice boys shut the gates of Derry in December 1688 leading to the siege of the city? | A poet's Yorkshire retreat | The Independent
UK
A poet's Yorkshire retreat
Adrian Mourby lets himself into the house where Yorkshire's most celebrated poet was born, now a holiday cottage-cum-writer's retreat – and hopes for inspiration.
Saturday 30 August 2008 23:00 BST
Click to follow
2/3
3/3
Iovershot at first, missing the turn into Zion Terrace entirely and zooming up past the clog factory. Prevented by high stone walls from turning round, I soon found myself on top of Yorkshire moorland, iridescent green in the afternoon sun. So this was where Gerald Hughes took his younger brother camping, smoking out weasels and shooting rabbits. I executed a cautious turn and swung back down the tree-lined lane into the narrow cotton town of Mytholmroyd.
Zion Terrace led to Aspinall Place, and on the corner I saw a light blue plaque recording the fact that the Poet Laureate Ted Hughes was born at No 1, recently opened as a writers' retreat. Here I met Eric, the curator of Ted Hughes's birthplace. He was a solid, softly spoken man who, throughout our tour of the small millstone grit end-terrace, referred to the late poet as "Ted".
I was fascinated to see what lay behind the lilac half-glazed door. Would this be a painstaking re-creation of the kind of house lived in by a joiner, his wife, two sons and daughter in the 1930s? I really didn't fancy pulling up a tin bath in front of the fire that evening. But what I found was much more National Trust holiday cottage than National Trust heritage site. A leather sofa and armchair sat on a neutral Berber twist carpet, facing a flame-effect fireplace that was more 1930s Mayfair than 1930s Mytholmroyd.
"We've tried to nod in the direction of the 1930s without turning it into a museum," said Eric. Only the dining table and chairs did I recognise from a childhood of visiting great-aunts. Aunties Mary, Zoe and Millie all purchased leafed tables like that between the wars. A few sepia photos were dotted around, including one on the mantel of "Ted 1938" in V-neck school sweater, possibly the last time he ever smiled for a photo.
Eric showed me the new kitchen – fully fitted with gorgeous black marble work surfaces and pointed out where the tin bath used to be kept. (It's now the built-in washing machine.) He then took me up the steep stairs to the bathroom (formerly the bedroom of Ted's sister Olwen) and the main bedroom where Ted was born. Like the rest of the house it had that smell of Ikea newness. The bed was a Victorian brass reproduction, but there was also one of those awful vanity units made of thin polished plywood and tall bevelled mirrors. My mother inherited one, a comparatively gorgeous thing that allowed me to see myself from three angles simultaneously and thereby create a triptych to adolescent self-absorption.
This conversion by Zoe Holmes had got the tone of place about right given the nearly impossible brief: create a holiday cottage-cum-shrine-cum-writers' retreat. As soon as Eric had gone, I moved the family photos aside and unpacked my laptop. I had a few hours before a dinner party that evening. I could start work on the novel which I had thought finished a year ago but which has been waking me up in the wee small hours demanding rewrites ever since. Here, without phone, wife or Wi-Fi to distract me, I hoped I could finally get to grips with it. I might also get some help from the ghost of young Ted.
It took a while to unearth the various Word documents, by which time I was feeling tired from the long drive. I sat down on the huge leather sofa, and when I woke it was to a tap on the front door. Sheila from the Elmet Trust had arrived, bringing with her the poet Glyn Hughes, no relation but a friend of Ted's, who was guest speaker at the dinner that night. I had arrived on the poet's birthday, hence the dinner.
The trust wants to promote the local connection with Ted Hughes through ventures such as the writers' retreat. They chose the name Elmet because, in his later years, Ted insisted that Calderdale was part of Elmet, the last Celtic kingdom in England. As I went upstairs, I heard Glyn expressing reservations about 1 Aspinall Street. He remembered it as boxlike and unprepossessing. "There was nothing organic about that house."
While Glyn and his wife took the car, Sheila and I walked down together to the church hall where the Elmet Trust dinner was being held. As we passed over the Rochdale Canal, Sheila pointed out where young "Teddy" Hughes and his friends used to smash the windows of an empty factory, an act he commemorated in the poem "Under the World's Wild Rims".
The dinner was a jolly occasion. I found myself seated next to Donald Crossley who had been in the gang of four boys who had smashed the factory windows. The two men had remained in touch. Glyn gave a great speech, readily admitting how much he had been influenced by what he called Ted's "Pennine gloom". Poetry for Ted was not a profession. It was a vocation. "Ted would never have given an after-dinner speech," Glyn told us with a twinkle in his eye. ""He would see it as too frivolous a waste of literary energy".
As the wine flowed I was emboldened to ask what Hughes's friends thought of Daniel Craig's performance in the film Sylvia. There were some sharp remarks about Craig's mispronunciation of Mytholmroyd (say: MY-thom-roid), then Donald fixed me with his unsteady eye.
"You know what I thought? Nothing. There is only one man who can play Ted, only one man who looks like him and can read his poetry like him and that is ... Simon Armitage."
The meal broke up only when the designated drivers had had enough. The rest of us were having a great time. I woke up the next morning with a dry throat as the refuse cart beeped a series of victory laps around "the plot", a recreation area in front of Aspinall Place.
There was very little for breakfast apart from chocolate chip cookies and instant coffee (I'd forgotten this was a self-catering cottage), so I switched on my laptop and decided to go for a short walk before settling down and editing the magnum opus. I was just out of the door when Donald rang me on my mobile to check that we were still on to look at Ted Hughes sights around the village that afternoon. I had forgotten our late-night undertaking but thanked him nevertheless.
My walk started in light drizzle. Scout Rock had disappeared into the mist. I passed Wakeleys, the UK's biggest clog manufacturer, a large industrial building in millstone grit and urgent need of restoration. Next to it stood Sutcliffe Farrar, a company that still produces men's trousers. Ted's mother, Edith Farrar, was a seamstress and a relation of the owner'. The en-suite shower off my bedroom used to be her workroom.
Returning to 1 Aspinall, I once again approached my laptop. Sylvia Plath once wrote: "I wonder if, shut in a room, I could write for a year." All I had to do, relieved of the pressures of domestic life and company, was to write for one day at a time. However, it struck me that first I really ought to log on and check that there were no editors demanding to know where the hell I was. So I pulled on my waterproof again and went into town in search of the only local internet connection. Rumour had it that there was Wi-Fi at the Dusty Miller pub, but this was shut. By now it was raining heavily so I picked up a takeaway lunch from the tiny local Sainsbury's and marched back against the brewing storm. Rain was overwhelming the gutters and a lorry moving at speed sent a spray of grey water over me and my little orange plastic bag.
No wonder Ted moved away, I muttered to myself.
In the afternoon, however, things improved. Just as I was faced with no choice but to get down to work, Donald arrived in shorts ready to take me round the village and up to The Heights, a road that runs at the top of the surrounding hills. Since his retirement from a local clothing factory, Donald has devoted himself to tracking down every local reference in Ted Hughes's poetry. "There are 27 poems set in Mytholmroyd alone," he explained as we walked down Zion Place. "All of them this side of the river."
Donald has been corresponding with Gerald, Ted's older brother, who now lives in Australia. Together they have worked out the exact geographical location of just about every reference in the early poems. Donald carries detailed maps with him that show where the Hughes boys camped, where Ted shot his first rat in a pig oile (pigsty) and where the Bessie House (a sweet shop) stood. He could even demonstrate the exact geographical meaning of every line in the very personal poem "Two". Emory University in the United States, which owns all the Hughes manuscripts, should buy Donald B Crossley and spend some time downloading him into their literary database.
And now the sun came out at last and I began to understand why this landscape meant so much to Ted Hughes. As we descended from The Heights, Donald pointed to a kestrel hawk paused over the landscape. "That's Ted, watching over us. I hoped he'd be here."
I came back to 1 Aspinall Place refreshed and keen to read more Hughes. I even felt I was ready now to finish the revisions on that novel – after writing this piece for The Independent on Sunday, of course.
COMPACT FACTS
How to get there
1 Aspinall Place can be booked through Yorkshire Cottages (01228 406701; yorkshire-cottages.info). "Ted's House" (cottage reference: 212144) costs from £250 per week.
The Ted Hughes Festival takes place in Mytholmroyd 22-28 October. For tickets and information go to theelmettrust.com
Further information
Hebden Bridge Visitor Centre (01422 843831). Or visit yorkshire.com.
More about:
| i don't know |
Four countries elect 6 MEPs – Cyprus, Malta, Luxembourg and which other? | Q&A: Election for the European Parliament - BBC News
BBC News
Q&A: Election for the European Parliament
22 May 2014
Read more about sharing.
Close share panel
From 22-25 May, all 28 member states of the European Union held elections for the European Parliament. Here's a guide:
Who is being elected?
Some 751 members of the European Parliament, known as MEPs will be elected.
The number of MEPs will rise this year from the 736 elected at the last election in 2009.
This is to reflect Europe's growing population, and the addition of a new member state - Croatia - which joined in 2013.
How many MEPs does each country have?
This is decided by the country's population.
Germany, Europe's most populous nation, has 96 MEPs while Malta, Estonia, Cyprus and Luxembourg have six each.
How are MEPs elected?
Proportional Representation (PR) is used to determine how many MEPs each national party has, based on the share of the vote it wins.
A mathematical formula known as D'Hondt is used to calculate each party's seats.
The form of PR used also varies.
In some countries voters can pick one or more named candidates. This is known as an "open list", and is used in 16 states including Austria, Belgium, Italy, Poland and Sweden.
Elsewhere, voters choose a party, and the party decides the order in which their candidates are elected. This is known as a 'closed list' and is used in eight countries including France, Germany and the UK (except Northern Ireland, which uses the Single Transferable Vote system ).
PR is seen as benefitting smaller parties, compared with first-past-the-post system used in UK general elections.
What powers do MEPs have?
MEPs negotiate legislation with national government ministers - the Council - in what is called "co-decision", then parliament votes on the laws.
They also have an important say in big budget areas, such as agriculture and regional aid.
MEPs can press the European Commission to legislate on particular issues. They can also act on issues raised by voters who petition them directly. That was notably the case in the EU fisheries reform, where public pressure made a big impact.
Their consent is also required for EU trade agreements with non-EU countries, and for admitting new states.
Since 2009 MEP's powers have expanded considerably, under the Lisbon Treaty.
What are the 'groups' in the parliament?
Voters elect MEPs from their own national parties, but once elected they usually join EU-wide groups with similarly-minded parties from other countries.
There were seven political groups in the parliament from 2009-2014, plus a 'group' of non-attached MEPs.
In this election, the BBC will describe them as follows:
•EPP (European People's Party) - centre-right, supports greater EU integration
•Socialist (Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats) - Main centre-left group
•Liberal (Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe) - Centrist group, very pro-integration
•Green (European Greens/European Free Alliance) - Alliance of parties representing regional interest, and green parties
•Conservative (European Conservatives and Reformists) - Founded after the 2009 election, this group seeks reform of the European Union
•EFD (Europe of Freedom and Democracy) - Right-wing group broadly opposed to further European integration
•Left (European United Left) - Far left group, containing traditional communist and socialist parties
•Other (No Group or "Non-inscrits") - MEPs who have been rejected by other groups or unable to form their own
How is the election organised?
The election takes place over four days, with groups of countries voting on different days.
British voters went to the polls on 22 May - the same day as local elections in 161 English councils, 11 councils in Northern Ireland, and five mayoral elections.
Initial results in the European election are expected from 2100 GMT on Sunday 25 May.
Northern Ireland's result is declared on Monday 26 May.
How will results be reported?
Results for the UK will be counted by local authorities.
Results will appear initially as the number of votes received by each party as each local council in each region declares.
The MEPs elected for each region will be announced once the number of seats each party has won has been calculated using the D'Hondt formula .
Northern Ireland uses the Single Transferable Vote system to elect its 3 MEPs. Results from Northern Ireland are expected on Monday 26 May.
The BBC will report initial results for groups in the European Parliament based on exit poll projections.
These projections are used by most leading European news networks.
There may be some minor variations between projected results and official figures published by the European Parliament website.
| Estonia |
Seven matches in the 2014 FIFA World Cup are scheduled to be played at a stadium in Brasilia named after a former player known by what name? | European Elections 2014: Frequently Asked Questions
European Elections 2014: Frequently Asked Questions
When are the elections taking place and how will they work?
European elections are held every five years. The next elections will take place 22-25 May 2014. In the UK they are on Thursday 22nd May.
Each member state has a fixed number of Members of the European Parliament (MEPs). For the UK there are 73 MEPs. The allocation of seats is laid down in the European Union treaties on the basis of the “degressive proportionality” principle: countries with larger populations have more seats than those with smaller ones, but the latter have more seats than strict proportionality would imply. For the 2014 election, under the Lisbon Treaty, the number of MEPs ranges from six each for Malta, Luxembourg, Cyprus and Estonia to 96 for Germany, making a total of 751.
Elections to the European Parliament are largely governed by national electoral laws and traditions. Thus, each Member State decides whether to use an open or a closed list system. Some Member States, such as the UK, divide their territory up into regional electoral districts, while others have a single electoral district. In the UK there are 12 electoral districts. However, there are common EU rules which lay down that the elections must be by direct universal suffrage as well as free and confidential. MEPs must be elected on the basis of proportional representation.
The election period is determined at EU level but countries may decide on the exact day of the elections according to their voting traditions. European elections usually span four days, with voting in the UK and the Netherlands taking place on Thursday and residents of most other countries casting their vote on Sunday. EU citizens living in an EU country other than their country of origin are entitled to vote and stand in European elections in their country of residence but national law may lay down specific procedures for how to do this.
One of the first tasks of the incoming Parliament will be to elect a new President of the European Commission (the EU’s executive body). The Lisbon Treaty states that the choice for this post must
take account of the election results. Candidates for the remaining Commission portfolios will have to pass a tough parliamentary vetting process too.
.
I'm not sure if I'm registered to vote, how do I find out?
By calling your local elections office or going to www.aboutmyvote.co.uk
What is the deadline for applying for postal and proxy voting?
The deadline for applying for postal voting is 5pm on 7th May 2014.
The deadline for applying for a proxy vote is 5pm on 14th May 2014.
In Northern Ireland the deadline for applying for a postal or proxy vote is 1st May 2014.
.
What is the deadline for returning postal votes?
Postal votes must be received by 10pm on pollling day.
.
If I have a postal vote and have missed the post/forgotten to send it, can I still vote?
Yes, just take your postal vote along to the polling station between 7am and 10pm on election day.
.
I am a British citizen living abroad. How do I register to vote in the European elections?
You can register as an overseas voter as long as you were registered to vote in the UK during the last 15 years. The deadline for voting by post for British citizens is the same as for domestic voters: by close of poll on election day. You can also apply to vote by proxy if you are living abroad.
.
I am an EU citizen living in the UK and want to know where and how I can register to vote in the European elections.
As an EU citizen and as long as you are resident here in the UK you can register to vote in the European elections.
In addition to registering you will need to fill out a European Parliament Voter Registration Form to declare that you will not be voting in the elections in your home country.
.
Who is standing for election in the UK?
The main political parties have announced their candidates. Other parties have yet to announce their candidates. The Regional Returning Officers for all the European electoral regions in the UK will announce all candidates in their region once the deadline for nominations has passed on 24th April (22nd April for the South West).
.
How does the voting system work?
The voting system for the European elections is by proportional representation - closed list - voting for a party or an independent candidate. For Northern Ireland the Single Transferable Vote is used (ranking the candidates in order of preference). The system is explained here:
.
How many MEPs are there in total?
There are currently 766 MEPs in the European Parliament. In the last elections, in 2009, all 736 MEPs were elected. In 2011, 18 additional MEPs brought the total to 754 and when Croatia joined in 2013 the number increased by 12 to 766. The Treaty of Lisbon allows for 751 but this has been temporarily raised until the end of this parliamentary term in 2014. In the 2014 elections some countries will be losing seats to bring the number down to 751. The UK remains unaffected by the readjustment and will continue to have 73 MEPs also after the 2014 elections.
When will the results be announced?
Although counting can start after close of poll in the UK, results can only be declared after 9pm on Sunday 25th May (after the last close of poll in Europe). The counts are overseen by Local Returning Officers who report the results to the Regional Returning Officers. The RROs will then declare the results for the region some time after 9pm on Sunday 25th.
.
How are the European Parliament President and committee chairs appointed?
At the first plenary session after the European elections Parliament elects a new President. The 14 new Vice-Presidents and Quaestors are also elected.
All elected offices in the European Parliament, i.e. President, Vice-President, Quaestor, Committee Chair and Vice-Chair, and Delegation Chair and Vice-Chair, are renewed every two and half years, so once in the 5-year legislative term. Current office-holders can be confirmed for a second mandate.
In electing the President, Vice-Presidents and Quaestors, account should be taken of the need to ensure an overall fair representation of Member States and political views.
European Parliament President
The first act of a newly-elected European Parliament is to elect its President. If s/he is re-elected, the outgoing President will preside over the election of his or her successor. Otherwise this task is performed by one of the outgoing Vice-Presidents in order of precedence or, in the absence of any of them, the Member having held office for the longest period (Rule 12 of Parliament's Rules of Procedure).
Candidates for the Presidency may be proposed either by a political group or by a minimum of forty MEPs (Rule 13).
The election is held by secret ballot. Unusually for a vote in the European Parliament, MEPs take part by marking their preferred candidate on a paper ballot and placing it in a ballot box. The process is overseen by eight tellers, chosen by lot from among the MEPs.
To be elected, a candidate must win an absolute majority of the valid votes cast, i.e. 50% plus one (Rule 14). Blank or spoiled ballots do not count in calculating the majority required.
If no candidate is elected at the first ballot, the same or other candidates may be nominated for a second round of voting under the same conditions. This can be repeated at a third round if necessary, again with the same rules.
If no-one is elected at the third ballot, the two highest-scoring candidates in that round proceed to a fourth ballot, where the one receiving the greater number of votes wins. (Should there be a tie at this stage, the older candidate is declared the winner).
The newly-elected President then takes the chair and is entitled to make an opening address (although s/he may also choose to make just a few short remarks, with a more formal speech at a later date), before presiding over the election of the Vice-Presidents and Quaestors.
Vice-Presidents and Quaestors
Candidates for the posts of Vice-President and Quaestor may also be presented either by a political group or by at least 40 Members. The vice-presidential election is also held using a paper-based secret ballot, with a single ballot paper. Candidates must obtain the support of an absolute majority of those casting valid ballots, with a second round held under the same conditions if all 14 posts are not filled on the first round. A third round may then be held if there are still vacancies, at which point a relative majority is enough for election to one of the remaining positions.
The order in which candidates are elected determines the order of precedence (Rule 15). If the number of candidates proposed is the same as the number of positions to be filled - fourteen - then they will be elected by acclamation, with a vote held simply to determine the order of precedence. A similar procedure is followed for the election of the Quaestors (Rule 16).
Vice-Presidents may replace the President in performing his or her duties when necessary, including chairing plenary sittings. (Rule 21) They are also members of the Bureau, the body responsible for all administrative, staff and organisational matters in Parliament. The five Quaestors deal with administrative matters directly affecting MEPs themselves. (Rule 26).
Committee chairs
After the constitutive sitting of Parliament (and after the part session in the mid-term, when officeholders are elected), Parliament's standing committees will elect their Chairs and Vice-Chairs. Chairs and Vice-Chairs may also be confirmed for a second mandate in the elections taking place in the mid-term of the legislature. Parliament's inter-parliamentary delegations will do likewise.
Each standing committee elects its Bureau, consisting of a Chair and of Vice-Chairs, in separate ballots. The number of Vice-Chairs to be elected is determined by the full Parliament upon a proposal by the Conference of Presidents.
Where the number of candidates corresponds to the number of seats, the election may take place by acclamation. If this is not the case, the election takes place by secret ballot. If there is only one candidate, he or she will have to be backed by an absolute majority of the votes cast, including votes for and against.
If, at the first ballot, there is more than one candidate for each seat, the candidate who obtains an absolute majority of the votes cast, including votes against and in favour, is elected. At the second ballot, the candidate who obtains the highest number of votes is elected. In the event of a tie, the oldest candidate prevails. As is the case for electing the President, in the event of a second ballot, new candidates may be nominated.
Parliament’s standing interparliamentary delegations will also elect their Chairs and Vice-Chairs, using the same procedure as for committees (Rule 191 and 198).
.
How are political groups formed?
MEPs from different EU countries form political groups on the basis of their political affinities. To get the formal status of a political group it must consist of at least 25 MEPs, elected in at least one quarter of the Member States (i.e. at least 7). No MEP may belong to more than one political group.
When a group is set up, the President of Parliament must be notified in a statement specifying the name of the group, its members and its presidium.
Normally, Parliament does not evaluate the political affinity of group members. By forming a group, MEPs accept by definition that they have political affinity. Only when this is denied by the MEPs concerned Parliament will have to evaluate whether the group has in fact been constituted in conformity with the rules.
Political groups are provided with a secretariat and administrative facilities, funded from Parliament's budget. Parliament’s Bureau sets the rules for how these funds and facilities are managed and audited “Non-attached" MEPs (i.e. those who do not belong to a political group) are also provided with a secretariat and have rights under the rules set by the Bureau.
The funds available are intended to cover the administrative and operational cost of a group's staff as well as expenditure on political and information activities in connection with the European Union's political activities.
The budget may not be used to finance any form of European, national, regional or local electoral campaign or to finance political parties at national and European level or their dependent bodies.
How are the Commission President and Commissioners appointed?
Commission President
Under the Lisbon Treaty, Parliament's role in electing the Commission President has become more prominent. The European Council, composed of the EU's heads of state and government, need to
base their proposal for a candidate Commission President on the results of the European Parliament elections. The European Parliament will then vote on the proposed candidate, who will need a
qualified majority, i.e. at least half of all MEPs, to be elected.
If the candidate does not obtain the required majority, the European Council, acting by a qualified majority, will have one month in which to propose a new candidate.
(Lisbon Treaty Article 9 D, paragraph 7).
Commissioners
The Council, in agreement with the Commission President-elect, adopts the list of designated members of the Commission.
These Commissioners-designate first appear before parliamentary committees in their prospective fields of responsibility. The hearings are held in public. Each committee then meets in camera to draw up its evaluation of the candidate's expertise and performance, which is sent to the President of the Parliament and which in the past, has prompted candidates to withdraw. The Commission’s President-elect next presents the College of Commissioners and its programme at a sitting of Parliament.
The Commission President, the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and other members of the Commission, then need to be approved in a vote of consent by Parliament.
Parliament may defer the vote until the following sitting (European Parliament Rule 106 (5)).
After the President and Commissioners have been approved by Parliament, they are appointed by the Council, acting by a qualified majority.
In the event of a substantial portfolio change during the Commission's term of office, the filling of a vacancy or the appointment of a new Commissioner following the accession of a new Member State, the Commissioners concerned again appear before the relevant committees.
What is a political party at European level?
A political party at European level is an organisation with a political programme, which is composed of national parties and individuals as members and which is represented in several EU Member
States. See Article 10 paragraph 4 of the Treaty on European Union and Article 224 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.
How are political parties at European level funded?
Since July 2004, European political parties at European level have been able to receive annual funding from the European Parliament. The funding takes the form of an operating grant. It can cover up to 85% of the expenditure of a party, while the rest should be covered by own resources, such as membership fees and donations.
The grant can be used to meet the expenditure directly linked to the objectives set out in the party's political programme, such as:
meetings and conferences,
administrative, personnel and travel costs, or
campaign costs connected to European elections.
The grant may not be used to meet expenditure such as, inter alia:
campaign costs for referenda and elections (except for European elections),
direct or indirect funding of national parties, election candidates and political foundations both
at national and at European level, or
debts and debt service charges.
What is a political foundation at European level?
A political foundation at European level is an organisation affiliated with a political party at European level which underpins and complements the objectives of that party. A political foundation at European level observes analyses and contributes to debate on European public policy issues. It also engages in related activities, such as organising seminars, training, conferences and studies.
What are "Intergroups" and how do they work?
Intergroups are unofficial groupings of MEPs who are interested in a particular topic which does not necessarily fall within the scope of the European Parliament's normal work but is important to wider society. Intergroups hold informal exchanges of views and promote exchanges between MEPs and civil society.
As intergroups are not official organs of Parliament, they do not express Parliament's views. They must not engage in any activities which might be confused with Parliament's official activities.
Parliament's presidium has laid down conditions for establishing intergroups, which are formed at the start of each parliamentary term (for example an application must be signed by at least three political groups and a yearly declaration of financial interests is required). If these conditions are met, political groups may provide intergroups with logistical support.
Chairs of intergroups must declare any support they receive in cash or kind. These declarations must be updated every year and are held in a public file.
List of intergroups and rules on intergroups
What happens to legislation unfinished at the end of this parliamentary term?
Although MEPs do their utmost to finish legislative procedures before the current parliamentary term ends, inevitably some legislation will remain pending before the May 2014 elections. To accommodate this, the so-called "principle of continuity" establishes that all legislation voted in plenary, whether in first or second reading or in consultation, will keep its legal status for the next Parliament. MEPs in the new Parliament are legally bound by the text approved in the previous term.
This means that after the elections, the Council can approve the previous Parliament's first reading and thus bring the legislation into force.
This differs from what happens in most of the EU's national parliaments, where all unfinished legislation dealt with by the previous parliament falls.
However, Rule 59 of the European Parliament's rules of procedure allows the new Parliament (upon request by a committee and in agreement with the Conference of Presidents - the EP President and political group leaders) to ask the Commission to refer its proposal(s) to Parliament again, so as to allow the new House to take its own position.
In the event of changes in procedures or legal basis (as happened with the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty when many topics for which Parliament previously was merely consulted came under the co-decision procedure), the new Parliament may take a new position on any of those files. All non-legislative resolutions fall with the change of term.
| i don't know |
Who played the title role in the 2004 film The Phantom of the Opera? | The Phantom of the Opera (2004) - Full Cast & Crew - IMDb
The Phantom of the Opera (2004)
Create a character page for:
Create »
stunt double: Gerard Butler (uncredited)
Camera and Electrical Department
a list of 34 titles
created 09 May 2012
a list of 31 titles
created 22 Jun 2012
a list of 49 titles
created 04 Nov 2013
a list of 21 titles
created 04 Nov 2013
a list of 35 titles
created 10 months ago
IMDb Everywhere
Find showtimes, watch trailers, browse photos, track your Watchlist and rate your favorite movies and TV shows on your phone or tablet!
| Gerard Butler |
Whose oratorio The Seasons was first performed in 1801? | The Phantom of the Opera (2004 film) | Phantom of the Opera | Fandom powered by Wikia
Phantom of the Opera
The Phantom of the Opera (2004 film)
74pages on
Share
The Phantom of the Opera is a 2004 film adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber and Charles Hart's internationally successful 1900 stage musical , which is based on the novel of the same name by Gaston Leroux . The film was directed by Joel Schumacher and written by Schumacher and Webber and production by Amblin Entertainment, Joel Schumacher Productions, Majestic Films, Odyssey Entertainment, Really Useful Films, Scion Films and distributed by the studios; Sony Corp, Viacom, The Weinstein Company, The Discovery Communications, News Corporation, Time Warner, NBCUniversal, The Walt Disney Company.
Cast
The Phantom of the Opera (portrayed by Gerard Butler)
Plot
Edit
The scene opens in black and white in the year 1919. The dilapidated Paris Opera House holds an auction. Raoul, the Viscount of Chagny , an old wheelchair-bound man, purchases a coveted music box in a shape of a monkey in Persian robes and playing cymbals. During the auction, he sees a familiar face Madame Giry, whom he met as a young man ("Prologue"). The next piece, lot 666 : is a chandelier in pieces which has been restored and newly wired with electricity. As the auctioneers display the restored chandelier, which illuminates and slowly rises to its old place in the rafters the opening crescendo of music wipes away the years of decay and dust from the opera house as the black and white turns into colour, and is transported back in time to 1870 ("Overture").
During a show rehearsal, the opera house is put into the hands of two new owners, Richard Firmin and Gilles André. Madame Giry the ballet mistress and the mother of Meg Giry , introduces them to Christine Daaé , a young but talented singer who was orphaned at seven years old. Young Raoul is introduced to the cast as the patron. Christine recognizes him from her childhood. ("Hannibal") The lead soprano Carlotta Giudicelli performs an aria for the managers but a backdrop falls almost crushing her. Outraged, Carlotta refuses to perform that night and leaves. Meanwhile Madame Giry has a note from the "Opera Ghost" The Phantom of the Opera , who lives somewhere within the opera house and is believed to be a ghost. The note says he welcomes the new mangers, that they must pay him twenty thousand francs a month and that they leave box five empty for his usage for every performance. Firmin and André say they will cancel the show because of Carlotta's absence. Madame Giry insists that Christine could sing it because she's had lessons from a great teacher, whom Christine does not know the name. At first the managers have doubts about her, but Christine proves to be worthy when she sings for them. During Christine's performance, Raoul recognizes her from his childhood ("Think of Me").
After the performance Meg finds Christine in a small room where she lights a candle for her deceased father. She asks Christine how she learned to sing so well. Christine explains that an Angel of Music comes and teaches her. She has never seen him but she thinks her father sent him from heaven. But it is really the Opera Ghost, or Phantom of the Opera, who teaches her. When Christine returns to her dressing room, Madame Giry gives her a single rose with a black ribbon on it from her teacher. Saying that he is pleased with her. ("Angel of Music"). She then reunites with Raoul and they recall their childhood. She tries to tell him about the Angel of music but Raoul invites her to dinner with him. She declines saying that the Angel is very strict, Raoul doesn't listen and leaves to order a carriage ("Little Lottie").
The Phantom locks Christine in her room and sings to her about his displeasure that Raoul is trying to court her. Christine apologizes asking him to come to her and he reveals himself by appearing in her mirror. She takes his hand and he leads her away. Raoul pounds at the locked door and hears The Phantom’s voice in the room (“The Mirror/Angel Of Music Reprise”). Christine goes with the Phantom to his lair through the stone labyrinths underneath the opera house ("The Phantom of the Opera"). The Phantom reveals to Christine that he loves her and wants her to stay with him. She is spellbound by his voice and he shows her a mannequin of herself wearing a wedding dress she faints in his arms. He gently carries her to a bed ("The Music of the Night").
Up above, Joseph Buquet the chief scene shifter tells the ballet girls terrible tales of the mysterious Opera Ghost. Madame Giry warns Buquet to hold his tongue ("Magical Lasso"). Later Christine awakes to find the Phantom composing. She seduces him to take off his mask, and he bursts into a fit of rage covers his face with his hand. He tearfully explains that he only wants to be like everyone else, and that he hopes she will learn to love him in spite of his face. She returns his mask to him and the two have a moment of understanding before he returns her to the surface (“I Remember/Stranger Than You Dreamt It”).
The next morning Firmin and André have both receive notes from the opera ghost telling them how to run "His" Opera House. Carlotta also gets one telling her not to perform that night. Then Madame Giry reads out another note from the ghost. It says that Christine is to perform that night as Countess. If they do not obey, a disaster beyond their imaginations will occur ("Notes"). Firmin and André ignore the orders of the notes convincing Carlotta is their star and that she will perform as the Countess. They cast Christine as the page boy which is the silent role ("Prima Donna"). During the performance of Ill Muto, the Phantom swaps Carlotta's throat spray with a duplicate bottle. And after spraying her mouth Carlotta tries to sing but ends up croaking like a toad ("Poor Fool, He Makes Me Laugh"). The managers halt the performance saying it will continue soon with Christine Daaé performing as Countess. While they keep the audience entertained with the ballet, the Phantom hangs Buquet in front of the audience. Christine flees in fear with Raoul following her. She takes Raoul to the roof reveals to him that she has seen the Phantom and his terrifying face. She tells Raoul she fears the Phantom but also pities him.("Why Have You Brought Me Here"). Raoul tells Christine he loves her and will protect her forever. She says she loves him too and they kiss passionately ("All I Ask Of You") Then both leave the roof. The Phantom who witnessed everything becomes heartbroken that Christine loves Raoul and not him. He hears them both singing, grows furious at Raoul and vows revenge on him. ("All I Ask Of You (Reprise)").
Three months later, a masquerade party ensues in the opera house. Christine is now engaged to Raoul but wears the engagement ring round her neck, wanting it to be a secret. Raoul insists that the engagement doesn't have to be a secret, but Christine fears that The Phantom will find out. And the two happily dance (“Masquerade”). The event is interrupted by the Phantom who is dressed as Red Death . He gives them an Opera which he has written called "Don Juan Triumphant". Raoul leaves the room. And the Phantom look at Christine desperately wishing for her to return to him, and the two slowly step towards each other. At the sight of her engagement ring, the Phantom takes it angrily declaring she belongs to him and vanishes ("Why So Silent?"). Madame Giry takes Raoul to her room and tells him the Phantom's story. When she was a little girl, she went to a freak circus where they featured a deformed child in a cage. The child was beaten in the cage while everyone watched and laughed. The ringmaster then removed a burlap sack covering the child's face, revealing his deformity. Only she didn't not laugh but pitied him. She was the last to leave and saw the child strangling the ringmaster with a rope. The Guards began pouring in. But She helped him escape and found him shelter in the opera house. She tells Raoul how he has hidden from the world ever since. But has now become a genius composer ("Madame Giry's Tale/The Fairground")
That night Christine orders a carriage. The Phantom fears she is running away and secretly takes over the reins. After changing she tells the driver (The Phantom) to take her to the Cemetery. Raoul follows them on horseback ("Journey To The Cemetery"). Christine arrives and walks through the snow wishing her father was back with her. She sits down by his grave and lays down some roses ("Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again"). The Phantom then tries to win her heart back by singing to her. She almost goes with him but Raoul arrives and stops her. A fierce swordfight ensues between the two in the cemetery, while Christine watches in horror. Raoul eventually disarms the Phantom and is about to kill him when Christine pleads for him not to. The Phantom watches angrily as Christine and Raoul ride away ("Wandering Child/The Swordfight")
Raoul makes a plan to capture The Phantom at that night's performance, by having the police force within the theatre. Knowing The Phantom will attend if Christine sings ("We Have All Been Blind") Christine begs not to sing admitting she is afraid of the Phantom and tells Raoul he will never stop trying to recapture her. Raoul and says that she must perform if they are to catch the Phantom and comforts her ("Twisted Every Way"). That night they perform The Phantom's written Opera with Christine as the leading lady. The Phantom kills Piangi who is the leading man and takes his place on the stage with Christine ("Don Juan"). In the lyrics of the song The Phantom sings of his love for Christine. Though knowing Raoul is watching, Christine sings of her own feelings to The Phantom and agrees to go with him. Raoul can do nothing but tearfully watch from the audience as The phantom lovingly embraces her in his arms("The Point Of No Return"). She caresses his face but once again removes his mask revealing his deformities. The audience screams in fear, but Christine shows that she is no longer afraid and shows him pity. He runs off with her, after a series of tense, chaotic sequences, including dropping the chandelier and setting the opera house on fire ("Chandelier Crash")
The Phantom brings Christine down into his lair and forces her to don the wedding dress off the mannequin of herself. While an angry mob led by Meg is searching for the Phantom, Madame Giry shows Raoul the way to The Phantom's lair and Raoul goes to rescue Christine ("Down Once More/Track Down This Murderer") The Phantom once again professes his love to Christine, and gives her the engagement ring he stole from her. Instead Christine tries to console the Phantom about his deformed face, saying she does not fear his ugliness. Just then Raoul arrives, The Phantom ties him to a portcullis and gives Christine a difficult choice. If she stays with him and becomes his wife, Raoul goes free. But if she refuses, Raoul dies and she goes free. Raoul begs her to let him die so she can be free. However Christine realizes she truly does love The Phantom. She chooses to stay with him and kisses him lovingly on the lips. The Phantom is surprised because he has NEVER experienced real human love before. Knowing that his murderous actions have ruined any chance he and Christine could have had together. He frees them both and tells them leave him and never return("The Final Lair"). He finds comfort in a little monkey cymbal toy. Christine approaches him and he tells her that he loves her. She silently gives him back the ring so he has something to remember her by and leaves with Raoul. With tears in his eyes he watches Christine and Raoul row away, Christine glances back at the Phantom with love in her eyes. After they're gone the Phantom smashes every mirror in his lair and disappears through last mirror behind a curtain into a secret passage. Meg and the mob enter the lair but she finds only the Phantom's mask ("Masquerade (Reprise)")
The scene goes back to black and white as the elderly Raoul rides to the cemetery where he goes to visit Christine's grave. It reveals that she died only two years before in 1917 at age 63. Her tombstone says "Countess of Chagny" and "beloved wife and mother", suggesting she married Raoul and had children. Raoul lays the monkey music box at her grave. He notices that on the tombstone lies a red rose with a black ribbon tied around it (a trademark of the Phantom) with the engagement ring attached to it. Implying that the Phantom is still alive, and will always love Christine. Raoul looks at the rose sadly knowing it was true.
| i don't know |
Stanhope is the surname of the title character in which TV crime drama? | Inspector Lewis (TV Series 2006–2015) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
Inspector Robert Lewis and Sergeant James Hathaway solve the tough cases that the learned inhabitants of Oxford throw at them.
Stars:
The murder of a maintenance worker at the Bodleian Library and the death of a popular Art student seem to be linked.
8.3
While Benison College is being renovated, the desiccated body of a student who disappeared 15 years earlier is found in an attic and linked to Seager's murder.
8.2
DI Robert Lewis teams up with DS James Hathaway to look into the murder of an Oxford mathematics student.
8.2
a list of 24 titles
created 23 Aug 2013
a list of 25 titles
created 24 Sep 2013
a list of 46 titles
created 28 Dec 2015
a list of 21 titles
created 5 months ago
a list of 33 titles
created 3 months ago
Search for " Inspector Lewis " on Amazon.com
Connect with IMDb
Title: Inspector Lewis (2006–2015)
8/10
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
1 win & 3 nominations. See more awards »
Photos
Inspector Morse has an ear for music, a taste for beer and a nose for crime. He sets out with Sergeant Lewis to solve each intriguing case.
Stars: John Thaw, Kevin Whately, James Grout
Set in the 1960s, the show follows Endeavour Morse in his early years as a police constable. Working alongside his senior partner DI Fred Thursday, Morse engages in a number of investigations around Oxford.
Stars: Shaun Evans, Roger Allam, James Bradshaw
Inspector George Gently (TV Series 2007)
Crime | Drama | Mystery
With the help of DS John Bacchus, Inspector George Gently spends his days bringing to justice members of the criminal underworld who are unfortunate enough to have the intrepid investigator assigned to their cases.
Stars: Martin Shaw, Lee Ingleby, Simon Hubbard
Midsomer Murders (TV Series 1997)
Crime | Drama | Mystery
A veteran DCI and his young sergeant investigate murders around the regional community of Midsomer County.
Stars: John Nettles, Jane Wymark, Barry Jackson
With her caustic wit and singular charm, DCI Vera Stanhope and her trusted right-hand man DS Joe Ashworth face a series of captivating murder mysteries set against the breathtaking Northumberland landscape.
Stars: Brenda Blethyn, Jon Morrison, David Leon
DCI Banks (TV Series 2010)
Crime | Drama | Mystery
The tenacious and stubborn DCI Banks unravels disturbing murder mysteries aided by his young assistants, DS Annie Cabbot and DI Helen Morton.
Stars: Stephen Tompkinson, Jack Deam, Andrea Lowe
DI Jack Frost is an unconventional policeman with sympathy for the underdog and an instinct for moral justice. Sloppy, disorganized and disrespectful, he attracts trouble like a magnet.
Stars: David Jason, Bruce Alexander, John Lyons
British crime investigation series based around aristocratic, Oxford-educated Detective Inspector Thomas Lynley and his working-class assistant Sergeant Barbara Havers.
Stars: Nathaniel Parker, Sharon Small, Lesley Vickerage
A Cambridgeshire clergyman finds himself investigating a series of mysterious wrongdoings in his small village of Grantchester.
Stars: James Norton, Robson Green, Morven Christie
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8.4/10 X
As WW2 rages around the world, DCS Foyle fights his own war on the home-front as he investigates crimes on the south coast of England. Later series sees the retired detective working as an MI5 agent operating in the aftermath of the war.
Stars: Michael Kitchen, Honeysuckle Weeks, Anthony Howell
Scott & Bailey (TV Series 2011)
Crime | Drama
Two female detectives, one motherly, the other emotionally immature, have varying levels of success applying their eccentric outlooks on life to their police cases and private lives.
Stars: Suranne Jones, Lesley Sharp, Tony Mooney
Father Brown (TV Series 2013)
Crime | Drama | Mystery
Series inspired by the stories of GK Chesterton; a Catholic priest has a knack for solving mysteries in his English village.
Stars: Mark Williams, Sorcha Cusack, Nancy Carroll
Edit
Storyline
Inspector Robert Lewis steps out of the shadow of his mentor, the inimitable Inspector Morse, in this highly-acclaimed series of intricate mysteries. Together with his brooding, inscrutable partner, Detective Sergeant James Hathaway, they take on the elite criminal underworld of Oxford, England, relying on Lewis' instinct and Hathaway's intellect to see past appearances and into the hearts of their upper-crust foes. Written by Bai
30 July 2006 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Only a maximum of around five minutes of screen time is achieved on a good day of filming. See more »
Connections
(Sweden) – See all my reviews
This is a dark, thick marmalade with a strong taste of bitter oranges.A very appropriate description for the Inspector Lewis series.
The Inspector Lewis crime mysteries are thick with counter plots leaving plenty of room for digesting many suspects in our thoughts.The scripts are strong and deliciously diverse. You are never quite sure what will arouse your mental palate next.The blending of the 'coaser'northern yet compassionate temperament of Lewis is delicately complimented by the more refined and almost zen-like and endearing intellect of Seargent Hathaway. The whole concoction gives a piquant flavour which is perfectly produced and acted within wonderful settings in Oxford that tempt you to rest in tradition but vault you into the present.Just as that marmalade on the toast in the morning launches you into the day as the flavour hits your senses
Standing in it's own right this series is amazingly good. It is not possible, however,to totally separate this series from the indelible Morse.It's like toast and marmalade.It is sufficient to say,however,that Lewis is as impressive as Morse - perhaps more so since Morse set the level very high. All in all a most excellent marmalade.
1 of 1 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| Vera |
Which country won the Eurovision Song Contest in 1992, 1993 and 1994? | Nordic noir's sexual violence attacked by British crime writer | Books | The Guardian
Nordic noir's sexual violence attacked by British crime writer
Bestselling author Ann Cleeves condemns gruesome scenes and morbid tone of Scandinavian books and TV dramas
Crime writer Ann Cleeves has criticised Scandi noir authors for depicting violence against women Photograph: Tina Norris/Rex Features
Close
This article is 3 years old
A leading British detective story author has criticised the treatment of women by Scandinavian crime writers, saying that they seem intent on outdoing each other when depicting graphic violence against female characters.
Ann Cleeves, creator of the Vera Stanhope and Shetland novels, said she is concerned about a trend she believes has entered ever more morbid territory following the worldwide success of Stieg Larsson 's Millennium trilogy. From the opening episode of the TV drama The Bridge, when the mutilated body of a female Swedish politician is discovered, to the first season of The Killing, which starts with a girl running for her life through a wood, and the serial killer targeting women in Jo Nesbø's The Leopard, violence against females is prevalent in Scandinavian noir.
Cleeves, speaking to the Observer from an event in Oxford where she was discussing her latest Shetland novel, Dead Water, said that, although there had always been violence in crime fiction, it was now "much more embedded". She said: "I especially don't like the graphic violence against women and children, often depicted in novels such as The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo and others. I'm not sure if it's being done just to entertain, or whether it really is necessary for the characters involved."
In The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo, a character is anally raped. A teenage Larsson witnessed three of his friends gang-raping a young girl, which he said inspired the theme of sexual violence against women in his work. Larsson's original title for the first part of his Millennium trilogy translates as "Men Who Hate Women". Cleeves said she had gone off Norwegian author Nesbø's work too. "I preferred his earlier books, which were much less violent. A lot of it is subjective, of course. My work is less violent because we tend to write what we want to read … and I'm not that interested in gruesome books. Any violence, to fit in well with a crime novel, has to have compassion."
Various academic studies have investigated the much debated issue of violence against women in the genre, questioning whether it is necessary, or simply for entertainment value. US crime writer Sara Paretsky has argued this form of violence reflects sexism in society.
Discussing The Fall , the BBC's crime drama series created by Allan Cubitt and starring Gillian Anderson as an ice-cold Scotland Yard detective superintendent investigating the serial killing of young professional women, Cleeves said choosing a female detective was perhaps a subconscious move to normalise the trend: "I think sometimes people think it's OK to have such violence against women when you have a strong female lead."
Cleeves has had huge success with her Vera Stanhope and Shetland novels. ITV recently finished screening the third series of Vera, with Brenda Blethyn in the title role, and has commissioned a fourth, now being filmed in the north-east and due to be broadcast next year. "I'm aware families sit around the telly to watch Vera, which is making entertainment out of murder," said Cleeves. "But I don't enjoy reading about people's pain. I tend to put myself in that position and it's not somewhere I want to be.
"Somewhere along the line in crime novels, the violence seems much more embedded now . The Millennium trilogy was quite gratuitous at times."
A successful pilot of Shetland on BBC1 earlier this year, with Douglas Henshall as detective Jimmy Perez, has led to a six-part series being filmed now, also going to air next year.
Cleeves praised a number of British and foreign crime authors, notably Swedish writer Johan Theorin and French author Pierre Lemaitre , both winners of the International Dagger award, given by the Crime Writers' Association for the best translated crime novel of the year.
"There are some wonderful British authors out there as well," she added. "Denise Mina is quite hard-hitting, and Christopher Fowler is at the other end of the [violence] scale. His work is very witty and has great substance."
The multimillion-selling author visits the book club to talk about his novel The Redbreast, maverick detectives, and manipulating readers
Published: 6 Jun 2014
Novelist David Mark was told by a London bookstore his Hull-set crime tales were 'too Northern'. Here he explains why he hopes attitudes to 2017's City of Culture are changing
Published: 10 Apr 2014
The Norwegian thriller writer explains how his father's experience of fighting for the Nazis informed the third – and most personal – novel in the Harry Hole series
Published: 2 May 2014
For a short while, Hull has become artificially bigger and sexier. It's up to the city itself whether this continues
Published: 25 Nov 2013
| i don't know |
Which Archbishop of Canterbury compiled the first two editions (1549 and 1552) of the Book of Common Prayer? | Book of Common Prayer Collection (17 vols.) - Logos Bible Software
Logos Bible Software
Book of Common Prayer Collection (17 vols.)
This image is for illustration only. The product is a download.
Book of Common Prayer Collection (17 vols.)
Runs on Windows , Mac and mobile .
Pay Monthly
Customize the length of your payment plan in cart
5 easy payments of
Tweet
Overview
For many Christians, the Book of Common Prayer is the most important book used in worship with the exception of the Bible itself. Even if you don’t come from a liturgical tradition, you’ll find that the Book of Common Prayer is a well of inspiration. The influence of Book of Common Prayer has permeated into many worship traditions and ceremonies, as well as society in general. “Till death us do part,” “Earth to earth, ashes to ashes, dust to dust,” and many more phrases from the Book of Common Prayer are now common parlance.
The Book of Common Prayer Collection (17 vols.) brings together some of the most historically important editions of the Book of Common Prayer as well as key works that explain their rich history. The Book of Common Prayer has origins that date back to the 1500’s during Edward VI’s short but influential reign. Replacing various Latin rites which had been used across England, Thomas Cranmer compiled a complete English liturgy for the Church. The Book of Common Prayer became the foundational prayer book of the Church of England and was a large component of the Protestant Reformation. From its first inception in 1549, the Book of Common Prayer has undergone many revisions and updates, and many other denominations have adopted its structure. The history of the Book of Common Prayer is as fascinating as the history of the Reformation itself!
With the Logos Bible Software edition, all Scripture passages in the Book of Common Prayer Collection are tagged and appear on mouse-over. Each volume is fully integrated with the other resources in Logos, including your preferred Bible translation. This makes these resources more powerful and easier to access than ever before for scholarly work or personal Bible study. With the advanced features of Logos Bible Software, you can perform powerful searches by topic or Scripture reference—finding, for example, every mention of “baptism,” or “communion.”
Key Features
Contains twelve different editions of the Book of Common Prayer
Enables side-by-side comparison of multiple editions at the same time
Collection includes informative lectures, sermons, dictionary entries, essays, devotionals, and more on the Book of Common Prayer
Title: Book of Common Prayer Collection
Volumes: 17
The Two Liturgies, AD 1549, and AD 1552: With other Documents Set Forth by Authority in the Reign of King Edward VI
Editor: Joseph Ketley
Sample Pages: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7
Thomas Cranmer , Archbishop of Canterbury, organized the first two editions of the Book of Common Prayer, authorized under King Edward VI during the Reformation in 1549 and 1552. With the death of Edward VI, Mary I restored Roman Catholic worship and Cranmer was burned at the stake, but the Book of Common Prayer would survive. This volume brings together these historically important texts:
The Order of Communion, 1548
The Book of Common Prayer, 1549
The Form and Manner of Making and Consecrating of Archbishops, Bishops, Priests, and Deacons, 1549
The Book of Common Prayer, 1552
The Primer, or Book of Private Prayer, 1553
A Short Catechism, 1553
Catechismus Brevis, 1553
Rev. Joseph Ketley was educated at Queens College, Cambridge, and he was the curate of St. Mark’s, Kennington. He was also the editor of the Whitby Repository from 1831–1832.
The Prayer-Book of Queen Elizabeth, 1559
Editor: William Benham
Sample Pages: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7
After the death of Mary I of England, her half-sister and successor, Elizabeth I, restored Protestantism and reissued the Book of Common Prayer with slight changes. Important differences include changes to the wording in the administration of the Holy Communion. Benham’s introduction gives an in-depth history of the reasons these changes occurred during this tumultuous period of English history.
Rev. William Benham was educated at St. Mark’s College, Chelsea, and King’s College, London. He was rector of St. Edmund’s and the author of numerous books, including The Church of the Patriarchs, Companion to the Lectionary, How to Teach the Old Testament, and more.
The Book of Common Prayer, 1662
Publisher: Eyre and Spottiswoode
The Book of Common Prayer underwent further revision in 1892, modernizing some of the arcane language and giving ministers more discretion in choosing lessons.
The Book of Common Prayer, 1928
Publication Date: 1928
Pages: 611
The 1928 prayer book was the Protestant Episcopal Church’s third prayer book. This would be the last official prayer book that would solely retain the formal/traditional language similarly used by the Church of England’s Book of Common Prayer. Although the 1928 Book of Common Prayer was replaced with a newer edition, some churches still use it regularly or occasionally, despite the formal adoption of the 1979 Book of Common Prayer by the church.
The Book of Common Prayer, 1979
Publication Date: 1979
Pages: 611
The 1979 Book of Common Prayer is the current and official Book of Common Prayer for the Episcopal Church. This book contained significant revisions, including the use of contemporary language, that many found controversial. Many Anglican parishes still use the 1928 Book of Common Prayer, but other churches welcomed the revisions, feeling they were needed in order to respond to changing social conditions and ongoing research and discoveries about biblical and church history.
The Hymnal Companion to the Book of Common Prayer
Editors: Charles Vincent, D. J. Wood, John Stainer
Publisher: Sampson Low, Marston, & Company
Publication Date: 1890
Sample Pages: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7
This volume brings over 600 hymns and their musical compositions together in one volume for use with the Book of Common Prayer. The editors included Charles Vincent, organist of Christ Church; D. J. Wood, organist of Exeter Cathedral; and Sir John Stainer, a professor of music at the University of Oxford.
John Stainer (1840–1901) was born in Southwark, London. Stainer was an organist at Magdalen College, Oxford and St. Paul’s Cathedral before becoming a professor of music at Oxford University in 1889. His Passion cantata The Crucifixion is considered a classic.
Book of Common Prayer According to the Use of King’s Chapel, 1918
Publisher: The Fort Hill Press
Publication Date: 1918
Sample Pages: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7
King’s Chapel was organized as an Anglican congregation in 1686. In 1782, Harvard graduate James Freeman was hired as a lay reader for the church during a time when it lacked a leader. He introduced Unitarian ideas in his preaching, and in 1785 the congregation accepted the revisions he had introduced to the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. Although the church still considered itself Episcopalian, the Bishop that represented the Anglican church refused to ordain Freeman, so the congregation ordained him themselves—a practice the independent Unitarian church still follows today, along with their use of the Book of Common Prayer According to the Use of King’s Chapel.
The Liturgy of John Knox Received by the Church of Scotland in 1564
Publisher: Thomas D. Morison
Sample Pages: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7
This work is an attempt to gather into one volume all the most important information that is extant respecting the devotional system of the Church of England as founded on the Book of Common Prayer. This history of the Book of Common Prayer and its variations includes illustrations, a chronological table, three appendixes, an index for the entire volume, and an extensive glossary.
John Henry Blunt (1823–1884) was an Anglican divine educated at the University of Durham. A prolific writer, his other books include A History of the English Reformation, Dictionary of Doctrinal and Historical Theology, Dictionary of Sects and Heresies, and more.
Edward VI and the Book of Common Prayer
Authors: Francis Aidan Gasquet and Edmund Bishop
Publisher: John Hodges
Sample Pages: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7
In fifteen well-articulated essays, Dickinson explains the various histories of portions of the Book of Common Prayer. Dickinson pays particular attention to the revisions made over the decades, and explores how close the current editions relate to the originals. Dickinson originally delivered these lectures at the Parish Church of St. Anne, Dublin.
Hercules H. Dickinson was Dean of the Chapel Royal, Dublin Castle. For ten years he held the Chair of Pastoral Theology in the Divinity School of the University of Dublin.
Plain Sermons on the Book of Common Prayer
Author: Edward A. Monro
| Thomas Cranmer |
The US state of Georgia was named after which King? | Book of Common Prayer Collection (17 vols.) - Software Bíblico Logos
Book of Common Prayer Collection (17 vols.)
Esta imagen es solo una ilustración. El producto es descargable.
Book of Common Prayer Collection (17 vols.)
Se ejecuta en Windows , Mac y dispositivos móviles .
Mensual
Modifica la cantidad de pagos en el carrito
5 cuotas de
Tweet
Overview
For many Christians, the Book of Common Prayer is the most important book used in worship with the exception of the Bible itself. Even if you don’t come from a liturgical tradition, you’ll find that the Book of Common Prayer is a well of inspiration. The influence of Book of Common Prayer has permeated into many worship traditions and ceremonies, as well as society in general. “Till death us do part,” “Earth to earth, ashes to ashes, dust to dust,” and many more phrases from the Book of Common Prayer are now common parlance.
The Book of Common Prayer Collection (17 vols.) brings together some of the most historically important editions of the Book of Common Prayer as well as key works that explain their rich history. The Book of Common Prayer has origins that date back to the 1500’s during Edward VI’s short but influential reign. Replacing various Latin rites which had been used across England, Thomas Cranmer compiled a complete English liturgy for the Church. The Book of Common Prayer became the foundational prayer book of the Church of England and was a large component of the Protestant Reformation. From its first inception in 1549, the Book of Common Prayer has undergone many revisions and updates, and many other denominations have adopted its structure. The history of the Book of Common Prayer is as fascinating as the history of the Reformation itself!
With the Logos Bible Software edition, all Scripture passages in the Book of Common Prayer Collection are tagged and appear on mouse-over. Each volume is fully integrated with the other resources in Logos, including your preferred Bible translation. This makes these resources more powerful and easier to access than ever before for scholarly work or personal Bible study. With the advanced features of Logos Bible Software, you can perform powerful searches by topic or Scripture reference—finding, for example, every mention of “baptism,” or “communion.”
Key Features
Contains twelve different editions of the Book of Common Prayer
Enables side-by-side comparison of multiple editions at the same time
Collection includes informative lectures, sermons, dictionary entries, essays, devotionals, and more on the Book of Common Prayer
Title: Book of Common Prayer Collection
Volumes: 17
The Two Liturgies, AD 1549, and AD 1552: With other Documents Set Forth by Authority in the Reign of King Edward VI
Editor: Joseph Ketley
Sample Pages: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7
Thomas Cranmer , Archbishop of Canterbury, organized the first two editions of the Book of Common Prayer, authorized under King Edward VI during the Reformation in 1549 and 1552. With the death of Edward VI, Mary I restored Roman Catholic worship and Cranmer was burned at the stake, but the Book of Common Prayer would survive. This volume brings together these historically important texts:
The Order of Communion, 1548
The Book of Common Prayer, 1549
The Form and Manner of Making and Consecrating of Archbishops, Bishops, Priests, and Deacons, 1549
The Book of Common Prayer, 1552
The Primer, or Book of Private Prayer, 1553
A Short Catechism, 1553
Catechismus Brevis, 1553
Rev. Joseph Ketley was educated at Queens College, Cambridge, and he was the curate of St. Mark’s, Kennington. He was also the editor of the Whitby Repository from 1831–1832.
The Prayer-Book of Queen Elizabeth, 1559
Editor: William Benham
Sample Pages: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7
After the death of Mary I of England, her half-sister and successor, Elizabeth I, restored Protestantism and reissued the Book of Common Prayer with slight changes. Important differences include changes to the wording in the administration of the Holy Communion. Benham’s introduction gives an in-depth history of the reasons these changes occurred during this tumultuous period of English history.
Rev. William Benham was educated at St. Mark’s College, Chelsea, and King’s College, London. He was rector of St. Edmund’s and the author of numerous books, including The Church of the Patriarchs, Companion to the Lectionary, How to Teach the Old Testament, and more.
The Book of Common Prayer, 1662
Publisher: Eyre and Spottiswoode
The Book of Common Prayer underwent further revision in 1892, modernizing some of the arcane language and giving ministers more discretion in choosing lessons.
The Book of Common Prayer, 1928
Publication Date: 1928
Pages: 611
The 1928 prayer book was the Protestant Episcopal Church’s third prayer book. This would be the last official prayer book that would solely retain the formal/traditional language similarly used by the Church of England’s Book of Common Prayer. Although the 1928 Book of Common Prayer was replaced with a newer edition, some churches still use it regularly or occasionally, despite the formal adoption of the 1979 Book of Common Prayer by the church.
The Book of Common Prayer, 1979
Publication Date: 1979
Pages: 611
The 1979 Book of Common Prayer is the current and official Book of Common Prayer for the Episcopal Church. This book contained significant revisions, including the use of contemporary language, that many found controversial. Many Anglican parishes still use the 1928 Book of Common Prayer, but other churches welcomed the revisions, feeling they were needed in order to respond to changing social conditions and ongoing research and discoveries about biblical and church history.
The Hymnal Companion to the Book of Common Prayer
Editors: Charles Vincent, D. J. Wood, John Stainer
Publisher: Sampson Low, Marston, & Company
Publication Date: 1890
Sample Pages: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7
This volume brings over 600 hymns and their musical compositions together in one volume for use with the Book of Common Prayer. The editors included Charles Vincent, organist of Christ Church; D. J. Wood, organist of Exeter Cathedral; and Sir John Stainer, a professor of music at the University of Oxford.
John Stainer (1840–1901) was born in Southwark, London. Stainer was an organist at Magdalen College, Oxford and St. Paul’s Cathedral before becoming a professor of music at Oxford University in 1889. His Passion cantata The Crucifixion is considered a classic.
Book of Common Prayer According to the Use of King’s Chapel, 1918
Publisher: The Fort Hill Press
Publication Date: 1918
Sample Pages: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7
King’s Chapel was organized as an Anglican congregation in 1686. In 1782, Harvard graduate James Freeman was hired as a lay reader for the church during a time when it lacked a leader. He introduced Unitarian ideas in his preaching, and in 1785 the congregation accepted the revisions he had introduced to the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. Although the church still considered itself Episcopalian, the Bishop that represented the Anglican church refused to ordain Freeman, so the congregation ordained him themselves—a practice the independent Unitarian church still follows today, along with their use of the Book of Common Prayer According to the Use of King’s Chapel.
The Liturgy of John Knox Received by the Church of Scotland in 1564
Publisher: Thomas D. Morison
Sample Pages: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7
This work is an attempt to gather into one volume all the most important information that is extant respecting the devotional system of the Church of England as founded on the Book of Common Prayer. This history of the Book of Common Prayer and its variations includes illustrations, a chronological table, three appendixes, an index for the entire volume, and an extensive glossary.
John Henry Blunt (1823–1884) was an Anglican divine educated at the University of Durham. A prolific writer, his other books include A History of the English Reformation, Dictionary of Doctrinal and Historical Theology, Dictionary of Sects and Heresies, and more.
Edward VI and the Book of Common Prayer
Authors: Francis Aidan Gasquet and Edmund Bishop
Publisher: John Hodges
Sample Pages: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7
In fifteen well-articulated essays, Dickinson explains the various histories of portions of the Book of Common Prayer. Dickinson pays particular attention to the revisions made over the decades, and explores how close the current editions relate to the originals. Dickinson originally delivered these lectures at the Parish Church of St. Anne, Dublin.
Hercules H. Dickinson was Dean of the Chapel Royal, Dublin Castle. For ten years he held the Chair of Pastoral Theology in the Divinity School of the University of Dublin.
Plain Sermons on the Book of Common Prayer
Author: Edward A. Monro
| i don't know |
In which E M Forster novel does Adela Quested travel abroad to marry magistrate Ronny Heaslip? | A Passage to India Summary | GradeSaver
A Passage to India Summary
A Passage to India
Buy Study Guide
E.M. Forster 's A Passage to India concerns the relations between the English and the native population of India during the colonial period in which Britain ruled India. The novel takes place primarily in Chandrapore, a city along the Ganges River notable only for the nearby Marabar caves. The main character of the novel is Dr. Aziz , a Moslem doctor in Chandrapore and widower. After he is summoned to the Civil Surgeon's home only to be promptly ignored, Aziz visits a local Islamic temple where he meets Mrs. Moore , an elderly British woman visiting her son, Mr. Heaslop, who is the City Magistrate. Although Aziz reprimands her for not taking her shoes off in the temple before realizing she has in fact observed this rule, the two soon find that they have much in common and he escorts her back to the club.
Back at the club, Mrs. Moore meets her companion, Adela Quested , who will likely marry her son. Adela complains that they have seen nothing of India, but rather English customs replicated abroad. Although a few persons make racist statements about Indians, Mr. Turton , the Collector, proposes having a Bridge Party (to bridge the gulf between east and west). When Mrs. Moore tells her son, Ronny, about Aziz, he reprimands her for associating with an Indian. When Mr. Turton issues the invitations to the Bridge Party, the invitees suspect that this is a political move, for the Collector would not behave so cordially without a motive, but accept the invitations despite the suspicion.
For Adela and Mrs. Moore, the Bridge Party is a failure, for only a select few of the English guests behave well toward the Indians. Among these is Mr. Fielding, the schoolmaster at the Government College, who suggests that Adela meet Aziz. Mrs. Moore scolds her son for being impolite to the Indians, but Ronny Heaslop feels that he is not in India to be kind, for there are more important things to do; this offends her sense of Christian charity.
Aziz accepts Fielding's invitation to tea with Adela, Mrs. Moore, and Professor Narayan Godbole . During tea they discuss the Marabar Caves, while Fielding takes Mrs. Moore to see the college. Ronny arrives to find Adela alone with Aziz and Godbole, and later chastises Fielding for leaving an Englishwoman alone with two Indians. However, he reminds Ronny that Adela is capable of making her own decisions. Aziz plans a picnic at the Marabar Caves for Miss Quested and Mrs. Moore. Adela tells Ronny that she will not marry him, but he nevertheless suggests that they take a car trip to see Chandrapore. The Nawab Bahadur , an important local figure, agrees to take them. During the trip, the car swerves into a tree and Miss Derek , an Englishwoman passing by at the time, agrees to take them back to town. However, she snubs the Nawab Bahadur and his chauffeur. Adela speaks to Ronny, and tells him that she was foolish to say that they should not be married.
Both Aziz and Godbole fall sick after the party at Mr. Fielding's home, so Fielding visits Aziz and they discuss the state of politics in India. Aziz shows Fielding a picture of his wife, a significant event considering his Islamic background and an important demonstration of their friendship.
Aziz plans the expedition to the Marabar Caves, considering every minute detail because he does not wish to offend the English ladies. During the day when they are to embark. Mohammed Latif , a friend of Aziz, bribes Adela's servant, Antony , not to go on the expedition, for he serves as a spy for Ronny Heaslop. Although Aziz, Adela and Mrs. Moore arrive to the train station on time, Fielding and Godbole miss the train because of Godbole's morning prayers. Adela and Aziz discuss her marriage, and she fears she will become a narrow-minded Anglo-Indian such as the other wives of British officials. When they reach the caves, a distinct echo in one of them frightens Mrs. Moore, who decides she must leave immediately. The echo terrifies her, for it gives her the sense that the universe is chaotic and has no order.
Aziz and Adela continue to explore the caves, and Adela realizes that she does not love Ronny. However, she does not think that this is reason enough to break off her engagement. Adela leaves Aziz, who goes into a cave to smoke, but when he exits he finds their guide alone and asleep. Aziz searches for Adela, but only finds her broken field glasses. Finally he finds Fielding, who arrived at the cave in Miss Derek's care, but he does not know where Adela is. When the group returns to Chandrapore, Aziz is arrested for assaulting Adela.
Fielding speaks to the Collector about the charge, and claims that Adela is mad and Aziz must be innocent. The Collector feels that this is inevitable, for disaster always occurs when the English and Indians interact socially. Fielding requests that he see Adela, but McBryde, the police superintendent, denies this request. Fielding acts as Aziz's advocate, explaining such things as why Aziz would have the field glasses. Aziz hires as his lawyer Armitrao , a Hindu who is notoriously anti-British. Godbole leaves Chandrapore to start a high school in Central India.
The Anglo-Indians rally to Miss Quested's defense and call a meeting to discuss the trial. Fielding attends, and makes the mistake of actually referring to her by name. The Collector advises all to behave cautiously. When Ronny enters, Fielding does not stand as a sign of respect. Mr. Turton demands an apology, but Fielding merely resigns from the club and claims he will resign from his post if Aziz is found guilty.
Adela remains in the McBryde's bungalow, where the men are too respectful and the women too sympathetic. She wishes to see Mrs. Moore, who kept away. Ronny tells her that Fielding wrote her a letter to her pleading Aziz's case. Adela admits to Ronny that she has made a mistake and that Aziz is innocent. When Adela sees Mrs. Moore, she is morose and detached. She knows that Aziz is innocent and tells Adela that directly. Mrs. Moore wishes to leave India, and Ronny agrees, for she is doing no one any good by remaining. Lady Mellanby , the wife of the Lieutenant-Governor, secures Mrs. Moore quick passage out of India.
During the trial, the Indians in the crowd jeer Adela for her appearance, and Mahmoud Ali , one of Aziz's lawyers, claims that Mrs. Moore was sent away because she would clear Aziz's name. When McBryde asks Adela whether Aziz followed her, she admits that she made a mistake. Major Callendar attempts to stop the proceedings on medical grounds, but Mr. Das , the judge, releases Aziz. After the trial, Adela leaves the courtroom alone as a riot foments. Fielding finds her and escorts her to the college where she will be safe. Disaster is averted only when Dr. Panna Lal , who was to testify for the prosecution, publicly apologizes to Aziz and secures the release of Nureddin , a prisoner rumored to have been tortured by the English.
At the college, Fielding asks Adela why she would make her charge, but she cannot give a definite answer. He suggests that she was either assaulted by the guide or had a hallucination. Adela seems to believe that she had a hallucination, for she thinks she had a hallucination of a marriage proposal when there was none. Fielding warns her that Aziz is very bitter. Ronny arrives and tells them that his mother died at sea.
After a victory banquet for Aziz, he and Fielding discuss his future plans. Fielding implores Aziz not to sue Adela, for it will show him to be a gentleman, but Aziz claims that he is fully anti-British now. Fielding reminds Aziz what a momentous sacrifice Adela made, for now she does not have the support nor friendship of the other English officials. Fielding tells Aziz that Mrs. Moore is dead, but he does not believe him. The death of Mrs. Moore leads to suspicion that Ronny had her killed for trying to defend Aziz. Although there was no wrongdoing in the situation, Ronny nevertheless feels guilty for treating his mother so poorly. Adela decides to leave India and not marry Ronny.
Fielding gains new respect for Adela for her humility and loyalty as he attempts to persuade Aziz not to take action against Adela. Adela leaves India and vows to visit Mrs. Moore's other children (and Ronny's step-siblings) Stella and Ralph. Aziz hears rumors and begins to suspect that Fielding had an affair with Adela. He believes these rumors out of his cynicism concerning human nature. Because of this suspicion, the friendship between Aziz and Fielding begins to cool, even after Fielding denies the affair to Aziz. Fielding himself leaves Chandrapore to travel, while Aziz remains convinced that Fielding will marry Adela Quested.
Forster resumes the novel some time later in the town of Mau, where Godbole now works. Godbole currently takes part in a Hindu birthing ceremony with Aziz, who now works in this region. Fielding visits Mau; he has married, and Aziz assumes that his bride is Miss Quested. Aziz stopped corresponding with Fielding when he received a letter which stated that Fielding married someone Aziz knows. However, he did not marry Adela, as Aziz assumes, but rather Mrs. Moore's daughter, Stella. When Fielding meets with Aziz and clears up this misunderstanding, Aziz remains angry, for he has assumed for such a long time that Fielding married his enemy.
Nevertheless, Aziz goes to the guest house where Fielding stays and finds Ralph Moore there. His anger at Fielding cools when Ralph invokes the memory of Mrs. Moore, and Aziz even takes Ralph boating on the river so that they can observe the local Hindu ceremonies. Their boat, however, crashes into one carrying Fielding and Stella. After this comical event, the ill will between Aziz and Fielding fully dissipates. However, they realize that because of their different cultures they cannot remain friends and part from one another cordially.
| A Passage to India |
The adjective hircine refers to which animal? | A Passage to India Book Notes
A Passage to India Book Notes
A Passage to India by E. M. Forster
(c)2017 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved.
Author/Context
Edward Morgan Forster was born on January 1, 1879 in London. Forster's father, an architect, died a year later in 1880 from consumption. He was 33 years old. As a result of this death, Forster was raised in a female-dominated household. He and his mother, Alice Whichelo, were so close that he lived with her until her death in 1945. He was also raised in part by his maternal grandmother and his paternal great aunt, Marianne Thornton, a wealthy woman who showered her nephew with gifts. Forster's novels, including A Passage to India, feature positive portrayals of women as a result of his childhood influences.
Forster was educated at the elite Tonbridge School in Kent. He felt stifled in this educational atmosphere. At this school, which appeared as Sawston in his other novels, Where Angels Fear to Tread and The Longest Journey, he devised the theme of the "undeveloped heart." He blamed the public school system for many of the faults of the British middle class. While the development of mind and body were encouraged at school, no one paid attention to the development of the heart and emotions. His character, Ronny Heaslop, is a true product of Britain's public school system. He is a source of officialism without emotion.
In 1897, Forster began his studies at King's College, Cambridge, where he felt a sense of intellectual liberation. After Cambridge, Forster decided to pursue a life of writing. Following the end of his studies, Forster traveled in the Mediterranean for much of 1901 and 1902. He discovered Europe beyond the familiar conventions of England. Forster found Greek paganism and the Italian Renaissance particularly interesting.
In 1903, his friends from Cambridge founded a liberal newspaper called The Independent Review, which combated aggressive imperialism and promoted left wing politics. Forster began to contribute to this publication and his association with this politically elite group influenced his writing.
Forster's early works reflect the trend of turn-of-the-century British writers to diverge from Victorianism. His writing was more colloquial and less formal. Forster became adept at portraying the lives of the middle class. He also became interested in observing the insular lives of the English middle class abroad.
In 1912, Forster made the first of his two trips to India. His trip lasted six months and provided him the inspiration for writing A Passage to India. Orientalism inspired him in his adulthood the way Italian renaissance and Greek paganism inspired him as a youth. In India, he visited a Muslim friend whom he met in England as well as a friend from Cambridge. The Muslim friend was the inspiration for the character Dr. Aziz. During this visit, he also traveled to Bankipore in the Bengal region (the basis of Chandrapore that is featured in the book) and the nearby Barabar caves. It was in these six months that Forster wrote the first seven chapters of Passage that led up to the picnic outing at the Marabar caves.
During the years of World War I (from late 1915 to early 1919) Forster spent most of his time in Alexandria, Egypt as a search officer for the Red Cross. In 1921, Forster revisited India and served for six months as the private secretary to the maharajah of Dewas Senior. This served as his inspiration for the final half of the novel. Passage was the last piece of fiction that Forster wrote. Afterwards, Forster published a documentary account of his trip to India and guides to Alexandria. Queen Elizabeth II awarded Forster with membership in the Order of Companions of Honour in 1953, and on January 1, 1969 (his ninetieth birthday), he received the Order of Merit. He suffered a series of strokes toward the end of his life. He died on June 7, 1970 in Coventry.
Bibliography
Forster, E.M. A Passage to India. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1924.
Scott-Kilvert, Ian. British Writers, vol.VI. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983.
Stone, Wilfred. The Cave and the Mountain. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1966.
Trilling, Lionel. E.M. Forster. New York: New Directions, 1943.
Plot Summary
We are introduced to Chandrapore, a city that is part of the British Raj. It is separated into three parts: Mosque, Caves, and Temple.
Mosque:
Aziz is a poor doctor who has lived dutifully under British command, but has grown more frustrated with their treatment of him and his fellow Indians. He and his friends discuss the English and complain that they have changed in attitude over the years and have become more intolerant and cold. The British officials at the civil station in Chandrapore run a club that forbids Indians from attending and try to avoid any intimate friendships or relations with the natives. Mrs. Moore and Adela Quested come over from England to visit Ronny Heaslop, Mrs. Moore's son and Adela's betrothed. One night, Mrs. Moore encounters Dr. Aziz in a Mosque in the moonlight. They are at first startled by each other, but instantly become friends. Mrs. Moore and Adela are more liberal than Ronny and wish to see the "real India" and befriend Indians. Mr. Fielding, the Principal of the Government College, invites Adela and Mrs. Moore to his home for tea. He also invites Dr. Aziz, who he recently met and liked instantly, and his mystical Hindu colleague Professor Godbole. Fielding's tea party is very friendly and comfortable. Aziz feels so at ease, that he invites the women on an excursion to the caves at Marabar.
Caves:
Aziz gets to the train station especially early so nothing will go wrong with the excursion. Mrs. Moore and Adela arrive on time, but Fielding and Godbole have not yet arrived. Aziz is nervous because he does not want to be left alone with the women, anticipating that trouble will arise. Ronny also disapproves of the women being left alone. He sends over a servant to follow them to make sure they are not left alone with Dr. Aziz. Fielding and Godbole arrive too late. They miss the train and Aziz is left to travel alone with Mrs. Moore and Adela. They put him at ease and assure him they are in good hands. At the caves, the weather is hot. The three go in and out of the caves, which all look similar. Within the caves is the haunting sound of an echo. While Mrs. Moore is in the cave, which is completely dark, she feels something touch her. But she is haunted by the sound of the echo, which takes over her thoughts. She decides to rest after her experience and let Adela and Aziz continue to explore other caves.
Adela becomes preoccupied with her engagement to Ronny and realizes she does not love him. Before she enters the cave, she asks Aziz about his wife and love. Adela and Aziz become separated eventually and Aziz can not find Adela. Aziz hears a car and later assumes that Miss Derek, Adela's friend, picked up Adela. Fielding joins Aziz and Mrs. Moore and they board the train back to Chandrapore. When the train pulls into the station, Aziz is arrested for charges that are unknown to him. Fielding publicly vows to defend Aziz and alienates himself from his countrymen. Aziz is charged with making improper advances to Adela in the caves. Fielding believes that Adela was hallucinating.
As the trial approaches, Mrs. Moore becomes more aloof. Adela seeks her support, but Mrs. Moore wants nothing to do with her or anyone else. Adela is haunted with the echoes from the caves, and when she realizes Aziz's innocence, the echoes go away. She tells Ronny about her doubts of Aziz's guilt and Mrs. Moore backs them up, but Ronny encourages her to go on with the trial and continue to press charges. Mrs. Moore, with the support and encouragement of her son, leaves for Britain before the trial. She dies en route, unable to endure the heat and travel conditions. At the trial, Adela continues to hear echoes. The courtroom becomes charged with emotion. Indians in the courthouse begin to call for Mrs. Moore to clear the name of Aziz. When Adela is called to the witness box, Mr. McBryde presses her until finally she admits that she is not sure if Aziz is really guilty. The judge drops the charges and all of the Indians in Chandrapore celebrate Aziz's victory. Adela walks the streets in a daze and is intercepted by Fielding. He invites her to his office for her safety.
Aziz becomes jealous while Adela and Fielding spend time together. Fielding pities her since her engagement has been broken and since she put her life on the line to tell the truth. He asks Aziz not to collect money from Adela for damages. Rumors begin to spread that he and Adela are having an affair. Fielding denies the rumor, but in the back of his mind, Aziz believes the rumor to be true and thinks Fielding will marry Adela for her money. After the trial, Aziz wants nothing to do with the British and begins to write poetry about the motherland and the nation. He decides to move out of the Raj to a free Indian state. Fielding and Adela return to England.
Temple:
Two years have passed and Aziz and Godbole now live in Mau, an independent Hindu state. Godbole is the Minister of Education and Aziz has a clinic in town. The town is celebrating the arrival of a new God and is filled with singing and dancing in the streets. Godbole receives a note that Fielding and his new wife will be paying a visit. He tells Aziz who refuses to see them. Aziz has ignored all of Fielding's letters and postcards over the years and assumed that he has married Adela in London. Aziz runs into Fielding and his new brother-in-law (Ralph) by accident, when he goes out to attend to Ralph's bee sting.
Aziz treats Fielding coldly. Fielding asks why Aziz never returned his letters. Finally, Aziz realizes that Fielding did not marry Adela, but Mrs. Moore's daughter, Stella. Adela introduced them in London. Aziz continues to behave coldly and says he wants nothing to do with the British. Later on, Aziz checks up on Ralph's bee sting and continues to be cold, but is finally overcome by a spiritual epiphany brought on by the celebrations in town. He asks Ralph if he knows when a stranger becomes a friend and he answers yes. This was what his mother said to Aziz in the Mosque when they met. Finally, Aziz and Fielding become friends again. Aziz gives Fielding a letter to deliver to Adela forgiving her for her charges against him. He has left the past behind him. As Fielding and Aziz say their final good-byes, their horses pull them away from each other and they know they will never see each other again.
Major Characters
Dr. Aziz: Main character of the novel. Aziz is a young Muslim/Indian doctor who lives very simply in a modest bungalow in Chandrapore in order to support his three children. He is proud, charming, and emotional. He is a true 'Oriental', more concerned with feelings than intellect. His friendships with Fielding and Mrs. Moore show that he can bridge the gap between East and West. However, his experience in the trial proves that Indians and English can not be true friends in India under British rule.
Mrs. Moore: Mrs. Moore comes to India to visit her son and bring over Adela. Mrs. Moore personifies the religious theme of the novel. She is the symbol of spirit and universal love. Mrs. Moore came over to India as a good Christian, but her experience in India draws her to the spiritual world rather than the traditionally religious one. After her death, her character becomes even more important, especially in the trial. She is capable of loving and of being loved. Though they know each other for only a short time, Mrs. Moore and Aziz deeply love and respect each other.
Adela Quested: Comes to India to visit Ronny, the man she thinks she will marry, to see how he behaves at work. She wants to see the 'real India' for purely intellectual reasons. Unlike Aziz and Mrs. Moore, Adela is pure intellect. She does not feel things, but thinks them. She is plain and a prig, but generally decent. She is neither likable nor detestable.
Cyril Fielding: The schoolmaster of the Government College. He is a middle-aged man who is too set in his ways to be influenced by the other Anglo-Indians. He is liberal, strong, and intelligent. Like Adela, he is ruled more by intellect than love or emotion. He is a loyal friend, however, sticking by Aziz during the trial despite their racial differences and pressure from the British.
Minor Characters
Hamidullah: One of Aziz’s best friends. He is a lawyer who was educated in Cambridge when relations between Indians and British were still good. He is disillusioned about the current state of relations between the British and Indians.
Mahmoud Ali: A young lawyer who has strong anti-British, pro-nationalist feelings. He storms out of the courtroom after his defense of Aziz, caught up in a nationalist fervor.
Ronny Heaslop: Adela’s fiancee and Mrs. Moore’s son. He is the City Magistrate of Chandrapore. He and his mother disagree about the way Indians are treated. He is a victim of the British school system and is steeped in unemotional officialism. Ronny believes his mother’s religious and spiritual beliefs are a sign of senility.
Mr. and Mrs. Turton: The Collector of Chandrapore and his wife. Mr. Turton has been in India for more than 20 years and feels he knows the ways of the country and its people. He does not treat the Indians with fairness and believes British and Indians should never mix socially. His wife treats Indians very cruelly.
Mr. and Mrs. Callendar: The Inspector and his wife. Mr. Callendar is one of the main officials in Chandrapore.
Nawab Bahadur: A well-respected man. He is the 'show' Indian for the British and the only one they treat with respect. His fellow Indians also respects him. However, his real name is his real name is Mr. Zulfiqar (which he eventually changes his name back to). The name Nawab Bahadur is the title given to Mr. Zulfiqar by the British Indians, due to his loyalty towards them.
Mr. and Mrs. Bhattacharya: An Indian couple that Adela and Mrs. Moore meet. They invite Adela and Mrs. Moore to their home and never send a carriage. This makes Adela and Mrs. Moore question Indian manners.
Dr. Lal: A doctor and relative of the Bhattacharyas who is allied with Major Callendar. He is sent over as a spy to check on Aziz’s illness. He befriends Aziz at the end of his trial.
Professor Godbole: The assistant of Fielding at government college and later the Minister of Education at Mau. He is quiet and contemplative. He is a very spiritual man and his Hindu song haunts Mrs. Moore.
Miss Derek: A British employee of the maharajah. She is Adela’s friend and picks her up in her car after Adela’s incident at the caves.
Nureddin: The handsome grandson of Nawab Bahadur.
Mr. and Mrs. McBryde: Mr. McBryde prosecutes the case against Aziz. His wife takes care of Adela before the trial.
Mr. Das: The Indian judge of Aziz’s trial. He does a respectable job of taking control during the trial.
Ralph Moore: Mrs. Moore’s clumsy, but sincere son.
Stella Moore: Mrs. Moore’s daughter who marries Fielding. She and her brother are very different than their half brother Ronny. Their treatment of Indians is similar to their mother’s.
Objects/Places
Chandrapore: The city in India where the novel takes place. It is a part of British India. In the center of the town is the British club, which excludes Indians from membership.
Marabar Caves: The caves in the Marabar Hills, which Aziz promises to show Mrs. Moore and Adela. The picnic at the caves leads to the infamous incident in which Adela accuses Aziz of improprieties. 'Caves' is the title of the second part of the novel and represent the conflict between British and Indians.
Mosque: Mrs. Moore and Aziz meet at the Mosque and start their friendship. While the caves represent disunion between British and India, the Mosque (the title of the first part of the novel) represents a union.
Bridge Party: Turton’s attempt to bring together British and Indians in a social setting. The party is superficial and unsuccessful.
Wife’s Photograph: Showing Fielding the photograph of his dead wife is Aziz’s way of lifting the purdah [separation of women and men]. By doing this he tries to promote a brotherhood between them.
Ghost: Part of the mysticism of India. Mrs. Moore believes she sees one, as she becomes more spiritually inclined. Aziz believes that believing in ghosts is a defect of Indians and sees it as backwards.
Echoes: The haunting sounds that are heard in the caves and afterwards, heard by Adela and Mrs. Moore. The echoes remain in Adela’s head after the picnic and only when she exonerates Aziz do they go away. For Mrs. Moore, the ‘boum’ sound of the echoes replace her memory of religious verses and prayers.
Purdah: The tradition Indian separation and veiling of women. It is forbidden for a man to see another man's wife's face, unless they are brothers. Dr. Aziz first goes against purdah when he shows Fielding a photograph of his deceased wife. He then calls Fielding his brother, and Fielding asks if purdah will be removed when all men are brothers. Later on, Dr. Aziz writes that the institution of purdah stands in the way of India's freedom.
Quotes
Quote 1: "So abased, so monotonous is everything that meets the eye, that when the Ganges comes down it might be expected to wash the excrescence back into the soil. Houses do fall, people are drowned and left rotting, but the general outline of the town persists, welling here, shrinking there, like some low but indestructible form of life." Chapter 1, pg. 2
Quote 2: "On the second rise is laid out the little civil station, and viewed hence Chandrapore appears to be a totally different place. It is a city of gardens. It is no city, but a forest sparsely scattered with huts. It is a tropical pleasaunce washed by a noble river." Chapter 1, pg. 4
Quote 3: "They all become exactly the same, not worse, not better. I give any Englishman two years, be he Turton or Burton. It is only the difference of a letter. And I give any English woman six months. All are exactly alike." Chapter 2, pg. 7
Quote 4: "He has found out our dinner hour, that's all, and chooses to interrupt us every time, in order to show his power." Chapter 2, pg. 12
Quote 5: "A Mosque by winning his approval let loose his imagination. The temple of another creed, Hindu, Christian, or Greek, would have bored him and failed to awaken his sense of beauty. Here was Islam, his own country, more than a Faith, more than a battle cry, more, much more...Islam an attitude towards life both exquisite and durable, where his body and his thoughts found their home." Chapter 2, pg. 16
Quote 6: "That makes no difference. God is here." Chapter 2, pg. 16
Quote 7: "As he strolled down hill beneath the lovely moon, and again saw the lovely mosque, he seemed to own the land as much as anyone who owned it. What did it matter if a few flabby Hindus had preceded him there, and a few chilly English succeeded." Chapter 2, pg. 22
Quote 8: "I want to see the real India." Chapter 3, pg. 22
Quote 9: "Come on, India's not as bad as all that. Other side of the earth, if you like, but we stick to the same old moon." Chapter 3, pg. 23
Quote 10: "Adventures do occur, but not punctually." Chapter 3, pg. 22
Quote 11: "In England the moon had seemed dead and alien; here she was caught in the shawl of night together with earth and all other stars. A sudden sense of unity, of kinship with the heavenly bodies, passed into the old woman and out, like water through a tank, leaving a strange freshness behind." Chapter 3, pg. 28
Quote 12: "It is easy to sympathize at a distance. I value more the kind word that is spoken close to my ear." Chapter 4, pg. 35
Quote 13: "No, no, this is going to far. We must exclude someone from our gathering, or we shall be left with nothing." Chapter 4, pg. 38
Quote 14: "No, it was not picturesque; the East, abandoning its secular magnificence, was descending into a valley whose farther side no man can see." Chapter 5, pg. 39
Quote 15: "Because India is part of the earth. And God has put us on the earth in order to be pleasant to each other. God is love." Chapter 5, pg. 53
Quote 16: "[H]e did not realize that 'white' has no more to do with a colour than 'God save the King' with a god, and that it is the height of impropriety to consider what it does connote." Chapter 7, pg. 65
Quote 17: "A mystery is only a high sounding term for a muddle. No advantage in stirring it up, in either case. Aziz and I know well that India is a muddle." Chapter 7, pg. 73
Quote 18: "Aziz was exquisitely dressed, from tie-pin to spats, but he had forgotten his back-collar stud, and there you have the Indian all over; inattention to detail, the fundamental slackness that reveals the race." Chapter 8, pg. 87
Quote 19: "Her hand touched his, owing to a jolt, and one of the thrills so frequent in the animal kingdom passed between them, and announced that their difficulties were only a lovers' quarrel." Chapter 8, pg. 95
Quote 20: "And when the whole world behaves as such, there will be no more purdah?" Chapter 11, pg. 126
Quote 21: "But he [Aziz] himself was rooted in society and Islam. He belonged to a tradition, which bound him, and he had brought children into the world, the society of the future. Though he lived so vaguely in this flimsy bungalow, nevertheless he was placed, placed." Chapter 11, pg. 131
Quote 22: "All the love he felt for her at the Mosque welled up again, the fresher for forgetfulness." Chapter 13, pg. 145
Quote 23: "You keep your religion, I mine. That is best. Nothing embraces the whole of India, nothing, nothing and that was Akbar's mistake." Chapter 14, pg. 160
Quote 24: "But suddenly, at the edge of her mind, Religion appeared, poor little talkative Christianity, and she knew that all its divine words from 'Let there be light' to 'It is finished' only amounted to 'boum.'" Chapter 14, pg. 166
Quote 25: "'I have had twenty five years experience of this country'--and twenty five years seemed to fill the waiting room with their staleness and ungeneroisity--'and during those twenty five years, I have never known anything but disaster result when English people and Indians attempt to be intimate socially.'" Chapter 17, pg. 182
Quote 26: "They are not to blame, they have not a dog's chance--we should be like them if we settled here." Chapter 18, pg. 184
Quote 27: "They had started speaking of women and children, that phrase that exempts the male from sanity when it has been repeated a few times." Chapter 20, pg. 203
Quote 28: "But every humane act in the East is tainted with officialism, and while honoring him they condemned Aziz and India." Chapter 20, pg. 208
Quote 29: "The sound had spouted after her when she escaped, and was going on still like a river that gradually floods the plain. Only Mrs. Moore could drive it back to its source and seal the broken reservoir. Evil was loose...she could hear it entering the lives of others." Chapter 22, pg. 215
Quote 30: "Her Christian tenderness had gone, or had developed into hardness, a just irritation against the human race; she had taken no interest at the arrest, asked scarcely any questions, and had refused to leave her bed on one awful last night of Mohurram, when an attack was expected on the bungalow." Chapter 22, pg. 221
Quote 31: "As soon as she landed in India, it seemed to her good, and when she saw the water flowing through the mosque tank, or the Ganges, or the moon caught in the shawl of night with all the other stars, it seemed a beautiful goal and an easy one." Chapter 23, pg. 231
Quote 32: "by what right did they claim so much importance in the world and assume the title of civilization?" Chapter 24, pg. 242
Quote 33: "It was revolting to him [Ronny] to hear his mother travestied into Esmiss Esmoor, a Hindu goddess." Chapter 24, pg. 250
Quote 34: "Ronny's religion was of the sterilized Public School brand, which never goes bad, even in the tropics. Wherever he entered, mosque, cave or temple, he retained the spiritual outlook of the fifth form, and condemned as 'weakening' any attempt to understand them." Chapter 28, pg. 286
Quote 35: "The poem for Mr. Bhattacharya never got written, but it had an effect. It led him towards the vague and bulky figure of a mother-land. He was without natural affection for the land of his birth, but the Marabar Hills drove him to it. Half closing his eyes, he attempted to love India." Chapter 30, pg. 298
Quote 36: "Suspicion in the Oriental is a sort of malignant tumor, a mental malady, that makes him self-conscious and unfriendly suddenly; he trusts and mistrusts at the same time in a way the Westerner can not comprehend. It is his demon, as the Westerner's is hypocrisy." Chapter 32, pg. 311
Quote 37: "Thus Godbole, though she was not important to him, remembered an old woman he had met in Chandrapore days. Chance brought her into his mind while it was in this heated state, he did not select her, she happened to occur among the throng of soliciting images, a tiny splinter, and he impelled her by his spiritual force to that place where completeness can be found." Chapter33, pg. 321
Quote 38: "My heart is for my own people henceforward." Chapter 35, pg. 339
Quote 39: "Then you are an Oriental." Chapter 36, pg. 349
Quote 40: "But the horses didn't want it-they swerved apart; the earth didn't want it, sending up rocks through which riders must pass single file; the temples, the tank, the jail, the palace, the birds, the carrion, the Guest House, that came into view as they issued from the gap and saw Mau beneath: they didn't want it, they said in their hundred voices, 'No, not yet,' and the sky said, 'No, not there.'" Chapter 37, pg. 362
Topic Tracking: Earth
Chapter 1
Earth 1: The Marabar Hills are described as the fists and fingers of the south. Despite their human characteristics, the hills are imposing. Earth here is more impressive than any of the people in Chandrapore.
Chapter 3
Earth 2: The women are fascinated by the moonlight, which has a mystical quality to it. However, a British stranger reminds them that in British India, though they might be halfway around the world from home, they stick to the same moon. Therefore, there is little spirit or imagination in the India of the English. Mrs. Moore and Adela hope for something more.
Chapter 3
Earth 3: Looking into the sky, Mrs. Moore sees a moon that is very different from the moon in England. This moonlight filled her with a sense of unity with nature and the heavens the way it never had at home.
Chapter 10
Earth 4: The heat of April, an aspect of the earth in India, makes things quite unbearable and influences the behavior of those who live there.
Chapter 18
Earth 5: McBryde tries to argue that the hot climate and geographic conditions of India drive the Indians to behave the way they do. He contends that nature has control over man in India and if the British were to endure this climate, they would behave the same way.
Chapter 23
Earth 6: When Mrs. Moore first came to India, the mystical forces of the earth overtook her. However, after the engagement of Ronny and Adela, she becomes burdened with the duties of reality and this disrupts her union with spirit and earth.
Chapter 24
Earth 7: The echoes of the cave haunt Adela and make her question her charges against Aziz. The sound of the caves haunts her until she reveals the truth about Aziz and clears her conscience.
Chapter 37
Earth 8: The earth prevents Aziz and Fielding from riding back to each other. It prevents the continuation of their friendship, at least until the British leave India.
Topic Tracking: Love
Chapter 8
Love 1: Though they have broken off the engagement, the bumpy ride in Nawab Bahadur's car awakens Adela and Ronny's feelings of love, or at least lust.
Chapter 11
Love 2: Aziz and Fielding discuss marriage. Aziz admits that he fell in love with his wife after they were married. Sharing the photo of his wife with him is an act of brotherly love. Fielding also admits that he has never married or never plans to. He says he is too old to fall in love.
Chapter 15
Love 3: Adela begins to doubt her love for Ronny. She realizes she is not in love with him and questions if she is capable of loving another. She thinks she is too intellectual to be in love.
Chapter 27
Love 4: Fielding can not understand why Aziz loved Mrs. Moore so much, since she had not been there for Aziz, especially after the cave incident. He tells Fielding that Mrs. Moore was oriental in her emotions--she never measured love. Fielding is very western and Aziz feels he measures his emotions too much.
Chapter 28
Love 5: Ronny terminates the engagement with Adela. The two had never been in love and were probably incapable of loving each other.
Chapter 29
Love 6: Both Adela and Fielding have given up on love and think they will never love anyone.
Chapter 36
Love 7: Ralph tells Aziz that his mother loved him very much. Though Aziz is very short with Ralph, Ralph overlooks the behavior and assures him that he is a friend, though he is a stranger. This oriental attitude is like his mother's. Ralph proves he is capable of loving on instinct the way his mother had.
Topic Tracking: Nationalism
Chapter 3
Nationalism 1: The British National Anthem inspires feelings of power rather than patriotism. England's role in India is one of power and control.
Chapter 14
Nationalism 2: While discussing Akbar, a Hindu figure who had a unifying force, Aziz tells Mrs. Moore and Adela that India cannot be united. As a Muslim, he feels divided from the other half of India.
Chapter 24
Nationalism 3: Adela begins to feel guilty about the notion of the British as a civilizing force. She contemplates who gave them the right to control a country. At the same time, McBryde uses a "scientific" approach to prove the racial and national superiority of the British over the Indians.
Nationalism 4: Mahmoud Ali becomes vocal about the unfair role of the British in India. He stands up for Indian nationalism and storms out of the court.
Chapter 25
Nationalism 5: The otherwise pro-British Nawab Bahadur, the most diplomatic and respected of Indians, becomes so inspired by the cruel treatment of his son and the treatment of Aziz by the British, that he renounces his name and title for his Islamic name.
Chapter 30
Nationalism 6: The trial awoke the nationalist spirit in Aziz. He now began to think of the motherland in his poetry.
Chapter 35
Nationalism 7: Aziz expresses his wish not to associate with any British people. He even pushes away the friendship of Fielding.
Chapter 37
Nationalism 8: Aziz and Fielding part ways, knowing they can never be friends as long as the British continue to control India.
Topic Tracking: Religion
Chapter 2
Religion 1: At the Mosque, Aziz feels renewed. He feels most at home there. His body and spirit are unified by his religion in the Mosque. He is more loyal to Islam than to his country.
Chapter 4
Religion 2: Two missionaries discuss God and how he does not exclude any creature from his house. This conversation is ironic against the backdrop of the colonized India.
Chapter 5
Religion 3: Mrs. Moore is a religious woman. She talks to Ronny about the bad and unchristian treatment of the British towards the Indians. She says that God loves everyone and since India is part of the earth, God loves the Indians.
Chapter 7
Religion 4: Religious thought is divided in India. Aziz blames an Indian couple's bad manners on the fact that they are Hindu.
Chapter 13
Religion 5: To put Aziz at ease when Fielding and Godbole do not arrive, she tells him that they will all be Muslims together--signifying their equality.
Chapter 14
Religion 6: Aziz tells Mrs. Moore and Adela that he can not accept the Hindu notion of universality. He believes it is best if every one adheres to his own religion.
Religion 7: In the caves, the 'boum' sound erases all religious thoughts from Mrs. Moore's mind. The echo becomes more powerful than her religion.
Chapter 22
Religion 8: In the aftermath of the incident at the caves, Mrs. Moore loses her interest in religion and all other aspects of life.
Chapter 24
Religion 9: In her despair, Adela strays from her usually intellectual ways and begins praying again.
Chapter 24
Religion 10: In her absence, the Indians at the trial begin to chant Mrs. Moore's name. By mispronouncing her name as Esmiss Esmoor, they have called her the name of a Hindu goddess.
Chapter 33
Religion 11: Mrs. Moore appears in Godbole's head during a spiritual fervor. The visit by Mrs. Moore completes him and brings him closer to God. God is love.
Topic Tracking: West vs. East
Chapter 2
West vs. East 1: English people are civil, or even friendly, towards natives when they first arrive in India. However, the longer they stay in India, the greater the gulf grows between them and the Indians. Though the English and Indians are both physically in the East, there is a clear separation between Eastern and Western culture in colonized India.
Chapter 3
West vs. East 2: Adela confronts Ronny about his treatment of Indians. Still fresh in India, she feels the bridge between East and West can be crossed with pleasant and equal behavior. Ronny advises her that her naïve perspective will change the longer she stays in the country.
Chapter 4
West vs. East 3: Many Indians are skeptical about the sincerity of Turton's invitation to his Bridge Party. Nawab Bahadur, a person who is respected by British and Indians, convinces his countrymen to attend the party.
Chapter 5
West vs. East 4: Adela and Mrs. Moore are sad that there is no interaction between the British hosts and the Indian guests. The Bridge Party does not create a bridge between the people.
Chapter 7
West vs. East 5: Fielding and Aziz forge an instant friendship despite their racial differences.
Chapter 8
West vs. East 6: Aziz tells Nawab Bahadur's grandson that believing in superstition and evil spirits is a defect of the East. The West has advanced, he believes, because they believe in reason and logic.
Chapter 16
West vs. East 7: Fielding tries to tell Aziz that he should not think about the picnic in terms of East and West, but simply in terms of friendship.
Chapter 17
West vs. East 8: Turton, who believes his years of experience in India have made him wise and knowledgeable, says that Indians and English are incapable of interacting on an intimate basis. That is why he feels there should exist a great distance between them.
Chapter 27
West vs. East 9: Aziz tries to explain to Fielding that Mrs. Moore, though an old British woman, was an Oriental at heart. She had an Eastern way of relating to people. Aziz considers measuring emotion, as Fielding does, to be a Western trait.
Chapter 37
West vs. East 10: Aziz and Fielding part ways, knowing they will never see each other again. The notion that Indians and British can never be intimate friends while the British control India seems to hold true.
Topic Tracking: Women
Chapter 2
Women 1: Mrs. Moore impresses Aziz by removing her shoes before she enters the Mosque. This is a sign of respect that he does not expect from British women in his country.
Chapter 7
Women 2: Fielding contends that English women can never be friends with Indian men. Disaster happens whenever the two meet.
Chapter 11
Women 3: Aziz shows Fielding a picture of his wife: an act that is forbidden unless it is between brothers due to the tradition of purdah, the separation and veiling of women. Fielding asks if people in the world were to treat each other as equally as brothers, if there would be no more need for purdah.
Chapter 13
Women 4: Aziz's friends now warn him that it is not advisable for him to mix with British women. They predict something bad will happen due to his interaction with these ladies.
Chapter 20
Women 5: At the club, the men talk of protecting the women and children. This incites in them a blinding national pride.
Chapter 34
Women 6: Aziz begins to write poetry about Oriental womanhood. He calls for the end of purdah, which he believes is an essential step to forming Indian statehood.
Chapter 1
Chandrapore is an Indian city under the British Raj, or colonial rule. Two contrasting sides of Chandrapore are presented: the dreary landscape of the section of city inhabited by the natives,
"So abased, so monotonous is everything that meets the eye, that when the Ganges comes down it might be expected to wash the excrescence back into the soil. Houses do fall, people are drowned and left rotting, but the general outline of the town persists, welling here, shrinking there, like some low but indestructible form of life." Chapter 1, pg. 2
and the orderly and neat section of the city inhabited by the British colonists,
"On the second rise is laid out the little civil station, and viewed hence Chandrapore appears to be a totally different place. It is a city of gardens. It is no city, but a forest sparsely scattered with huts. It is a tropical pleasaunce washed by a noble river." Chapter 1, pg. 4
Readers are introduced to the Marabar Caves , an imposing part of the Chandrapore landscape.
Topic Tracking: Earth 1
Chapter 2
Dr. Aziz rides his bicycle over to the home of his friend Hamidullah who is having dinner with another friend Mahmoud Ali . The two were in the middle of discussing whether or not it is possible for Indians to be friends with Englishmen. Mahmoud contends that it is impossible, while Hamidullah believes that these friendships are only possible in England. Hamidullah studied at Cambridge and remembers his treatment by English people there as warm and cordial. They discuss that in India, the English come and act as polite gentlemen toward the Indians, the way the Collector of Chandrapore Mr.Turton did when he first arrived. However, after a short time, their attitudes change drastically:
"They all become exactly the same, not worse, not better. I give any Englishman two years, be he Turton or Burton. It is only the difference of a letter. And I give any English woman six months. All are exactly alike. Chapter 2, pg. 7
Topic Tracking: West vs. East 1
Hamidullah suggests that there is a difference between generations in the attitudes of the British toward the Indians. Under the reign of Queen Victoria, the treatment of Indians was much better than in the present. He recalls old friends from England who treated him very kindly when he was there and let him play with their children. Hamidullah says he knew the child, who he once carried on his shoulders, was living in India. He says he refused to visit him because he has probably already come under the influence of the Anglo-Indians there. Hamidullah fears that his friends' son would believe that he wants something from him. Mahmoud Ali only knows India after Victoria's time and as a result has to struggle to remember some instances of kindness by the British; Hamidullah can remember several instances of kindness. For Mahmoud Ali, kindness by Englishmen (and women) is an exception to the rule. During the course of their dinner, Hamidullah's wife, a distant aunt, asks Aziz when he will marry. Aziz responds that once was enough. Hamidullah tells his wife that he had already done his duty by sending all of his salary to his children, who live with his dead wife's mother. Hamidullah said that Aziz lives like a low-grade clerk. The men continue to sit around and enjoy their meal and read poetry. A servant interrupts their merriment. The servant carries a note from Chandrapore's Civil Surgeon, Major Callendar , that requests Aziz come to his house without giving a reason. The indifferent manner of the note reveals the arrogance of the Major toward the Indians. Aziz says,
"He has found out our dinner hour, that's all, and chooses to interrupt us every time, in order to show his power." Chapter 2, pg. 12
Aziz takes off quickly on his bicycle, which has no brakes or lights, and blows out one of his tires. He then jumps into a Tonga, a small type of horse-drawn carriage. When Aziz arrives at Callendar's compound, Callendar's servant tells Aziz that the Major has already left. Aziz asked if the Major left him a message and the servant says no. Aziz feels a sense of despair and is convinced that the Major had to have left a message. While he argues with the servant, two ladies, Mrs. Callendar and another British woman, walk past Aziz, ignoring his greeting with glances, and take off in his Tonga. Dejected, Aziz leaves the compound and stops for a rest at a Mosque .
The Mosque rejuvenates Aziz:
"A Mosque by winning his approval let loose his imagination. The temple of another creed, Hindu, Christian, or Greek, would have bored him and failed to awaken his sense of beauty. Here was Islam, his own country, more than a Faith, more than a battle cry, more, much more...Islam an attitude towards life both exquisite and durable, where his body and his thoughts found their home." Chapter 2, pg. 16
Topic Tracking: Religion 1
While Aziz is in the Mosque, an older woman walks in. Aziz interrupts her and shouts angrily that she shouldn't be in the Mosque. He tells her that the Mosque is a holy place and she has no right to enter with shoes on. The woman, Mrs. Moore , tells him that she has already removed her shoes. Aziz apologizes immediately, explaining that few women have the decency to remember to follow this custom. Mrs. Moore replies, "That makes no difference. God is here." Chapter 2, pg. 16
Topic Tracking: Women 1
Her response impresses Aziz, who asks her name. Mrs. Moore tells Aziz that she stepped out of the club where they were putting on a play that she had already seen in London. They strike up an immediate friendship and talk about their children. Mrs. Moore reveals that her son is Ronny Heaslop , the City Magistrate, and that she has two more children, a son Ralph and a daughter Stella back in England. Aziz notes a similarity between them, because he also has a daughter and two sons. The two also realize that they both dislike Mrs. Callendar. Aziz begins to rant and rave about his dislike of Mrs. Callendar and the latest incident with the Tonga. He feels instantly comfortable with Mrs. Moore and is excited by the fact that she sympathizes with him. He calls her an Oriental because she understands emotions, unlike her English compatriots. Aziz escorts Mrs. Moore back to the club and she tells him that she would have liked to invite him in, but she is not a member. Aziz replies that Indians are not allowed in the club anyway. Aziz walks home happy:
"As he strolled down hill beneath the lovely moon, and again saw the lovely mosque, he seemed to own the land as much as anyone who owned it. What did it matter if a few flabby Hindus had preceded him there, and a few chilly English succeeded." Chapter 2, pg. 22
Chapter 3
Mrs. Moore returns to the club and is intercepted by Adela Quested , who has also left in the middle of the performance. Mrs. Moore's son Ronny Heaslop asked his mother to bring Adela to India with her. Adela and Ronny are both cautious in nature and India is their test to determine whether they should get married or not. Adela tells Mrs. Moore, "I want to see the real India." Chapter 3, pg. 22 Mrs. Moore tells Adela that the Turtons have arranged a sightseeing tour for them, but Adela skeptically replies that they will probably be taken on an elephant ride, implying that their hosts would lead them on a superficial tour of the country. The two women talk about the reflection of the moon that they see in the Ganges River. A stranger walks by them, listening to them talk about India and says, "Come on, India's not as bad as all that. Other side of the earth, if you like, but we stick to the same old moon." Chapter 3, pg. 23
Topic Tracking: Earth 2
However, Adela remarks that though they are physically on the other side of the earth, they are not really seeing it. Mrs. Moore agreed with Adela and said that their lives were dull. Mrs. Moore seems less disappointed by this due to her older age and assures Adela, "Adventures do occur, but not punctually." Chapter 3, pg. 22 The performance ends and the band plays the National Anthem. The tune inspires little sentiment from the British, but gives them a sense of power.
Topic Tracking: Nation 1
The crowd lets out from the play and among them is Mr. Cyril Fielding , the schoolmaster at the government college. Ronny asks Fielding how his mother and Adela could see the real India. Fielding passes by and says that they should meet real Indians. Mrs. Lesley and Mrs. Callendar tell Adela that natives should be avoided. Mr. Turton tells them that he will organize a Bridge Party , at which time the women could meet some Indians. Adela asks Turton to introduce her only to the Indians that he comes across socially. Turton replies that he does not treat Indians as friends. After the Turtons leave, Ronny comments to Adela that Turton has done a good deed by organizing the Bridge Party. He tells Adela that Turton knows the country well since he has been here over 20 years. Ronny, however, still admits he is naïve and tells Adela an anecdote about the time he asked Mahmoud Ali if he wanted to smoke. Ronny said that Ali must have told all his friends because rumors were spreading that he was in with the City Magistrate. Ronny tells Adela that he came down hard on Ali in the courts and that it taught the man a lesson. Adela disagrees, believing that instead, Ronny should have invited all the other Indian lawyers for a smoke. Ronny recognizes Adela's good intentions and tells her he once thought like she did, but he changed.
Topic Tracking: West vs. East 2
The following day, Mrs. Moore awakens after sleeping outside. She slept there while trying to watch the moon:
"In England the moon had seemed dead and alien; here she was caught in the shawl of night together with earth and all other stars. A sudden sense of unity, of kinship with the heavenly bodies, passed into the old woman and out, like water through a tank, leaving a strange freshness behind." Chapter 3, pg. 28
Topic Tracking: Earth 3
As she awakens, she tells the story of her encounter with Aziz at the Mosque. Ronny was upset when he heard that she encountered a Muslim in the Mosque, believing that Muslims were not to be trusted. Adela, on the other hand, was interested and fascinated by Mrs. Moore's encounter. Mrs. Moore is disappointed in Ronny's negative reaction and rude behavior.
Chapter 4
The Collector, Mr. Turton, sends out invitations for the Bridge Party to several Indians in the neighborhood. Mahmoud Ali discusses the news of this party with the highly educated and most prominent Muslim landowner in the area, Nawab Bahadur . Mahmoud Ali is skeptical of Turton's intentions for throwing the party. He says that the English only sympathize with the Indians from a distance, but Nawab Bahadur tells Ali, "It is easy to sympathize at a distance. I value more the kind word that is spoken close to my ear." Chapter 4, pg. 35 Nawab Bahadur also says that Turton speaks to his ear and he listens, therefore he will drop his plans and attend the party. Someone overhears this and tells Nawab Bahadur that he is making himself cheap by attending the function. He replies saying that the invitation was worded graciously and there was no reason to feel cheap. Due to Nawab Bahadur's influence among Indians (as well as English) he convinces many people to attend the bridge party.
Topic Tracking: West vs. East 3
Two missionaries discuss God and whether God would exclude anyone from his home--including animals. They begin to run through hypothetical groups that might be excluded, all the way down to mud. One of the missionaries says: "No, no, this is going to far. We must exclude someone from our gathering, or we shall be left with nothing." Chapter 4, pg. 38
Topic Tracking: Religion 2
Chapter 5
The Bridge Party turns out to be unsuccessful by Adela and Mrs. Moore's standards. A large group of Indian guests arrives early and must wait idly for the British hosts. Mrs. Turton and Ronny laugh sarcastically about the party's turnout. Meanwhile, Adela and Mrs. Moore gaze sadly at the Indians:
"No, it was not picturesque; the East, abandoning its secular magnificence, was descending into a valley whose farther side no man can see." Chapter 5, pg. 39
Topic Tracking: West vs. East 4
Mrs. Turton reluctantly hosts a group of Indian women. She addresses them in Urdu using lingo she learned to address her servants. She does not know any polite expressions, only commands. Adela is very interested in conversing with the Indians and tells them she regrets not speaking their language. One woman in the crowd says she speaks English. This delights Adela but makes Mrs. Turton act coldly because she now knows someone in the group is westernized and might apply her own standards to her. Adela and Mrs. Moore befriend one woman, Mrs. Bhattacharya . They ask to call on her for a social visit. Mrs. Bhattacharya and her husband invite them despite the fact they were due to be away at the time. The exchange is awkward and Mrs. Moore and Adela feel badly that they have imposed on the Bhattacharyas. Mr. Fielding is the most successful Englishman of the party, comfortably mingling with the Indian guests. He hears about the graciousness of the ladies and wishes to meet them. When he meets them, he complains to them about the way the English treat the Indians. He invites them to meet some Indian people that he knows. Adela suggests to Fielding that he should invite Dr. Aziz. Later, when Ronny is alone with his mother, Mrs. Moore tells Ronny that he should spend more private time with Adela. He tells his mother that he worries about how people will talk about them. Mrs. Moore tells Ronny Adela is too much of an individual to care about what other people say. They also talk about the issue of treatment of the Indians. Ronny treats this as a "side issue." Mrs. Moore is annoyed by his behavior and tells him that Englishmen behave as Gods in India.
He replies he has no time to be pleasant to Indians because he is there on a duty for England. Mrs. Moore still believes that they should be pleasant to the Indians "[b]ecause India is part of the earth. And God has put us on the earth in order to be pleasant to each other. God is love." Chapter 5, pg. 53
Ronny sees his mother's religious thoughts as a symptom of her old age and growing senility--he only approves of religion if it endorses the state.
Chapter 6
Aziz does not attend because the party took place on the anniversary of the death of his wife. Aziz did not fall in love with his wife right away. It was an arranged marriage and Aziz was too westernized in thought to accept the marriage. He didn't like the idea of having his wife chosen for him. It wasn't until she gave birth to their first child that he fell in love with her. She died while giving birth to their second son. He takes out his wife's photograph and realizes that he is unhappy. Without his wife, he fears that he might not raise his children properly. When he locks up the photograph, the thought of his wife passes and he does not think of her again. Dr. Aziz runs into another Muslim, Dr. Lal . Dr. Lal asks Aziz why he did not attend Turton's Bridge Party . He tells Aziz that his absence was noticed and drew comments by attendees, especially Turton. Aziz nonchalantly makes an excuse for not attending. He tells Dr. Lal that he doesn not care if people talked about his absence, as if he was looking to instigate a fight with Lal. Lal blames Aziz's attitude on his youth. After this exchange, Aziz begins to worry about skipping the party and being so rash while talking to Dr. Lal. When he arrives home, he finds a letter with a government stamp and begins to panic. The letter is an invitation from Fielding to his home for tea. This letter revives Aziz's spirits. He is happy because Fielding had invited Aziz to dinner once before and Aziz forgot to attend. He is relieved that Fielding invited him once again without rebuke.
Chapter 7
Fielding has come to India late in his life. He was over 40 when he first set foot in the country. The longer Fielding remains in India, the larger the gulf grows between himself and his fellow Englishmen. His countrymen see him as a controversial figure because he interacts with Indians. Fielding has matured differently than the other Englishmen and never leaned to follow the crowd: "[H]e did not realize that 'white' has no more to do with a colour than 'God save the King' with a god, and that it is the height of impropriety to consider what it does connote." Chapter 7, pg. 65 Mr. Fielding thinks it is possible to be friends with both English men and Indians, but not possible to be friends with both English women and Indians.
Topic Tracking: Women 2
Fielding invited Mrs. Moore and Adela to tea because they are new to India, and uncorrupted, seeing things with an equal eye. Aziz arrives at Fielding's while Fielding is still in the shower. They begin to talk, though they cannot see each other. Aziz is very excited to finally meet Fielding. While Fielding is dressing, he drops his collar stud and steps on it. Aziz offers him the stud off of his own collar. They become immediately intimate and dispense with all formalities.
Topic Tracking: West vs. East 5
Mrs. Moore, Adela, and Professor Godbole , a Hindu who is Fielding's assistant, join Aziz and Fielding. Adela and Mrs. Moore bring up their blunder with the Bhattacharyas to Aziz and ask what they have done wrong. The Bhattacharyas never sent the carriage to pick up the ladies to go to their home on the date on which they agreed. Aziz blames the Indian couple's lack of manners on the fact that they are Hindus.
Topic Tracking: Religion 4
He also says that they might have been embarrassed by the poor quality of their home. Mrs. Moore finds their behavior mysterious. "A mystery is only a high sounding term for a muddle. No advantage in stirring it up, in either case. Aziz and I know well that India is a muddle." Chapter 7, pg. 73
Aziz feels comfortable in this company and starts to tell them about Indian history, though his tales are inaccurate. Adela is very captivated by what Aziz has to say. Her affability pleases Aziz and Godbole. Azis feels so comfortable that he invites everyone to his house. Realizing that his quarters are substandard, he later offers to take the ladies on a tour of the Marabar Caves, even though he has never been there. Ronny interrupts their conversation. He ignores the Indians on his way into the room and notices that Fielding is not with them. He asks one of the servants to find Fielding because he is worried that his mother and Adela were left alone with Indians. He insists on taking the women to a polo match, although they are not interested in watching the match. The group parts ways, all a bit irritated after Ronny's interruption.
Chapter 8
The purpose of Adela's visit to see Ronny in India is to see if she likes him at work as much as she had liked him socially. She wants to be sure she wants to marry him. Adela realizes that India has changed Ronny for the worse. He becomes exasperating to her. She especially hates the way he took her away in the middle of Godbole's spiritual song at Fielding's tea. Ronny asks Adela about Aziz's trip to the caves and Adela replies that he took her away before she made any concrete plans with the doctor. He tries to explain to Adela that like all other Indians, Aziz is slack and won't come through:
"Aziz was exquisitely dressed, from tie-pin to spats, but he had forgotten his back-collar stud, and there you have the Indian all over; inattention to detail, the fundamental slackness that reveals the race." Chapter 8, pg. 87
The missing stud is the one Aziz gave to Fielding when he stepped on his own. Ronny tells the women that he does not want his mother and friend to go on Aziz's excursion to the caves unless British people escort them. Mrs. Moore is annoyed and refuses to go to the polo match with the couple. On the way to the match, Adela thinks about her behavior at the party and regrets revealing to the guests that she had no intention of staying in India and marrying Ronny. She finally decides she needs to have a talk with Ronny. Ronny has already heard about the decision through Aziz and diplomatically tells Adela that she never really committed to him in the first place and therefore should not feel upset about her decision. Adela feels ashamed since Ronny has reacted so decently. The two decide to remain friends. After their talk, they run into Nawab Bahadur . He offers Ronny and Adela a ride in his new car. The ride is very bumpy and dark, forcing the couple to jolt around and into each other. The car hits an animal and Adela's falls onto Ronny's, renewing their attraction to each other:
"Her hand touched his, owing to a jolt, and one of the thrills so frequent in the animal kingdom passed between them, and announced that their difficulties were only a lovers' quarrel." Chapter 8, pg. 95
Topic Tracking: Love 1
Following the accident, Miss Derek pulls up in a car she borrowed from her boss, the maharajah. In Miss Derek's car, Ronny and Adela hold hands; both silently acknowledging it meant something. Adela takes back what she said to Ronny and the two become engaged. Arriving home, Ronny recounts the tale of the car accident to his mother, explaining how the car hit an animal. Mrs. Moore says immediately in passing that it was a ghost .
Back in Chandrapore , Aziz is visiting the grandson of Nawab Bahadur, Nureddin . They have a discussion about evil spirits and Aziz tells the grandson not to believe in them in order for him to advance in the world. Aziz believes that the belief in spirits is a defect of the Indian people.
Topic Tracking: West vs. East 6
Chapter 9
Aziz lies ill in bed. Dr. Panna Lal pays him a house call on behalf of Major Callendar , who wants to make sure Aziz is really ill. The room is crowded with visitors. Fielding enters Aziz's room without being noticed. This flatters Aziz, though he is ashamed of his surroundings. During the visit, Hamidullah begins to talk politics and asks Fielding why the British are justified in holding India and taking away jobs from well-qualified Indians. Fielding frankly tells the others in the room that he is happy to be in India and that is his justification for being there. Hamidullah continues to ask unfriendly questions to Fielding and Aziz is too tired and ill to contribute to their exchange. Fielding leaves the room feeling dissatisfied that Aziz made little effort to talk to him.
Chapter 10
The season of bad weather, April, is about to pass over India. All of Aziz's visitors were aware of the bad weather, which makes life unbearable for them and makes them quite lethargic. Powerful heat and very strong sunshine overcome them.
Topic Tracking: Earth 4
Chapter 11
Aziz calls Fielding back in his house. He is ashamed of his quarters and wants to find a way to offer Fielding hospitality. He takes out a picture of his dead wife, his most valued possession. Fielding notes to Aziz that he should not be allowed to see his wife, who would have been in the purdah . Aziz tells him he would have told his wife that Fielding was his brother and allowed him to see her. He says that Fielding has behaved like his brother. Fielding replies, "And when the whole world behaves as such, there will be no more purdah?" Chapter 11, pg. 126
Topic Tracking: Women 3
This response is why Aziz respects Fielding--he understands his emotions. He is thankful that Fielding visited him again even though Aziz was short with him. Aziz and Fielding discuss marriage and Aziz is curious why the middle-aged Fielding has never married nor had a child. Fielding remarks that he does not want anyone to fuss over him and he is not worried that his name will not be carried on. Aziz is fascinated by the notion that Fielding has nothing to lose:
"But he [Aziz] himself was rooted in society and Islam. He belonged to a tradition, which bound him, and he had brought children into the world, the society of the future. Though he lived so vaguely in this flimsy bungalow, nevertheless he was placed, placed." Chapter 11, pg. 131
Topic Tracking: Love 2
Chapter 12
This chapter describes the Marabar Caves as a series of tunnels that are indistinguishable from each other. Visits to the Caves are neither extraordinary nor dull. Visitors have mixed reactions to the caves.
Chapter 13
Adela and Mrs. Moore become offended that Aziz has forgotten about his offer to show the women the caves. After learning of their disappointment, Aziz, who thought the invitation was long forgotten, starts to make arrangements for his picnic at the caves. He secures Fielding and Godbole as companions on the picnic. Though the ladies accept the invitation, no one is excited about the picnic. The arrangements become rather costly for Aziz, who is very careful to make sure that everything goes right and that everyone is accommodated. His friends advise him that mixing with English ladies is a bad idea.
Topic Tracking: Women 4
The ladies arrive at the train station alone, without Fielding. He puts them in the purdah section of the train, while he frantically waits for Godbole and Fielding. As the train begins to run, Aziz sees the two men arriving at the station. Aziz tries to pull Fielding on the train, hanging outside the carriage close to the platform, but Mrs. Moore protests, assuring Aziz that everything will be all right without them. One of Godbole's prayers took too long and held up their arrival. Meanwhile, a servant that Ronny sent with his women tries to come along on the trip to ensure their safety, but Mrs. Moore and Adela insists that he go away. Mrs. Moore then tells Aziz that they can all be Muslims together.
Topic Tracking: Religion 5
This remark impresses Aziz and reminds him of his feelings for Mrs. Moore, "All the love he felt for her at the Mosque welled up again, the fresher for forgetfulness." Chapter 13, pg. 145
Adela also assures Aziz that they feel they are in good hands. Aziz once again feels important and competent.
Chapter 14
The ladies sit on the train and Mrs. Moore listens to Adela make plans for her future with Ronny. Making plans is Adela's passion. Mrs. Moore falls asleep during Adela's ramblings because she is feeling tired and in poor health. In her weakened condition, it was advised that Mrs. Moore shouldn't have taken the trip, but she does so in order to please everyone. When they arrive at the caves, they see that everything is set up for them: a guide, elephants, servants, food, etc. The picnic is only supposed to last for four hours, but Aziz ensures that every detail is arranged in order to achieve true hospitality, a goal of Orientals. The happiness of his company is tied to his honor. Aziz tells Mrs. Moore and Adela that their friendship is special because it involves great obstacles. Mrs. Moore feels renewed by her friendship with Aziz. Aziz is comfortable in their company. He begins to tell them about his favorite emperors of Indian history. Mrs. Moore and Adela are curious about Akbar, the founder of Hinduism. They are interested in him because his religion "embraces" the whole of India. Aziz is skeptical of this claim and replies to Adela, "You keep your religion, I mine. That is best. Nothing embraces the whole of India, nothing, nothing and that was Akbar's mistake." Chapter 14, pg. 160
Topic Tracking: Nationalism 2
Adela says she was thinking about Akbar and the theme of universality because of her future marriage to Ronny. She fears turning into a rude Anglo-Indian like those before her ( Mrs. Callendar , Mrs. Turton ) have done. Aziz assures Adela that she will never change because she is different from the others. They begin their exploration of the caves. In one of the caves, Mrs. Moore gets separated from Adela and Aziz in the darkness and is touched by something on her face. She doesn't know what hit her and all she can hear is the haunting echoes inside the caves. After they all come out of the cave, Aziz tells Mrs. Moore and Adela that he can take them to better caves by the Kawa Dol. Mrs. Moore, haunted by her experience in the first cave, tells them that she will remain because she can not endure the walking. Mrs. Moore tries to compose a letter to her children, but is too distracted by the "boum" echoes of the cave. The echoes begin to take a hold on her life:
"But suddenly, at the edge of her mind, Religion appeared, poor little talkative Christianity, and she knew that all its divine words from 'Let there be light' to 'It is finished' only amounted to 'boum.'" Chapter 14, pg. 166
She has lost all interest in anything, even Aziz.
Chapter 15
Aziz and Adela are quiet during their expedition. The sun is very strong and Aziz does not have much to talk to Adela about in the absence of Mrs. Moore. Meanwhile, Adela is too preoccupied with her upcoming wedding to carry on a conversation with Aziz. In the middle of her silent thoughts, she realizes that she does not love Ronny.
Topic Tracking: Love 3
Full of doubt and uncertainty, she begins to ask Aziz questions about his personal life--about his wife and children. She offends Aziz by asking him if he has more than one wife. Adela wanders off alone into a cave, preoccupied with the thoughts of her marriage.
Chapter 16
Aziz realizes that Adela has gone missing. He knows it will be impossible to find her amid all the caves. Aziz hears a car pull up on the road from Chandrapore towards Marabar. Aziz guesses that Adela jumped in the car. On his way back to his camp, he finds Adela's glasses and slips them into his pocket. Aziz sees Fielding who got a ride in Miss Derek's car and found his way to the picnic camp. Both he and Mrs. Moore are curious about Adela's whereabouts, but Aziz insists she took off in Miss Derek's car. Meanwhile, Mrs. Moore has grown cynical and loses the love and zeal she had for India that she had in the beginning. After the picnic is over, Aziz and Fielding talk about the relations between English and Indians on the way to the train. Fielding tells Aziz that the picnic was not about English and Indians, but about friends.
When the train arrives in Chandrapore , Aziz is arrested. Mr. Haq, who performs the arrest, won't tell Fielding on what grounds Aziz is being arrested. Fielding publicly pledges his support for Aziz.
Chapter 17
Fielding walks into Turton's office. Turton tells Fielding that Adela has been "insulted" in the caves . Fielding feels sickened by the accusation, refusing to believe that his friend Aziz was responsible. Turton had called Fielding into his office to exonerate him since he was seen with Aziz. Fielding does not accept and snaps at Turton, calling Adela "mad." Turton is angered by Fielding's response and says:
"'I have had twenty five years experience of this country--and twenty five years seemed to fill the waiting room with their staleness and ungeneroisity--and during those twenty five years, I have never known anything but disaster result when English people and Indians attempt to be intimate socially.'" Chapter 17, pg. 182
Topic Tracking: West vs. East 8
Turton is as intent on avenging Adela as much as Fielding is intent on clearing Aziz's name. Turton invites Fielding to the club for a town meeting. Turton becomes frustrated with Fielding, who reminded Turton that they needed to wait for evidence; Fielding is still being reasonable, while the rest of the English are up in arms. All of India is full of emotion. Riots and demonstrations take place.
Chapter 18
Mr. McBryde detains Aziz until someone posts bail. McBryde is not surprised by Aziz's downfall, believing that the climate of India affects the inhabitants. McBryde believes the extreme heat makes it impossible for Indians to behave normally. He says, "They are not to blame, they have not a dog's chance--we should be like them if we settled here." Chapter 18, pg. 184
Topic Tracking: Earth 5
Fielding visits McBryde to ask him what the exact charges are against Aziz. He tells Fielding that Aziz followed Adela into a cave and made insulting remarks. She then threw her field glasses at him, explaining why Aziz had them in his possession. He asks McBryde what else Adela said and McBryde mentions that Adela heard echoes in the caves. Fielding asks if the echoes disturbed her, believing that she suffered from hallucinations and that Aziz was innocent. He contends that if Aziz were really guilty, he probably would not have placed Adela's glasses in his pocket. McBryde tries to explain to Fielding that Indians operate with a different psychology that is very different to the English, contending from "experience" that Indians fall from grace fast and develop into bad adults. He takes out a box of evidence ransacked from Aziz's bungalow and shows Fielding a letter that Aziz received from his friend who owns a brothel. McBryde also removes a picture of Aziz's wife from the evidence he collected, believing he kept pictures of women in his possession. Fielding explains that the woman was Aziz's wife.
Chapter 19
Hamidullah waits to see McBryde and notices Aziz's possessions being dragged inside by a dirty police officer. Hamidullah sees Fielding and he frantically reviews different strategies to fight the charge with him. He believes they should come on strong, bringing in controversial and vocal barristers in Aziz's defense. Fielding calms him down and tells him to let the events play out. Hamidullah is impressed by Fielding's loyalty to the Indians' side. Fielding wishes, however, that he could be more low-key and not seen as completely anti-British. Fielding obtains a permit to visit Aziz, who is miserable. He also tries to write a letter to Adela to convince her to drop the charges, though it is likely it will never reach her.
Chapter 20
At the club, people address their concerns about the safety of women and children in town. This discussion fuels the men in the club and motivates them to take action. "They had started speaking of women and children, that phrase that exempts the male from sanity when it has been repeated a few times." Chapter 20, pg. 203
Topic Tracking: Women 5
Turton talks the crowd out of battling against the Indians. Turton, Lesley, Callendar , and others try to assign blame to the incident in the caves and go as far as accusing Godbole of having been bribed to make Fielding late and miss the train to Marabar. Ronny enters the room. His compatriots have already martyred him. Everyone rises out of respect as he walks into the meeting room, except for Fielding , who does not want to betray Aziz . "But every humane act in the East is tainted with officialism, and while honoring him they condemned Aziz and India." Chapter 20, pg. 208
Fielding's snubbing of Ronny catches the attention of the officials in the room, but he does not care. Fielding announces that if Aziz is found guilty, he will resign from his post as Principal and leave India. He also announces his resignation from the club. Turton is furious and kicks Fielding out of the club.
Chapter 21
Fielding meets with his new allies-- Hamidullah and Aziz's other friends. Since Adela appeared to be quite ill when her friends visited her, the court ordered that Aziz be held without bail. Fielding, along with the others, talk about reapplying for bail since Adela was now reported to be in better health.
Chapter 22
Adela stays in the McBrydes' bungalow. She is sun-stroked and Miss Derek and Mrs. McBryde remove cactus thorns that are still on her skin. Adela receives many visitors except from the only person she wants to see: Mrs. Moore . Adela cannot get the echo from the caves out of her head:
"The sound had spouted after her when she escaped, and was going on still like a river that gradually floods the plain. Only Mrs. Moore could drive it back to its source and seal the broken reservoir. Evil was loose...she could hear it entering the lives of others." Chapter 22, pg. 215
Mrs. McBryde and Miss Derek try to revive Adela's spirits by promising to get revenge on the Indians. Ronny checks in on Adela, talking about the trial with her and Mr. McBryde. She cries hysterically even though she hates crying. Ronny shows Adela the letter he received from Fielding , which says that Aziz is innocent. Back at Ronny's bungalow, Mrs. Moore does not get up to greet the couple. Her behavior is very cold to them. Adela takes Mrs. Moore's hands, which causes the old woman to back away from her. Mrs. Moore ignores Adela's excitement to see her and concentrates her attention on her departure from India:
"Her Christian tenderness had gone, or had developed into hardness, a just irritation against the human race; she had taken no interest at the arrest, asked scarcely any questions, and had refused to leave her bed on one awful last night of Mohurram, when an attack was expected on the bungalow." Chapter 22, pg. 221
Topic Tracking: Religion 8
Crying after Mrs. Moore's chilly reception, Adela begins to cry out Aziz's name. She believes she has made a mistake. The echo goes away after saying his name and she asks Ronny if she should give up the trial. Adela believes she heard Mrs. Moore say Aziz was innocent. Mrs. Moore enters the room and says she never said Aziz's name. Adela realizes the letter from Fielding stated this. Mrs. Moore, however, now nonchalantly says that of course Aziz is innocent. Adela tells Mrs. Moore that she has driven the echo away because she does nothing but good. Ronny encourages Adela to go on with the case, even though she considers withdrawing. He also decides he should send his mother out of India since she is of no use to herself or any one else in the country.
Chapter 23
Ronny uses his influence to get his mother back on a boat to England, even though the seats on the boat were booked. She would have to travel in the hot season. At first, Mrs. Moore's experience in India had been spiritual and mystical:
"As soon as she landed in India, it seemed to her good, and when she saw the water flowing through the mosque tank, or the Ganges, or the moon caught in the shawl of night with all the other stars, it seemed a beautiful goal and an easy one." Chapter 23, pg. 231
Mrs. Moore's union with spirit and nature was interrupted by her duties in life, such as the wedding. The incident at the caves was the final blow. She departs from Chandrapore , which is lit by the moonlight.
Topic Tracking: Religion 9
The echo returns in Adela's head. In the courthouse, Adela looks around and begins to wonder, "by what right did they claim so much importance in the world and assume the title of civilization?" Chapter 24, pg. 242
McBryde makes the opening remarks, describing what led to the picnic at Marabar . He talks about Oriental pathology and tries to explain that darker races are by nature attracted to fairer races, but not vice versa.
Topic Tracking: Nationalism 3
Looking around the courtroom, Adela sees the people whom she met who were supposed to show her the real India: Fielding , Aziz , etc. She begins once again to doubt the guilt of Aziz. McBryde continues his defense and tells the court that Aziz is a cruel man who treated his guests in a cruel manner. He accuses Aziz of stuffing Mrs. Moore into a cave. Mahmoud Ali , a co-defender in the trial, becomes enraged and says that if she had been present, Mrs. Moore could have clinched the case for the defense right away, because she would have defended the Indians. He accuses the English officials of smuggling Mrs. Moore out of the country, preventing her from siding with the defense. Ali's arguments are tinged with nationalistic undertones. He is fearless of being condemned by the British Raj.
Topic Tracking: Nationalism 4
Mahmoud Ali furiously leaves the courthouse and the case behind. His outburst fuels the Indians in the courthouse. They begin chanting an Indianized version of Ronny's mother's name, "Esmiss Esmoor." "It was revolting to him [Ronny] to hear his mother travestied into Esmiss Esmoor, a Hindu goddess." Chapter 24, pg. 250
His mother has become deified and spiritualized by the Indian crowd.
Topic Tracking: Religion 10
Adela is put in the witness box and she is asked to recount her side of the story. When McBryde reaches the section of her being followed to the cave by Aziz, Adela hesitates. She asks for a moment to think. She then replies that she can not really be sure. Pressed further, Adela announces that she has made a mistake and that Dr. Aziz never followed her into the cave. Major Callendar tries to stop the proceedings on medical grounds. Mr. Das , the judge in the case, asks the English officials if they would like to withdraw the case. Reluctantly and angrily, they do. Mr. Das, an Indian, has successfully controlled and presided over the case, and the Indians in the courthouse rise excitedly.
Chapter 25
Celebrations and processions are taking place outside the court. Adela walks into a mass of Indians through the crowded streets and bazaar. People who were celebrating her didn't even recognize her and some children put a floral garland around her head. Adela bumps into Fielding . She tries to ignore him, but he is worried about her wandering off alone in the streets. He puts Adela into his carriage and has to skip out on Aziz's procession and celebration. He takes Adela to his office at the Government College and tries to contact someone to watch over her. The procession passes him by, but he is unable to join them. The procession passes the hospital where British officials are treating Nawab Bahadur's grandson for wounds inflicted on him. A crowd gathers there chanting angrily against the British. At first, Nawab Bahadur tries to make the crowd rational and calm. When Nureddin , the grandson, emerges, his face covered in bandages, Nawab Bahadur is angry and announces that he has given up his British title and will now be known as Mr. Zulfiqar.
Topic Tracking: Nationalism 5
Chapter 26
Adela and Fielding are alone. Fielding has little interest in hearing what she has to say, but is finally interested when she mentions that her echo is now gone. She tells him that she was ill ever since she got to the cave. This confirms Fielding's first suspicion that she hallucinated. Hamidullah walks in, ready to take Fielding away. Fielding tries to figure out what to do with Adela. Though Hamidullah disapproves, Fielding suggests that she remain in the college. Hamidullah warns that McBryde's thugs might try and find Fielding there and attack. Adela does not want to impose on anyone. Ronny comes to Fielding's with a telegram. The telegram says that Mrs. Moore has died. They believe heat caused her death. Hamidullah is brutal and offers no sympathy regarding her death. Adela is shaken. She chooses to remain inside the college while Ronny waits outside for her. She wants to be alone and decides to remain there for a while. On the way to the party, Fielding is surprised to learn that Aziz will ask for 20,000 rupees from Adela for damages. Fielding believes this is harsh, since he is beginning to sympathize with Adela. Fielding and Hamidullah decide not to tell Aziz about Mrs. Moore until after the party so he can enjoy himself.
Chapter 27
Aziz and Fielding talk about plans for the future while lying around at Nawab Bahadur's, or Mr. Zulfiqar's party. He tells Fielding that he wants nothing to do with the British except for him. Fielding, however, tries to convince Aziz to drop the fees against Adela. Aziz refuses sharply and believes he deserves to collect money from her. Fielding tries to convince Aziz that Adela was brave to come forward with the truth and insists that she must not get the worst treatment of both worlds. Aziz tells Fielding the only way he will relent is if Mrs. Moore gives him the approval. Fielding does not understand his attachment to the old woman. Aziz tells him that Mrs. Moore was like an Oriental and that he would not understand because he measures his emotions, a very western trait.
Finally, Fielding has to tell Aziz that Mrs. Moore is dead. Aziz does not believe she is dead because she does not feel dead.
Chapter 28
A cult for Mrs. Moore develops in Chandrapore . Though Mrs. Moore wished to leave India, Ronny feels guilty about the death of his mother since he knew that sending her off in the heat of the season would jeopardize her health. She had been an annoyance to him and a poor influence on Adela. Planning her burial arrangement, Ronny realizes that he knows very little about his mother's religious traditions. Ronny is devoid of religious spirit:
"Ronny's religion was of the sterilized Public School brand, which never goes bad, even in the tropics. Wherever he entered, mosque, cave or temple, he retained the spiritual outlook of the fifth form, and condemned as 'weakening' any attempt to understand them." Chapter 28, pg. 286
Ronny also terminates his engagement to Adela. Her involvement in the Marabar incident killed off any love, which was never strong in the first place.
Topic Tracking: Love 5
Chapter 29
Adela becomes a greater part of Fielding's life. Adela is seen spending late hours talking with Fielding. Fielding and Aziz continue to argue about Adela's fine. Fielding uses the name and memory of Mrs. Moore to encourage Aziz to drop his attempt to get money from Adela. Using Mrs. Moore, Fielding appeals to Aziz's heart. Ronny tells Fielding Adela is about to return to England. Adela sees Fielding one more time before she leaves and they have a discussion about love. They both realize that they don't seek love anymore.
She tells Fielding that her first goal back in England is to look up Mrs. Moore's other two children: Ralph and Stella .
Chapter 30
The trial has the immediate effect of unifying Hindus and Muslims. Aziz is a national hero, regardless of his creed. Mr. Das comes to Aziz for medical advice and a poem for his brother's magazine. Since the trial, Aziz has started writing poems with a nationalist theme. The trial awakened in Aziz a spirit of patriotism:
"The poem for Mr. Bhattacharya never got written, but it had an effect. It led him towards the vague and bulky figure of a mother-land. He was without natural affection for the land of his birth, but the Marabar Hills drove him to it. Half closing his eyes, he attempted to love India." Chapter 30, pg. 298
Topic Tracking: Nationalism 6
Aziz announces his wish to find a post as a doctor in a Muslim state in India, free from British control. Aziz's friends begin to tell him a rumor that has been spreading around Chandrapore: Fielding and Adela were having an affair. This news strikes a cord in Aziz--he declares he has no true friends.
Chapter 31
Aziz begins to think about Fielding's alleged affair with Adela and cannot understand why Fielding could betray him for his enemy: a woman both of them found physically unattractive. Fielding denies it and Aziz accepts his word. Turton orders Fielding to come to the club again. New officials have been placed since the trial, but Fielding sees that the new officials will bring the same old attitude to the club (and to Chandrapore). Later, Fielding tells Aziz that he is going to England. Aziz asks if he will visit Adela. Once again, Aziz begins to suspect that Fielding is in fact consorting with Adela. He now thinks Fielding is going to London to marry Adela for the money he convinced Aziz not to take from the woman.
"Suspicion in the Oriental is a sort of malignant tumor, a mental malady, that makes him self-conscious and unfriendly suddenly; he trusts and mistrusts at the same time in a way the Westerner can not comprehend. It is his demon, as the Westerner's is hypocrisy." Chapter 32, pg. 311
Chapter 33
Two years later, a religious Birth ceremony takes place in the Hindu region of Mau, where Godbole and Aziz now reside. He is now the Minister of Education in Mau. The ceremonies are very spiritual as the people in town await the birth of a new God. Signs that have been made for the ceremonies contain a misprint and read "God si love" instead of "God is love." In the middle of this spiritual fervor, the image of Mrs. Moore enters the head of Professor Godbole:
"Thus Godbole, though she was not important to him, remembered an old woman he had met in Chandrapore days. Chance brought her into his mind while it was in this heated state, he did not select her, she happened to occur among the throng of soliciting images, a tiny splinter, and he impelled her by his spiritual force to that place where completeness can be found." Chapter 33, pg. 321
Godbole also sees a wasp, which imitates God. These images reawaken Godbole's spirit and put him in the position of God. He is meant to love everyone.
Topic Tracking: Religion 10
Chapter 34
Godbole tells Aziz that "he" is here in Mau. "He," as Aziz knows, refers to Fielding , who was in town on an official visit. Fielding has gotten married and brings with him his wife and brother in law. Aziz presumes he has married Adela and thus has no desire to see his old friend. A rift began to grow in their friendship ever since the trial ended. Fielding sent Aziz a series of postcards and letters to which Aziz never replied. Then Aziz received a letter from Hampstead, which said that Fielding was to marry a woman that Aziz knew. At that point, he stopped reading the letter, assuming it was Adela. He made Mahmoud Ali answer for him. But Aziz lived happily in Mau with his children. He wrote poetry about Oriental womanhood. He writes that India can not be free until purdah goes away.
Godbole gives Aziz the note announcing Fielding's arrival. Aziz tears it up.
Chapter 35
Aziz, with his children, runs into Fielding and his brother-in-law by accident. A bee has just stung the brother in law and Aziz attends to him. Fielding tries to get right to the point and asks Aziz why he has never replied to his letters. However, it is raining very hard outside and he never gets an answer. Aziz and Fielding have a cold conversation. Escorting Fielding and his brother-in-law to a carriage, Aziz calls the brother-in-law Mr. Quested. Fielding explains to Aziz that he did not marry Adela, but Mrs. Moore's daughter, Stella . He is escorted by Mrs. Moore's son, Ralph . Fielding is disappointed that Aziz assumed he married Adela because he mentioned his new wife by name several times. Mahmoud Ali knew this and wrote a mean letter back to Fielding. Fielding explains that Adela is their best friend. She introduced the married couple. Regardless of the truth, Aziz's initial embarrassment turns into rage. He tells Fielding not to bother him in Mau. Aziz tells Fielding that the can forgive Mahmoud Ali because he is of the same race. He tells Fielding: "My heart is for my own people henceforward." Chapter 35, pg. 339
He tells Fielding to stop following him. But Mrs. Moore had entered his mind again and he remembered that he made a promise to be kind to her children.
Topic Tracking: Nationalism 7
Chapter 36
Aziz goes to the European Guest House where Fielding, his wife, and his brother-in-law are staying. He sees Ralph and inquires about his bee stings from earlier in the day. He follows up and examines the boy. His hands and bedside manner are rough, as he is reminded of Callendar's treatment of Nureddin . He refuses to give the boy salve to treat the stings. From the distance, they hear songs and noises from the procession and Aziz kindly holds out his hand. Aziz forgets the caves and asks Ralph if he still thinks him unkind. He replies no, and Aziz asks him if he can tell when a stranger is his friend. He replies that he can and Aziz replies: "Then you are an Oriental." Chapter 36, pg. 349
Topic Tracking: Love 6
This is what he said to Mrs. Moore in the Mosque . He gives the boy the salve and tells him to think of him when he uses it. Ralph tells Aziz that Mrs. Moore said she loved him in her letters.
Aziz decides to take Ralph out on the water, where they hear chanting and festivities from the palace. As the chants reach their peak, a wave pushes Aziz and Ralph's boat into a boat holding Fielding and Stella. The boats collide, and the four plunge in the water while the singing and celebrations carry on. Everyone achieves a sort of spiritual epiphany and mutual friendship.
Chapter 37
Fielding and Aziz go for their last horse ride together in the jungle. They finally reconcile and behave to each other as they did before their rift. Aziz gives Fielding a letter he wants him to deliver to Adela, thanking her for her behavior two years ago. He writes that because of her he can live freely with his children. He wants to erase all of the business that took place in the Marabar Caves . Fielding begins to wonder if he would defend one Indian now the way he did two years ago. He has married an Englishwoman and become a true Anglo-Indian.
The two begin to discuss politics. Aziz tells Fielding that the Indians will one day drive out the British and then they can really be friends. Fielding asks why they cannot be friends now and their horses begin to pull away as they discuss the fate of their friendship:
"But the horses didn't want it-they swerved apart; the earth didn't want it, sending up rocks through which riders must pass single file; the temples, the tank, the jail, the palace, the birds, the carrion, the Guest House, that came into view as they issued from the gap and saw Mau beneath: they didn't want it, they said in their hundred voices, 'No, not yet,' and the sky said, 'No, not there.'" Chapter 37, pg. 362
| i don't know |
Goat Fell is the name of hole number 8 on the Ailsa Course at which Open Championship Golf venue? | Ailsa Course Turnberry Open Championship golf and luxury resort Scotland
Rates from £575 per room for two nights
Valid from 1st May until 30th September.
Call +44 (0) 1655 333 991 to book this Exclusive Offer
Visit our website for Terms and Conditions
Trump Turnberry has three golf courses, including the Championship Ailsa course, the Championship Kintyre course and the 9 hole Arran course.
The Ailsa
The legendary Ailsa course is home to four Open Championships, including the 1977 Duel in the Sun. This iconic course will undergo a substantial renovation at the end of the September, with renowned golf architect Martin Ebert, of Mackenzie & Ebert, being commissioned to oversee the changes. Mackenzie & Ebert have completed a meticulous historic study and modern day review of the Ailsa course, and in close consultation with the R&A, have revealed plans for extensive but sympathetic changes many of which have been sought for decades. For further information on the changes, please visit www.trumpturnberry.com/ailsa-course-changes .
The Kintyre
Building on the challenges laid down by the famous old Arran course, the Kintyre is links golf at its exhilarating best. Undulating greens, glorious fairways, magnificent ocean holes, and all with stunning views of Kintyre, Arran, and the famous Turnberry Lighthouse. In 2004, the Kintyre hosted the Open Championship Final Qualifying round. The Kintyre course remains open during the Ailsa course closure from 28th September 2015 – 1st June 2016.
The Arran
With the same difficult elements as Ailsa and Kintyre, the Arran has been designed to acquaint golfers with the typical challenges of links golf. Trump Turnberry's PGA professionals at the Turnberry Performance Academy, a world class teaching facility, offer golfers of all levels a range of specialised programmes including links golf technique.
Turnberry Performance Academy
The Turnberry Performance Academy offers a true centre of excellence for all levels of golfers to learn how to play the game, assess the most efficient way to improve an individuals’ own game and most importantly, makes tuition as enjoyable an experience as possible.
In addition to this coaching philosophy, it also offers a wide range of programmes including swing analysis, links golf technique, specialist club fitting as well as specific tuition for juniors, ladies and seniors. Each student will experience state of the art technology designed to help them learn, improve, and practice in one of the country’s finest indoor and outdoor facilities.
The Duel in the Sun
The Duel in the Sun restaurant is located within the newly renovated clubhouse. Named after the famous 1977 Open battle between Tom Watson and Jack Nicklaus, its menu features a steak and lobster concept, with meats cooked to perfection in our Josper grill.
Dining
Trump Turnberry is home to a selection of memorable restaurants and bars, all featuring breathtaking views and locally produced ingredients.
For more information, please view Trump Turnberry's official website
| Turnberry |
Cut-Throat Jake, captain of the Flying Dustman, is the enemy of which fictional pirate? | Open Championship 2009 – Turnberry Review ‹ 19th Hole – The Golf Blog From Your Golf Travel
Turnberry’s Ailsa Course – The Finest Links in the World
With the Open Championship just weeks away, all eyes are drawn towards Scotland’s Ayrshire coastline. Turnberry has been closed for play since November 2008 to create possibly the best condition Open Championship venue in history. This combined with some subtle changes to the Ailsa course makes this one of the most anticipated Majors in many years. With the course only open to confirmed competitors for the 2009 Open Championship , its safe to say I felt very happy to accept my invite to test the links.
The Ailsa course at Turnberry was ranked No.17 in the world by Golf Digest magazine and recently the best golf course in the UK and Ireland. Located on Scotland’s charming Ayrshire coast, Turnberry is one of the most scenic places in the world to play golf. There is little doubt that standing on the 9th tee on the Ailsa course on a Summer’s day is an experience virtually unrivalled.
The history of the Ailsa course is quite remarkable. It was partly destroyed during both the First and Second World Wars to make landing fields for the Royal Air Service. As a result Mackenzie Ross was tasked with rebuilding the golf course after the Second World War. However in a combination of both luck and no doubt foresight most of the holes along the coast were spared destruction. The original golf course was built in 1906, by Willie Fernie, the professional at Royal Troon Golf Club , although some say the Marquis of Ailsa had a private golf course on the land prior to 1906.
Turnberry , like many early British golf courses, was initially built by the railway companies to generate traffic; in this instance, with the building of the Glasgow and South Western Railway link and Turnberry station. The original golf course was very different to today’s redesigned course as 8 holes where you had to hit blind shots were eliminated by Ross’s redesign.
Each hole on the Ailsa Course has a Scottish name and many of them deviously plant the slightest bit of doubt in your mind before playing them:
1. Ailsa Craig (named for the rock in the Firth of Clyde that you look out on)
2. Mak Siccar (Make Sure)
3. Blaw Wearie (Out of Breath)
4. Wo-Be-Tide (Watch Out)
5. Fin Me Oot (Find Me Out)
6. Tappie Toorie (Hit to the Top)
7. Roon the Ben
8. Goat Fell (named for the tallest peak on Arran across the firth)
9. Bruce’s Castle (remains of Robert the Bruce’s castle are nearby)
10. Dinna Fouter (Don’t Mess About)
11. Maidens (The village north of the course)
12. Monument (to the airman lost that were stationed at Turnberry)
13. Tickly Tap (Tricky Little Stroke)
14. Risk-an-Hope
15. Ca’ Canny (Take Care)
16. Wee Burn (the little burn that runs in front of the green)
17. Lang Whang (Good Whack)
18. Duel in the Sun (Jack Nicklaus vs. Tom Watson, The Open 1977)
The Ailsa was added to The Open Rota in 1977 and has hosted the greatest tournament in golf 4 times: 1977, 1986, 1994 and 2009.
Holes 1-3 are back and forth parallel holes which if the wind is blowing allow you multiple changes in direction in the beginning of your round to provide some relief. The golf course really beings at the short 4th hole where the next eight holes are along the ocean which is unlike any other in the world of golf. I particularly like the 5th holes which during The Open will create a natural amphitheatre. The holes is a dog log from right to left and requires two excellent shots to hit the green. If the wind is up during The Open Championship, this is going to be a potential card wrecker. The tee shot requires accuracy and the green is well protected on both sides.
The Championship tee on the 9th hole is arguably the most iconic tee box in the world and certainly the most picturesque. You are basically hitting your tee shot from the edge of a cliff with the white Turnberry lighthouse on your left. The lighthouse is Ayrshire’s only mainland lighthouse and stands within the remains of Turnberry Castle where Robert the Bruce was “probably born” in 1274. You find yourself lingering on the 9th tee, gazing down on the waves as they break on the rocks and reflecting how good it is to be alive!
The 16th Hole, Wee Burn, is my favorite hole on the course and has recently been re designed into left to right dogleg. The drama on this hole comes on your second shot. You will typically be hitting anywhere from a 5 to 9 iron to an oval shaped green that is difficult to hold. If you are a little bit short the green is shaped so your ball will roll back into the burn. The same will happen if you go right of the green. The left side is protected by a bunker and being long leaves you a dangerous downhill chip back towards the burn.
The overall experience at Turnberry is one of sheer excitement and links golf at its very best. As golf writer and golf architect Donald Steel says describing Turnberry – “there is no where lovelier!” The Ailsa course at Turnberry is without doubt the finest links golf course in the world.
For golf holidays and golf breaks to Turnberry Resort starting from just £395 with Your Golf Travel.com simply visit their website or call 0800 043 6644.
Share This
Written by Oliver
Have travelled far and wide to be able to contribute to the 19th hole blog. Often referred to as one of the most boring people in golf due to my facts and figures about different destinations!
| i don't know |
Which town is mentioned in the first verse of the hymn O Come, All Ye Faithful? | O Come, All Ye Faithful - Version 1
O Come, All Ye Faithful
Hymn on the Prose for Christmas Day
For Christmas and Epiphany
Words: " Adeste Fideles ," Verses 1-4, John Francis Wade (c. 1711-1786), circa 1743 / 4
Verses 5-7: Abb� �tienne Jean Fran�ois Borderies (1764-1832), 1822
Verse 8: Anonymous (19th Century)
Also known as the Portuguese Hymn
Verses 1-4 translated from Latin to English by Frederick Oakeley (1802-1880), 1852;
Verses 5, 7 and 8 translated by William Thomas Brooke (1848-1917)
Verse 6 translations by Owen West and Michael W. Martin .
Translations of some portions attributed to William Mercer (1811-1873)
Other editors have made other changes.
1. O come, all ye faithful, Joyful and triumphant,
O Come ye, O come ye, to Bethlehem.
Come and behold Him, Born the King of angels;
Refrain
O come, let us adore Him,
O come, let us adore Him,
O come, let us adore Him,
Christ the Lord.
2. God of God, Light of Light,
Lo! he abhors not the Virgin�s womb;
Very God, Begotten not created. 1 Chorus
3. Sing, choirs of angels, Sing in exultation;
Sing, all ye citizens of heaven above!
Glory to God, In the highest; Chorus
4. Yea, Lord, we greet Thee, Born this happy morning;
Jesu 2 , to Thee be glory given;
Word of the Father, Now in flesh appearing. Chorus
5. See how the shepherds, Summoned to His cradle,
Leaving their flocks, draw nigh to gaze; 3
We too will thither Bend our hearts' oblations 4 Chorus
The sixth verse has not come into common usage in English. William Brooke provided a translation in 1885 (
The Altar Hymnal, No. 7):
6. There shall we see Him, His Eternal Father's
Everlasting Brightness now veiled under flesh;
God shall we find there, a Babe in infant clothing;
The following wonderful translation of the 6th verse is provided by Owen West (link opens in a new window at his site), and is reproduced here with his kind permission:
6. Everlasting splendor of the [Eternal] Father
We shall see in a garment of flesh;
God, infant, wrapped in swaddling clothes. Chorus
A good friend to this site, Paul Hodges, provided this translation which he believes was from a companion to one of the major English or Scottish hymn books.
6. Father eternal, Thine eternal splendour
Now veiled in flesh our eyes shall see:
God as an infant, swaddling clothes about him.
Another versified translation of the 6th verse has been created by Michael W. Martin. The verse is under copyright; I have requested permission to reprint but have received no word from Mr. Martin. Until then, you can see this verse at Mr. Martin's Adeste Fideles page.
Ian Bradley in
The Penguin Book of Carols also provides a literal translation. It is not reproduced here, as it is under copyright.
Erik Routley gives the following literal translation of verse six: "We shall see the Eternal Splendour of the Eternal Father veiled in flesh. God as a child wrapped in Swaddling-clothes." (
The English Carol. New York: Oxford University Press, 1959).
7. Child, for us sinners Poor and in the manger,
We would embrace Thee, with love and awe; 5
Who would not love Thee, Loving us so dearly? Chorus
8. Lo! Star-led chieftains, Magi, Christ adoring,
Offer Him frankincense and gold and myrrh;
We to the Christ-child, Bring our hearts oblations: Chorus
Another source has a different second line:
Offer Him incense, gold and myrrh;
Verse 4 appropriate for Christmas; verse 8 appropriate for Epiphany.
Alternate First Verses:
1. O come, all ye faithful, joyfully triumphant, 6
Come ye, O come ye, to Bethlehem.
Come and behold Him, Monarch of the Angels;
1. O come, all ye faithful, Joyful and triumphant,
O come ye, O come ye to Bethlehem,
Come and behold Him, Monarch of Angels!
1. O hie, ye believers! raise the song of triumph!
O speed ye, O speed ye! to Bethlehem hie!
Born there, behold the Infant King of Angels!
O come and let us worship
O come and let us worship
O come and let us worship the Lord our God!
(Rev. Francis Trappes, Richardson, 1868)
Alternate Second Verses:
2. True God of true God, Light from Light Eternal,
Lo, he shuns not the Virgin's womb;
Son of the Father, Begotten, not created; Chorus
2. God from God, Light of Light begotten
Lo, he abhors not the Virgin's womb;
Only begotten Son of the Father. Chorus
2. Sing, Alleluia, all ye choirs of angels;
O sing, All ye blissful ones of heaven above;
Glory to God in the highest, glory! Chorus
2. The Brightness of glory, Light of light eternal,
Our lowly nature He hath not abhorred;
Son of the Father, Word of God Incarnate! Chorus
2. The highest, most holy, Light of light eternal,
Born of a virgin, a mortal he comes;
Son of the Father, Now is flesh appearing! Chorus
Alternate Third Verses:
3. Sing, choirs of angels, sing with exultation;
O sing, all ye bright hosts of heaven above
Glory to God, all glory in the highest; Chorus
3. Sing, alleluia, All ye choirs of angels;
O sing, all ye blissful ones of heav'n above.
Glory to God - In the highest glory! Chorus
3. O sing choirs of angels, Sing in exultation!
Through heaven's high arches be your praises poured!
Now to our God be Glory in the highest. Chorus
Alternate Fourth Verses:
4. Yea, Lord, we greet Thee, born for our salvation;
O Jesus to Thee be all glory given
Word of the Father, now in flesh appearing. Chorus
4. Yea, Lord, we greet Thee, Born this happy morning;
Jesus, to Thee be the glory giv'n.
Word of the Father, Now in flesh appearing, Chorus
4. Amen, Lord, we bless Thee, Born for our salvation,
O Jesus, forever be Thy Name adored;
Word of the Father, Now in flesh appearing! Chorus
1. Or: 'Very God, begotten, not created;' Return
2. Or: 'Jesus' Return
3. Or: 'draw nigh with lowly fear;' Return
4. Or: 'Bend our joyful footsteps;' Return
5. Or: 'Fain we embrace thee, with awe and love;' Return
6. 'Joyfully triumphant' was Oakeley's first translation. His second translation was: 'Rejoicing, triumphant' Return
Sheet Music from Percy Dearmer, et. al., eds., The English Hymnal, London: Oxford University Press, 1906. #28, pp. 49-50.
The English Hymnal, #614, pp. 792-3.
Sheet Music from Percy Dearmer, et. al., eds., Songs of Praise (London: Oxford University Press, 1931), #78.
Sheet Music from J. P. McCaskey, ed., Franklin Square Song Collection, No. 1. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1881, p. 27.
McCaskey gives the title "Come, All Ye Faithful."
Sheet Music "Adeste Fideles" from Mary Palmer and John Farmer, eds., Church Sunday School Hymn-Book (London: Church of England Sunday-School Institute, 1892), #43.
Sheet Music from Rev. Charles Lewis Hutchins , Carols Old and Carols New (Boston: Parish Choir, 1916), #738
Sheet Music from O. Hardwig, ed., The Wartburg Hymnal (Chicago: Wartburg Publishing House, 1918), #105
Instrumental Sheet Music by Aptommas (New York: J. F. Browne, 1885)
Source: Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, America Singing: Nineteenth-Century Song Sheets.
Instrumental Sheet Music "Adeste Fideles With Variations, Op. 403" by Charles Grobe (Philadelphia: Lee & Walker, 1854)
From the collection "Buds and Blossoms - 30 Sacred Melodies"
Source: Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, America Singing: Nineteenth-Century Song Sheets.
O Come All Ye Faithful , Stefan Kristinsson
Note:
The English translations on this site do not follow the usual order of verses. The English Hymnal, 1906, #614, The New English Hymnal, 1986, #30, The New Oxford Book of Carols, 1992, #70, all of which give this order: 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 3, 4. See O Come All Ye Faithful - Version 3 for this order. Note that Hymns Ancient and Modern (Old Edition, 1889) and The Book of Common Praise (1909) give only verses 1-4, as found above.
Paul Hodges, a friend of this site, gives the following order, which he obtained from a companion to one of the major English or Scottish hymnals: 1, 2, 5, 8, 6, 7, 3, 4.
The order of verses given here are those as reproduced by Dom John St�phan, "The Adeste Fideles: A Study On Its Origin and Development" (Devon, England: Buckfast Abbey Publications, 1947). Of course, you should feel free to re-order them in any way that is meaningful to you.
See and play the Noteworthy Composer score if you have installed the NoteWorthy Composer Browser Plug-in
| Bethlehem |
Sinéad Cusack is the wife of which actor? | O Come, All Ye Faithful | Keep Believing Ministries
O Come, All Ye Faithful
December 1, 2015
“When the angels had left them and returned to heaven, the shepherds said to one another, ‘Let’s go straight to Bethlehem and see what has happened, which the Lord has made known to us’” (Luke 2:15).
“Let’s go straight to Bethlehem.”
That’s what the shepherds said to each other, and that’s good advice as we begin this musical journey through Advent. Whenever you start a long trip, you need to prepare yourself. What better way to start than by singing one of our most beloved Christmas carols?
Here’s what we know about “O Come, All Ye Faithful.” It started as a Latin hymn hundreds of years ago. It was used in Catholic churches first, then later by Protestants. It has been translated into more than 100 languages. Though its origin is obscure, traces of the song go back to the 13th century. Various authors have been proposed, including Saint Bonaventure and the Portuguese King John IV. We can, however, say with certainty that in 1743, John Francis Wade produced a standard Latin translation called “Adeste Fidelis,”
The origin of the melody is likewise shrouded in mystery. Wade may have written it also, though we can’t be sure. The definitive English translation dates to 1841 when Frederick Oakley translated Wade’s four verses into English. Additional French verses were translated in 1885.
The first verse calls us to come to Bethlehem and worship:
O Come All Ye Faithful, joyful and triumphant,
O come ye, O come ye to Bethlehem.
Come and behold Him, born the King of Angels.
The second verse invites us to join the angels in singing praise to God:
Sing, choirs of angels, sing in exultation,
Sing all ye citizens of heaven above
Glory to God, all glory in the highest.
The third verse directly addresses the Lord Jesus Christ:
Yea, Lord, we greet Thee, born this happy morning;
Jesus, to Thee be all glory given;
Word of the Father, now in flesh appearing.
Then the refrain calls us to respond in adoration to the Lord:
O come, let us adore Him,
O come, let us adore Him,
O come, let us adore Him,
Christ the Lord.
Older hymnals contain verses we rarely sing today. Here’s one chock full of good theology:
True God of true God, Light from Light Eternal,
Lo, He shuns not the Virgin’s womb;
Son of the Father, begotten, not created;
That verse teaches us Jesus was God incarnate even when he was in his mother’s womb. He is begotten, not created, because he eternally existed with his Father in heaven.
During this Advent journey, I will link to a YouTube version of each day’s song. I hope you’ll take time to listen and sing along. Let’s listen to a beautiful version of O Come All Ye Faithful by Celtic Woman .
Lord Jesus, as we begin this Advent journey, we pray to know you better and love you more each day. Amen.
| i don't know |
The Pitmen Painters is a play by Lee Hall about a group of mostly miners from which town in Northumberland? | The Pitmen Painters â A Celebration of Minersâ Art by the Ashington Group opens 10th October
Home > News > The Pitmen Painters â A Celebration of Minersâ Art by the Ashington Group opens 10th October
The Pitmen Painters â A Celebration of Minersâ Art by the Ashington Group opens 10th October
Tuesday 14/10/2014
The Pitmen Painters â A Celebration of Minersâ Art by the Ashington Group opens 10th October
Gallery Developments Made Possible by Hit Play
Rare archive film of a celebrated group of mining artists will provide the introduction to a newly refurbished gallery of Pitmen Painters works which re-opens to the public in Northumberland this weekend.
Woodhorn Museum is set to unveil new developments in the gallery housing the main collection of work by the Ashington Group of artists. The Group of mainly miners started in 1934 to study Art Appreciation but went on over the next 50 years to create an incredible body of work detailing every aspect of their lives. This year marks the 80th anniversary of the formation of the Group.
The work on the gallery has been paid for thanks largely to the world-wide success of the play Pitmen Painters by Billy Elliot writer, Lee Hall which is based on the story of the Ashington Group. Images of the paintings have been used in productions in the West End, Broadway and across the world earning royalties at the same time as increasing interest in seeing the original paintings. Additional funding has come from Arts Council England.
The gallery has been enhanced with new features including an introductory film with 1970s archive BBC film footage of the painters themselves talking about their experiences and art. There will also be an in-gallery ipad app which will provide additional information about the individual paintings, the artists, and features filmed interviews with art critic, friend of the group and writer of the original Pitmen Painters book, William Feaver.
“People now visit Woodhorn from all over the world to see this remarkable collection of painting,” explains Woodhorn’s Director, Keith Merrin, “so we are thrilled to be able to make their visit even more interesting, enjoyable and memorable.
“The refurbishments have been paid for in large part by royalties generated from use of images of the paintings in the various successful productions of the play, Pitmen Painters. It’s a brilliant story of how art produced by miners in Northumberland can inspire another artist, Lee Hall, to produce great new work which in turn has generated funds to enable more people to be inspired by the paintings.”
The gallery will reopen on to the public on Saturday 11th October 2014.
Keith Merrin and William Feaver are available for interview on Friday 10th October 2014.
| Ashington |
Which city, known as Florence on the Elbe, is home to the Semper Opera House? | The Ashington Group | Pictures at Woodhorn museum
Description
Welcome
The paintings created by The Ashington Group are a unique and precious record of days gone by. More than just a photographic record these works help provide a glimpse into the everyday life of pitmen in the Northumberland town of Ashington.
This amateur art group was founded in 1934 by local miners. With great enthusiasm and no little talent, they were able to illustrate their thoughts and feelings far more effectively through art than they could ever put into words. From its early days, as an art appreciation class, the Ashington Group created an important historical record. Visit Woodhorn Museum, browse the gallery so that you too may appreciate their art and their lives.
‘The first night I ever came’, Fred Laidler remembered,
‘I brought a little sketch of a castle, and an old man - George Brown it would have been - who saw it, criticised it most severely and when I went away they thought I wouldn’t come back. But I did, and I’m pleased I did. I learned to take criticism’.
Besides that he, and the rest of the Group, learned that art can make sense of life.
| i don't know |
Which day of the week completes the name of Detective Inspector Fred ???????? in the TV crime drama Endeavour? | Endeavour (TV Series 2012– ) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
Set in the 1960s, the show follows Endeavour Morse in his early years as a police constable. Working alongside his senior partner DI Fred Thursday, Morse engages in a number of investigations around Oxford.
Stars:
As Endeavour and Thursday deal with the heartbreak of Joan's departure, a death at East Cowley Slipper Baths hurls the pair into another dark adventure.
9.1
As Endeavour Morse takes his sergeant's exam, a garment factory owner is shot dead outside a bank during a wage snatch.
9.0
When a petty criminal absconds from an open prison, it sets off a chain reaction of troubling events, threatening to expose unspeakable horrors of the past.
8.9
a list of 37 titles
created 16 Jul 2011
a list of 24 titles
created 23 Jan 2012
a list of 48 titles
created 14 Apr 2013
a list of 32 titles
created 01 Oct 2015
a list of 23 titles
created 4 months ago
Search for " Endeavour " on Amazon.com
Connect with IMDb
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
Inspector Robert Lewis and Sergeant James Hathaway solve the tough cases that the learned inhabitants of Oxford throw at them.
Stars: Kevin Whately, Laurence Fox, Clare Holman
A Cambridgeshire clergyman finds himself investigating a series of mysterious wrongdoings in his small village of Grantchester.
Stars: James Norton, Robson Green, Morven Christie
Inspector Morse has an ear for music, a taste for beer and a nose for crime. He sets out with Sergeant Lewis to solve each intriguing case.
Stars: John Thaw, Kevin Whately, James Grout
Inspector George Gently (TV Series 2007)
Crime | Drama | Mystery
With the help of DS John Bacchus, Inspector George Gently spends his days bringing to justice members of the criminal underworld who are unfortunate enough to have the intrepid investigator assigned to their cases.
Stars: Martin Shaw, Lee Ingleby, Simon Hubbard
With her caustic wit and singular charm, DCI Vera Stanhope and her trusted right-hand man DS Joe Ashworth face a series of captivating murder mysteries set against the breathtaking Northumberland landscape.
Stars: Brenda Blethyn, Jon Morrison, David Leon
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8.4/10 X
As WW2 rages around the world, DCS Foyle fights his own war on the home-front as he investigates crimes on the south coast of England. Later series sees the retired detective working as an MI5 agent operating in the aftermath of the war.
Stars: Michael Kitchen, Honeysuckle Weeks, Anthony Howell
Father Brown (TV Series 2013)
Crime | Drama | Mystery
Series inspired by the stories of GK Chesterton; a Catholic priest has a knack for solving mysteries in his English village.
Stars: Mark Williams, Sorcha Cusack, Nancy Carroll
Midsomer Murders (TV Series 1997)
Crime | Drama | Mystery
A veteran DCI and his young sergeant investigate murders around the regional community of Midsomer County.
Stars: John Nettles, Jane Wymark, Barry Jackson
DCI Banks (TV Series 2010)
Crime | Drama | Mystery
The tenacious and stubborn DCI Banks unravels disturbing murder mysteries aided by his young assistants, DS Annie Cabbot and DI Helen Morton.
Stars: Stephen Tompkinson, Jack Deam, Andrea Lowe
DI Jimmy Perez and his team investigate crimes within the close knit island community of Shetland.
Stars: Douglas Henshall, Steven Robertson, Alison O'Donnell
Scott & Bailey (TV Series 2011)
Crime | Drama
Two female detectives, one motherly, the other emotionally immature, have varying levels of success applying their eccentric outlooks on life to their police cases and private lives.
Stars: Suranne Jones, Lesley Sharp, Tony Mooney
DI Jack Frost is an unconventional policeman with sympathy for the underdog and an instinct for moral justice. Sloppy, disorganized and disrespectful, he attracts trouble like a magnet.
Stars: David Jason, Bruce Alexander, John Lyons
Edit
Storyline
Series 1 follows the early police career of young Endeavour Morse, who upon leaving his Oxford College without a degree, spending time in the Royal Signal Corps., and eventually joining the Oxfordshire Police, is transferred to CID, attaining the rank of Detective Constable. Originally starting out his career at Carshall-Newtown Police, Morse transfers to the Oxford City Police in 1965 following a murder investigation during the pilot episode. While with the Oxford City Police, Morse is taken under the wing of veteran Detective Inspector Fred Thursday. Inspector Thursday names Morse his designated "bag man" and shows him the ropes as Morse begins to solve a string of complex murders, much to the envy and annoyance of some of his superiors, particularly Detective Sergeant Jakes and Chief Superintendent Bright. Thursday and Morse's fellow officer, Police Constable Strange, try to steer the young Endeavour into taking his Sergeant's exam, so that he may be relieved of "General Duties" ... Written by harrycallahan18
1 July 2012 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Les enquêtes de Morse See more »
Company Credits
Did You Know?
Trivia
Endeavor was not the first time Roger Allam and Shaun Evans play police colleagues. Allam was Det. Supt. Mackintosh and Evans played P.C. Kevin Hales in season 2 premiere of Ashes to Ashes (2009). See more »
Connections
A more than worthy, and almost as good, prequel series to Inspector Morse
13 August 2015 | by TheLittleSongbird
(United Kingdom) – See all my reviews
Not just a more than worthy prequel series to one of my favourite detective dramas of all time and goes very well with it, but it is a great series on its own as well, one that got off to a good start, though some of the pilot and the first episode had a still-finding-its-feet-feel (understandably), and just keeps getting stronger. It maintains everything that makes Inspector Morse so good, while also containing enough to make it its own.
Endeavour looks great, the series throughout is exquisitely photographed and there is something very nostalgic and charming about the atmospherically evoked 1960s period detail. It was also a genius move to keep Barrington Pheloung on board, with his hauntingly beautiful scoring and immortal Inspector Morse theme, while the classical music and operatic excerpts are delightful to hear and fit perfectly (a notable example would be in the Fugue episode, the music having a beautiful and frightfully ominous effect).
The series is also every bit as intelligently written as Inspector Morse, it's every bit as entertaining and also every bit as tense. Not all the story lines are very original, but they are always incredibly gripping with the mysteries not being too complicated or the identities being too improbable or obvious, Morse and Thursday's father/son relationship has a lot of warmth, is so well written within the stories and is a large part of the series' appeal and there is some good suspense (chilling in fact in the case of Fugue). Pacing is restrained, but that allows the atmosphere to come through, and pretty much all the same it excels in that aspect. The characters are interesting, and are evolving more and more with every episode, Morse's familiar characteristics are becoming more obvious as the writing develops and Morse and Thursday's relationship more entertaining and heartfelt.
Shaun Evans does some powerful, charismatic work as younger Morse, and is getting more and more confident with every episode, showing enough loyalty to John Thaw's iconic Morse while making the character his own too. Roger Allam is also superb, his rapport with Evans always compels and entertains but Thursday is quite a sympathetic character, as well as loyal and firm, and Allam does a lot special with a role that could have been less interesting possibly in lesser hands. All the acting is very good, as is the controlled direction, but it's the performances of Evans and Allam that will always be remembered most vividly.
All in all, a more than worthy (if not quite as good, only because I love Inspector Morse with a passion) prequel series and also a great series on its own that keeps getting stronger. 9/10 Bethany Cox
8 of 9 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| The Thursday |
Which city is the venue for the Great South Run? | Exclusive: the making of the new series of Endeavour | Radio Times
Twitter
Exclusive: the making of the new series of Endeavour
As filming begins in Oxford this week on a new four-part run of the Inspector Morse prequel, producer Dan McCulloch tells us what's in store
Comments
Dan McCulloch
12:01 AM, 15 September 2012
Millions of you watched, thousands of you voted at RadioTimes.com to see more and here we are. More Endeavour. Four films. Four more directors. Many new guest actors and 92 days of filming. A rolling crew of over of a 100 working over a packed schedule. Russell Lewis has set the bar so high with his scripts that we all have to work extra hard to deliver films that match them.
It was a blink of eye since the first Endeavour met the world on January 2nd 2012. And now – nine months later - I’m on set again. Lots of new faces but many familiar ones who made it back to the show. It’s day one of filming, first up is scene 64 “Thursday tells Endeavour…”, the superb Shaun Evans and indomitable Roger Allam reprising their roles as Detective Constable Endeavour Morse and Detective Inspector Fred Thursday. In Endeavour time it’s only been weeks since Morse has decided to settle in Oxford working for Thursday at Cowley Police Station.
And they won’t be alone… you’ll be seeing more Max DeBryn (James Bradshaw) and Abigail Thaw as Dorothea Frazil and we'll be introducing Constable Strange played by Sean Rigby – a character originally played by James Grout, when Chief Superintendent Strange was the original Morse’s boss… We also introduce two new Russell Lewis creations at the Police Station: Anton Lesser as Chief Superintendent Bright and Jack Laskey as Detective Sergeant Jakes.
Whilst it’s good to be back with Morse and Thursday as they crack their first new case, it won’t always be plain sailing. For our hero Endeavour will struggle with life at the police station and Thursday won’t always be around to get him out of a tight spot. Life is complicated for the 20-something starting out, his formative years peppered with the toughest challenges in work and in life.
Each Endeavour is ambitious, the first has over 75 sets and 43 locations (that’s in 23 days remember - the location manager and production designer haven’t shaved in a while!) As in the old days of Morse, we rarely travel back to the same place twice. The new challenge: how to deliver 1960s Oxford with more scale than before.
Filming is pretty fluid and beset with the usual challenges. From shooting mist on the water to getting a two-year-old toddler not to cry for his REAL mummy just sitting off screen, there’s a new challenge nearly every day. What’s amazing is how focused Shaun Evans remains despite all this. He's a consummate performer and I’m hugely looking forward to see how he develops his character through all our films.
| i don't know |
Hildegarde Neil is the wife of which actor? | Hildegard Neil - IMDb
IMDb
Actress
Hildegard Neil was born on July 29, 1939 in London, England as Hildegarde Frances Neil. She is an actress, known for The Man Who Haunted Himself (1970), Antony and Cleopatra (1972) and A Touch of Class (1973). She has been married to Brian Blessed since December 28, 1978. They have one child. See full bio »
Born:
| Brian Blessed |
The Duke of Windsor was Governor of which British colony between 1940 and 1945? | My Secret Life: Brian Blessed, 76, actor | The Independent
My Secret Life: Brian Blessed, 76, actor
'I do love silk underwear'
Saturday 24 November 2012 00:00 BST
Click to follow
The Independent Online
Blessed says: 'My five-year plan is to climb Everest without oxygen. I'll be the oldest man to do it. It will show that everything is possible' Getty Images
My parents were… working class. My father was a coal hewer, he did the hardest work in the mines, 2,500ft down, 17 tonnes a day with his bare hands.
The household I grew up in… was rather like an Ovaltine advert. There was a huge fire, a kettle on the fire, the oven with the bread being baked every day, and there was the radio; it was very magical to hear all these wonderful programmes.
When I was a child I wanted to… go into space! To go to Mars. I wanted to explore and explore and explore. I wanted to go to the Lost World in South America – I was heartbroken to discover there were no dinosaurs; I still don't accept it.
You wouldn't know it but I am very good at… I'm a master plasterer. I had to leave school at 14 when my father was crushed in the coal mines, and I became a plasterer. It's a great art.
At night I dream of… I have marvellous dreams! I meet Buddha, I meet Jesus, I meet Mohammed. I constantly dream of space, stars and planets: we are the children of stardust.
What I see when I look in the mirror… Someone who is adjusting their clothing.
My favourite item of clothing… I do love silk underwear. It's the warmest and it doesn't chafe. It keeps my privates warm; it's the first line of defence against the extreme cold. I do use a bit of Savlon in the areas that chafe, too.
My house is… a cottage villa, covered in growths, it's full of bushes and shrubs – I love gardening. There are huge Buddhas hidden in the bushes. The birds come into the kitchen, and the other day I had to get the bloody Shetland pony out – it crapped all over the kitchen, it was eating all the dog food.
My favourite work of art… My dream is to own a Hockney – I'm a Yorkshireman, and his vibrant colours are a good example of how the north-country people are vibrant and colourful.
My favourite building… The Acropolis in Athens.
Movie heaven… The finest film I've ever seen is the Russian War and Peace by Bondarchuk – you see that on a big screen and nothing else touches it.
The person who really makes me laugh… Paul O'Grady.
The last time I cried… Watching the Paralympians. They've changed the surface of the earth. They've given hope to everyone and everything.
My five-year plan… is to climb Everest without oxygen. I'll be the oldest man to do it. It will show that everything is possible.
What's the point? Adventure is the key to this millennium. If we stop taking risks, we die, and I can't do that.
A life in brief
Brian Blessed was born in 1936 in Mexborough, Yorkshire. He left school at the age of 14 and worked as a plasterer and undertaker before training at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. He has played a variety of memorable parts on stage, television and in film and is best known for his Shakespearean acting and comic roles in films like Flash Gordon and the Blackadder TV series. He is also a keen mountaineer. He lives in Chobham, Surrey with his wife Hildegarde Neil, with whom he has a daughter, Rosalind.
"Brian Blessed is currently working with phone and broadband supplier Plusnet, www.plus.net "
More about:
| i don't know |
Daniel Barenboim is the conductor for life of the Berlin State Opera whose permanent home is on which boulevard in the Mitte district of the city? | Berlin State Opera, Berlin, Germany
Berlin State Opera
add to routes | calculate the route (0)
The Staatsoper Unter den Linden (Berlin State Opera) is a German opera company. Its permanent home is the opera house on the Unter den Linden boulevard in the Mitte district of Berlin, which also hosts the Staatskapelle Berlin orchestra.
King Frederick II of Prussia shortly after his accession to the throne commissioned the original building on the site. Construction work began in July 1741 with what was designed by Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff to be the first part of a "Forum Fredericianum" on present-day Bebelplatz. Although not entirely completed, the Court Opera (Hofoper) was inaugurated with a performance of Carl Heinrich Graun 's Cesare e Cleopatra on December 7, 1742. This event marked the beginning of the successful, 250-year co-operation between the Staatsoper and the Staatskapelle Berlin, the state orchestra, whose roots trace back to the 16th century.
In 1842, Gottfried Wilhelm Taubert instituted the tradition of regular symphonic concerts. In the same year, Giacomo Meyerbeer succeeded Gaspare Spontini as General Music Director.
Felix Mendelssohn also conducted symphonic concerts for a year. On August 18, 1843 the Linden Opera was destroyed by fire. The reconstruction of the building was supervised by architect Carl Ferdinand Langhans, and the Königliches Opernhaus (Royal Opera House) was inaugurated the following autumn by a performance of Meyerbeer 's Ein Feldlager in Schlesien.
In 1821, the Berlin Opera gave the premiere of Weber's Der Freischütz. In 1849, it premiered Otto Nicolai 's Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor, conducted by the composer himself. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the Royal Court Opera, Berlin, attracted many illustrious conductors. They included Felix von Weingartner, Karl Muck, Richard Strauss, and Leo Blech.
After the collapse of the German Empire in 1918, the Opera was renamed Staatsoper unter den Linden and the Königliche Kapelle became Kapelle der Staatsoper.
In the 1920s, Kurt Adler, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Erich Kleiber, Otto Klemperer, Alexander von Zemlinsky, Bruno Walter occupied the conductor's post. In 1925, Alban Berg 's Wozzeck, was given its premiere in a production conducted by Erich Kleiber in the composer's presence.
After having undergone an extensive renovation, the Linden Opera reopened in April 1928 with a new production of Die Zauberflöte. In the same year, the famous Russian bass Feodor Chaliapin and Serge Diaghilev 's Ballets Russes with conductor Ernest Ansermet were guest performers. In 1930 Erich Kleiber conducted the premiere of Darius Milhaud 's Christoph Columbus. However, in 1934, when symphonic pieces from Alban Berg's Lulu were performed by Kleiber, the National Socialists provoked a scandal and he was forced into exile.
After Hitler's Nazi takeover, members of Jewish origin were dismissed from the ensemble. Many German musicians associated with the opera went into exile, including the conductors Kurt Adler, Otto Klemperer and Fritz Busch. Clemens Krauss became a prominent German conductor first at The Berlin State Opera in 1933 and then appointed as its director in 1935 due to Fritz Busch and Erich Kleiber resigning, respectively, their positions in protest over Nazi rule. During the Third Reich, Robert Heger, Herbert von Karajan (1939–1945) and Johannes Schüler were the "Staatskapellmeister".
The second rebuilding took a long time. From 1945, the opera company played in the former Admiralspalast (today's Metropoltheater). From 1949, the company served as the state opera of East Germany. It moved back to its original home after the rebuilding in freely adapted baroque forms was finally completed in 1955. The newly rebuilt opera house was opened, again, with Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg. The capacity is now about 1,300.
After the Berlin Wall was built in 1961, the Opera was somewhat isolated, but still maintained a comprehensive repertoire that featured the classic and romantic period together with contemporary ballet and operas.
After reunification, the Linden Opera rejoined the operatic world. Important works that had already performed in the past were rediscovered and discussed anew within the framework of a "Berlin Dramaturgy". Baroque Opera in particular was at the center of attention, with Cleopatra e Cesare, Croesus, L'Opera seria and Griselda. These works were performed by Belgian conductor René Jacobs together with the Akademie für Alte Musik Berlin and the Freiburger Barockorchester on period instruments. In the 1990s, the opera was officially renamed "Staatsoper Unter den Linden".
In 1992, the Argentine - Israeli conductor Daniel Barenboim was appointed Music Director. In 2000, the orchestra (according to its official website) elected Barenboim "conductor for life." During the 2002 Festtage, he led a Wagner cycle in ten parts, a production created in collaboration with director Harry Kupfer.
Source of description: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera wikipedia
Similar places by:
| Unter den Linden |
In 1814 who wrote the poem which was originally called The Battle of Fort McHenry, now used as the words of the National Anthem of the USA? | Berlin Guide | Germany City & Hotel Travel Guide | Berlin
Hostels in Germany - Hostelworld.com - cheap accommodation throughout Germany
Berlin was restored as the German capital in 1990 after what was an often traumatic 45-year break. The optimism of that restoration has by no means led to denial of the trauma. As much as it looks forward, crafting a new face to fit its new direction, it maintains a relationship with its past, acknowledging it in all its glory and misfortune.
While untold dedication has been expended on the fastidious restoration of war-damaged monuments, graffiti daubed in the last days of World War II by triumphant Russian soldiers on the walls of the Reichstag has been preserved 'to remind'. A city like this keeps out a keen eye for what kind of past the future it makes will become.
With more trees than Paris, more bridges than Venice, and an impressive canon of Modernist architecture, the city - over a third of it woodland, parks and waterways - sits on the River Spree in the state of Brandenburg, north-east Germany, near the Polish border. With 3.4 million people, it is Germany's biggest city - a population that is, however, gradually declining. A truly cosmopolitan place, barely half the citizens of Berlin were born there, one in seven from outside Germany.
During the 1920s Berlin was Europe's artistic and intellectual pioneering city, attracting the world's greatest minds and talents. Traditionally anti-authoritarian with a thriving counter-culture, it has remained home to the avant-garde and outrageous, the most exuberant outpouring of it now being the summer Love Parade techno fest in early July with its million-plus partiers.
To experience its thriving music and drama scene firsthand, replete with concerts, musicals, raves, cabaret, cinema, and theater proves it has lost nothing of what drove it to the forefront last century.
The closest Berlin gets to having a center is in twin form: to the west where Kurfürstendamm (‘Ku'damm') meets the Zoologischer Garten (‘Zoo') railway station; and Mitte further east, between Unter den Linden and Alexanderplatz ('Alex') railway stations. But the museum-rich Charlottenburg, the bustling CBD of Tiergarten, left-wing Kreuzberg, and gay Schöneberg, among others, all vie for equal attention.
Being without a true center, Berlin can be a little daunting. Where do you start?
© Berlin Tourismus Marketing GmbHp
Zoo
Let's start at Zoologischer Garten, which has both an S-Bahn (train) and a U-Bahn (subway) station very near each other. Most long-distance trains connect to Zoologischer Garten. However from 2006 it will be superseded by the new Central-Station Lehrter Bahnhof.
The zoo itself, open daily 9am-6pm, is one of the world's largest and also has an aquarium. Just east of the U-Bahn station, dominated by the ruined Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gedächtniskirche church, is the central sleepless Breitscheideplatz Square full of shoppers, skateboarders and soapbox orators. A little rundown, it nevertheless brims with energy. Overlooking it is the Europa Center with a Tourist Info center on street level on the Budapester-strasse side. Ask there about the Berlin Welcome Card, a book of coupons offering 3 days of free travel on the city's bus and train network, as well as between 25% and 50% off the admission fee to many tourist attractions and cultural highlights. (Tourist info details below )
There is a 106m-(353ft) high observation deck at the top of the Europa Center. On the other side of the Center from Tourist Info is Tauentzien-strasse whose most famous premises are the massive Kaufhaus des Westens (KaDeWe - 'kah-day-vay') department store. Check out the 6th floor deli. (Mon - Fri 10.00 am - 8.00 pm; Sat: 9.30 am - 8.00 pm)
Kurfurstendamm
Ku'damm runs SW from Breitscheideplatz square. Once described as the 'Europe's biggest coffee house', Ku'damm is a huge thoroughfare that has it all: an exciting architectural free-for-all of shops, restaurants, theaters and nightclubs, as well as being the best place to find a bank (typical business hours: Tue&Thu 9am-6pm; Mon,Wed,Fri 3-6pm). The Story of Berlin Museum (daily 10am-8pm, final admission 6pm; tel. 01805/99-20-10) at the second U-Bahn down, Uhland-strasse, is guaranteed to leave even the non history buff overwhelmed with its multimedia narration (English available) of the city's long and checkered past. From Uhland-strasse head NW up Grolman-strasse to Savignyplatz for a relatively tranquil and trendy area of boutiques, bars, bookshops and junkshops - as well as strip shows and brothels NE of the square.
A tip: compare prices carefully on Ku'damm, e.g. film and postcards, or you're likely to be ripped off.
From Savignyplatz east along Kant-strasse you get to Joachimstaler-strasse bisecting Ku'damm. At number 4 Joachimstaler-strasse, just south of the Zoo U-Bahn station, is the Beate Uhse Erotik Museum (daily 9am-midnight), apparently among the top five most visited museums in the city.
Right down near the end of Ku'damm on Lehniner Platz, three streets west of U-Bahn Adenauerplatz Schaubühne, is the Neue Schaubühne theater. Considered the high point in the career of the architect Erich Mendelsohn, it began life as a cinema in 1928, was saved from developers in the late 1970s and transformed into a theater. Along with the Volksbuhne theater, the Neue Schaubühne leads the way in Berlin's theater scene.
Tiergarten
Adjoining Zoo to the NE, and right in the middle of the map of Berlin, is the huge Tiergarten. Through it runs the Strasse-des-17 Juni, commemorating the East German workers' revolt of 1953 that, on June 17th, was crushed by the Soviet army. It intersects with the central radial Grosser Stern ('Big Star') plaza dominated by the dramatic 67m(223ft) Siegessaule, or Victory Column. Climb the 285 steps to the top for spectacular views of the city (Mon-Thu 9.30am to 5pm - until 6pm in summer; Fri-Sun 9.30am to 5.30pm - until 6.30pm in summer). If the weather's good, Hofjägerallee boulevard, south off Grosser Stern, offers quiet space for nude sunbathing.
Kulturforum
On the SE border of Tiergarten is the Kulturforum, a cluster of high culture, with:
-Musikinstrumenten-museum (Musical Instrument Museum) (Tue-Fri 9am-5pm; Sat/Sun 10am-5pm) for a vast array of wind and percussion instruments from past to present.
-Philharmonie: home of the Berlin Philharmonic.
-Kammermusiksaal (Chamber Music Hall): a newer partner of the Philharmonie, right next door to it.
-Kunstgewerbemuseum (Museum of Applied Art) (Tue-Fri 10am-6pm; Sat/Sun 11am-6pm): world arts and crafts from the Middle Ages to the present.
-Kunstbibliothek (Art Library) (Tue-Fri 10am-6pm; Sat/Sun 11am-6pm): specializing in European applied arts.
-Kupferstichkabinett (Museum of Prints and Drawings) (Tue-Fri 10am-6pm; Thu 10am-10pm; Sat/Sun 11am-6pm): a superlative collection of graphic art with works from all the old and new masters.
-Gemaldgalerie (Picture Gallery) (Tue, Wed, Fri 10am-6pm; Sat/Sun 11am-6pm): very highly recommended for lovers of art. Virtually all the great European masters between the 13th and 18th centuries are well represented and superbly displayed. It is particularly well-known for its collection of Rembrandts.
Just south of Kulturforum, across from St Matthaeus Kirche is the Neue Nationalgalerie, (Tue-Fri 10am-6pm; Sat/Sun 11am-6pm) specializing in modern art.
A short walk west along the river in front of the Neue Nationalgalerie will bring you to the Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand (Memorial to German Resistance) (Mon, Wed, Fri 9am-6pm; Sat/Sun/hols 10am-6pm): a permanent exhibition in the old Wehrmacht HQ documenting the activities of anti-Nazi groups and individuals.
Just east of Kulturforum is Potsdamer Platz, once one of Europe's busiest hubs. After an intensive building boom in the 1990s it is now a showcase of glassy corporate glamor. The Sony Center houses the Filmmuseum Berlin (Tue-Sun 10am-6pm, Thu 10am-8pm).
Berlin Cathedral
Returning to the Tiergarten...
... east along Strasse des 17 Juni and north up Moltken-strasse will bring you to the political heart of the nation, the Reichstag. Entry to its new glass dome is 8am-midnight, final admission 10pm. Symbolizing a new 'brighter' Germany, the dome is the brainchild of British architect Norman Foster and of all the new architectural touches to old buildings in the city is probably the most effective.
Just NW of it is the striking white Bundeskanzleramt (Federal Chancellery), the result of an architectural competition when in 1991 the German people voted to return the nation's capital to Berlin. Berlin architects Axel Schulte and Charlotte Frank produced the beautifully realized winning design.
Mitte
Back down Moltken-strasse to Strasse des 17 Juni, then about 300m west, and you're under the fabled monument of Enlightenment-era Prussia, the Brandenburg Tor (Gate). Completed in the 1790s it celebrated the power of the Prussian army. Its most famous visitor ever was Napoleon when in 1806 having conquered Prussia he took the Tor's crowning statue back to Paris (later returned). For the 28 years from 1961 to 1989, this was one of the most significant points where East and West failed to meet, and was the center of celebrations when the Berlin Wall was finally breached.
The Brandenburg Tor, along with Pariser Platz that it dominates, forms the climax of Unter den Linden, the boulevard that stretches east on from Strasse des 17 Juli. Unter den Linden is imbued with all the pomp and circumstance of first Prussia's and then Germany's past. It is home to the massive Russian embassy, the American embassy still under construction (to be completed in spring 2008), and the fabulously famous Hotel Adlon.
It is worth making a short detour 50m or so south down Ebert-strasse - the street running left and right of the Tor - to see the Holocaust Mahnmal (Holocaust Memorial): an undulating and unforgettable sea of concrete steles.
Also, although it isn't marked, the deserted site of Hitler's bunker can be seen if you take the third street left off Ebert-strasse, In den Ministergärten, down near An der Kolonnade. The bunker is under the unkempt mound nearby, on the site of the dictator's former Chancellory. Not much to look at, but worth it perhaps for the je ne sais quoi.
Unter den Linden is bisected by Friedrich-strasse, a little further along from which is the huge Staatsbibliothek national library. Next door to the library is Humboldt University, alma mater of 29 Nobel prize winners, and of such giants as Bismarck, Hegel, Fichte, Schopenhauer, Einstein, Planck, Marx and Engels.
On the other side of Unter den Linden where it meets Charlotten-strasse, across from the library, is the small but unswervingly cutting-edge Deutsches Guggenheim art gallery (daily 11 am-8 pm, Thu 11am-10 pm).
Next east, directly opposite the university, is the Deutsche Staatsoper (German State Opera), neoclassical home to the Berlin Staatskapelle under Daniel Barenboim, one of among a handful of orchestras in the world dedicated to no less than the three genres of opera, ballet and concerts. Next to it on Behren-strasse is Bebelplatz, scene of the infamous Nazi book burning on May 10, 1933. It is overlooked by the great buxom green-domed library, the Alte Bibliothek. East again back on the Humboldt University side of Unter den Linden is the Zeughaus, or Arsenal, now hosting the Deutsches Historisches Museum (10am-6pm). Across the road from it, the Kronprinzenpalais, the royal residence until the Prussian monarchy collapsed in the aftermath of WWI.
Retracing our steps, let's go back to Friedrich-strasse (heading south) into the Stadtmitte district. Friedrich-strasse was the legendary 'place to be' in the Roaring 20s, but, destroyed by WWII, was neglected throughout the Cold War. Reunification has revived the street, and once again a walk down it imparts the kind of frisson it must have done 80 years ago. Right by the U-Bahn Franzosische-strasse are the district's crowning architectural glories, the Galeries Layfayette shopping center and its neighbor the mini-mall Quartier 206. Equally famous is the massive subterraneanly linked Friedrichstadtpassagen complex, not to mention a host of other overpriced luxury outlets. But whether your wallet's into it or not, the atmosphere is free.
Museumsinsel (Museum Island)
Back to where we were on Unter den Linden before we veered south: cross the river and Unter den Linden becomes Karl-Liebknecht-strasse. You are now on the island where the city of Berlin began as two small villages over seven centuries ago, the UN World Heritage Site now called Museumsinsel (Museum Island). The museums are all at the northern end, past the Lustgarden:
-Altes Museum (Tue-Sun 10am-6pm, entrance charge): mainly classical treasures. Designed by the great Karl Friedrich Schinkel.
-Neues Museum (due to re-open in 2005)
-Alte Nationalgalerie (Tue-Sun 9am-5pm, entrance charge): mainly 19th century art treasures.
-Pergamon Museum (Tue-Sun 10am-6pm, entrance charge): arguably the most impressive of them all with its classical antiquities, Near-Eastern antiquities, and Islamic art. Pride of place goes to the object it is named after: the spectacular Pergamon Altar, c.180-160BC, dedicated to Zeus and Athena. Allow half a day to do the exhibits justice. Free audio guide supplied.
-Bode Museum (due to re-open in 2005)
While you're there, check out the big ugly Palast der Republik: home of East Germany's parliament till 1990, and Berlin Dom (Cathedral), Kaiser Willem II's over-the-top Protestant answer to St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, looking out on Lustgarten and in which deceased of the then-ruling Hohenzollern dynasty are buried.
Alexanderplatz
Further east over the Spree, Karl-Liebknecht-strasse continues on into what was once the heart of East Berlin. The shortcomings of reunification are most apparent here. A great deal of construction is going on, and vagrancy is rife. The main attraction is the 365m(1,168ft) Fernsehnturm, or TV Tower (Mar-Oct 9-1am, Nov-Feb 10am-midnight), with its revolving Tele Cafe. Tourist info cafe at base.
Strictly speaking part of Mitte, but only minutes walk SW of Fernsehnturm, is the very popular tourist area of Nikolaiviertel (Nicholas Quarter), showcasing a meticulously restored section of medieval Berlin - including a piece of its old city wall - pride of place going to the quaint and ancient Nicholaikirche (Church of St Nicholas) (dating from the early 13th century), now a museum (Tue-Sun 10am-6pm).
Between it and the TV tower is the Rotes Rathaus, the seat of the city government since reunification.
From Alexanderplatz it is only two S-Bahn stops east to Ostbahnhof station. Mühlen-strasse running alongside the river is Berlin's traditional 'clubbing mile' - from Ostbahnhof down as far as the picturesque castle-like bridge of Oberbaumbrücke. It is not what it used to be though, and you're better off doing your clubbing homework on the internet before setting off anywhere in particular. During daytime this same stretch of road is worth a stroll along with the camera for its Eastside Gallery: a 1,316m-long preserved section of the Berlin Wall , well and whackily graffitied on the once squeaky-clean eastern side.
One stop NNW from U-Bahn Alexanderplatz is U-Bahn Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz - not even 500m up Rosa-Luxemburg-strasse if you're walking. On the square stands the robustly beautiful Volksbühne theater. It is said that theater in Berlin no longer has much to offer over what, say, Hamburg, Munich or Vienna can. However, the Volksbühner, built in 1914 from workers' contributions, remains uncompromisingly in the vanguard of things modern - not only in theater, but in theory, music, literature and film as well.
Scheunenviertel
One stop west from S-Bahn Alexanderplatz is S-Bahn Hackescher Markt (also accessible from Museum Island by crossing the bridge on Bode-strasse). This is the center of the rejuvenated Jewish quarter of Scheunenviertel. Just north of the station are streets of kosher restaurants, food shops, Jewish cultural centers, mixed with small trendy galleries and cafes. Head NW from the station up Oranienburger-strasse to see the majestic gold-crowned Neue Synagoge built in the 1860s in the Moorish style. (Sun-Thu 10am-5.30pm, Fri 10am-1.30pm). The Centrum Judaicum that forms part of it has an exhibition recounting the multifarious life of what was the 160,000-strong Jewish community in this area.
Wedding
Keep walking west away from the Neue Synagoge up Oranienburger-strasse, and you get back to Friedrich-strasse, but now considerably north of Unter den Linden. You are now in the working class district of Wedding. Friedrich-strasse changes to Chaussee-strasse from north of where it bends slightly westwards at Oranienburg Tor intersection. Head a little further north and on the left is Dorotheenstädtischer Friedhof (Cemetery) where a lot of famous Germans, including Berthold Brecht, are buried. The Brecht Haus (Tue, Wed, Fri 10am-noon; Thu 10am-noon then 5-7pm; Sat 9.30am-noon then 12.30-2pm; Sun 11am-6pm) actually overlooks it further north on the same side of the street. Walk further up Chaussee-strasse, turn left at the next big intersection into Invaliden-strasse and on your right is the Museum für Naturkunde (Natural History Museum) (Tue-Fri 9.30am-5pm; Sat/Sun/hols 10am-6pm). Part of Humboldt University, it is one of the best of its kind in the world, full of stuffed animals, reassembled dinosaurs, and ancient fossils.
Back east along Invaliden-strasse, all the way to and left into Garten-strasse, then first right into Bernauer-strasse, and you come to the Dokumentationszentrum zur Geschichte der Berliner Mauer ( Berlin Wall Documentation Center) (Wed-Sun 10am-5pm). Nearby is the modern minimalist Kapelle Versohnung (Chapel of Reconciliation) built on the site of the Church of Reconciliation demolished by the East German authorities in 1985 to further enhance the security of the Wall. Next to the chapel is the grim Gedenkstätte Berliner Mauer (Berlin Wall Memorial): a preserved section of the Berlin Wall complete with 'death strip'. Significantly, on June 13, 1990, the official demolition of the Wall began right here on Bernauer-strasse.
Charlottenburg
Let's now return to Strasse des 17 Juni running east-west through Tiergarten to explore further west. If you keep walking west along it, out of the park itself and just past Tiergarten S-Bahn you will see Ernst Reuter Haus on your right. This is where the famous weekend flea market starts from, extending all the way up into Tiergarten. Continue on under the Charlottenburg Tor and after 500m you come to another Grosser Stern-type roundabout: the busy Ernst Reuter Platz. You are now in the fascinating NW district of Charlottenburg.
Perhaps an even more common route to Ernst Reuter Platz is from Zoo walking NW via Hardenberg-strasse - taking you past Steinplatz, the heart of the student quarter. Ernst Reuter Platz is bordered by the huge Technische Universität and the prestigious Berlin Universität der Kunst (Berlin University of the Arts) where Gunther Grass graduated from.
Strasse des 17 Juni becomes Bismarck-strasse west of the roundabout. Not even a minute's walk along it on the left hand side is the Schiller Theater (Bismarck-strasse 110, tel (030) 308 78 56 85). About another 700m west on the other side of the street, in front of U-Bahn Deutsche Oper, is the Deutsche Oper (Bismarck-strasse 35, tel (030) 341 0249). Another four stations along, at Theodor-Heuss Platz, is the famous Die Wühlmäuse cabaret at Pommernallee 2-4 (south from the west side of the square) tel (030)-30673011
The main historical sight to see in Charlottenburg is the Schloss Charlottenburg (Charlottenburg Palace). It started out as the modest Schloss Lietzenburg in 1695 when the Prince Elector Friedrich Wilhelm III built it as a summer residence for his second wife Sophie Charlotte. In 1701 he was finally permitted by the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I to crown himself as king of Prussia - thereby becoming Friedrich I - upon which decided to make of it a full royal palace and began a long process of baroque and then rococo addition and elaboration. He renamed it after his wife on her death in 1705.
Its extensive grounds contain not only the magnificent palace buildings but the Museum für Vor-und Frühgeschichte (Museum of Pre- and Early History) (Tue-Fri 10am-6pm, Sat/Sun 11am-6pm) as well as other fine collections. There is even a mausoleum in the palace park. Like Museum Island, this is a place where a whole day can go by very quickly.
You can get to Schloss Charlottenburg by:
-taking Otto-Suhr Allee from Ernst-Reuter Platz. This will take you past the distinctive art nouveau Rathaus (Town Hall) with its 88m(294ft) tower (across from U-Bahn Richard Wagner Platz).
- approaching it head on up Schloss-strasse (Palace Street) north from U-Bahn Sophie Charlotte Platz.
-walking east from S-Bahn Westend about 500m along Spandauer Damm.
Right in front of the palace are more must-sees for the art enthusiast:
-Ägyptisches Museum (Egyptian Museum) (Tue-Fri 10am-6pm, Sat/Sun 11am-6pm), with its exquisite limestone bust of Nefertiti.
-Sammlung Berggrün (Berggrün Collection) (Tue-Sun 10am-6pm): modern Western art with a lot of very good Picasso.
-Brohan Museum (Tue-Sun 10am-6pm): art nouveau and art deco design from Berlin.
From nearby S-Bahn Westend one stop south brings you to S-Bahn Messe Nord/ICC (Witzleben). The area is dominated by the Funkturm radio tower (whose 125m(416ft) you can go up) presiding over the massive Messegeländer (Exhibition Center) which hosts events all year round (including rave parties), and the gargantuan Internationales Congress Centrum (ICC) which hosts shows, concerts and conferences. They are accessible from U-Bahn Kaiserdamm, and from the following S-Bahn stations: Messe Nord/ICC (Witzleben) (closest), Westkreuz (next closest), or Messe Süd.
About 2km west of ICC is the Olympiastadion (Olympic Stadium), home to Hertha BSC, it is possible to visit the stadium on non-match days (2 Euros). Getting to the Olympiastadion .
Grunewald
If you're longing for a break from the bustle, Berlin's largest woodland, Grunewald, is less than 1.5km south of ICC, accessible via S-Bahn Grunewald (check the plaque on unused platform 17 commemorating the 50,000 Jews sent to their deaths from there), Nikolassee, or Wannsee stations. Superb views of distant Berlin in its wider natural context can be gotten there from the summit of the human-built mountain, Teufelsberg (Devil Mountain), topped with radar towers that eavesdropped on the East during the Cold War - and popular with young kiteflyers in summer. Nearby Teufelssee (Lake Teufel) is a haven for nudist sunbathers.
On the eastern edge of Grunewald, looking roughly SE from Teufelsberg is Gruneewaldsee (Lake Grunewald). On its SE shore is the 16th century hunting lodge of the Brandenburg Electors, Jagdschloss Grunewald (May 15-Oct 15, 10am-5pm except Mon. Closed for lunch 1-1.30pm) containing a small museum of hunting paraphernalia and some German, Dutch and Flemish paintings by the old masters.
Dahlem
From Jagdschloss Grunewald go 2km down the road leading SE to the city and you're in the Dahlem area. From U-Bahn Dahlem-dorf station go south down Fabeck-strasse. The first on the left is Lans-strasse, the entrance to the Dahlem museum complex (Tue-Fri 10am-6pm, Sat/Sun 11am - 6pm). This four-fold treasure trove is made up of:
-Ethnologisches Museum (Museum of Ethnology): one of the world's biggest and best, with over half a million exhibits from mostly pre-industrial non-European cultures in an array of different media. Includes a junior museum (Tue-Fri 1-6 pm; Sat/Sun 11am-6pm), and a blind persons' museum.
-Museum Europäischer Kulturen (Museum of European Cultures): tells the story of European culture through its vast collection of pictures from the past and how they were used.
-Museum für Indische Kunst (Museum of Indian Art): a collection covering over 3,000 years of Indian cultural history with a Central Asian and a SE Asian section as well.
-Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst (Museum of East Asian Art): its main strength is painting and calligraphy, but has objects from the Stone Age on. The focus is on Buddhist art (China, Japan, Korea). Tearoom in the Japan gallery. Multimedia resources.
Steglitz
Only 500m east of the Dahlem museum complex, or 250m north of S-Bahn Botanischer Garten: plants that will do it for the daytripper just by looking. Botanischer Garten (Botanical Garden) (daily from 9am. Closing hours change by the season: 4pm Nov/Dec/Jan; 5pm Feb; 6pm in Mar &Oct; 7pm Sep; 8pm Apr & Aug; 9pm May/Jun/July. Free entry.) Towering tropical greenhouses (same hours as above, except weekends from 10am), a sprawling 'plant geography trail' taking you around the globe better than virtually, classical Italian garden, botanical museum (daily 10am-6pm, free entry), and more.
Kreuzberg
Back east ... and when going through Mitte we ventured down Freidrich-strasse off Unter den Linden as far south as its majestic shopping centers before returning to move on towards Museum Island. Let's now keep going south down Freidrich-strasse to U-Bahn Koch-strasse/Checkpoint Charlie. (Also accessible from Zoo on U-Bahn line 1 bound for Schlesisches Tor.) This is the northern 'border' of the densely populated and culturally diverse Kreuzberg - 'border' not being an entirely inapt word (a) considering the area's long reputation as a free (and concomitantly risky) realm of its own (b) Checkpoint Charlie having been the official gateway between West and East Berlin, where American and Soviet tanks faced each other off in the tense months of the 1948-49 Berlin blockade.
The Checkpoint is commemorated at Mauermuseum Haus am Checkpoint Charlie (daily 9am-10pm) at Friedrich-strasse 44, where are chronicled the methods used to prevent people escaping East Berlin. While a little cramped and often not clearly presented in historical context, it is worth seeing what lengths East Germans went to to try making the break.
From there walk west along either Zimmer-strasse or Koch-strasse to the Martin-Gropius-Bau, (daily 10am-8pm except Tue) a museum of art, photography and architecture. Right next to it is the Topographie des Terrors (Oct-Apr 10am-6pm or until dark; May-Sep 10am-8pm, free entry) - the former HQ of the Gestapo, in the basement of which was an infamous prison.
The former Nazi Aviation Ministry across Niederkirchner-strasse is now the Ministry of Finance. The street these buildings face, Wilhelm-strasse, lies in the middle of the quarter that housed the Nazi ministries and agencies.
For a tackier horror experience than the Topographie... on the southern edge of the block that Topographie des Terrors is on is Anhalter-strasse. Following it cross Askanischer Platz into what becomes Schoneberger-strasse, no.23a on the left hand side is the Gruselkabinett (Sun, Mon, Tue, Thu 10am-7pm; Fri 10am-8pm; Sat noon-8pm) - a traditional horror house with some war gruesomeness thrown in for good measure.
If Brandenburg Tor used to be the western gate to the City, Hallesches Tor in Mehringplatz, right at the end of Friedrich-strasse, was a southern gate in its old defensive wall.
Just east of Mehringplatz on Linden-strasse is one of the area's most spectacular sights, the metal-clad unevenly-shaped Jüdischer Museum (Mon 10am-10pm, Tue-Sun 10am-8pm, entrance charge) built in the form of 'a distressed Star of David', right next to the baroque former Berlin Museum (which now serves as the Jüdischer Museum's entrance).
For a hands-on experience, the Deutsches Technikmuseum Berlin (German Technology Museum of Berlin) (Tue-Fri 9am-5.30pm; Sat/Sun 10am-6pm) near U-Bahn Mockernbrücke is highly recommended. Its huge premises contain almost everything technical and scientific, old and new, on display for both adults and children to freely interact with.
To find out where Kreuzberg gets its name from, follow Wilhelm-strasse south across the river. It changes to Mehringdamm. Almost 1km down (near U-Bahn Platz der Luftbrücke) is Viktoriapark, known locally as 'the Kreuzberg'. Located diagonally across from Tempelhof Airport, it is an island of beauty, complete with waterfall, featuring a hill with a cross-topped column on top (thus Kreuzberg, or 'Cross Mountain') designed by the great Wilhelm Friedrich Schinkel. It is worth a visit just for the fun and the diversity of people there. From April to September it has the Golgatha beer garden and 'discothek' from 10pm-6am every summer night.
East across Mehringdamm is Fidicin-strasse. In a rear courtyard at number 40 is 'Friends of the Italian Opera' The English Theater: which hosts nothing but English language theater (not Italian opera!) and is held in high critical esteem. Box office: (030) 691 12 11. U-Bahn Platz der Luftbrucke.
Two subway stops east of Hallesches Tor at U-Bahn Kottbusser Tor is the 'hardcore' of Kreuzberg known as SO36. The Turkish atmosphere is very tangible, especially on Tuesdays and Fridays which are bazaar day on Maybachufer on the south bank of the Landwehr Kanal. However, the essence of the area is hybrid: punk bars, kebab stalls, trendy cafes, all easy with or oblivious to each other.
Schöneberg
Next west from Kreuzberg is Schöneberg, our final stop. Until the Wall came down, Schöneberg was most famous as the center of the city's political life, and now, as then, for its gay and lesbian community. It was therefore fitting that the Schöneberg registry office conducted Germany's first gay marriage in 2001 and that - although the city office has moved to Mitte - at the time of writing, Berlin's mayor, Klaus Wowereit, is gay.
Schöneberg's moment of international glory came on June 26, 1963 when JFK made his 'Ich bin ein Berliner' speech at the Rathaus Schöneberg (U-Bahn Rathaus Schöneberg) which served during the years of division as the city hall. The square in front of the building was subsequently renamed in the US President's honor. (Berlin's city hall is now the Rotes Rathaus, just 250m SSW of the Alexanderplatz TV tower.)
Gay and lesbian visitors wanting to explore the area should start at the Mann-o-Meter for information. (Mon-Thu 5-10pm, Fri 5pm-midnight, Sat/Sun 4-10pm) tel (030) 216 80 08: Bülow-strasse 106 at the corner of Else-Lasker-Schüler-Strasse. (U-Bahn Nollendorfplatz). From Viktoriapark it is only15-20 minutes walk NW. Among other things there, you can pick up the free Siegessäule gay/lesbian info magazine.
One of the best areas in Schöneberg after dark for clubbing and drinking is Nollendorfplatz, accessible via the U-Bahn Nollendorfplatz. The area extends through Maassen-strasse down to Winterfeldt Platz and even further south. Check out the huge Connection/Prinzknecht entertainment complex at Fuggestrasse 33.
Berlin Tourist Offices
•Europa-Center, Budapester-strasse 45, Berlin 10787. (Mon-Sat 10am-7pm, Sun 10am-6pm)
Their telephone information service +49-(0)30-25-00-25 runs for longer hours: Mon-Fri 8am-7pm, Sat/Sun 9am-6pm
Images of Berlin courtesy of Berlin Tourist information Office
•Brandenburger Tor (south wing) Pariser Platz, Mitte, Berlin 10117. (Daily 10am–6pm)
•Tourist Information Cafe, located at foot of Fernsehturm (TV tower) in Alexanderplatz. (May 1-Sep30, Mon-Sat 9am–8pm, Sun 10am-6pm; Oct 1-Apr 30, daily 10am-6pm)
•Kaufhaus des Westens (KaDeWe Department Store), Tauentzienstrase 21-24, ground floor/travel centre (Mon-Fri 10am-8pm; Sat 9.30am-8pm)
•Schonefeld Airport Travelshop, Terminal A, 1st floor on the right (Daily 9am-7.30pm)
•Tempelhof Airport Information, Main hall (Daily 6am-10pm)
Getting to Berlin
Air
67 airlines service Berlin connecting it to 167 airports in 53 countries. The city's two airports are Tegel (TXL), in the north-east 8km from the city center and Schönefeld (SXF) in the south-east 18km from the city center. Tegel, by far the busiest, serves western Europe, Schönefeld caters more for no-frills flights, eastern Europe and Asia. For cheap flights from London to Berlin use a flight deal or comparison site. No frills and chartered flights are regular and affordable into Berlin so shop around for the best deals.
Eventually Berlin Brandenburg Airport situated next to Berlin Schonefeld Airport will become Berlin's major airport.
Airport information (for all Berlin airports): tel. 0180 50 00 186
Tegel
Click here for Tegel flight schedule.
X9 Espress Bus (every 10-min) and bus no.109 go to Zoologischer Garten. Bus 128 goes to Kurt Schumacher Platz or bus 109 to Jakob Kaiser Platz where you change to the subway. Bus ticket valid for subway. About 25 min to city center by taxi - longer at rush hour. Click here to see where they leave from.
Schönefeld
Click here for Schönefeld flight schedule.
Free shuttle bus every 10-15 mins takes you 500m from the terminal to the S-Bahn Flughafen Schoenefeld station (10 min. on foot)
At the main entrance, the Airport Express Bus leaves for the city center every 15 mins. Bus 171 (every 20 mins) connects the airport to the nearest subway, U-Bahn Rudow. About 40 min to city center by taxi (around 30 Euros). Click here to see where they leave from.
Tempelhof
Train
There are two main stations: Ostbahnhof (East Station) and Zoologischer Garten in the west. Be aware that some trains stop at both stations and that this can cause confusion regarding departure times. Check departure station carefully.
A new central station is being built at Lehrter Bahnhof, north across the river from the Bundeskanzleramt and Reichstag.
Hotels in Germany - Agoda - hotels in all locations.
Eating
List your restaurant here. Contact Us
Drinking
Oranienburger Strasse has lots of bars as does the more up-market and touristy Kurfurstendamm. East of the center, Nikolaivertel near the banks of the River Spree is another more expensive entertainment area.
List your bar, cafe or club here. Contact Us
Internet Cafes
List your internet cafe here for FREE! Contact Us
Local football teams
Hertha BSC of the Bundesliga and Tennis Borussia Berlin in the Zweite Bundesliga are Berlin's top clubs at present, though the city plays host to a number of other teams. Hertha BSC were German champions in 1930 and 1931. Hertha play at the 76,000 capacity Olympiastadion which is being completely renewed for the World Cup.
| i don't know |
The Brontë sisters were born in the village of Thornton, now part of which Yorkshire city? | Bronte Country
This site uses cookies for analytics and affiliate tracking purposes. Please click here for more information.
Bronte Country
Follow Bronte Country on Twitter
Welcome to Bronte Country
Welcome to Bronte Country, an area which straddles the West Yorkshire and East Lancashire Pennines in the North of England . A windswept land of heather and wild moors, it is hardly surprising that this region became the inspiration for the classic works of the Bronte sisters , Charlotte, Emily and Anne.
Geographically, Bronte Country consists of the Pennine hills immediately to the west of, but also including, the Bradford / Leeds conurbation of West Yorkshire, as well as Kirklees and Calderdale . [N.B. Please click here for a geographical definition and map of the Bronte Country area .]
Unlike the pastural limestone valleys of the Yorkshire Dales which begin further to the north, the geology in Bronte Country is predominantly of Millstone Grit, a dark sandstone which lends the crags and scenery here an air of bleakness and desolation. Small wonder then, that this landscape fuelled the imagination of the Bronte sisters in writing their classic novels - including " Wuthering Heights " (which was reputedly inspired by the isolated moorland location of Top Withens ) and " Jane Eyre ", etc.
Top Withens and many of the other Bronte associated locations lie within easy reach of the village of Haworth , where the Bronte family lived at the Haworth parsonage (now the world famous Bronte Parsonage Museum ), and where they wrote most of their famous works (including " Wuthering Heights " and " Jane Eyre ", etc).
Other Bronte related attractions in the heart of Bronte Country include the Bronte Birthplace in Thornton on the outskirts of Bradford (where Charlotte, Patrick Branwell, Emily and Anne were born while their father was parson at Thornton church ), Ponden Hall near Haworth ("Thrushcross Grange" in " Wuthering Heights ") and Oakwell Hall and Red House in Kirklees ("Fieldhead" and "Briarmains" respectively in Charlotte Bronte's " Shirley ").
Slightly further afield in what is known as the Pendle Witch Country of East Lancashire there is Wycoller (believed to be the location for Ferndean Manor in " Jane Eyre "), and Gawthorpe Hall near Burnley , where Charlotte Bronte was a regular visitor.
Outside of Bronte Country but on edge of the Yorkshire Dales some forty or so miles to the north is the village of Cowan Bridge (near Ingleton in the Yorkshire Dales ) where the local school provided the inspiration for Lowood School in " Jane Eyre ", while the country house at Norton Conyers (near Ripon in the Vale of York / Vale of Mowbray ) is believed to be the setting for Thornfield Hall in the same novel. [N.B. Also in the Yorkshire Dales but closer nearby is the popular beauty spot of Bolton Abbey - which was visited by the Bronte family as a special excursion in 1833.] Further afield again Anne Bronte's grave can be found at St. Mary's Church in Scarborough - a popular resort on the Yorkshire Coast and near to the North York Moors to the east. [N.B. There are also Bronte connections with the English Lake District as Branwell Bronte held a tutoring job in Broughton in Furness and sketched the church during his stay there in 1840. Charlotte Bronte also stayed in the English Lake District some ten years later.]
Back in the Bronte Country area itself, attractions which are not directly associated with the Brontes (but which are well worth a visit in their own right) include the industrial village of Saltaire in Bradford (built by Sir Titus Salt in the mid nineteenth century, and now a UNESCO designated World Heritage Centre ), the National Media Museum in Bradford , the Keighley Bus Museum in Keighley , and the Keighley and Worth Valley Railway (which runs from the village of Oxenhope through Haworth and Oakworth to the town of Keighley in the Aire Valley ).
The Bronte Country area has other literary and cultural associations: For instance the poet Ted Hughes was born in Mytholmroyd near Hebden Bridge (his wife Sylvia Plath being buried in nearby Heptonstall ), while the playwright J.B. Priestley , the composer Delius , the novelist John Braine and the artist David Hockney (like the Bronte sisters themselves) were all born within the district of the city of Bradford (which as such makes a fitting location for the new Bradford Literature Festival ).
The Pennine Way long distance footpath passes through Bronte Country, as does the Bronte Way , the Bradford Millennium Footpath and the Great Northern Railway Trail . As such the area is popular for walking and cycling in particular.
| Bradford |
How many theses did Martin Luther post on the door of the Castle Church of Wittenberg in October 1517? | THORNTON VILLAGE WEST YORKSHIRE - Phil Robinson.History and Photography.
Phil Robinson.History and Photography.
THORNTON VILLAGE Photo Phil Robinson
One sunny Sunday afternoon in June 2009 i took a walk down Market Street Thornton.
There were lots of buildings dating back over 200 years and still supporting familys today.They is a strong feeling of character and what it might have been like in the past.
Thornton is a typical example of a Village effected by downturn in the economy taking business away from local shops.The shops looked run down and had sale boards up.The pubs were very lively that day.
Thornton sill gives you a fealling of being in a village its not yet been swallowd up.Like many Bradford Suburbs.
The people were friendly and said Hi as i walked past.
I walked down the street i came across the house of the Bronte Family. It has a plaque outside with the family names on.
Also on the left. i saw the
Famous Coffing End house. (Once a pub) It was having some new windows and renovation done.
There are lots of little Cobbled Streets that lead off round tight bends up hills and through little passages.
A nightmare for car owners.
leading to good Stone built Houses that will still be there in another 200 years.
In 1800s thease houses were ocupied by Quarry labouers, some had come from Devon and Cornwall.
They left Thornton with some strange place names.
Egipt, Jericho, Moscow, Worlds end. and Built the Thornton viaduct. Now part of the national cycle track
Thornton village is well worth a look.
See map below.
| i don't know |
“Multum in Parvo” or ‘much in little’ is the motto of which landlocked county in central England? | A Little Bit of Rough - Central England campsite - Cool Camping
A Little Bit of Rough
☆☆☆☆☆ Be the first to review!
Rutland. Population 37,600. England's smallest county. Motto, Multum in Parvo – Much in Little. Annexed by neighbouring Leicestershire before it's county status was reinstated in 1997, it's little wonder that Raddlemen (yes, the native's are called Raddlemen – which is awesome in itself) are fiercly proud of their dainty dominion. This stunning little county not only boasts England's largest man-made lake, but also some of Central England's loveliest landscapes. And there's one recent addition to the county that's piqued the interest of Cool Camping...
Starting life in 2014, A Little Bit of Rough is Rutland's first luxury glampsite. The name is somewhat of a misnomer for you're as far from roughing it here as can be... unless your definition of hardship is running out of the complimentary eco-friendly conditioner in your en suite bathroom... with roll top tub.
The lodges (to call these mammoth safaris 'tent' would be an understatement) are located in the enchanting 20 acre Spindleberry Woods, a private broadleaf woodland nestled in the heart of Rutland's idyllic countryside. The twin abodes, Oak and Ash, are plotted about 50m from each other, around a couples of minute's walk from the car park. The former sits beside the tranquil pond (a magnet for local flora and fauna) while the latter is negotiated via an avenue of cherry trees. Both boast spectacular view in all directions and can accommodate up to six adults in a three private bedrooms. Their respective lounges put most hotel suites to shame, furnished with comfy three seater leather sofas, woven poufs along and a box amusements filled with games and local info. The fully-equipped kitchens are finished to the highest specifications, with twin Belfast sinks and cast iron wood-burning stove for heating and eating.
There's acres of space for kids to explore, and a dragonfly-inhabited pond that the kids can go yachting on... mini yachting that is. The woodland is prime den building territory, while the mini grass maze and the bug hunting kits thoughtfully provided mean the kids can be left to their own devices, while mum and dad can keep one eye on them (the other on that striking sunset) from the comfort of the decked veranda.
This place is abuzz with wildlife – keep your eyes peeled for grazing rabbits, squirrels, pheasants, buzzards and red kites. If you're really lucky, you may spot deer or the odd slithering grass snake. It feels remote, and the off-grid (except water) secret location only adds to the sense of seclusion. Helpful hosts Sarah and Nick will greet guests on arrival and are always happy to help, but keep a low profile during your stay so it feels like you have the whole place to yourself.
Once you've settled into camp, you mightn't want to stray too far from this herbaceous hideaway. But little Rutland is big on activities. Its prime Central England position makes it equidistant from any number of great attractions. From The Midlands' swathe of family-friendly theme parks to a host of charming manor houses such as Belvoir Castle and Stapleton Hall. And, of course, the vast expanse of Rutland Water is where you can really soak up the experience. So you see, the best things really do come in small packages. Multum in Parvo indeed.
| Rutland |
On which Formula 1 circuit do cars travel along Avenue d’Ostende and Avenue des Beaux Arts? | Cleaning Services in Rutland | Dynamics Cleaners Ltd
Home / Cleaning Services in Rutland
Cleaning Services in Rutland
Dynamics Cleaners offers a wide range on commercial cleaning solutions in the Rutland area. Services range from professional deep cleaning, builder cleaning, large and small office cleaning and many more.
Rutland is a landlocked county in central England, bounded on the west and north by Leicestershire, northeast by Lincolnshire and southeast by Northamptonshire.
Its greatest length north to south is only 18 miles (29 km) and its greatest breadth east to west is 17 miles (27 km). It has the smallest population of any normal unitary authority in mainland England and only the City of London is smaller in terms of area. It is 348th of the 354 districts in population. It is the smallest historic English county, leading to the adoption of the Latin motto Multum In Parvo or “much in little” by the county council in 1950. Among modern ceremonial counties the Isle of Wight, City of London and City of Bristol are all smaller. The former County of London, in existence 1889 to 1965, also had a smaller area.
The only towns in Rutland are Oakham, the county town, and Uppingham. At the centre of the county is the large artificial reservoir, Rutland Water, which is an important nature reserve serving as an overwintering site for wildfowl and a breeding site for ospreys. The town of Stamford is just over the border in a protruding part of Lincolnshire.
Rutland’s older cottages are built from limestone or ironstone and many have roofs of Collyweston stone slate or thatch.
Our Happy Clients
| i don't know |
Dupond et Dupont, Professeur Tryphon Tournesol and Milou assist which character in the French version of his adventures? | The Adventures of Tintin - The Full Wiki
The Full Wiki
More info on The Adventures of Tintin
Wikis
The Adventures of Tintin: Wikis
Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles .
Related top topics
Top rankings for The Adventures of Tintin
11st
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Adventures of Tintin
The main characters and others from The Castafiore Emerald , one of the later books in the series. In the centre of the group is Tintin, the main eponymous hero of the series.
Edgar P. Jacobs Colourist(s) Josette Baujot Creator(s) Hergé Reprints The series has been reprinted, at least in part, in Dutch , English , and German .
The Adventures of Tintin (Les Aventures de Tintin) is a series of comic strips created by the Belgian artist Georges Rémi (1907–1983), who wrote under the pen name of Hergé . The series first appeared in French in Le Petit Vingtième , a children's supplement to the Belgian newspaper Le Vingtième Siècle on 10 January 1929. The success of the series saw the serialised strips collected into a series of twenty-four albums, spun into a successful magazine and adapted for film and theatre. The series is one of the most popular European comics of the 20th century, with translations published in more than 50 languages and more than 200 million copies of the books sold to date. [1]
Set during a largely realistic 20th century, the hero of the series is Tintin , a young Belgian reporter. He is aided in his adventures from the beginning by his faithful fox terrier dog Snowy (Milou in French). Later, popular additions to the cast included the brash, cynical and grumpy Captain Haddock , the highly intelligent but hearing-impaired Professor Calculus (Professeur Tournesol) and other supporting characters such as the incompetent detectives Thomson and Thompson (Dupond et Dupont). Hergé himself features in several of the comics as a background character, as do his assistants in some instances.
The comic strip series has long been admired for its clean, expressive drawings in Hergé's signature ligne claire style. [2] [3] [4] [5] Engaging, [6] well-researched [6] [7] [8] plots straddle a variety of genres: swashbuckling adventures with elements of fantasy, mysteries , political thrillers , and science fiction. The stories within the Tintin series always feature slapstick humour, accompanied in later albums by sophisticated satire , and political and cultural commentary.
Contents
15 External links
History
Tintin is a reporter, and Hergé uses this to present the character in a number of adventures which were contemporary with the period in which he was working, most notably, the Bolshevik uprising in Russia and World War II , and sometimes even prescient, as in the case of the moon landings . Hergé also created a world for Tintin which managed to reduce detail to a simplified but recognisable and realistic representation, an effect Hergé was able to achieve with reference to a well-maintained archive of images. [9]
Though Tintin's adventures are formulaic — presenting a mystery which is then solved logically — Hergé infused the strip with his own sense of humour, [9] and created supporting characters who, although predictable, were filled with charm that allowed the reader to engage with them. This formula of comfortable, humorous predictability is similar to the presentation of cast in the Peanuts strip or The Three Stooges . [10] Hergé also had a great understanding of the mechanics of the comic strip, especially pacing, a skill displayed in The Castafiore Emerald , a work he meant to be packed with tension in which nothing actually happens. [8]
Hergé initially improvised the creation of Tintin's adventures, uncertain how Tintin would escape from whatever predicament appeared. Not until after the completion of Cigars of the Pharaoh was Hergé encouraged to research and plan his stories. The impetus came from The Reverend Gosset, chaplain to the Chinese students at Louvain University . Gosset introduced Hergé to Zhang Chongren , a Chinese student, who further encouraged him to avoid perpetuating the perceptions Europeans had of China at the time. Hergé and Zhang collaborated on the next serial, The Blue Lotus , which is cited by critics as Hergé's first masterpiece. [8] Interestingly, The Blue Lotus includes a reference to the European stereotypes associated with China, in a context that causes them to appear ridiculous.
Other changes to the mechanics of creating the strip were forced on Hergé by outside events. The Second World War and the invasion of Belgium by Hitler 's armies saw the closure of the newspaper in which Tintin was serialised. [11] Work was halted on Land of Black Gold , and the already published Tintin in America and The Black Island were banned by the Nazi censors, who were concerned at their presentation of America and Britain. [8] However, Hergé was able to continue with Tintin's adventures, publishing four books and serialising two more adventures in a German -licensed newspaper. [8] During and after the German occupation Hergé was accused of being a collaborator because of the Nazi control of the paper (Le Soir), and he was briefly taken for interrogation after the war. [12] He claimed that he was simply doing a job under the occupation, like a plumber or carpenter. His work of this period, unlike earlier and later work, is politically neutral and resulted in stories such as The Secret of the Unicorn and Red Rackham's Treasure ; but the apocalyptic The Shooting Star reflects the foreboding Hergé felt during this uncertain political period.
The Shooting Star was nonetheless controversial. The story line involved a race between two crews trying to reach a meteorite which had landed in the Arctic. Hergé chose a subject that was as fantastic as possible to avoid issues related to the crisis of the times and to thereby avoid trouble with the censors. Nonetheless politics intruded. In the original version, the crew Tintin joined was composed of Europeans from Axis or neutral countries ("Europe") while their underhanded rivals were Americans, financed by a person with a Jewish name and what Nazi propagandists would dub "Jewish features"; [13] later editions would substitute a fictitious country for the United States. Tintin himself uses a World War II Arado 196 German reconnaissance aircraft. In a scene which appeared when the story was being serialised in Le Soir, two Jews, depicted in classic anti-Semitic caricature, are shown watching Philippulus harassing Tintin. One actually looks forward to the end of the world, arguing that it would mean that he would not be obliged to settle with his creditors.
After the war Hergé admitted that: "I recognize that I myself believed that the future of the West could depend on the New Order. For many, democracy had proved a disappointment, and the New Order brought new hope. In light of everything which has happened, it is of course a huge error to have believed for an instant in the New Order". [14] The Tintin character was never depicted as adhering to these beliefs. However, it has been argued that anti-Semitic themes continued, especially in the post-war story Flight 714 . [15]
A post-war paper shortage forced changes in the format of the books. Hergé had usually allowed the stories to develop to a length that suited the story, but with paper now in short supply, publishers Casterman asked Hergé to consider using smaller panel sizes and adopt a fixed length of 62 pages. Hergé took on more staff—the first ten books having been produced by himself and his wife—, eventually building a studio system with the Studios Hergé . The adoption of colour allowed Hergé to expand the scope of the works. His use of colour was more advanced than that of American comics of the time, with better production values allowing a combination of the four printing shades and thus a cinematographic approach to lighting and shading. [8] Hergé and his studio would allow images to fill half pages or more, simply to detail and accentuate the scene, using colour to emphasise important points. [8] Hergé notes this fact, stating "I consider my stories as movies. No narration, no descriptions, emphasis is given to images". [16]
Hergé's personal life also affected the series; Tintin in Tibet was heavily influenced by his nervous breakdown . His nightmares, which he reportedly described as being "all white", [8] are reflected in the snowy landscapes. The plot has Tintin set off in search of Chang Chong-Chen , previously seen in The Blue Lotus, and the piece contains no villains and little moral judgment, with Hergé even refusing to condemn the Snowman of the Himalayas as "abominable". [8] Hergé's death on 3 March 1983 left the twenty-fourth and final adventure, Tintin and Alph-Art , unfinished. The plot saw Tintin embroiled in the world of modern art , and the story ended as he is about to be killed, encased in perspex and presented as a work of art, [17] although it is unknown whether he really dies at the end of the story.
List of titles
This is the list of the books as named in English. The publication dates are those of the original French versions. Books 2 to 10 were re-published in colour and in a fixed 62-page format during the 1940s. Book 11 was the first to be originally published in colour. Books 16 to 23 and revised editions of books 2, 4, 7 and 15 were published with Studios Hergé .
Main article: Tintin and Snowy
Tintin is a young Belgian reporter who becomes involved in dangerous cases in which he takes heroic action to save the day. Almost every adventure features Tintin hard at work in his investigative journalism , but he is seldom seen actually turning in a story without first getting caught up in some misadventure. He is a young man of more or less neutral attitudes and is less colourful than the supporting cast. In this respect, he represents the everyman . However, he does not seem to have a boss, nor any coworkers, nor an employer of any kind.
Tintin and Snowy , detail of a panel from the book The Black Island by Hergé, 1965
Snowy, a white Fox terrier , is Tintin's four-legged companion. They regularly save each other from perilous situations. Snowy frequently "speaks" to the reader through his thoughts (often displaying a dry sense of humour), which are supposedly not heard by the human characters in the story except in Tintin in America, wherein he explains to Tintin his absence for a period of time in the book.
Like Captain Haddock, Snowy is fond of the Loch Lomond brand of whisky , and his occasional bouts of drinking tend to get him into trouble, as does his arachnophobia . The French name of Snowy, "Milou," has nothing to do with snow or the colour white. It has been widely credited as an oblique reference to a girlfriend from Hergé's youth, Marie-Louise Van Cutsem, whose nickname was "Milou". [18]
Another explanation to the origins of the two characters is possible. The first 3 adventures of Tintin visit places originally visited by photographer-reporter Robert Sexé, recorded in the Belgian press from the mid to late 1920s. At that time Sexé had made numerous trips round the world on a motorcycle, in collaboration with Grand-Prix champion and motorcycle record-holder René Milhoux, and these trips were highly publicized at the time. Sexé has also been noted to have a similar appearance to Tintin, and the Hergé Foundation in Belgium has admitted that it is not too hard to imagine how Hergé could have been influenced by the exploits of Sexé. [19] In 1996, a biography of Robert Sexé by Janpol Schulz was published, titled Sexé au pays des Soviets (meaning Sexé in the Land of the Soviets) to mimic the name of the first Tintin Adventure. [20]
Captain Haddock
Captain Haddock
Captain Archibald Haddock, a seafaring captain of disputed ancestry (he may be of Belgian, French, or English origin), is Tintin's best friend, and was introduced in The Crab with the Golden Claws . Haddock was initially depicted as a weak and alcoholic character, but later became more respectable. He evolves to become genuinely heroic and even a socialite after he finds a treasure captured by his ancestor, Sir Francis Haddock (François de Hadoque in French), in the episode Red Rackham's Treasure . The Captain's coarse humanity and sarcasm act as a counterpoint to Tintin's often implausible heroism; he is always quick with a dry comment whenever the boy reporter seems too idealistic.
Captain Haddock lives in the luxurious mansion Marlinspike Hall ("Moulinsart" in the original French).
Haddock uses a range of colourful insults and curses to express his feelings, such as "billions of blue blistering barnacles," "ten thousand thundering typhoons," " troglodyte ," " bashi-bazouk ," " kleptomaniac ," " ectoplasm ," " sea - gherkin ," " anacoluthon ", " pockmark , " nincompoop ", " abominable snowman ", and " freshwater swab " but nothing that is actually considered a swear word . Haddock is a hard drinker, particularly fond of rum and of Loch Lomond whisky. His bouts of drunkenness are often used for comic effect. Hergé stated that Haddock's surname was derived from a "sad English fish that drinks a lot." [1] Haddock remained without a first name until the last completed story, Tintin and the Picaros (1976), when the name Archibald was suggested. Tintin and Alph-Art maintained this suggestion by having him introduce himself as such.
Supporting characters
Hergé's supporting characters have been cited as far more developed than the central character, each imbued with a strength of character and depth of personality which has been compared with that of the characters of Charles Dickens . [21] Hergé used the supporting characters to create a realistic world in which to set his protagonists' adventures. To further the realism and continuity, characters would recur throughout the series. It has been speculated that the occupation of Belgium and the restrictions imposed upon Hergé forced him to focus on characterisation to avoid depicting troublesome political situations. The major supporting cast was developed during this period. [22]
Professor Cuthbert Calculus (Professeur Tryphon Tournesol {Prof. Sunflower} in French), an absent-minded professor and half-deaf physicist , is a minor but regular character alongside Tintin, Snowy, and Captain Haddock. Introduced in Red Rackham's Treasure , and based partially on Auguste Piccard , [23] his appearance was initially not welcomed by the leading characters, but through his generous nature and his scientific ability he develops a lasting bond with them. He has a tendency to act in a very aggressive manner when someone says he's "acting the goat." He also often, due to his deafness, misunderstands what people are saying, making them repeat themselves, and still getting it wrong. This in particular seems to annoy captain Haddock.
Thomson and Thompson (Dupont et Dupond) are two bumbling detective twins, with the only discernible difference being the shape of their moustaches. [24] They provide much of the comic relief throughout the series, being afflicted with chronic spoonerism , and are shown to be mostly incompetent in their tasks. The detectives were in part based on Hergé's father and uncle, identical twins who wore matching bowler hats . While their different names would suggest that they are not related, they are confirmed to be identical twins in the original French-language version of Red Rackham's Treasure.
Bianca Castafiore is an opera singer whom Haddock absolutely despises. She seems to constantly be popping up wherever he goes, along with her maid Irma and pianist Igor Wagner. She is comically foolish, whimsical, absent-minded, and talkative, and seems unaware that her voice is shrill and appallingly loud. Her speciality is the Jewel Song (Ah! je ris de me voir si belle en ce miroir) from Gounod's opera, Faust , and sings this at the least provocation, much to Haddock's dismay. She tends to be melodramatic in an exaggerated fashion and is often maternal toward Haddock, of whose dislike she remains ignorant. She often confuses words, especially names, with other words that rhyme with them or of which they remind her; "Haddock" is frequently replaced by malapropisms such as " Paddock ," "Harrock," " Padlock ," " Hopscotch ," "Drydock," " Stopcock ," " Maggot ," " Bartók ", " Hammock ," and "Hemlock," while Nestor, who is Haddock's butler, is confused with "Chestor" and "Hector." Her own name means "white and chaste flower," a meaning to which Prof. Calculus refers when he offers a white rose to the singer in The Castafiore Emerald . She was based upon opera divas in general (according to Hergé's perception), Hergé's Aunt Ninie, and, in the post-war comics, on Maria Callas . [9]
Other recurring characters include Nestor the butler, General Alcazar the South American leader, Jolyon Wagg (Séraphin Lampion in French) an (infuriating, to Haddock) insurance salesman, Kalish Ezab the Arab emir, Abdullah the emir's mischievous son, Chang the loyal Chinese boy, Dr. J.W. Müller the evil German doctor, Cutts, a local butcher that is repeatedly called by accident by Haddock and whose phone number is repeatedly mixed up with Haddock's, Rastapopoulos the criminal mastermind and Allan , Rastapopoulos' henchman and formerly Haddock's first mate . No young women feature as any main or side characters, and in fact only occasionally feature in the background.
Settings
Main article: Settings in The Adventures of Tintin
The settings within Tintin have also added depth to the strips. Hergé mingles real and fictional lands into his stories, along with a base in Belgium from where the heroes set off. This is originally 26 Labrador Road, but later Marlinspike Hall . This is best demonstrated in King Ottokar's Sceptre , in which Hergé creates two fictional countries ( Syldavia and Borduria ) and invites the reader to tour them in text through the insertion of a travel brochure into the storyline. [6] Other fictional lands include San Theodoros , San Paolo , and Nuevo Rico in South America, the kingdom or administrative region of Gaipajama in India, and Khemed in the Middle East. Along with these fictitious locations, actual nations were employed such as Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, Soviet Union, Congo, Peru, India, Egypt, Sahara Desert, Indonesia, Nepal, Tibet, China, and Japan. Another setting was the Moon, the Atlantic Ocean and in the first edition of Land of Black Gold, Palestine , though this was later replaced by the fictional Khemed.
Creating the works
Research
Hergé's extensive research began with The Blue Lotus , Hergé stating: "it was from that time that I undertook research and really interested myself in the people and countries to which I sent Tintin, out of a sense of responsibility to my readers". [7]
Hergé's use of research and photographic reference allowed him to build a realised universe for Tintin, going so far as to create fictionalised countries, dressing them with specific political cultures. These were heavily informed by the cultures evident in Hergé's lifetime. Pierre Skilling has asserted that Hergé saw monarchy as "the legitimate form of government", noting that democratic "values seem underrepresented in [such] a classic Franco-Belgian strip". [25] Syldavia in particular is described in considerable detail, Hergé creating a history, customs, and language, which is actually the Flemish dialect of Brussels. He set the country in the Balkans , and it is, by his own admission, modeled after Albania . [26] The country finds itself threatened by neighbouring Borduria with an attempted annexation appearing in King Ottokar's Sceptre . This situation parallels the Italian conquest of Albania and of Czechoslovakia and Austria by expansionist Nazi Germany prior to World War II. [27]
Hergé's use of research would include months of preparation for Tintin's voyage to the moon in the two-part storyline spread across Destination Moon and Explorers on the Moon . His research for the storyline was noted in New Scientist : "[T]he considerable research undertaken by Hergé enabled him to come very close to the type of space suit that would be used in future Moon exploration , although his portrayal of the type of rocket that was actually used was a long way off the mark". The moon rocket is based on the German V2 rockets . [28]
Influences
In his youth Hergé admired Benjamin Rabier and suggested that a number of images within Tintin in the Land of the Soviets reflected this influence, particularly the pictures of animals. René Vincent, the Art Deco designer, also had an impact on early Tintin adventures: "His influence can be detected at the beginning of the Soviets, where my drawings are designed along a decorative line, like an 'S'..". [29] Hergé also felt no compunction in admitting that he had stolen the image of round noses from George McManus , feeling they were "so much fun that I used them, without scruples!" [30]
During the extensive research Hergé carried out for The Blue Lotus, he became influenced by Chinese and Japanese illustrative styles and woodcuts . This is especially noticeable in the seascapes, which are reminiscent of works by Hokusai and Hiroshige . [31] [32]
Hergé also declared Mark Twain an influence, although this admiration may have led him astray when depicting Incas as having no knowledge of an upcoming solar eclipse in Prisoners of the Sun , an error attributed by T.F. Mills to an attempt to portray "Incas in awe of a latter-day ' Connecticut Yankee '". [8]
Criticisms of the series
The earliest stories in The Adventures of Tintin have been criticised for both displaying animal cruelty as well as racial stereotypes , violent, colonialist , and even fascist leanings, including caricatured portrayals of non-Europeans. While the Hergé Foundation has presented such criticism as naïveté, [33] and scholars of Hergé such as Harry Thompson have claimed that "Hergé did what he was told by the Abbé Wallez ", [33] Hergé himself felt that his background made it impossible to avoid prejudice, stating that "I was fed the prejudices of the bourgeois society that surrounded me." [30]
In Tintin in the Land of the Soviets , the Bolsheviks were presented without exception as villains. Hergé drew on Moscow Unveiled, a work given to him by Wallez and authored by Joseph Douillet , the former Belgian consul in Russia, that is highly critical of the Soviet regime, although Hergé contextualised this by noting that in Belgium, at the time a devout Catholic nation, "Anything Bolshevik was atheist ". [30] In the story, Bolshevik leaders are motivated only by personal greed and by a desire to deceive the world. Tintin discovers, buried, "the hideout where Lenin , Trotsky , and Stalin have collected together wealth stolen from the people". Hergé later dismissed the failings of this first story as "a transgression of my youth". [33] By 1999, some part of this presentation was being noted as far more reasonable, The Economist declaring: "In retrospect, however, the land of hunger and tyranny painted by Hergé was uncannily accurate". [34]
Tintin in the Congo has been criticised as presenting the Africans as naïve and primitive. In the original work, Tintin is shown at a blackboard addressing a class of African children. "Mes chers amis," he says, "je vais vous parler aujourd'hui de votre patrie: La Belgique" ("My dear friends, I am going to talk to you today about your fatherland: Belgium"). Hergé redrew this in 1946 to show a lesson in mathematics . Hergé later admitted the flaws in the original story, excusing it by noting: "I portrayed these Africans according to ... this purely paternalistic spirit of the time". [30] The perceived problems with this book were summarised by Sue Buswell in 1988 [35] as being "all to do with rubbery lips and heaps of dead animals" although Thompson noted this quote may have been "taken out of context". [33] "Dead animals" refers to the fashion for big game hunting at the time of the work's original publication. Drawing on André Maurois ' Les Silences du colonel Bramble, Hergé presents Tintin as a big-game hunter , accidentally killing fifteen antelope as opposed to the one needed for the evening meal. However, concerns over the number of dead animals did lead the Scandinavian publishers of Tintin's adventures to request changes. A page which presented Tintin killing a rhinoceros by drilling a hole in the animal's back and inserting a stick of dynamite was deemed excessive, and Hergé substituted a page in which the rhino accidentally discharges Tintin's rifle while he slept under a tree. [36] In 2007 the UK's Commission for Racial Equality called for the book to be pulled from the shelves after a complaint, stating that "it beggars belief that in this day and age that any shop would think it acceptable to sell and display 'Tintin In The Congo'." [37] [38] In August 2007, a complaint was filed in Brussels, Belgium, by a Congolese student, claiming the book was an insult to the Congolese people. Public prosecutors are investigating, however, the Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism warned against excess political correctness . [39]
Mr. Bohlwinkel
Some of the early albums were altered by Hergé in subsequent editions, usually at the demand of publishers. For example, at the instigation of his American publishers, many of the black characters in Tintin in America were re-coloured to make their race white or ambiguous. [40] The Shooting Star album originally had an American villain with the Jewish surname of "Blumenstein". This proved to be controversial, as the character looked very stereotypically Jewish. "Blumenstein" was changed to an American with a less ethnically specific name, Mr. Bohlwinkel , in later editions and subsequently to a South American of a fictional country - São Rico . Hergé later discovered that 'Bohlwinkel' was also a Jewish name. [27]
Nazi collaborator SS officer Léon Degrelle published a book insisting that he was Hergé's model for the character Tintin (See: Tintin, inspiration ).
Adaptations and exhibitions
Main article: Tintin books, films, and media
The Adventures of Tintin have been adapted in a variety of media besides the original comic strip and its collections. Hergé encouraged adaptations and members of his studio working on the animated films. After Hergé's death, the Hergé Foundation became responsible for authorising adaptations and exhibitions. [41]
The French film poster for the 1961 film, Tintin and the Golden Fleece.
Films
Tintin and the Lake of Sharks (1972) - based on an original script by Greg and subsequently adapted into comic book form [43]
Future film
Main article: The Adventures of Tintin: Secret of the Unicorn
A planned 2011 motion capture 3-D film will be directed by Steven Spielberg , based on two linked stories published in the 1940s, The Secret of the Unicorn and Red Rackham's Treasure . Peter Jackson 's company Weta Digital is providing the animation.
Documentaries
I, Tintin (1976), a French documentary
Tintin and I (Tintin et Moi), by Danish director Anders Høgsbro Østergaard in 2003, a co-production of companies from Denmark, Belgium, France, and Switzerland. This documentary was based on a taped interview with Hergé by Numa Sadoul from 1971. Although the interview was published as a book, Hergé was allowed to edit the work prior to publishing and much of the interview was excised. [44] The documentary was broadcast in the United States as "Tintin and I" on the PBS network, 11 July 2006. [45]
Television
Two animated television series have been made, both adaptations of the comic strips rather than original stories. The first was Hergé's Adventures of Tintin , produced by Belvision . The series aired from 1958 to 1962, with 104 five-minute episodes produced. It was adapted by Charles Shows and then translated into French by Greg (Michel Regnier), then editor-in-chief of Tintin magazine. This series has been criticised for differing too greatly from the original books and for its poor animation. [45] The second series was The Adventures of Tintin , featuring twenty-one of the stories. It ran for three seasons (from 1991 to 1992), was co-directed by Stéphane Bernasconi and Peter Hudecki , and was produced by Ellipse (France), and Nelvana (Canada), on behalf of La Fondation Hergé. Traditional animation techniques were used on the series, adhering closely to the books to such an extent that some frames from the original albums were transposed directly to screen. The series was successful and it has aired in over fifty countries and was released on DVD. [46]
Theatre
Hergé himself helped to create two Tintin stage plays; Tintin in India: The Mystery of the Blue Diamond (1941) and The Disappearance of Mr. Boullock (1941–1942), both of which were written with Jacques Van Melkebeke and performed in Brussels . [47] In the late 1970s and early 1980s, two Tintin plays appeared in London, adapted by Geoffrey Case for the Unicorn Theatre Company - these were Tintin's Great American Adventure, based on the comic Tintin in America , which was shown across 1976–1977, and Tintin and the Black Island, which was based on The Black Island and shown in 1980. This second play later went on tour. [48] [49] [50] [51] [52]
A musical based on The Seven Crystal Balls and Prisoners of the Sun premièred on 15 September 2001 at the Stadsschouwburg (city theatre) in Antwerp , Belgium . It was entitled Kuifje - De Zonnetempel (De Musical) and was broadcast on Canal Plus , before moving on to Charleroi in 2002 as Tintin — Le Temple du Soleil . [52] [53] [54] [55] The Young Vic theatre company ran a musical version of Tintin in Tibet at the Barbican Arts Centre in London from December 2005 to January 2006. [56] The production was directed by Rufus Norris, and was adapted by Norris and David Greig . [56] The Hergé Foundation organised the return of this show to the West End theatre in December 2006 and January 2007 in order to celebrate the Hergé centenary (2007).
Unofficial comic books
Main article: List of Tintin parodies and pastiches
Various unofficial comics have also been released, ranging from illegal pirated versions of original albums to pastiches and parodies , including the anarchist Breaking Free and the pornographic Tintin in Thailand , which reportedly circulated from December 1999 onwards. [57]
Yves Rodier has produced a number of Tintin works, none authorised by the Hergé Foundation, including a 1986 "completion" of the unfinished Tintin and Alph-art. [58]
Exhibitions
Hergé's work on Tintin has formed the basis of many exhibitions, with the Hergé Foundation creating a mobile exhibition in 1991. "The World of Hergé" is described by the Foundation as being "an excellent introduction to Hergé's work". Materials from this exhibition have also formed the basis for larger shows, namely "Hergé the Draughtsman", an exhibition to celebrate the 60th anniversary of Tintin's creation, and the more recent "In Tibet With Tintin". In 2001 the Musée de la Marine staged an exhibition of items related to the sea which had inspired Hergé. In 2002 the Bunkamura Museum of Art in Japan staged an exhibition of original drawings, as well as of the submarine and rocket ship invented in the strips by Professor Calculus. Barcelona has also hosted an exhibition on Tintin and the sea, "llamp de rellamp" at the Maritime Museum in 2003. [41]
2004 saw exhibitions in Holland, "Tintin and the Incas" at the Royal Museum of Ethnology; the "Tintin in the City" exhibition in the Halles Saint Géry in Brussels; and an exhibition focusing on Tintin's exploits at sea at the National Maritime Museum in London. [41] The latter exhibition was in commemoration of the 75th anniversary of the publication of Tintin's first adventure, and was organised in partnership with the Hergé Foundation. [59] 2004 also saw the Belgian Centre for Comic Strip Art add an area dedicated to Hergé. [41]
The 100th anniversary of Hergé's birth is commemorated with a large exhibition at the Paris museum for contemporary arts, Centre Georges Pompidou , from 20 December 2006 until 19 February 2007, featuring all 120 original pages of The Blue Lotus . [60]
Memorabilia and merchandise
Soft toy versions of Snowy (Milou)
Images from the series have long been licensed for use on merchandise ; the success of the Tintin magazine helping to create a market for such items. Tintin's image has been used to sell a wide variety of products, from alarm clocks to underpants. [61] There are now estimated to be over 250 separate items related to the character available, with some becoming collectors items in their own right. [62]
Since Hergé's death, the Hergé Foundation have maintained control of the licenses, through Moulinsart , the commercial wing of the foundation. Speaking in 2002, Peter Horemans, the then director general at Moulinsart, noted this control: "We have to be very protective of the property. We don’t take lightly any potential partners and we have to be very selective ... for him to continue to be as popular as he is, great care needs to be taken of his use." [63] However, the Foundation has been criticised by scholars as "trivialising the work of Hergé by concentrating on the more lucrative merchandising" in the wake of a move in the late 1990s to charge them for using relevant images to illustrate their papers on the series. [64]
NBC Universal acquired the rights to all of The Adventures of Tintin merchandise in North America.
Shops
The Tintin Shop in Covent Garden , London
Tintin memorabilia and merchandise has allowed a chain of stores based solely on the character to become viable. The first shop was launched in 1984, located in Covent Garden , London , though subsequently branches have also opened in both Bruges and Brussels in Belgium, and in Montpellier , France . The British bookstore chain, Ottakar's , which was founded in 1987, was named after the character of King Ottokar from the Tintin book King Ottokar's Sceptre , and their shops stocked a large amount of Tintin merchandise till their takeover by Waterstone's in 2006. [65] There are also a number of Tintin themed cafés located around the world.[citation needed].
Stamps
Main article: Tintin on postage stamps
Tintin's image has been used on postage stamps on numerous occasions, [66] the first issued by the Belgian Post in 1979 [67] to celebrate the day of youth philately . This was the first in a series of stamps with the images of Belgian comic heroes , and was the first stamp in the world to feature a comic hero.
In 1999, the Royal Dutch Post released two stamps, based upon the Destination Moon adventure, with the stamps selling out within hours of release. The French post office, Poste Française, then issued a stamp of Tintin and Snowy in 2001. To mark the end of the Belgian Franc, and also to celebrate the seventieth anniversary of the publication of Tintin in the Congo , two more stamps were issued by the Belgian Post on 31 December 2001. The stamps were also issued in the Democratic Republic of the Congo at the same time. 2002 saw the French Post issue stamped envelopes featuring Tintin, whilst in 2004 the Belgian post-office celebrated its own seventy-fifth anniversary, as well as the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Explorers on the Moon and the thirty-fifth anniversary of the moon landings with a series of stamps based upon the Explorers on the Moon adventure. [68] In 2007, to celebrate Hergé's centennial, Belgium, France and Switzerland all plan to issue special stamps in commemoration. [69]
Coins & Medallions
Besides stamps, Tintin has also been commemorated by coin several times. In 1995, Monnaie de Paris issued a set of 12 silver medallions to commemorate the 10th anniversary of Hergé's death, which were available in a limited edition of 5000. Another coin was released to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Tintin book Explorers on the Moon , again in a limited run, this time of 10,000. Belgium minted a limited edition commemorative coin to celebrate the 75th birthday of Tintin in January 2004. [70] The coin, composed of silver and featuring Tintin and Snowy, was limited to a minting of 50,000. Although it has a face value of €10, it is, as with other commemorative euro coins of this type (i.e. not a commemorative issue of a standard euro coin ), only legal tender in the country in which it was issued - in this case, Belgium. [70]
Books
A large number of books have been published about Tintin.
Translation into English
The process of translating Tintin into English was a complex affair, commissioned in 1958 by Methuen & Co. Ltd. of London. It was a joint-operation, headed by Leslie Lonsdale-Cooper and Michael Turner, [71] who worked closely with Hergé to attain an accurate translation as true as possible to the original work. [72] The works were also sold in the American market by Golden Books , a branch of the Western Publishing Company in the 1950s. The albums were translated from French into American English with some blocks blanked except for the speech balloons. This was done to remove content considered to be inappropriate for children, such as drunkenness and free mixing of races. [73] The albums were not very popular and only six were published in mixed order. [74] The edited albums later had their blanked blocks redrawn by Hergé to be more acceptable, and they currently appear this way in published editions around the world. Atlantic Monthly Press , in cooperation with Little, Brown and Company beginning in the 1970s, published the albums again. This time, the text features the originally translated British English text with alterations to localized British words such as jail , tyre , saloon and spanner . Currently, they are being published under the Joy Street imprint of Little, Brown and Company.
Due in part to the large amount of language-specific wordplay (such as punning) in the series, especially the jokes which played on Professor Calculus ' partial deafness, it was always the intention not to translate literally, instead striving to sculpt a work whose idioms and jokes would be meritorious in their own right; however, in spite of the free hand Hergé afforded the two, they worked closely with the original text, asking for regular assistance to understand Hergé's intentions. [72] The English translators displayed a touch of genius in their rendering of the language spoken by the Arumbaya tribe (and that of their sworn enemies, the Rumbabas) in The Broken Ear by substituting an accurate transcription of Cockney turned into an Indian-looking vernacular for the original French version, which employed the Marollien ( Marols in Dutch) dialect of Brussels.
More than simple translations, however, the English versions were anglicised to appeal to British customs and values. Milou, for example, was renamed Snowy at the translators' discretion. Moreover, the translation process served to colour the imagery within the book; the opportunity was taken to make scenes set in Britain more true-to-life, such as ensuring that the British police were unarmed , and ensuring scenes of the British countryside were more accurate for discerning British readers. [72]
Unlike in the United Kingdom , the books have always had very limited popularity in the United States . [75]
Legacy
Tintin and his creator Hergé have inspired many artists within comics. Most notably, Hergé's ligne claire style has proven influential. Contributors to the Tintin magazine have employed ligne claire, and more recently, Jacques Tardi , Yves Chaland , Jason Little , Phil Elliott , Martin Handford , Geoff Darrow , and Garen Ewing have produced works utilising it.
Tintin's legacy includes the establishment of a market for comic strip collections; the serialisation followed by collection model has been adopted by creators and publishers in France and Belgium. This system allows for greater financial stability, as creators receive money whilst working. This rivals the American and British model of work for hire . Roger Sabin has argued that this model allowed for "in theory ... a better quality product". [76] Paul Gravett has also noted that the use of detailed reference material and a picture archive, which Hergé implemented from The Blue Lotus onwards, was "a turning point ... in the maturing of the medium as a whole". [7]
In the wider art world, both Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein have claimed Hergé as one of their most important influences. Lichtenstein made paintings based on fragments from Tintin's comics, whilst Warhol utilised the ligne claire and even made a series of paintings with Hergé as subject. He declared: "Hergé has influenced my work in the same way as Walt Disney . For me, Hergé was more than a comic strip artist". [77]
In music, Tintin has been the inspiration to a number of bands and musicians. A British technopop band of the 1980s took the name The Thompson Twins after the Tintin characters. [78] Stephen Duffy , a former member of Duran Duran , performed the minor hit single "Kiss Me" under the name "Tintin"; he had to drop the name under pressure of a copyright infringement suit. [79] An Australian psychedelic rock band and an American independent progressive rock band have used the name " Tin Tin ", and British electronic dance music duo Tin Tin Out was similarly inspired by the character. South African singer/songwriter Gert Vlok Nel compares Tintin to God in his Afrikaans song "Waarom ek roep na jou vanaand", presumably because Tintin is a morally pure character. Australian cartoonist Bill Leak often portrays the bespectacled neophyte Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd as Tintin.
Hergé has been lauded as "creating in art a powerful graphic record of the 20th century's tortured history" through his work on Tintin. [80] whilst Maurice Horn's Encyclopaedia of World Comics declares him to have "spear-headed the post World War II renaissance of European comic art". [81] French philosopher Michel Serres noted that the 23 Tintin albums constituted a "chef-d'oeuvre" to which "the work of no French novelist is comparable in importance or greatness". [82]
Awards
On 1 June 2006, the Dalai Lama bestowed the International Campaign for Tibet 's Light of Truth Award upon the character of Tintin, along with South African Archbishop Desmond Tutu . [83] The award was in recognition of Hergé's book Tintin in Tibet , which the Executive Director of ICT Europe Tsering Jampa noted was "(f)or many ... their introduction to the awe-inspiring landscape and culture of Tibet". [84] In 2001 the Hergé Foundation demanded the recall of the Chinese translation of the work, which had been released with the title Tintin in China's Tibet. The work was subsequently published with the correct translation of the title. [85] Accepting on behalf of the Hergé Foundation, Hergé's widow Fanny Rodwell declared: "We never thought that this story of friendship would have a resonance more than 40 years later". [83]
Quotations
Charles de Gaulle once said "My only international rival is Tintin". [86]
Notes
| Tintin |
‘He came down to earth from Heaven’ is the first line of the second verse of which Christmas carol? | "Tweedland" The Gentlemen's club: The Adventures of Tintin : "The Secret of the Unicorn" by Spielberg and Jackson is coming soon ... but do you really Know something about Tintin ?
"Tweedland" The Gentlemen's club
Saturday, 8 October 2011
The Adventures of Tintin : "The Secret of the Unicorn" by Spielberg and Jackson is coming soon ... but do you really Know something about Tintin ?
The Adventures of Tintin (Les Aventures de Tintin) is a series of classic comic books created by the Belgian artist Georges Rémi (1907–1983), who wrote under the pen name of Hergé. The series is one of the most popular European comics of the 20th century, with translations published in more than 80 languages and more than 350 million copies of the books sold to date.Its popularity around the world has been attributed to its "universal appeal" and its ability to transcend "time, language and culture."
The series first appeared in French in Le Petit Vingtième, a children's supplement to the Belgian newspaper Le XXe Siècle on 10 January 1929. The success of the series saw the serialised strips collected into a series of twenty-four albums, spun into a successful Tintin magazine, and adapted for film, radio, television and theatre.
Set during a largely realistic 20th century, the hero of the series is Tintin, a young Belgian reporter. He is aided in his adventures from the beginning by his faithful fox terrier dog Snowy (Milou in French). Later, popular additions to the cast included the brash, cynical and grumpy Captain Haddock, the highly intelligent but hearing-impaired Professor Calculus (Professeur Tournesol) and other supporting characters such as the incompetent detectives Thomson and Thompson (Dupont et Dupond). Hergé himself features in several of the comics as a background character, as do his assistants in some instances.
The comic strip series has long been admired for its clean, expressive drawings in Hergé's signature ligne claire style. Its "engaging", well-researched plots straddle a variety of genres: swashbuckling adventures with elements of fantasy, mysteries, political thrillers, and science fiction. The stories within the Tintin series always feature slapstick humour, accompanied in later albums by satire, and political and cultural commentary.
HISTORY
Tintin is a young reporter, and Hergé uses this to present the character in a number of adventures which were contemporary with the period in which he was working, most notably, the Bolshevik uprising in Russia and World War II, and sometimes even prescient, as in the case of the moon landings. Hergé also created a world for Tintin which managed to reduce detail to a simplified but recognisable and realistic representation, an effect Hergé was able to achieve with reference to a well-maintained archive of images.
Though Tintin's adventures are formulaic – presenting a mystery which is then solved logically – Hergé infused the strip with his own sense of humour,[11] and created supporting characters who, although predictable, were filled with charm that allowed the reader to engage with them. Hergé also had a great understanding of the mechanics of the comic strip, especially pacing, a skill displayed in The Castafiore Emerald, a work he meant to be packed with tension in which nothing actually happens.
Hergé initially improvised the creation of Tintin's adventures, uncertain how Tintin would escape from whatever predicament appeared. Not until after the completion of Cigars of the Pharaoh was Hergé encouraged to research and plan his stories. The impetus came from The Reverend Gosset, chaplain to the Chinese students at Louvain University. Gosset introduced Hergé to Zhang Chongren, a Chinese student, who further encouraged him to avoid perpetuating the perceptions Europeans had of China at the time. Hergé and Zhang collaborated on the next serial, The Blue Lotus, which is cited by critics as Hergé's first masterpiece. Interestingly, The Blue Lotus includes a reference to the European stereotypes associated with China, in a context that causes them to appear ridiculous.
Other changes to the mechanics of creating the strip were forced on Hergé by outside events. The Second World War and the invasion of Belgium by Hitler's armies saw the closure of the newspaper in which Tintin was serialised. Work was halted on Land of Black Gold, and the already published Tintin in America and The Black Island were banned by the Nazi censors, who were concerned at their presentation of America and Britain. However, Hergé was able to continue with Tintin's adventures, publishing four books and serialising two more adventures in a German-licensed newspaper. During and after the German occupation Hergé was accused of being a collaborator because of the Nazi control of the paper (Le Soir), and he was briefly taken for interrogation after the war. He claimed that he was simply doing a job under the occupation, like a plumber or carpenter. His work of this period, unlike earlier and later work, is politically neutral and resulted in stories such as The Secret of the Unicorn and Red Rackham's Treasure; but the apocalyptic The Shooting Star reflects the foreboding Hergé felt during this uncertain political period.
The Shooting Star was nonetheless controversial. The story line involved a race between two crews trying to reach a meteorite which had landed in the Arctic. Hergé chose a subject that was as fantastic as possible to avoid issues related to the crisis of the times and to thereby avoid trouble with the censors. Nonetheless politics intruded. In the original version, the crew Tintin joined was composed of Europeans from Axis or neutral countries ("Europe") while their underhanded rivals were Americans, financed by a person with a Jewish name and what Nazi propagandists would dub "Jewish features"; later editions would substitute a fictitious country for the United States. Tintin himself uses a World War II Arado 196 German reconnaissance aircraft. In a scene which appeared when the story was being serialised in Le Soir, two Jews, depicted in classic anti-Semitic caricature, are shown watching Philippulus harassing Tintin. One actually looks forward to the end of the world, arguing that it would mean that he would not be obliged to settle with his creditors.
After the war Hergé admitted that: "I recognize that I myself believed that the future of the West could depend on the New Order. For many, democracy had proved a disappointment, and the New Order brought new hope. In light of everything which has happened, it is of course a huge error to have believed for an instant in the New Order". The Tintin character was never depicted as adhering to these beliefs. However, it has been argued that anti-Semitic themes continued, especially in the post-war story Flight 714.
A post-war paper shortage forced changes in the format of the books. Hergé had usually allowed the stories to develop to a length that suited the story, but with paper now in short supply, publishers Casterman asked Hergé to consider using smaller panel sizes and adopt a fixed length of 62 pages. Hergé took on more staff – the first ten books having been produced by himself and his wife –, eventually building a studio system with the Studios Hergé. The adoption of colour allowed Hergé to expand the scope of the works. His use of colour was more advanced than that of American comics of the time, with better production values allowing a combination of the four printing shades and thus a cinematographic approach to lighting and shading. Hergé and his studio would allow images to fill half pages or more, simply to detail and accentuate the scene, using colour to emphasise important points. Hergé notes this fact, stating "I consider my stories as movies. No narration, no descriptions, emphasis is given to images".
Hergé's personal life also affected the series; Tintin in Tibet, perhaps his most cerebral and emotional story, was heavily influenced by his nervous breakdown. His nightmares, which he reportedly described as being "all white", are reflected in the snowy landscapes. The plot has Tintin set off in search of Chang Chong-Chen, previously seen in The Blue Lotus, and the piece contains no villains and little moral judgment, with Hergé even refusing to condemn the Snowman of the Himalayas as "abominable". Hergé's death on 3 March 1983 left the twenty-fourth and final adventure, Tintin and Alph-Art, unfinished. The plot saw Tintin embroiled in the world of modern art, and the story ended as he is about to be killed, encased in perspex and presented as a work of art, although it is unknown whether he really dies at the end of the story.
List of The Adventures of Tintin characters
Tintin (character) and Snowy (character)
Tintin is a young Belgian reporter who becomes involved in dangerous cases in which he takes heroic action to save the day. Almost every adventure features Tintin hard at work in his investigative journalism, but he is seldom seen actually turning in a story without first getting caught up in some misadventure. He is a young man of more or less neutral attitudes. In this respect, he represents the every man. However, he does not seem to have a boss, nor any coworkers, nor an employer of any kind. His surname is never given. It is stated, though, in the opening panel of the first book, that he works for Le Petit XXe and is one of their top reporters.
Snowy, a white Fox terrier, is Tintin's four-legged companion. They regularly save each other from perilous situations. Snowy frequently "speaks" to the reader through his thoughts (often displaying a dry sense of humour), which are supposedly not heard by the human characters in the story except in Tintin in America, wherein he explains to Tintin his absence for a period of time in the book. Like Captain Haddock, Snowy is fond of the Loch Lomond Single Malt brand of whisky, and his occasional bouts of drinking tend to get him into trouble, as does his arachnophobia.
Captain Archibald Haddock
Captain Archibald Haddock, a seafaring captain of disputed ancestry (he may be of Belgian, French, or United Kingdom origin), is Tintin's best friend, and was introduced in The Crab with the Golden Claws. Haddock was initially depicted as a weak and alcoholic character, but later became more respectable. He evolves to become genuinely heroic and even a socialite after he finds a treasure captured by his ancestor, Sir Francis Haddock, in the episode Red Rackham's Treasure. The Captain's coarse humanity and sarcasm act as a counterpoint to Tintin's often implausible heroism; he is always quick with a dry comment whenever the boy reporter seems too idealistic. Captain Haddock lives in the luxurious mansion Marlinspike Hall.
Haddock uses a range of colourful insults and curses to express his feelings, such as "billions of blue blistering barnacles" (sometimes just "blistering barnacles", "billions of blistering barnacles", or "blue blistering barnacles"), "ten thousand thundering typhoons" (sometimes just "thundering typhoons"), "Caveman|troglodyte", "bashi-bazouk", "visigoths", "kleptomaniac", "ectoplasm", "sea gherkin", "anacoluthon", "pockmark", "nincompoop", "abominable snowman", "nitwits", "scoundrels", "steam rollers", "parasites", "floundering oath", "carpet seller","blundering Bazookas", "Popinjay", "bragger", "pinheads", "miserable slugs", "ectomorph", "maniacs", "freshwater swabs", and "miserable molecule of mildew", but nothing that is actually considered a swear word. Haddock is a hard drinker, particularly fond of rum and of Loch Lomond Single Malt whiskey. His bouts of drunkenness are often used for comic effect.
Supporting characters
Hergé's supporting characters have been cited as far more developed than the central character, each imbued with a strength of character and depth of personality which has been compared with that of the characters of Charles Dickens. Hergé used the supporting characters to create a realistic world in which to set his protagonists' adventures. To further the realism and continuity, characters would recur throughout the series. It has been speculated that the occupation of Belgium and the restrictions imposed upon Hergé forced him to focus on characterisation to avoid depicting troublesome political situations. The major supporting cast was developed during this period.
Professor Cuthbert Calculus (Professeur Tryphon Tournesol {Prof. Sunflower} in French), an absent-minded professor and half-deaf physicist, is a minor but regular character alongside Tintin, Snowy, and Captain Haddock. He was introduced in Red Rackham's Treasure, and based partially on Auguste Piccard, a Swiss physicist. His appearance was initially not welcomed by the leading characters, but through his generous nature and his scientific ability he develops a lasting bond with them. He has a tendency to act in a very aggressive manner when someone says he's "acting the goat." He also often, due to his deafness, misunderstands what people are saying, making them repeat themselves, and still getting it wrong. This in particular annoys Captain Haddock.
Thomson and Thompson (Dupont et Dupond) are two bumbling detective twins, whose only discernible difference is the shape of their moustaches. They provide much of the comic relief throughout the series, being afflicted with chronic spoonerism, and are shown to be mostly incompetent in their tasks. The detectives were in part based on Hergé's father and uncle, identical twins who wore matching bowler hats.
Bianca Castafiore is an opera singer whom Haddock absolutely despises. She seems to constantly be popping up wherever he goes, along with her maid Irma and pianist Igor Wagner. She is comically foolish, whimsical, absent-minded, and talkative, and seems unaware that her voice is shrill and appallingly loud. Her speciality is the Jewel Song (Ah! je ris de me voir si belle en ce miroir) from Gounod's opera, Faust, and sings this at the least provocation, much to Haddock's dismay. She tends to be melodramatic in an exaggerated fashion and is often maternal toward Haddock, of whose dislike she remains ignorant. She often confuses words, especially names, with other words that rhyme with them or of which they remind her; "Haddock" is frequently replaced by malapropisms such as "Paddock," "Harrock," "Padlock", "Hopscotch", "Drydock," "Stopcock", "Maggot", "Bartók", "Hammock", and "Hemlock," while Nestor, who is Haddock's butler, is confused with "Chestor" and "Hector." Her own name means "white and chaste flower," a meaning to which Prof. Calculus refers when he offers a white rose to the singer in The Castafiore Emerald. She was based upon opera divas in general (according to Hergé's perception), Hergé's Aunt Ninie, and, in the post-war comics, on Maria Callas.
Other recurring characters include Nestor the butler, General Alcazar the South American leader, Jolyon Wagg (Séraphin Lampion in French) an (infuriating, to Haddock) insurance salesman, Kalish Ezab the Arab emir, Abdullah the emir's mischievous son, Chang the loyal Chinese boy, Dr. J.W. Müller the evil Nazi German doctor, Cutts, a local butcher that is repeatedly called by accident by Haddock and whose phone number is repeatedly mixed up with Haddock's, Rastapopoulos, the criminal mastermind and Allan, Rastapopoulos' henchman and formerly Haddock's first mate.
Settings in The Adventures of Tintin
The settings within Tintin have also added depth to the strips. Hergé mingles real and fictional lands into his stories, along with a base in Belgium from where the heroes set off. This is originally 26 Labrador Road, but later Marlinspike Hall. Marlinspike Hall was modelled on Château de Cheverny, which is a castle in the Loire Valley, France. This is best demonstrated in King Ottokar's Sceptre, in which Hergé creates two fictional countries (Syldavia and Borduria) and invites the reader to tour them in text through the insertion of a travel brochure into the storyline. Other fictional lands include San Theodoros, San Paolo, and Nuevo Rico in South America, the kingdom or administrative region of Gaipajama in India, and Khemed on the Arabian Peninsula which replaced the setting of Mandate Palestine used in the first edition of Land of Black Gold. Along with these fictitious locations, actual nations were employed such as Belgium, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, Congo, Peru, India, Egypt, Indonesia, Nepal, Tibet, and China. Other actual locales used were the Sahara Desert, the Atlantic Ocean and the Moon.
Research
Hergé's extensive research began with The Blue Lotus, Hergé stating: "it was from that time that I undertook research and really interested myself in the people and countries to which I sent Tintin, out of a sense of responsibility to my readers".
Hergé's use of research and photographic reference allowed him to build a realised universe for Tintin, going so far as to create fictionalised countries, dressing them with specific political cultures. These were heavily informed by the cultures evident in Hergé's lifetime. Pierre Skilling has asserted that Hergé saw monarchy as "the legitimate form of government", noting that democratic "values seem underrepresented in [such] a classic Franco-Belgian strip". Syldavia in particular is described in considerable detail, Hergé creating a history, customs, and language, which is actually the Flemish dialect of Brussels. He set the country in the Balkans, and it is, by his own admission, modeled after Albania. The country finds itself threatened by neighbouring Borduria with an attempted annexation appearing in King Ottokar's Sceptre. This situation parallels the Italian conquest of Albania and of Czechoslovakia and Austria by expansionist Nazi Germany prior to World War II.
Hergé's use of research would include months of preparation for Tintin's voyage to the moon in the two-part storyline spread across Destination Moon and Explorers on the Moon. His research for the storyline was noted in New Scientist: "The considerable research undertaken by Hergé enabled him to come very close to the type of space suit that would be used in future Moon exploration, although his portrayal of the type of rocket that was actually used was a long way off the mark". The moon rocket is based on the German V2 rockets.
Influences
In his youth Hergé admired Benjamin Rabier and suggested that a number of images within Tintin in the Land of the Soviets reflected this influence, particularly the pictures of animals. René Vincent, the Art Deco designer, also had an impact on early Tintin adventures: "His influence can be detected at the beginning of the Soviets, where my drawings are designed along a decorative line, like an 'S'..".[28] Hergé also felt no compunction in admitting that he had stolen the image of round noses from George McManus, feeling they were "so much fun that I used them, without scruples!"
During the extensive research Hergé carried out for The Blue Lotus, he became influenced by Chinese and Japanese illustrative styles and woodcuts. This is especially noticeable in the seascapes, which are reminiscent of works by Hokusai and Hiroshige.
Hergé also declared Mark Twain an influence, although this admiration may have led him astray when depicting Incas as having no knowledge of an upcoming solar eclipse in Prisoners of the Sun, an error attributed by T.F. Mills to an attempt to portray "Incas in awe of a latter-day 'Connecticut Yankee'".
Tintinology and literary criticism
The study of The Adventures of Tintin is known as Tintinology, with its followers being varyingly known as Tintinologists, Tintinophiles, Tintinolators, Tintinites or Hergélogues. One notable Tintinologist is the Belgian Philippe Goddin, who published Hergé et Tintin reporters: Du Petit vingtième au Journal Tintin (1986, later republished in English as Hergé and Tintin Reporters: From "Le Petit Vingtieme" to "Tintin" Magazine in 1987) and Hergé et les Bigotudos (1993) amongst other books on the series. In 1983, Benoît Peeters published Le Monde d'Hergé, subsequently published in English as Tintin and the World of Hergé in 1988. Although Goddin and Peeters were native French-speakers, the English reporter Michael Farr also published works on Tintinology such as Tintin, 60 Years of Adventure (1989), Tintin: The Complete Companion (2001), Tintin & Co. (2007)and The Adventures of Hergé (2007), as had English screenwriter Harry Thompson, the author of Tintin: Hergé and his Creation (1991).
The Adventures of Tintin have also been examined by literary critics, primarily in French-speaking Europe. In 1984, Jean-Marie Apostolidès published his study of the Adventures of Tintin from a more "adult" perspective as Les Métamorphoses de Tintin, although it would only appear in English as The Metamorphoses of Tintin, or Tintin for Adults in 2010. In reviewing Apostolidès' book, Nathan Perl-Rosenthal of The New Republic thought that it was "not for the faint of heart: it is densely-packed with close textual analysis and laden with psychological jargon." Following Apostolidès's work, French psychoanalyst Serge Tisseron examined the series in his books Tintin et les Secrets de Famille ("Tintin and the Family Secrets"), which was published in 1990, and Tintin et le Secret d'Hergé ("Tintin and Hergé's Secret"), published in 1993.
The first English-language work of literary criticism devoted to the series was Tintin and the Secret of Literature, written by the novelist Tom McCarthy and published in 2006. In this book, McCarthy compares Hergé's work with that of Aeschylus, Honoré de Balzac, Joseph Conrad and Henry James and argues that the series contains the key to understanding literature itself. McCarthy considered the Adventures of Tintin to be "stupendously rich", containing "a mastery of plot and symbol, theme and sub-text" which, influenced by Tisseron's psychoanalytical readings of the work, he believed could be deciphered to reveal a series of recurring themes, ranging from bartering to implicit sexual intercourse[48] that Hergé had featured throughout the series. Reviewing the book in The Telegraph, Toby Clements argued however that McCarthy's work, and literary criticism of Hergé's comic strips in general, cut "perilously close" to simply feeding "the appetite of those willing to cross the line between enthusiast and obsessive" in the Tintinological community.
Controversy
The earliest stories in The Adventures of Tintin have been criticised for both displaying animal cruelty as well as racial stereotypes, violent, colonialist, and even fascist leanings, including caricatured portrayals of non-Europeans. While the Hergé Foundation has presented such criticism as naïveté, and scholars of Hergé such as Harry Thompson have claimed that "Hergé did what he was told by the Abbé Wallez", Hergé himself felt that his background made it impossible to avoid prejudice, stating that "I was fed the prejudices of the bourgeois society that surrounded me."
In Tintin in the Land of the Soviets, the Bolsheviks were presented without exception as villains. Hergé drew on Moscow Unveiled, a work given to him by Wallez and authored by Joseph Douillet, the former Belgian consul in Russia, that is highly critical of the Soviet regime, although Hergé contextualised this by noting that in Belgium, at the time a devout Catholic nation, "Anything Bolshevik was atheist". In the story, Bolshevik leaders are motivated only by personal greed and by a desire to deceive the world. Tintin discovers, buried, "the hideout where Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin have collected together wealth stolen from the people". Hergé later dismissed the failings of this first story as "a transgression of my youth". By 1999, some part of this presentation was being noted as far more reasonable, with British weekly newspaper The Economist declaring: "In retrospect, however, the land of hunger and tyranny painted by Hergé was uncannily accurate".
Tintin in the Congo has been criticised as presenting the Africans as naïve and primitive. In the original work, Tintin is shown at a blackboard addressing a class of African children. "Mes chers amis," he says, "je vais vous parler aujourd'hui de votre patrie: La Belgique" ("My dear friends, I am going to talk to you today about your fatherland: Belgium"). Hergé redrew this in 1946 to show a lesson in mathematics. Hergé later admitted the flaws in the original story, excusing it by noting: "I portrayed these Africans according to ... this purely paternalistic spirit of the time". The perceived problems with this book were summarised by Sue Buswell in 1988 as being "all to do with rubbery lips and heaps of dead animals" although Thompson noted this quote may have been "taken out of context". "Dead animals" refers to the fashion for big game hunting at the time of the work's original publication. Drawing on André Maurois' Les Silences du colonel Bramble, Hergé presents Tintin as a big-game hunter, accidentally killing fifteen antelope as opposed to the one needed for the evening meal. However, concerns over the number of dead animals did lead the Scandinavian publishers of Tintin's adventures to request changes. A page which presented Tintin killing a rhinoceros by drilling a hole in the animal's back and inserting a stick of dynamite was deemed excessive, and Hergé substituted a page in which the rhino accidentally discharges Tintin's rifle while he slept under a tree. In 2007 the UK's Commission for Racial Equality called for the book to be pulled from the shelves after a complaint, stating that "it beggars belief that in this day and age that any shop would think it acceptable to sell and display 'Tintin In The Congo'." In August 2007, a complaint was filed in Brussels, Belgium, by a Congolese student, claiming the book was an insult to the Congolese people. Public prosecutors are investigating, however, the Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism warned against excess political correctness.
Mr. Bohlwinkel.Some of the early albums were altered by Hergé in subsequent editions, usually at the demand of publishers. For example, at the instigation of his American publishers, many of the black characters in Tintin in America were re-coloured to make their race white or ambiguous. The Shooting Star album originally had an American villain with the Jewish surname of "Blumenstein". This proved to be controversial, as the character exhibited exaggerated stereotypically Jewish characteristics. "Blumenstein" was changed to an American with a less ethnically specific name, Mr. Bohlwinkel, in later editions and subsequently to a South American of a fictional country – São Rico. Hergé later discovered that 'Bohlwinkel' was also a Jewish name.
Nazi collaborator SS officer Léon Degrelle published a book insisting that he was Hergé's model for the character Tintin.
Publicada por Jeeves em 02:21
| i don't know |
Give a year in the life of physician William Harvey. | William Harvey - Biography, Facts and Pictures
William Harvey
Lived 1578 to 1657.
William Harvey was the first person to correctly describe blood’s circulation in the body.
He showed that arteries and veins form a complete circuit. The circuit starts at the heart and leads back to the heart.
The heart’s regular contractions drive the flow of blood around the whole body.
Early Life and Education
William Harvey was born on April 1, 1578 in Folkstone, England.
He was born into a relatively wealthy family: his father, Thomas Harvey, was a successful businessman who became Mayor of Folkstone; his mother, Joane Hawke, gave birth to nine children, of whom William was the eldest.
William Harvey started his education at a small elementary school in Folkstone, moving on at the age of 10 to the elite King’s Grammar School in Canterbury.
While attending King’s Grammar School he lived in his uncle’s home and spent most of his school time learning the classics – Latin was essential throughout Europe for academic and legal work.
Advertisements
Medical Student
Cambridge
In 1593, aged 15, the young Harvey enrolled as a medical student at the University of Cambridge; he had won a scholarship to pay his living costs and tuition fees there for six years. In the last two years of the six-year scholarship, he spent some time at universities in France, Germany and Italy, learning more about science and medicine.
Padua
In 1599, aged 21, he enrolled at the University of Padua in Italy, which was acclaimed for its medical and anatomy courses. (Interestingly, when Harvey arrived in Padua, Galileo Galilei had already been there for seven years, teaching mathematics, physics and astronomy.)
The greatest influence on Harvey at Padua University was his teacher, Hieronymus Fabricius, who was a skilled anatomist and surgeon. The two became friends and Harvey learned from Fabricius that dissection offered a route to better understanding of the human body.
Fabricius had discovered valves in human veins in 1574, although he did not publish his discovery until 1603.
An Outstanding Student
In 1602, Harvey graduated as a Doctor of Medicine from Padua. His teachers wrote on his diploma:
“[Harvey] had conducted himself so wonderfully well in the examination, and had shown such skill, memory and learning that he had far surpassed even the great hopes which his examiners had formed of him. They decided therefore that he was skilful, expert, and most efficiently qualified both in arts and medicine…”
Hieronymus Fabricius
Shakespearean Times
In terms of historical context, while Harvey was studying in Padua, William Shakespeare was completing Hamlet, which most critics regard as his greatest work.
William Harvey’s Work
Harvey returned to England in 1602. On his return, the University of Cambridge awarded him a Doctor of Medicine degree, adding to the one he already had from Padua. He then moved to London to work as a physician.
He joined the College of Physicians in 1604, becoming a Fellow of the College in 1607 and Head Physician at St Bartholomew’s Hospital.
In 1615, aged 37, Harvey became the College of Physicians’ Lumleian Lecturer, specializing in teaching surgery. In this role, he gave an annual series of lectures, while continuing his work at St Bartholemew’s Hospital.
By the time he was 40, Harvey had won recognition as the best physician in London and was appointed as physician to the king – King James – in 1618.
In 1632, aged 54, he became physician to King Charles.
The Circulation of Blood
Harvey was able to make his discoveries because he ignored medical text books, preferring his own observations and the deductions he made during dissections of animals.
Remarkably, western medical beliefs – and theories about blood and circulation – had advanced little since Galen wrote his medical textbooks in Rome 1400 years earlier.
“I have often wondered and even laughed at those who fancied that everything had been so consummately and absolutely investigated by an Aristotle or a Galen or some other mighty name, that nothing could by any possibility be added to their knowledge.”
William Harvey
In 1628, aged 50, Harvey published his masterpiece – usually referred to as De Moto Cordis – the Motion of the Heart. Its full title in English is: Anatomical Studies on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals.
In De Moto Cordis Harvey became the first person to accurately describe the function of the heart and the circulation of blood around the body.
William Harvey discusses his theory of blood circulation with King Charles the First.
Harvey’s knowledge came from observations he made of blood flowing through the veins and arteries of living animals that he cut open. Through modern eyes, his living dissections look cruel, and there were no anesthetics in Harvey’s time. Nevertheless, it is how we arrived at an understanding of blood and its circulation in the body.
Harvey finally put to rest some of the errors Galen had made so many years earlier. Yet Galen did not get everything wrong. Some of his teachings were useful. At one point Galen had to flee from Rome because his methods threatened the careers of Rome’s quack physicians.
Ironically, in correcting Galen’s mistakes about blood and circulation, Harvey himself ran into trouble with Europe’s latest crop of quack physicians, who were making great use of Galen’s worthless blood letting methods. While not forced to flee for his life, Harvey’s own medical practice declined because of the barrage of criticism he took from physicians.
In fact, even 200 years after Harvey’s death, Galen’s blood letting was still being used, probably shortening the life of Ada Lovelace .
When he was later asked about he possibility of carrying out further experiments, Harvey (we have slightly modernized his English) said:
“You know very well the storm my previous research caused. It is often better to grow wise in private at home, than to publish what you have amassed with infinite labor, to stir up storms that may rob you of peace and quiet for the rest of your days.”
William Harvey
Despite the storms he had caused, the majority of respectable anatomists saw the truth of Harvey’s work within his lifetime.
In 1651, aged 73, Harvey donated money anonymously to allow the College of Physicians to have a new library built. The identity of the donor became known and the College built a statue in Harvey’s honor.
Harvey’s Main Conclusions about Blood Circulation
Harvey showed for the first time that the arteries and veins circulate blood through the whole body. He showed that the heart’s beat produces a constant circulation of blood through the whole body. He refuted many of the then standard beliefs of how the heart and blood system worked, establishing that:
blood in the arteries and the veins is all of the same origin, not manufactured in different parts of the body
the blood sent through the arteries to the tissues is not consumed there
the circulation mechanism is designed for movement of liquid, not air. The blood on the right side, although carrying air, is still blood
the heart is the source of blood movement, not the liver
the heart contracts at the same time as a pulse is felt
the ventricles squeeze blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery
the pulse is not produced by the arteries pulling blood in, but by blood being pushed by the heart into the arteries, enlarging them
there are no vessels in the heart’s septum: all of the blood in the right ventricle goes to the lungs and then through the pulmonary veins to the left ventricle
• Similarly, all of the blood in the left ventricle is sent into the arteries, round by the smaller veins into the venae cavae, and then to the right ventricle again. In this way, the circulation is complete. The blood has come back to where it began its circuit of the body
there is no to-and-fro movement of blood in the veins, but a constant flow of blood to the heart.
The End
William Harvey died in London, aged 79, at the home of one of his brothers, on June 3, 1657. The cause of death was most probably a cerebral hemorrhage. He had no children, and his wife, Elizabeth Browne, died before he did. William Harvey’s grave can be found in the village of Hempstead, in the English county of Essex.
Advertisements
Author of this page: The Doc
Images of Harvey and others digitally enhanced and colorized by this website.
Image of circulatory system courtesy of Cancer Research UK, modified by this website.
© All rights reserved.
Please use the following MLA compliant citation:
"William Harvey." Famous Scientists. famousscientists.org. 8 Mar. 2015. Web.
<http://www.famousscientists.org/william-harvey/>.
| 1578 to 1657 |
The 1453 Battle of Castillon is considered to be the last battle in which war? | William Harvey - Biography, Facts and Pictures
William Harvey
Lived 1578 to 1657.
William Harvey was the first person to correctly describe blood’s circulation in the body.
He showed that arteries and veins form a complete circuit. The circuit starts at the heart and leads back to the heart.
The heart’s regular contractions drive the flow of blood around the whole body.
Early Life and Education
William Harvey was born on April 1, 1578 in Folkstone, England.
He was born into a relatively wealthy family: his father, Thomas Harvey, was a successful businessman who became Mayor of Folkstone; his mother, Joane Hawke, gave birth to nine children, of whom William was the eldest.
William Harvey started his education at a small elementary school in Folkstone, moving on at the age of 10 to the elite King’s Grammar School in Canterbury.
While attending King’s Grammar School he lived in his uncle’s home and spent most of his school time learning the classics – Latin was essential throughout Europe for academic and legal work.
Advertisements
Medical Student
Cambridge
In 1593, aged 15, the young Harvey enrolled as a medical student at the University of Cambridge; he had won a scholarship to pay his living costs and tuition fees there for six years. In the last two years of the six-year scholarship, he spent some time at universities in France, Germany and Italy, learning more about science and medicine.
Padua
In 1599, aged 21, he enrolled at the University of Padua in Italy, which was acclaimed for its medical and anatomy courses. (Interestingly, when Harvey arrived in Padua, Galileo Galilei had already been there for seven years, teaching mathematics, physics and astronomy.)
The greatest influence on Harvey at Padua University was his teacher, Hieronymus Fabricius, who was a skilled anatomist and surgeon. The two became friends and Harvey learned from Fabricius that dissection offered a route to better understanding of the human body.
Fabricius had discovered valves in human veins in 1574, although he did not publish his discovery until 1603.
An Outstanding Student
In 1602, Harvey graduated as a Doctor of Medicine from Padua. His teachers wrote on his diploma:
“[Harvey] had conducted himself so wonderfully well in the examination, and had shown such skill, memory and learning that he had far surpassed even the great hopes which his examiners had formed of him. They decided therefore that he was skilful, expert, and most efficiently qualified both in arts and medicine…”
Hieronymus Fabricius
Shakespearean Times
In terms of historical context, while Harvey was studying in Padua, William Shakespeare was completing Hamlet, which most critics regard as his greatest work.
William Harvey’s Work
Harvey returned to England in 1602. On his return, the University of Cambridge awarded him a Doctor of Medicine degree, adding to the one he already had from Padua. He then moved to London to work as a physician.
He joined the College of Physicians in 1604, becoming a Fellow of the College in 1607 and Head Physician at St Bartholomew’s Hospital.
In 1615, aged 37, Harvey became the College of Physicians’ Lumleian Lecturer, specializing in teaching surgery. In this role, he gave an annual series of lectures, while continuing his work at St Bartholemew’s Hospital.
By the time he was 40, Harvey had won recognition as the best physician in London and was appointed as physician to the king – King James – in 1618.
In 1632, aged 54, he became physician to King Charles.
The Circulation of Blood
Harvey was able to make his discoveries because he ignored medical text books, preferring his own observations and the deductions he made during dissections of animals.
Remarkably, western medical beliefs – and theories about blood and circulation – had advanced little since Galen wrote his medical textbooks in Rome 1400 years earlier.
“I have often wondered and even laughed at those who fancied that everything had been so consummately and absolutely investigated by an Aristotle or a Galen or some other mighty name, that nothing could by any possibility be added to their knowledge.”
William Harvey
In 1628, aged 50, Harvey published his masterpiece – usually referred to as De Moto Cordis – the Motion of the Heart. Its full title in English is: Anatomical Studies on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals.
In De Moto Cordis Harvey became the first person to accurately describe the function of the heart and the circulation of blood around the body.
William Harvey discusses his theory of blood circulation with King Charles the First.
Harvey’s knowledge came from observations he made of blood flowing through the veins and arteries of living animals that he cut open. Through modern eyes, his living dissections look cruel, and there were no anesthetics in Harvey’s time. Nevertheless, it is how we arrived at an understanding of blood and its circulation in the body.
Harvey finally put to rest some of the errors Galen had made so many years earlier. Yet Galen did not get everything wrong. Some of his teachings were useful. At one point Galen had to flee from Rome because his methods threatened the careers of Rome’s quack physicians.
Ironically, in correcting Galen’s mistakes about blood and circulation, Harvey himself ran into trouble with Europe’s latest crop of quack physicians, who were making great use of Galen’s worthless blood letting methods. While not forced to flee for his life, Harvey’s own medical practice declined because of the barrage of criticism he took from physicians.
In fact, even 200 years after Harvey’s death, Galen’s blood letting was still being used, probably shortening the life of Ada Lovelace .
When he was later asked about he possibility of carrying out further experiments, Harvey (we have slightly modernized his English) said:
“You know very well the storm my previous research caused. It is often better to grow wise in private at home, than to publish what you have amassed with infinite labor, to stir up storms that may rob you of peace and quiet for the rest of your days.”
William Harvey
Despite the storms he had caused, the majority of respectable anatomists saw the truth of Harvey’s work within his lifetime.
In 1651, aged 73, Harvey donated money anonymously to allow the College of Physicians to have a new library built. The identity of the donor became known and the College built a statue in Harvey’s honor.
Harvey’s Main Conclusions about Blood Circulation
Harvey showed for the first time that the arteries and veins circulate blood through the whole body. He showed that the heart’s beat produces a constant circulation of blood through the whole body. He refuted many of the then standard beliefs of how the heart and blood system worked, establishing that:
blood in the arteries and the veins is all of the same origin, not manufactured in different parts of the body
the blood sent through the arteries to the tissues is not consumed there
the circulation mechanism is designed for movement of liquid, not air. The blood on the right side, although carrying air, is still blood
the heart is the source of blood movement, not the liver
the heart contracts at the same time as a pulse is felt
the ventricles squeeze blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery
the pulse is not produced by the arteries pulling blood in, but by blood being pushed by the heart into the arteries, enlarging them
there are no vessels in the heart’s septum: all of the blood in the right ventricle goes to the lungs and then through the pulmonary veins to the left ventricle
• Similarly, all of the blood in the left ventricle is sent into the arteries, round by the smaller veins into the venae cavae, and then to the right ventricle again. In this way, the circulation is complete. The blood has come back to where it began its circuit of the body
there is no to-and-fro movement of blood in the veins, but a constant flow of blood to the heart.
The End
William Harvey died in London, aged 79, at the home of one of his brothers, on June 3, 1657. The cause of death was most probably a cerebral hemorrhage. He had no children, and his wife, Elizabeth Browne, died before he did. William Harvey’s grave can be found in the village of Hempstead, in the English county of Essex.
Advertisements
Author of this page: The Doc
Images of Harvey and others digitally enhanced and colorized by this website.
Image of circulatory system courtesy of Cancer Research UK, modified by this website.
© All rights reserved.
Please use the following MLA compliant citation:
"William Harvey." Famous Scientists. famousscientists.org. 8 Mar. 2015. Web.
<http://www.famousscientists.org/william-harvey/>.
| i don't know |
Which city was the capital of the Republic of Vietnam, which governed the southern half of Vietnam until 1975 – the name at the time is needed? | Vietnam | history - geography | Britannica.com
All About Asia
Vietnam’s principal physiographic features are the Annamese Cordillera (French: Chaîne Annamitique; Vietnamese: Nui Truong Son), extending generally from northwest to southeast in central Vietnam and dominating the interior, and two extensive alluvial deltas formed by the Red (Hong) River in the north and the Mekong (Cuu Long) River in the south. Between these two deltas is a long, relatively narrow coastal plain.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
From north to south the uplands of northern Vietnam can be divided into two distinct regions—the area north of the Red River and the massif that extends south of the Red River into neighbouring Laos. The Red River forms a deep, relatively wide valley that runs in a straight northwest-southeast direction for much of its course from the Chinese border to the edge of its delta. North of the Red River the relief is moderate, with the highest elevations occurring between the Red and Lo (Clear) rivers; there is a marked depression from Cao Bang to the sea. In the Red River delta and in the valleys of the region’s other major rivers are found wide limestone terraces, extensive alluvial plains, and low hills. The northeast coast is dotted with hundreds of islands composed mostly of limestone.
Related Places
Rach Gia
Compared with the area north of the Red River, the vast massif extending southwest across Laos to the Mekong River is of considerably higher elevation. Among its outstanding topographic features is Fan Si Peak , which at 10,312 feet (3,143 metres) is the highest point in Vietnam. South of the Black (Da) River are the Ta P’ing, Son La, and Moc Chau plateaus, which are separated by deep valleys.
In central Vietnam the Annamese Cordillera runs parallel to the coast, with several peaks rising to elevations above 6,000 feet (1,800 metres). Several spurs jut into the South China Sea, forming sections of the coast isolated from one another. Communication across the central ranges is difficult. The southern portion of the Annamese Cordillera has two identifiable regions. One consists of plateaus of approximately 1,700 feet (520 metres) in elevation that have experienced little erosion, as in the Dac Lac Plateau near Buon Me Thuot . The second region is characterized by heavily eroded plateaus: in the vicinity of Pleiku , the Kontum Plateau is about 2,500 feet (760 metres) above sea level; and in the Da Lat area, the Di Linh Plateau is about 4,900 feet (1,500 metres).
Drainage
Roughly triangular in shape, with its northeast and southwest sides bounded by the northern uplands, the Red River delta extends inland some 150 miles (240 km) and runs some 75 miles (120 km) along the Gulf of Tonkin . The delta can be divided into four subregions. The northwestern section has the highest and most broken terrain, and its extensive natural levees invite settlement despite frequent flooding. The low-lying eastern portion is less than seven feet (two metres) above sea level in the vicinity of Bac Ninh. Rivers there form small valleys only slightly lower than the general surface level, and they are subject to flooding by the area’s unusually high tides. The third and fourth subregions consist, respectively, of the poorly drained lowlands in the west and the coastal area, which is marked by the remains of former beach ridges left as the delta expanded.
Mekong River delta, southern Vietnam.
M. Gifford/De Wys Inc.
Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest
The Annamese Cordillera forms a drainage divide, with rivers to the east flowing to the South China Sea and those to the west to the Mekong River . South of the mountain range there is an identifiable terrace region that gives way to the Mekong delta. The terrace region includes the alluvial plains along the Saigon and Dong Nai rivers. The lowlands of southern Vietnam are dominated by alluvial plains, the most extensive of which is the Mekong delta, covering an area of 15,400 square miles (39,900 square km) in Vietnam. Smaller deltaic plains also occur along the south-central coast facing the South China Sea.
Soils
In northern Vietnam the heavy monsoonal rains wash away rich humus from the highlands, leaving slow-dissolving alumina and iron oxides that give the soil its characteristic reddish colour. The soils of the Red River delta vary: some are fertile and suitable for intense cultivation, while others lack soluble bases. Nonetheless, the delta soils are easily worked. The diking of the Red River to prevent flooding has deprived the delta’s rice fields of enriching silts they once received, and it has been necessary to apply chemical fertilizers.
There are some two dozen soil associations, but certain soil types predominate. Among these are red and yellow podzolic soils (i.e., soils that are heavily leached in their upper layers, with a resulting accumulation of materials in the lower layers), which occupy nearly half of the land area, and lateritic soils (reddish brown, leached tropical soils), which constitute another one-tenth more. These soil types dominate the central highlands.
Alluvial soils account for about one-fourth of the land in the south and are concentrated in the Mekong delta, as are peat and muck soils. Gray podzolic soils are found in parts of the central highlands and in old terraces along the Mekong, while regurs (rich black loams) and lateritic soils occur in both the central highlands and the terrace zone. Along the coast of central Vietnam are regosols (soft, undeveloped soils) and noncalcic brown soils.
Page 1 of 13
| Ho Chi Minh City |
Whose 1954 portrait of Winston Churchill was given to the subject and destroyed on the orders of his wife? | Battlefield:Vietnam | History
By Professor Robert K. Brigham, Vassar College
The Second Indochina War, 1954-1975, grew out of the long conflict between France and Vietnam. In July 1954, after one hundred years of colonial rule, a defeated France was forced to leave Vietnam. Nationalist forces under the direction of General Vo Nguyen Giap trounced the allied French troops at the remote mountain outpost of Dien Bien Phu in the northwest corner of Vietnam. This decisive battle convinced the French that they could no longer maintain their Indochinese colonies and Paris quickly sued for peace. As the two sides came together in Geneva, Switzerland, international events were already shaping the future of Vietnam's modern revolution.
The Geneva Peace Accords
The Geneva Peace Accords, signed by France and Vietnam in the summer of 1954, reflected the strains of the international cold war. Drawn up in the shadow of the Korean War, the Geneva Accords represented the worst of all possible futures for war-torn Vietnam. Because of outside pressures brought to bear by the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, Vietnam's delegates to the Geneva Conference agreed to the temporary partition of their nation at the seventeenth parallel to allow France a face-saving defeat. The Communist superpowers feared that a provocative peace would anger the United States and its western European allies, and neither Moscow or Peking wanted to risk another confrontation with the West so soon after the Korean War.
According to the terms of the Geneva Accords, Vietnam would hold national elections in 1956 to reunify the country. The division at the seventeenth parallel, a temporary separation without cultural precedent, would vanish with the elections. The United States, however, had other ideas. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles did not support the Geneva Accords because he thought they granted too much power to the Communist Party of Vietnam.
Instead, Dulles and President Dwight D. Eisenhower supported the creation of a counter-revolutionary alternative south of the seventeenth parallel. The United States supported this effort at nation-building through a series of multilateral agreements that created the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).
South Vietnam Under Ngo Dinh Diem
Using SEATO for political cover, the Eisenhower administration helped create a new nation from dust in southern Vietnam. In 1955, with the help of massive amounts of American military, political, and economic aid, the Government of the Republic of Vietnam (GVN or South Vietnam) was born. The following year, Ngo Dinh Diem, a staunchly anti-Communist figure from the South, won a dubious election that made him president of the GVN. Almost immediately, Diem claimed that his newly created government was under attack from Communists in the north. Diem argued that the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV or North Vietnam) wanted to take South Vietnam by force. In late 1957, with American military aid, Diem began to counterattack. He used the help of the American Central Intelligence Agency to identify those who sought to bring his government down and arrested thousands. Diem passed a repressive series of acts known as Law 10/59 that made it legal to hold someone in jail if s/he was a suspected Communist without bringing formal charges.
The outcry against Diem's harsh and oppressive actions was immediate. Buddhist monks and nuns were joined by students, business people, intellectuals, and peasants in opposition to the corrupt rule of Ngo Dinh Diem. The more these forces attacked Diem's troops and secret police, the more Diem complained that the Communists were trying to take South Vietnam by force. This was, in Diem's words, "a hostile act of aggression by North Vietnam against peace-loving and democratic South Vietnam."
The Kennedy administration seemed split on how peaceful or democratic the Diem regime really was. Some Kennedy advisers believed Diem had not instituted enough social and economic reforms to remain a viable leader in the nation-building experiment. Others argued that Diem was the "best of a bad lot." As the White House met to decide the future of its Vietnam policy, a change in strategy took place at the highest levels of the Communist Party.
From 1956-1960, the Communist Party of Vietnam desired to reunify the country through political means alone. Accepting the Soviet Union's model of political struggle, the Communist Party tried unsuccessfully to cause Diem's collapse by exerting tremendous internal political pressure. After Diem's attacks on suspected Communists in the South, however, southern Communists convinced the Party to adopt more violent tactics to guarantee Diem's downfall. At the Fifteenth Party Plenum in January 1959, the Communist Party finally approved the use of revolutionary violence to overthrow Ngo Dinh Diem's government and liberate Vietnam south of the seventeenth parallel. In May 1959, and again in September 1960, the Party confirmed its use of revolutionary violence and the combination of the political and armed struggle movements. The result was the creation of a broad-based united front to help mobilize southerners in opposition to the GVN.
Photo courtesy of the soc.history.war. vietnam Home Page, from the Byrd Archives
The National Liberation Front
The united front had long and historic roots in Vietnam. Used earlier in the century to mobilize anti-French forces, the united front brought together Communists and non-Communists in an umbrella organization that had limited, but important goals. On December 20, 1960, the Party' s new united front, the National Liberation Front (NLF), was born. Anyone could join this front as long as they opposed Ngo Dinh Diem and wanted to unify Vietnam.
The character of the NLF and its relationship to the Communists in Hanoi has caused considerable debate among scholars, anti-war activists, and policymakers. From the birth of the NLF, government officials in Washington claimed that Hanoi directed the NLF's violent attacks against the Saigon regime. In a series of government "White Papers," Washington insiders denounced the NLF, claiming that it was merely a puppet of Hanoi and that its non-Communist elements were Communist dupes. The NLF, on the other hand, argued that it was autonomous and independent of the Communists in Hanoi and that it was made up mostly of non-Communists. Many anti-war activists supported the NLF's claims. Washington continued to discredit the NLF, however, calling it the "Viet Cong," a derogatory and slang term meaning Vietnamese Communist.
December 1961 White Paper
In 1961, President Kennedy sent a team to Vietnam to report on conditions in the South and to assess future American aid requirements. The report, now known as the "December 1961 White Paper," argued for an increase in military, technical, and economic aid, and the introduction of large-scale American "advisers" to help stabilize the Diem regime and crush the NLF. As Kennedy weighed the merits of these recommendations, some of his other advisers urged the president to withdraw from Vietnam altogether, claiming that it was a "dead-end alley."
In typical Kennedy fashion, the president chose a middle route. Instead of a large-scale military buildup as the White Paper had called for or a negotiated settlement that some of his advisers had long advocated, Kennedy sought a limited accord with Diem. The United States would increase the level of its military involvement in South Vietnam through more machinery and advisers, but would not intervene whole-scale with troops. This arrangement was doomed from the start, and soon reports from Vietnam came in to Washington attesting to further NLF victories. To counteract the NLF's success in the countryside, Washington and Saigon launched an ambitious and deadly military effort in the rural areas. Called the Strategic Hamlet Program, the new counterinsurgency plan rounded up villagers and placed them in "safe hamlets" constructed by the GVN. The idea was to isolate the NLF from villagers, its base of support. This culturally-insensitive plan produced limited results and further alienated the peasants from the Saigon regime. Through much of Diem's reign, rural Vietnamese had viewed the GVN as a distant annoyance, but the Strategic Hamlet Program brought the GVN to the countryside. The Saigon regime's reactive policies ironically produced more cadres for the NLF.
Marines holding up a captured National Liberation Front flag.
Photo courtesy of the soc.history.war. vietnam Home Page
Military Coup
By the summer of 1963, because of NLF successes and its own failures, it was clear that the GVN was on the verge of political collapse. Diem's brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, had raided the Buddhist pagodas of South Vietnam, claiming that they had harbored the Communists that were creating the political instability. The result was massive protests on the streets of Saigon that led Buddhist monks to self-immolation. The pictures of the monks engulfed in flames made world headlines and caused considerable consternation in Washington. By late September, the Buddhist protest had created such dislocation in the south that the Kennedy administration supported a coup. In 1963, some of Diem's own generals in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) approached the American Embassy in Saigon with plans to overthrow Diem. With Washington's tacit approval, on November 1, 1963, Diem and his brother were captured and later killed. Three weeks later, President Kennedy was assassinated on the streets of Dallas.
At the time of the Kennedy and Diem assassinations, there were 16,000 military advisers in Vietnam. The Kennedy administration had managed to run the war from Washington without the large-scale introduction of American combat troops. The continuing political problems in Saigon, however, convinced the new president, Lyndon Baines Johnson, that more aggressive action was needed. Perhaps Johnson was more prone to military intervention or maybe events in Vietnam had forced the president's hand to more direct action. In any event, after a dubious DRV raid on two U.S. ships in the Gulf of Tonkin, the Johnson administration argued for expansive war powers for the president.
Photo courtesy of E. Kenneth Hoffman
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
In August 1964, in response to American and GVN espionage along its coast, the DRV launched a local and controlled attack against the C. Turner Joy and the U.S.S. Maddox, two American ships on call in the Gulf of Tonkin. The first of these attacks occurred on August 2, 1964. A second attack was supposed to have taken place on August 4, although Vo Nguyen Giap, the DRV's leading military figure at the time, and Johnson's Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara have recently concluded that no second attack ever took place. In any event, the Johnson administration used the August 4 attack as political cover for a Congressional resolution that gave the president broad war powers. The resolution, now known as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, passed both the House and Senate with only two dissenting votes (Senators Morse of Oregon and Gruening of Alaska). The Resolution was followed by limited reprisal air attacks against the DRV.
Throughout the fall and into the winter of 1964, the Johnson administration debated the correct strategy in Vietnam. The Joint Chiefs of Staff wanted to expand the air war over the DRV quickly to help stabilize the new Saigon regime. The civilians in the Pentagon wanted to apply gradual pressure to the Communist Party with limited and selective bombings. Only Undersecretary of State George Ball dissented, claiming that Johnson's Vietnam policy was too provocative for its limited expected results. In early 1965, the NLF attacked two U.S. army installations in South Vietnam, and as a result, Johnson ordered the sustained bombing missions over the DRV that the Joint Chiefs of Staff had long advocated.
The bombing missions, known as OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER, caused the Communist Party to reassess its own war strategy. From 1960 through late 1964, the Party believed it could win a military victory in the south "in a relatively short period of time." With the new American military commitment, confirmed in March 1965 when Johnson sent the first combat troops to Vietnam, the Party moved to a protracted war strategy. The idea was to get the United States bogged down in a war that it could not win militarily and create unfavorable conditions for political victory. The Communist Party believed that it would prevail in a protracted war because the United States had no clearly defined objectives, and therefore, the country would eventually tire of the war and demand a negotiated settlement. While some naive and simple-minded critics have claimed that the Communist Party, and Vietnamese in general, did not have the same regard for life and therefore were willing to sustain more losses in a protracted war, the Party understood that it had an ideological commitment to victory from large segments of the Vietnamese population.
Battleship firing its main guns.
Photo courtesy of the soc.history.war. vietnam Home Page
The War in America
One of the greatest ironies in a war rich in ironies was that Washington had also moved toward a limited war in Vietnam. The Johnson administration wanted to fight this war in "cold blood." This meant that America would go to war in Vietnam with the precision of a surgeon with little noticeable impact on domestic culture. A limited war called for limited mobilization of resources, material and human, and caused little disruption in everyday life in America. Of course, these goals were never met. The Vietnam War did have a major impact on everyday life in America, and the Johnson administration was forced to consider domestic consequences of its decisions every day. Eventually, there simply were not enough volunteers to continue to fight a protracted war and the government instituted a draft. As the deaths mounted and Americans continued to leave for Southeast Asia, the Johnson administration was met with the full weight of American anti-war sentiments. Protests erupted on college campuses and in major cities at first, but by 1968 every corner of the country seemed to have felt the war's impact. Perhaps one of the most famous incidents in the anti-war movement was the police riot in Chicago during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Hundreds of thousands ofcpeople came to Chicago in August 1968 to protest American intervention in Vietnam and the leaders of the Democratic Party who continued to prosecute the war.
The Tet Offensive
By 1968, things had gone from bad to worse for the Johnson administration. In late January, the DRV and the NLF launched coordinated attacks against the major southern cities. These attacks, known in the West as the Tet Offensive, were designed to force the Johnson administration to the bargaining table. The Communist Party correctly believed that the American people were growing war-weary and that its continued successes in the countryside had tipped the balance of forces in its favor. Although many historians have since claimed that the Tet Offensive was a military defeat, but a psychological victory for the Communists, it had produced the desired results. In late March 1968, a disgraced Lyndon Johnson announced that he would not seek the Democratic Party's re-nomination for president and hinted that he would go to the bargaining table with the Communists to end the war.
Protest march in Washington D.C., early 1970s.
Photo courtesy of E. Kenneth Hoffman
The Nixon Years
The secret negotiations began in the spring of 1968 in Paris and soon it was made public that Americans and Vietnamese were meeting to discuss an end to the long and costly war. Despite the progress in Paris, the Democratic Party could not rescue the presidency from Republican challenger Richard Nixon who claimed he had a secret plan to end the war.
Nixon's secret plan, it turned out, was borrowing from a strategic move from Lyndon Johnson's last year in office. The new president continued a process called "Vietnamization", an awful term that implied that Vietnamese were not fighting and dying in the jungles of Southeast Asia. This strategy brought American troops home while increasing the air war over the DRV and relying more on the ARVN for ground attacks. The Nixon years also saw the expansion of the war into neighboring Laos and Cambodia, violating the international rights of these countries in secret campaigns, as the White House tried desperately to rout out Communist sanctuaries and supply routes. The intense bombing campaigns and intervention in Cambodia in late April 1970 sparked intense campus protests all across America. At Kent State in Ohio, four students were killed by National Guardsmen who were called out to preserve order on campus after days of anti-Nixon protest. Shock waves crossed the nation as students at Jackson State in Mississippi were also shot and killed for political reasons, prompting one mother to cry, "They are killing our babies in Vietnam and in our own backyard."
The expanded air war did not deter the Communist Party, however, and it continued to make hard demands in Paris. Nixon's Vietnamization plan temporarily quieted domestic critics, but his continued reliance on an expanded air war to provide cover for an American retreat angered U.S. citizens. By the early fall 1972, U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and DRV representatives Xuan Thuy and Le Duc Tho had hammered out a preliminary peace draft. Washington and Hanoi assumed that its southern allies would naturally accept any agreement drawn up in Paris, but this was not to pass. The leaders in Saigon, especially President Nguyen van Thieu and Vice President Nguyen Cao Ky, rejected the Kissinger-Tho peace draft, demanding that no concessions be made. The conflict intensified in December 1972, when the Nixon administration unleashed a series of deadly bombing raids against targets in the DRV's largest cities, Hanoi and Haiphong. These attacks, now known as the Christmas bombings, brought immediate condemnation from the international community and forced the Nixon administration to reconsider its tactics and negotiation strategy.
The Paris Peace Agreement
In early January 1973, the Nixon White House convinced the Thieu-Ky regime in Saigon that they would not abandon the GVN if they signed onto the peace accord. On January 23, therefore, the final draft was initialed, ending open hostilities between the United States and the DRV. The Paris Peace Agreement did not end the conflict in Vietnam, however, as the Thieu-Ky regime continued to battle Communist forces. From March 1973 until the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975, ARVN forces tried desperately to save the South from political and military collapse. The end finally came, however, as DRV tanks rolled south along National Highway One. On the morning of April 30, Communist forces captured the presidential palace in Saigon, ending the Second Indochina War.
Robert K. Brigham was born in Buffalo, New York, in 1960. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Kentucky where he worked with Professor George C. Herring, an expert on the Vietnam War. While pursuing his Ph.D., Brigham took Vietnamese language courses at Cornell University and traveled to Vietnam for research. Since coming to Vassar College in 1994, Brigham has led student and alumnae/i trips to Vietnam and participated in a critical oral history conference on the war in Hanoi. Brigham is the author of numerous books and essays on the Vietnam War, including Guerrilla Diplomacy: The NLF's Foreign Relations and the Vietnam War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998) and ARVN: A History of America's Ally in Vietnam (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999).
E. Kenneth Hoffman went to Viet Nam in June, 1969, as a first lieutenant in the 221st Signal Company in charge of a photo detachment. Initially stationed at a sprawling military base in Long Binh and later in Pleiku and Saigon, Hoffman took over 1500 photographs in addition to the pictures he took for the government. He traveled freely and extensively throughout the country and was able to record much of civilian culture--markets, farms, homes, shrines, and people. The bulk of his work--especially photos documenting the conflict--is archived in the Library of Congress. A more extensive selection of Hoffman's photos are on view at his Vietnam Interactive Portfolio.
Staging area in Laos or Cambodia, 1969.
Photo courtesy of E. Kenneth Hoffman
| i don't know |
Anna Wintour since 1988 and Alexandra Shulman since 1992 have been the editor-in-chief of the American version and the British version of which women’s magazine? | VOGUE MAGAZINE : definition of VOGUE MAGAZINE and synonyms of VOGUE MAGAZINE (English)
9 External links
History
In 1892 Arthur Turnure founded Vogue as a weekly publication in the United States sponsored by Kristoffer Wright. [2] When he died in 1909, Condé Montrose Nast picked up the magazine and slowly began growing its publication. He changed it to a bi-weekly magazine and also started Vogue overseas starting in the 1910s. He first went to Britain in 1916, and started a Vogue there, then to Spain, and then to Italy and France in 1920 , where it was a huge success. The magazine's number of publications and profit increased dramatically under his management.
The magazine's number of subscriptions surged during the Depression , and again during World War II. During this time, noted critic and former Vanity Fair editor Frank Crowninshield served as its editor, having been moved over from Vanity Fair by publisher Condé Nast . [3]
In the 1960s, with Diana Vreeland as editor-in-chief and personality, the magazine began to appeal to the youth of the sexual revolution by focusing more on contemporary fashion and editorial features openly discussing sexuality. Toward this end, Vogue extended coverage to include East Village boutiques such as Limbo on St. Mark's Place as well as featuring "downtown" personalities such as Warhol "Superstar" Jane Holzer 's favorite haunts. [4] Vogue also continued making household names out of models, a practice that continued with Suzy Parker , Twiggy , Jean Shrimpton , Lauren Hutton , Veruschka , Marisa Berenson , Penelope Tree , and others. [5]
In 1973, Vogue became a monthly publication.[ citation needed ] Under editor-in-chief Grace Mirabella , the magazine underwent extensive editorial and stylistic changes to respond to changes in the lifestyles of its target audience. [6]
Current Vogue
The current editor-in-chief of American Vogue is Anna Wintour , noted for her trademark bob and her practice of wearing sunglasses indoors. Since taking over in 1988, Wintour has worked to protect the magazine's high status and reputation among fashion publications. In order to do so, she has made the magazine focus on new and more accessible ideas of "fashion" for a wider audience. [7] This allowed Wintour to keep a high circulation while discovering new trends that a broader audience could conceivably afford. [7] For example, the inaugural cover of the magazine under Wintour's editorship featured a three-quarter-length photograph of Israeli super model Michaela Bercu wearing a bejeweled Christian Lacroix jacket and a pair of jeans, departing from her predecessors' tendency to portray a woman's face alone, which, according to the Times', gave "greater importance to both her clothing and her body. This image also promoted a new form of chic by combining jeans with haute couture. Wintour's debut cover brokered a class-mass rapprochement that informs modern fashion to this day." [8] Wintour's Vogue also welcomes new and young talent.
Wintour's presence at fashion shows is often taken by fashion insiders as an indicator of the designer's profile within the industry. In 2003, she joined the Council of Fashion Designers of America in creating a fund that provides money and guidance to at least two emerging designers each year. [7] This has built loyalty among the emerging new star designers, and helped preserve the magazine's dominant position of influence through what Time called her own "considerable influence over American fashion. Runway shows don't start until she arrives. Designers succeed because she anoints them. Trends are created or crippled on her command." [7]
The contrast of Wintour's vision with that of her predecessor has been noted as striking by observers, both critics and defenders. Amanda Fortini, fashion and style contributor to Slate argues that her policy has been beneficial for Vogue: [9]
[W]hen Wintour was appointed head of Vogue, Grace Mirabella had been editor in chief for 17 years, and the magazine had grown complacent, coasting along in what one journalist derisively called "its beige years." Beige was the color Mirabella had used to paint over the red walls in Diana Vreeland's office, and the metaphor was apt: The magazine had become boring. Among Condé Nast executives, there was worry that the grand dame of fashion publications was losing ground to upstart Elle , which in just three years had reached a paid circulation of 851,000 to Vogue 's stagnant 1.2 million. And so Condé Nast publisher Si Newhouse brought in the 38-year-old Wintour—who, through editor in chief positions at British Vogue and House & Garden , had become known not only for her cutting-edge visual sense but also for her ability to radically revamp a magazine—to shake things up.
Only four men have been featured on the cover of the magazine [10] [11] [12] :
Ryan Lochte , with Hope Solo and Serena Williams in June 2012.
Style and influence
Vogue was described by book critic Caroline Weber in The New York Times in December 2006 as "the world's most influential fashion magazine ": [8]
Vogue’s wide-reaching influence stems from various sources, including the persona and achievements of its most famous editor, its various charitable and community projects, its ability to reflect political discourse through fashion and editorial articles, and its move to emerging economies.
Editor-in-Chief, Anna Wintour, is widely credited as being one of the most influential figures in the global fashion industry, with the power to make or break a designer’s career. “Wintour’s approval can signal a commercial career for designers via investors who need a nod from a big gun like her to get their cheque books out,” says stylist Sharmadean Reid. [13] Marc Jacobs was one such designer, being recommended by Wintour for the top job at Louis Vuitton in 1997. [14]
Wintour’s power in the industry is so pervasive, that she was able to have Milan fashion week rescheduled once so she could go home before attending the shows in Paris. [15] It is even rumoured that she influenced Kate Middleton’s choice of designer for her wedding dress. [16] She can arguably be credited with reviving the fortunes of New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Costume Institute, having raised $75m for the institution through events and corporate sponsorship. [17]
Vogue also uses its industry clout for good causes, most recently with the Fashion Night Out annual event. Also the brainchild of Wintour, FNO was launched in 2009 to kick start the economy by encouraging people to start spending money again. The proceeds of sales on the night go towards various charitable causes. The event is co-hosted by Vogue publications in 27 cities around the US and 15 countries worldwide, and from 2011 will include online retailers. [18]
Vogue uses fashion, editorial and community projects to raise awareness of issues on the current political agenda. The burqa, for instance, made an appearance in a fashion spread in Vogue in 2006 and the publication has featured articles on prominent Muslim women, their approach to fashion and the effect of different cultures on fashion and women’s lives. In the “Beauty Without Borders” iniative, Vogue sponsored a project to teach beauty skills to Afghan women. [19]
Another way in which Vogue exerts its influence is by starting new titles in emerging economies such as Russia. Started in 1998, Vogue Russia has set about introducing Russian women to a new world of fashion and opportunities in a post-Socialist society. When Vogue starts a new title in an emerging economy, it indicates that the society has undergone, “a change in the politics of style, imagery, gender representations, and consumption practices.” [20]
Criticism
April 2008 Vogue cover with LeBron James and Gisele Bündchen ; the 1933 King Kong movie poster; the World War I Destroy This Mad Brute poster. Critics contended the cover referred to the images of the earlier two posters and was prejudicial against James because of these associations.
As Wintour came to personify the magazine's image, she and Vogue drew critics. Wintour's one-time assistant at the magazine, Lauren Weisberger , wrote a roman à clef entitled The Devil Wears Prada . Published in 2003, the novel became a bestseller and was adapted as a highly successful, Academy Award -nominated film in 2006. The central character resembled Weisberger, and her boss was a powerful editor-in-chief of a fictionalized version of Vogue. The novel portrays a magazine ruled by "the Antichrist and her coterie of fashionistas, who exist on cigarettes, Diet Dr. Pepper, and mixed green salads", according to a review in the New York Times. The editor is described by Weisberger as being "an empty, shallow, bitter woman who has tons and tons of gorgeous clothes and not much else". [21] The success of both the novel and the film brought new attention from a wide global audience to the power and glamour of the magazine, and the industry it continues to lead. [22]
In 2007, Vogue drew criticism from the anti-smoking group, "Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids", for carrying tobacco advertisements in the magazine. The group claims that volunteers sent the magazine more than 8,000 protest e-mails or faxes regarding the ads. The group also claimed that in response, they received scribbled notes faxed back on letters that had been addressed to editor Anna Wintour stating, "Will you stop? You're killing trees!" [23]
A spokesperson for Condé Nast released an official statement saying that, "Vogue does carry tobacco advertising. Beyond that we have no further comment." [23]
In April 2008, the American Vogue had a cover shot by the famed photographer Annie Leibovitz , featuring the supermodel Gisele Bündchen and the basketball superstar LeBron James . This was the third time that Vogue featured a male on the cover of the American issue (the other two men were the actors George Clooney and Richard Gere ), and the first in which the man was black. Some observers criticized the cover as a prejudicial depiction of James because his pose with Bundchen was reminiscent of a poster for the film King Kong . [24] Further criticism arose when the website Watching the Watchers analyzed the photo alongside the World War I recruitment poster titled Destroy This Mad Brute. [25] James reportedly however liked the cover shoot.
In February 2011, just before the 2011 Syrian protests unfolded, Vogue published a controversial piece by Joan Juliet Buck on Asma al-Assad – wife of the Syrian president Bashar al-Assad . [26] A number of journalists criticized the article as glossing over the poor human rights record of Bashar al-Assad . [27] [28] The Syrian government paid the U.S. lobbying firm Brown Lloyd James $5,000 per month to arrange for and manage the article. [29] [30]
Other editions
Vogue Brasil/Brazil cover with Madonna photographed by Steven Klein ; Vogue France/Paris cover with Penélope Cruz , Meryl Streep , Julianne Moore , Gwyneth Paltrow , Kate Winslet and Naomi Watts in a special edition by Penélope Cruz.
In 2005, Condé Nast launched Men's Vogue and announced plans for an American version of Vogue Living launching in late fall of 2006 (there is currently an edition in Australia). Men's Vogue ceased publication as an independent publication in October 2008 and is now a twice-yearly extract in the main edition.
Condé Nast also publishes Teen Vogue , [31] a version of the magazine for teen girls, the Seventeen demographic, in the United States. South Korea and Australia has a Vogue Girl magazine (currently suspended from further publication), in addition to Vogue Living and Vogue Entertaining + Travel.
Vogue Hommes International is an international men's fashion magazine based in Paris, France, and L'uomo Vogue is the Italian men's version. [32] Other Italian versions of Vogue include Vogue Casa and Bambini Vogue.
Until 1961, Vogue was also the publisher of Vogue Patterns, a home sewing pattern company. It was sold to Butterick Publishing which also licensed the Vogue name. Vogue China was launched in September 2005 with Australian supermodel Gemma Ward on the cover, flanked by Chinese models. In 2007 an Arabic edition of Vogue was rejected by Condé Nast International. October 2007 saw the launch of Vogue India, and Vogue Turkey was launched in March 2010.
Vogue has also created a global initiative, "Fashion's Night Out", in order to help boost the economy by bringing together fashionistas to support the cause of full price retails. Cities across the globe participate to put on fabulous in store events and promotions.
On 5 March 2010, 16 International Editors-in-chief of Vogue met in Paris to discuss the 2nd Fashion's Night Out. Present in the meeting were the 16 International editors-in-chief of Vogue: Anna Wintour (American Vogue), Emmanuelle Alt (French Vogue), Franca Sozzani (Italian Vogue), Alexandra Shulman (British Vogue), Kirstie Clements (Australian Vogue), Aliona Doletskaya (Russian Vogue), Angelica Cheung (Chinese Vogue), Christiane Arp (German Vogue), Priya Tanna (Indian Vogue), Rosalie Huang (Taiwanese Vogue), Paula Mateus (Portuguese Vogue), Seda Domanic (Turkish Vogue), Yolanda Sacristan (Spanish Vogue), Eva Hughes (Mexican Vogue), Mitsuko Watanabe (Japanese Vogue), and Daniela Falcao (Brazilian Vogue).
It was the very first time where all the international editors-in-chief of Vogue come together, as it is very hard to put them in one room together. All of the International editors-in-chief of Vogue, except for Anna Wintour, then dined together at the famous Parisian restaurant, Prunier, hosted by Condé Nast International Chairman Jonathan Newhouse and his wife Ronnie Newhouse. [33]
Media
In 2009, the feature-length documentary The September Issue was released; it was an inside view of the production of the record-breaking September 2007 issue of U.S. Vogue, directed by R. J. Cutler . The film was shot over eight months as editor-in-chief Anna Wintour prepared the issue. It included at times testy exchanges between Wintour and her creative director Grace Coddington . The issue became the largest ever published; over 5 pounds in weight and 840 pages in length, a world record for a monthly magazine.[ citation needed ]
Since 2007, the feminist fashion blog Glossed Over has liveblogged the September issue of Vogue, commenting on its content, photos, and ads. [34] [35]
Editors-in-Chief
The following individuals have served as editor-in-chief of Vogue:
Country
| The Vogue |
Which TV sitcom featured Ben and Susan Harper and their three children? | 1000+ images about Covers: Vogue on Pinterest | Editor, Cindy crawford and Vogue magazine covers
US Vogue March 1990 Helena Christensen & Linda Evangelista by Peter Lindbergh and Carlyne Cerf de Dudzeele
See More
| i don't know |
Which record by Carl Douglas was Number One in 1974? | Kung Fu Fighting - Carl Douglas | Song Info | AllMusic
Kung Fu Fighting
google+
Song Review by Ed Hogan
Timing is important in pop music in so many ways. It's crucial that a pop song reflects its time so that it's relatable. Timing played an important role on so many levels with Carl Douglas' career-making gold single "Kung Fu Fighting." In spring 1974, London-based producer Biddu was looking for a singer to record a song by "Rhinestone Cowboy" songwriter Larry Weiss. He remembered a singer that he'd worked with on the soundtrack of the Richard Roundtree movie Ecstasy. He thought that Jamaica-born singer Carl Douglas would be just right for "I Want to Give You My Everything." With the Weiss song recorded and pegged for the A-side, Biddu wondered what the B-side would be. He asked Douglas if he had any original songs. Out of the five songs the singer sang off the top of his head, the producer picked "Kung Fu Fighting." It was recorded with the karate chop-related "hoo"s and "haaas"s with the remaining studio time they had leftover. The kung fu movie craze driven in part by movie legend Bruce Lee and the ABC-TV series Kung Fu was at its peak, but still Biddu didn't think the song was another more than amusing B-side filler. When he submitted it to Pye Records, the label's A&R head excitedly chose "Kung Fu Fighting" as the A-side. After hitting number one in the U.K., the single was picked up by American label 20th Century Records. It began to take off in the disco clubs before crossing over to R&B- and disco-oriented radio stations. The million-selling "Kung Fu Fighting" went to number one R&B and parked at number one pop for two weeks in late 1974.
Appears On
| Kung Fu Fighting |
In which city was Roman Polanski born? | Carl Douglas - Kung Fu Fighting - YouTube
Carl Douglas - Kung Fu Fighting
Want to watch this again later?
Sign in to add this video to a playlist.
Need to report the video?
Sign in to report inappropriate content.
Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Uploaded on Jun 1, 2010
1974
| i don't know |
Prince Escalus, the Prince of Verona appears in which Shakespeare play? | Romeo and Juliet
Romeo and Juliet
Prince Escalus
Dear Agony Aunt
I have a very high profile job in the city and often need to make very important decisions. However, despite my superior position, I feel like I’m not being listened to and that my rules are being undermined. What should I do to gain order again?
Comments
I think you should come up with a stronger punishment.
Dear Prince Escalus,
I think you need to talk on a more personal level to these people so that they can more easily trust you and your rules.
From Shakespeare's Globe
Web page addresses and e-mail addresses turn into links automatically.
Allowed HTML tags: <a> <em> <strong> <cite> <code> <ul> <ol> <li> <dl> <dt> <dd>
Lines and paragraphs break automatically.
“For never was a story of more woe / Than this of Juliet and her Romeo”
[
unknown
Introduction
I am Prince Escalus and I represent the authority of Verona. I am neutral in the feud between the Montagues and the Capulets, and desire only peace between them. I have broken up many of their brawls and have warned of severe punishment, including death, if any further unrest is caused. When I am called to the scene of Mercutio’s and Tybalt’s deaths, I show mercy on Romeo and banish him from the city. I am saddened by the deaths of the young couple, Romeo and Juliet, and vow to uphold the law with punishment for some and a pardoning for others.
Likes:
“Not Romeo, Prince, he was Mercutio’s friend; / His fault concludes but what the law should end, / The life of Tybalt. [3.1.186-8]
Emma Pallant (Prince Escalus) in performance
© SGT 2013
| Romeo and Juliet |
How many older brothers and sisters did architect Decimus Burton have? | Romeo and Juliet: Gee, Prince Escalus, Krup You! | shakesyear
Romeo and Juliet: Gee, Prince Escalus, Krup You!
Posted on May 7, 2011 | Comments Off on Romeo and Juliet: Gee, Prince Escalus, Krup You!
And so the Montague minions appear, just as Sampson and Gregory were probably expecting, and the fight they were spoiling for, the fight that precipitates the whole story (Shakespeare is never careless about where he starts), ensues. In these posts I’m focusing on the language, but of course that is not the whole story, so I also want to go slowly and pay attention to how Shakespeare is putting the story together. It’s almost as if Capulets and Montagues one level up are hovering around waiting for the fight. First there’s Benvolio, a Montague, who tries to break up the fight. From his name, which is actually pronounced on stage, and the line “you know not what you do” addressed to the combatants, you might think him a much more important character than he turns out to be. Shakespeare is doing something like a head fake here by putting the words of Christ on the cross into his mouth; he’s rather more like John the Baptist coming before Romeo’s Christ.
But almost before he can speak he’s accosted by Tybalt, the hotheaded bully of the Capulet family. From his very first lines, it’s only too clear what a foolish and wasted effort any attempt to placate him would be:
TYBALT
. . . and talk of peace? I hate the word,
As I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee:
Have at thee, coward.
After this the fan is hit; unaffiliated citizens intervene (fun fact: “partisan” originally meant a nine-foot spear with a broad head), the Capulet and Montague patriarchs appear, spoiling for a fight themselves but looking a tad incongruous in their night clothes, and finally the big man, the Prince, himself appears, fulminating against both Capulets and Montagues. If we pay attention, we learn some interesting information about the state of Verona. I myself did not notice until this reading that the citizens shout “Down with the Capulets! Down with the Montagues!” A plague on both their houses, as Mercutio will put it later. I think we sometimes assume there’s virtually nobody in Verona but Capulets and Montagues; here we get a glimpse of the rest of the population, and their attitude is clear: they’re sick of both sides and they want the violence to stop.
So does the Prince, but I find myself wondering exactly how much power he has in Verona. The combatants aren’t even listening to him at first:
Rebellious subjects, enemies to peace,
Profaners of this neighbour-stained steel—
Will they not hear?
He certainly speaks with authority once he’s heard, but think about it:
Three civil brawls bred of an airy word
By thee, old Capulet, and Montague,
Have thrice disturb’d the quiet of our streets
. . .
If ever you disturb our streets again
Your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace.
Threatening, sure, but are the clans really scared? How did the Prince react after the first two brawls he alludes to? We never hear exactly what he tells Old Capulet and Old Montague, but neither of them are shown giving him a thought later in the play. Query whether Verona is actually laboring under Mob rule. One virtue of Baz Luhrmann’s Romeo + Juliet is that it picks up on this aspect; Paul Sorvino and Brian Dennehy are plainly playing Mafia bosses. West Side Story, much though I dislike it, also gets at the impotence of the Prince by transposing him into that figure of ridicule, Officer Krupke.
And now we’re just about ready to meet our first main character.
| i don't know |
Who was recently described as ‘My wonderful, generous, foul-mouthed and hysterical father’ by his 18 year old daughter Bonnie? | My 'wonderful, generous, foul-mouthed and hysterical' father: daughter pays tribute to Rik Mayall - Telegraph
Comedy News
My 'wonderful, generous, foul-mouthed and hysterical' father: daughter pays tribute to Rik Mayall
The family of Rik Mayall have paid tribute to "the man, the myth, the legend", calling him "wonderful, generous, foul-mouthed and hysterical"
Picture of Rik Mayall posted by his daughter on social media on Monday
By Hannah Furness , Arts Correspondent
11:18AM BST 10 Jun 2014
Rik Mayall’s family have paid emotional tribute to the comedian, calling him a "wonderful, generous, foul-mouthed and hysterical" father who will never be forgotten.
Bonnie Mayall, his youngest daughter, called her father her "idol" as she posted a favourite photograph online.
Her sister Rosie and mother Barbara also published recent family pictures on Mayall, in tribute to the 56-year-old who died on Monday .
Bonnie, 18, said her father was “loved not only by my family, but by many many others”.
“We will never forget him and neither will the world,” she wrote on Facebook.
Related Articles
“R.I.P to the man, the myth, the legend - my wonderful, generous, foul mouthed and hysterical father.
“My idol now and forever.”
She added: “We love you daddy.”
Mayall, the star of The Young Ones and The New Statesman, died suddenly at his home in London. His wife, Barbara Robbin, who is understood to have found his body, said she did not know how he had died.
Speaking outside the couple’s home in Barnes, south-west London, Ms Robbin said: “We don’t know yet what happened. He had a strong heart, so I don’t think it was a heart attack. But we just don’t know until the coroner’s report.
“Maybe he had a fit, maybe it was his heart. We just don’t know.”
Mayall and Ms Robbin, a make-up artist, married in 1985 and have three children: Rosie, Sidney and Bonnie.
The family have now made public their tributes to Mayall, who was described by colleagues and friends as a “loving father”.
Rosie and Barbara both posted recent photographs of Mayall, with friends of the family leaving their own messages and memories underneath.
| Rik Mayall |
Which film company logo has a mountain with stars around it? | 'Rik Mayall supported me through epilepsy', says director's son - Telegraph
Celebrity news
'Rik Mayall supported me through epilepsy', says director's son
Son of director Peter Richardson describes how he and Rik Mayall supported each other through epilepsy, describing the comic actor as a "legend"
Nico Richardson, left, described Mayall as 'the same legend' offstage and on Photo: Stephen Lock
Follow
The son of a British director has described how Rik Mayall helped him with his epilepsy after the pair were diagnosed with the condition within a year of each other.
Nico Richardson, a family friend whose father is Peter Richardson, the Comic Strip founder, described Mayall as "the same legend" offstage and on, saying he would “never forget” his support.
Mayall, the 56–year–old star of The Young Ones and The New Statesman, collapsed at his home in London on Monday, shortly after "chatting happily" with Nico’s elder brother.
The cause of his death is yet to be confirmed, although his wife, Barbara Robbin has suggested that an epileptic fit could have been a possible cause of death.
He had survived a near-fatal quad bike accident in 1998 but suffered a fractured skull and was left with epilepsy for which he had to take daily medication.
Related Articles
My 'wonderful, foul-mouthed' father: Rik Mayall's daughter
10 Jun 2014
Mr Richardson, 24, had been diagnosed with the condition in 1997, a year earlier, and said the pair supported each other through the condition - although he stressed that he did not know the cause of Mayall's death.
"We both had the same condition and we were very close,” he said. “When my old man was writing words with him, whether my father liked it or not he would put the pencil down and have a talk about with me about what was what with our condition and how our social life was going and how work was going.
"With his condition it was probably harder to be on the ball but he was still all the way there.
"I got the condition before he did. I was diagnosed with it in 1997 and he was diagnosed with it in 1998. We were basically partners in the situation. We both went through it together and that is something that I will never forget.”
Mr Richardson said that one of his brothers had been living with the comedian and his wife while working in London, and spoke to him before he left for work that morning.
"Rik was happy, chatting away," Mr Richardson said. "All I know is that my brother got a funny joke from Rik before he left for work, then he left and about an hour or two later he found out that he had died."
He added of Mayall: "What he was on stage is what he was off stage. He was the same character, he was the same legend, he was the same man and he has died a legend."
On Monday night Mayall’s youngest daughter, Bonnie, 18, paid tribute to her "wonderful, generous, foul–mouthed and hysterical father", saying he was "loved not only by my family, but by many, many others".
"We will never forget him and neither will the world," she wrote online.
"R. I. P to the man, the myth, the legend — my wonderful, generous, foulmouthed and hysterical father. My idol now and forever. We love you daddy."
A video posted from Mayall's last film, The Escape, a week ago showed him clowning around on camera and calling himself "the greatest pan–global phenomenon that's ever existed".
His wife Barbara and children Rosie, Sidney and Bonnie, were visited at home by friends on Tuesday, including Ade Edmondson and Jennifer Saunders.
The death, which has not been deemed suspicious, has been referred to a coroner, who will decide whether to open an inquest.
| i don't know |
Which Greek cake is made from filo pastry, nuts, fruit and honey? | Middle Eastern Pistachio Baklava Recipe
Preparation
Preheat oven to 350 degrees. Butter a 15-in. x 10-in. x 1-in. baking pan .
In a bowl, combine pistachio nuts and butter. Take eight sheets of phyllo dough and layer them in the pan, spreading each sheet with melted butter. Spread about half of the nut mixture over the phyllo dough and cover with a buttered sheet of phyllo dough.
Layer five more sheets of phyllo dough, buttering each sheet. Add remaining nut mixture and layer with remaining sheets of phyllo dough , buttering each sheet.
Using a knife, cut the baklava into 1 ½” diamonds.
Bake for 50 minutes or until golden brown. About 30 minutes before Baklava is finished, combine sugar, honey, cinnamon, and lemon juice for glaze in a small saucepan. Bring to a boil, making sure that the sugar is completely dissolved. Reduce heat and allow the mixture to simmer for five minutes. When Baklava is finished cooking, drizzle syrup over top and let cool.
Related Articles
| Baklava |
In which English City would you find the Martyrs Memorial? | Greek Food: Desserts and Sweets
Paris
Desserts
Greek deserts have come a long way in the last fifty years as this sad little story will illustrate...
A long time ago there was a little boy named Matthew who moved with his family to a far away place called Athens, Greece. He had come from a place called Long Island where ice-cream was plentiful, in fact every Sunday his grandfather would take him and his brothers and sister to Carvel's for ice-cream sundaes and banana splits. Carvel was owned by a Greek. In fact Matthew's grandfather and his uncles who were Greek also made ice-cream. So it was only natural that little Matthew and his brothers and sister would assume that they were going to the land of ice-cream. But to their shock, when they got to Athens the only desserts they could find were gummy things with white dust on the outside from Syros called loukoumia or sticky brown things with nuts called baklava or kataifi. Things looked pretty bleak. Until one day little Matthew and his family heard that near Omonia Square there was a zacharo-plastion (sugar shop) that had ice-cream and after some pleading their father agreed to take them. They were so excited. They could not believe that in a few moments they would be tasting ice-cream again for the first time in months. They got to the shop and even though there were only a very few flavors they did not care. Matthew order vanilla and it came in a small glass bowl. He took his first bite. But something was wrong. Yucchh. Orange rinds in the ice-cream. Why would someone go through the trouble of making ice-cream and then putting orange rinds in it? For the rest of his life Matthew hated orange rinds (and fruit cake) and is considered psychologically damaged.
Things have changed in Athens since 1963. For one thing back then people had ice-boxes, not refrigerators. For another, now ice-cream has become the most popular dessert and can be found not just in Omonia Square but in every neighborhood, city, town, island, village and highway truck stop in Greece. Little did Matthew know but ice-cream had been growing in popularity since 1936 when street venders had to rush out on the streets to sell their supply before the blocks of ice in their carts melted and the ice-cream turned to warm mush. When pastuerization and freezers arrived in the fifties ice-cream became big business and besides the trucks that bring the 30 varieties that each Greek ice-cream company makes to all the freezers and soft ice-cream machines, there are now gelato shops with incredible flavors that make Ben and Jerry's and Baskin-Robbins look like low-class upstarts. In Greece ice-cream is king, at least in the summer. But what about the desserts that were eaten before ice-cream and gelato-mania took over the country? For those who love the old ways you will be happy to know that traditional sweets are alive and well all over Greece as are some un-traditional desserts. The word for sweets is glika, one of the most important words in the Greek language for children and adults.
First a little about the zacharo-plastion, the sugar shops that are in every community. Anyone with a sweet tooth will find these places to be a heaven on earth. Crammed full of beautiful looking home-made pastries and candies of all shapes and sizes, cakes, liquors, traditional sweets and ice-cream you can sit down and have a dessert and a coffee or buy some for whoever you are on your way to visit, a Greek tradition. Before European style cafes became popular in Athens, these zacharo-plastions were a center of Greek social and family life and many of the cafes still have that same feel though they cater more to young people in their teens, twenties and thirties. But you can still find the neighborhood zacharo-plastions and like the come-back of the traditional ouzerie, there are traditional sugar shops opening in Psiri and other areas in central Athens. Also what the Greeks call a 'cafeteria' which is what we would call a cafe, is a place where people mostly order coffee and desserts despite the fact that they have sandwiches, snacks and even entrees. Greece is a sugar eating society. You might say that the whole country is fueled on sugar, coffee (and cigarettes).
Among the traditional Greek desserts there is of course the most famous, baklava, made from phyllo dough, ground nuts (walnuts, pecans, or pistachios), lots and lots of honey or a ton of sugar syrup and comes in a variety of shapes and sizes. There is a rolled version of baklava called Saragli. There are even baklavaki which are small packaged baklavas that come in a box of a couple dozen. In the same group is kataifi which has similar ingredients though this is made with a shredded pastry that gives it a Nabisco Shredded Wheat appearance. Some people love baklava and kataifi. I am not one of them but if you throw a little ice-cream on top it is a whole different story. Galaktobouriko is also made with phyllo pastry but this is filled with a sweet milk custard and sugar syrup. These three are known as the glyka tapsiou or pan sweets because they are baked in a pan. In the same family, if deserts can have families, is the Turkish Kazandibi, a sort of baked pudding where they slightly burn the bottom to give it a sweeter flavor. These traditional desserts are found all over Greece.
Yaourti me meli (yogurt with honey) has long been popular among the travelers and the Greeks, but now you can get yogurt with a large variety of fresh fruit, honey and ground nuts that makes a healthy breakfast seem like dessert. Greek honey is considered the best in the world and each island considers its honey as the best in Greece. Also yogurt can be eaten with the fruit preserves which are offered to guests and known as glyka tou koutaliou(spoon sweets) because when you normally eat them they are served on a small plate with a spoon and a glass of cold water or a Greek coffee. But they go well mixed in yogurt. In fact if you are like me you will dread seeing them appear at your table after a meal if you don't have any yogurt or ice-cream handy. Even the small packages of orange marmalade or apricot jam you get at hotel breakfast buffets make a bowl of plain yogurt extra delicious. Throw some muesli or whatever the European granola is called and you have a full day's vitamins and minerals disguised as dessert. And in case you have been living on another planet and haven't heard, yogurt is one of the healthiest things you can eat, especially sheep's yogurt. Actually the popularity of Greek yogurt in the United States came as a surprise to me. I thought it was always popular because I always ate it. In Greece the most commercial yogurt is made from cow's milk. But you can get yogurt made from sheep or goat in many small grocery stores and even in some of the chain supermarkets where it often comes in ceramic bowls that you can take home and give them to relatives and pretend they are expensive gifts from traditional potters.
If you happen to get the above mentioned glyka tou koutaliou (spoon sweets) in their home-made natural form when you visit a Greek home you may be surprised at the variety of fruits they use. Among the most popular are cherry and orange, but you will also see figs, almonds, walnuts and believe it or not even baby eggplants. Another spoon sweet which was one of my favorites, we called a submarine. This was a thick vanilla syrup that was put on a spoon in cold water and then you would eat it like a pop-sickle. You can still buy this in supermarkets and in some zacharo-plastions and it was for a while the closest thing to ice-cream for us. Another great dessert is Risogalo (rice-pudding) which I survived on until they stopped putting the orange rinds in the ice-cream. On Lesvos in the different villages you will find women's cooperatives which sell home made local sweets and glyka tou koutaliou and other traditional food items.
Loukoumia is a sweet from Asia Minor that is the traditional dessert on the island of Syros which is famous for it. Some of the companies who made it in Smyrna and escaped as refugees when the Turks burned the city in 1922, relocated on Syros which was one of the primary ports for Greece. Loukomia are like gummy-bears in texture but are cut into squares. Some have pistachio nuts in them and they come in a variety of flavors and are coated with powdered confectionary sugar. My first month in Greece was spent on Syros and we ate our share of loukoumia and of nougat which is a white hard flat candy with nuts in it that is sold by venders on the street. In fact if you take a slow ferry that stops in Syros, often these venders will get on the boat to sell loukoumia and nougat. Pasteli is made from sesame seeds and honey and comes in the shape of a candy bar and is one of the traditional sweets of Kea and some other islands I am sure.
The Greeks eat lots of chocolate and in fact the dark chocolate bars by Pavlidis are rated very high by my expert wife. Any zacharoplastion will have chocolate candies for sale in bulk as well as a variety of candy bars. The Papadopoulos Chocolate Cookies which were in the possession of every Greek-American teenage hash-smoker in the late sixties and early seventies are still around and selling well. They also make the Viennese wafers that look like little cigars but are filled with chocolate and hazelnuts that my daughter seems to buy every time we get on a ferry. Halvah, the rich sesame and honey candy that is popular in the middle east can be found in the Athens Central Market, sold by the kilo in a variety of flavors including my favorite which is chocolate covered. You can also find many of your favorite chocolates from home in the neighborhood periptero (kiosk), like Toblerones, Snickers, Mars Bars and even M&Ms. But you should try the Greek chocolates first. Visit the Max Perry shop on Fokionos Negri or the Leonidas Chocolates in Kolonaki.
Milopita is apple pie and it tastes like apple pie. Bougatsa is a popular desert that is similar. It comes from Thessaloniki but they eat it at any time of day, breakfast, lunch or after dinner. Loukomades are deep-fried dough coated in honey sauce. The loukomades shops used to be all over Athens but even just a few years ago we were searching all of Athens and Pireaus to find some. If you want to find some a good place to look is Doris on Kolokotronis Street if that is still around. But I suspect that there will be a loukomades renaissance in the near future as I have seen a couple open up in Psiri and Aeolou Street in the last couple years. Diples are delicate deep fried pastry rolls that are coated with honey and/or powdered sugar and sprinkled with nuts. The best Diples (and loukoumades they say) are by Theodoros Tarkasis' IDI ZACHROPLASTIKIS at 185 Drossopoulou which is beyond Foikinos Negri in Patission (photo). He may have retired though.
After a meal in a restaurant it is customary to have a dessert and often it is complimentary. A typical dessert may be sliced apples and pears with honey and cinnamon, water melon, honeydew melon, cherries, strawberries, grapes, figs, or whatever fruit is in season. Baked halvah (photo) which is not to be confused with the candy is also served in restaurants, made from sesame seeds and honey or sugar. I don't know how Greek it is but another restaurant after-dinner-offering is creme-caramel which in case you don't know is like it sounds, a creamy custard and caramel. A very common traditional dessert in the psistarias (grill houses) of Athens is yogurt with honey that is placed in the middle of the table and shared while everyone smokes cigarettes. The best place for complimentary desserts though is Thessaloniki where they often give you ice-cream.
On the island of Sifnos they make two or three different kinds of amigdelota, which are almond cookies. My favorite are the baked ones. They make them unbaked too. Both are coated in confectioners sugar. There are also Christmas cookies called melomakarona made with brandy, cloves, honey and unfortunately orange rinds and topped with walnuts which originated in Phoenicia. Karydopitas are walnut and almond cakes usually soaked in honey. Kourambiethes are shortbread cookies coated in powdered sugar and are served at weddings, baptisms and other festive occasions. They can be shaped in balls, crescents or ovals. Koulourakia are crisp semi-sweet cookies that you dip in coffee, tea or hot milk favored with orange and vanilla. All these things can be found in the bakeries that are in every neighborhood in Athens. In my neighborhood of Kypseli there are at least a dozen bakeries within three blocks of our apartment.
A visit to these bakeries is better than a trip to an art gallery. They have the most amazing selection of pastries and cakes in all different shapes, sizes and colors. I used to live above one when I was a teenager so I am pretty much immune to them and I am sure I remember what each one tastes like. But an unsuspecting American with a sweet tooth and no self-discipline may find his life in turmoil should he venture into one of these places and he embarks upon a path that will cause him to sell all he owns and gives up all he loves just to scrape up the money to buy a ticket to Greece and the taxi fare to Kypseli to indulge in an orgy of sweetness. The streets of my neighborhood are littered with the souls of travelers who beg for money and live only for their next pastry.
But let us leave the traditional Greek sweets and get back to ice-cream. As I said, there are gelato shops all over Greece now and you can choose your flavor by pointing just like you do in the Greek restaurants or at your local ice-cream shop at home. Also look for posters in restaurants and cafes with pictures of different ice-cream cups, cones and sticks with American sounding names like Boss, Status, Choco-Magnum, made by the big dairy companies. Nearby you will find a big freezer that you can look through until you find the ice-cream that matches the one you wanted on the poster. They even have them on the ferries. Warning: The actual ice-cream may disappoint you in appearance because they very often don't look like the pictures just as when you see a famous actress in person she doesn't look like she does in the movies. But they still taste pretty good (the ice-cream) and I have friends who go to the nearest ice-cream freezer for a Choco-Magnum as a nightly routine. Also in many places these freezers are empty in the winter especially on the islands where it does not pay to send the trucks to refill them because nobody eats ice-cream in the winter except in Athens. Dodoni is a chain of ice-cream shops that are all over Greece too and there are even a few Haagen-das shops. Last summer Ben and Jerry's magically appeared in the supermarket on Kea.
You can now buy ice-cream in almost any cafe or zacharoplastion or at any kiosk. A great treat for adults is frappe me pagoto (Nescafe frappe with ice-cream). Don't get this for your kids or they will be awake for days. Your best bet for super ice cream is one of the gelato shops in the Psiri section of Athens where the ice-cream tastes as good as it looks. Nowadays, unlike 1963, it is hard to go wrong with ice-cream in Greece. They have definitely mastered it, leaving out the orange rinds, (though they can occasionally reappear in chocolate). But the fact that the Greeks have gone from being an ice-cream poor country to turning it into an art form is actually not so strange. My grandfather Giorgos Economopoulos came to America in 1915 and started an ice cream company in Hicksville, Long island which he sold out of his store, the Hicksville Sweetshop. He called it Ice-Cream By George. It was the first gourmet ice-cream in America. Sometimes in Greece it takes a generation or two to get things right. But when you trace it back to its roots, sure enough there is often a Greek at the beginning.
Join Matt Barrett's Greece Travel Guides Group on Facebook for comments, photos and other fun stuff. If you enjoy this website please share it with your friends on Facebook and Google+
| i don't know |
Which word can be a musical instrument or a quarter bottle of Champagne? | piccolo - definition and meaning
piccolo
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
n. A small flute pitched an octave above a regular flute.
adj. Of, relating to, or being a musical instrument considerably smaller than the usual size: a piccolo trumpet; a piccolo concertina.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
n. An instrument similar to a flute, but smaller, and playing an octave higher.
n. A waiter's assistant in a hotel or restaurant.
n. A bottle of champagne containing 0.1875 liters of fluid, 1/4 the volume of a standard bottle; a quarter bottle or snipe.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
n. A small, shrill flute, the pitch of which is an octave higher than the ordinary flute; an octave flute.
n. A small upright piano.
n. An organ stop, with a high, piercing tone.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
n. A small flute, sounding an octave higher than the ordinary flute. Also called flauto piccolo, octave-flute, ottavino, and ottavius.
n. An organ-stop giving tones like those of a piccolo.
n. The small or treble bugle, usually pitched in E flat.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
n. a small flute; pitched an octave above the standard flute
Etymologies
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
French, from Italian, short for (flauto) piccolo, small (flute).
Italian, small.
Examples
I don't care who called the piccolo player a MoFo, I just want to know who called that MoFo a piccolo player!
| Piccolo |
"The aria ""Vesti La Giubba"" (on with the Motley) comes from which Opera?" | piccolo - Wiktionary
piccolo
( music ) An instrument similar to a flute , but smaller, and playing an octave higher.
A waiter 's assistant in a hotel or restaurant.
1910, Saki , ‘The Soul of Laploshka’, Reginald in Russia:
as I fled I felt Laploshka's reproachful eyes watching the amount that I gave to the piccolo – out of his two francs.
A bottle of champagne containing 0.1875 liters of fluid, 1/4 the volume of a standard bottle; a quarter bottle or snipe .
| i don't know |
"In which musical would you hear the songs ""Too darn Hot"" and ""Brush up your Shakespeare""?" | Kiss Me, Kate | Introduction | Great Performances | PBS
Explore more from this episode More
The first Broadway revival in nearly 50 years of the musical comedy masterpiece by composer Cole Porter and authors Sam and Bella Spewack not only enchanted critics and delighted audiences, but also went on to triumph as one of the biggest prize-winners of the 2000 season. Taking its inspiration from Shakespeare, “Kiss Me, Kate” recounts the backstage and onstage antics of two feuding romantic couples during a touring production of “The Taming of the Shrew.” Sparkling with 18 classic Cole Porter songs — including “Another Op’nin’, Another Show,” “Wunderbar,” “So in Love,” “Always True to You in My Fashion,” “Too Darn Hot,” and “Brush Up Your Shakespeare” — “Kiss Me, Kate” epitomizes the Broadway musical comedy at its irresistible best. Directed by Michael Blakemore, this 2000 Tony-winner for Best Revival stars Brent Barrett, Rachel York, Nancy Anderson, and Michael Berresse as the bickering couples whose offstage disputes ultimately entangle them with a pair of unexpectedly erudite gangsters and a megalomaniacal U.S. Army general.
Cole Porter’s most successful musical, the original production of “Kiss Me, Kate” opened on Broadway at the New Century Theatre on December 30, 1948 and ran for 1,077 performances. It garnered five Tony Awards in 1949, the same number the revival claimed in 2000. Learn more about the revival, which was taped during its run at London’s Victoria Palace Theatre, and its celebrated director, Michael Blakemore, in an essay by writer Michael Coveney. Read an extensive biography of Cole Porter as well as many other American composers and songwriters whose music is featured this season on GREAT PERFORMANCES in the Encyclopedia of Composers & Songwriters ; browse the Q&A with Professor Thomas Hischak, author of numerous books on American film and stage musicals, in Ask the Expert ; and watch extended video excerpts from the program in the Video Jukebox . Lastly, see the complete list of songs and photos from the production in the “Kiss Me, Kate” Slideshow .
Special funding for this program was provided by the LuEsther T. Mertz Charitable Trust and the Irene Diamond Fund.
The “KISS ME, KATE” DVD can be purchased from Shop Thirteen .
More from Kiss Me, Kate (3)
| Kiss Me Kate |
Named after a bird which scenic railway line runs from Norwich to Cromer and then onto Sheringham? | Kiss Me Kate (U) - Broadway - Cinema | Cafebar | Nottingham
Kiss Me Kate (U) - Broadway - Cinema | Cafebar | Nottingham
Seniors / Unemployed / CEA Card: £6.50
Members (Full): £6.50
A total delight from start to finish, this witty, musical version of The Taming of the Shrew features the classic songs ‘It's Too Darn Hot’, ‘From This Moment On’, ‘Always True to You’ and of course, ‘Brush Up Your Shakespeare’.
Times
Sorry, there are no upcoming screenings for this film.
User Rating
| i don't know |
A crown and two pips signify which rank in the British Army? | Rank Pips: Collectables | eBay
Collectables
Captain Rank. Officers Gold Embroidered Stars. For Mess Dress.
Condition:
Buy it now
Free P&P
Exceptions included the rank of brigadier general (now brigadier – see below) and until 1902, a captain had just two stars and a lieutenant one star. From 1871, the rank of ensign (cornet in cavalry r...
Buy it now
Free P&P
Exceptions included the rank of brigadier general (now brigadier – see below) and until 1902, a captain had just two stars and a lieutenant one star. From 1871, the rank of ensign (cornet in cavalry r...
Buy it now
+ £1.50 P&P
6 OF RANK OFFICER BADGES PIPS ARMY BADGES RED/BK. ALL ARMY BUTTONS ARE TO BE CLASSED AS USED UNLESS STATED. MOST BUTTONS ARE IN GOOD OR VERY GOOD CONDITION, BUT AS MOST ARE USED OR HAVE BEEN USED, THE...
Buy it now
Free P&P
Pair of 2nd Lieutenant Rank Pips. The pips are in a good condition, complete with the rear loop fixings but not the pins. 23mm diagonal height and 17mm in length.
|
63 sold
Set of four large gold coloured metal rank pips as used in the German army in World War Two. GERMAN ARMY LARGE GOLD RANK PIPS - WW2 Reproduction.
Buy it now
Free P&P
Exceptions included the rank of brigadier general (now brigadier – see below) and until 1902, a captain had just two stars and a lieutenant one star. From 1871, the rank of ensign (cornet in cavalry r...
1 bid
+ £2.25 P&P
BROWN PLASTIC WITH TWO FOLDING BLADES AND TWO LUGS. GOOD CONDITION. MAKER MARKED STANLEY & SONS. OBSCURED ON PIP.
0 bids
+ £2.20 P&P
4 Original F.A.N.Y - First Aid Nursing Yeomanry Rank Pips - Unissued. These are 100% original, not the modern copies. I bought them direct from the FANY Headquarters a few years back when I helped the...
0 bids
+ £2.50 P&P
Thirty assorted brass and bronze, Officers rank insignia. The assorted insignia has seen service use, and all the original lugs are intact. For condition.
Buy it now
Free P&P
GOLD EMBROIDERED WIRED TYPE THREAD. RANK PIPS. MADE BY AMMO & CO. LTD. PRICE IS FOR PAIR. TO BE SEWN ON. Bulgaria, Canary Islands and Gibraltar. £15.00. Ireland (Republic of).
Buy it now
+ £2.20 P&P
IF I KNOW THAT AN ITEM IS A COPY THEN I WILL STATE THIS. Where I start an item at 99p this does not necessarily reflect its actual value.
|
38 sold
Set of four silver coloured metal rank pips as used by the German army in World War Two. GERMAN ARMY SMALL SILVER RANK PIP - WW2 Reproduction.
Battledress
About Rank Pips
Bring a piece of military history to your collection with a rank pip. Rank pips are used to feature the rank of members serving in the British Army. The pips often come in various designs and can be pinned on various parts of the uniforms including the lapels and the caps. The pips are also used in other fields of service, such as denoting police rank or officer rank. With new and used rank pips to choose from and some sellers offering to post for free, adding to your uniform or military collection is easy. Shop a Top-rated eBay seller and find the one that completes your set.
Additional site navigation
| Colonel |
"Which plant has the botanical name ""Saintpaulia""?" | British Army officer rank insignia | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
British Army officer rank insignia
204,344pages on
Edit
In the 17th and 18th centuries, rank was generally denoted by the quantity of lace and through other decoration used on uniforms. While a crossed sword and baton was already used by generals by 1800, until the Crimean War , the different grades of general were only distinguished by the grouping of the buttons on their coats - General: even spaced buttons; Lieutenant General: buttons in groups of three; Major General and Brigadier General: buttons in pairs.[ citation needed ]
Badges for field officers were first introduced in 1810, and for captains and subaltern officers in 1855. These badges consisted of (and still consist of) crowns and stars, the latter being more likely to be called 'pips' today (although this term is technically incorrect). Colonel: a crown and a star; Lieutenant Colonel: a Crown; Major: a star. These rank insignia were worn on shoulder epaulets.
After crimean war, 1855 a new dress regulation was published for British army, In this regulation, British army introduced new and complete rank insignias for officers. According to Dress regulation, rank insignias were as follows-
Field Marshal
1 inch wide oak leaves and acorn designed laces on upper and lower collar with cross two red baton above the wreath of oak leaves.
General
Similar collar with one crown
Ensign/ Cornet/ Sub Lt/ 2nd Lt
Similar collar with one pip.
After 1864, Another dress regulations was published, there was a change in the insignia of Brig Gen. According to 1864 dress regulations, Brig Gen wore 1 inch oak leaves and acron designed laces on upper and lower collar and no pip and crown.
During 1855 to 1880, Guards infantry regimental officers were wore different rank insignias. Colonel, Lt Colonel and Major wore 1/2 inch regimental pattern laces on upper and lower collar with one crown and one pip. Captain wore similar collar with one crown. Brevet Major- Similar collar with one pip. Lt- similar lace on upper collar with one crown and one pip, Ensign- Similar collar with one crown. Whereas Life Guards and Horse Guards regimental officers wore similar rank insignias of Line infantry.
After 1874, another dress regulation was introduced, collar devices are same for field and Company grade officers, but collar pattern was changed. Line, Light and fusilier regiments were used one pattern collar, Dragoon Guards and Dragoon used another pattern, Hussar another pattern, Lancer another pattern. Individual types regiment and corps used different pattern of collar. This pattern collar was continued until Queen VIctoria's death.
The star is that of the Order of the Bath , except in the Household regiments. The Life Guards , Blues and Royals , Grenadier Guards , Coldstream Guards and Welsh Guards use the star of the Order of the Garter , the Scots Guards that of the Order of the Thistle, and the Irish Guards that of the Order of St Patrick . The Crown has varied in the past, with the King's Imperial Crown being used from 1910 until it was replaced by the St Edward's Crown from the coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953.
All officers' badges on service dress were originally of gilding metal, except for Rifle regiments and the Royal Army Chaplains' Department , which used bronze instead. A variety of alternative materials and prints have been used on various styles of dress.
The insignia was moved to the shoulder boards in 1880 for all officers in full dress, when the system of crowns and stars was reorganised on similar lines to that seen today. Exceptions included the rank of Brigadier General (now Brigadier- see below) and until 1902, a Captain had just two stars and a Lieutenant one star. From 1871, the rank of Ensign ( Cornet in cavalry regiments) was replaced with the rank of Second Lieutenant , which had no insignia. The 1902 change gave the latter a single star and the insignia of Lieutenants and Captains were increased to two and three stars respectively. In addition to the shoulder badges, officers' ranks were also reflected in the amount and pattern of gold lace worn on the cuffs of the full-dress tunic.
Brigadier-Generals wore a crossed sword and baton symbol on its own. In 1922 the rank was replaced with Colonel-Commandant, a title that reflected the role more accurately, but which many considered to be inappropriate in a British context. From 1928 the latter was replaced with the rank of Brigadier with the rank insignia used to this day.
In 1902, a complex system of markings with bars and loops in thin drab braid above the cuff (known irreverently as the asparagus bed) was used at first, but this was replaced in the same year by a combination of narrow rings of worsted braid around the cuff, with the full-dress style shoulder badges on a three-pointed cuff flap. Based on equivalent naval ranks, Colonels had four rings of braid, Lieutenant-Colonels and majors three, captains two and subalterns one. In the case of Scottish regiments, the rings were around the top of the gauntlet-style cuff and the badges on the cuff itself. General officers still wore their badges on the shoulder strap.
Officer insignia of rank as worn on the sleeves in the World War I period.
During World War I , some officers took to wearing similar jackets to the men, with the rank badges on the shoulder, as the cuff badges made them too conspicuous to snipers. This practice was frowned on outside the trenches but was given official sanction in 1917 as an optional alternative, being made permanent in 1920, when the cuff badges were abolished.
Today, when in combat dress (Combat Soldier 95) the 'rank slide' is worn on the centre of the chest, rather than on the shoulder.
Historical ranks
Captain-General : (ca. 17th century) a full General .
Sergeant-Major-General: (ca. 17th century) shortened to Major General .
Brigadier-General: replaced by Colonel-Commandant in 1922.
Colonel-Commandant: replaced by Brigadier in 1928.
Sergeant-Major's Major: (ca. 17th century) shortened to Major .
Captain-Lieutenant: (ca. 17th & 18th century) the lieutenant of the first company in a regiment, whose captaincy was held by the regimental colonel. On promotion to full captain, the period in this rank was treated as having been a full captain for pay and pension purposes, since he effectively commanded the company.
Ensign: lowest subaltern rank in infantry regiments; replaced in 1871 by Second Lieutenant , but still used to refer to Second Lieutenants in some Guards regiments.
Cornet: cavalry equivalent of ensign replaced in 1871 by Second Lieutenant , but still used to refer to Second Lieutenants in some cavalry regiments, including the Blues and Royals and The Queen's Royal Hussars .
External links
| i don't know |
In the bible who was the youngest of Jacob's twelve sons? | table: sons of Jacob, 12 tribes of Israel
Part IV - Marching Order of the Tribes Part I - Introductory Facts about the 12 Tribes of Israel
Abraham begot Isaac. Isaac begot Jacob.
To be an Israelite by blood, a person must be a descendent of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.
Jacob begot 12 sons who are listed herein in subsequent sections.
The 12 sons of Jacob are the patriarchs of the 12 Tribes of Israel.
For example, Jacob's son Benjamin is the patriarch of the Tribe of Benjamin. Jacob's son Reuben is the patriarch of the Tribe of Reuben. And so forth.
Well-known descendants of certain Tribes
Tribe of Benjamin - King Saul, Paul the apostle [a.k.a. Saul of Tarsus]
Tribe of Levi - Moses, Aaron
Tribe of Judah - King David, King Solomon, many other kings; Lord Jesus, the Messiah
The Promised Land [Canaan], plus an area on the east side of the Jordan River, was allocated among the 12 Tribes. [Num 33.54; Num 36.3-9]
As the priestly Tribe, Levi was given no land. [Num 18.20, 18.24] Instead of land, God gave Levi the tithes of the people of Israel.
Jacob's son Joseph had two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim.
By Jacob's command [Gen 48.5], Joseph's sons, Manasseh and Ephraim, were regarded as de facto "Tribes" of Israel.
Thus, the land allocations of Joseph and Levi were given instead to Ephraim and Manasseh, preserving *twelve* as the number of tribes. [Josh 14.3-4]
There is no such thing as "10 lost tribes of Israel." [Mt 10.6, Acts 26.7, Jam 1.1, Rev 7.1-8; Ezek 37] Part II Sons of Jacob [Names, Mothers, Birth Verses]
Sons of Jacob
Meaning of Name
Mother
Birth Verse 01-Reuben See, a son Leah So Leah conceived and bore a son, and she called his name Reuben; for she said, "The LORD has surely seen my affliction. Now therefore, my husband will love me." Gen 29.32 02-Simeon Hearing Leah Then she conceived again and bore a son, and said, "Because the LORD has heard that I am unloved, He has therefore given me this son also." And she called his name Simeon. Gen 29.33 03-Levi Joined; attached Leah She conceived again and bore a son, and said, "Now this time my husband will become attached to me, because I have borne him three sons." Therefore his name was called Levi. Gen 29.34 04-Judah Yah be praised Leah And she conceived again and bore a son, and said, "Now I will praise Yahweh." Therefore she called his name Judah. Then she stopped bearing. Gen 29.35 05-Dan Judge Bilhah
(Rachel's servant) Then Rachel said, "God has judged my case; and He has also heard my voice and given me a son." Therefore she called his name Dan. Gen 30.6 06-Naphtali My wrestling Bilhah
(Rachel's servant) Rachel said, "With great wrestlings I have wrestled with my sister, and indeed I have prevailed." So she called him Naphtali. Gen 30.6 07-Gad Troop; invader;
good fortune Zilpah
(Leah's servant) Then Leah said, "A troop comes!" So she called his name Gad. Gen 30.11 08-Asher Happy Zilpah
(Leah's servant) Then Leah said, "I am happy, for the daughters will call me blessed." So she called his name Asher. Gen 30.13 09-Issachar Man of hire Leah Leah said, "God has given me my hire [wages] because I have given my maid to my husband." So she called his name Issachar. Gen 30.18 10-Zebulun Dwelling Leah Leah said, "...now my husband will dwell with me, because I have borne him six sons." So she called his name Zebulun. Gen 30.20b 11-Joseph Increaser Rachel So she called his name Joseph, and said, "The LORD shall add to me another son." Gen 30.24 12-Benjamin Son of the right hand Rachel As her soul was departing (for she died), she called his name Ben-Oni [son of my sorrow]; but his father called him Ben-Jamin. Gen 35.18
Part III - Prophecies about the 12 Tribes
Sons of Jacob
Genesis 49.1-27
Moses' Blessings
Deuteronomy 33.6-25 01-Reuben Reuben, you are my firstborn, My might and the beginning of my strength, The excellency of dignity and the excellency of power. Unstable as water, you shall not excel, Because you went up to your father's bed; Then you defiled it -He went up to my couch. Let Reuben live, and not die, Nor let his men be few. 02-Simeon Simeon and Levi are brothers; Instruments of cruelty are in their dwelling place. Let not my soul enter their council; Let not my honor be united to their assembly; For in their anger they slew a man, And in their self-will they hamstrung an ox. Cursed be their anger, for it is fierce; And their wrath, for it is cruel! I will divide them in Jacob And scatter them in Israel. [Moses makes no mention of Simeon in blessing the tribes of Israel.] 03-Levi Of Levi he said: "Let Your Thummim and Your Urim be with Your holy one, Whom You tested at Massah, And with whom You contended at the waters of Meribah, Who says of his father and mother, 'I have not seen them'; Nor did he acknowledge his brothers, Or know his own children; For they have observed Your word And kept Your covenant. They shall teach Jacob Your judgments, And Israel Your law. They shall put incense before You, And a whole burnt sacrifice on Your altar. Bless his substance, LORD, And accept the work of his hands; Strike the loins of those who rise against him, And of those who hate him, that they rise not again." 04-Judah Judah, you are he whom your brothers shall praise; Your hand shall be on the neck of your enemies; Your father's children shall bow down before you. Judah is a lion's whelp; From the prey, my son, you have gone up. He bows down, he lies down as a lion; And as a lion, who shall rouse him? The scepter shall not depart from Judah, Nor a lawgiver from between his feet, Until Shiloh comes; And to Him shall be the obedience of the people. Binding his donkey to the vine, And his donkey's colt to the choice vine, He washed his garments in wine, And his clothes in the blood of grapes. His eyes are darker than wine, And his teeth whiter than milk. And this he said of Judah: "Hear, LORD, the voice of Judah, And bring him to his people; Let his hands be sufficient for him, And may You be a help against his enemies." 05-Dan Dan shall judge his people As one of the tribes of Israel. Dan shall be a serpent by the way, A viper by the path, That bites the horse's heels So that its rider shall fall backward. I have waited for your salvation, O LORD! And of Dan he said: "Dan is a lion's whelp; He shall leap from Bashan." 06-Naphtali Naphtali is a deer let loose; He uses beautiful words. And of Naphtali he said: "O Naphtali, satisfied with favor, And full of the blessing of the LORD, Possess the west and the south." 07-Gad Gad, a troop shall tramp upon him, But he shall triumph at last. And of Gad he said: "Blessed is he who enlarges Gad; He dwells as a lion, And tears the arm and the crown of his head. He provided the first part for himself, Because a lawgiver's portion was reserved there. He came with the heads of the people; He administered the justice of the LORD, And His judgments with Israel." 08-Asher Bread from Asher shall be rich, And he shall yield royal dainties. And of Asher he said: "Asher is most blessed of sons; Let him be favored by his brothers, And let him dip his foot in oil. Your sandals shall be iron and bronze; As your days, so shall your strength be." 09-Issachar "Issachar is a strong donkey, Lying down between two burdens; He saw that rest was good, And that the land was pleasant; He bowed his shoulder to bear a burden, And became a band of slaves. And of Zebulun he said: "Rejoice, Zebulun, in your going out, And Issachar in your tents! They shall call the peoples to the mountain; There they shall offer sacrifices of righteousness; For they shall partake of the abundance of the seas And of treasures hidden in the sand." 10-Zebulun Zebulun shall dwell by the haven of the sea; He shall become a haven for ships, And his border shall adjoin Sidon. 11-Joseph Joseph is a fruitful bough, A fruitful bough by a well; His branches run over the wall. The archers have bitterly grieved him, Shot at him and hated him. But his bow remained in strength, And the arms of his hands were made strong By the hands of the Mighty God of Jacob (From there is the Shepherd, the Stone of Israel), By the God of your father who will help you, And by the Almighty who will bless you With blessings of heaven above, Blessings of the deep that lies beneath, Blessings of the breasts and of the womb. The blessings of your father Have excelled the blessings of my ancestors, Up to the utmost bound of the everlasting hills. They shall be on the head of Joseph, And on the crown of the head of him who was separate from his brothers. And of Joseph he said: "Blessed of the LORD is his land, With the precious things of heaven, with the dew, And the deep lying beneath, With the precious fruits of the sun, With the precious produce of the months, With the best things of the ancient mountains, With the precious things of the everlasting hills, With the precious things of the earth and its fullness, And the favor of Him who dwelt in the bush. Let the blessing come 'on the head of Joseph, & on the crown of the head of him who was separate from his brothers.' His glory is like a firstborn bull, And his horns like the horns of the wild ox; Together with them He shall push the peoples To the ends of the earth; They are the ten thousands of Ephraim, And they are the thousands of Manasseh." 12-Benjamin Benjamin is a ravenous wolf; In the morning he shall devour the prey, And at night he shall divide the spoil. Of Benjamin he said: "The beloved of the LORD shall dwell in safety by Him, Who shelters him all the day long; And he shall dwell between His shoulders."
Part IV - Marching Order of the Tribes
From Egypt to the Promised Land
Military Organization & Marching Order of Israel
Numbers Chapter 2 North - last to break camp
Dan 62,700 | Asher 41,500
Naphtali 53,400 | Total 157,600 West - 3rd to break camp
Ephraim 40,500 | Manasseh 32200
Benjamin 35,400 | Total 108,100 Center - Tabernacle of Meeting
Levi unnumbered [Num 2.33] East - 1st to break camp
Judah 74,600 | Issachar 54,400
Zebulun 57,400 | Total 186,400 South - 2nd to break camp
Reuben 46,500 | Simeon 59,300
| Benjamin |
Fashion designer Schiaparelli was famous for popularising which colour? | 1 Chronicles 2 NASB - Genealogy: Twelve Sons of Jacob - Bible Gateway
1 Chronicles 2New American Standard Bible (NASB)
Genealogy: Twelve Sons of Jacob (Israel)
2 These are the sons of Israel: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, 2 Dan, Joseph, Benjamin, Naphtali, Gad and Asher.
3 The sons of Judah were Er, Onan and Shelah; these three were born to him by Bath-shua the Canaanitess. And Er, Judah’s firstborn, was wicked in the sight of the Lord, so He put him to death. 4 Tamar his daughter-in-law bore him Perez and Zerah. Judah had five sons in all.
5 The sons of Perez were Hezron and Hamul. 6 The sons of Zerah were [ a ]Zimri, Ethan, Heman, Calcol and [ b ]Dara; five of them in all. 7 The [ c ]son of Carmi was [ d ]Achar, the troubler of Israel, who violated the ban. 8 The [ e ]son of Ethan was Azariah.
Genealogy of David
9 Now the sons of Hezron, who were born to him were Jerahmeel, Ram and Chelubai. 10 Ram [ f ]became the father of Amminadab, and Amminadab became the father of Nahshon, leader of the sons of Judah; 11 Nahshon became the father of Salma, Salma became the father of Boaz, 12 Boaz became the father of Obed, and Obed became the father of Jesse; 13 and Jesse became the father of Eliab his firstborn, then Abinadab the second, [ g ]Shimea the third, 14 Nethanel the fourth, Raddai the fifth, 15 Ozem the sixth, David the seventh; 16 and their sisters were Zeruiah and Abigail. And the three sons of Zeruiah were [ h ]Abshai, Joab and Asahel. 17 Abigail bore Amasa, and the father of Amasa was [ i ]Jether the Ishmaelite.
18 Now Caleb the son of Hezron had sons by Azubah his wife, and by Jerioth; and these were her sons: Jesher, Shobab, and Ardon. 19 When Azubah died, Caleb married Ephrath, who bore him Hur. 20 Hur became the father of Uri, and Uri became the father of Bezalel.
21 Afterward Hezron went in to the daughter of Machir the father of Gilead, whom he married when he was sixty years old; and she bore him Segub. 22 Segub became the father of Jair, who had twenty-three cities in the land of Gilead. 23 But Geshur and Aram took [ j ]the towns of Jair from them, with Kenath and its villages, even sixty cities. All these were the sons of Machir, the father of Gilead. 24 After the death of Hezron in Caleb-ephrathah, Abijah, Hezron’s wife, bore him Ashhur the father of Tekoa.
25 Now the sons of Jerahmeel the firstborn of Hezron were Ram the firstborn, then Bunah, Oren, Ozem and Ahijah. 26 Jerahmeel had another wife, whose name was Atarah; she was the mother of Onam. 27 The sons of Ram, the firstborn of Jerahmeel, were Maaz, Jamin and Eker. 28 The sons of Onam were Shammai and Jada. And the sons of Shammai were Nadab and Abishur. 29 The name of Abishur’s wife was Abihail, and she bore him Ahban and Molid. 30 The sons of Nadab were Seled and Appaim, and Seled died without sons. 31 The [ k ]son of Appaim was Ishi. And the [ l ]son of Ishi was Sheshan. And the [ m ]son of Sheshan was Ahlai. 32 The sons of Jada the brother of Shammai were Jether and Jonathan, and Jether died without sons. 33 The sons of Jonathan were Peleth and Zaza. These were the sons of Jerahmeel. 34 Now Sheshan had no sons, only daughters. And Sheshan had an Egyptian servant whose name was Jarha. 35 Sheshan gave his daughter to Jarha his servant in marriage, and she bore him Attai. 36 Attai became the father of Nathan, and Nathan became the father of Zabad, 37 and Zabad became the father of Ephlal, and Ephlal became the father of Obed, 38 and Obed became the father of Jehu, and Jehu became the father of Azariah, 39 and Azariah became the father of Helez, and Helez became the father of Eleasah, 40 and Eleasah became the father of Sismai, and Sismai became the father of Shallum, 41 and Shallum became the father of Jekamiah, and Jekamiah became the father of Elishama.
42 Now the sons of Caleb, the brother of Jerahmeel, were Mesha his firstborn, who was the father of Ziph; and [ n ]his son was Mareshah, the father of Hebron. 43 The sons of Hebron were Korah and Tappuah and Rekem and Shema. 44 Shema became the father of Raham, the father of Jorkeam; and Rekem became the father of Shammai. 45 The son of Shammai was Maon, and Maon was the father of Bethzur. 46 Ephah, Caleb’s concubine, bore Haran, Moza and Gazez; and Haran became the father of Gazez. 47 The sons of Jahdai were Regem, Jotham, Geshan, Pelet, Ephah and Shaaph. 48 Maacah, Caleb’s concubine, bore Sheber and Tirhanah. 49 She also bore Shaaph the father of Madmannah, Sheva the father of Machbena and the father of Gibea; and the daughter of Caleb was Achsah. 50 These were the sons of Caleb.
The [ o ]sons of Hur, the firstborn of Ephrathah, were Shobal the father of Kiriath-jearim, 51 Salma the father of Bethlehem and Hareph the father of Beth-gader. 52 Shobal the father of Kiriath-jearim had sons: Haroeh, half of the Manahathites, 53 and the families of Kiriath-jearim: the Ithrites, the Puthites, the Shumathites and the Mishraites; from these came the Zorathites and the Eshtaolites. 54 The sons of Salma were Bethlehem and the Netophathites, Atroth-beth-joab and half of the Manahathites, the Zorites. 55 The families of scribes who lived at Jabez were the Tirathites, the Shimeathites and the Sucathites. Those are the Kenites who came from Hammath, the father of the house of Rechab.
Footnotes:
| i don't know |
Who was the Chancellor of Germany when the Berlin Wall fell in 1989? | The Fall of the Berlin Wall - November 9, 1989 - Association for Diplomatic Studies and TrainingAssociation for Diplomatic Studies and Training
More Moments in U.S. Diplomatic History
At the end of World War II, Germany was partitioned into four separate areas, each controlled by the four allied powers: the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union. As relations with the USSR deteriorated, the split hardened into just two separate regions: West Germany, supported by the United States and other Western democracies; and East Germany, which was controlled by the Soviet Union. The Berlin Wall, constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in 1961 to separate West from East Berlin, became a symbol of the division between democracy and communism. East Germany cut its citizens off from the West and violently put down a rebellion in East Berlin in 1953 .
When Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985, he and President Ronald Reagan established a rapport which allowed the United States and the USSR to improve relations. Eventually, the unthinkable happened — on November 9, 1989 the Berlin Wall fell, representing the symbolic end to the Cold War.
The following is a speech given by Ambassador J.D. Bindenagel, who was the former Deputy U.S. Ambassador to the German Democratic Republic from 1989-1990, at the University of Notre Dame on the tenth anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall. In his speech he provides his personal experiences with the fall of the Berlin Wall and examines the developments that made it possible. Read also about how the U.S. dealt with a reunified Germany .
“The world held its breath waiting for the Soviet tanks to crush the German revolutionaries”
BINDENAGEL: The major conflict of ideas that has shaped my career was the East-West confrontation between capitalism and communism. In fact, I have spent a majority of my professional career defending freedom from the communist threat. The symbolic vortex of that conflict was at the Fulda Gap in Germany, where a million soldiers from NATO were lined up against a million soldiers from the Warsaw Pact ready to destroy the world. I myself was an infantry officer in Wuerzburg, Germany, near the Fulda Gap, this main Soviet invasion route across Central Europe.
The division of Berlin, symbolized by the Berlin Wall, was for us a deeply terrorizing reminder of man’s inhumanity to man. During the first year of the Berlin Wall more than 50 people died trying to escape the communist paradise. On August 17, 1962, 18-year-old East Berliner Peter Fechter tried to escape near Checkpoint Charlie. As he climbed the Wall, his own East German border guards shot him. For hours he lay helpless and unattended at the foot of the Berlin Wall while he bled to death. The worldwide rejoicing at the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989 was easily understood everywhere as an end to this affront to the dignity of human beings everywhere.
Throughout its 28-year existence, the Berlin Wall divided, but did not conquer the spirit of the Germans in the German Democratic Republic. The end of the Berlin Wall brought a new, reborn Germany – the Berlin Republic – dedicated to human dignity, founded in democratic institutions of the Bonn Republic and the democratic revolution in East Germany.
I was the deputy American ambassador in East Berlin when the Berlin Wall was breached. Later I was country director for Germany in the State Department and then deputy and acting American Ambassador in the Berlin Republic. The question most asked over the past decade was and is; “What is the Berlin Republic?” The following question was inevitably; “What does this new Germany, the Berlin Republic, mean to the United States?”
Let me share with you one anecdote that captures the spirit of freedom on the 1989 Revolution. I was a fortunate eyewitness when the Berlin Wall came tumbling down (“Ich war dabei”) twenty-eight years after the East German leader Walter Ulbricht erected this hated symbol of communism and division. I was the deputy American ambassador in East Berlin reporting on that democratic revolution that would bring down the Berlin Wall, help end the cold war and create a new order, in which Germany emerged once again united, sovereign and strong.
Throughout the year 1989, dramatic events stirred a new sense of freedom in the world and challenged the cold war. Soviet President Gorbachev began his glasnost [restructuring] and glasnost [openness] experiment. Students in China demonstrated for democracy on Tiananmen Square and were brutally crushed by communist tanks. In the two Germanys 2 million soldiers still stood face-to-face across the Berlin Wall ready for war.
On the night of November 9, 1989, the entire world held its breath waiting for the Soviet tanks to roll and crush the German revolutionaries as they had done in 1953 . Although the Soviet tanks did not roll out, revolution has changed our world.
The United States throughout the Cold War preached self-determination in an effort to promote democracy movements and stationed millions of American soldiers in West Germany to deter a communist attack. East Europeans had repeatedly tried and failed to find freedom and break the yoke of communist rule. Despite failed attempts in East Germany in 1953, in Hungary in 1956 , in Czechoslovakia in 1968 , and in Poland in 1980, in the summer of 1989 the Central Europeans tried again.
At the American Embassy in East Berlin, we knew that the Red Army’s response with its million Soviet and East German soldiers deployed along the German-German border would determine the success or failure of this new democratic revolution. A Washington Post editorial in August that year reminded us that if the Soviet Union intervened anywhere in Europe to protect its interests, it would do so in East Germany.
Nevertheless, some East Germans wanted their freedom and sovereignty and were willing to demand some of their rights guaranteed in the Helsinki Final Act signed by their communist leader, Erich Honecker. These brave souls sought freedom to travel and abolishing the East German travel law became the symbolic cry for political freedom during their revolution. They knew the words of President John Kennedy that free men everywhere would be proud to call themselves Berliners, and they knew President Ronald Reagan’s challenge to Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall. They were testing that strong bond of common destiny in our commitment to the dignity of man, the rule of law, and freedom.
Events in the revolution were breathtaking. Tens of thousands of GDR citizens had fled to the West and a million more were seeking to emigrate. Demonstrations by thousands of demonstrators in the streets of Leipzig, Dresden and Berlin threatened the government and by October 18 had led to the ouster of German Communist leader Erich Honecker. The new GDR leader, Egon Krenz, was also a communist and desperately needed to establish control of the government and to win support of the people. We knew events could unravel the stability of the cold war and our embassy reported on November 6 that the GDR Politburo was changing the despised Travel Law and predicted hopefully that if such changes continued, the Berlin Wall would become “irrelevant.”
Based on our embassy’s reporting, President George Bush was told in his November 9 morning briefing by his intelligence briefer, that the GDR had opened possibilities for freer travel for its citizens and that the Berlin Wall might as a result become “irrelevant,” the very description used by the American Embassy’s Political Counselor Jon Greenwald report. Now was the time to determine whether this revolution fit the definition. I had never lived through a revolution and only knew the textbook definition. I was about to experience it very personally.
While, as Timothy Garten Ash has noted, a century was defeated at the polls, I believe that it was the democratic revolution that spread from Solidarity to the Kremlin and ended communism in Europe. It is in the aftermath of the end of the Cold War that I have found the comments of Ralph Waldo Emerson about the American Revolution to capture the new dynamic of European politics at the end of the Millennium. He said, “If there is any one period one would desire to be born in, is it not the Age of Revolution, when the old and new stand side-by-side, when the energies of all men are searched by fear and by hope, when the historic glories of the old can be compensated by the rich possibilities of the new?”
The Hungarians would likely allow several hundred East Germans to escape
Events during that Thursday in November were calm; President Gorbachev had ended his visit in honor of the 40th anniversary of East Germany with a warning about the dramatic events East Germany saying, “Those who come too late will be punished by history.” Little did we now that history was about to overtake us.
That same evening in Berlin I attended Aspen Institute Berlin Director David Anderson’s reception for his new deputy, Hildegard Boucsein, with the mayors of East and West Berlin, the Allied Military Commanders, East German spy-swapping lawyer Wolfgang Vogel and many others. We were an unsuspecting group of insiders. What was about to happen at the Berlin Wall later on November 9, 1989 would be a surprise to us all.
At the end of the reception, East German lawyer Wolfgang Vogel, who had negotiated the freedom of Soviet dissident Sharansky and earlier the U-2 pilot downed over Russia, Gary Powers, asked me for a ride to West Berlin where he had parked his car. Of course I was pleased to offer him a lift and to seek his assessment of the East German reaction to the changes in November 6 GDR Travel Law that had been rejected by thousands of demonstrators throughout the country. Vogel as Honecker’s lawyer was most likely to know the GDR’s next steps.
A few months earlier when U.S. Ambassador Richard Barkley and I visited Vogel at his modest home on the Titi Lake, he told us that the Hungarians would likely allow several hundred East Germans in Hungary escape to the West. The Hungarians had dramatically cut down the barbed wire fence along their border in May. Indeed, the Hungarian border was viewed as an escape hatch from the Communist bloc and cutting down the fence launched a flood of refugees in late summer. The Hungarians were about to honor their new commitment to a UN convention on refugees and to ignore their obligations under the Warsaw Pact to return East Germans to the GDR. Vogel would surely clue me in on Politburo thinking about how to respond to the revolutionaries’ demands for the right to travel freely.
On our way to the downtown West Berlin’s heart on the Ku’dam, Vogel told me that the GDR attorney’s collegium had met November 7-8 and proposed additional changes to the GDR Travel Law. Vogel thought the new changes, not yet announced, would satisfy East Germans’ demand for more freedom of travel.
As I drove into East Berlin around 7:30, the acrid smell of sulfur from East Germany’s brown coal met me. It was a knowing feeling that the smell brought to my nostrils; the smell clung everywhere, in my clothes surrounding the buildings. The smell of brown coal gave the whole of East Germany that sinister, dreary appearance that had become so familiar.
I went directly to the embassy where I found a greatly excited political section. They were stunned by East German government spokesman Guenther Schabowski’s statement on television. He had told the world that the Politburo agreed to more changes in the Travel Law and East Germans could get visitor visas quickly (“in kurzem”) for travel to the West from their local “People’s Police” and the GDR would open a new processing center to handle emigration cases immediately.
Although beyond anything we could have imagined, Schabowski’s oral statement was open to widely varying interpretation. NBC anchorman, Tom Brokaw, who attended the Schabowski briefing, asked if this meant the Berlin Wall was open; Schabowski reportedly said; “Yes.”
He rushed to the western side of the Brandenburg Gate to announce to the world that the Berlin Wall was open. The East Germans heard; “Travel to the West is possible immediately.” The revolution, once remarkably controlled, with its Monday night demonstrations in Leipzig and Dresden, seemed to be spinning out of control.
We sent one embassy political officer, Heather Troutman, directly to Checkpoint Charlie and another, Imre Lipping, to the GDR press center to get the text of the statement. While we were hunting down the travel law text, the first East Germans, attempting to cross without visas, were sent back home by the guards at Checkpoint Charlie who told them to first get visas. It seemed to us that the GDR guards could keep things under control, while the new procedures were being worked out.
With the text of the announced freedom to travel and emigrate in hand, we translated it and cabled it to Washington. I telephoned the White House Situation Room and State Department Operations Center to make sure they had the report and to alert them to the latest developments. Then I called Ambassador Barkley and the American Minister in West Berlin Harry Gilmore, and we diplomats shared our quick assessment of the Politburo announcement. We thought the East Germans would get their visas and then head to West Berlin. Little did we know how quickly the East Germans would test the will of the border police to let them leave and return.
After assuring ourselves that we had reporting officers in place to follow events and had reported the latest news, I headed home to the near-in East Berlin suburb of Pankow around 10:00 p.m. As I drove up Schönhauserallee in East Berlin I was surprised to see so many East German, plasticized pressed-wood Trabant automobiles seemingly abandoned near the Bornholmerstrasse checkpoint crossing over the S-Bahn train into West Berlin. At the end of the street near the checkpoint, I saw dozens of Germans standing at the barrier and shouting at the guards defending the crossing.
I knew the crossing well. I crossed it regularly; my children crossed there daily to attend the German-American John F. Kennedy Schule in Zehlendorf, West Berlin. Inside the crossing were barracks filled with armed border police. Fire hoses, like those used later at the Brandenburg Gate were carefully laid out in readiness to repel any wall jumpers. Across the checkpoint safely in the West, the bright lights of a TV camera crew, was poised on the bridge ready to instantaneously transmit pictures of this confrontation at the bridge around the world.
I hurried through the last few blocks to get home quickly. Inside, I turned on the television to see which pictures were being beamed at the East Germans from the camera I had seen. My wife Jean rushed in to the TV room worried I would wake our children. I explained the latest events and how our worry seemed to be turning into excitement as we witnessed the fall of the Berlin Wall. I called Ambassador Barkley, Jon Greenwald our political counselor and Harry Gilmore 95in West Berlin. We knew events would soon envelop us.
Within minutes the Berlin Wall was breached. First, a wave of East Berliners came through the Bornholmerstrasse checkpoint signaling freedom for all East Germans. They streamed across and their pictures were flashed around the world. They were free! But I had a sinking feeling. Did they have visas? What happened to the visa requirement? Who was in charge? *
A few hours later, around 6:30 a.m., I followed my third-grade daughter Annamarie’s school van to Bornholmerstrasse on her way through the crowd to school in the West. Her van moved into the masses of people now streaming in both directions. Seeing the red diplomatic license plate, the people stepped aside to let her through. I stood there watching my child disappear into the West with some uncertainty of her fate. My son Carl was to follow in less than an hour.
GDR radio announced that visas were required to travel as of 8:00 am on November 10. I stayed at Bornholmerstrasse and as the hour approached the crowd grew larger and pressed against the checkpoint as panic spread. The fear of being shut in, of having missed the chance to see West Berlin before the GDR shut the gate, was palatable. Shortly before that appointed hour, that deadline was moved to noon. Later, the deadline was revised to Monday. However, by Monday the Krenz government had lost its legitimacy and its authority; the people had demanded and won their freedom. Power and authority had passed from the SED government to the people, who were now in charge. No one knew what would happen next.
We were all caught in the blurring pictures of the revolutionary video stuck on fast-forward. Events in those hours overwhelmed us with a mixture of anxiety, euphoria and hope for the future.
When our children, Annamarie and Carl, returned from the John F. Kennedy Schule in West Berlin, my wife, Jean, and I decided that we, too, would test the new openness of the Berlin Wall. We ventured down to the Wall at Eberswalderstrasse, where the buildings were in the East and the
sidewalk was in West Berlin, and where terrible scenes of desperate people jumping to their freedom or death [took place] in 1961 when the Wall was built. The “Bausoldaten,” soldiers on construction duty, were deconstructing the Berlin Wall at Eberwalderstrasse. They had already taken several three-meter tall, one-meter wide sections out of the Wall by the time we arrived. Lined up in front of this gaping hole were hundreds of East Germans dutifully waiting for the East German Volkspolizei to issue them visas in accordance with the November 9 Schabowski statement.
We had our diplomatic identity cards and proceeded to enter the no-mans-land through the new crossing point. As we, accompanied by our dog “Willi,” stepped into the eerie space between East and West, seven-year-old Carl exclaimed; “There are two walls.” Indeed, at the end of the no-man’s-land stood towering above us was the whitewashed wall on the western side.
We crossed into West Berlin with numerous East Germans and were greeted with cheering West Berliners and a sense of time suspension. Disoriented, we found a playground for our children where they played while Jean and I tried to absorb the strangeness of standing in West Berlin amid so many East Germans. Unification had just happened among the Germans and we were witnessing the mixture of two conflicting systems separated for two generations. Berlin had become an East German city overnight.
Europe Whole and Free
After getting our personal bearings we turned back toward East Berlin and stepped back into the death strip on our way home. As we entered the forbidden zone an East German guard who blocked our way and demanded our passports approached us. When we produced our East German Diplomatic identity cards, he rejected them saying that the crossing was only for citizens of the German Democratic Republic. We argued that we, too, lived in East Germany despite the fact that it seemed incredible that any Westerner would voluntarily lived in that communist country. After some heated dialogue, we were allowed to pass. Stepping back into East Berlin was like wandering into the twilight zone, the country had disappeared, and a revolution swept away the Berlin Wall and would soon sweep away the very existence of East Germany itself.
I knew East Germany’s days were limited. Only intervention by the Soviets could prolong its agony. President Gorbachev risked perestroika [restructuring] and glasnost [openness] in Russia if he chose to intervene militarily in the GDR; he would lose East Germany if he did not. We had no idea of the next steps or how the revolution would play out.
While the world was caught up in the euphoria of the pictures at the Brandenburg Gate, President Bush instructed us that there would be no dancing on the Wall. The East Germans had won some freedom, but the revolution had unleashed the forces of history contained by the cold war.
Meeting with Gorbachev six months later, Gorbachev told President Bush that Germany could decide whether or not to join NATO. In the intervening months the greatest diplomatic venture since World War II was undertaken with the greatest skill. Germany, with the vision and skillful leadership of the American President and Chancellor Kohl, was unified and this millennium may end in peace with Europe whole and free.
There was a time when the West stood for freedom.
Maggiemay
Don’t kid yourself.
The wall came down cuz of russian inactivity, NOT because of anything the west did about it.
All the ‘west’ cares about is money. And we lost a lot of bizness when that wall came down. We had to come with a whole new enemy, and quick!
Thankfully, that war has lasted to the present day and should go on for at least another 44 years.
Tony
What’s that supposed to be, a joke? Right, the Wall came down because the Russians thought they were winning the Cold War?? Get a life. Actually, you’re probably just upset that your side lost the Cold War. Don’t worry, you still have North Korea to support.
Captain Toby
As poorly edited as this report is, it is one of the most inspiring stories of life on this planet that exists. For once people acting spontaneously in the moment changed history decisively. In so many ways it could have gone wrong. But miraculously, it went right. Not because of the deployment of power politics, but because of the strength of an ideal. It is a very powerful story. Thank you for sharing it again today.
| Helmut Kohl |
What is the currency of Indonesia? | BBC ON THIS DAY | 9 | 1989: Berliners celebrate the fall of the Wall
1989: Berliners celebrate the fall of the Wall
The Berlin Wall has been breached after nearly three decades keeping East and West Berliners apart.
At midnight East Germany's Communist rulers gave permission for gates along the Wall to be opened after hundreds of people converged on crossing points.
They surged through cheering and shouting and were be met by jubilant West Berliners on the other side.
Ecstatic crowds immediately began to clamber on top of the Wall and hack large chunks out of the 28-mile (45-kilometre) barrier.
It had been erected in 1961 on the orders of East Germany's former leader Walter Ulbricht stop people leaving for West Germany.
Since 1949 about 2.5 million people had fled East Germany.
After 1961, the Wall and other fortifications along the 860-mile (1,380-kilometre) border shared by East and West Germany have kept most East Germans in.
Many of those attempting to escape have been shot dead by border guards.
Exodus
The first indication that change was imminent came earlier today when East Berlin's Communist party spokesman, Gunther Schabowski, announced East Germans would be allowed to travel directly to West Germany.
The move was intended to stem an exodus into West Germany through the "back door" which began last summer when the new and more liberal regime in Hungary opened its border.
The flow of migrants was intensified last week when Czechoslovakia also granted free access to West Germany through its border.
West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl has hailed the decision to open the Wall as "historic" and called for a meeting with East German leader, Egon Krenz.
| i don't know |
"In the 1969 Sam Pekinpah western ""The Wild Bunch"", who played Pike Bishop the leader of an aging outlaw gang?" | The Wild Bunch (1969) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
An aging group of outlaws look for one last big score as the "traditional" American West is disappearing around them.
Director:
From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video
ON DISC
What Makes the Golden Globe Awards So Entertaining?
IMDb Special Correspondent Dave Karger breaks down why the Golden Globes are so much more entertaining than other award shows. Don't miss our live coverage of the Golden Globes beginning at 5 p.m. PST on Jan. 8 in our Golden Globes section.
a list of 30 titles
created 27 May 2011
a list of 32 titles
created 04 Jan 2013
a list of 25 titles
created 04 Sep 2013
a list of 35 titles
created 17 Mar 2015
a list of 22 titles
created 06 Dec 2015
Title: The Wild Bunch (1969)
8/10
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
Nominated for 2 Oscars. Another 5 wins & 4 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
A small-town sheriff in the American West enlists the help of a cripple, a drunk, and a young gunfighter in his efforts to hold in jail the brother of the local bad guy.
Director: Howard Hawks
A Civil War veteran embarks on a journey to rescue his niece from an Indian tribe.
Director: John Ford
An American bartender and his prostitute girlfriend go on a road trip through the Mexican underworld to collect a $1 million bounty on the head of a dead gigolo.
Director: Sam Peckinpah
A senator, who became famous for killing a notorious outlaw, returns for the funeral of an old friend and tells the truth about his deed.
Director: John Ford
An aging Pat Garrett is hired as a lawman on behalf of a group of wealthy New Mexico cattle barons--his sole purpose being to bring down his old friend Billy the Kid.
Director: Sam Peckinpah
A young American and his English wife come to rural England and face increasingly vicious local harassment.
Director: Sam Peckinpah
A recently released ex-con and his loyal wife go on the run after a heist goes awry.
Director: Sam Peckinpah
A Missouri farmer joins a Confederate guerrilla unit and winds up on the run from the Union soldiers who murdered his family.
Director: Clint Eastwood
A marshall, personally compelled to face a returning deadly enemy, finds that his own town refuses to help him.
Director: Fred Zinnemann
A group of people traveling on a stagecoach find their journey complicated by the threat of Geronimo and learn something about each other in the process.
Director: John Ford
A weary gunfighter attempts to settle down with a homestead family, but a smoldering settler/rancher conflict forces him to act.
Director: George Stevens
Dunson leads a cattle drive, the culmination of over 14 years of work, to its destination in Missouri. But his tyrannical behavior along the way causes a mutiny, led by his adopted son.
Directors: Howard Hawks, Arthur Rosson
Stars: John Wayne, Montgomery Clift, Joanne Dru
Edit
Storyline
In the Wild Bunch the movie opens with a group of aging outlaw's final score, a bank robbery. The event concludes with a violent and overtly bloody shootout that would generally mark the finale of a movie. This is correct in that it marks the finale of an era, for the characters and the world they live in. They simply can no longer keep up, the times are changing, technology advancing, and they're style of life is getting left behind in the dust that they spent so long galloping through. They abandon their careers for the simpler life of retirement. They enjoy this time, they live their fantasies. During this time the law is always on their tracks, bounty hunters. The further into their fantasy they get, the closer their demise seems to get. When one of their own is captured they are faced with the choice of escape or what is certainly a suicide mission to attempt and free their fallen behind comrade. For them it is not a choice. They all die in what can only be described as a ... Written by [email protected]
Born too late for their own times. Uncommonly significant for ours. See more »
Genres:
7 August 1969 (Hong Kong) See more »
Also Known As:
(director's cut)
Sound Mix:
70 mm 6-Track (70 mm prints)| DTS (1995 re-release)| Dolby Digital (1995 re-release)| Mono (35 mm prints)| SDDS (1995 re-release)
Color:
Did You Know?
Trivia
This film was adapted from a story thought up by Roy N. Sickner , an actor and stuntman. Walon Green wrote the script, which was then rewritten by Sam Peckinpah . Green felt that Peckinpah's rewrite was substantial enough to deserve credit, but he had to lobby the WGA (Writers Guild of America) to allow Peckinpah a credit. Green has always said he was grateful to Peckinpah for not rewriting too much of the script just to get credit. Green, Sickner and Peckinpah all shared Academy Award nominations for best screenplay (the only Oscar nomination Peckinpah ever received in his entire career.) They didn't win. See more »
Goofs
According to the Internet Movie Car Database, Mapache's car is a 1914 Packard Six -- and the film's apparently set in 1913. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
[indistinct voices]
Rev. Wainscoat : Do not drink wine or strong drink, thou, nor thy sons with thee, least ye shall die. Look not though upon the wine when it is red, and when it bringeth his color in the cup, when it moveth itself aright at the last, it biteth like a serpent and stingeth like an adder. Now folks, that's from the Good Book, but in this here town it's five cents a glass. Five cents a glass, now does anyone think that that is a price of a drink?
Shall We Gather at the River?
(uncredited)
"Dutch, there are just some people who can't stand to admit they're wrong"
17 February 1999 | by mokman
(Springfield, MO) – See all my reviews
This is simply one of the best westerns, maybe overall best films ever made. Peckinpah's best by far. It is one of those films that grabs you by the thoat and doesn't let you go until it is over. Brilliant casting. I would be hard pressed to find someone who could have played Pike's part better than William Holden. But the rest of the cast for the main characters: Ernest Borgnine, Robert Ryan, Warren Oates Ben Johnson, Jaimie Sanchez and Edmund O'Brien are equally effective in their respective roles. Even the secondary actors, namely Strother Martin and LQ Jones are also great as the "gutter trash" bounty hunters Robert Ryan has to lead in chasing down Pike and his band.
This movie deals with aging gunfighters who had outlived their era, and see their "code of conduct" now passe' in the early 20th Century on the eve of World War I. Technology
in the way of cars, planes, and machine guns has rendered living and dying more impersonal than in Pike's et. al day. In some ways, with the end of the millennium at hand and all the vast technological changes, and changes in values, habits, and lifestyles that have taken place, even in the last couple of decades, many of us viewing the picture can sense just a bit of empathy with the main characters... Although this movie is an action film, there is a sort of foreboding throughout the film that the end is near for them. Yet when it occurs it will happen on their terms. One of my favorite scenes is when Pike and Dutch are sitting in their bedrolls by the fire at Angel's village. Pike talks about the railroad man Harrigan and how "some people just can't stand to admit they're wrong... or learn by it!" And then Dutch asks Pike if he believes they had learned anything today, referring to the bloodbath in the opening scene in Starbuck, to which Pike replies "I sure hope to God we did." The movie when released in 1969 received a lot of criticism for the violence, which was indeed unparralelled at that time. But it is relatively tame by today's standards. Moreover, the violence is not gratuitious as we see in so many films today. You see consquences to the violence hence the "death ballet." the two children holding each other during the shootout in the opening scene, and Robert Ryan's agonizing chagrin at carnage in the street and noticing the young children emulating the gunfighters in the street, the dead bodies not yet removed.. A suprising number of people who have seen this film have not seen the Director's Cut which was re-released in 1994. It puts back in many key scenes, which develops Pike and Deke Thorton's past, which is crucial to tying the movie together and making it a brilliant film. Without these scenes, then it makes little or no sense.. Unfortunately, many television stations when showing this film show the "butchered" version........
A 30th Anniversary addition has recently come out that includes a half-hour documentary "The Wild Bunch: A Portait in Montage, " which, made in 1996 received much acclaim, including an Oscar Nomination.. It makes the viewer even more appreciate Peckinpah's brilliant improvisational skill as well as the technical feats, such as the unforgettable Rio Grade river bridge scene.
84 of 109 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| William Holden |
"Who wrote the ""Harry Hole"" novels?" | The Wild Bunch Director's Cut Blu-ray 1969 Region Free: Amazon.co.uk: William Holden, Ernest Borgnine, Robert Ryan, Edmond O'Brien, Warren Oates, Alfonso Arau, Albert Dekker, Emilio Fernandez, Bo Hopkins, Ben Johnson, L.Q. Jones, Strother Martin, Jorge Russek, Jaime Sanchez, Dub Taylor, Sam Peckinpah, Phil Feldman: DVD & Blu-ray
£8.99 & FREE UK Delivery on orders dispatched by Amazon over £20. Details In stock. Dispatched from and sold by Amazon. Gift-wrap available.
Special Offers and Product Promotions
Buy three for £20 when dispatched from and sold by Amazon. Here's how (terms and conditions apply)
Enjoy £1.00 credit to spend on movies or TV on Amazon Video when you purchase a DVD or Blu-ray offered by Amazon.co.uk. A maximum of 1 credit per customer applies. UK customers only. Offer ends at 23:59 GMT on Wednesday, December 20, 2017 Here's how (terms and conditions apply)
Note: Blu-ray discs are in a high definition format and need to be played on a Blu-ray player.
Frequently Bought Together
Product Description
Product Description
The director's cut of the bloody, violent western from one of the masters of the genre, Sam Peckinpah. In 1913, a gang of outlaws (William Holden, Ernest Borgnine and Robert Ryan, amongst others) ride into a Texan border town where the railroad office is their target. The robbery turns into a blood-bath so the gang flee to a desert hideout where they discover that their loot is worthless. With the railroad company's hired guns snapping at their heels, they decide to escape to the apparent safety of the Mexican revolutionaries.
From Amazon.co.uk
Here's how director Sam Peckinpah described his motivation behind The Wild Bunch at the time of the film's 1969 release: "I was trying to tell a simple story about bad men in changing times. The Wild Bunch is simply what happens when killers go to Mexico. The strange thing is you feel a great sense of loss when these killers reach the end of the line." All of these statements are true, but they don't begin to cover the impact that Peckinpah's film had on the evolution of American movies. Now the film is most widely recognized as a milestone event in the escalation of screen violence, but that's a label of limited perspective. Of course, Peckinpah's bloody climactic gunfight became a masterfully directed, photographed, and edited ballet of graphic violence that transcended the conventional Western and moved into a slow-motion realm of pure cinematic intensity. But the film--surely one of the greatest Westerns ever made--is also a richly thematic tale of, as Peckinpah said, "bad men in changing times." The year is 1913 and the fading band of thieves known as the Wild Bunch (led by William Holden as Pike) decide to pull one last job before retirement. But an ambush foils their plans, and Peckinpah's film becomes an epic yet intimate tale of betrayed loyalties, tenacious rivalry, and the bunch's dogged determination to maintain their fading code of honor among thieves. The 144-minute director's cut enhances the theme of male bonding that recurs in many of Peckinpah's films, restoring deleted scenes to deepen the viewer's understanding of the friendship turned rivalry between Pike and his former friend Deke Thornton (Robert Ryan), who now leads a posse in pursuit of the bunch, a dimension that adds resonance to an already classic American film. The Wild Bunch is a masterpiece that should not be defined strictly in terms of its violence, but as a story of mythic proportion, brimming with rich characters and dialogue and the bittersweet irony of outlaw traditions on the wane. --Jeff Shannon
| i don't know |
Which American President (not at the time) married Claudia Taylor in 1934? | Lyndon B. Johnson | whitehouse.gov
Air Force One
Lyndon B. Johnson
In the 1960 campaign, Lyndon B. Johnson was elected Vice President as John F. Kennedy's running mate. On November 22, 1963, when Kennedy was assassinated, Johnson was sworn in as the 36th United States President, with a vision to build "A Great Society" for the American people.
"A Great Society" for the American people and their fellow men elsewhere was the vision of Lyndon B. Johnson. In his first years of office he obtained passage of one of the most extensive legislative programs in the Nation's history. Maintaining collective security, he carried on the rapidly growing struggle to restrain Communist encroachment in Viet Nam.
Johnson was born on August 27, 1908, in central Texas, not far from Johnson City, which his family had helped settle. He felt the pinch of rural poverty as he grew up, working his way through Southwest Texas State Teachers College (now known as Texas State University-San Marcos); he learned compassion for the poverty of others when he taught students of Mexican descent.
In 1937 he campaigned successfully for the House of Representatives on a New Deal platform, effectively aided by his wife, the former Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor, whom he had married in 1934.
During World War II he served briefly in the Navy as a lieutenant commander, winning a Silver Star in the South Pacific. After six terms in the House, Johnson was elected to the Senate in 1948. In 1953, he became the youngest Minority Leader in Senate history, and the following year, when the Democrats won control, Majority Leader. With rare skill he obtained passage of a number of key Eisenhower measures.
In the 1960 campaign, Johnson, as John F. Kennedy's running mate, was elected Vice President. On November 22, 1963, when Kennedy was assassinated, Johnson was sworn in as President.
First he obtained enactment of the measures President Kennedy had been urging at the time of his death--a new civil rights bill and a tax cut. Next he urged the Nation "to build a great society, a place where the meaning of man's life matches the marvels of man's labor." In 1964, Johnson won the Presidency with 61 percent of the vote and had the widest popular margin in American history--more than 15,000,000 votes.
The Great Society program became Johnson's agenda for Congress in January 1965: aid to education, attack on disease, Medicare, urban renewal, beautification, conservation, development of depressed regions, a wide-scale fight against poverty, control and prevention of crime and delinquency, removal of obstacles to the right to vote. Congress, at times augmenting or amending, rapidly enacted Johnson's recommendations. Millions of elderly people found succor through the 1965 Medicare amendment to the Social Security Act.
Under Johnson, the country made spectacular explorations of space in a program he had championed since its start. When three astronauts successfully orbited the moon in December 1968, Johnson congratulated them: "You've taken ... all of us, all over the world, into a new era. . . . "
Nevertheless, two overriding crises had been gaining momentum since 1965. Despite the beginning of new antipoverty and anti-discrimination programs, unrest and rioting in black ghettos troubled the Nation. President Johnson steadily exerted his influence against segregation and on behalf of law and order, but there was no early solution.
The other crisis arose from Viet Nam. Despite Johnson's efforts to end Communist aggression and achieve a settlement, fighting continued. Controversy over the war had become acute by the end of March 1968, when he limited the bombing of North Viet Nam in order to initiate negotiations. At the same time, he startled the world by withdrawing as a candidate for re-election so that he might devote his full efforts, unimpeded by politics, to the quest for peace.
When he left office, peace talks were under way; he did not live to see them successful, but died suddenly of a heart attack at his Texas ranch on January 22, 1973.
The Presidential biographies on WhiteHouse.gov are from “The Presidents of the United States of America,” by Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey. Copyright 2006 by the White House Historical Association.
For more information about President Johnson, please visit
| Lyndon B. Johnson |
What was the name of the rollercoaster involved in the accident at Alton Towers in June 2015? | 1000+ images about PRESIDENT LBJ on Pinterest | Presidents, First ladies and Lyndon b johnson
Forward
Luci Baines Johnson was 16 years old when JFK was assassinated and her father, Lyndon Johnson became President. At age nineteen, the younger daughter of the 36th President, and his wife, Lady Bird Johnson, married Patrick John Nugent in a high-profile wedding at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington, D.C., on August 6, 1966. They were divorced in 1979. She married again on March 3, 1984 to Ian J. Turpin. They reside in Austin, Texas.
See More
| i don't know |
Which country won the Copa America football championship for the first time in 2015? | Chile 0-0 Argentina (Chile win 4-1 on pens) | Copa América final match report | Football | The Guardian
Share on Messenger
Close
After 99 years, it came down to Alexis Sánchez against Sergio Romero from 12 yards. The Arsenal forward attempted a Panenka, scuffed it badly, and scored anyway as the goalkeeper dived to his left. Misses from Gonzalo Higuaín and Éver Banega in the shootout proved decisive and, finally, Chile, one of the four participants at the inaugural Copa América , had a first international trophy. For Argentina the drought goes on: 22 years since their last trophy and an increasing sense that this gifted generation of players will remain unfulfilled.
Chile win Copa América after beating Argentina on penalties – as it happened
Read more
Where better to achieve that first win than at home, asked Claudio Bravo on Friday; this wasn’t just about doing it in front of local fans. Few stadiums in the world have such symbolic value as Santiago’s Estadio Nacional in being representative of their nation. Behind the goal at one end a block is left perpetually empty, the benches still as they were in 1973 when the stadium was used as a prison camp after the coup through which Augusto Pinochet seized power. It was here that November that Chile kicked off against no opposition in a notorious World Cup qualifying play-off after the USSR refused to take to the field in a stadium in which leftists had been murdered a matter of weeks earlier. Above it is the legend Un pueblo sin memoria es un pueblo sin futuro – a people without a memory is a people without a future.
The atmosphere before kick-off was extraordinary, small dashes of albiceleste breaking a great sweep of red, each of the home fans waving the national flags they’d been given as they came in. And beyond the stands, visible through the haze of dust and pollution for the first time in the tournament, loomed the rocky bulk of the Andes, an appropriately grand backdrop to the biggest game in Chile’s history.
Some, it seems, got carried away in their nationalist fervour, with Lionel Messi’s family having to be moved into a television cabin at half-time after being abused and having objects thrown at them in the stands. There were further reports that his elder brother, Rodrigo, was punched.
Chile had looked anxious in the semi-final against Peru, as though snatching at the prize as it came within touching distance, but here they started with a fury. Any thought that Jorge Sampaoli might compromise on his pressing principles and opt for something more conservative rapidly disappeared and for a time Argentina were unsettled. Had Arturo Vidal made better contact with a volley as Sánchez’s half-blocked cross dropped to him, the hosts might have had an early lead, but his mis-hit effort was scrambled away by the goalkeeper Romero.
The one change Sampaoli did make was to push the midfielder Marcelo Díaz extremely deep, almost as a third centre-back, which freed Gary Medel to leave the back-line and pursue Messi at times when he dropped deep. Predictably, he was booked before half-time, having caught Messi in the midriff with a swinging boot. The plan worked; this was a triumph for the coach, who was born just 35 miles from Messi’s home in Rosario. Messi had his quietest game of the tournament – his 63 touches in normal time were his fewest of this Copa América.
One of the reasons Argentina were so cowed was due to Chile’s aggression, which clearly outraged their coaching staff. This tournament has seen Chile chart a course from romance via the decision not to suspend Vidal over his arrest on drink-driving charges and Gonzalo Jara’s digital provocation of Edinson Cavani, to the pragmatic decision to try to kick Argentina off their stride. By half-time, all three central defenders had been booked and a game that had begun brightly had degenerated into something far scrappier.
Germany 0-1 England (aet) | Women’s World Cup third-place play-off match report
Read more
By the second half, this felt far more like the Argentina of the World Cup than the side which had eviscerated Paraguay so thrillingly in the semi-final. They were defensively more secure than they had been, but lacked the fluidity and fluency of movement that characterised them even in the quarter-final against Colombia. Messi, in particular, was diminished, a frustrated and often isolated figure on the right, shirt untucked, shoulders slouched.
As Argentina became increasingly frustrated, Chile had their chances – a Vidal effort that was charged down, a Sánchez volley that flashed across the face of goal – but the last clear opportunity of normal time fell to Argentina. Messi, at last finding space, broke and laid in Ezequiel Lavezzi, but his low cross was too far in front of the other substitute, Higuaín, who could only screw the ball into the side netting.
Had he scored that chance, and had he scored the chance in the Maracana in the World Cup final last year , this generation might be have gone down as one of the greatest. As it was, though, it was Chile who celebrated, the national anthem proudly sung as flares saluted the victory.
| Chile |
Roland Gift was the lead singer with which group of the 80's and 90's? | Argentina face Chile in history-rich Copa America final - Copa América 2015 - Football - Eurosport
Argentina face Chile in history-rich Copa America final
By Reuters
0
0
Argentina head into Saturday's Copa America final seeking their first major silverware in 22 years while hosts Chile aim to end a century-long jinx by winning the trophy for the first time.
The two Andean neighbours meet in Santiago's national stadium in a classic South American encounter steeped in history and rivalry.
These were two of the four founding nations of the South American Championship as it was first known back in 1916. Argentina thumped Chile 6-1 at that tournament, setting the tone for a century of Chilean pain.
Argentina's national soccer team players Lionel Messi (R), Javier Mascherano (L) and Nicolas Otamendi participate in a team training session in Concepcion, Chile, July 1, 2015. Argentina will face Chile for their Copa America finals on July 4. REUTERS/AndEurosport
Of their 36 competitive clashes since then, the Chileans have won just one - a World Cup qualifier in Santiago in 2008. They have never beaten Argentina at the Copa America in 24 attempts.
Argentina have lifted the trophy 14 times and if they win on Saturday will draw level with Uruguay as the most successful side in the tournament's history.
[ARGENTINA THUMP PARAGUAY TO REACH COPA AMERICA FINAL]
Chile, in their 36 previous attempts to win the trophy, have finished as runners-up four times.
For Argentina's inspirational playmaker Lionel Messi , this is a golden opportunity to reproduce his success at club level for his country. His only previous titles with Argentina were at Under-20 and Olympic level.
For his team as a whole, Saturday's match is a chance to make up for last year's World Cup final defeat by Germany and two consecutive Copa America final defeats at the hands of Brazil in 2004 and 2007.
Chile's Gonzalo Jara (left) will miss the final after he was banned REUTERS/Henry RomeroEurosport
"In the space of less than a year these guys are going to play their second final of a major tournament," Argentina coach Gerardo Martino said after his side destroyed Paraguay 6-1 in the semi-finals.
"This is not the World Cup but even so, it's the second most important tournament there is for us in this part of the world."
Argentina are at pretty much full strength while Chile are still mulling how to replace centre-back Gonzalo Jara , suspended for his now infamous gesture in the quarter-finals when he was caught on camera sticking his finger up an opponent's backside.
Jose Rojas replaced Jara in their semi-final against Peru, a 2-1 win, but was far from convincing and coach Jorge Sampaoli might reshuffle his backline again.
[STORY: CHILE REACH COPA AMERICA FINAL]
The match is a clash between the two highest-scoring sides in the competition - Chile found the back of the net 13 times on their way to the final while Argentina bagged 10.
Messi has yet to score in open play but if he pulls the strings like he did against the Paraguayans that will not concern his coach.
"If he makes three assists and they all end up as goals, that's fine," Martino said. "He doesn't need to be the top scorer in the team to be happy."
On the same topic
| i don't know |
Which company owns British Gas? | Who owns the UK's big energy companies?
Who owns the UK's big energy companies?
Updated on 17 July 2014 | 5 Comments
Share the love
Do you know who runs the companies you buy your gas and electricity from? We profile the 'big six'.
Sections
More on energy bills
British Gas
British Gas is the UK’s biggest domestic energy supplier. It also operates the Sainsbury’s Energy brand.
However, British Gas is actually a subsidiary of Centrica, which was formed following a demerger from British Gas plc back in 1997.
Centrica is UK-owned and based.
EDF
EDF Energy is a subsidiary of the French Government-owned energy company EDF (Électricité de France) Group. Over the years it has bought UK energy companies London Electricity, SWEB, Seeboard and British Energy.
EDF was founded in 1946 and became a public company in 2004.
E.ON
E.ON is a German-owned group formed from the merger of German companies VEBA and VIAG. The group bought UK energy company Powergen back in 2002 but it wasn’t until 2007 that its UK energy operations were renamed E.ON.
Npower
Npower is a subsidiary of German energy company RWE Group. It was bought in 2002, having evolved out of National Power, later renamed npower, which had bought the likes of Calortex, Independent Energy and Midlands Electricity following privatisation.
ScottishPower
ScottishPower is a subsidiary of Spanish company Iberdrola, who bought it in 2006. The company was formed in 1990 from the South of Scotland Electricity Board. It later bought Manweb, the energy company supplying Merseyside and North Wales.
SSE
SSE (formerly known as Scottish and Southern Energy) was formed in 1998 following the merger of Scottish Hydro Electric and Southern Electric. In 2000, it bought SWALEC and it also owns Atlantic and Airtricity. It operates those brands plus Scottish Hydro and Southern Electric as subsidiaries of the main SSE group.
| Centrica |
"Which month in the French Revolutionary Calendar was equivalent to June and had a name meaning ""harvest""?" | British Gas told to cough up £11.1m by Ofgem - uSwitch.com
uSwitch.com
British Gas told to cough up £11.1m by Ofgem
British Gas told to cough up £11.1m by Ofgem
4 December, 2014 - 10:36
Michele Martinelli by Michele Martinelli
The penalty is set to be imposed as a result of the energy supplier failing to meet its energy efficiency targets
British Gas is set to pay an £11.1m penalty
Energy regulator Ofgem has issued Centrica, the company which owns British Gas, a £11.1m penalty for failing to meet deadlines for insulating a given number of British homes.
The penalty is related to two energy efficiency programmes which ran until the end of 2010. Although the energy giant did eventually meet its targets, thousands of homes missed out on the energy efficiency improvements during the 2012 – 13 winter.
Ofgem: Unacceptable delay
Sarah Harrison, senior partner at Ofgem, said: “British Gas’s failure to deliver two environmental obligations on time is unacceptable.
“Thousands of households had to wait for energy efficiency measures, like insulation, to be installed during the winter. The payment reflects British Gas’s failure to meet its obligations on time but also recognises its commitment to put things right.”
The £11.1m will be used to help vulnerable households cover their energy costs and install energy improvements.
More households helped in the long run
Speaking on the issue, Claire Miles, managing director of British Gas New Energy, said: “We’re pleased that in the end we managed to help more vulnerable people under this scheme than was required.”
The supplier said that although it missed the 2012 deadline it had subsequently delivered more energy efficiency measures than required to households. It added that customers benefitted from an extra £110m worth of savings on their energy bills as a result.
British Gas are not the only company concerned and SSE, ScottishPower and GDF/ Suez are also expected to pay penalties in the next few weeks.
Read more
| i don't know |
"Operation ""Moonlight Sonata"" was a German air raid on which City in December 1940?" | Operation Moonlight Sonata | Intelligence Analysis and Reporting
Intelligence Analysis and Reporting
Kurki, Allan W.(1995). Operation Moonlight Sonata: The German Raid on Coventry. Westport, CT: Praeger
LOC: 94041798
D760.8.C6 K87 1995
Date Posted: February 14, 2013
On a clear moonlit night in November of 1940, the Luftwaffe used hundreds of bombers, thousands of high explosives and tens of thousands of incendiary bombs to attack the industrial might of England by bombing Coventry.
In Operation Moonlight Sonata, Allan W. Kurki analyzes the raid in detail, reviews the actions of both the Germans and the British preceding the raid, and investigates the impact the raid had on British as well as American public opinion.
The book also investigates the controversial question of how much advance notice the British actually had concerning the raid. The Coventry bombing proved to be the most concentrated single air attack of the entire Luftwaffe bombing campaign directed against the British during World War II.
Perhaps out of a desire to dramatize the lengths to which the British would go to defend the very secret of Ultra, early writers on the topic spread a story that Winston Churchill knew in advance of a terrible air raid on the British city of Coventry through Ultra decrypts, yet did nothing to defend the city. The story has no foundation in fact, but it shows up so much in the literature of Ultra that it’s worth knowing about.
The dramatic dilemma in the story was that Winston Churchill had a terrible decision to make. If the authorities in Coventry were given explicit warning, the Germans might detect that their Enigma messages had been decoded. According to the legend, to protect the Ultra decodes, Churchill ultimately decided that no evacuation order or special warnings should be sent to Coventry.
Coventry was in fact wrecked by the attack, with the ancient Cathedral burned down, and over 50,000 houses destroyed or damaged. Records showed 554 fatalities and nearly another 5,000 with wounds and burns. So, according to the tail, Coventry had paid a severe price for keeping the Ultra Secret. In point of fact, the messages detailing the raid were never decoded in time, and Churchill never faced the dilemma that has been retold so many times. Tragic story, but just another morality tale that made a point so well that it did not have to be based on fact.
Several years ago I went to Berlin to present a paper. I visited the Gedächtniskirche (Remembrance Church) in the center of Berlin. This gothic cathedral was bombed out near the end of the war. The ruins have been left as a remembrance of what are the costs of war. There are two crosses inside the room built as a memorial. They are constructed from large spikes used in the construction of Coventry and of this church in Berlin.
Author Kurki, in the course of demolishing some widely held but erroneous views of the Coventry Raid, also provides a very interesting survey of the Battle of Britain. He details German Air Force units, weapons and operational plans, British defenses (including electronic), Ultra and other Allied codebreaking capabilities, and brings together a lot of useful information not easily found elsewhere.
Like this:
| Coventry |
In which TV cop series of the 1980's, did Michael Brandon and Glynis Barber play the lead roles? | The bombing of Coventry in 1940 - History Learning Site
The bombing of Coventry in 1940
Citation: C N Trueman "The bombing of Coventry in 1940"
historylearningsite.co.uk. The History Learning Site, 20 Apr 2015. 16 Aug 2016.
On the night of November 14th 1940, the Luftwaffe attacked Coventry. The bombing of Coventry was seen as the biggest test of British resolve up to this stage of the Blitz. Known as ‘Operation Moonlight Sonata’, over 400 bombers attacked Coventry that night and in the early morning of November 15th 1940.
Coventry was an important engineering and manufacturing city before World War Two and the factories based there played an important part in supplying Britain’s military in the early months of the war. For example, Alvis made armoured cars while Aero manufactured important parts for the RAF. Many of the workforce within the city lived very near to the factory they worked at, so any attack on the factories was bound to hit homes as well.
The Luftwaffe had made a very thorough reconnaissance of the city and knew where the most important factories were. Planning for the raid on Coventry was equally as thorough as the Luftwaffe planned to be as destructive as was possible. Their plan was for a east to west flight over the city followed by a west to east attack. The intention was to create a firestorm within the city that would destroy factories and totally break the morale of the people there. The ultimate aim of the attack was to create such a feeling of shock that the government would sue for peace.
Despite its importance as a manufacturing centre, Coventry was poorly defended against an aerial attack. Less than 40 anti-aircraft guns surrounded the city along with about 50 barrage balloons. One of the unofficial reasons put forward for this lack of defence was that the city was built in a natural dip which it was believed gave the city a natural defence against an aerial attack as at night, especially in the colder months, the city was covered with fog.
The Luftwaffe planned to attack on the next full moon – November 14th. British Intelligence knew a raid was planned to take place – but did not know where. The assumption was that London would be the target.
The night of November 14th was very cold and also very clear as a result of the full moon. If it was true that the city’s defences were kept at a minimum because of a nightly blanket covering of fog, it was not to be on this night.
The sirens first sounded in Coventry at 19.10. Pathfinder aircraft dropped parachute flares to mark the main targets. Incendiary bombs were dropped first. Many were booby-trapped so that when they exploded, hundreds of red-hot metal shards shot out. This first wave of bombings created over 200 fires.
At 21.30, the first high explosive bombs were dropped. They caused extensive damage. By 22.30 Coventry was effectively cut off from the outside, as very few phone lines had survived the bombing and travel was very dangerous as fallen buildings blocked the roads.
Not one German bomber was shot down despite thousands of anti-aircraft rounds being fired.
During the raid and in the immediate aftermath, it is generally accepted that morale in the city came very close to collapsing.
“We were all cowering on the floor – sheer terror.” (Ilene Bees)
“You stood there petrified.” Alan Hartley, ARP messenger during the raid.
“First reaction was shock. The second reaction was ‘we’re not going to let those buggers get away with it.” Jean Taylor.
The city’s fire fighters had to fight the many fires with a limited water supply as most of the mains had been shattered in the attack.
By 23.50 the centuries old St Michael’s Cathedral had been destroyed.
By 01.30 on November 15th, the flames were so intense they could be seen 100 miles away. It was a perfect target for the second wave of bombers that came in at that time.
In total the bombing lasted for 13 hours. 500 tons of high explosive bombs were dropped along with 30,000 incendiaries.
Later that day a team from ‘Mass Observation’ got into the city. As official reporters it was expected that any commentary on their films would follow accepted party lines – lots of damage but the spirit of the people is high; bombing will never dull the British bulldog nature etc. However, in this instance, ‘Mass Observation’ reported that the city had suffered a “collective nervous breakdown”. It was reported that the survivors in the city attacked firemen for failing to stop the fires (even though they could not) and that police officers were also attacked. The government was so angered by this failure to stir the nation’s patriotism that it came close to taking over the BBC, which oversaw ‘Mass Observation’.
By the time the attack was over, 75% of all buildings in the city were destroyed; 33% of all factories were destroyed and 50% of all homes. Most people had to exist without water, gas or electricity. While ‘Mass Observation’ had angered the government, it had spoken the truth. On the afternoon of November 15th, a rumour went round the city that a second attack was on the way. By night time, 100,000 people had fled the city for the surrounding countryside.
Ilene Bees, who survived the bombing, remembered the “total despair” she and others felt within the city.
There can be little doubt that the city was on the verge of collapsing from a morale point of view. This is why the government was so angered by ‘Mass Observation’ – it feared that people in other cities might become distraught as a result of the belief that what had happened to Coventry might happen to their city.
However, this whole mood of despair changed on November 16th when King George VI visited the city. Observers noted that within the space of a day – and linked to the visit – the ‘Bulldog Spirit’ that Churchill wanted to capture was very much in evidence.
On November 20th, the first of two mass burials took place. In total 568 people were buried. While they were very sad and solemn affairs, people there noted an air of defiance, of not wanting to give in. Within two weeks of the bombing some factories had opened up. While food kitchens appeared, the basics of life had been severely disrupted – water, gas etc. People in the city were offered evacuation. However, only 300 took up the offer. The rest decided to stay in their city.
The clear weather allowed the Luftwaffe to film the attack. These films were used in propaganda films in Nazi Germany and the Nazis created a new ‘verb’, to coventrate, which was their reference to the mass bombing of the city. In later years when the RAF and the USAAF bombed cities in Nazi Germany, they used the words ‘coventration bombing’ to described their blanket bombing attacks.
| i don't know |
"Which Indian curry dish has a name meaning ""Intense heat""?" | The Curry House - Glossary of Indian Restaurant Curries
Glossary of Indian Restaurant Curries
balti
Balti is more a style of cooking than one particular curry. The word balti can be translated as "bucket" (i.e. a cooking pan) and some say the style of cooking is indigenous to an area of northern Pakistan known as Baltistan. A balti pan is basically a karahi which has the shape of a Chinese wok but with 2 small round handles on either side of the pan instead of one long handle. In specialist "Balti Houses" the balti is a meal in itself which contains both meat and vegetables and is eaten straight from the karahi using curled up pieces of nan bread. In standard Indian restaurants the balti is more of a stir-fried curry containing plenty of fried green peppers and fresh coriander (
cilantro). Medium hot.
bhuna
Bhuna is first and foremost a cooking process where spices are gently fried in plenty of oil to bring out their flavour. The dish "bhuna" is an extension of that process where meat is added to the spices and then cooked in its own juices which results in deep strong flavours but very little sauce. The restaurant bhuna is a well spiced curry with a thick sauce. It is often garnished with fried green peppers (
bell peppers) and shredded onions. Usually medium hot although I have had some pretty hot ones in my time.
biryani
Biryani is not a curry at all but the curry connection comes from the mixed vegetable curry with which it is served in most Indian restaurants.
Biryani originated in Persia and, at its simplest, was rice and meat baked together in the oven. The cooks to the Moghul emperors took the biryani and transformed it into a courtly delicacy by adding aromatic spices and other exotic ingredients. Traditionally, biryanis are baked in the oven for some time so the aromatic spices and juices from the meat permeate the rice. In the Indian restaurant, however, all the dishes are made to order and the poor chef has to find a way of preparing the biryani in double quick time. So the restaurant biryani is often just pilau rice stir fried with chicken or lamb which has been cooked as an extra dry bhuna. The restaurant biryani is usually garnished with almonds and sultanas (
golden raisins) and is accompanied by a mixed vegetable curry to add a little juiciness to the rice. Mild.
dhansak
A famous Parsee dish. Interestingly the dhan part of the name means rice and a dhansak is traditionally served with a pulao of fried and spiced rice. An authentic dhansak will made with lamb and contain vegetables and many different types of dhal (the sak in the name). The curry house dhansak is often referred to as "hot, sweet and sour with lentils". The "hot" is chilli powder, the "sweet" is sugar and the "sour" is lemon juice. Curry houses commonly use masoor dhal (split red lentils) but some restaurants now use chana dhal to good effect. If it is done well the dhansak is an excellent curry with contrasting flavours and textures. But if the "sweet" in your restaurant dhansak is provided by the addition of pineapple then, in my opinion, you should order something else.
dopiaza
The dopiaza is a classic Indian dish dating back at least to Moghul times. The name dopiaza broadly translates as "2 onions" or "double onions". Some traditional versions of the dopiaza use twice the weight of onions compared to the weight of meat but a classic Indian dopiaza is more likely to use the onions in 2 different ways, fried and boiled, at different stages of the cooking. The restaurant version has small fried pieces of onion in the sauce and then larger chunks of lightly cooked onion are added towards the end of the cooking. Medium hot.
jalfrezi
Jalfrezi is not a traditional Indian dish as such but, like the bhuna, is actually a method of cooking. It literally means "hot-fry" but is probably better translated as "stir-fry". The term jalfrezi entered the English language at the time of the British Raj in India. Colonial households employed Indian cooks who would use the jalfrezi method of cooking to heat up cold roasted meat and potatoes. But the restaurant jalfrezi is not a version of the Anglo-Indian dish. Oh no. The Indian restaurant chef uses the jalfrezi method to stir-fry green peppers, onions and plenty of green chillies as the basis for a curry with just a little sauce. The chillies make the jalfrezi taste very fresh but also make it one of the hotter curries on the restaurant menu.
korai
Many Indian restaurants had a balti-style curry on their menu long before the rise in popularity of balti cooking in the UK. They did not call the curry a balti but rather a korai or karahi and many restaurants still carry one on their menu. Both the balti and korai contain stir fried meat and vegetables and both take their name from the utensil in which they are cooked. Because korai is a style of cooking rather than a traditional recipe the curry house versions can vary considerably from restaurant to restaurant. It can be medium or hot and will usually contain green peppers, tomatoes and onions.
korma
A traditional korma will have a long slow cooking. In fact, korma is not one particular dish but rather a method of cooking similar to braising. Because korma is a cooking method there are a wide variety of dishes that could be described as "korma". Many kormas call for the meat to be marinated in yoghurt and then the meat plus marinade are braised on a very low heat until all the juices condense down into a thick sauce. The restaurant chef has to cook to order so doesn't have time for long, slow cooking. The korma you find in Indian restaurants usually contains ground almonds, coconut and thick cream. It is often described on restaurant menus as being "very mild" but a good korma should not be bland.
Madras
The curry house Madras is a restaurant invention which started life as simply a hotted up version of the standard restaurant curry. Because it is a restaurant invention rather than a traditional recipe the Madras can vary considerably from one restaurant to another. The restaurant Madras can be hot or very hot, red or brown, a hotter version of a plain curry or quite rich in tomatoes. Mostly though it comes with plenty of sauce and is strongly spiced . It is the standard restaurant hot curry.
Moghul masala
The Moghul dynasty ruled much of the Asian sub-continent for 3 centuries and left behind a fabulous legacy not just in art and architecture but also in sumptuous cuisine. There is no one Moghul style but the usual restaurant interpretation is rich and creamy. The curry house Moghul masala contains plenty of ginger, ground almonds, yoghurt and cream. Some restaurants offer a Shahi Moghul dish which is garnished with a small omelette flavoured with chopped coriander leaves. Mild to medium.
pasanda
Derived from a court dish of the Moghul emperors the pasanda is traditionally made with thinly sliced and marinated lamb fillets. It is sometimes called lamb badam pasanda because the dish contains ground almonds, the "badam" of the title. The restaurant pasanda is usually quite mild and contains ground almonds, cardamon pods, puréed tomatoes and cream.
patia
Like it's more famous cousin, dhansak, patia is a Parsee dish. A traditional Parsee patia is made with fish cooked in a dark vinegar sauce. The restaurant patia is hot, sweet and sour in equal measure. The restaurant patia grew popular as a starter using prawns (
shrimps) as the main ingredient. Many restaurants now offer the patia as a main course as well and give you the choice of a prawn, chicken or lamb version. It is usually garnished with fried tomato pieces.
rogan josh
Rogan josh is another all time favourite on the curry house menu. It was originally a Kashmiri dish but is equally at home in the Punjab. An authentic rogan josh will be made with lamb and may, at its most elaborate, contain dozens of spices. The Kashmiri and Punjabi versions do differ (the Kashmiri does not traditionally contain onions or garlic) but they are both highly spiced and share a deep red colour derived from the liberal use of dried red Kashmiri chillies. The curry house rogan is also red but the colour comes from red peppers and tomatoes rather than Kashmiri chillies. The restaurant rogan is characterised by its garnish of tomato pieces and fresh coriander. It is usually medium hot.
saag
Saag gosht is a classic curry traditionally made with spinach and lamb. Saag is, strictly speaking, a general term for tender green leaves such as spinach, mustard greens and fresh fenugreek leaves. If you were talking about spinach on its own it would be called palak. Many restaurants these days will offer a chicken or a prawn alternative to lamb and so the dish will show on the menu as just "saag" or "palak" omitting the gosht (lamb) from the name altogether. The saag is usually served medium hot and is made in the bhuna style.
tikka masala
To my mind it is fruitless to enter the debate on the origins of the famous chicken tikka masala. If you want to remind yourself of the contending arguments then take a look at the essay on the subject "Is it or isn't it? - the chicken tikka masala story" by food historians Peter and Colleen Grove. Chicken tikka masala is the all time most popular dish on the Indian restaurant menu and what the restaurant diner really needs to know is whether the restaurant is providing a good example of the dish. And what is a good example? Well, the chicken tikka pieces should be aromatic and slightly smoky from the tandoor. The masala sauce should be well spiced but not hot, rich and creamy and have a hint of coconut. Tikka masala usually has a deep red colour, gained from the use of artificial food colourings.
vindaloo
The vindaloo was originally a Portuguese dish which took its name from the 2 main ingredients which were "vinho", wine/wine vinegar, and "alhos", garlic. Over time it was spiced up, hotted up and otherwise changed by the indigenous peoples of the ex-Portuguese colony of Goa. Not many restaurants produce an authentic Goan vindaloo not least because the pork used by Christian Goans in their recipe would not be acceptable to Muslim chefs. In some restaurants the vindaloo is just a pumped-up Madras i.e. the same recipe but with lots more chilli powder. Other restaurants have interpreted the "aloo" part of the name as meaning potato and introduced diced potato to a hot standard curry with added lemon juice for tartness and black pepper for extra pungency. Very hot.
| Rogan josh |
Castoreum is used as a food additive and in some perfumes. It is obtained from the scent glands of which member of the rodent family? | Rogan Josh Recipe - Best Authentic Indian Recipes | Sitar Indian Restaurant
Rogan Josh
Origins of Rogan Josh
Rogan Josh was brought to India by the Moghuls. The unrelenting heat of the Indian plains took the Moghuls frequently to Kashmir, which is where the first Indian adoption of Rogan Josh occurred.
Rogan josh is an aromatic curry dish popular in India. Rogan means clarified butter in Persian, while Josh means hot or passionate. Rogan Josh thus means meat cooked in clarified butter at intense heat.
Recipes vary widely across different regions and traditions, but all include lamb or goat, oil or ghee and a mixture of spices.
These may include paprika for its red colour, aniseed, cloves, cumin, cinnamon, and many others. Many variations have ginger, garlic, and yoghurt, and some also use tomatoes.
An authentic rogan josh will be made with lamb and may, at its most elaborate, contain dozens of spices.
Put the ginger, garlic, and 4 tablespoons of water into the blender. Blend well until you have a smooth paste.
Heat oil in a wide heavy pot over a medium heat, brown the meat cubes in serveral batches and set to one side.
Put the cardamom, bay leaves, cloves, peppercons and cinnamon into the same hot oil. stir once and wait until the cloves swell and the bay leaves begin to take on colour. Now put in the onions. Stir and fry for 5 minutes until they turn a medium brown colour.
Put in the ginger garlic paste and stir for 30 seconds. Add the coriander, cumin, paprika-cayenne, and salt. Stir and fry for 30 seconds.
Add the fried meat cubes and juices. Stir for 30 seconds, now add 1 tablespoon of yoghurt, stir until well blended . Add the remaining yoghurt, a tablespoon at a time in the same way. Stir and fry for another 3 minutes.
Now add 275ml of water if your cooking lamb or chicken and 425ml of water if your cooking beef. Bring to the boil, scraping all the browned spices off the sides and bottom of the pot. Cover and cook on low for an hour if your cooking chicken or lamb and 2 hours if cooking beef, (or until meat is tender.)
Every 10 minutes give the meat a good stir. When the meat is tender take off the lid, turn the heat up to medium, and boil away some of the liquid. All the fat that collects in the pot may be spooned off the top. Sprinkle the garam masala and black pepper over the meat before you serve and mix them in
Far more than just another Indian curry house, Sitar Indian Restaurants offer the very best Indian food using the finest local produce and a myriad of imported spices to create the quality and flavours unique to Sitar. Discover more about our authentic Indian cuisine , find your nearest Sitar Indian Restaurant or Indian takeaway,Sitar Express , or check out our current Sitar Special Offers . Make an online enquiry or call your nearest Sitar now.
| i don't know |
Who was the Prime Minister of Great Britain during the Zulu War? | Prime Ministers of Great Britain
political party
1721-42
Sir Robert Walpole - Restored confidence in the country following the South Sea Bubble financial crash of 1720. Dominated the political scene during the reigns of George I and George II. George II made Walpole a gift of 10 Downing Street. Walpole resigned as a consequence of his perceived mis-handling in dealing with the War of Jenkins' Ear .
Whig
1742-43
Earl of Wilmington - Suffering poor health for most of his time as Prime Minister, he died in office.
Whig
1743-54
Henry Pelham - During his time in the post he oversaw the the British involvement in the War of the Austrian Succession in 1744-48, the 1745 Jacobite Rising and the adoption of the Gregorian calender . He died in office.
Whig
1754-56
Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle - Assumed the office of Prime Minister just 10 days after the death of his brother Henry Pelham. During the Seven Years' War, he was blamed for the loss of Minorca and was replaced by the Duke of Devonshire.
Whig
1756-57
William Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire - In a government effectively controlled by Pitt the Elder, Devonshire's administration was brought to end following the dismissal of Pitt by the king, it was replaced by the Second Newcastle Ministry.
Whig
1757-62
Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle - Returning to office with Pitt the Elder as Southern Secretary, this government helped steer Britain to ultimate victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War.
Whig
1762-63
John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute - A favourite of George III, he was the first Scot to hold the top office. Unpopular with the 'great unwashed', he introduced a tax on cider in order to help pay for the Seven Years' War. He resigned following fierce criticism of his handling of the peace negotiations.
Tory
The Duke of Wellington, Sir Robert Peel, Viscount Melbourne
1828-30
Arthur Welleslley, 1st Duke of Wellington - The second Irish-born Prime Minister and second veteran general, perhaps more famous as a soldier of the Napoleonic Wars than a politician. Is said to have commented after his first Cabinet meeting: “An extraordinary affair. I gave them their orders and they wanted to stay and discuss them.” He introduced the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, removing many of the restrictions on Catholics in the UK. Resigned after a vote of no confidence.
Tory
1830-34
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey - Famous for the blend of tea named after him, his political achievements included the Reform Act of 1832, which started the process of electoral change that we recognise today. His other legacies included the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire and restrictions concerning the employment of children. He resigned after disagreements over his Irish policies.
Whig
1834
William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne - The last Prime Minister to be dismissed by a Sovereign, King William IV.
Whig
1834-35
Sir Robert Peel 2nd Baronet - At the second time of asking, Peel accepted King William IV’s invitation to form a government. Head of a minority government, he resigned following a number of defeats in Parliament.
Whig
1835-41
William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne - Returning to office for the second time, Melbourne found the new Queen Victoria much more agreeable than William IV. Tutoring the young queen in the ways of politics, they formed a close relationship. He resigned after a series of parliamentary defeats.
Whig
1841-46
Sir Robert Peel 2nd Baronet - Returning to office for the second time, Peel introduced important employment laws that banned women and children from working underground in mines, in addition The Factory Act of 1844 limited the hours of work for children and women. Unable to feed a starving Ireland, he finally succeeded in repealing the Corn Laws.
Conservative
1846-52
Lord John Russell, 1st Earl Russell - Russell was the last Whig Prime Minister. His Public Health Act of 1848 improved the sanitary conditions of towns and cities. He was in office at the time of The Great Exhibition of 1851 .
Whig
1852
Edward Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby - Considered by many to be the father of the modern Conservative party, his government collapsed when the budget of his Chancellor, Benjamin Disraeli, was rejected by the house.
Conservative
1852-55
George Hamilton Gordon, Earl of Aberdeen - A cousin of the poet Lord Byron, his government was dominated by a war with Russia. He resigned after losing a vote of confidence into his handling of the Crimean War.
Peelite
1855-58
Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston - An Irish peer, his India Bill of 1858 transferred control of the East India Company to the Crown.
Liberal
1858-59
Edward Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby - Returning to office for the second time, his Jews Relief Act of 1858, removed barriers to Jews entering Parliament.
Conservative
1859-65
Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston - Returning to office for the second time, his ministry was dominated by the American Civil War and the resulting suffering caused by the Lancashire Cotton Famine . Hale and hearty to the end, he died in office at the tender age of just 81.
Liberal
1865-66
Lord John Russell, 1st Earl Russell - Returning to office for the second time, after the untimely death of Palmerston.
Liberal
1866-68
Edward Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby - Returning to office for the third and final time, his Reform Act of 1867 doubled the number of adult males that could vote in England and Wales.
Conservative
Lord Palmerston, Benjamin Disraeli, W E Gladstone
1868
Benjamin Disraeli - Just 10 years after the barriers to Jews entering Parliament had been removed, Britain has its first, and so far only, Jewish Prime Minister. In accepting the post, 'Dizzy' is said to have declared, “I have climbed to the top of the greasy pole”.
Conservative
1868-74
William Ewart Gladstone - Gladstone led the greatest reforming administrations of the 19th century. His policies were intended to improve individual liberty by scrapping barriers to freedom and personal advancement. A heavy defeat at the 1874 general election allowed his arch-rival Disraeli to once again reach the top of the greasy pole.
Liberal
1874-80
Benjamin Disraeli, the Earl of Beaconsfield - Returning to office for the second time at the age of 70, his policies introduced a large amount of social legislation, including providing housing for the poor and greatly improved sanitation. His relationship with Queen Victoria helped to return her to public life, proclaiming her Empress of India. Anglo-Zulu Wars .
Conservative
1880-85
William Ewart Gladstone - Gadstone's second administration suffered a number of set-backs in foreign policy, including a humiliating defeat in the First Boer War and failing to rescue General Gordon in Sudan.
Liberal
1885-86
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury - Salisbury became leader of the Conservative party following the death of Disraeli in 1881, he reluctantly became Prime Minister and formed a minority government.
Conservative
1886
William Ewart Gladstone - Now aged 76, Gladstone's introduction of a Home Rule Bill for Ireland split the Liberal Party.
Liberal
1886-92
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury - With the split in the Liberal Party, Salisbury attempted to contain the Irish problem by a combination of firm government and reform. Creation of Rhodesia , modern day Zimbabwe, with its capital city named Salisbury.
Conservative
1892-94
William Ewart Gladstone - Now well into his 80s, this 'Grand Old Man' of British politics was returned to office for a fourth term and once again introduced the Irish Home Rule Bill. Although passed by the House of Commons, the bill was rejected by the Lords. Gladstone submitted his fourth and final resignation.
Liberal
1894-95
Archibold Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery - Reluctantly accepted the post of Prime Minister following the resination of Gladstone. In a short lived administration plagued by Cabinet disputes, he resigned having achieved his lifes three ambitions... to marry an heiress, own a Derby winning horse and to be Prime Minister.
Liberal
1895-1902
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury - Returned to office for the third and final time. During his tenure the Boer War broke out in 1899, ending in 1902. He retired in favour of his nephew Balfour.
Conservative
Lord Salisbury, Arthur James Balfour, H H Asquith
1902-05
Arthur James Balfour - His Education Act of 1902 standardised the educational system of England and Wales, handing powers from school boards to Local Education Authorities (LEAs). His cabinet split on the issue of free trade policies.
Conservative
1905-08
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman - Glasgow born 'C-B' was the first in the top job to be given the official title of ‘Prime Minister’. Outspoken on the 'barbarities' of the Boer War, he restored independence to the Transvaal and Orange Free State in South Africa.
Liberal
1908-15
Herbert Henry Asquith - Asquith became Prime Minister following the resignation of 'CB'. He took charge in troubled times, with Irish Home Rule and Women’s Suffrage the burning issues of the day. The Old Age Pension Act of 1908 laid the foundation of the modern welfare state. This was followed by the National Insurance Act of 1911, that provided an income for working people suffering illness or unemployment. He also led Britain into the First World War .
Liberal
1915-16
Herbert Henry Asquith - In order to gain maximum support for the ongoing war Asquith formed a coalition government. The conflict however, was not going well and so with deadlock in the trenches, Asquith resigned.
coalition
1916-22
David Lloyd George - The only Prime Minister to have spoken Welsh as his first language, Lloyd George accepted an invitation to form a government following the resignation of his fellow Liberal, Asquith. A man of great energy and dynamism, he was widely touted as the man who had won the war and promised... ‘a land fit for heroes’. The Anglo-Irish Treaty led to the establishment of the Irish Free State. The public outcry that followed his 'cash for honours' scandal saw him ousted from power.
coalition
1922-23
Andrew Bonar Law - After Lloyd George had been removed from office by the Conservative members of his cabinet, the king invited the Canadian-born Bonar Law to form a new government. He lasted just 209 days in office before resigning due to ill health and died just 6 months later.
Conservative
1923-24
Stanley Baldwin - Just a few months into office and much to the surprise of all around him, Baldwin called an early general election on the issue of protectionist trade tariffs. The policy was an attempt to resolve Britain's economic problems, it achieved however, the remarkable feat of reuniting the Liberals and letting Labour into power for the first time.
Conservative
1924
James Ramsay MacDonald - The very first Labour Prime Minister, MacDonald came from a Scottish working class background. As head of a minority government, he was reliant on the support of the Liberals. Frustrated by his inability to introduce meaningful legislation he called an early election.
Labour
1924-29
Stanley Baldwin - In his second term in office, Baldwin was responsible for several notable social achievements including extending the right to vote to women aged over 21. He amazed the political world by inviting Winston Churchill, who at that time was a Liberal MP, to be his Chancellor of the Exchequer. He successfully steered the country through the rocky waters of the General Strike of 1926.
Conservative
1929-31
Ramsey MacDonald - In his second minority government, MacDonald appointed the first ever female minister, Margaret Bondfield. Just a few months into his term however, the world was shaken by the Wall Street Crash of 1929,
Labour
1931-35
Ramsey MacDonald - With his Labour government divided on how to resolve an economic crisis that included the doubling of unemployment levels; MacDonald resigned but was reappointed at the head of a national coalition government (with support from the Conservative and Liberal parties). This move cost him the support of his own party and he once again resigned
national coalition
1935-37
Stanley Baldwin - Returning to office for the third time, his major achievement in this last phase of his career was to steer the country through the abdication of King Edward VIII in 1936. Recognising the threat of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany, Baldwin started a programme of re-arming the country. He was later criticised for not doing more to prepare.
Conservative
Lloyd George, Stanley Baldwin, Sir Winston Churchill
1937-40
Neville Chamberlain - When Baldwin retired after the coronation of George VI, Chamberlain was the obvious choice for leader of the party. Following a meeting with Adolf Hitler in Munich 1938, he famously returned declaring “I believe it is peace for our time”. Following the invasion of Poland, Chamberlain declared war on Germany on 3 September, 1939 .
Conservative
1940-45
Sir Winston Churchill - Following Chamberlain's resignation, Churchill was appointed as Prime Minister of an all-party coalition government. The speeches he made through his first summer in charge established a policy of 'no surrender', and the subsequent military alliances that he formed with both the USA and Soviet Union steered the Allies to victory in World War II. Shortly after VE Day , Churchill was surprisingly defeated in a General Election.
coalition
1945-51
Clement Attlee - After leading Labour to a landslide victory, Attlee quickly set about implementing his parties manifesto pledges. With the country effectively bankrupt, he
Labour
| Benjamin Disraeli |
In which county is Hinkley Point? | Prime Ministers of Great Britain
political party
1721-42
Sir Robert Walpole - Restored confidence in the country following the South Sea Bubble financial crash of 1720. Dominated the political scene during the reigns of George I and George II. George II made Walpole a gift of 10 Downing Street. Walpole resigned as a consequence of his perceived mis-handling in dealing with the War of Jenkins' Ear .
Whig
1742-43
Earl of Wilmington - Suffering poor health for most of his time as Prime Minister, he died in office.
Whig
1743-54
Henry Pelham - During his time in the post he oversaw the the British involvement in the War of the Austrian Succession in 1744-48, the 1745 Jacobite Rising and the adoption of the Gregorian calender . He died in office.
Whig
1754-56
Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle - Assumed the office of Prime Minister just 10 days after the death of his brother Henry Pelham. During the Seven Years' War, he was blamed for the loss of Minorca and was replaced by the Duke of Devonshire.
Whig
1756-57
William Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire - In a government effectively controlled by Pitt the Elder, Devonshire's administration was brought to end following the dismissal of Pitt by the king, it was replaced by the Second Newcastle Ministry.
Whig
1757-62
Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle - Returning to office with Pitt the Elder as Southern Secretary, this government helped steer Britain to ultimate victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War.
Whig
1762-63
John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute - A favourite of George III, he was the first Scot to hold the top office. Unpopular with the 'great unwashed', he introduced a tax on cider in order to help pay for the Seven Years' War. He resigned following fierce criticism of his handling of the peace negotiations.
Tory
The Duke of Wellington, Sir Robert Peel, Viscount Melbourne
1828-30
Arthur Welleslley, 1st Duke of Wellington - The second Irish-born Prime Minister and second veteran general, perhaps more famous as a soldier of the Napoleonic Wars than a politician. Is said to have commented after his first Cabinet meeting: “An extraordinary affair. I gave them their orders and they wanted to stay and discuss them.” He introduced the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, removing many of the restrictions on Catholics in the UK. Resigned after a vote of no confidence.
Tory
1830-34
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey - Famous for the blend of tea named after him, his political achievements included the Reform Act of 1832, which started the process of electoral change that we recognise today. His other legacies included the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire and restrictions concerning the employment of children. He resigned after disagreements over his Irish policies.
Whig
1834
William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne - The last Prime Minister to be dismissed by a Sovereign, King William IV.
Whig
1834-35
Sir Robert Peel 2nd Baronet - At the second time of asking, Peel accepted King William IV’s invitation to form a government. Head of a minority government, he resigned following a number of defeats in Parliament.
Whig
1835-41
William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne - Returning to office for the second time, Melbourne found the new Queen Victoria much more agreeable than William IV. Tutoring the young queen in the ways of politics, they formed a close relationship. He resigned after a series of parliamentary defeats.
Whig
1841-46
Sir Robert Peel 2nd Baronet - Returning to office for the second time, Peel introduced important employment laws that banned women and children from working underground in mines, in addition The Factory Act of 1844 limited the hours of work for children and women. Unable to feed a starving Ireland, he finally succeeded in repealing the Corn Laws.
Conservative
1846-52
Lord John Russell, 1st Earl Russell - Russell was the last Whig Prime Minister. His Public Health Act of 1848 improved the sanitary conditions of towns and cities. He was in office at the time of The Great Exhibition of 1851 .
Whig
1852
Edward Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby - Considered by many to be the father of the modern Conservative party, his government collapsed when the budget of his Chancellor, Benjamin Disraeli, was rejected by the house.
Conservative
1852-55
George Hamilton Gordon, Earl of Aberdeen - A cousin of the poet Lord Byron, his government was dominated by a war with Russia. He resigned after losing a vote of confidence into his handling of the Crimean War.
Peelite
1855-58
Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston - An Irish peer, his India Bill of 1858 transferred control of the East India Company to the Crown.
Liberal
1858-59
Edward Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby - Returning to office for the second time, his Jews Relief Act of 1858, removed barriers to Jews entering Parliament.
Conservative
1859-65
Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston - Returning to office for the second time, his ministry was dominated by the American Civil War and the resulting suffering caused by the Lancashire Cotton Famine . Hale and hearty to the end, he died in office at the tender age of just 81.
Liberal
1865-66
Lord John Russell, 1st Earl Russell - Returning to office for the second time, after the untimely death of Palmerston.
Liberal
1866-68
Edward Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby - Returning to office for the third and final time, his Reform Act of 1867 doubled the number of adult males that could vote in England and Wales.
Conservative
Lord Palmerston, Benjamin Disraeli, W E Gladstone
1868
Benjamin Disraeli - Just 10 years after the barriers to Jews entering Parliament had been removed, Britain has its first, and so far only, Jewish Prime Minister. In accepting the post, 'Dizzy' is said to have declared, “I have climbed to the top of the greasy pole”.
Conservative
1868-74
William Ewart Gladstone - Gladstone led the greatest reforming administrations of the 19th century. His policies were intended to improve individual liberty by scrapping barriers to freedom and personal advancement. A heavy defeat at the 1874 general election allowed his arch-rival Disraeli to once again reach the top of the greasy pole.
Liberal
1874-80
Benjamin Disraeli, the Earl of Beaconsfield - Returning to office for the second time at the age of 70, his policies introduced a large amount of social legislation, including providing housing for the poor and greatly improved sanitation. His relationship with Queen Victoria helped to return her to public life, proclaiming her Empress of India. Anglo-Zulu Wars .
Conservative
1880-85
William Ewart Gladstone - Gadstone's second administration suffered a number of set-backs in foreign policy, including a humiliating defeat in the First Boer War and failing to rescue General Gordon in Sudan.
Liberal
1885-86
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury - Salisbury became leader of the Conservative party following the death of Disraeli in 1881, he reluctantly became Prime Minister and formed a minority government.
Conservative
1886
William Ewart Gladstone - Now aged 76, Gladstone's introduction of a Home Rule Bill for Ireland split the Liberal Party.
Liberal
1886-92
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury - With the split in the Liberal Party, Salisbury attempted to contain the Irish problem by a combination of firm government and reform. Creation of Rhodesia , modern day Zimbabwe, with its capital city named Salisbury.
Conservative
1892-94
William Ewart Gladstone - Now well into his 80s, this 'Grand Old Man' of British politics was returned to office for a fourth term and once again introduced the Irish Home Rule Bill. Although passed by the House of Commons, the bill was rejected by the Lords. Gladstone submitted his fourth and final resignation.
Liberal
1894-95
Archibold Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery - Reluctantly accepted the post of Prime Minister following the resination of Gladstone. In a short lived administration plagued by Cabinet disputes, he resigned having achieved his lifes three ambitions... to marry an heiress, own a Derby winning horse and to be Prime Minister.
Liberal
1895-1902
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury - Returned to office for the third and final time. During his tenure the Boer War broke out in 1899, ending in 1902. He retired in favour of his nephew Balfour.
Conservative
Lord Salisbury, Arthur James Balfour, H H Asquith
1902-05
Arthur James Balfour - His Education Act of 1902 standardised the educational system of England and Wales, handing powers from school boards to Local Education Authorities (LEAs). His cabinet split on the issue of free trade policies.
Conservative
1905-08
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman - Glasgow born 'C-B' was the first in the top job to be given the official title of ‘Prime Minister’. Outspoken on the 'barbarities' of the Boer War, he restored independence to the Transvaal and Orange Free State in South Africa.
Liberal
1908-15
Herbert Henry Asquith - Asquith became Prime Minister following the resignation of 'CB'. He took charge in troubled times, with Irish Home Rule and Women’s Suffrage the burning issues of the day. The Old Age Pension Act of 1908 laid the foundation of the modern welfare state. This was followed by the National Insurance Act of 1911, that provided an income for working people suffering illness or unemployment. He also led Britain into the First World War .
Liberal
1915-16
Herbert Henry Asquith - In order to gain maximum support for the ongoing war Asquith formed a coalition government. The conflict however, was not going well and so with deadlock in the trenches, Asquith resigned.
coalition
1916-22
David Lloyd George - The only Prime Minister to have spoken Welsh as his first language, Lloyd George accepted an invitation to form a government following the resignation of his fellow Liberal, Asquith. A man of great energy and dynamism, he was widely touted as the man who had won the war and promised... ‘a land fit for heroes’. The Anglo-Irish Treaty led to the establishment of the Irish Free State. The public outcry that followed his 'cash for honours' scandal saw him ousted from power.
coalition
1922-23
Andrew Bonar Law - After Lloyd George had been removed from office by the Conservative members of his cabinet, the king invited the Canadian-born Bonar Law to form a new government. He lasted just 209 days in office before resigning due to ill health and died just 6 months later.
Conservative
1923-24
Stanley Baldwin - Just a few months into office and much to the surprise of all around him, Baldwin called an early general election on the issue of protectionist trade tariffs. The policy was an attempt to resolve Britain's economic problems, it achieved however, the remarkable feat of reuniting the Liberals and letting Labour into power for the first time.
Conservative
1924
James Ramsay MacDonald - The very first Labour Prime Minister, MacDonald came from a Scottish working class background. As head of a minority government, he was reliant on the support of the Liberals. Frustrated by his inability to introduce meaningful legislation he called an early election.
Labour
1924-29
Stanley Baldwin - In his second term in office, Baldwin was responsible for several notable social achievements including extending the right to vote to women aged over 21. He amazed the political world by inviting Winston Churchill, who at that time was a Liberal MP, to be his Chancellor of the Exchequer. He successfully steered the country through the rocky waters of the General Strike of 1926.
Conservative
1929-31
Ramsey MacDonald - In his second minority government, MacDonald appointed the first ever female minister, Margaret Bondfield. Just a few months into his term however, the world was shaken by the Wall Street Crash of 1929,
Labour
1931-35
Ramsey MacDonald - With his Labour government divided on how to resolve an economic crisis that included the doubling of unemployment levels; MacDonald resigned but was reappointed at the head of a national coalition government (with support from the Conservative and Liberal parties). This move cost him the support of his own party and he once again resigned
national coalition
1935-37
Stanley Baldwin - Returning to office for the third time, his major achievement in this last phase of his career was to steer the country through the abdication of King Edward VIII in 1936. Recognising the threat of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany, Baldwin started a programme of re-arming the country. He was later criticised for not doing more to prepare.
Conservative
Lloyd George, Stanley Baldwin, Sir Winston Churchill
1937-40
Neville Chamberlain - When Baldwin retired after the coronation of George VI, Chamberlain was the obvious choice for leader of the party. Following a meeting with Adolf Hitler in Munich 1938, he famously returned declaring “I believe it is peace for our time”. Following the invasion of Poland, Chamberlain declared war on Germany on 3 September, 1939 .
Conservative
1940-45
Sir Winston Churchill - Following Chamberlain's resignation, Churchill was appointed as Prime Minister of an all-party coalition government. The speeches he made through his first summer in charge established a policy of 'no surrender', and the subsequent military alliances that he formed with both the USA and Soviet Union steered the Allies to victory in World War II. Shortly after VE Day , Churchill was surprisingly defeated in a General Election.
coalition
1945-51
Clement Attlee - After leading Labour to a landslide victory, Attlee quickly set about implementing his parties manifesto pledges. With the country effectively bankrupt, he
Labour
| i don't know |
Name the medical disorder in which a person complains of physical symptoms that are pretend or self-induced? | Mental Health: Munchausen Syndrome
Munchausen Syndrome
Can Munchausen Syndrome Be Prevented?
Munchausen syndrome is a factitious disorder , a mental disorder in which a person repeatedly and deliberately acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick. Munchausen syndrome is considered a mental illness because it is associated with severe emotional difficulties.
Munchausen syndrome, named for Baron von Munchausen, an 18th century German officer who was known for embellishing the stories of his life and experiences, is the most severe type of factitious disorder. Most of the symptoms in people with Munchausen syndrome are related to physical illness -- symptoms such as chest pain , stomach problems , or fever -- rather than those of a mental disorder.
NOTE: Although Munchausen syndrome usually refers to a factitious disorder with mostly physical symptoms, the term is sometimes used to refer to factitious disorders in general. In this article, Munchausen syndrome refers to the type of factitious disorder with mostly physical symptoms.
What Are the Symptoms of Munchausen Syndrome?
People with Munchausen syndrome deliberately produce or exaggerate symptoms in several ways. They may lie about or fake symptoms, hurt themselves to bring on symptoms, or alter tests (such as contaminating a urine sample). Possible warning signs of Munchausen syndrome include:
Dramatic but inconsistent medical history
Unclear symptoms that are not controllable and that become more severe or change once treatment has begun
Predictable relapses following improvement in the condition
Extensive knowledge of hospitals and/or medical terminology, as well as the textbook descriptions of illnesses
Presence of multiple surgical scars
Appearance of new or additional symptoms following negative test results
Presence of symptoms only when the patient is with others or being observed
Willingness or eagerness to have medical tests, operations, or other procedures
History of seeking treatment at numerous hospitals, clinics, and doctors offices, possibly even in different cities
Reluctance by the patient to allow doctors to meet with or talk to family, friends, or prior doctors
Problems with identity and self-esteem
What Causes Munchausen Syndrome?
The exact cause of Munchausen syndrome is not known, but researchers are looking at the role of biological and psychological factors in its development. Some theories suggest that a history of abuse or neglect as a child, or a history of frequent illnesses that required hospitalization might be factors in the development of the syndrome. Researchers are also studying a possible link to personality disorders, which are common in people with Munchausen syndrome.
Continued
How Common Is Munchausen Syndrome?
There are no reliable statistics regarding the number of people in the U.S. who suffer from Munchausen syndrome, but it is considered to be a rare condition. Obtaining accurate statistics is difficult because dishonesty is common with this illness. In addition, people with Munchausen syndrome tend to seek treatment at many different health care facilities, which can lead to misleading statistics.
In general, Munchausen syndrome is more common in men than in women. While it can occur in children, it most often affects young adults.
How Is Munchausen Syndrome Diagnosed?
Diagnosing Munchausen syndrome is very difficult because of, again, the dishonesty that is involved. Doctors must rule out any possible physical and mental illnesses before a diagnosis of Munchausen syndrome can be considered.
If the doctor finds no physical reason for the symptoms, or if the pattern of physical symptoms that someone describes suggests that they may be self-inflicted, then he or she will likely refer the person to a psychiatrist or psychologist , mental health professionals who are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. Psychiatrists and psychologists use specially designed interview and assessment tools to evaluate a person for Munchausen syndrome. The doctor bases his or her diagnosis on the exclusion of actual physical or mental illness and his or her observation of the patient's attitude and behavior.
How Is Munchausen Syndrome Treated?
Although a person with Munchausen syndrome actively seeks treatment for the various disorders he or she invents, the person often is unwilling to admit to and seek treatment for the syndrome itself. This makes treating people with Munchausen syndrome very challenging, and the outlook for recovery poor.
When treatment is sought, the first goal is to modify the person's behavior and reduce his or her misuse or overuse of medical resources. Once this goal is met, treatment aims to work out any underlying psychological issues that may be causing the person's behavior. Another key goal is to help patients avoid dangerous and unnecessary medical diagnostic or treatment procedures (such as surgeries), often sought from different doctors who may be unaware that physical symptoms are either being faked or self-inflicted.
Continued
As with other factitious disorders, the primary treatment for Munchausen syndrome is psychotherapy or talk therapy (a type of counseling). Treatment usually focuses on changing the thinking and behavior of the individual (cognitive-behavioral therapy). Family therapy may also be helpful in teaching family members not to reward or reinforce the behavior of the person with the disorder.
There are no medications to treat factitious disorders themselves. Medication may be used, however, to treat any related illness, such as depression or anxiety . The use of medications must be carefully monitored in people with factitious disorders due to the risk that the drugs may be used in a harmful way.
What Is the Outlook for People With Munchausen Syndrome?
People with Munchausen syndrome are at risk for health problems (or even death) associated with hurting themselves or otherwise causing symptoms. In addition, they may suffer from reactions or health problems associated with multiple tests, procedures, and treatments; and are at high risk for substance abuse and attempts at suicide
Because many people with factitious disorders deny they are faking or causing their own symptoms and will not seek or follow treatment, recovery is dependent on a doctor or loved one identifying or suspecting the condition in the person and encouraging them to receive proper medical care for their disorder and sticking with it.
Some people with Munchausen syndrome suffer one or two brief episodes of symptoms. In most cases, however, the disorder is a chronic, or long-term, condition that can be very difficult to treat.
Can Munchausen Syndrome Be Prevented?
There is no known way to prevent Munchausen syndrome.
WebMD Medical Reference Reviewed by Smitha Bhandari, MD on May 18, 2016
Sources
| Munchausen syndrome |
"In ""The Mikado"" by Gilbert and Sullivan, what is the name of the Mikado's son who is disguised as a wandering minstrel?" | Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen's Syndrome): Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self (Munchausen's Syndrome)
Updated: Dec 01, 2016
Author: Todd S Elwyn, MD; Chief Editor: Glen L Xiong, MD more...
Share
Overview
Practice Essentials
Factitious disorder imposed on self refers to the psychiatric condition in which patients deliberately produce or falsify symptoms and/or signs of illness for the principal purpose of assuming the sick role. (See the image below)
Classic multiple scarred abdomen of woman with Munchausen syndrome. Photograph on left shows abdomen as it appeared on presentation, after patient had undergone 42 unwarranted operations. Photograph on right shows abdomen after additional surgery revealed authentic colon cancer. Courtesy of Marc D Feldman, MD, University of Alabama School of Medicine.
Signs and symptoms
Individuals with factitious disorder imposed on self (including the historical term Munchausen syndrome) may feign illness by any of the following means:
A factitious history alone
A factitious history plus the manipulation of assessment instruments
A factitious history plus the use of external agents that mimic disease
A factitious history plus the induction of an actual medical condition
The presence of the following factors raises the possibility that the illness is factitious:
Dramatic or atypical presentation
Inconsistencies between history and objective findings
Details that are vague and inconsistent, though possibly plausible on the surface
Long medical record with multiple admissions at various hospitals in different cities
Knowledge of textbook descriptions of illness; a presentation that hews too closely to the textbook example
Admission circumstances that do not conform to an identifiable medical or mental disorder
Employment or education in a medically related field
Pseudologia fantastica
Presentation during times when old medical records are difficult to access or when experienced staff are less likely to be present
The physical examination frequently suggests an extensive history of illnesses and injuries. Findings that may raise suspicions include the following:
Multiple surgical scars or a gridiron abdomen
Evidence of self-induced physical signs
Inconsistent findings on examination
Absence of signs of dehydration in patients complaining of persistent diarrhea and vomiting
Cardiac presentations (cardiac Munchausen syndrome, or cardiopathia fantastica)
Manifestations that appear worse when the patient is undergoing active examination than when he or she is casually interacting with staff members or other patients
On mental status examination, possible findings include the following:
Attitude ranging from eager for assessment and treatment to evasive and vague regarding details
Mood and affect that are brighter than would be expected on the basis of the patient’s medical condition
In factitious disorder with predominantly psychological signs and symptoms, perceptual abnormalities, suicidality or homicidality, or aberrant cognitive functioning such as orientation and recall
See Presentation for more detail.
Diagnosis
Fundamental diagnostic principles in the setting of suspected factitious disorder are as follows:
Follow the basic procedures for responding to the patient’s apparent signs and symptoms
Trust the reliability and validity of the medical tests performed
Respect base-rate information about the prevalence of various diseases that must be excluded
Laboratory studies can be especially helpful in facilitating the diagnosis of many physical illnesses as factitious. Examples include the following:
Determining the serum insulin−to−C-peptide ratio during a hypoglycemic episode to assess for exogenous insulin injection
Filtration of urine and chemical analysis to assess for kidney stones
Tissue biopsy to help detect foreign material injected to simulate naturally occurring disease
A common finding is test results that are inconsistent with the claimed illness. A particular difficulty in this setting is that many of these patients have a medical background and thus are likely to be familiar with the routine tests performed for a particular presentation.
Other studies that may be considered include the following:
Diagnostic imaging, particularly when the patient presents with a well-established medical problem of a type that can be easily imaged
Electromyography
See Workup for more detail.
Management
Initial care and stabilization are driven by the presenting symptoms. Even when there are good reasons for suspecting factitious disorder, ordinary care must be provided until the patient is fully diagnosed. However, physicians should remain alert to the possibility of deception. Patients should receive surgical care as needed to treat any comorbid conditions and complications.
If the diagnosis of factitious disorder is clear or strongly suspected, psychiatric consultation and referral should be offered even if admission for the medical problems is declined. In the inpatient setting, the psychiatric consultant can assist in clarifying the diagnosis, provide education to the medical team regarding the illness, and discuss options for confronting the patient.
Confrontation should be done in a supportive manner, informing the patient of the team's suspicions and the evidence upon which it is based. The medical team should maintain an attitude that is understanding and supportive during the confrontation and throughout treatment. Team members may express empathy for the distress the patient must have been in, or the stress he or she was under that resulted in illness-producing behaviors. Comments that express a concern for the ongoing health and wellbeing of the patient and a desire to continue taking care of the patient will be helpful in maintaining the relationship.
Psychiatric treatment should be offered to the patient and the importance of follow-up care for the patient's mental health and wellbeing should be emphasized. Some patients will resist the involvement of psychiatry, but concerns about the possibility of recurrence of the condition without adequate follow-up should be voiced. The presence of a skilled and empathic consulting psychiatrist who is introduced as a part of the medical team may also help encourage participation.
In the treatment of factitious disorder, supportive psychotherapy may be beneficial. However, little information is available on which type is most helpful. Options include the following:
Family therapy
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Supportive psychotherapy
There is little evidence to support the efficacy of any particular pharmacologic intervention in treating factitious disorder; however, the following principles should apply:
Pharmacologic therapy is indicated for concurrent psychiatric diagnoses
Drugs may also be considered for treatment of the presenting symptoms
Caregivers should routinely copy each other on every progress note and prescription, with ongoing care contingent on the patient’s signing consent forms; if abusable medications are used, written contracts must be signed by doctor, patient, and witness
See Treatment for more detail.
Next:
Background
Factitious disorder imposed on self (including what is often referred to as Munchausen syndrome) is 1 of the 2 forms of factitious disorder (the other being factitious disorder imposed on another ). In this psychiatric condition a patient deliberately produces or falsifies symptoms and/or signs of illness for the principal purpose of assuming the sick role. In so doing, the patient disobeys the following unwritten rules of being a patient:
The patient attempts to provide an honest history
The patient’s symptoms result from accident, injury, or chance
The patient seeks treatment with the goal of recovering and so will cooperate with treatment toward that end
Patients with factitious disorder waste precious time and resources through unnecessary hospital admissions, expensive investigatory tests, and, sometimes, lengthy hospital stays. Moreover, patients with factitious disorder are among the most challenging and troublesome for busy clinicians. Patients with factitious disorder can generate feelings of anger, frustration, or bewilderment, because they violate the expectations of physicians and staff that patients should “behave like patients.”
The modern history of factitious disorder began in 1951, when Richard Asher described case reports of patients who habitually migrated from hospital to hospital, seeking admission through feigned symptoms while embellishing their personal history. [ 1 ] Asher named this condition Munchausen syndrome, after Baron von Munchausen, a well-respected, retired German cavalry officer who had tales of his life stolen and parodied in a booklet in 1785. The following were said to be typical of persons with this syndrome:
Exhibiting numerous surgical scars, especially in the abdomen
Displaying a truculent or evasive manner
Providing a dramatic medical history of questionable veracity
Attempting to conceal such documents as hospital discharge forms or insurance claims
Abdominal, hemorrhagic, and neurologic subtypes of the syndrome were distinguished.
Since Asher’s initial description, numerous reports of patients producing or falsifying almost every conceivable illness have appeared in the literature. The type of patient described by Asher is now thought to represent a minority of cases of factitious disorder. The term Munchausen syndrome is best reserved for the subset of patients who have a chronic variant of factitious disorder with predominantly physical signs and symptoms as described below. In practice, however, many still use this term interchangeably with factitious disorder, and this confusion is reflected in the case literature. The case literature on factitious disorder reflects a bias toward the more extreme cases and those that pose the greatest medical danger—that is, cases that almost always involve induction of severe illness by the patient (eg, suppression of bone marrow through surreptitious use of chemotherapy medications).
In 1977, the term Munchausen syndrome by proxy entered the medical lexicon as a means of describing cases in which an individual artificially produces illness in another person—typically, a mother producing illness in a young child.
Diagnostic criteria (DSM-5)
In the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), factitious disorder is divided into the following 2 types: [ 2 ]
Factitious disorder imposed on self
Factitious disorder imposed on another (formerly factitious disorder by proxy)
The specific DSM-5 criteria for factitious disorder imposed on self are as follows [ 2 ] :
Falsification of physical or psychological signs or symptoms, or induction of injury or disease, associated with identified deception
The individual presents himself or herself to others as ill, impaired, or injured
The deceptive behavior is evident even in the absence of obvious external rewards
The behavior cannot be better explained by another mental disorder, such as delusional disorder or another psychotic disorder
When an individual falsifies illness in another (eg, a child, an adult, or a pet), the diagnosis is factitious disorder imposed on another. This diagnosis is applied to the perpetrator, not the victim; the victim may be given an abuse diagnosis (eg, child physical abuse). The specific DSM-5 criteria for factitious disorder imposed on another are as follows [ 2 ] :
Falsification of physical or psychological signs or symptoms, or induction of injury or disease, in another, associated with identified deception
The individual presents another individual (ie, the victim) to others as ill, impaired, or injured
The deceptive behavior is evident even in the absence of obvious external rewards
The behavior cannot be better explained by another mental disorder, such as delusional disorder or another psychotic disorder
In both types of factitious disorder, the duration is specified as either a single episode or recurrent episodes (≥2 events of falsification of illness or induction of injury).
Although many health professionals still use the term Munchausen syndrome to describe all persons who intentionally feign or produce illness to assume the sick role, this syndrome is not included as a discrete mental disorder either in DSM-5 [ 2 ] or in the World Health Organization’s International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) . In both systems, the official diagnosis for such cases is factitious disorder (300.19 in DSM-5, F68.1 in ICD-10).
Nevertheless, numerous experts have identified a distinct subset of patients with factitious disorder for whom they reserve the term Munchausen syndrome. The subtype referred to as Munchausen syndrome can be distinguished by the following characteristics:
The factitious illness behavior is particularly chronic and severe and may be practiced to the exclusion of most other activities; the signs and symptoms of illness or injury are intentionally produced through medically dangerous manipulations of the patient’s body (eg, self-inflicted infection or excessive warfarin ingestion), thereby virtually guaranteeing hospitalization; these patients willingly, even eagerly, submit to invasive interventions (eg, surgery)
Peregrination (itinerancy) is observed; the patient may move from hospital to hospital, from town to town, and even from country to country to find a new audience once his or her ruse is uncovered
In classic cases, pseudologia fantastica is present; the patient makes false claims about distinguished accomplishments, educational credentials, relations to famous persons, and so forth
In addition to this diagnostic triad, some authors invoke further diagnostic elements. For instance, in relation to peregrination and pseudologia fantastica, the patient may use aliases or adopt false identities. Patients with Munchausen syndrome have little or no significant social contact with anyone other than health care professionals.
Previous
Next:
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of factitious disorder has not been determined. No causative brain defect or dysfunction has been identified. A study of 5 cases suggested neurocognitive deficits. One case study reported that single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) found hyperperfusion of the right hemithalamus in a patient with factitious disorder. [ 3 ] It remains to be seen whether these results are replicable in larger samples and, if so, how these brain dysfunctions are linked to factitious illness behavior. Electroencephalography (EEG) has not been specific.
Some patients with factitious disorder show abnormalities on psychological testing. Such individuals often have associated personality disorders (eg, poor impulse control, self-destructive behavior, or borderline or passive-aggressive personality trait or disorder). However, it remains unclear how these constellations of personality disorders are related to the primary syndrome. Patients are adept at concealing the factitious nature of their illnesses and are markedly resistant to psychiatric evaluation. Information is often difficult to obtain.
Previous
Next:
Etiology
The etiology of factitious disorder is poorly defined. These patients are so elusive that it is very difficult to conduct systematic empiric research on them. Most of the literature consists of anecdotal or case reports. Psychoanalytic hypotheses have been put forth to explain this disorder, but the volume of this literature is quite small in comparison with the pertinent literature on the psychodynamics of other conditions in the category of somatic symptom and related disorders.
Whereas false illness experiences in similar disorders are regarded as unconsciously produced and thus amenable to traditional psychoanalytic explanations involving the notion of defense against unacceptable wishes or unspeakable fears, the false illness behavior in factitious disorder is conscious and intentional and thus less amenable to such explanations. Nevertheless, some psychoanalytic writers have argued that whereas the illness behavior of patients with factitious disorder is conscious, the reasons for the behavior are not.
Since Asher’s original description, several authors have suggested that factitious illness behavior is a primitive defense mechanism against sexual and aggressive impulses. Others have proposed that patients with factitious disorder subject themselves to painful medical procedures as a form of self-punishment. Still others have hypothesized that the cruel and embarrassing deception of physicians is an expression of oedipally based hostility toward authority figures.
More contemporary authors, noting the high degree of comorbidity with cluster B personality disorders, have suggested that the sick-role behavior seen in factitious disorder might be a means of establishing or stabilizing patients’ sense of self and their relations to others. Adoption of the sick role brings them unconditional acceptance and concern, and admission to a hospital gives them a clearly defined role in a social network. This automatic sense of importance and belonging might be difficult for them to secure in more routine social contexts.
Case studies support the role of social learning mechanisms in factitious illness behavior. Many patients with factitious disorder either personally experienced a severe illness in childhood or, as a child, had a family member who experienced a severe illness. These experiences introduce the child to the various benefits and dispensations attached to the sick role, and they may predispose a person with other psychological vulnerabilities to engage in factitious illness behavior.
Risk factors
Risk factors for developing factitious disorder remain largely unclear. On the basis of histories obtained from patients with factitious disorder, the following can be projected as characteristics that may predispose an individual to develop a factitious illness:
Having had other mental disorders or medical conditions in childhood or adolescence that resulted in extensive medical attention
Holding a grudge against the medical profession or having had an important relationship with a physician in the past
Having a personality disorder, especially borderline , narcissistic , or antisocial personality disorder
Previous
Epidemiology
United States statistics
The prevalence of factitious disorder is unclear. Epidemiologic data on this disorder are scarce, in large part because patients manifesting factitious illness behavior generally are not open and honest about their medical deceptions.
Many authorities believe that factitious disorder is underdiagnosed because patients' willful deceptions are commonly missed by medical staff. Others, however, believe that it may actually be overdiagnosed in some cases because patients may migrate from hospital to hospital and receive a discrete diagnosis at each one. It is unclear which factitious illnesses are most common; however, it is generally agreed that overall, factitious psychological symptoms are much less common than factitious physical symptoms.
Studies of medical patients suggest that the prevalence of factitious disorder among hospital inpatients is probably in the range of 0.2-1%. [ 4 , 5 ] Although patients with factitious disorder have claimed to have almost every medical condition known, the prevalence of the disorder is particularly high in a few select groups, including patients who present with persistent rashes and nonhealing wounds, unexplained anemia, neurologic problems, endocrine-related problems, hematuria, or joint and connective-tissue symptoms. [ 6 ]
As might be expected, the prevalence is even higher among patients with unexplained or intractable medical complaints. For example, of patients referred for evaluation of fever of unknown origin at the US National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Disease, 9.3% had factitious disorder. Of material submitted by patients as kidney stones, 2.6% was found to be nonphysiologic and probably fraudulent. In one study, an astounding 40% of brittle diabetics intentionally altered their medication compliance or diet to produce diabetic instability.
International statistics
Whether the epidemiology of factitious disorder differs in countries other than the United States is unclear. Case reports indicate that the diagnosis has been made in eastern Europe, Mediterranean countries, Asia, Africa, and South America.
Of patients referred to the consultation-liaison service of a large teaching hospital in Toronto, 0.8% (10 of 1288) had factitious disorder. Physicians surveyed in Germany regarding the 1-year prevalence of factitious disorder among their patients provided an average estimate of 1.3%. [ 5 ]
Age-related demographics
The age range for persons with factitious disorder tends to be women between 20 and 40 years of age. Persons with chronic factitious disorder (ie, Munchausen syndrome) tend to be middle-aged men. [ 7 ] Factitious disorder imposed on self has been noted in the pediatric population [ 8 ] ; this condition must be distinguished from factitious disorder imposed on another (including Munchausen disease by proxy), in which an adult simulates or creates symptoms in a child to receive an ill-defined secondary gain from the health care the child receives.
Sex-related demographics
Persons with factitious disorder are usually female and employed in medical fields such as nursing or medical technology; working in the medical field provides knowledge of how disease might be produced artificially and provides access to equipment (eg, syringes, chemicals) with which to do so. Persons with chronic factitious disorder (ie, Munchausen syndrome), on the other hand, tend to be unmarried men who are estranged from their families.
The typical presentation of Munchausen syndrome is characterized by a restless journey from physician to physician and from hospital to hospital, an ever-changing list of complaints and symptoms, and an alarming variety of self-intoxications and self-injuries designed to create a better portrayal of the illness that the patient asserts he or she has.
There exists, however, a subset of adult female patients who vary from the classic presentation in that they reproduce a single set of symptoms, repeatedly. Patients in this subset exhibit less evidence of comorbid personality dysfunction than the average patient with Munchausen syndrome, and they have a strong tendency to form personal bonds with a single physician or group of physicians.
Race-related demographics
The case literature clearly shows that most patients with factitious disorder are white. In the absence of demographic data describing the racial or ethnic composition of the patient populations in which these cases were identified, it is currently impossible to know whether race represents a significant risk factor.
The more chronic and severe Munchausen variant of factitious disorder appears to follow an unremitting course, and the prognosis is generally poor. Patients frequently are unwilling to undergo therapy, and even if they are willing, no well-established effective therapeutic strategy exists. Treatment may transiently ameliorate symptoms but does not appear to last in most cases, though a few individuals have recovered.
Patients with simple factitious disorder follow a more variable course, and the overall prognosis may be regarded as fair. Case reports in the literature suggest that some patients who seek treatment for factitious disorder may be able to overcome their illness. It appears that even without treatment, simple factitious disorder sometimes remits in the fourth decade of life.
The presence of a treatable concurrent mental disorder, such as major depression, is a positive prognostic sign. Some investigators believe that both disorders attenuate with age and maturity, as is the case with personality disorders.
Factitious disorder can result in morbidity and mortality either from the patient's re-creation of actual medical conditions (eg, exogenous administration of insulin) or from the measures the physician undertakes to diagnose or treat the condition (eg, unnecessary cardiac catheterizations or surgical procedures). The factitious production of illness also can lead to emotional distress and suffering for the patient and those close to the patient. No studies have quantified the total estimated morbidity and mortality from factitious disorder.
Previous
Next:
Prognosis
The more chronic and severe Munchausen variant of factitious disorder appears to follow an unremitting course, and the prognosis is generally poor. Patients frequently are unwilling to undergo therapy, and even if they are willing, no well-established effective therapeutic strategy exists. Treatment may transiently ameliorate symptoms but does not appear to last in most cases, though a few individuals have recovered.
Patients with simple factitious disorder follow a more variable course, and the overall prognosis may be regarded as fair. Case reports in the literature suggest that some patients who seek treatment for factitious disorder may be able to overcome their illness. It appears that even without treatment, simple factitious disorder sometimes remits in the fourth decade of life.
The presence of a treatable concurrent mental disorder, such as major depression, is a positive prognostic sign. Some investigators believe that both disorders attenuate with age and maturity, as is the case with personality disorders.
Factitious disorder can result in morbidity and mortality either from the patient's re-creation of actual medical conditions (eg, exogenous administration of insulin) or from the measures the physician undertakes to diagnose or treat the condition (eg, unnecessary cardiac catheterizations or surgical procedures). The factitious production of illness also can lead to emotional distress and suffering for the patient and those close to the patient. No studies have quantified the total estimated morbidity and mortality from factitious disorder.
Features that increase morbidity and mortality
Four features of factitious disorder that are particularly prominent in the more chronic and severe form of the disorder (Munchausen syndrome) significantly increase morbidity and mortality risk in this setting.
The first feature is that patients perform dangerous manipulations on their own bodies (eg, ingestion of chemical toxins, self-infection, or aggravation of wounds). Although patients with Munchausen syndrome are generally medically knowledgeable and sophisticated, their manipulations sometimes result in unintended serious injury, permanent disability, or death.
The second feature is that patients incur a substantial risk of iatrogenic illness and injury by repeatedly engaging in deceptions that cause medical care providers to perform risky diagnostic and treatment procedures. In some cases, the resultant damage is part of the patient's plan. For example, a patient who pretends to have a malignancy may desire the adverse effects of chemotherapy, or a patient may simulate adrenal gland dysfunctions with the intention of having an adrenal grand removed.
In other cases, the iatrogenic damage results from unintended medical accidents, such as adverse medication effects, allergic reactions, or surgical complications. Because patients with Munchausen syndrome subject themselves to so many medical procedures, their lifetime risk of experiencing an unintended adverse medical event is many times greater than that of the average person.
The third feature is that patients with Munchausen syndrome frequently provide incomplete or false medical history information that, by intention or through an oversight, causes increased morbidity or mortality. For example, they may experience dangerous adverse medication effects because they withhold information about known drug allergies, or they may suffer surgical complications because they fail to inform the medical staff that they have taken anticoagulant medications.
The fourth feature is that because of their factitious illness behavior, these patients may not receive serious attention from medical staff when they truly need it. Although they are more likely to claim illness or injury than typical patients are, this does not mean that they are any less likely to sustain an actual illness or injury. In some cases, even when a patient with a known history of factitious complaints is genuinely ill, medical staff may delay or withhold necessary measures so as to minimize iatrogenic risks and avoid reinforcing inappropriate behavior.
Previous
Next:
Patient Education
A patient confronted with suspicions that his or her illness is factitious may not be receptive to attempts at patient education. Nevertheless, education should be attempted in the same gentle and supportive manner with which the patient is confronted. If the patient gives permission, educating family members about the patient's condition may also be helpful. Education as to risks of noncompliance with treatment recommendations is also important, ethically and legally, because the patient may wish to sign out against medical advice.
Efforts to educate the patient should include the following steps:
Convey empathy for the patient's distress that has led to the feigning or intentional production of illness
Inform the patient that his or her distress may improve with treatment
Point out to the patient that without treatment, the condition is unlikely to improve, and he or she may again seek hospitalization
Emphasize to the patient that each episode of producing or feigning illness can result in significant morbidity or even mortality resulting either from the production of illness or from the performance of unnecessary tests or treatments
If the patient is receptive to psychiatric treatment, patient education may be an important component of psychotherapy. Information from this article or other sources may be used to help the patient understand more about his or her illness, including the presumed origins of the factitious illness behavior and the importance of regular follow-up care with the psychiatrist.
Educational efforts targeted toward the general public are not likely to decrease the incidence of factitious disorder. It has been asserted that such efforts might help friends, family members, teachers, or coworkers to identify persons with this disorder and urge them to seek mental health care, but this assertion is debatable. It is equally possible that such efforts could lead to cruel and unwarranted skepticism toward people who have genuine chronic illnesses.
For patient and family education resources, see the Mental Health Center , as well as Munchausen Syndrome . The following Web sites may also be useful:
Next:
Ethical and Legal Issues
Patients with factitious disorder can and do litigate. A potential trigger of litigation that must be avoided is rushing to a diagnosis of factitious disorder and, as a result, missing the presence of an authentic organic disease. Symptoms should not be attributed to factitious disorder without proper investigation, and an adequate effort must be made in order to distinguish this disorder from malingering and conversion disorders. In particular, a patient must not be misdiagnosed as having factitious disorder merely on the basis of unpleasant personality traits.
In the past few years, a variant of factitious disorder called Munchausen by Internet has been reported in which individuals with this condition use Internet bulletin boards and online patient self-help groups to further gratify their primary need to "be sick." Challenges to these deceptions can lead to extensive civil legal proceedings. Physicians may become involved as expert witnesses or as witnesses-of-fact to one of the Munchausen patient's multiple presentations to a hospital.
Expert witnesses in legal proceedings involving patients with factitious disorder (including workers' compensation or tort claims) must obtain and review extensive information from collateral sources in performing a thorough evaluation of the patient. Medical and psychiatric records antedating the injury should be consulted. While one may argue that the pursuing of secondary financial gain through initiating a lawsuit against a treatment provider moves a patient with factitious disorder into the realm of malingering, the patient may also derive important psychological benefits from winning a lawsuit. Family members may criticize the patient with extensive somatic complaints and claims of disability. Initiating and winning litigation may deflect blame for his or her condition onto the treatment provider and validate the patient's explanation for difficulties in his or her life. [ 9 ] Expert witnesses should be prepared to make the distinction between primary and secondary gain clear to juries and assist juries in distinguishing between malingering, somatic symptom disorder, and factitious disorder.
Many of the legal and ethical issues arising in cases of medical deception have been debated extensively and have resulted in courtroom judgments. The controversy has yet to resolve most of these issues, which are discussed below, such that no clear guidance is available to direct the treating physician's response.
Status as patient
"Patienthood," as conceptualized by most commentators and organizations, such as the American Medical Association (AMA), includes in part the notion that the individual seeks medical care in order to get well and overcome an illness or injury. One may ask whether an individual with facititious disorder, whose goal is different (ie, to assume the sick role through factitious illness in order to receive care), should appropriately be considered to be a patient. If what it means to be a patient is strictly conceptualized in this way, then the professional obligations owed to patients would not extend to those with factitious disorders. They may not be considered to be entitled to admission, treatment, appropriate notice before termination, and the like.
Responsibility of physician
The physician who has discovered that a person has been feigning illness may be thwarted from sharing that information with others. The patient may explicitly refuse to give permission to share this vital information with other healthcare professionals or even with the patient's own family members. One proposed solution in such cases is for the physician simply to state, "The patient has forbidden me to comment on whether he or she has a factitious disorder," thereby tacitly encouraging others to read between the lines.
Another possible solution echoes the question of whether the duty of confidentiality is owed to someone who may not qualify as a patient. Several commentators have argued that the doctor-patient relationship, through which the right to confidentiality is established, requires that both the doctor and the patient carry out their roles in good faith. According to this view, the doctor-patient relationship ceases to exist when the patient engages in medical deception (ie, acts in bad faith). Without the restrictions imposed by the duty of confidentiality, the physician would be free to share information about the individual.
Legal culpability of patient
Patients who engage in the deliberate production of factitious illnesses steal the time of doctors and other caregivers, and waste medical resources and supplies. An individual who is caught stealing even inexpensive merchandise from a department store will invariably be confronted and often be criminally charged. Yet a patient with factitious disorder will rarely be subjected to criminal indictment, despite the enormous costs. Nevertheless, one such case was heard in Arizona and resulted in a court finding of fraud and an order of reimbursement against the patient.
Mismanagement of real ailment
The standard medical malpractice claim made by patients with factitious disorder against care providers is that the patient's ailment was not factitious, but was real, and was mismanaged such that the patient is now permanently disabled or disfigured. These cases are notoriously difficult to defend, in terms of both time and money, even when the patient has been observed to induce self-harm. Regardless of the evidence, judges and juries tend to find factitious disorder scarcely believable and to assume that a patient who has this condition would be obviously psychotic. The presence of a well-behaved, neatly groomed patient in the courtroom can clash with that erroneous assumption, leading to surprisingly large settlements or verdicts in favor of patients.
Mismanagement of feigned ailment
Another possible malpractice claim is the obverse of the one above. In this scenario, a patient with factitious disorder eventually sues caregivers for their failure to detect that his or her illness was feigned. The patient argues that as a consequence of this failure, any and all treatments were misapplied, the iatrogenic effects were completely unwarranted, and the physician breached the standard of care in diagnosis. In one case of this sort, a settlement in excess of $3,000,000 was awarded to the patient.
Patient privacy
When facititious disorder is suspected, caregivers may wish to search a patient's belongings for items used in perpetrating the factitious illness. However, doing so without first obtaining consent likely violates the patient's right to privacy. Consent can sometimes be gained, however, by revealing one's suspicions that the illness is factitious and then asking for permission to search. Patients may insist they have nothing to hide and allow the search. In addition, many hospitals require patients to consent to room searches for medical paraphernalia as a condition of admission.
Covert surveillance (eg, with cameras hidden in ceiling panels) intended to catch factitious illness behavior is somewhat more controversial. The use of video cameras to monitor patient behavior probably does not violate privacy considerations if the cameras were already in routine use to monitor patients' rooms (as in some critical care wards). However, covert operation of cameras for the specific purpose of catching a patient with factitious disorder may be problematic.
The arguments for and against these measures hinge on whether there is a reasonable expectation of privacy in a hospital room. Many legal precedents support the notion that such an expectation is unreasonable, but these derive from cases of abuse related to factitious disorder imposed on another (Munchausen syndrome by proxy), in which the suspected abuse could not be confirmed or ruled out without resorting to such interventions (eg, the patient was a nonverbal infant who could not provide any information).
Hospital risk management and legal advisors should meet with team members to formulate a decision as a group before covert video surveillance is initiated. Hospitals are advised to develop relevant standards and policies even if no suspicious case has ever arisen. The authors are not aware of any cases in which search warrants for hospital rooms have been issued solely on the basis of the possibility of self-damaging behavior.
Confidentiality of patient information
Estabilishing registries of patients with factitious disorder that are shared among treatment centers or are made available nationally or internationally has been proposed. These registries would be used to determine whether a patient who is suspected of medical deception has been previously identified as having factitious disorder.
Although the existence of such registries would undoubtedly hinder the ability of such patients to carry out their deceptions at successive hospitals, they appear to be legally problematic in the United States. Such registries of this type appear to violate patient's confidentiality, particularly since the establishment of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) rules. Interestingly, registries of troublesome patients are maintained in some other countries.
Patients' rights advocates caution that people who are placed on these lists may receive inadequate care for medical complaints because of a presumption that their complaints must be inauthentic, which may or may not be true. They also express concern that some people may be listed simply because they were uncooperative or because the source of their complaints could not be diagnosed. Supporters of these lists, however, view themselves as helping patients by preventing unwarranted treatment of people whose judgment is impaired.
Previous
Author
Todd S Elwyn, MD Staff Psychiatrist, Atascadero State Hospital; Private Practice Physician, The Amen Clinics
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Coauthor(s)
Iqbal Ahmed, MBBS, FRCPsych(UK) Faculty, Department of Psychiatry, Tripler Army Medical Center; Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Clinical Professor of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, John A Burns School of Medicine
Iqbal Ahmed, MBBS, FRCPsych(UK) is a member of the following medical societies: Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine , American Neuropsychiatric Association , American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology , Royal College of Psychiatrists, American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry , American Psychiatric Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Marc D Feldman, MD Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Adjunct Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Alabama School of Medicine
Marc D Feldman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine , American Psychiatric Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Chief Editor
Glen L Xiong, MD Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine; Medical Director, Sacramento County Mental Health Treatment Center
Glen L Xiong, MD is a member of the following medical societies: AMDA - The Society for Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine , American College of Physicians , American Psychiatric Association , Central California Psychiatric Society
Disclosure: Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Blue Cross Blue Shield Federal Employee Program<br/>Received royalty from Lippincott Williams & Wilkins for book editor; Received grant/research funds from National Alliance for Research in Schizophrenia and Depression for independent contractor; Received consulting fee from Blue Cross Blue Shield Association for consulting. for: Received book royalty from American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.
Acknowledgements
Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP Professor of Emergency Medicine, Professor of Internal Medicine, Program Director for Emergency Medicine, Case Medical Center, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha , American Academy of Emergency Medicine , American College of Chest Physicians , American College of Emergency Physicians , American College of Physicians , American Heart Association , American Thoracic Society , Arkansas Medical Society , New York Academy of Medicine , New York Academy of Sciences ,and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
James C Hamilton, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Clinical Affiliate Associate Professor of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama
James C Hamilton, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Psychological Society , American Psychosomatic Society , International Society for Self and Identity , Phi Beta Kappa , and Society for Personality and Social Psychology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Robert Harwood, MD, MPH, FACEP, FAAEM Senior Physcian, Department of Emergency Medicine, Advocate Christ Medical Center; Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine
Robert Harwood, MD, MPH, FACEP, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine , American College of Emergency Physicians , American Medical Association , Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors , Phi Beta Kappa , and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
James Li, MD Former Assistant Professor, Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Board of Directors, Remote Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Jon Donavon Mason, MD, FAAP, FACEP Professor of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, Department of Emergency Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School
Jon Donavon Mason, MD, FAAP, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics , American College of Emergency Physicians , and Christian Medical & Dental Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Michael P Poirier, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Eastern Virginia Medical School; Attending Physician, Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment
| i don't know |
Name the year; America win the first Ryder Cup, Trotsky is exiled in Stalin purge and Charles Lindbergh flies solo across the Atlantic? | Today in History - AccuWeather.com Forums
Today in History
QUOTE(mmi16 @ Sep 27 2012, 01:03 AM)
????? 4th or 1st in the same year ??????
A simple Google of his name produced this:
220px_SOsgood.jpg ( 19.41K ) Number of downloads: 0
Samuel Osgood (February 3, 1747 � August 12, 1813) was an American merchant and statesman born in North Andover , Massachusetts , parent town of the Andovers. His family home still stands at 440 Osgood Street in North Andover. He served in the Massachusetts and New York state legislatures, represented Massachusetts in the Continental Congress and was the first Postmaster General under the United States Constitution. In 1812, he was elected the first president of the newly formed City Bank of New York, which later became Citibank , predecessor of today's Citigroup. [1] [2]
--------------------
If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Historical events on September 27
70 - Walls of upper city of Jerusalem battered down by Romans
489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona, and is defeated again.
1066 - William the Conqueror troops set sail for England
1290 - Earthquake in Gulf of Chili China, reportedly kills 100,000
1312 - Duke John II of Brabant ends Charter of Kortenberg
1331 - The Battle of Płowce between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Order is fought.
1509 - Storm ravages Flemish/Dutch/Friese coast, 1000s killed
1540 - Pope Paul III recognizes Society of Jesus/Order of the Jesuits
1540 - Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by Ignatius Loyola
1590 - Pope Urban VII dies 13 days after being chosen as the Pope, making his reign the shortest papacy in history.
1605 - The armies of Sweden are utterly defeated by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Battle of Kircholm.
1694 - Hurricane hits Carlisle Bay Barbados; 27 Brit ships sink & 3,000 die
1777 - Battle of Germantown; Washington defeated by British [NS=Oct 6]
1777 - English General William Howe occupies Philadelphia
1779 - John Adams negotiates Revolutionary War peace terms with Britain
1787 - Constitution submitted to states for ratification
1794 - French troops conquer Cr�vecoeur
1821 - Mexican Empire declares its independence
1821 - Revolutionary forces occupy Mexico City as Spanish withdraw
1822 - Jean-Fran�ois Champollion announces that he has deciphered the Rosetta stone.
1825 - Railroad transportation is born with 1st track (Stockton-Darlington)
1830 - Dutch army leaves Brussels, after 100s killed
1833 - Charles Darwin rides horse to Santa Fe
1834 - Charles Darwin returns to Valparaiso
1852 - George L Aiken's "Uncle Tom's Cabin," premieres in Troy, NY
1854 - Steamship "Arctic" sinks with 300 people on board
1855 - George F Bristow's "Rip Van Winkle," 2nd American opera, opens in NYC
1863 - Jo Shelby's cavalry in action at Moffat's Station, Arkansas
1864 - Battle at Pilot Knob (Ft Davidson), Missouri: 1700 killed/injured
1864 - Centralia Massacre (Missouri): "Bloody Bill" Anderson/Frank/
1864 - Jesse James' gang surprise attack train: 150 killed
1877 - John Mercer Langston named minister of Haiti
1881 - Chicago Cubs beat Troy 10-8 before record small "crowd" of 12
1892 - Book matches are patented by Diamond Match Company
1894 - Aqueduct racetrack opens in NY
1900 - Victory Theater (Republic, Belasco) opens at 207 W 42nd St NYC
1903 - Wreck of the Old 97, a train crash made famous by the song of the same name.
1905 - 1st published blues composition forms sale, WC Handy Memphis Blues
1905 - Boston's Bill Dinneen no-hits Chic White Sox, 2-0
1905 - The physics journal Annalen der Physik published Albert Einstein's paper "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?", introducing the equation E=mc�.
1908 - The first production of the Ford Model T automobile was built at the Piquette Plant in Detroit, Michigan.
1909 - 29th US Mens Tennis: W A Larned beats W J Clothier (61 62 57 16 61)
1910 - 1st test flight of a twin-engined airplane (France)
1912 - W C Handy publishes "Memphis Blues" 1st Blues Song, 1912
1914 - Cleveland 2nd baseman Nap Lajoie collects his 3,000th hit
1916 - 1st Native American Day celebrated, honoring American Indians
1916 - Emperor Lidj Jasu of Ethiopia flees
1916 - Iyasu is proclaimed deposed as ruler of Ethiopia in a palace coup in favor of his aunt Zauditu.
1917 - Broadhurst Theater opens at 235 W 44th St NYC
1917 - EHC soccer team forms in Hoensbroek Neth
1919 - British troops withdraw from Archangelsk
1919 - Democratic National Committee voted to allow female members
1919 - Pitcher Bob Shawkey sets then Yank record with 15 strike-outs
1919 - Babe Ruth's 29th HR is 1st of year in Wash (1st in every park in league in one season)
1921 - Yanks beat Indians 21-7 in Polo Grounds
1922 - King Constantine I of Greece abdicates
1923 - Italian troops leave occupied Korfu
1923 - NY Yankee Lou Gehrig hits 1st of his 493 HRs
1924 - Giants clinch their 4th straight pennant, beating Phils 5-1
1928 - US recognizes Nationalist Chinese government
1928 - The Republic of China is recognised by the United States.
1930 - 34th US Golf Amateur Championship won by Bobby Jones
1930 - Cub's Hack Wilson's 2 HRs give him NL record 56 HRs
1930 - White Sox 1st baseman Bud Clancy didn't handle ball at all in a 9 inning game vs St Louis Browns
1931 - Lou Gehrig completes his 6th straight season, playing in every game (.3486) Jim Bottomley (.3481)
1931 - Closest NL batting race ends Chick Hafey (.3488) beats Bill Terry's
1935 - Chicago Cubs win 21st consecutive game & clinch NL pennant
1936 - 1st baseman Walter Alston plays in his only major league game
1936 - Franco troops conquer Toledo
1936 - Netherlands leave Gold Standard/devaluate guilder
1937 - 1st Santa Claus Training School opens (Albion NY)
1937 - Balinese Tiger declared extinct.
1938 - British ocean liner "Queen Elizabeth," launches at Clydebank Scotland
1938 - Jewish lawyers forbidden to practice in Germany
1938 - League of Nations declares Japan the aggressor against China
1938 - Ocean liner Queen Elizabeth launched at Glasgow
1939 - Warsaw Poland, surrenders to Germans after 19 days of resistance
1939 - White Sox host 1st "day-night" doubleheader, lose to Cleve, 5-2 & 7-5
1940 - 55 German aircrafts shot down above England
1940 - Black leaders protest discrimination in US armed forces
1940 - Floyd Giebells, 1st game, 2-0 pennant clinching beating Bob Feller
1940 - Nazi-Germany, Italy & Japan sign 10 year formal alliance (Axis)
1940 - Yankees, lose to A's & eliminated from pennant for 1st time since 1935
1941 - 1st WW II liberty ship, freighter Patrick Henry, launched
1942 - Heavy German assault in Stalingrad
1942 - NY Giants beat Wash Redskins 14-7 without making a 1st down
1942 - Reinhard Heydrich, "butcher of Prague," appointed SS-general
1942 - St Louis Cards win NL pennant on last day of season
1943 - Anti-fascism opposition begins in Naples
1943 - Dutch opposition newspaper "The Slogan" publishes KZ-Lower letter
1944 - Helmond & Oss Neth liberated
1946 - King George II of Greece returns from exile
1947 - "Sweethearts" closes at Shubert Theater NYC after 288 performances
1948 - "Carib Song" opens at Adelphi Theater NYC for 36 performances
1950 - Dr Ralph Bunche receives Nobel Peace Prize
1950 - Ezzard Charles beats Joe Louis in 15 for heavyweight boxing title
1950 - Heavyweight champ Ezzard Charles KOs Joe Louis in NYC
1951 - Persian troops occupies oil refinery at Abadan
1953 - Bert Bechichar, Baltimore Colts, kicks a 56-yard field goal
1953 - KCMO (now KCTV) TV channel 5 in Kansas City, MO (CBS) begins
1953 - KNOE TV channel 8 in Monroe-West Monroe, LA (CBS) begins broadcasting
1953 - KOLO TV channel 8 in Reno, NV (ABC/CBS) begins broadcasting
1953 - KQTV TV channel 2 in Saint Joseph, MO (ABC) begins broadcasting
1953 - St Louis Browns play last game in Sportsman's Park, losing 100th game
1953 - Typhoon destroys 1/3 of Nagoya Japan
1953 - WHBQ TV channel 13 in Memphis, TN (ABC) begins broadcasting
1953 - WMAZ TV channel 13 in Macon, GA (CBS/ABC) begins broadcasting
1953 - WTOK TV channel 11 in Meridian, MS (ABC/CBS) begins broadcasting
1954 - 1st African American Supreme Court page is CV Bush
1954 - School integration begins in Wash DC & Baltimore Md public schools
1954 - Steve Allen's "Tonight Show" premieres
1957 - Giants rent Seals Stadium until Candlestick is built
1959 - Betsy Rawls wins LPGA Opie Turner Golf Open
1959 - Braves & Dodgers finish in a tie (86-68)
1959 - Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev concludes his US visit
1960 - Europe's 1st "moving pavement," (travelator), opens at Bank station
1961 - Sandy Koufax sets NL strikeout season record at 269
1961 - Sierre Leone becomes 100th member of UN
1962 - Military uprising under Col Abdullah as-Sallal North Yemen
1962 - US sells Israel, Hawk anti-aircraft missiles
1963 - At 10:59 AM census clock, records US population at 190,000,000
1963 - Lee Harvey Oswald visits Cubans consulate in Mexico
1964 - Despite 3 HRs by Johnny Callison, Phils are 14-8 losers to Braves
1964 - Mickey Wright wins LPGA Visalia Ladies' Golf Open
1964 - Phillies 7th straight loses sends them into 2nd place
1964 - Warren Commission released, finds Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone
1967 - Phillies Jim Bunning ties NL record of 5, 1-0 losses in a year
1967 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1968 - "Hair" opens in London
1968 - Cardinal's super pitcher Bob Gibson's 13th shutout of year
1968 - France refuses UK entry into common market
1970 - Ken Boswell sets 2nd baseman record of 85 games without an error
1971 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1972 - 1st game at Nassau Coliseum, Rangers beat Islanders 6-4 (exhibition)
1973 - Nolan Ryan strikes out 16 in 11 innings, for record 383 of season
1973 - Soyuz 12 carries 2 cosmonauts into Earth orbit (2 days)
1973 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1974 - -10/26] Rome: 4th bishop synod
1974 - Austr National Gallery buys W de Kooning's "Woman V" for $850,000
1975 - Government De Uyl recalls Dutch ambassador from Spain
1977 - Phillies clinch 2nd straight NL East Division title
1978 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1978 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1979 - Congress' final approval to create Dept of Education
1979 - Elton John, sick with flu, collapse on Hollywood Universal Ampitheater
1979 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1980 - WHOT (Bkln NY pirate radio station) begins on 1620 AM & 92.5 FM
1980 - Marvin Hagler defeats Alan Minter to claim boxing's world Middleweight championship in London. They have to be escorted away by police after a riot forms.
1981 - "Day in Hollywood, A Night..," closes at John Golden NY after 588 perf
1982 - Cards clinching NL East title
1982 - Filming begins on "Never Say Never Again"
1982 - Jan Wolkers awarded but refuses Constantine Huygens-prize
1982 - John Palmer becomes news anchor of Today Show
1983 - South Africa worker's union leader Curnick Ndlovu freed after 19 years
1983 - Tim Raines is 1st since Ty Cobb to steal 70 & drive in 70 runs
1985 - 8 killed as roof collapses in Brussel's supermarket
1985 - Hurricane Gloria's 130 MPH wind hits Atlantic coast
1986 - Senate joins House of Reps voting for sweeping tax reforms
1987 - 27th Ryder Cup: Europe beats US, 15-13 at Muirfield Village GC (Ohio)
1987 - Jan Stephens wins LPGA Konica San Jose Golf Classic
1987 - NFL players' strike
1987 - Phil Niekro final appearance & is pounded for 5 runs in 3 innings
1988 - Grand jury evidence shows Tawana Brawley fabricated rape story
1988 - Senate votes for major federal tax code changes
1988 - The National League for Democracy, led by Aung San Suu Kyi is founded.
1989 - Oakland wins AL West & SF wins NL West title
1989 - Sony purchases Columbia Pictures for $3.4 billion cash
1990 - Dee Dee Ramone arrested on marijuana possession
1990 - Deposed emir of Kuwait address UN General Assembly
1990 - Gunman holds 33 people (killing 1) hostage in Berkeley Calif
1990 - Senate Judiciary committee approves Souter's Supreme Court
1990 - Tour de France champion Greg LeMond visits White House
1990 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1991 - "Princesses" premieres on CBS TV
1991 - Pres Bush decides to end full-time B-52 bombers alert
1991 - 1st scheduled NHL exhibition game in St Petersburg Fla, is cancelled due to poor ice conditions (NY Islanders vs Boston Bruins)
1992 - ASPCA stops Santeria ceremony in Bronx halts sacrifice of 42 animals
1992 - LA Dodgers for 1st time in history clinch last place
1992 - Military transport plane crashes in Lagos, Nigeria killing 163
1992 - Nancy Scranton wins Los Coyotes LPGA Golf Classic
1992 - Pittsburgh Pirates win their 3rd straight NL East title
1992 - Seattle's Randy Johnson ties AL record for lefties with 18 strike outs
1993 - Actor Daniel Day Lewis pleads guilty to speeding charges
1993 - The Sukhumi massacre takes place in Abkhazia.
1996 - Balt Oriole Roberto Alomar spits in face of umpire John Hirschbeck
1996 - In Afghanistan, the Taliban capture the capital city Kabul after driving out President Burhanuddin Rabbani and executing former leader Mohammad Najibullah.
1996 - The Julie N. tanker skip crashes into the Million Dollar Bridge in Portland, Maine spilling thousands of gallons of oil.
1998 - Core States Betsy King Golf Classic
1998 - Google is launched.
2002 - Timor-Leste (East Timor) joins the United Nations.
2003 - Actress Halle Berry announces her separation from second husband, R&B singer Eric Benet
2003 - Smart 1 satellite is launched.
2005 - Atlanta Braves clinch their 14th straight division title thanks to Philadelphia's loss to the New York Mets
2008 - CNSA astronaut Zhai Zhigang becomes the first Chinese person to perform a spacewalk while flying on Shenzhou 7.
Music history on Sept. 27
1898 - Composer and musician Vincent Youmans was born.
1933 - "Waltz Time" debuted on NBC Radio. It stayed on the network until 1948.
1938 - Artie Shaw recorded "Nightmare."
1938 - "Thanks for the Memory" was heard for the first time on the "The Bob Hope Show."
1942 - Glenn Miller and his Orchestra performed together for the last time. Miller volunteered for the U.S. Army and disappeared December 15, 1944 over the English Channel.
1943 - "Pistol Packin' Mama" and "Jingle Bells" were recorded by Bing Crosby, the Vic Schoen Orchestra and the Andrews Sisters.
1962 - "The New York Times" ran the story "Bob Dylan: A Distinctive Folk Song Stylist" after a concert at Carnegie Hall.
1964 - The Beach Boys appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show for the first time. They performed "I Get Around."
1972 - Rory Storme (Hurricanes) committed suicide in what appeared to be suicide pact with his mother. The Hurricanes were the group that Ringo Starr left in order to join the Beatles.
1973 - Rolling Stone magazine reported that Carlos Santana had changed his name to Devadip now that he was a disciple of Sri Chinmoy.
1979 - Elton John collapsed onstage while performing "Better Off Dead" at the Universal Amphitheatre. After a ten-minute delay John returned and completed the concert. He was suffering from exhaustion brought on by the flu.
1979 - The LP "Eat To The Beat" was released by Blondie.
1979 - The Police released, "Regatta de Blanc", their second album.
1986 - Cliff Burton (Metallica) was killed when the band tour bus crashed in Sweden. Burton was 24.
1995 - The album "Wazbones" was released by Tigertailz.
1995 - Time Warner severed its ties with its rap label Interscope rather than release the debut album by Tha Dogg Pound.
2002 - Vince Neil pled guilty to a misdemeanor battery charge for allegedly attacking a record producer in West Hollywood on April 28, 2002.
2004 - Record producer Phil Spector was charged with murder in the shooting death of Lana Clarkson at his mansion in 2003.
2004 - It was announced that Betrand Cantat of Noir Desir (Black Desire) would be leaving the next day for France. He had arranged to spend the remainder of his manslaughter sentence in a French prison. Cantat had beaten French actress Marie Trintignant to death in July 2003.
2010 - Tickets to Michael Jackson's "THIS IS IT" went on sale.
Sports history on September 27
1923 - Lou Gehrig (New York Yankees) hit his first of 493 career home runs.
1930 - Hack Wilson (Chicago) hit two home runs to give him 56 for the year.
1930 - At the annual NHL Governor's meeting a new rule was passed concerning offsides. The rule was that "the puck must be propelled into the attacking zone before any player of the attacking side can enter that zone."
1953 - The St. Louis Browns played their final game before moving to Baltimore to become the Orioles.
1964 - Houston played its final game at Colts Stadium. They lost 1-0 to Los Angeles in 12 innings.
1973 - Nolan Ryan (California Angels) struck out 16 batters for the Minnesota Twins. The feat established a modern day single season mark of 383 strikeouts in a season.
1983 - Larry Bird signed a seven-year contract with the Boston Celtics worth $15 million. The contract made him the highest paid Celtic in history.
1996 - Barry Bonds (San Francisco Giants) became the second MLB player to record 40 home runs and 40 stolen bases in the same year.
1998 - Mark McGwire (St. Louis Cardinals) set a major league baseball record when he hit his 70th home run of the season. Sammy Sosa (Chicago Cubs) ended the season with 66 home runs. Both players surpassed Roger Maris' record of 61.
1998 - Greg Vaughn (San Diego Padres) hit his 50th home run of the season. It marked the first time that four players finished the regular season with 50 or more home runs.
1999 - The last game was played at Tiger Stadium. The Detroit Tigers defeated the Kansas City Royals 8-2.
2000 - Donovan McNabb (Philadelphia Eagles) signed a 12-year contract that involved a $20.5 million signing bonus. The deal made McNabb the highest paid NFL player in history.
2003 - Javier Lopez (Atlanta Braves) became the first catcher to hit 42 home runs in a season.
2009 - The Detroit Lions defeated the Washington Redskins to end a 19-game losing streak dating back to December, 2007.
Famous birthdays on Sept. 27
George Cruikshank 1792
Thomas Nast 1840 - Political cartoonist that created the Republican elephant and the Democrat donkey
Vincent Youmans 1898
Randy Bachman (Guess Who, Bachman-Turner Overdrive) 1943
Liz Torres 1947
Meat Loaf (Marvin Lee Aday) 1951 -
Greg Ham (Men at Work) 1953
Johnette Napolitano (Concrete Blonde) 1957
Shaun Cassidy 1958
Stephan Jenkins (Third Eye Blind) 1964
Patrick Muldoon 1968
Mark Calderon (Color Me Badd) 1970
Amanda Detmer 1971
Brad Arnold (3 Doors Down) 1978
Lil Wayne 1982 -
Avril Lavigne 1984
Quote for today:
Age does not diminish the extreme disappointment of having a scoop of ice cream fall from the cone.
- Jim Feibig
This post has been edited by wingsovernc: Sep 27 2012, 06:56 AM
--------------------
If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Member No.: 22,154
Historic events on September 28
48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt.
pompey_the_great.jpg ( 14.7K ) Number of downloads: 0
Roman Military and Political Leader Pompey the Great
235 - Bishop of Rome Pontianus steps down
351 - Battle at Mursa: emperor Constantine II beats emperor Maxentius
365 - Roman usurper Procopius bribes two legions passing by Constantinople, and proclaims himself Roman emperor.
935 - Saint Wenceslas is murdered by his brother, Boleslaus I of Bohemia.
995 - Members of Slavn�k's dynasty - Spytim�r, Pobraslav, Pořej and Č�slav are murdered by Boleslaus's son, Boleslaus II the Pious.
1066 - William the Conqueror invade England landing at Pevensey Bay, Sussex
1106 - Battle at Tinchebrai: English King Henry I beats his brother Robert
1322 - Battle of Muhldorf
1362 - Guillaum de Grimoard elected as Pope Urban V
1394 - Cardinal Pedro de Luna of Aragon chosen (anti)pope Benedictus XIII
1448 - Christian I is crowned king of Denmark.
1521 - Turkish sultan Suleiman I's troops occupy Belgrade
1528 - Spanish fleet sinks in Florida hurricane; about 380 die
1538 - Battle at Preveza: Turkish fleet under Barbarossa beats Spanish
1542 - Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo discovers California, at San Diego Bay
1621 - Battle at Chocim Dniester: King Sigismund II beats Turks
1652 - English-Dutch sea battle at Kentish Knock
1678 - "Pilgrim's Progress" published
1687 - Venetians take Athens from the Turks
1701 - Divorce legalized in Maryland, USA
1704 - Maryland allows divorce if wife mispleases clergyman/preacher
1708 - Battle at Lesnaya: Russian army captures Swedish convoy
1745 - Bonnie Prince Charlie becomes king of Scotland
1760 - Russian & Austrian army occupies Berlin
1767 - Gentlemen 17 forbid private slave transport India to Cape of Good Hope
1779 - American Revolution: Samuel Huntington is elected President of the Continental Congress, succeeding John Jay.
1781 - 9,000 American forces & 7,000 French forces begin siege of Yorktown
1785 - Napoleon Bonaparte (16) graduates from the military academy in Paris (42nd in a class of 51)
napoleon_bonaparte.jpg ( 12.65K ) Number of downloads: 0
French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte
1787 - Congress sends Constitution to state legislatures for their approval
1815 - Joachim Murats fleet sails from Corsica to Naples
1829 - Walker's Appeal, racial antislavery pamphlet, published in Boston
1844 - Oscar I of Sweden-Norway is crowned king of Sweden.
1850 - US Navy abolishes flogging as punishment
1858 - Donati's comet becomes 1st to be photographed
1864 - -30) Battle of Fort Harrison VA (Chaffin's Farm New Market Heights)
1867 - Toronto becomes capital of Ontario
1867 - The United States takes control of Midway Island.
1868 - Battle of Alcolea, causes Queen Isabella 2 of Spain to flee to France
1868 - Opelousas Massacre at St Landry Parish Louisiana (200 blacks killed)
1879 - Sydney Australia inaugurates steam motor tram route
1887 - Gele River (Huang Ho) in China floods, kills about 1.5 million
1889 - Carlos I crowned King of Portugal (1889-1908)
1889 - The first General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) defines the length of a meter as the distance between two lines on a standard bar of an alloy of platinum with ten percent iridium, measured at the melting point of ice.
1892 - 1st night football game played (Mansfield Pa)
1894 - Simon Marks & Tom Spencer open Penny Bazaar in Manchester
1899 - Transvaal mobilizes
1901 - Guerrilla's assault unarmed US soldiers in Balangiga Phil, 38 killed
1904 - Woman arrested for smoking a cigarette in a car on 5th Avenue, NYC
1906 - US troops reoccupy Cuba, stay until 1909
1912 - "Kiche Maru" sinks off Japan, killing 1,000
1912 - SS Kichemaru disappears in storm off Japanese coast, 1,000 die
1914 - German forces move into Antwerp Belgium (WW I)
1915 - Battle of Kut-el-Amara: Brits defeat Turks in Mesopotamia
1919 - Fastest major league game (51 mins), Giants beat Phillies 6-1
1920 - 8 White Sox indicted, threw 1919 World Series (Black Sox scandal)
1920 - Dirk Fock appointed as gov-gen of Neth Indies
1921 - 4th PGA Championship: Walter Hagen at Inwood CC Far Rockaway NY
1922 - Benito Mussolini marches on Rome
benito_mussolini.jpg ( 15.44K ) Number of downloads: 0
Italian Dictator Benito Mussolini
1923 - Abyssinia (Ethiopia) leaves League of Nations
1923 - Radio Times 1st published
1923 - Yanks slaughter Red Sox 24-4
1924 - 2 US Army planes end around-world flight, Seattle to Seattle, 57 stops
1924 - French government names Gen Serrail gov-gen of Syria
1924 - Gen Plutarco Calles elected president of Mexico
1926 - Russia & Latvia treaty of neutrality signed
1928 - 1st recording session in Nashville (Warmack's Gully Jumpers)
1928 - Juan de la Cierva makes 1st helicopter flight over English Channel
1928 - NY Yanks clinch pennant #6
1928 - Prussia forbids speech from Adolf Hitler
1928 - US acknowledge Chinese government of Chiang Kai-shek
1928 - Valentin Katayev's "Kvadratura Kruga," premieres in Moscow
1928 - UK passes the Dangerous Drugs Act outlawing cannabis.
1929 - 1st CF interception return for a touchdown (Joe Hess-U of Alberta)
1930 - Lou Gehrig's errorless streak ends at 885 consecutive games
1931 - Peking (200,000 demonstrators demand declaration of war on Japan)
1932 - 1932 Baseball World Series opens with the Chicago Cubs vs. NY Yankees (6-12)
1933 - Greer Garson wed Edward Snelson
1933 - Sally Eilers weds Harry Joe Brown
1936 - Bachelor's Children debuts on CBS radio (at 9:45 am)
1936 - Brooklyn & Boston play a penalty free NFL game
1937 - FDR dedicates Bonneville Dam on Columbia River (Oregon)
1937 - Martha Raye divorces Bud Westmore
1938 - Clare Boothe's "Boys Goodbye," premieres in NYC
1938 - Dutch Premier Colijn sends radio message "No war coming"
1939 - Estonia accepts Soviet military bases
1939 - Final broadcast of The Fleischmann Hour was heard on radio
1939 - Soviet-German treaty agree on 4th partition of Poland (WW II) & gives Lithuania to USSR, last Polish troops surrender
1940 - Michigan's Tom Harmon runs 72, 86 & 94 yard touchdowns
1940 - Nazi occupiers present "New Dutch Culture" in German
1940 - Bud Brennan, a fan at Memorial Stadium, races out of stands & attempts to tackle Tom Harmon at 3-yard line, Harmon easily evades Brennan
1941 - Phillies lose club record 111th game
1941 - Ted Williams ended the baseball season with .406 batting avg
1942 - Luftwaffe bombs Stalingrad
1942 - NY Americans NHL team folded
1944 - 1st TV Musical comedy (The Boys from Boise)
1944 - Battle of Arnhem, Germans defeat British airborne in Netherlands
1944 - Nazi murders in Marzabotto, Italy (SS-major Reder)
1945 - "Mildred Price" starring Joan Crawford opens at Strand
1945 - Canadian football's Calgary Bronks changes its name to Stampeders
1945 - Robert T Duncan appears as Tonio in "I Pagliacci"
1946 - Greek king George II back in Athens
1948 - WBAP-TV, (NBC affiliate) Fort Worth Texas, begins broadcasting
1949 - "My Friend Irma" is 1st of 12 films starring Dean Martin & Jerry Lewis
jerry_lewis.jpg ( 11.08K ) Number of downloads: 0
Comedian Jerry Lewis
1950 - Indonesia becomes 60th member of UN
1951 - Allie Reynolds' 2nd no-hitter of 1951; Yanks clinch pennant #18
1951 - Franchot Tone wed Barbara Payton
1951 - Norm Van Brocklin of Rams passes for NFL-record 554 yards
1953 - "Bob & Ray Show," TV Variety; last air on NBC
1953 - "Juvenile Jury," TV Childrens, last airs on NBC, moved to CBS
1953 - "Racket Squad," TV Crime Drama, last airs on CBS
1953 - Dutch government proclaims 5% general pay increase on Jan 1, 1954
1953 - KOAT TV channel 7 in Albuquerque, NM (ABC/PBS) begins broadcasting
1955 - 1st World Series color TV broadcast on NBC-TV (Yanks beat Dodgers)
1955 - WITN TV channel 7 in Washington, NC (NBC) begins broadcasting
1956 - "Johnny Carson Show," TV Variety; last airs on CBS-TV
1956 - RCA Records reports Elvis Presley sold over 10 million records
elvis_presley.jpg ( 13.1K ) Number of downloads: 0
Singer & Cultural Icon Elvis Presley
1957 - "Dollar A Second," last airs on NBC-TV
1957 - "Gisele MacKenzie Show," debuts on NBC-TV
1957 - "Honeycomb," by Jimmie Rodgers hits #1
1957 - Dutch Queen Juliana opens Velser Tunnels
1958 - France adopts constitution
1958 - Guinea votes for independence from France
1958 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1958 - USAF selects Thor over Jupiter rocket for mass production as ICBM's
1959 - "Hennesey," debuts on CBS-TV
1959 - Edward Franklin Albee's "zoo story," premieres in Berlin
1959 - Explorer VI reveals an intense radiation belt around Earth
1960 - "Millionaire," last airs on CBS-TV
1960 - "My Heart Has a Mind of Its Own," by Connie Francis hits #1
1960 - "Queen For A Day," moves to ABC-TV
1960 - "Sunrise at Campobello" premiered at Palace theater
1960 - Ted Williams hits his final homer #521 (off Jack Fisher)
1961 - "Doctor Kildare," debuts on NBC-TV
1961 - "Hazel," starring Shirley Booth debuts on NBC-TV
1961 - "Purlie Victorious," a farce by Ossie Davis, opens on Broadway
1961 - Syria withdraws from United Arab Republic
1961 - USN Comdr Forrest S Petersen takes X-15 to 30,720 m
1961 - Walt Disney's movie "Grey Friars Bobby" premieres
1962 - "Brighter Day," last airs on CBS-TV daytime
1962 - "I'm Dickens, He's Fenster," debuts on ABC-TV
1962 - "Jan Murray Show," last airs on NBC-TV
1962 - "Tonight Show," last airs on NBC-TV
1962 - "Verdict Is Yours," last airs on CBS-TV
1962 - Alouette (Canada), 1st Canadian satellite, launched
1962 - Paddington tram depot fire destroys 65 trams in Brisbane, Australia.
1963 - "King Leonardo," cartoon last airs on NBC-TV
1963 - "Little Deuce Coupe" by The Beach Boys peaks at #15
1963 - "Martian Hop" by The Ran-Dells peaks at #1
1963 - "New Phil Silvers Show," debuts on CBS-TV
1963 - "Nick Teen & Al K Hall" by Rolf Harris peaks at #95
1963 - "Sally, Go 'Round The Roses" by Jaynetts peaks at #2
1963 - "Shari Lewis Show," last airs on NBC-TV
1963 - "Surfer Joe" by Surfaris peaks at #62
1963 - "Tennessee Tuxedo," cartoon debuts on CBS-TV
1963 - Giuseppe Cantarella roller-skates record 25.78 mph (415 k) for 440 yds
1963 - Murray The K, a NY DJ plays "She Loves You" on the radio
1964 - 53rd Davis Cup: Australia beats USA in Cleveland (3-2)
1964 - Suriname governor A Currie resigns
1965 - Jack McKay in X-15 reaches 90 km
1965 - Lava flows kill at least 350 (Taal Philippines)
1965 - Volcano explodes on Luzon Philippines; 500 killed
1967 - Walter Washington elected 1st mayor of Washington, DC
1968 - "Happy Time" closes at Broadway Theater NYC after 286 performances
1968 - "Noel Coward's Sweet Potato" opens at Barrymore NYC for 17 perfs
1968 - Alberto Giolani of Italy roller skates record 23.133 miles in 1 hr
1968 - Atlanta Chiefs beat San Diego Toros 3-0 for NASL championship
1968 - Beatles "Hey Jude," single goes #1 and stays #1 for 9 weeks
1968 - Chuck Hixson (Southern Methodist) completes 37 of record 69 passes
1968 - Janis Joplin announces she's leaving "Big Brother & Holding Co"
1968 - Marisa Danisi of West Germany roller skates record 21.995 miles in 1 hr
1969 - Joe Kapp (Minnesota Vikings) passes for 7 touchdowns vs Balt Colts (52-14)
1969 - Minnesota vs Baltimore, gains 530 yards passing!
1969 - SPD wins West German Parliament elections
1970 - "Words & Music," debuts on NBC-TV
1970 - Anwar Sadat replaces Egyptian President Nassar
1970 - Intrepid (US) beats Gretel II (Aust) in 22nd America's Cup
1971 - Cardinal Josef Mindszenty of Hungary took refuge in US Embassy in
1971 - NY Times reports growing interest of white youth in black gospel music
1971 - Budapest in 1956 to escape treason charges, ends exile & flies to Rome
1971 - UK passes the Misuse of Drugs Act banning the medicinal use of cannabis.
1972 - David Bowie sells out his 1st show in NY Carnegie Hall
1972 - Japan & Communist China agree to re-establish diplomatic relations
1972 - Canada defeats the USSR in the eigth and final game of the ice hockey Summit Series.
1973 - Palestinian Terrorists hijack Austrian train
1973 - ITT Building in New York City bombed to protest ITT's involvement in the September 11 1973 coup d'�tat in Chile.
1974 - "Ain't Nothing Like The Real Thing" by Aretha Franklin peaks at #47
1974 - "I'm A Ramblin' Man" by Waylon Jennings peaks at #75
1974 - "Live It Up Part 1" by Isley Brothers peaks at #52
1974 - "Papa Don't Take No Mess Part 1" by James Brown peaks at #31
james_brown.jpg ( 14.55K ) Number of downloads: 0
Godfather of Soul James Brown
1974 - "Rock Me Gently" by Andy Kim peaks at #1
1974 - "Surfin' USA" by Beach Boys reenters chart & peaks at #36
1974 - 1st Lady Betty Ford undergoes a radical mastectomy
1974 - California Angel Nolan Ryan 3rd no-hitter beats Minn Twin, 4-0
1974 - John Lennon appears as guest dj on WNEW-FM (NYC)
1974 - Mick Ronson joins Mott the Hoople
1975 - 5th NYC Women's Marathon won by Kim Merritt in 2:46:14
1975 - 6th NYC Marathon won by Tom Fleming in 2:19:27
1975 - Bill authorizes admission of women to military academies
1975 - Oakland A's Vida Blue, Glenn Abbott, Paul Linblad & Rollie Fingers, no-hits California Angels 5-0
1975 - The Spaghetti House siege, in which nine people were taken as hostages, takes place in London.
1976 - A&M sues George Harrison who fails to meet deadline for LP completion
1976 - Congress passes Toxic Substances Control Act
1976 - Muhammad Ali beats Ken Norton in 15 for heavyweight boxing title
1978 - Israeli Knesset endorses Camp David accord
1978 - Pieter Botha succeeds Vorster as premier of South Africa
1978 - Syrians & Lebanese engage in heavy fighting in Lebanon
1979 - Larry Holmes TKOs Earnie Shavers in 11 for heavyweight boxing title
1980 - "Charlie & Algernon" closes at Helen Hayes Theater NYC after 17 perfs
1980 - Carl Sagan's 13 part "Cosmos" premieres on PBS
sagan.jpg ( 40.52K ) Number of downloads: 0
Carl Sagan
1980 - Jaromir Wagner is 1st to fly Atlantic standing on wing
1980 - Jerilyn Britz wins LPGA Mary Kay Golf Classic
1981 - Joseph Paul Franklin, avowed racist, sentenced to life imprisonment for killing 2 black joggers in Salt Lake City
1982 - 1st reports appear of death from cyanide-laced Tylenol capsules
1982 - NASA launches Intelsat V satellite, no. 505
1983 - STS-9 vehicle moves to launch pad
1984 - 1st floodlit ODI outside of Australia (India v Aust, New Delhi)
1984 - Cleve Indians down 0-10 to Minnesota Twins, win 11-10
1985 - "Don't Lose My Number" by Phil Collins peaks at #4
1985 - "Every Step Of The Way" by John Waite peaks at #25
1985 - "Freedom" by Wham! peaks at #3
1985 - "Janet" by Commodores peaks at #87
1985 - NASA launches Intelsat VA
1985 - Race riot in London area of Brixton
1986 - Record 23,000 start in a marathon (Mexico City)
1986 - Tight end Brian Foster of RI catches NCAA record 18 passes for 327 yds
1986 - Cleveland Browns' Gerald McNeil sets the team record for the longest punt return with an 84-yard run (and TD), Browns 24, Detroit 21
1987 - "Star Trek: The Next Generation," debuts on syndicated TV
1987 - Gladys Knight & Smokey Robinson on "$10,000 Pyramid"
1988 - Bronx Museum for Arts opens
1988 - Javed Miandad scores his 19th Test Cricket century (v Aus, Faisalabad)
1988 - LA Dodger Orel Hershiser sets record for consecutive scoreless inns
1990 - Exiled emir of Kuwait visits White House
1990 - Marvin Gaye gets a star on Hollywood's walk of fame
1991 - "Commish," debuts on ABC-TV
1991 - "Good Time" by Ziggy Marley & Melody Makers peaks at #85
1991 - "Love Of A Lifetime" by Firehouse peaks at #5
1991 - "Shiny Happy People" by REM peaks to #10
1991 - NY Yankees set record of 75 games without a complete pitched game
1991 - UN weapons inspectors ends 5-day standoff with Iraq
1992 - "Barry Manilow's Showstoppers" closes at Paramount Theater NYC
1992 - "Dog City," cartoon debuts on Fox-TV
1992 - Oakland A's win AL West title
1992 - Pakistani Airbus A-300 crashes into mountain at Kathmandu, 167 dies
1993 - Dennis Martinez is 7th to win 100 games in AL & NL
1993 - Gas field in Caracas explodes, 53 killed
1993 - Ron Wood releases "Slide On Live"
1994 - "Baseball" TV Miniseries last airs on PBS
1994 - "Cats" 5,000th Broadway performance (joins Chorus Line & Oh! Calcutta!)
1994 - "Ed Wood" premieres
1994 - 909 people died when an Estonian ferry capsized & sank in Baltic sea
1994 - Ferry boat Estonia capsize & sinks in East Sea, 909 killed
1995 - "Batman Forever" released Czech Republic
1995 - Dennis Martinez pitch breaks Kirby Puckett's jaw in Indians 12-4 win
1995 - Mary Tyler Moore returns to series TV in "NY News," on CBS
1995 - Singer Bobby Brown escapes injury in gun battle
1995 - Troy Dixon scores cricket century on 1st-class debut for Qld v W Prov
1995 - Yitzhak Rabin & Yasir Arafat, sign accord to transfer West Bank
1995 - Bob Denard and a group of mercenaries take the islands of Comoros in a coup.
1996 - 1st ODI played in Kenya between home team & Sri Lanka
1996 - Joyce Giraud, crowned 8th Ms Venus Swimwear
1996 - NY Yankee Jim Leyitz is 2nd catcher to wear a hockey mask
1996 - Nebraska & Penn State are 5th & 6th major colleges to win 700
1996 - Orioles' Roberto Alomar suspended 5 games for spitting at ump
1996 - Troy Davis of Iowa State ran for 378 yards, 3rd highest in college football games (others: Michigan, Notre Dame, Texas & Alabama)
1997 - 32nd Ryder Cup: Europe wins 14�-13� to retain the Cup at Sotogrande Spain
1997 - Emerald Coast Senior Golf Classic
1997 - Newscaster David Brinkley, 74, retires after 54 years in broadcasting
1997 - St Louis Card Mark McGwire hits his 58th HR of 1997 (34 with Oak A's)
1997 - Wendy Ward wins LPGA Fieldcrest Cannon Classic
2000 - Al-Aqsa Intifada: Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount in Jerusalem.
2008 - SpaceX launches the first ever private spacecraft, the Falcon 1 into orbit.
2009 - The military junta leading Guinea, headed by Captain Moussa Dadis Camara, sexually assaulted, killed and wounded protesters during a protest rally in a stadium called Stade du 28 Septembre.
Music history on Sept. 28
1928 - Glen Gray's Orchestra recorded "Under a Blanket of Blue." Kenny Sargeant performed the vocals.
1958 - "To Know Him Is To Love Him" by the Teddy Bears was released. The song was written and composed by 18-year old Phil Spector.
1963 - "She Loves You" by the Beatles was played on the radio by Murry The K in New York. It is believed that this was the first time a Beatles song was played in the U.S.
1968 - Janis Joplin's manager announced that she has left Big Brother and the Holding Company.
1972 - David Bowie sold out New York's Carnegie Hall. It was his first sell out in the U.S.
1973 - The Rolling Stones appeared on U.S. television for the first time since 1967.
1975 - Jerry Garcia and Friends and Jefferson Starship gave a free show to 40,000 fans in San Francisco's Lindley Park.
1976 - A&M Records sued George Harrison for failing to deliver his LP "33 1/3" on time.
1979 - Jimmy McCulloch was found dead in London at the age of 26.
1987 - Gladys Knight and Smokey Robinson were guests on the television show "$10,000 Pyramid."
1989 - "Tales From Margaritaville" was published by Jimmy Buffet. It was a book of short stories.
1991 - The Garth Brooks album "Ropin' the Wind" became the first country album to debut at No. 1 on the Billboard pop chart.
1995 - Bobby Brown's car was riddled with bullets in Boston's Roxbury section. The gun battle killed his sister's fianc�.
1997 - The 103rd convention of the Audio Engineering Society (AES) was held in New York City, NY. The official debut of the DVD format was featured.
2001 - Courtney Love filed a claim against Geffen Records and two musicians from her late husband's band, Nirvana. The suit was aimed at invalidating a 1997 agreement over the group's body of work. Love claimed that she signed the deal while she was distressed.
2004 - In Beverly Hills, CA, a tribute concert to honor Ray Charles raised $15 million for Morehouse College Center for the Arts in Atlanta. The performers included Bill Cosby as the host, Stevie Wonder, Travis Tritt, Michael McDonald (Doobie Brothers), James Ingram and Patti Austin. They sang Charles' hits, such as "Georgia On My Mind," "What I'd Say" and "Hit the Road Jack." Charles had died of acute liver disease on June 10, 2004.
2004 - Randy Travis received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Sports history on Sept. 28
1892 - The first nighttime football game in the U.S. took place under electric lights. The game was between the Mansfield State Normal School and the Wyoming Seminary.
1919 - The New York Giants beat Philadelphia Phillies 6-1 in a day game that lasted 51 minutes. The time set a National League record.
1941 - Ted Williams (Boston Red Sox) hit .400 for the season. He was the last major league player of the century to achieve this statistic.
1955 - The World Series was televised in color for the first time. The game was between the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers.
1968 - The Atlanta Chiefs won the first North American Soccer League Championship.
1978 - Don Sherman, editor of Car & Driver, set a new Class E record in Utah. Driving the Mazda RX7 he reached a speed of 183.904 mph.
1991 - Michael Jordan was a guest on "Saturday Night Live."
1995 - Randy Myers (Chicago Cubs) was charged by a 27-year-old man while standing in the outfield. Myers saw him coming, dropped his glove and knocked the man down with his forearm.
Famous birthdays on Sept. 28
Confucius 551 B.C. - Teacher and philosopher
Georges Clemenceau (France) 1841
Alfred Gerald Caplin (Al Capp) 1909
Peter Finch 1916
Nick St. Nicholas (Steppenwolf) 1943
Helen Shapiro 1946
Hilary Duff 1987
Quote for today:
Let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.
- Franklin D. Roosevelt, on his inauguration as U.S. President.
This post has been edited by wingsovernc: Sep 28 2012, 08:55 AM
--------------------
If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
QUOTE
1941 - Ted Williams ended the baseball season with .406 batting avg
To date - the last major leaguer to bat over .400 - several have flirted with it during parts of the season - none have achieved it.
--------------------
Never too old to have a happy childhood!
..........
Don't put an age limit on your dreams!
Member No.: 22,154
Historical events on September 29
522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaum�ta, securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire.
480 BC - Battle of Salamis: The Greek fleet under Themistocles defeats the Persian fleet under Xerxes I.
61 BC - Pompey the Great celebrates his third triumph for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars on his 45th birthday.
219 - Batavian soldiers consecrate altar on Hercules Magusanus Rome
235 - St Pontianus ends his reign as Catholic Pope
440 - Pope Leo I the Great, installed
855 - Benedict III begins his reign as Catholic Pope
1187 - Saladins army marches into Jerusalem
1227 - Pope Gregory IX excommunicate German emperor Frederik II
1349 - People of Krems Austria accuse Jews of poisoning wells
1364 - Battle of Auray, English forces defeat French at Brittany
1521 - Turkish troops occupy Belgrade
1564 - Robert Dudley becomes earl of Leicester
1567 - War of Religion - Huguenots try to kidnap king Charles IX
1567 - The second War of Religion in France breaks out.
1567 - At a dinner, the Duke of Alba arrests the Count of Egmont and the Count of Hoorn for treason.
1608 - Captain Newport arrives from England with supplies for colonists
1650 - 2nd Fronde-uprising ends
1650 - Henry Robinson opens 1st marriage bureau (England)
1678 - France & Brandenburg signs peace treaty
1785 - Chasidic sect is excommunicated in Cracow Poland
1789 - 1st congress adjourns
1789 - US War Dept established a regular army
1793 - Tennis is 1st mentioned in an English sporting magazine
1815 - King Willem I forms Order of Dutch Lion
1829 - London's Metropolitan Police Force goes on duty (Scotland Yard)
1848 - Battle of P�kozd: Hungarian forces defeat Croats at P�kozd; the first battle of the War of Independence.
1849 - 1st passenger train service to Peekskill NY (New Haven Railroad)
1853 - Emigrant ship "Annie Jane" sinks off Scotland, drowning 348
1859 - Great auroral display in US
1863 - Opera "Pescatori di Perle" is produced (Paris)
1864 - Battle of Waynesboro & New Market Heights VA
1872 - "3 Fingers" Mackenzie destroys Kwahadi-Commanche village
1872 - Kiowa-chief Lone Wolf captures Satanta & Big Tree
1875 - US-Spanish relations decline in wake of Cuban rebellion
1879 - NL owners meeting in Buffalo adopt reserve clause, giving each team exclusive rights to their players
1885 - The first practical public electric tramway in the world is opened in Blackpool, England.
1890 - 1st pro baseball game, NY Metropolitans beat Washington Nationals 4-2 in 5 innings at Polo Grounds in NYC
1892 - 1st night football game played (Mansfield, Penn)
1898 - French troops reach Guinea & Sudan, Samori caught
1902 - Impresario David Belasco opens his 1st Broadway theater
1904 - 1st monument honoring Spanish American War erected (Monroeville Ohio)
1906 - US intervenes in Cuba ousts dictator Estrada Palma
1907 - Construction begins on Washington National Cathedral
1908 - Calgary Rugby Football Union forms
1911 - Gun magazine of French battleship Liberte explode
1911 - Italy declares war on Turkey, starting the Italo-Turkish War
1911 - Yanks steal 15 bases & get 13 walks, beating Browns 16-12; with a major-league record 6 stolen bases in 1 inning
1911 - Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
1912 - French/British troops lands on Samoa
1913 - Sam S Shubert Theater opens at 225 W 44th St NYC
1913 - Wash Senator Walter Johnson wins his 36th game
1914 - Boston Braves, who were in last place in mid-July, clinch NL pennant
1915 - 1st transcontinental radio telephone message is sent
1915 - British army conquerors Chilly al Imara, Mesopotamia
1915 - Dutch Opera's 1st performance
1915 - Herbert/Blossoms musical "Princess Pat," premieres in NYC
1915 - Hurricane claims 275 in Mississippi Delta
1915 - Philadelphia Phillies clinch their 1st pennant
1916 - John D Rockefeller becomes the first billionaire.
1918 - Allied forces scored a decisive breakthrough of Hindenburg Line
1920 - Babe Ruth sets then home run season record at 54
1920 - Belgium annexes Eupen/Malm� dy
1920 - Joseph Horne Company in Pittsburgh sells radios for $10
1921 - Pirates drop doubleheader to Cards to allow idle Giants to clinch NL
1922 - Benito Mussolini ask Vatican for support of fascist party program
1923 - 6th PGA Championship: Gene Sarazen at Pelham CC Pelham NY
1923 - Steinhart Aquarium in Golden Gate Park opens to public
1924 - Santo Domingo joins League of Nations
1924 - Senators clinch pennant, finishing 2 games in front of Yankees
1925 - French Gen of Morocco, marshal Lyautey, is dismissed
1925 - Greek republican constitution enforced
1926 - Norma Shearer wed Irving Thalberg
1927 - Babe Ruth ties record by hitting grand slams in consecutive games
1927 - Telephone service begins between US & Mexico
1927 - Tornado strikes St Louis Missouri, 85 die
1928 - Cardinals win NL pennant with a 3-1 win at Boston
1928 - Yanks (17) Tigers (28) set 9 inning hit record (45)-Tigers win 19-10
1930 - 1st Canadian football game played under lights, Hamilton-UBC
1930 - Bing Crosby marries Dixie Lee
1930 - Boquer�n battle ends Paraguay border dispute
1930 - Lowell Thomas made debuts on CBS Radio replacing Floyd Gibbons
1930 - NYC College offers 1st course in radio advertising
1932 - "Bill of Divorcement" premieres at the Mayfair
1933 - Little King, Cartoon Character, by Von Beuren, debut
1934 - Rondo Hatton weds Mabel Housh
1935 - 5th Ryder Cup: US wins, 9-3 at Ridgewood Country Club (Ridgewood, New Jersey, US)
1936 - Radio used for 1st time for a presidential campaign
1937 - Frans Slaats bicycles world record time (45,563 km)
1938 - 1st archival course is offered at Columbia University in NYC
1938 - Treaty of Munich signed by Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Daladier & Chamberlain
1940 - "Double or Nothing," a radio quiz show, 1st heard on Mutual Radio Net
1940 - "Strike Up Band," opens
1940 - 1st US merchant ship "Booker T Washington" commanded by a black captain (Hugh Mulzac), launched at Wilmington Delaware
1941 - Joe Louis TKOs Lou Nova in 6 for heavyweight boxing title
1941 - Million jam downtown Brooklyn to cheer NL champ Dodgers in a parade
1941 - Nazi mass murder at Babi Jar, Soviet Union
1942 - 32�F lowest temperature ever recorded in Cleveland in Sept
1942 - Government of De Gaulle cancels agreement of Munich
1943 - 1st Silbertanne-murder by German occupiers in Meppel
1943 - Eisenhower & Italian Marshal Pietro Badoglio sign an armistice
1943 - German riots at Amsterdam Jews
1943 - Zjadovs 5th Gardeleger/Managarovs 53rd Army reconquer Kremenchug
1944 - Browns last in AL attendance,only 6,172 watch them sweep Yanks in DH
1944 - Soviet troops invade Yugoslavia
1945 - Cubs clinch NL pennant
1946 - "Adventures of Sam Spade" debuts on CBS Radio
1946 - 1st time NL pennant ends in a tie (Cards & Dodgers)
1946 - Al Couture knockouts Ralph Walton in Lewiston Maine in 10 secs
1946 - Los Angeles (previously Cleveland) Rams play 1st NFL game in LA
1946 - NPS, Nationale Party Suriname, forms
1947 - Dizzy Gillespie presented his 1st Carnegie Hall concert in NY
1947 - Former Yank manager Joe McCarthy signs to manage Red Sox
1947 - Record World Series crowd of 73,365 at Yankee Stadium ($325,828)
1948 - Laurence Olivier's "Hamlet" opens at Park Avenue Cinema
1948 - WBAP (now KXAS) TV channel 5 in Fort Worth-Dallas, TX (NBC) begins
1948 - WSB TV channel 2 in Atlanta, GA (ABC) begins broadcasting
1949 - "Front Page," debuts on CBS-TV
1949 - "Inside USA With Chevrolet," debuts on CBS-TV
1949 - Elia Kazan's "Pinky" starring Ethel Waters opens at Rivoli
1949 - George Lascelles marries Maria Stein
1950 - "Tin Pan Alley TV," last airs on ABC-TV
1950 - Telephone Answering Machine created by Bell Laboratories
1950 - Yanks clinch 2nd consecutive pennant under Casey Stengel
1951 - 1st color telecast of football game on network, Phila (CBS)
1951 - Emile Zatopek runs world record 20,000 m & 10 mile
1951 - S B Nicholson discovers 12th satellite of Jupiter
1952 - "Lights Out," last airs on NBC-TV
1952 - Stan Musial makes his only major league pitching appearance
1953 - "Buick-Berle Show," debuts on NBC-TV
1953 - "Make Room for Daddy," starring Danny Thomas, premieres on ABC-TV
1953 - 1st dept store to sell insurance is Carson Pirie Scott in Chicago Ill
1953 - Balt Mayor D'Alesandro buys Veeck's interest in Browns for $2,475,000
1953 - Milton Berle Show premieres
1953 - US government gives France $385 million for combat in Indo-China
1954 - "Barefoot Contessa" starring Ava Gardner premieres at the Capitol
1954 - "Masquerade Party," TV game Show; moves to ABC
1954 - "Star is Born" starring Judy Garland & James Mason premieres
1954 - Bennekom soccer team forms in Bennekom
1954 - KALB TV channel 5 in Alexandria, LA (NBC/ABC) begins broadcasting
1954 - Willie Mays famous over-the-shoulder catch of Vic Wertz' 460' drive
1955 - "Sergeant Preston," debuts on CBS
1955 - Ali Sastroamidjojo's PNI wins elections in Indonesia
1955 - Arthur Millers "View From The Bridge," premieres in NYC
1956 - "I Love Mickey" by Mickey Mantle & Teresa Brewer peaks at #87
1956 - "Oh! Susanna," debuts on CBS-TV
1956 - Yanks Mickey Mantle hits his 52nd HR of season
1957 - "DuPont Show of the Month," debuts on CBS-TV
1957 - "Paul Winchell Show," debuts on ABC-TV
1957 - 300 die as express train hits stalled train (Montgomery W Pakistan)
1957 - Buddy Holly & Crickets released 2nd single "Oh Boy!"/"Not Fade Away"
1957 - NY Giants play & lose their last game at Polo Grounds (9-1 to Pitts)
1957 - Passenger train & oil train crash in Gambar West Pakistan, 300 die
1958 - "Studio One," TV Anthology Drama last airs on CBS-TV
1958 - "Summertime Blues" by Eddie Cochran peaks at #8
1958 - "Texan," debuts on CBS-TV
1958 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1959 - "Many Loves Of Dobie Gillis," debuts on CBS-TV
1959 - "Philip Marlowe," debuts on ABC-TV
1959 - Dodgers win game 2 of playoff, 6-5, & take NL pennant
1959 - Little Anthony & the Imperials record "Shimmy Shimmy Koko Bop"
1959 - Sultan of Brunei promulgates a constitution
1960 - "Johnny Ringo," TV Western Drama; last airs on CBS-TV
1960 - "My Three Sons" starring Fred MacMurray, debuts on ABC-TV
1960 - "Outlaws," TV Western Drama; debuts on NBC-TV
1960 - "Tell Laura I Love Her" by Ricky Valance peaks at #1 in UK
1960 - "lrma La Douce" opens at Plymouth Theater NYC for 527 performances
1961 - "Detectives," TV Crime Drama; moves to NBC-TV
1961 - Bob Dylan's 1st recording session-backup harmonica for Caroline Hester
1961 - Mamum Kuzbari becomes premier of Syria
1962 - "Alley Cat" by Bent Fabric & His Piano peaks at #7
1962 - "Green Onions" by Booker T & MG's peaks at #3
1962 - "My Fair Lady" closes at Mark Hellinger Theater NYC after 2,715 perfs
1962 - "Roy Rogers & Dale Evans Show," debuts on ABC-TV
1962 - "You Can't Judge A Book By Cover" by Bo Diddley peaks at #48
1962 - Algerian government of Ben Bella forms
1962 - Indians & Angels set AL record of 40 strikeouts in a doubleheader
1962 - JFK authorized use of federal troops to integrate U of Mississippi
1962 - Launch of Alouette 1, 1st Canadian satellite (on US Delta rocket)
1962 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1963 - "Judy Garland Show," debuts on CBS-TV
1963 - "My Favorite Martian," starring Ray Walston, debuts on CBS-TV
1963 - 2nd session of Ecumenical council, `Vatican II,' opens in Rome
1963 - Card's Stan Musial's final game, gets his 3,629th & 3,630th hit
1963 - Houston Colt .45 John Paciorek goes 3 for 3 in his only game
1963 - Mickey Wright wins LPGA Mickey Wright Golf Invitational
1963 - Pope Paul opens 2nd sitting of 2nd Vatican council
1963 - Rolling Stones 1st tour (opening act for Bo Diddley & Everly Bros)
1963 - Stan Musial Day in St Louis
1964 - Greece & Bulgaria close boundaries
1965 - Ralph Boston of US, sets then long jump record at 27' 4 3/4"
1965 - St L Cards Charlie Johnson passes for 6 touchdowns vs Cleve (49-13)
1965 - WLVT TV channel 39 in Allentown, PA (PBS) begins broadcasting
1965 - Phillies catcher Pat Corrales sets record by reaching base twice on catcher's interference in one game & 6 times in one season
1966 - Bechuanaland gains independence from England, becomes Botswana
1966 - Sandy Koufax pitches 3rd 300-strikeout season
1966 - The Chevrolet Camaro, originally named Panther, is introduced.
1967 - -Oct 29] Rome: 1st bishop synod
1967 - Gladys Knight & Pips releases "I Heard it Through the Grapevine"
1967 - Intl Monetary Fund reforms world monetary system
Mickey Hart joins the Grateful Dead & plays the Straightater
1968 - Betsy Rawls wins LPGA Mickey Wright Golf Invitational
1968 - Carl Yastrzemski .3005 avg wins his 2nd straight batting crown
1968 - Chuck Latourette, sets NFL record 47.7 yd punt return avg (3 punts)
1969 - "Bright Promise," TV Daytime Soap; debuts on NBC-TV
1969 - "Letters To Laugh-In," debuts on NBC-TV
1969 - "Love American Style," premieres on ABC-TV
1969 - "Name Droppers," debuts on NBC-TV
1969 - "Sale Of Century," debuts on NBC-TV
1969 - 7th Mayor's Trophy Game, Mets beat Yanks 7-6
1969 - China PR performs nuclear test at Lop Nor PRC
1969 - Jackie DeShannon gets Gold Record for "Put Little Love in Your Heart"
1969 - Red Sox Rico Petrocelli hits shortstop record 40th HR of season
1969 - Steve O'Neal of NY Jets, kicks longest NFL punt; 98 yards vs Denver
1970 - "NET Festival," last aired
1971 - "McMillan & Wife," debuts on NBC-TV
1971 - Cyclone & tidal wave off Bay of Bengal kills as many as 10,000
1971 - Orbiting Solar Observatory VII launched
1971 - Ron Hunt is hit by a pitch for record 50th time in a season
1971 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1972 - Japan & People's Republic of China begin diplomatic relations
1973 - "Jimmy Loves Mary-Anne" by Looking Glass peaks at #33
1973 - "We're An American Band" by Grand Funk peaks at #1
1973 - Balt Orioles pull their 5th triple play (5-4-3 vs Detroit)
1973 - Insurance ind announces auto racers get into more highway accidents
1973 - Soyuz 12 returns to Earth
1974 - 4th NYC Women's Marathon won by Katherine Switzer in 3:07:29
1974 - 5th NYC Marathon won by Norbert Sander in 2:26:30
1974 - Joanne Carner wins LPGA Portland Ladies Golf Classic
1975 - "Three For Money," debuts on NBC-TV
1975 - Jackie Wilson, slips into an irreversible coma; he dies in 1984
1975 - USSR performs underground nuclear test
1975 - WGPR-TV Detroit, 1st Black-owned station in US, began broadcasting
1975 - Sharon Dahlonega Raiford Bush becomes American television's first African-American weathercaster.
1976 - "Alice," debuts on CBS-TV
1976 - 2nd Chamber recognizes Dutch Liberals/social democratic abortion law
1976 - Boy George expelled from school
1976 - SF Giant John Montefusco no-hits Atlanta Braves, 9-0
1976 - Syria drives Palestinian guerrillas out of Lebanon
1976 - Tommy Lasorda replaces Walter Alston as Dodger manager
1976 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1976 - Jerry Lee Lewis, attempting to shoot soda bottles hits his bass player Norman Owens twice in the chest
1977 - "Star Wars Theme/Cantina Band," by Meco hits #1
1977 - Eva Shain is 1st woman to referee a heavyweight championship
1977 - James Brown's band walks out claiming they were underpaid & overworked
1977 - Muhammad Ali beats Earnie Shavers in 15 for heavyweight boxing title
1977 - Peter Schats circus opera "Houdini," premieres in Amsterdam
1977 - Soviet space station Salyut 6 launched into Earth orbit
1978 - "Flying High," debuts on CBS
1978 - "For Richer, For Poorer," TV Daytime Soap; last airs on NBC-TV
1979 - "Ain't That A Shame" by Cheap Trick peaks at #35
1979 - "Bad Case Of Loving You" by Robert Palmer peaks at #14
1979 - "Boom Boom (Out Go Lights)" by Pat Travers peaks at #56
1979 - "Born To Be Alive" by Patrick Hernandez peaks at #16
1979 - "Cruel To Be Kind" by Nick Lowe peaks at #12
1979 - "Different Worlds" by Maureen McGovern peaks at #18
1979 - "Driver's Seat" by Sniff 'n' the Tears peaks at #15
1979 - "Girls Talk" by Dave Edmunds peaks at #65
1979 - "Lonesome Loser" by Little River Band peaks at #6
1979 - "Message In A Bottle" by Police peaks at #1 in UK
1979 - "What Cha Gonna Do With My Lovin'" by Stephanie Mills peaks at #22
1979 - Astros' J R Richard strikes out NL season righty record of 313
1979 - Gold hits record $400.20 an ounce in Hong Kong
1979 - John Huston's "Wine Blood" premieres at NY Film Festival
1979 - LA Dodger Manny Mota hits record 146th pinch hit
1979 - Pope John Paul II becomes 1st pope to visit Ireland
1980 - Malcolm McDowell wed Mary Steenburgen
1982 - 1st broadcast of "Cheers" on NBC-TV
1982 - Cyanide laced Tylenol capsules kills 7 in Chicago
1982 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1983 - "A Chorus Line" 3,389 performance to become longest running Bdwy show
1983 - 1st time Congress invokes War Powers Act
1983 - Airport of Beirut reopens
1983 - Congress authorized Pres Reagan to keep 1,600 US Marines in Lebanon
1983 - Oakland A's Mike Warren no-hits Chicago White Sox, 3-0
1984 - "(What) In Name Of Love" by Naked Eyes peaks at #39
1984 - "Cruel Summer" by Bananarama peaks at #9
1984 - "Drive" by Cars peaks at #3
1984 - "Layin' It On Line" by Jefferson Starship peaks at #66
1984 - "Let's Go Crazy" by Prince & Revolution peaks at #1
1984 - "Pretty Mess" by Vanity peaks at #75
1984 - "Torture" by Jacksons peaks at #17
1984 - "When You Close Your Eyes" by Night Ranger peaks at #14
1984 - "Yes Or No" by Go-Go's peak at #84
1984 - Elizabeth Taylor, undergoing rehabilitation at the Betty Ford Clinic
1985 - "Alfred Hitchcock Presents," returns to NBC-TV
1985 - "Amazing Stories," by Steven Spielberg, debuts on NBC-TV
1985 - "MacGyver," starring Richard Dean Anderson, debuts on ABC-TV
1985 - 1st of 5 cyanide-laced Tylenol victims dies
1985 - Deron Cherry, Kansas City vs Seattle, has 4 interceptions!
1985 - Houston QB Warren Moon sacked NFL tying record 12 times (by Cowboys)
1986 - "Airwolf," TV Adventure; moves to USA
1986 - "Designing Women," TV Comedy, debuts on CBS
1986 - Cubs Greg Maddux defeats Phillies Mike Maddux (1st rookie brothers)
1986 - Indians Jay Bell is 10th to hit a HR on 1st major league pitch he sees
1986 - Mary Lou Retton retires as a gymnast
1986 - USSR releases US journalist Nicholas Daniloff confined on spy charges
1987 - "Didn't We Almost Have It All," by Whitney Houston hits #1
1987 - "thirtysomething," debuts on ABC-TV
1987 - 8th Emmy Sports Award presentation
1987 - NY Yankee Don Mattingly hits record 6th grand slam of year
1988 - 26th Space Shuttle mission, Discovery 7 launched
1988 - China PR performs nuclear test at Lop Nor PRC
1988 - Florence Griffith Joyner of USA sets 200m woman's record (21.34)
1988 - UN peacekeeping forces win Nobel Peace prize
1988 - Union Station reopens in Wash DC
1989 - Glenn Frey joins Don Henley on-stage (for 1st time since 1981)
1989 - Zsa Zsa Gabor convicted of slapping a police officer in Beverly Hills
1990 - "Love & Affection" by Nelson peaks at #1 on pop singles chart
1990 - "Street Scene" closes at NY State Theater NYC after 6 perfs
1990 - Brook Yeaton weds Traci Lords
1990 - Reds are 1st NL team to clinch title, staying in 1st place all year
1990 - US Sect of State James Baker meets with Vietnam's foreign minister
1990 - Washington National Cathedral construction is completed after 83 years
1990 - "Millie's Book" written by 1st Lady Barbara Bush for president's dog is a best-selling non-fiction book
1990 - The YF-22, which would later become the F-22 Raptor, flies for the first time.
1991 - "My Own Private Idaho" premieres
1991 - 29th Ryder Cup: US beats Europe, 14�-13� at Ocean Course (South Carolina, US)
1991 - Pat Bradley wins MBS LPGA Golf Classic
1992 - Atlanta Braves wins 2nd straight NL West title
1992 - Magic Johnson announces return to play basketball (he doesn't)
1992 - Parliament suspends president Fernando Collor
1993 - "Grace Under Fire," starring Brett Butler debuts on ABC-TV
1993 - 27th Country Music Association Award: Vince Gill wins
1994 - 1st phase of OJ Simpson murder trial jury selection ends (304 chosen)
1994 - House votes to end lobbyists buying meals & entertainment for Congress
1994 - Pointer Sisters receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
1995 - Indians break 1902 Pirates record for largest lead over 2nd-place team (KC) (27� games)
1995 - OJ Simpson trial sent to the jury
1995 - Saleem Elahi scores century on ODI debut, Pakistan v Sri Lanka
1995 - US space probe Ulyssus completes 2nd passage behind Sun
1996 - "Delicate Balance" closes at Plymouth Theater NYC
1996 - 34th Tennis Fed Cup: USA beats Spain in Atlantic City USA (5-0)
1996 - Alanis Morissette ends her 1st US tour (Houston Texas)
1996 - Balt Orioles end season with record 257 HRs
1996 - Houston Astro's retire Nolan Ryan's #34
1996 - Nintendo 64 video game system debuts in USA (3 months after Japan)
1996 - Orioles Brady Anderson is 14th to hit 50 HRs
1996 - SD Padres sweep LA Dodgers in race for NL West title
1996 - Trish Johnson wins LPGA Fieldcrest Cannon Golf Classic
1996 - US wins Federation Cup over Spain
1997 - Jury selection in Terry Nichols Oklahoma bombing trial begins
2001 - The Syracuse Herald-Journal, a U.S. newspaper dating back to 1839, ceases publication.
2003 - Hurricane Juan makes landfall in Nova Scotia.
2004 - The asteroid 4179 Toutatis passes within four lunar distances of Earth.
2004 - The Burt Rutan Ansari X Prize entry SpaceShipOne performed a successful spaceflight, the first of two needed to win the prize.
2005 - Chicago White Sox clinch their first division title since 2000 and become just the 10th team in the history of baseball to be in first place on every day of the season
2005 - Amnesty referendum in Algeria.
2006 - US Representative Mark Foley resigns after allegations of inappropriate emails to house pages were introduced.
2007 - Calder Hall, the world's first commercial nuclear power station, the magnox reactor and Calder hall was demolished in a controlled explosion.
2008 - Following the bankruptcies of Lehman Brothers and Washington Mutual, The Dow Jones Industrial Average falls 777.68 points, the largest single-day point loss in its history.
2009 - An 8.0 magnitude earthquake near the Samoan Islands causes a tsunami .
Music history on Sept. 29
1654 - Composer Vincenz Lubeck was born.
1674 - Jacques Hotteterre was born.
1930 - Bing Crosby married Dixie Lee.
1947 - Dizzy Gillespie gave his first Carnegie Hall concert.
1954 - The movie musical "A Star Is Born" made its world premiere in Hollywood.
1956 - RCA Victor, by this day, had received 856,327 advance orders for "Love Me Tender" by Elvis Presley.
1962 - "My Fair Lady" closed after a 6� year run on Broadway. The show, at the time, held the record for the longest-running musical.
1963 - The Rolling Stones opened their first English tour in London at the New Victoria. Also on the bill were Bo Diddley and the Everly Brothers.
1967 - "I Heard it Through the Grapevine" was released by Gladys Knight & the Pips.
1967 - Mickey Hart joined the Grateful Dead.
1974 - John Lennon appeared on WNEW-FM in New York as a guest DJ.
1975 - Jackie Wilson fell into a coma. He never recovered.
1976 - Jerry Lee Lewis was charged with shooting a firearm within the city limits. He hit his bass player, Norman Owens, twice in the chest while attempting to shoot a soda bottle.
1977 - James Brown's band walked out on him Hallandale, FL. They were complaining about being underpaid and overworked.
1984 - Prince's single "Let's Go Crazy" hit No. 1. He then held the No. 1 single, album and film simultaneously. Only the Beatles had accomplished the feat previously.
1989 - Bruce Springsteen stopped in a small salon in Prescott, AZ, and played a few songs with the band. He overheard a woman talking about financial problems concerning her medical bills. A week later she received a check for $100,000 from Springsteen.
1989 - Tony LeMans' self-titled debut was released.
1994 - The Pointer Sisters received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
1996 - Alanis Morissette finished her first U.S. tour in Houston, TX.
1997 - Bobby Sheehan (Blues Traveler) was arrested for cocaine possession in Winnipeg. He was later released on $5,000 bond.
1998 - The family of Frank Sinatra filed suit against Ross Stores Inc. for copyright infringement. The suit alleged that an album of 75 songs, "The Sinatra Collection," was unauthorized.
Sports history on Sept. 29
1951 - The first network football game was televised by CBS-TV in color. The game was between the University of California and the University of Pennsylvania.
1957 - The New York Giants played their last game at the Polo Grounds. The next year the Giants were in San Francisco, CA.
1977 - Eva Shain became the first woman to officiate a heavyweight title boxing match. About 70 million people watched Muhammad Ali defeat Ernie Shavers on NBC-TV.
1986 - Mary Lou Retton announced that she was quitting gymnastics.
1992 - Magic Johnson announced that he was returning to professional basketball. The comeback ended the following November.
Famous birthdays on Sept. 29
Miguel de Cervantes 1547
Jerry Lee Lewis 1935 - Musician - Larry Linville 1939
Jean-Luc Ponty 1942
Mike Pinera (Iron Butterfly) 1948
Mark Farner (Grand Funk Railroad) 1948
Alvin Crow 1950
Suzzy Roche (The Roches) 1956
Andrew "Dice" Clay 1958
Criticism is prejudice made plausible.
- Henry Louis Mencken
This post has been edited by wingsovernc: Sep 29 2012, 05:42 AM
--------------------
If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Member No.: 22,154
Historic events on September 30
1199 - Rambam (Maimonides) authorizes Samuel Ibn Tibbon to translate Guide of Perplexed from Arabic into Hebrew
1399 - King Richard II of England abdicates throne
1452 - 1st book published, Johann Guttenberg's Bible
1520 - Suleiman I succeeds his father Selam I as sultan of Turkey
1544 - King Henry VIII draws his armies out of France
1555 - Oxford Bishop Nicholas Ridley sentenced to death as a heretic
1619 - Remonstrant Society forms in Antwerp
1626 - Battle between king Bethlen Gabor & earl Mansfeld-Wallenstein ends
1649 - Last Swedish troops vacate Prague
1659 - Robinson Crusoe is shipwrecked (according to Defoe)
1659 - Peter Stuyvesant of New Netherlands forbids tennis playing during religious services (1st mention of tennis in US)
1681 - Netherlands & Sweden sign treaty
1730 - Duke Victor Amadeus XI of Savoye resigns
1744 - France and Spain defeat the Kingdom of Sardinia at the Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo.
1777 - Congress, flees to York Pa, as British forces advance
1787 - 1st US voyage around the world - Columbia leaves Boston
1791 - Mozart's opera "Magic Flute" premieres in Vienna
1791 - The National Constituent Assembly in Paris is dissolved; Parisians hail Maximilien Robespierre and J�r�me P�tion as incorruptible patriots.
1805 - Napoleons army draws into the Rhine
1808 - Covent Garden Theatre Royal destroyed by fire
1813 - Battle of B�rbula: Sim�n Bol�var defeats Santiago Bobadilla
1818 - Congress of Aken: Russia, Austria, Prussia, France & England
1841 - Samuel Slocum patented the stapler
1846 - Anesthetic ether used for 1st time (Dr Wm Morton extracts a tooth)
1857 - US occupies Sand, Baker, Howland & Jarvis Is south of Hawaii
1862 - First Battle of Newtonia (American Civil War), Newton County, Missouri
1864 - Battle of Preble's Farm VA (Poplar Springs Church)
1864 - Black Soldiers given Medal of Honor
1867 - Midway Islands formally declared a US possession
1868 - Spain's Queen Isabella is deposed, flees to France
1877 - 1st US amateur swim meet (NY Athletic Club)
1878 - 1st Portuguese immigrants arrive in Hawaii
1880 - Henry Draper takes that 1st photograph of Orion Nebula
1885 - Bechuanaland becomes a British protectorate
1887 - Start of Sherlock Holmes Adventure "Five Orange Pips" (BG)
1887 - Volunteer (US) beats Thistle (Scotland) in 8th America's Cup
1888 - "Jack the Ripper" butchers 2 more women, Liz Stride & Kate Eddowes
1895 - France proclaims a protectorate over Madagascar
1898 - City of NY established
1903 - New Gresham's School officially opened by Field Marshal Sir Evelyn Wood.
1904 - White Sox lefty Doc White, pitches his 5th shutout in 18 days
1906 - Real Academia Galega, Galician language biggest linguistic authority starts working in Havana.
1907 - Cards Ed Konetchy steals home twice & Joe Delahanty also steals home for record 3 steals of home (vs Boston)
1908 - Maurice Maeterlinck's "L'oiseau Blue," premieres in Moscow
1915 - Red Sox clinch AL pennant by beating Detroit
1916 - Giants lose to Braves 8-3, ends 26 consecutive win streak
1919 - Avery Hopwood's "Gold Diggers," premieres in NYC
1919 - Race riot at Elaine Arkansas
1920 - Time Square Theater opens at 217 W 42nd St NYC
922 - Government of Alexandros Zaimis forms in Greece
1922 - Yanks clinch pennant #2, beating Boston 3-1
1923 - Canton Bulldogs win 1st on way to 17-0 season
1924 - Allies stop checking on German navy
1925 - General Pangulos disbands Greek parliament
1926 - German/French/Belgian/Luxembourg steel cartel closes
1927 - Babe Ruth hits record setting 60th HR (off Tom Zachary)
1928 - Le Sifflet publishes 1st precursor of Kuifje (Tintin)
1928 - Leon Vanderstuyft of Belgium cycles record 76 mi 604 yds in 1 hr
1929 - 1st manned rocket plane flight (by auto maker Fritz von Opel)
1931 - Start of "Die Voortrekkers" youth movement for Afrikaners in Bloemfontein, South Africa.
1933 - Berlin/Hart/Heyman/Myers ballet "As Thousands Cheer," premieres in NYC
1934 - Babe Ruth's final game as a Yankee, goes 0 for 3
1934 - FDR dedicates Boulder Dam (Hoover Dam)
1934 - St Louis Card clinch pennant as Dizzy Dean wins his 30th of year
1935 - Gershwin's "Porgy & Bess" premieres in Boston
1935 - The Hoover Dam, astride the border between the U.S. states of Arizona and Nevada, is dedicated.
1936 - Intl Commission of Straits (Dardanelles & Bosphorus) ends
1936 - Pinewood Studios opens in Buckinghamshire England
1937 - 6th Ryder Cup: US, 8-4 at Southport & Ainsdale, England
1938 - British premier Chamberlain arrives in Munich
1938 - Munich Agreement-forced Czechoslovakia to give territory to Germany
1939 - 1st televised college football game (Fordham vs Waynesburg at NYC)
1939 - 41 U-boats sunk this month (153,000 ton)
1939 - Germany & Russia agree to partition Poland
1939 - White Sox reliever Clint Brown sets record of 61st relief appearance
1939 - Britain first evacuates citizens in anticipation of war.
1940 - 47 German aircrafts shot down above England
1940 - 59 U-boats sunk this month (295,000 tons)
1941 - 3,721 Jews are buried alive at Babi Yarravine (near Kiev) Ukraine
1941 - 53 U-boats sunk this month (202,000 tons)
1941 - German assault on Moscow: operation-Taifun, begins
1942 - 98 U-boats sunk this month (485,000 tons)
1942 - Admiral Nimitz B-17 finds Guadalcanal using National Geographic map
1942 - SS exterminates 3,500 Jews in Zelov Lodz Poland in 6 week period
1943 - Pope Pius XII encyclical on Divine spirit
1944 - -Oct 1] Failed attack on German officers near Putten Neth
1944 - Calais reoccupied by Allies
1944 - Dutch General Mine Workers Union (ABWM) forms
1945 - Hank Greenberg's final day HR wins pennant for Tigers
1945 - Bourne End rail crash, Hertfordshire, England killed 43
1946 - 22 Nazi leaders found guilty of war crimes at Nuremberg
1946 - Von Ribbentrop & Goering sentence to death by Nuremberg trial
1947 - Yanks beat Dodgers 5-3-largest WS crowd 73,365-1st WS televised
1949 - Berlin Airlift ends after 277,000 flights
1949 - Pirates Ralph Kiner hits his 54th HR & NL record 16th in September
1950 - 1st congress of International Astronautical Federation opens in Paris
1950 - Radio's "Grand Ole Opry" is broadcasted on TV for 1st time
1950 - WSM TV channel 4 in Nashville, TN (NBC) begins broadcasting
1953 - Auguste/Jacques Piccard dives with bathosphere to 3150 m (record)
1953 - Earl Warren appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
1953 - Robert Anderson's "Tea & Sympathy," premieres in NYC
1953 - WICS TV channel 20 in Springfield, IL (NBC) begins broadcasting
1953 - WMT (now KGAN) TV channel 2 in Cedar Rapids-Waterloo, IA (CBS) begins
1954 - "Boy Friend" opens at Royale Theater NYC for 483 performances
1954 - Nautilus, 1st atomic-powered vessel (sub), commissioned by the Navy
1956 - Phillies Robin Roberts gives up a major league record 46th HR
1956 - White Sox Jim Derrington, 16, is youngest to start a game (he loses)
1957 - French government of Mauroy, resigns due to Algeria
1957 - WKYT TV channel 27 in Lexington, KY (CBS) begins broadcasting
1958 - French Guinee becomes independent republic Guinea
1958 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1960 - Flintstones premieres (1st prime time animation show)
1960 - On Howdy Doody's last show Clarabelle finally talks "Goodbye Kids"
1960 - West Germany signs trade agreement with East Germany
1961 - Bill for Boston Tea Party is paid by Mayor Snyder of Oregon who wrote a check for $196, the total cost of all tea lost
1962 - A's Bill Fischer ends 84 1/3 consec innings pitched without a walk
1962 - JFK routes 3,000 federal troops to Mississippi
1962 - James Meredith registers for classes at University of Mississippi
1962 - KCRL TV channel 4 in Reno, NV (NBC) begins broadcasting
1962 - KMEX TV channel 34 in Los Angeles, CA (IND) begins broadcasting
1962 - Mickey Wright wins LPGA San Diego Golf Open
1962 - NY Mets lose record 120th game as Cubs turn triple play & beat NY 5-1
1962 - Mexican-American labor leader C�sar Ch�vez founds the United Farm Workers.
1963 - "Student Gypsy" opens at 84th St Theater NYC for 16 performances
1963 - 56th Postmaster General: John A Gronouski of Wis takes office
1964 - "Oh What a Lovely War" opens at Broadhurst Theater NYC for 125 perfs
1965 - Donovan's 1st US TV appearance (Shindig)
1965 - LA Dodger Don Drysdale (23-12) wins 13th straight game, 7 by shutouts
1966 - Botswana (Bechuanaland) gains independence from Britain (Natl Day)
1966 - USSR performs underground nuclear test
1967 - BBC starts their own popular music radio station
1967 - Palace of Fine Arts reopens (1st time during 1915 exposition)
1967 - USSR's Kosmos 186 & 188 complete 1st automatic docking
1968 - 1st Boeing 747 rolls out
1968 - AL & NL umpires form a new Association of Major League Umpires
1968 - Sharon Miller wins LPGA Seven Lakes Golf Invitational
1968 - Supremes release "Love Child"
1969 - Atlanta's 10th straight win, clinches NL West pennant
1970 - New American Bible published
1971 - -11/6] Rome: 3rd bishop synod
1971 - Last Wash Senator home game, Yanks win career 5th forfeit game Yanks trailing 4-2 in 9th with 2 outs, fans rush field
1972 - Passenger train derails killing 48 (Rust Stasie South Africa)
1972 - Roberto Clemente, is 11th to get 3,000 hits
1973 - 3rd NYC Women's Marathon won by Nina Kuscsik in 2:57:07
1973 - 4th NYC Marathon won by Tom Fleming in 2:21:54
1973 - Mel Gray begins NFL streak of 121 consecutive game receptions
1973 - Sandra Palmer wins LPGA Cameron Park Golf Open
1973 - USSR performs underground nuclear test
1973 - Yanks close 50th year at Yankee Stadium losing 8-5, Ralph Houk
1973 - resigns as manager
1974 - Gen Francesco da Costa Gomez succeeds Gen Spinola as pres of Portugal
1975 - 5 drown in flash flood of sewer & water tunnel (Niagara Falls NY)
1975 - The Hughes (later McDonnell-Douglas, now Boeing) AH-64 Apache makes its first flight.
1977 - Dutch Antillean government-Evertsz resigns
1977 - Ringo releases "Ringo the 4th" album
1977 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1977 - Due to US budget cuts, the Apollo program's ALSEP experiment packages left on the Moon are shut down.
1977 - Philippine political prisoners, Eugenio Lopez, Jr. and Sergio Osme�a III successfully escaped from Fort Bonifacio Maximum Security Prison in the Philippines
1978 - Major Indoor Soccer League grants 1st 6 franchises to Cincinnati
1978 - Phillies clinch NL East title
1978 - Cleveland, Houston, NY, Philadelphia & Pittsburgh Phillies win 3rd consecutive NL East Division title
1979 - Milwaukee Brewers lose 5-0 ending 213 straight games without a shutout
1979 - Nancy Lopez wins LPGA Mary Kay Golf Classic
1980 - 1,754 turn out to see Phillies play NY Mets at Shea Stadium
1980 - A's Rickey Henderson sets AL stolen base record at 98 en route to 100
1980 - Iran rejects a truce call from Iraqi President Saddam Hussein
1980 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1980 - Ethernet specifications published by Xerox working with Intel and Digital Equipment Corporation.
1981 - Last game at Minn's Metropolitan Stadium, lose to KC 5-2
1981 - Seoul, South Korea is selected to host 1988 Summer Olympics
1982 - National railroad strike in Belgium
1984 - California Angels Michael Witt is 11th to pitch a perfect baseball game
1984 - Bowie Kuhn ends career as Baseball Commissioner
1984 - Browns set a team record for allowing most sacks (11), KC wins 10-6
1984 - California Angel Mike Witt, pitches a perfect game over Texas Rangers, 1-0
1984 - NY Yankee Don Mattingly wins AL batting crown with .343 avg
1985 - Howard Stern gets fired from WNBC AM (NY)
1986 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1986 - US releases soviet spy Gennadiy Zakharov
1986 - Mordechai Vanunu, who revealed details of Israel covert nuclear program to British media, was kidnapped in Rome, Italy.
1987 - Suriname constitution ratified
1988 - Andrei A Gromyko retires
1988 - Dave Stieb, loses 2nd consecutive no hitter bid with 2 outs in 9th
1988 - IBM announces shipment of 3 millionth PS/2 personal computer
1988 - Louise Ritter, US, jumps 6'8" to win Olympic gold medal
1988 - Robin Givens & Mike Tyson appear on Barbara Walter's Show
1988 - LA Dodger Orel Herschiser breaks former Dodger Don Drysdale mark by pitching 59 consecutive scoreless innings
1989 - NASA closes down tracking stations in Hawaii & Ascension
1989 - Nolan Ryan's perfect game broken in 8th, but gets his 300th strikeout
1989 - Senegambia separates back into Gambia & Senegal
1989 - Toronto Blue Jays wins AL East title
1989 - Foreign Minister of West Germany Hans-Dietrich Genscher's speech from the balcony of the German embassy in Prague.
1990 - Chic White Sox beat Seattle 2-1 in last game at Comiskey Park
1990 - Pittsburgh Pirates wins NL East title
1990 - The Dalai Lama unveils the Canadian Tribute to Human Rights in Canada's capital city of Ottawa.
1991 - Rev Jean Betrand Aristide ousted as president of Haiti
1992 - 26th Country Music Association Award: Garth Brooks wins
1992 - KC Royal George Brett gets 4 hits to become 18th to get 3,000 hits
1992 - Mariel Hemmingway appears nude on TV show Civil Wars
1993 - 6.4 earthquake at Latur, India, 28,000 killed
1993 - General Colin Powell retires at 56
1993 - MS Dos 6.2 released
1994 - NHL goes on strike
1994 - Space shuttle STS-68 (Endeavour 7), launches into orbit
1994 - Sylvestre Ntibantunganya elected president of Burundi
1994 - Vladimir Meciars HZDDS wins Slovakia parliamentary election
1995 - Cleve Indian Albert Belle hits his 50th home run of season
1997 - 1st time 3 cons HRs in post season-Raines, Jeter, O'Neill (NY Yankees)
1997 - Hooters agrees to pay $2 million in discrimination suits
1997 - Microsoft Corp releases Internet Explorer 4.0
1997 - Yanks Tim Raines, Derek Jeter & Paul O'Neill are 1st to hit 3 consecutively homers in post season (Yanks beat Indians 8-6)
1999 - Japan's worst nuclear accident at a uranium reprocessing facility in Tōkai-mura, northeast of Tokyo.
2004 - The first images of a live giant squid in its natural habitat are taken 600 miles south of Tokyo.
2004 - The AIM-54 Phoenix, the primary missile for the F-14 Tomcat, retired from service. Almost two years later, the Tomcat retires.
2005 - The Parliament of Catalonia passes with 120 plus votes and 15 against, the Project of New Catalan Statute of Autonomy, proclaiming in its article 1, "Catalonia is a nation".
2005 - The controversial drawings of Muhammad are printed in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten.
2006 - the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia adopted the Constitutional Act that proclaimed the new Constitution of Serbia.
Famous birthdays on Sept. 301207 - Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, Persian mystic and poet (d. 1273)
1227 - Pope Nicholas IV (d. 1292)
1530 - Geronimo Mercuriali, Italian philologist and physician (d. 1606)
1550 - Michael Maestlin, German mathematician (d. 1631)
1622 - Johann Sebastiani, composer
1627 - Robinson Crusoe, fictional character according to Daniel Defoe
1631 - William Stoughton, American judge at the Salem witch trials (d. 1701)
1685 - Gunther Jacob Wenceslaus, composer
1700 - Stanisław Konarski, Polish writer (d. 1773)
1710 - John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford, British statesman (d. 1771)
1715 - �tienne Bonnot de Condillac, French philosopher (d. 1780)
1732 - Jacques Necker, French finance minister of Louis XVI (d. 1804)
1743 - Jeronymo Francisco de Lima, composer
1752 - Justin Heinrich Knecht, composer
1765 - Jos� Mar�a Morelos, Mexican revolutionary (d. 1815)
1800 - Decimus Burton, British architect (d. 1881)
1805 - Samuel Peter Heintzelman, Major General (Union volunteers)
1808 - Lambertus GC Ledeboer, Dutch vicar (Folies-old Calvinist communities)
1811 - Augusta of Saxe-Weimar, Queen of Prussia and German Empress (d. 1890)
1824 - Peter Milne, composer
1827 - Carlo A Alfieri, Italian MP (Liberal)
1827 - Kenner Garrard, Bvt Major General (Union Army), died in 1879
1827 - Ellis H. Roberts, American politician (d. 1918)
1832 - Frederick Sleigh "Bobs" Roberts, Brit gov of Natal (Ireland-Boer war)
1833 - Ferdinand von Saar, writer
1840 - Johan Severin Svendsen, composer
1847 - Wilhelmina E Drucker, [Lensing], Dutch feminist
1852 - Charles Villiers Stanford, Irish organist/composer
1856 - Andrejs Jurjans, composer
1857 - Hermann Sudermann, German writer (Honor, That Ehre, Frau Sorge)
1861 - William Wrigley Jr., American industrialist (Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company) (d. 1932)
1862 - Georgy Eduardovich Konyus, composer
1863 - Reinhard Scheer, German admiral (WW I)
1869 - Ernest Jones, cricket pace bowler (marvellous Aust at turn of century)
1870 - Jean Perrin, France, physicist, studied Brownian motion (Nobel 1926)
1870 - Thomas W. Lamont, American banker; father of Corliss Lamont; great-grandfather of Ned Lamont (d. 1948)
1871 - John Fabricius, Neth/English stageauthor (Ring of Prophet)
1871 - Ruben Mattias Liljefors, composer
1876 - Katherine Griffith, SF CA, actress (Pollyanna, Fast Company)
1879 - Ernst Isler, composer
1880 - Henri G Casadesus, French altviolist/composer (Viola d'amour)
1882 - George Bancroft, Phila, actor (Underworld)/wife of Octavia Brooke
1883 - Robert H Lightfoot, English theologist/exegetist (St John's Gospel)
1883 - Bernhard Rust, Nazi education minister (d. 1945)
1887 - Lil Dagover, Dutch-born German actress (d. 1980)
1893 - Lansdale Sasscer, American politician (d. 1964)
1894 - Dirk J Bush, Dutch/US mathematician (Concise History of Mathematics)
1895 - Lewis Milestone, Russian-born film director (d. 1980)
1897 - Lil Dagover, [Marta-Maria Lillits], Pati Java, actress (Spiders)
1898 - Felix Kersten, Baltic-German/Finnish masseuse (Heinrich Himmler)
1898 - Johannes Rontgen, composer
1898 - Ren�e Ador�e, French actress (d. 1933)
1898 - Princess Charlotte of Monaco (d. 1977)
1899 - Hendrik Marsman, Dutch poet/writer/critic
1900 - Otto Roesch, paleontologist
1902 - Piet[er J] "Piet" Lieftinck, Dutch minister of Finance (1945-52)
1904 - Frank Lawton, London England, actor (Devil Doll, Invisible Ray)
1905 - Michael Powell, English director/screen writer/producer (Red Shoes)
1905 - Nevill Francis Mott, physicist
1905 - Ralph Forbes, London England, actor (Romeo & Juliet, Daniel Boone)
1906 - Eamonn O Gallagher, composer
1906 - John I M Stewart, British detective writer (Comedy of Terrors)
1906 - Michael John Innes Mackintosh Stewart Innes, writer
1907 - Arnold Elston, composer
1908 - David Oistrakh, Odessa Russia, violinist/prof (Moscow Conservatory)
1908 - Edzard H Schaper, German/Swiss sailor/UP-correspondent/antifascist
1912 - Kenny Baker, radio singer/actor (Star Wars, Empire Strikes Back)
1912 - Oliver Charles Anderson, novelist
1915 - Lester Garfield Maddox, (Gov-D-Ga)/restaurant owner
1915 - Robert Morris, lawyer
1917 - Buddy Rich, New York, American jazz drummer and band leader (Buddy Rich Band-Away We Go), (d. 1987)
1917 - Chung Hee Park, general/pres of S Korea (1961-79), assassinated
1917 - Yuri "Petrovich" Lyubimov, USSR, director (Taganka)
1918 - Lewis Nixon, WWII Veteran (d. 1996)
1919 - Patricia Neway, Bkln NY, soprano (Consul, Maria Golovia), (d. 2012)
1919 - Richard Selwyn Francis Schiling, professor of occupational health
1919 - Roberto Bonomi, Argentine racing driver (d. 1992)
1920 - Donald Keech, entrepreneur
1920 - Aldo Parisot, Brazilian-American musician and cellist
1921 - Deborah Kerr, Helensburg Scotland, actress (King & I, Night of Iguana)
1921 - Eileen Zhang Ailing Chang, writer
1922 - Allan Rae, cricketer (prolific WI opening batsman 1948-53)
1922 - Alan Stretton, Australian general
1924 - Charles Quinlivan, Jersey City NJ, actor (7 Guns to Mesa)
1924 - Truman Capote, New Orleans LA, author (In Cold Blood)
1925 - Gwyn A Williams, historian/socialist
1926 - Peder Holm, composer
1926 - Robin Roberts, pitcher (Phillies, Won 28 in 1952)
1927 - W. S. Merwin, American poet
1928 - Elie Wiesel, Romania, author (Souls on Fire)/Nazi hunter (Nobel 1986)
1930 - Ben Cooper, Hartford CT, actor (Rose Tattoo, Outcast, Arizona Raiders)
1931 - Angie Dickinson, [Angeline Brown], Kulm ND, actress (Police Woman)
1931 - Ray Willsey, Regina Sask, WLAF def coordinator (Frankfurt, Scotland)
1932 - Shintaro Ishihara, Japanese author and politician (Governor of Tokyo)
1932 - Johnny Podres, American baseball player (d. 2008)
1933 - Mars Zakirovich Rafikov, Russian cosmonaut
1934 - Udo J�rgens, Austrian singer
1934 - Anna Kashfi, Welsh actress
1935 - Jill Corey, Avonmore Pa, singer (Your Hit Parade)
1935 - Johnny Mathis, SF, voclaist (Chances Are, 12th of Never)
1936 - Butler Derrick, (Rep-D-SC, 1974- )
1936 - James R Sasser, (Sen-D-Tenn, 1977- )
1937 - Jurek Becker, writer
1937 - Valentin Vasil'yevich Sil'vestrov, composer
1938 - Salvatore Michael Caruana, Mass, criminal (FBI Most Wanted List)
1939 - Len Cariou, Winnipeg Manitoba, actor (Four Seasons-Sherry)
1939 - Piet M Blauw, Dutch MP (VVD)
1940 - Harry Winston Jerome, Sask Canada, 100m runner (Olympic-bronze-1964)
1942 - Dewey Martin, Canada, rock vocalist/drummer (Buffalo Springfield)
1942 - Frankie Lymon, NYC, rocker (The Teenagers-Why do Fools Fall in Love)
1942 - Gus Dudgeon, British pop producer (Joan Armatrading, David Bowie)
1942 - Sture Pettersson, Sweden, cyclist (Olympic-silver-1968)
1943 - Jody Powell, press mouthpiece (Jimmy Carter)
1943 - Marilyn McCoo, Jersey City NJ, host/singer (Solid Gold, 5th Dimension)
1943 - Johann Deisenhofer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
1943 - Ian Ogilvy, British Actor
1944 - Diane Dufresne, French Canadian singer
1945 - Ehud Olmert, twelfth Prime Minister of Israel
1945 - Bob Lassiter, American radio personality
1946 - Paul Sheahan, cricketer (dashing Australian Test batsman 1967-74)
1946 - Sylvia Peterson, US vocalist (Chiffons-He's So Fine)
1946 - H�ctor Lavoe, Puerto Rican singer (d. 1993)
1946 - Claude Vorilhon, founder of Raelism, a ufo religion
1946 - William Thurston, Washington, mathematician (Fields Medal, 1982), (d. 2012)
1947 - Marc Bolan, London England, rock vocalist (T-Rex-Bang a Gong)
1947 - Rula Lenska, St Neots England, actress (Friends from Europe are here)
1947 - Dave Arneson, American game designer
1948 - Craig Kusick, former Major League Baseball Player
1949 - Michel Tognini, Vincennes France, astronaut (Soyuz TM-15, sk: STS 93)
1950 - Victoria Tennant, London England (All of Me, Chiefs, Winds of War)
1950 - Renato Zero, Italian musician
1951 - Catie Ball, US, 100 m breast stroke swimmer (Olympic-4X4 gold-1968)
1951 - Nicholas Yermakov, US, sci-fi author (Epiphany, Jehad, Clique)
1951 - Barry Marshall, Australian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1952 - Darrell Hair, cricketer (Australian Test umpire since 1993-94)
1952 - Frank Zincavage, rocker (Romeo Void)
1952 - Jack Wild, British actor (d. 2006)
1953 - Deborah Allen, Memphis Tn, country singer (Jim Stafford Show)
1953 - S.M. Stirling, Canadian-born author
1954 - Barry Williams, Santa Monica California, actor (Greg-Brady Bunch)
1954 - Calvin Levels, Cleveland Ohio, actor (Knightwatch)
1954 - Patrice Rushen, LA California, rock vocalist
1955 - Frankie Kennedy, flute player
1956 - Maria Esmeralda, Belgian princess/daughter of Leopold III/Lilian Baels
1957 - Fran Drescher, Queens NY, actress (Cadillac Man, Nanny)
1957 - Gladys Portugues, NYC, Mrs Jean-Claude Van Damme/actr (It's Alive 3)
1957 - William Christian, Wash DC, actor (Derek Frye-All My Children)
1958 - Christopher Cass, Cold Spring Harbor NY, actor (Jack Forbes-Loving)
1958 - Marty Stuart, Phila Miss, country singer (Hillbilly Rock)
1958 - Nona Garson, equestrian show jumper (Olympics-96)
1958 - Rodwell Biggie Tembo Marasha, musician
1959 - Basia Trzetrzelevska, Poland, jazz singer (Time & Life)
1959 - Hans Werdekker, Dutch soccer player (Ajax, RKC/Amsterdam Admirals)
1959 - Kim Bauer, New Orleans LA, LPGA golfer (1993 Minn LPGA Classic-30th)
1959 - Ettore Messina, Italian basketball coach
1960 - Mike Herbert, Rogers Ark, kayak (alt-Olympics-96)
1960 - Susan Keith, actress (Shana Vochek-Loving)
1960 - Blanche Lincoln, American politician
1961 - Chandrakant Pandit, Indian cricket wicket-keeper (late 80's)
1961 - Crystal Bernard, Garland TX, actress (Amy-It's a Living, Helen-Wings)
1961 - Eric Stoltz, actor (Anaconda, Pulp Fiction, Mask)
1961 - Eric van de Poele, Belgian racing driver
1961 - Sally Yeh, Hong Kong singer and actress
1962 - Dave Magadan, Tampa FL, 1st baseman (NY Mets, Chicago Cubs)
1962 - Frank Rijkaard, Surinam/Dutch soccer star (Ajax, AC Milan)
1962 - George Jamison, NFL linebacker (KC Chiefs)
1962 - Leon Hutten, soccer player (RKC)
1962 - Shaan, Indian singer
1963 - Cristina Marsillach, Madrid Spain, actress (Barocco)
1963 - Ed Drakich, Windsor Ontario, volleyball player (Olympics-96)
1963 - Reb Beach, rocker (Winger)
1964 - Michael McKay, Australian rower (Olympics-96)
1964 - Stephen N Frick, Pitts PA, Lt Cmdr USN/astronaut
1964 - Trey Anastasio, American musician (Phish)
1965 - Kathleen Madigan, American comedian
1966 - Kerry G. Johnson, African American graphic designer and caricaturist
1967 - Nadine Handford, Adelaide Aust, golfer (1993 T77 Alpine Aust Ladies)
1967 - Yorkis Perez, Bajos de Haina Dom Rep, pitcher (Florida Marlins)
1968 - Monica Bellucci, Italian actress
1969 - Chris Von Erich, American professional wrestler (d. 1991)
1970 - Eric Piatkowski, NBA guard/forward (LA Clippers)
1971 - Brentson Buckner, NFL defensive end (Pittsburgh Steelers)
1971 - Jenna Elfman, LA California, actress (Townies, Dharma & Greg)
1971 - Ron Collins, WLAF tackle (Frankfurt Galaxy)
1972 - Cedric Saunders, NFL tight end (Tampa Bay Bucs, Scotland Claymores)
1972 - Jamal Anderson, NFL running back (Atlanta Falcons)
1972 - Troy Dumas, NFL linebacker (KC Chiefs)
1972 - Ari Behn, Norwegian author
1974 - Jeremy Giambi, American baseball player
1975 - Marion Cotillard, French actress
1975 - Carlos Guill�n, Venezuelan baseball player
1976 - Adita Linares, Miami Fla, spanish actress (Clueless, Cookie)
1977 - Maia Brewton, LA California, actress (Margaret-Lime Street)
1977 - Stacey Storey, Eagle River Alaska, Miss America-Alaska (1996)
1977 - Sun Jihai, Chinese footballer
1977 - Roy Carroll, Northern Irish footballer
1978 - Candice Michelle, American female wrestler
1979 - Andy van der Meyde, Dutch footballer
1979 - Clio-Danae Othoneou, Greek actress, musician and pianist
1979 - Vince Chong, Malaysian singer-songwriter
1980 - Martina Hingis, Kosice Slovakia, tennis star (1997 Aust/US/Wimb)
1980 - Camilla D'Errico, Canadian comic book artist and painter
1981 - Dominique Moceanu, California, gymnast (World-silver-95, Olympics-gold-96)
1981 - Brandon Watson, American baseball
1982 - Lacey Chabert, actress (Party of Five)
1982 - Michelle Marsh, British model
1982 - Kieran Culkin, American actor
1982 - Tory Lane, American nude model, exotic dancer, and pornographic actress
1982 - Teal Redmann, American actress
1982 - Ryan Stout, American comedian
1983 - Andreea Răducan, Romanian gymnast
1984 - T-Pain, American rapper/singer
1987 - Denise Laurel, Filipine actress and singer
1992 - Marina CAK Windsor, granddaughter of English prince Edward
--------------------
If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Historic events on October 1
331 BC -Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela.
366 - St Damasus I begins his reign as Catholic Pope
704 - Aengibald gives away bishop Willibrord estate in Waalre
911 - During a siege in Constantinople, the Theotokos appeared at the church in Blachernae holding her veil over the praying faithful, among them St. Andrew of Constantinople.
959 - Edgar the Peaceable becomes king of all England.
965 - John XIII Crescentii elected to succeed Pope Leo VIII
1189 - Gerard de Ridefort, grandmaster of the Knights Templar since 1184, is killed in the Siege of Acre.
1273 - Earl Rudolf van Habsburg becomes Roman Catholics-German king
1529 - -3] Meeting between Maarten Luther & Huldrych Zwingli
1569 - Duke of Norfolk arrested
1574 - -2] Storm breaks Leiden dike; drowns 20,000 Spanish soldiers
1606 - Spanish troops under Spinola occupies fort Rhine birch
1632 - Battle at Castelnaudary: Duke Henri de Montmorency's rebel army loses
1653 - Russian parliament accepts annexation of Ukraine
1657 - Treaty of Raalte: Willem II no longer viceroy of Overijssel
1661 - Yachting begins in England; King Charles II beats his brother James
1670 - -4] Battle at Simbirsk a/d Wolga: Russian army beats Boers
1688 - Prince Willem III accept invitation of English crown to occupy
1705 - Parliament declares Hungary independently/French R�k�czi becomes king
1746 - Bonnie Prince Charlie flees to France
1768 - English troops under general Gauge lands in Boston
1787 - Russians under Suvorov defeat the Turks at Kinburn.
1791 - 1st session of new French legislative assembly
1791 - Dutch prince Willem Frederik marries his niece princess Frederika Louise Wilhelmina of Prussia
1795 - France annexes Southern Netherlands
1795 - Belgium is conquered by France.
1800 - Spain cedes Louisiana to France in a secret treaty
1801 - England & France signs Preliminary of London
1814 - Opening of the Congress of Vienna, intended to redraw the Europe's political map after the defeat of Napol�on the previous spring.
1827 - The Russian army under Ivan Paskevich storms Yerevan, ending a millennium of Muslim domination in Armenia.
1829 - South African College is founded in Cape Town, South Africa; later to separate into the University of Cape Town and the South African College Schools.
1830 - General Trade Journal newspaper begins publishing in Amsterdam
1833 - Charles Darwin reaches Rio Tercero Argentina
1837 - "Racer's" Hurricane (Gulf of Mexico)
1837 - Treaty with Winnebago Indians
1838 - Civil Code enforced (- Jan 1, 1992)
1843 - News of the World began publication in London.
1847 - Maria Mitchell discovers a non-naked-eye comet
1847 - German inventor and industrialist Werner von Siemens founds Siemens AG & Halske.
1851 - 1st Hawaiian stamps issued
1854 - The watch company founded in 1850 in Roxbury by Aaron Lufkin Dennison relocates to Waltham, Massachusetts, to become the Waltham Watch Company, a pioneer in the American System of Watch Manufacturing.
1863 - 5 Russian warships welcomed in NYC
1863 - Dutch Breda-Tilburg railway opens
1864 - Cyclone strikes Calcutta: 70,000 killed
1864 - John S Staples is paid $500 as a substitute for President Lincoln
1866 - Dutch Eindhoven-Venlo railway opens
1867 - Karl Marx' "Das Kapital," published
1868 - 1st edition of Maasbode published
1869 - 1st postcards are issued (Vienna)
1869 - Austria issues the world's first postcards.
1871 - General Dutch Werkliedenverbond (ANWV), forms in Utrecht
1874 - Rotterdam opens drink water pipes
1879 - Cincinnati Enquirer publishes 1st report on baseball reserve clause
1880 - John Philip Sousa becomes new director of US Marine Corps Band
1885 - Special delivery mail service begins in US
1886 - US mint at Carson City, Nevada closes
1887 - Balochistan conquered by the British Empire.
1888 - National Geographic magazine publishes for 1st time
1889 - Soccer team HFC Haarlem forms
1889 - Washington voters adopt state constitution in referendum
1890 - Congress creates Weather Bureau
1890 - Yosemite National Park forms
1891 - In the U.S. state of California, Stanford University opens its doors.
1892 - University of Chicago opens
1893 - 3rd worst hurricane in US history kills 1,800 (Mississippi)
1894 - Civic organization, Knights of Ak-Sar-Ben founded in Omaha, Nebraska
1894 - First meeting of The Owl Club of Cape Town.
1895 - Romanians in Costantinople massacred
1896 - Sherlock Holmes adventure "Veiled Lodger" takes place (BG)
1896 - Yosemite becomes a National Park
1898 - Dutch railway Alkmaar-Receiver opens
1898 - Henry Huntington buys LA Railway
1898 - Jews are expelled from Kiev Russia
1898 - Czar Nikolay II expels Jews from major Russian cities.
1898 - The Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration is founded under the name k.u.k. Exportakademie.
1903 - 1st baseball World Series, Pittsburgh Pirates vs Boston Pilgrims (Red Sox)
1904 - JB van Heutsz becomes gov-general of Netherland Indies
1904 - Netherlands & Portugal lay down bounderies splitting Timor
1905 - Franti�ek Pavl�k is killed in a demonstration in Prague, inspiring Leo� Jan�ček to the piano composition 1. X. 1905.
1906 - Hugh Jennings resigns as Balt manager to take over at Detroit in 1907
1907 - Plaza Hotel (5th Av & 59th Str, NY) opens
1908 - 1st Dutch electric railway in use (Rotterdam-The Hague)
1908 - Henry Ford introduces Model T car (costs $825)
1908 - Jack Chesbro's final Yankee victory, beats Walter Johnson 2-1
1910 - Berkshire Cattle Fair held in Pittsfield Mass (1st state fair)
1910 - Explosion at LA Times kills 21
1910 - Regina Rugby Club's 1st game, losing to Moose Jaw Tigers, 16-6
1911 - United Dutch Diamond workers get 8-hr day
1912 - Yanks lose game #100 en route to a 50-102 season
1918 - World War I: Arab forces under T. E. Lawrence (a/k/a "Lawrence of Arabia") capture Damascus.
1919 - World Series begins as a best of 9 affair, White Sox intentionally throw this series to satisfy gamblers (Black Sox Scandal)
1920 - Dutch law provides for an 8 hour working day
1920 - Sir Percy Cox landed in Basra to assume his responsibilities as high commissioner in Iraq.
1921 - WJZ, Newark NJ begins broadcasting
1922 - Former Chicago Staleys play 1st NFL game as Chicago Bears, win 6-0
1922 - Rogers Hornsby's 3-for-5 ups avg to .401
1924 - Fokker F-7 1st flight (Amsterdam to Batavia)
1924 - Paavo Nurmi runs world record 4 mile (19:15.4) & 5 mile (24:06.2)
1924 - Landis bans Giants Jimmy O'Connell & Cozy Dolan from World Series after they admit an attempt to bribe Phils shortstop Heinie Sand
1926 - An oil field accident cost aviator Wiley Post his left eye, but he used the settlement money to buy his first aircraft.
1927 - Pirates clinch NL pennant with a 9-6 win over Reds
1928 - Leon Vanderstuyft of Belgium bicycled 76 miles 504 yards in 1 hour
1928 - Paavo Nurmi runs world record 15m (46:49.6)
1928 - USSR launches its 1st 5 year plan
1930 - Soccer team WHC forms
1930 - World Series opens at Phila's Shibe Park, Phila A's beat St Louis 5-2
1931 - Spanish Cortes accept general female suffrage
1931 - World Series is a rematch as A's seek 3rd straight title vs Cards
1931 - The second (and current) Waldorf-Astoria Hotel is opened in New York.
1932 - NHL readmits Ottawa & drops Pittsburgh
1932 - Oswald Mosley forms British Union of Fascists
1932 - World Series moves to Chicago, In 5th inning, Babe Ruth waits until he has 2 strikes, points & hits next pitch into center field bleachers
1933 - Antwerp Sports arena opens
1933 - Packers make 5 1st downs, Giants make 0, but still win 10-7
1933 - Wash Senator coach Nick Altrock plays in a game at age 57
1934 - Adolph Hitler expands German army & navy & creates an air force, violating Treaty of Versailles
1936 - Generalissimo Francisco Franco establishes state of Spain
1937 - Pullman Co formally recognizes Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
1938 - Cubs clinch NL pennant
1938 - Germany annexes Sudetenland (1/3 of Czechoslovakia)
1939 - Churchill calls Soviets "riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma"
1939 - After a one-month Siege of Warsaw, hostile forces entered the city.
1940 - Pennsylvania Turnpike, pioneer toll thruway, opens
1941 - D Sjostakovitch plane evacuated in Moscow
1941 - H Martin/R Blanes musical "Best Foot Forward," premieres in NYC
1941 - Yankees beat Dodgers 3-2 at Yankee Stadium in opener of World Series
1942 - Bell P-59 Airacomet fighter, 1st US jet, makes maiden flight
1942 - Little Golden Books (children books) begins publishing
1943 - Allied forces captured Naples during WW II
1943 - Averell Harriman named US ambassador to Moscow
1943 - Germans attack Jews in Denmark
1943 - King's Dragon Guards liberates suburbs of Naples
1944 - Newspaper editor Alejandro C�rdova assassinated in Guatemala
1944 - St Louis Browns win their only AL pennant
1945 - Heavyweight champ Joe Louis is discharged from army
1945 - US Office of Strategic Serbia (OSS) disbands
1946 - 12 war criminals sentenced to death in Nuremberg
1946 - 1st NL playoffs, Dodgers vs Cards (St Louis wins 2 games to 0)
1946 - Bob Feller 348th strikeout of season
1947 - 1st helicopter air mail & express service, LA, Ca
1947 - NHL Pension Society founded
1947 - US control of Haitian customs & governmental revenue ends
1947 - William Wister Haines' "Command Decision," premieres in NYC
1947 - The F-86 Sabre flies for the first time.
1948 - California Supreme Court voids state statue banning interracial marriages
1948 - Radio Denmark begins transmitting
1949 - People's Rep of China proclaimed by Mao Tse-tung (National Day)
1949 - Republic of China (Taiwan) forms on island of Formosa
1950 - Phillies win NL pennant on last day of season (10th inning HR)
1950 - South Korean troops exceed 38� latitude during Korean War
1950 - Browns lose to Giants, setting club record for fewest points scored by both teams (tied in 1979), NY 6, Cleveland 0
1950 - South Korean troops cross 38th parallel into North Korea
1951 - 1st Giant-Dodgers playoff game, Giants win 3-1
1951 - 1st treaty signed by woman ambassador-Eugenie Anderson
1951 - 24th Infantry Regiment, last all-black military unit, deactivated
1952 - 1st ultra high frequency (UHF) television station, Portland Or
1952 - Liberal Party wins Japanese elections
1952 - Monte Bello-Island (Great Britain 1st atom bomb explosion)
1953 - Indian state of Andhra Pradesh partitioned from Madras
1953 - KJEO TV channel 47 in Fresno, CA (CBS/ABC) begins broadcasting
1953 - KYTV TV channel 3 in Springfield, MO (NBC) begins broadcasting
1953 - WATE TV channel 6 in Knoxville, TN (ABC/NBC) begins broadcasting
1953 - WREX TV channel 13 in Rockford, IL (ABC) begins broadcasting
1954 - British colony of Nigeria becomes a federation
1955 - "Honeymooners" premieres
1955 - Piet Lieftinck becomes director v/h IMF (World bank)
1955 - WORA TV channel 5 in Mayaguez, PR (TCI) begins broadcasting
1956 - Johnny Heckmann rides 7 winners at Chicago Hawthorne Horse track
1956 - Zestienhoven airport at Rotterdam official opens
1957 - B-52 bombers begin full-time flying alert in case of USSR attack
1957 - First appearance of "In God We Trust" on U.S. paper currency.
1958 - Britain transfers Christmas Island (south of Java) to Australia
1958 - Inauguration of NASA
1958 - Vanguard Project transferred from military to NASA
1958 - NASA created to replace NACA.
1959 - 1st World Series since 1948 not to feature a NY team (LA vs Chic)
1960 - 14th NHL All-Star Game: All-Stars beat Montreal 2-1 at Montreal
1960 - KCBY TV channel 11 in Coos Bay, OR (CBS) begins broadcasting
1960 - Nigeria gains independence from Britain (National Day)
1961 - A believed extinct volcanco erupts in Tristan da Cunha
1961 - East & West Cameroon merge as Federal Republic of Cameroon
1961 - KGIN TV channel 11 in Grand Island, NB (CBS) begins broadcasting
1961 - Mickey Wright wins LPGA Mickey Wright Golf Open
1961 - Premiere of Dmitri Shostakovitsch' 12nd Symphony
1961 - Roger Maris sets record of 61 HRs (off of Tracy Stallard)
1961 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1961 - WOLO TV channel 25 in Columbia, SC (ABC) begins broadcasting
1961 - WYAH TV channel 27 in Portsmouth, VA (IND) begins broadcasting
1962 - Barbra Streisand signs her 1st recording contract (with Columbia)
1962 - Brian Epstein signs a contract to manage Beatles through 1977
1962 - James Meredith became 1st black at U of Mississippi
1962 - Johnny Carson hosts his 1st Tonight Show, Joan Crawford guests
1962 - Lucy Show premieres
1962 - SF beats Dodgers, 8-0 in 1st of best-of-3 NL playoff
1962 - UN gives Netherlands control of New-Guinea
1962 - US National Radio Astronomy Obs gets a 300' (91m) radio telescope
1962 - WEDH TV channel 24 in Hartford, CT (PBS) begins broadcasting
1963 - 1st time since 1910 no AL player, played in every game
1963 - Nigeria becomes a republic within Commonwealth
1964 - 1st official broadcast of Trans World Radio on Bonaire
1964 - 2nd Dutch televisienet begins broadcastings
1964 - Free Speech Movement launched at University of California , Berkley
1964 - SF cable cars declared a national landmark
1964 - WSJU TV channel 18 in Carolina, PR begins broadcasting
1964 - WTSJ TV channel 18 in San Juan, PR (NBC) begins broadcasting
1964 - WWAY TV channel 3 in Wilmington, NC (ABC) begins broadcasting
1965 - Failed coup under lt col Untung in Indonesia
1965 - France performs underground nuclear test at Ecker Algeria
1966 - Newspaper magnate Thomson purchases "The Times"
1966 - WAEO (now WJFW) TV channel 12 in Rhinelander, WI (NBC) begins
1966 - West Coast Airlines Flight 956 crashes with eighteen fatal injuries and no survivors 5.5 miles south of Wemme, Oregon. This accident marks the first loss of a DC-9.
1967 - KBFI (now KDAF) TV channel 33 in Dallas-Fort Worth, TX (IND) begins
1967 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Ladies' LA Golf Open
1967 - Pink FLoyd's 1st US tour (arrives in NYC)
1968 - "Night of the Living Dead" premieres in Pittsburgh
1968 - The Guyanese government takes over the British Guiana Broadcasting Service (BGBS).
1969 - Concorde 001 test flight breaks sound barrier
1969 - Guernsey & Jersey begin issuing their own postage stamps
1969 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1970 - 63 arrest in riot to buy Rolling Stone tickets in Milano Italy
1970 - Last game at Philadelphia's Connie Mack Stadium, Phils-2 Expos-1
1971 - Joseph Luns becomes secretary-general of NATO
1971 - Simplified echtscheidingsrecht of force
1971 - Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida opens
1972 - "Don't Play Us Cheap" closes at Barrymore Theater NYC after 164 perfs
1972 - 1st games of World Hockey Association
1972 - 2nd NYC Women's Marathon won by Nina Kuscsik in 3:08:41
1972 - 3rd NYC Marathon won by Sheldon Karlin in 2:27:52
1972 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Portland Ladies Golf Classic
1973 - Leo Durocher resigns as Houston Astro manager
1973 - USSR-West Germany gas tunnel opens
1974 - Watergate cover-up trial opens in Wash DC
1975 - Britain grants internal self-government to Seychelles
1975 - Ellice Islands split from Gilbert Islands, take name "Tuvalu"
1975 - Muhammad Ali TKOs Joe Frazier in 15 for heavyweight boxing title in "The Thrilla in Manila"
1975 - Reunion Island stops printing stamps, France takes over production
1976 - 1st Dutch casino opens
1977 - Brazilian soccer great Pele' retires with 1,281 goals in 1,363 games
1977 - Department Of Energy established
1977 - Elton John honored by MSG Hall of Fame
1977 - Yanks win 2nd consecutive AL East title
1978 - Comoros adopts constitution
1978 - Jane Blalock wins LPGA Golden Lights Golf Championship
1978 - Tuvalu (formerly Ellice Islands) declares independence from UK
1978 - Yanks lose 9-2 to Indians forcing a playoff game with Red Sox
1978 - The Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party is founded.
1979 - Nigeria adopts constitution, Alhaji Shagari becomes president
1979 - Pope John Paul II begins visit of US
1979 - RKO radio network begins operation
1979 - US returns Canal Zone to Panama after 75 years (but not the canal)
1980 - Cosmonauts Ryumin & Popov break space endurance record of 176 days
1981 - Iranian plane crash
1981 - J Chodorov/N Panama's "Talent for Murder," premieres in London
1981 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1982 - EPCOT Center opens in Orlando Florida
1982 - USSR performs underground nuclear test
1982 - West Germany's Parliament ousts Helmut Schmidt for Helmut Kohl
1983 - Denise Wallace, 18, of Virginia crowned Miss Teen of America
1984 - Gary Trudeau's Doonesbury comic strip resumes after 2-year hiatus
1984 - Peter Ueberroth replaces Bowie Kuhn as 6th commissioner of baseball
1985 - Israeli air raid on PLO-headquarter at Tunis, 68 killed
1986 - President Carter's presidential library/museum dedicated in Atlanta
1987 - "Roza" opens at Royale Theater NYC for 12 performances
1987 - 6 killed by an earthquake measuring 6.1 in LA
1987 - Fiji's constitution is suspended
1987 - The Whittier Narrows earthquake shook the San Gabriel Valley, registering as a magnitude 5.9.
1988 - Bradley Center in Milwaukee opens
1988 - Lowest batting avg for NL champion (Tony Gwynn .313)
1988 - Mikhail Gorbachev became president of Soviet Union
1988 - Robert Englund, actor who plays Freddie Kruger weds Nancy Booth
1989 - Beth Daniel wins LPGA Konica San Jose Golf Classic
1989 - Dallas Cowboy, Ed "Too Tall" Jones records his 1,000th NFL tackle
1989 - Thousands of East Germans flee to West Germany
1989 - US issues a stamp, labeling an apatosaurus as a brontosaurus
1989 - Batting titles decided on final day Puckett goes 2-for-5 edges Carney Lansford .339 to .336, Gwynn's 3-for-4 edges Will Clark .336 to .333
1990 - 10,000 Uganda RPF rebels move into Rwanda
1990 - Meteorite explode above Pacific Ocean
1990 - Pres Bush at UN, condemns Iraq's takeover of Kuwait
1990 - Serbs in Croatia proclaim autonomy
1991 - Howard Stern adds Baltimore to his radio network (WJFK-AM)
1991 - New Zealand's Resource Management Act 1991 commences.
1992 - "Oba Oba '93" opens at Marquis Theater NYC for 22 performances
1992 - Cartoon Cable Network premieres
1992 - Greater Pittsburgh International Airport opens
1992 - Ross Perot re-enters presidental race
1993 - Lennox Lewis TKOs Frank Bruno in 7 for heavyweight boxing title
1994 - Boon completes his 19th Test century (114 v Pak, Karachi)
1994 - Liselotte Neumann wins LPGA GHP Heartland Golf Classic
1994 - South African President Nelson Mandela visits US
1994 - Stanley Betrian sworn in as leader of Curacao
1995 - Bermuda begins using new area code 441
1995 - Gail Graham wins FieldCrest Cannon/Carolina LPGA Golf Classic
1995 - Indians set record of 30 game lead over 2nd place team
1995 - Mike Mussina tosses Balt's 5th consecutive shutout 4-0 win over Tigers
1995 - NY Yankees win 1st baseball wildcard ever
1995 - Rockies are 1st team to make postseason before 7th year in existence
1997 - Carolina Hurricanes 1st game vs Tampa Bay Lightning
1997 - Spice Hot premieres on cable
1998 - Vladimir Putin became a permanent member of the Security Council of the Russian Federation.
2000 - Juan Antonio Samaranch, the chairman of the IOC declares Sydney the "best Olympic Games ever"
2000 - Closing ceremony of the XXVII Olympics in Sydney, Australia
2000 - United States retain Basketball's Olympic gold medal defeating France 85-75
2000 - United States wins the most medals (97), and the most gold medals (40) in Summer Olympics held in Sydney, Australia
2004 - Baseball: Seattle Mariners outfielder Ichiro Suzuki gets his 258th hit of the season, breaking George Sisler's 84-year-old single-season record.
2005 - Bombing kills 23 people in Bali.
2007 - Most of the Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006 came into force in the United Kingdom.
--------------------
If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Member No.: 22,154
Historic events on October 2
939 - Battle at Andernach: King Otto & Hermann of Zwaben beat Eberhard of France & Giselbert of Lutherans
976 - Hisham II appointed kalief of Cordoba
1134 - Storm flood ravages Zeeland county
1187 - Sultan Saladin captures Jerusalem from Crusaders
1263 - The battle of Largs fought between Norwegians and Scots.
1492 - King Henry VII of England invades France
1518 - English cardinal Thomas Wolsey makes European plan
1535 - Jacques Cartier discovers Mount Royal (Montreal)
1540 - Venice/Turkey signs peace
1552 - Conquest of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible.
1572 - Spanish army occupies/plunders/destroys Mechelen
1586 - Battle at Zutphen: English-Dutch army
1608 - Prototype of modern reflecting telescope completed by Jan Lippershey
1614 - French king Louis XIII (13) declared an adult
1656 - US colony Connecticut passes law against Quakers
1700 - Spanish king Carlos II appoints Philip van Anjou, heir to throne
1760 - Russian/Austrian army evacuates Berlin [NS=10/13]
1787 - Maagden House opens in Amsterdam
1789 - George Washington transmits the proposed Constitutional amendments (The United States Bill of Rights) to the States for ratification.
1792 - Baptist Missionary Society forms in London
1795 - Tula (leader slave uprising) sentence to death in Curacao
1799 - Duke of York & Russians capture Alkmaar in Netherlands
1804 - England mobilizes to protect against French invasion
1833 - Charles Darwin rides through Corunda to Santa Fe Argentina
1833 - NY Anti-Slavery Society organized
1836 - Darwin returns to England aboard HMS Beagle (after 5 years)
1851 - The pasilalinic-sympathetic compass is demonstrated but proves to be a fake.
1853 - Austrian law forbids Jews from owning land
1861 - Former VP John C Breckinridge flees Kentucky
1864 - Battle of Saltville, VA
1866 - J Osterhoudt patents tin can with key opener
1870 - Italy annexes Rome & Papal States; Rome made Italian capital
1871 - Brigham Young, mormon leader, arrest for bigamy
1872 - Morgan State University founded
1879 - Start of Sherlock Holmes adventure "Musgrave Ritual" (BG)
1889 - 1st Pan American conference (Washington DC)
1889 - In Colorado, Nicholas Creede strikes it rich in silver during the last great silver boom of the American Old West.
1895 - 1st cartoon comic strip is printed in a newspaper
1899 - Orange Free state mobilizes
1900 - Belgium crown prince Albert von Saksen-Coburg weds Elisabeth of Bayern
1901 - 1st Royal Naval submarine launched at Barrow
1906 - Tommy Burns KOs Jim Burns in 15 for heavyweight boxing title
1907 - Phillies Eddie Grant goes 7 for 7 in a doubleheader vs Giants
1908 - Addie Joss perfect game stops Ed Walsh 1-0 who won 40 in a row
1909 - 1st rugby match (Twickenham)
1910 - 1st 2 aircraft collision (Milan Italy)
1910 - Henry Wijnmalen flies to 2,800m altitude (world record)
1913 - Phillies beat NY Giants 2 games out of 3 in a tripleheader
1916 - Grover Cleveland Alexander records his 16th shutout of year
1916 - San Diego Zoo founded
1919 - 1st edition "Volkskrant" (People's newspaper) published in Neth
1919 - Pres Woodrow Wilson has a stroke, leaving him partially paralyzed
1920 - Only tripleheader of century (Reds win 13-4, 7-3 then Pirates win 6-0)
1921 - NY Yankee Babe Ruth hits then record 59th HR
1923 - British occuping army leaves Constantinople
1923 - Harry Heilmann goes 2-for-2, sit out rest of season, except for a pinch single on final day, hitting .403
1924 - League of Nations approves protocols of Geneva
1926 - Bert Gibb of Hamilton Tigers kicks 9 singles in a game
1928 - The "Prelature of the Holy Cross and the Work of God", commonly known as Opus Dei, was founded by Saint Josemar�a Escriv�.
1931 - Pope Pius XI encyclical On economic crisis
1932 - NY Yankees sweep Chicago Cubs in 29th World Series
1932 - Washington Redskins (as Boston Braves) play 1st NFL game, lose 14-0
1933 - Eugene O'Neill's comedy "Ah, Wilderness," premieres in NYC
1935 - Mussolini's Italian armys attacks Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
1935 - NY Hayden Planetarium, 4th in US, opens
1936 - 1st alcohol power plant forms, Atchison, Kansas
1936 - Amsterdam's Calvinist Churches reject nazism
1936 - French franc devalued
1936 - NY Yankees score World Series record 18 runs, beating Giants 18-4
1936 - Tony Lazzeri becomes 1st Yank to hit a World Series grand slam
1937 - FDR visits Grand Coulee Dam construction site in Washington State
1938 - Indian Bob Feller strikes out record 18 Tigers (Chester Laabs 5 times)
1939 - Birdbaths installed in Union Square, SF
1940 - 17 German aircrafts shot down above England
1940 - British Council receives British Charter
1940 - British liner Empress loaded with refugees for Canada, sunk
1941 - 6 Paris synagogues are bombed by Gestapo
1941 - Germans launch attack on Moscow
1942 - "Queen Mary" slices cruiser "Curacao" in half, killing 338
1942 - 1st self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction demonstrated, Chicago
1943 - Japanse troops leave Kolombangara, Solomon Island
1943 - Yankees sweep 14th doubleheader of year, beating Browns, 5-1 & 7-6
1944 - Nazis crush Warsaw Uprising killing 250,000 people
1944 - US B-17's drops pamphlets on Walcheren
1946 - 1st network soap opera-Faraway Hill-Dumont
1947 - "Music in My Heart" opens at Adelphi Theater NYC for 124 performances
1947 - Revised International Telecommunication Convention adopted
1947 - Yankee Yogi Berra becomes 1st to pinch hit a World Series homer
1948 - "Finian's Rainbow" closes at 46th St Theater NYC after 725 perfs
1949 - St Louis Browns use 9 pitchers, lose to Whites Sox 4-3
1949 - USSR recognizes People's Republic of China
1949 - Yanks & Red Sox, tied for 1st place, play final game of season. Yanks win 5-3 & clinch pennant #16
1950 - 1st strip of Charlie Brown, "Li'l Folks," later "Peanuts" in 9 papers
1950 - Mao Tse Tung proclaims in telegram to Stalin, China intervenes Korea
1950 - Red Sox Dom DiMaggio leads AL with only 15 stolen bases
1950 - Bob Shaw of Chicago Cardinals sets NFL record with 5 TD receptions
1950 - Chic Cards Jim Hardy passes for 6 touchdowns vs Balt Colts (55-13)
1950 - Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz first published
1951 - 1st Netherland TV broadcast (Toverspiegel)
1951 - Dodgers beat Giants 10-0, in 2nd game of play-offs
1953 - "Comedy in Music (Victor Borge)" opens at John Golden NYC for 849 perf
1953 - Dodger Carl Erskine strikes out 14 Yankees in World Series
1954 - 8th NHL All-Star Game: All-Stars beat Detroit 2-2 at Detroit
1954 - Former French possession of Chandernagore made part of West Bengal
1954 - NY Giants sweep Cleve Indians, in 51st World Series
1955 - "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" premieres
1955 - 9th NHL All-Star Game: Detroit beat All-Stars 3-1 at Detroit
1955 - Actress Joyce Randolph marries publisher Richard Charles
1955 - Chiva Stoica becomes premier of Romania
1955 - WHTN (now WOWK) TV ch 13 in Huntington-Charleston, WV (CBS) begins
1956 - 1st atomic power clock exhibited-NYC
1957 - NY Yankees appear in their 25th World Series
1957 - New volcanic island appears off Fayal Island Azores
1958 - Guinea (French Guinea) gains independence from France (National Day)
1958 - Musical show "Valmouth," 1st produced in London
1958 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1959 - Rod Serling's "Twilight Zone" premieres on CBS-TV
1960 - Louise Suggs wins LPGA San Antonio Civitan Golf Tournament
1961 - "Ben Casey" premieres on NBC-TV
1961 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1961 - WETA TV channel 26 in Washington, DC (PBS) begins broadcasting
1961 - WHRO TV channel 15 in Hampton-Norfolk, VA (PBS) begins broadcasting
1962 - SF beats LA, 8-7 in 4h18m 9 inning playoff game
1962 - US performs atmospheric nuclear test at Johnston Island
1963 - Dodgers' Sandy Koufax strikes out World Series record 15 Yankees
1963 - W German Chancellor Adenauer condemns western grain shipments to USSR
1964 - Phillies tie major league record with season's 3rd triple play (Reds)
1965 - Dodgers beat Braves to clinch NL pennant
1965 - Mel Stottlemyre wins game #20
1965 - Phillies' Chris Short strikes-out 18 NY Mets
1965 - Pope Paul VI named MR Perey bishop's helper of New Orleans
1966 - Mickey Wright wins LPGA Mickey Wright Golf Invitational
1966 - LA Dodgers Sandy Koufax clinches 3rd LA pennant in 4 years
1967 - Grateful Dead members arrested by narcotic agents
1967 - Groundbreaking begins on Veteran Stadium in Philadelphia
1967 - Mickey Wright wins LPGA Seven Lakes Golf Invitational
1967 - Thurgood Marshall sworn in as 1st black Supreme Court Justice
1968 - 1st London performance of "Promises Promises" presented
1968 - Bob Gibson sets a World Series record of 17 strikeouts
1968 - Mexico City police fire on protesting students, 300-500 killed
1968 - Republic Guinea forms (day of republic)
1968 - 1st time, 2 soon-to-be-named MVPs oppose each other Cards Bob Gibson beat Tigers Denny McLain 4-0
1969 - Seattle Pilots last game in Seattle, lose 3-1 to As in front of 5,473
1969 - US performs underground nuclear test at Amchitka Island Aleutians
1970 - Billy Martin named manager of Det Tigers
1970 - Plane carrying Wichita State U football team crashes killing 30
1971 - Homing pigeon averages 133 KPH (record) in 1100-km Australian race
1972 - "From Israel with Love" opens at Palace Theater NYC for 8 performances
1972 - Aeroflot Il-18 crashes near Black Sea resort of Sochi, kills 105
1972 - Bill Stoneman of Montreal pitches his 2nd no-hitter, beating Mets, 7-0
1972 - Danish population votes for European Common Market membership
1972 - Mont Expos Bill Stoneman 2nd no-hitter beats NY Mets, 7-0
1972 - Ron Johnson becomes 1st NY Giant to score 4 TDs (vs Phila)
1974 - Hank Aaron's 733rd career HR on his last NL at bat
1976 - "Let My People Come" closes at Morosco Theater NYC after 106 perfs
1977 - Pakistan general Zia ul-Haq bans all opposition
1977 - Vivian Brownlee wins LPGA Dallas Civitan Golf Open
1977 - Dusty Baker 30th HR joins teammates Steve Garvey (33), Reggie Smith (32), & Ron Cey (30) in make Dodgers 1st team to boast 4 30-HR hitters
1978 - Syrian & Palestinians shoot in East Beirut, 1,300 killed
1978 - Yanks win 3rd straight AL East beating Red Sox 5-4 in a playoff game. Guidry wins #25 aided by Dent's homer & Pinella's fielding
1980 - Larry Holmes TKOs Muhammad Ali in 11 for heavyweight boxing title
1980 - Michael Myers (D-Pa), is 1st rep expelled in over 100 years (ABSCAM)
1981 - Ali Chamenei elected president of Iran
1982 - Bomb attack in Teheran, kills 60, injures 700
1983 - Art Monk begins NFL streak of 136 plus consecutive game receptions
1983 - Carl Yastrezemski's last at bat
1983 - Kathy Postlewait wins LPGA San Jose Golf Classic
1984 - 3 cosmonauts return after a record 237 days in orbit
1984 - In 1st LCS game played with replacement umps, Cubs cbeat Padres 13-0
1984 - Richard Miller, becomes 1st (former) FBI agent, charged with espionage
1985 - Russian party leader Gorbatsjov visits Paris
1985 - Tigers Darrell Evans is 1st to hit 40 HR seasons in both leagues
1986 - Failed assassination attempt on India premier Rajiv Gandhi
1986 - Mike Scott is 3rd NL pitcher to strike out 300 in a season (306)
1986 - NY Met Dwight Gooden is 1st to strike out 200 or more in 1st 3 seasons
1986 - Sikhs attempt to assassinate Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi
1988 - 24th Olympic games close at Seoul, Korea
1988 - Gelindo Bordin wins 21st Olympics marathon (2:10:32)
1988 - Minnesota Twins are 1st AL club ever to break 3 million season attendance
1988 - Pakistan's Supreme Court orders free elections
1988 - Police breakup domestic disturbance between Mike Tyson & Robin Givens
1988 - Mike Tyson wrecks furniture in his Bernardsville NJ Mansion
1990 - "Michael Feinstein in Concert -" opens at Golden NYC for 30 perfs
1990 - Allies cede any remaining rights as occupiers of Germany
1990 - Chinese plane explodes, about 100 die
1990 - US Senate votes 90-9 to confirm David Souter to Supreme Court
1990 - Radio Berlin International's final transmission (links to Deutsche Welles of West Germany); final song is "The End" by Doors
1991 - Eric Lindros, refused to sign with Quebec Nordiques
1991 - Steffi Graf becomes the youngest woman to win 500 pro tennis matches
1991 - Toronto Blue Jays clinches AL East title & becomes 1st team to draw 4 million fans
1992 - VP Itamar Franco becomes pres of Brazil
1992 - The Carandiru Massacre takes place after a riot in the Carandiru Penitentiary in S�o Paulo, Brazil.
1993 - Spike Lee weds Tonya Lewis
1994 - "Show Boat," opens at Gershwin Theater NYC
1994 - Pakistan defeat Australia by one wicket in Karachi Test
1995 - "Moon Over Buffalo" opens at Martin Beck Theater NYC for 308 perfs
1995 - Seattle Mariners beat Cal Angels, 9-1 in a playoff game to win AL West
1996 - 30th Country Music Association Award: Brooks & Dunn win
2001 - The NATO backs US military strikes, following 9/11.
2002 - The Beltway sniper attacks begin, extending over three weeks.
2004 - American Samoa joins the North American Numbering Plan.
2005 - Ethan Allen Boating Accident: The Ethan Allen tour boat capsizes on Lake George in Upstate New York, killing twenty people.
2005 - NFL plays first regular season game outside United States when the Arizona Cardinals defeat the San Francisco 49ers 31-14 in Mexico City, Mexico
2006 - Five school girls are murdered by Charles Carl Roberts in a shooting at an Amish school in Nickel Mines, Pennsylvania before Roberts commits suicide.
2007 - President Roh Moo-hyun of South Korea walks across the Military Demarcation Line into North Korea on his way to the second Inter-Korean Summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong Il.
2009 - Rio de Janeiro is elected the host city of the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics.
Music history on Oct. 2
1792 - Composer Philip Cipriani Hambly Potter was born.
1928 - DeFord Baily recorded eight masters in Nashville, TN. The songs that were issued were the first recording sessions to be made in what is now known as Music City, USA.
1929 - Composer Kenneth Leighton was born.
1939 - "Flying Home" was recorded by the Benny Goodman Sextet.
1961 - "Banks of the Ohio" was released by Joan Baez.
1965 - The Who made their debut on U.S. TV on the show "Shindig!"
1967 - The Grateful Dead, all six members, were arrested for possession of marijuana. They were released six hours later on bail.
1976 - John Belushi came out on stage with Joe Cocker while he was performing on "Saturday Night Live."
1976 - "Tonight's The Night" by Rod Stewart was released.
1977 - The bodies of Elvis Presley and his grandmother were moved to Graceland.
1977 - Gene Simmons (KISS) received a platinum record for his solo album.
1980 - Leaveil Degree of the Whipers began serving a two-year prison term for his role in a 1979 gem heist.
1982 - Mick Jagger began a world tour.
1985 - The Prince single "America" was released.
1985 - Bruce Springsteen's "Born in the U.S.A." tour ended in Los Angeles, CA.
1986 - The Everly Brothers were given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
1994 - Stan Lynch played his last show with Tom Petty's Heartbreakers.
1994 - John Mellencamp announced that it was true that he had suffered a mild heart attack.
1995 - Journey announced that there were plans for the group to reunite for an album and possibly a tour.
1995 - Iron Maiden's tenth album "The X Factor" was released. It was the first album to include Blaze Bayley as vocalist.
1997 - Juanita L. Evans filed suit against Wu-Tang members RZA and Method Man, rapper Redman, and a Pennsylvania university and its student government. Evans claimed that she was distracted by Redman and therefore did not see Method Man when he leapt off stage and landed on her. Evans was knocked unconscious.
1998 - Paul McCartney conducted an "incognito" live Internet Q&A session and "music remix" in the guise of the Fireman at www.fire-man.com.
2000 - Radiohead's fourth album, "Kid A", was released.
Sports history on Oct. 2
1908 - Addie Joss (Cleveland Indians) pitched the fourth perfect game in major league baseball history.
1920 - The Cincinnati Reds and the Pittsburgh Pirates played the only triple-header in baseball history. The Reds won 2 of the 3 games.
1947 - The Federatino Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) formally established Formula One racing in Grand Prix competition.
1948 - The first automobile race to use asphalt, cement and dirt roads took place in Watkins Glen in New York. It was the first road race in the U.S. following World War II.
1996 - Mark Fuhrman was given three years' probation and fined $200 after he pled no contest to perjury at O.J. Simpson's trial.
Famous birthdays on Oct. 2
Richard III 1452 - He married the widow of the Prince of Wales and then imprisoned his mother-in-law for life
Mahatma Gandhi 1869
Groucho (Julius) Marx 1890 - "Marx Brothers" movies and his quiz show "You Bet Your Life"
Ruth Cheney Streeter 1895 - The first director of the U.S. Marine Corps Women's Reserve
Bud Abbott 1895
Leon Rausch (Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys) 1927
George "Spanky" McFarland 1928
Mike Rutherford (Mike & the Mechanics, Genesis) 1950
Sting (Police) 1951
Philip Oakey (Human League) 1955
Freddie Jackson 1956
Dion Allen (Az Yet) 1970
Tiffany (Tiffany Darwisch) 1971
Obstacles are those frightful things you see when you take your eyes off your goal.
- Henry Ford
This post has been edited by wingsovernc: Oct 2 2012, 05:39 AM
--------------------
If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Member No.: 22,154
Historic events on October 3
2333 BC - The state of Gojoseon (Modern-day Korea) founded by Dangun Wanggeom during the reign of the Chinese Emperor Yao.
52 BC - Vercingetorix, leader of the Gauls, surrenders to the Romans under Julius Caesar, ending the siege and battle of Alesia.
42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's assassins Brutus and Cassius.
augustus_caesar.jpg ( 11.08K ) Number of downloads: 0
Roman Emperor Augustus Caesar
1143 - Cardinal Guido elected Pope Coelestinus II
1247 - Willem II of Holland elected Roman Catholic German emperor
1264 - Comet said to predict death of Pope Urban IV is last seen
1283 - Dafydd ap Gruffydd, prince of Gwynedd in Wales, becomes the first person executed by being hanged, drawn and quartered.
1430 - Jews are expelled from Eger Bohemia
1569 - Battle of Montcontour: Duke of Anjou beats Huguenots
1574 - Fleet under admiral Boisot seize Spanish
1574 - The Siege of Leiden is lifted by the Watergeuzen.
1605 - Chinese uprising on Philippines, Tondo/Quiapo massacre
1657 - French troops occupy Mardyke
1683 - The Qing Dynasty naval commander Shi Lang reaches Taiwan (under the Kingdom of Tungning) to receive the formal surrender of Zheng Keshuang and Liu Guoxuan after the Battle of Penghu.
1691 - English & Dutch army occupies Limerick Ireland
1712 - The Duke of Montrose issues a warrant for the arrest of Rob Roy MacGregor.
1735 - France & Emperor Karel VI sign peace accord
1739 - The Treaty of Nissa is signed by the Ottoman Empire and Russia at the end of the Russian-Turkish War, 1736-1739.
1778 - Capt Cook anchors at Alaska
1789 - Washington proclaims 1st national Thanksgiving Day on Nov 26
1833 - Composer Hector Berlioz marries actress Harriet Smithson
1835 - Staedtler Company was founded by J.S. Staedtler in Nuremburg, Germany.
1849 - American author Edgar Allan Poe is found delirious in a gutter in Baltimore, Maryland under mysterious circumstances; it is the last time he is seen in public before his death.
edgar_allan_poe.jpg ( 14.34K ) Number of downloads: 0
Author Edgar Allan Poe
1862 - -10] Battle of Corinth, Mississippi
1862 - Skirmish at Bardstown, Kentucky
1863 - Lincoln designates last Thursday in November as Thanksgiving Day
1872 - Bloomingdale's department store in NY opens
1873 - Captain Jack and companions are hanged for their part in the Modoc War.
1890 - Capt Guillaume of Kerckhoven marches into Boma Congo
1899 - J S Thurman patents motor-driven vacuum cleaner
1900 - Edward Elgar/Cardinal Newmans oratorium premieres in Birmingham
1904 - France & Spain sign treaty for Morocco Independence
1904 - Giants Christy Mathewson strikes out then record 16 Cards
1904 - Mary McLeod Bethune opens Daytona Normal & Industrial School
1906 - SOS adopted as warning signal by 1st conference on wireless telegraphy
1906 - US regime names Charles Magoon, governor of Cuba
1906 - William Vaughan Moody's "Great Divide," premieres in NYC
1908 - The Pravda newspaper founded by Leon Trotsky, Adolph Joffe, Matvey Skobelev and other Russian exiles in Vienna.
leon_davidovitsj_trotsky.jpg ( 13.24K ) Number of downloads: 0
Russian Revolutionary Leon Trotsky
1913 - Federal Income Tax signed into law (at 1%)
1915 - 7.8 earthquake shakes Pleasant Valley Nevada
1918 - Boris becomes king of Bulgaria
1918 - Czar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria does distance of throne
1918 - Selwyn Theater opens at 229 W 42nd St NYC
1919 - Reds Adolfo Luque is 1st Latin player to appear in a World Series
1919 - Serbian, Croatian & Slavic parliment accord for 8 hr work day
1920 - Browns 1st baseman George Sisler gets his record 257th hit of season
1920 - NFL (then American Pro Football Association) plays 1st games
1922 - 1st facsimile photo send over city telephone lines, Washington, DC
1922 - Rebecca Felton of Georgia becomes 1st woman in Senate
1923 - Germany's Stresemann resigns
1924 - King Hussein of Hedzjaz abdicts throne
1926 - 1st congress of Paneuropabeweging opens in Vienna
1926 - Violet Percy runs female record marathon (3:40:22)
1928 - French sun "Ondine" sinks returning to Toulon, drowning 42
1929 - British Labour government recovers diplomatic relations with USSR
1929 - Julius Curtius succeeds Stresemann as German foreign minister
1929 - Kingdom of Serbs, Croats & Slovenes changes name to Yugoslavia
1932 - Iraq gains full independence from Britain, joins League of Nations
1933 - Gustave "Staf" de Clerq forms Flemish National Covenant
1935 - Italy invades Ethiopia
1936 - Yanks set new attendance record of 64,842 in 3rd game of World Series
1939 - Lemmer-Urk Dike closes
1940 - France Vichy government proclaims end to Jewish status
1940 - Reds beat Tigers ending NL's 10-game World Series losing streak
1940 - US forms parachute troops
1941 - Adolf Hitler says Russia is "broken" & would "never rise again"
1941 - All elderly Jewish men of Kerenchug Ukraine, are killed by SS
1941 - Nazi's blow up 6 synagoges in Paris
1942 - FDR forms Office of Economic Stabilization
1942 - Launch of 1st A-4/V-2 rocket to altitude of 53 miles (85 km)
1942 - NY Yanks Frank Crosetti shoves ump Bill Summers in World Series, he is fined $200 & suspended for 1st 30 days of 1943 season
1943 - British 8th army lands at Termoli, East Italy
1943 - Operations begin at PETA Java, defending (Japanese) fatherland
1944 - 1st broadcast of Radio Herrijzend Netherland
1944 - RAF bombs West Kapelse
1945 - Elvis Presley's 1st public appearance, he is 10
elvis_presley.jpg ( 13.1K ) Number of downloads: 0
Singer & Cultural Icon Elvis Presley
1945 - Tigers & Cubs meet in World Series for 4th time
1945 - World Federation of Trade Unions forms; CIO a member
1946 - Cards beat Dodgers 8-4 at Ebbets Field to win NL playoffs 2-0
1947 - "Under the Counter" opens at Shubert Theater NYC for 27 performances
1947 - 1st telescope lens 200" (508 cm) in diameter completed
1947 - WMAL (now WJLA) TV channel 7 in Washington, DC (ABC) begins
1947 - With only 1 out to go, Yank Floyd Beven gives up a double breaking his World Series no-hit bid, it scored 2 runs & he lost game
1948 - Columbia U reports discovery of uranium in Belgian Congo
1948 - NFL becomes 1st sport televised as sport of week
1949 - WERD, 1st black-owned radio station, opens in Atlanta
1950 - 1st black lead (Ethel Waters) on TV (Beulah)
1950 - Indonesian army opens assault on Ambon, South Moluccas
1950 - Baseball rules Phils lefty Curt Simmons cannot play in World Series despite his being on furlough from Army
1951 - Bobby Thomson HR-Giants win pennant defeating Dodgers
1952 - 1st British nuclear test at Monte Bello Is Australia
1952 - 1st video recording on magnetic tape, LA, Ca
1952 - Great Britain performs nuclear test at Monte Bello Is Australia
1953 - 10th Ryder Cup: US wins 6�-5� at Wentworth, England
1953 - 7th NHL All-Star Game: All-Stars beat Montreal 3-1 at Montreal
1953 - KGGM TV channel 13 in Albuquerque, NM (CBS) begins broadcasting
1954 - "Father Knows Best" premieres
1954 - KFVS TV channel 12 in Cape Girardeau, MO (CBS) begins broadcasting
1955 - "Captain Kangaroo" premieres on CBS-TV, Good Morning, Captain!
1955 - "Mickey Mouse Club" premieres
1955 - Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira becomes pres of Brazil
1955 - Soviet battleship "Novorossiisk" strikes WW II mine in Baltic Sea
1955 - WDBJ TV channel 7 in Roanoke, VA (CBS) begins broadcasting
1955 - WTVS TV channel 56 in Detroit, MI (PBS) begins broadcasting
1956 - Sal Maglie & Dodgers defeat Yanks 6-3 in opening game of World Series
1957 - Willy Brandt elected mayor of West Berlin
1957 - Allen Ginsberg's Howl and Other Poems is ruled not obscene.
allen_ginsberg.jpg ( 15.39K ) Number of downloads: 0
Beat Poet Allen Ginsberg
1959 - 13th NHL All-Star Game: Montreal beat All-Stars 6-1 at Montreal
1960 - "Flair" (CBS' answer to Monitor) premieres on radio with Dick Van Dyke
1960 - Janio Quadros elected president of Brazil
1960 - SF's White House dept store 1st to accept BankAmericard
1960 - Yanks win 8-7, ending season on a 15 game win streak, & record 193 HRs
1961 - "Dick Van Dyke Show" premieres on CBS-TV
1961 - "Mr Ed" premieres
1961 - "Sail Away" opens at Broadhurst Theater NYC for 167 performances
1961 - KMED (now KTVL) TV channel 10 in Medford, OR (CBS) begins broadcasting
1962 - "Stop the World, I Want to Get Off" opens at Shubert NYC for 886 perfs
1962 - Dodgers set major league-record season attendance of 2,755,184
1962 - Wally Schirra in Sigma 7 launched into Earth orbit
1963 - "Here's Love" opens at Shubert Theater NYC for 338 performances
1963 - Hurricane hits Haiti; about 5,000 die & 100,000 injured
1964 - Yankees clinch their 5th straight pennant, & 29th in club's history
1965 - Cubs tie major league record of 3 triple plays in a season
1965 - Kathy Whitworth wins LPGA Mickey Wright Golf Invitational
1965 - Whitey Ford notches #232 to become Yankees winningest pitcher
1966 - Marshal Arturo da Costa e Silva elected president
1967 - KGSC (now KICU) TV channel 36 in San Jose, CA (IND) begins
1967 - King Boudouin inaugurates world's biggest floodgate (Antwerp)
1967 - William Knight sets X-15 speed rec of 7,297 KPH/4,534 MPH/Mach 6.72
1968 - Howard Sacklers "Great White Hope," premieres in NYC
1968 - Military coup overthrows Pres Fernando Bela�nde Terry in Peru
1968 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1970 - "Coco" closes at Mark Hellinger Theater NYC after 333 performances
1970 - Baseball umpires call their 1st strike
1970 - WAPT TV channel 16 in Jackson, MS (ABC) begins broadcasting
1971 - Billie Jean King became 1st female athlete to win $100,000
1972 - Indians set a team record for lowest team batting avg .234
1972 - Spaceflight 71-2 launched; 1st flexible substrate photovoltaic flown
1972 - Steve Carlton wins 27th game for Phillies (almost � of their 59 wins)
1972 - USSR performs nuclear test
1972 - Balt Roric Harrison is last AL pitcher to homer until interleague play 25 years later
1973 - Willi Stoph succeeds Walter Ulbricht as East German party leader
1974 - Ted Bundy victim Nancy Wilcox disappears in Salt Lake City, Utah
1974 - Pele retires as soccer player
pele.jpg ( 12.58K ) Number of downloads: 0
Brazilian Football Legend Pele
1975 - George Harrison releases "Extra Texture" album in UK
1975 - Ireland AKZO director Tiede Herrema kidnap
1976 - Hank Aaron singles in his last at bat & drives in his 2,297th run
hank_aaron.jpg ( 14.46K ) Number of downloads: 0
Baseball Player Hank Aaron
1976 - Helmuth Kohl's CDU wins German parliament election
1977 - "Comedy with Music (Victor Borge)" opens at Imperial NYC for 66 perfs
1977 - Indira Gandhi arrested
1978 - Gold hits record $223.50 an ounce in London
1980 - 4 dies in attack on synagogue in Paris
1981 - Brewers (since 1970) & Expos (1969) clinch their 1st-ever postseason
1981 - Irish Nationalist at Maze Prison near Belfast end 7-mo hunger strike
1981 - Mike Weaver beats Quick Tillis in 15 for heavyweight boxing title
1982 - Cox 4 rowing record set at 12:52 for 99 miles (Geneva, Switzerland)
1982 - Milwaukee whips Baltimore 10-2 to win AL East championship
1982 - Patty Sheehan wins LPGA Inamori Golf Classic
1982 - Record 11,763 start a 186 mile cross-country race near Stockholm
1982 - Scott Weiland runs Detroit marathon backwards in less than 5 hours
1983 - Paul McCartney & Michael Jackson release "Say, Say, Say" in UK
1985 - 21st Shuttle Mission (51J)-Atlantis 1-all-military flight launched
1985 - Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) adopts constitution
1985 - Pope John Paul II declares Titus Brandsma divine
john_paul_ii.jpg ( 14.65K ) Number of downloads: 0
264th Pope John Paul II
1985 - South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands adopts constitution
1986 - Baltimore loses assuring Orioles of their 1st last-place finish
1986 - Soviet Yankee-class sub sinks off NC, 3 die
1986 - TASCC, a superconducting cyclotron at the Chalk River Laboratories, was officially opened.
1987 - Benito Santiago ends longest catcher/rookie hitting streak at 34
1987 - Michael Pruffer of France skis 135.26 MPH at Portillo, Chile
1987 - USSR performs underground nuclear test
1988 - 26th Space Shuttle Mission, Discovery 7 returns to Earth after 4-days
1988 - Criterion Center Theater opens at Broadway bet 44th & 45th Sts NYC
1988 - Lebanese kidnappers release Mithileshwar Singh (held for 30 months)
1988 - WBMW-FM, Wash DC changes calls to WJFK & begins airing Howard Stern
1989 - Panamanian Defense Force attempted coup of Manuel Noriega fails
1990 - East Germany & West Germany merge to become Germany
1990 - George Brett becomes 1st to lead league in batting in 3 decades
1990 - Tiger Cecil Fielder becomes 11th, to hit 50 HRs (& 51st)
1990 - Florida record store owner Charles Freeman is found guilty of obsenity, for selling 2 Live Crew rap records
1991 - 25th Country Music Association Award:
1992 - Atlanta Braves win franchise record 98th game (old record 95 in 1957)
1992 - LeVar Burton weds Stephanie Cozart
1992 - Madonna premieres her "Erotica" video on MTV
1992 - Sinead O'Connor rips up a picture of Pope John Paul II on Saturday Night Live
sinead_oconnor.jpg ( 5.47K ) Number of downloads: 0
Singer-Songwriter Sinead O'Connor
1992 - Toronto Blue Jays win AL East title
1993 - "White Liars/Black Comedy" closes at Criterion NYC after 38 perfs
1993 - Battle at TV station Ostankino/Moscow townhall, about 25 killed
1993 - Boris Yeltsin declares state of emergency in Moscow
1993 - Evangelist Tammy Faye Bakker (52) weds Roe Messner (58)
1993 - Harry Belafonte performs in Tivoli Copenhagen
1993 - Indians play their last game at Cleve Stadium, Chicago wins 4-0
1993 - Somali General Aidids arm forces kill 18 US Rangers
1993 - Giants need to beat Dodgers to force a playoff game with Braves for NL West title, but Dodgers destroy Giants 12-1, Giants end year 103-59
1993 - Battle of Mogadishu: In an attempt to capture officials of warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid's organisation in Mogadishu, Somalia, 18 US Soldiers and about 1,000 Somalis are killed in heavy fighting.
1994 - Fernando Henrique Cardoso elected president of Brazil
1994 - Gary Larson, announces he is retiring from doing "Far Side" cartoon
1995 - 1st 1st-class match at Hurstville Oval, Sydney (NSW v W Prov)
1995 - OJ Simpson found not guilty in murder of Nicole Simpson & Ron Goldman
1996 - Thunderdome in Tampa Bay renamed Tropicana Field
1997 - Carolina Hurricanes 1st home game vs Pitts Penguins
1997 - Gordie Howie, 69, plays in 7th decade, with IHL'S Detroit Vipers
1997 - Japan's maglev train breaks world speed record at 280.3 mph
1997 - Vancouver Canucks beats Mighty Ducks, 3-2 in Japan
2003 - Roy Horn of Siegfried & Roy is attacked by one of the shows tigers, canceling the show for good.
2008 - The $700 billion bailout bill for the US financial system is signed by President Bush.
Music history on Oct. 3
1901 - The Victor Talking Machine Company was incorporated. After a merger with Radio Corporation of America the company became RCA-Victor.
1945 - Elvis Presley appeared in a talent show at the age of 10. It was his first public appearance. He won 2nd place and $5.
1945 - Stan Kenton and his orchestra recorded "Painted Rhythm."
1957 - "The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom" premiered on ABC-TV.
1961 - Jimmie Rodgers, Fred Rose, and Hank Williams became the first to be inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame.
1965 - Manfred Mann became the first western band to perform behind the Iron Curtain.
1970 - The group Lifetime was formed when Jack Bruce (Cream), John McLaughlin (Miles Davis' group), Larry Young and Tony Williams joined forces.
1969 - "Abbey Road" by the Beatles was released in the U.S. It was released a week earlier in England.
1980 - Bruce Springsteen forgot some of the words to "Born to Run" in Ann Arbor, MI.
1981 - The Kinks played their first show at Madison Square Garden.
1988 - The documentary "Imagine," about John Lennon, premiered in Hollywood, CA.
1989 - "Sound + Vison", the box set by David Bowie, was released.
1990 - A storeowner in Florida was found guilty of distributing obscene material. The material in question was 2 Live Crew's "As Nasty As They Wanna Be" album. The man was later fined $1,000.
1992 - Sinead O'Connor tore a picture of the pope during her appearance on "Saturday Night Live."
1994 - Eric Clapton started his "Nothing But The Blues" tour.
1996 - Van Halen gave David Lee Roth the boot for the second time after they had recorded a couple of songs for the bands greatest hits package.
2000 - Mark David Chapman was denied parole by the New York State Board of Parole. Chapman had been sentenced to life for the murder of John Lennon on December 8, 1980.
Sports history on Oct. 3
1951 - CBS-TV aired the first coast-to-coast telecast of a prizefight. Dave Sands defeated Carl Olson at Soldier Field in Chicago.
1951 - The New York Giants won the pennant by beating the Brooklyn Dodgers on a Bobby Thompson bottom-of-the-ninth home run.
1974 - Frank Robinson took over the management position of the Cleveland Indians baseball team. He was the first black manager in major league baseball.
1989 - Art Shell became the first African-American head coach in the modern NFL when he took over the Los Angeles Raiders.
1995 - O.J. Simpson was acquitted of the 1994 murder of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald L. Goldman. Simpson was later found liable in a civil trial.
2001 - ESPN began its 10th season of National Hockey League (NHL) coverage.
2001 - Barry Bonds (San Francisco Giants) broke Babe Ruth's major league single-season record for walks at 171.
2002 - The Texas Rangers put John Rocker on waivers for the purpose of his unconditional release.
2004 - Dale Earnhardt Jr. used a vulgar term during a live postrace television interview with NBC after winning a race in Talladega. On October 5, NASCAR penalized him $10,000 and 25 points in the Nextel Cup standings.
Famous birthdays on Oct. 3
Emily Post (Price) 1873
Harvey Kurtzman 1902 - Founder of "Mad" magazine
James Herriot 1916
Lindsey Buckingham (Fleetwood Mac) 1947 - Fleetwood Mac Merchandise, Lindsey Buckingham Merchandise
Ronnie Laws 1950
Tommy Lee 1961 Musician (Motley Crue), Motley Crue Merchandise
Gwen Stefani (No Doubt) 1969
Kevin Richardson (Backstreet Boys) 1971
Neve Campbell 1973
Erik Von Detten 1982
Quote for today:
Dost thou love life? Then do not squander time, for that's the stuff life is made of.
- Benjamin Franklin
This post has been edited by wingsovernc: Oct 3 2012, 08:31 AM
--------------------
If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Member No.: 13,204
QUOTE
1283 - Dafydd ap Gruffydd, prince of Gwynedd in Wales, becomes the first person executed by being hanged, drawn and quartered.
That had to hurt
Never too old to have a happy childhood!
..........
Don't put an age limit on your dreams!
QUOTE(mmi16 @ Oct 4 2012, 02:09 AM)
That had to hurt
torture_580x.jpg ( 45.83K ) Number of downloads: 0
Looks like just another day riding the horses...
--------------------
If you have one true friend in the world you are very rich.
~ Alistair Begg
Historic events on October 4
1209 - Pope Innocent II crowns German king Otto of Wittelsbach
1227 - Assassination of Caliph al-Adil.
1363 - End of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the Chinese rebel forces of Zhu Yuanzhang defeat that of his rival, Chen Youliang, in one of the largest naval battles in history.
1537 - The first complete English-language Bible (the Matthew Bible) is printed, with translations by William Tyndale and Miles Coverdale.
1539 - King Henry VIII & Anna of Kleef marry
1571 - -13] Synod of Emden
1582 - Last Julian calender day in Spain/Portugal/pontifical states
1636 - 1st code of law for Plymouth Colony
1636 - Battle at Wittstock, Brandenburg: Sweden beat Ferdinand III
1636 - In Massachusetts the Plymouth Colony's 1st law drafted
1648 - Peter Stuyvesant establishes Americas 1st volunteer firemen
1675 - Christian Huygens patents pocket watch
1693 - Battle of Marsaglia: Piedmontese troops are defeated by the French.
1712 - Utrecht banishes poor Jews
1725 - Foundation of Rosario in Argentina.
1767 - Prince Willem V marries Prussian princess Wilhelmina
1777 - Battle of Germantown: Gen George Washington's troops attack and are defeated by the British at Germantown, Pennsylvania
1779 - The Fort Wilson Riot takes place.
1824 - Mexico becomes a republic
1830 - Provisional government declares secession of Belgium from Netherlands
1830 - Creation of the state of Belgium after separation from The Netherlands.
1834 - Franz Grillparzer's "Der Traum ein Leben," premieres in Vienna
1854 - Abraham Lincoln made his 1st political speech at Illinois State Fair
imagesCAAV83DE.jpg ( 5.59K ) Number of downloads: 0
US President Abraham Lincoln
1862 - Battle of Corinth ends
1864 - National black convention meets (Syracuse NY)
1864 - New Orleans Tribune, 1st black daily newspaper, forms
1873 - Toronto Argonaut Football Club forms
1880 - University of California founded in Los Angeles
1881 - Edward Leveaux patents automatic player piano
1883 - Orient Express' 1st run, linking Turkey to Europe by rail
1883 - First meeting of the Boys' Brigade in Glasgow, Scotland.
1895 - 1st US Golf Open: Horace Rawlins shoots a 173 at Newport GC RI
1895 - Horace Rawlins wins 1st US Open golf tournament (Newport RI)
1897 - George Bernard Shaw's "Devil's Disciple," premieres in NYC
george_bernard_shaw.jpg ( 14.08K ) Number of downloads: 0
Playwright George Bernard Shaw
1900 - Start of Sherlock Holmes adventure "Problem of Thor Bridge" (BG)
1901 - Columbia (US) beats Shamrock II (England) in 12th America's Cup
1904 - 1st day of NYC subway, 350,000 people ride 9.1 mile tracks
1906 - Chicago Cubs win their 116th game (116-36 .763) of year
1910 - Portugal becomes a republic, King Manuel II flees to England
1910 - Adoption of the Flag of Bermuda.
1911 - 1st public elevator (London's Earl's Court Metro Station)
1913 - Bkln Dodger Jake Daubert earns a new Chalmers auto as NL MVP
1913 - Freddy Wilson of Regina Roughriders kicks 10 singles in a game
1914 - Dardanellen (French & English) fleet bombs Turkish forts
1915 - Dinosaur National Monument in Colorado & Utah is established
1916 - Market Street's "Path of Gold" lit for 1st time
1917 - British assault on Broodseinde, France
1918 - Musical "Sometime" with Mae West premieres in NYC
1933_mae_west1.jpg ( 15.63K ) Number of downloads: 0
Actress Mae West
1921 - League of Nations refuses to assist starving Russians
1921 - Riccardo Zanella becomes first elected president of Free State of Fiume.
1922 - For 1st time, entire World Series broadcast over radio (WJZ & WGY)
1922 - Protocol of Genevia signed: Austria gains independence
1923 - Young Stribling held light-heavyweight boxing championship for shortest amount of time (3 hrs). Referee overturns decision
1924 - NY Giants become 1st team to appear in 4 consecutive World Series
1925 - Harry Heilmann's 6 hits edges Ty Cobb .393 to .389 as batting champ
1926 - Dahlia is officially designated as SF city flower
1927 - Gutzon Borglum begins sculpting Mt. Rushmore.
1928 - 25th World Series begins, NY Yankees vs St Louis Cardinals
1928 - KPD begins petition against Germany building a battle fleet
1930 - A's Jack Quinn, 46, pitches 2 inn, is oldest to play in World Series
1931 - Dick Tracy comic strip by Chester Gould debuts
1931 - Juan Esteban Montero becomes president of Chile
1932 - Anti-semite Julius Gombos forms new government in Hungary
1932 - Clark Griffith announces Walter Johnson will be manager of Senators
1932 - Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov marries Yelena Sergeyevna
1933 - Esquire magazine is 1st published
1936 - Italian lire devalued
1936 - Record 66,669 at Yankee Stadium for 4th game of World Series
1939 - Last Polish troops surrender
1940 - 12 German aircrafts shot down above England
1940 - Adolph Hitler & Benito Mussolini confer at Brenner Pass in Alps
adolph_hitler.jpg ( 13.44K ) Number of downloads: 0
Dictator of Nazi Germany Adolph Hitler
1940 - French Vichy-regime proclaims end of "Statut of the Juifs"
1940 - Wrestling returns to Madison Sq Garden after 12 year lay off
1942 - German assault on Tractor factory in Stalingrad
1943 - Corsica freed by Free French
1943 - German occupiers forbid flying of kites (6 month jail sentence)
1944 - British troops land on Greek continent
1944 - 1st All St Louis World Series, all games played at Sportsman's Park
1944 - St Louis Browns win 1st World Series game in their only appearance
1947 - Negro League World Series, NY Cubans beat Cleveland Buckeyes, 6-5
1948 - Indians beat Red Sox, 8-0, in 1st AL playoff game
1948 - World Council of Churches forms under W Fisherman It Hooft)
1949 - American Contract Bridge League votes 58�% to keep blacks out
1949 - United Nations' permanent NYC headquarters is dedicated
1950 - French troops vacate Cla Afraid Vietnam
1951 - In opening World Series game, Giant Monte Irvin steals home in 1st inn
1952 - "Top Banana" closes at Winter Garden Theater NYC after 356 perfs
1953 - Jim Peters runs world record marathon (2:17:39.4)
1953 - Mickey Mantle hits a grand slam in World Series
1955 - Brooklyn Dodgers only World Series victory, beating Yankees in 7
1955 - Rev Sun Young Moon leaves prison in Seoul
1956 - Great Britain performs nuclear test at Maralinga Australia
1957 - "Leave It to Beaver," debuts on CBS
1957 - USSR launches Sputnik I, 1st artificial Earth satellite
1957 - Avro Arrow roll-out ceremony at Avro Canada plant in Malton, Ontario.
1958 - 12th NHL All-Star Game: Montreal beat All-Stars 6-3 at Montreal
1958 - 5th French republic forms
1958 - Transatlantic coml jet passenger service began (BOAC)
1958 - Fifth Republic of France is established.
1959 - 1st World Series game played west of St Louis (in LA)
1959 - Cleveland Browns' Jim Brown makes club record 37 rushing attempts
1959 - Dmitri Sjostakovitch 1st Cello concert premieres in Leningrad
1959 - LA Dodgers set World Series attendance record at 92,394
1959 - Netherlands beats Belgium 9-1
1959 - USSR Luna 3 sent back 1st photos of Moon's far side
1960 - Courier 1B Launched; 1st active repeater satellite in orbit
1961 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1961 - Whitey Ford's 3rd straight World Series shutout
1962 - USAF Maj Robert A Rushworth takes X-15 to 32,300m
1962 - Whitey Ford's World Series 33 2/3 scoreless inning streak ends
1963 - -8] Hurricane Flora, kills 6,000 in Cuba & Haiti
1963 - Gambia achieves full internal self-government
1964 - -7] Hurricane Hilda, kills 38 in La, Miss & Ga
1964 - 10th LPGA Championship won by Mary Mills
1964 - 3 cars of a commuter train derails in South Africa killing 81
1964 - Italian Autostrada del Sol opens at Milan-Naples
1964 - Patriots' Gino Cappelletti kicks 6-of-6 field goals against Broncos
1964 - Phils bomb Reds 10-0 as both teams finish one game behind St Louis
1965 - "Pickwick" opens at 46th St Theater NYC for 56 performances
1965 - Pope Paul VI becomes 1st Pope to visit Western Hemisphere (UN)
1965 - USSR launches Luna 7; crash lands on Moon
1966 - Dutch Cardinal Alfrink presents New Catechism
1966 - France performs nuclear test at Muruora Island
1966 - Lesotho (Basutoland) gains independence from Britain (National Day)
1967 - 1st World Series since 1948 not to feature Yanks, Giants or Dodgers
1967 - Omar Ali Saifuddin III of Brunei abdicates in favour of his son, His Majesty Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah.
1969 - Last wooden passenger subway cars retired at Bkln Myrtle Beach el
1969 - UN starts issuing postage stamps at Geneva headquarters
1969 - Baseball's 1st divisional playoff games, Mets beat Braves 9-5 & Orioles beat Twins 4-3 in 12 innings
1970 - KC Chiefs Jan Stenerud kicks 55-yard field goal
1970 - Umps return after 1-day walkout in quest of higher wages
1970 - WFYI TV channel 20 in Indianapolis, IN (PBS) begins broadcasting
1970 - Herbert Schmidtz makes highest parachute jump from a tower by leaping from a 1,984 ft TV mast in Tulsa, Oklahoma
1971 - Borden's opens a turn-of-century ice cream parlor at Disney World
1971 - KMPH TV channel 26 in Visalia-Fresno, CA (IND) begins broadcasting
1971 - USSR performs underground nuclear test
1972 - Ted Williams manages his final game as Rangers lose to Royals, 4-0
1973 - Hans of Manens ballet "Adagio Hammerklavier" premieres in Amsterdam
1974 - John Lennon releases "Walls & Bridges" album
John_Lennon_10.jpg ( 12.2K ) Number of downloads: 0
Rocker/Beatle John Lennon
1975 - A Cessna 310Q airplane crashes over Wilmington, North Carolina, killing the pilot and severely injuring several pro wrestlers affiliated with the NWA's Mid-Atlantic promotion. One of the survivors is the legendary Ric Flair.
1976 - Agriculture Secretary Earl Butz resigns due to telling a racial joke
1976 - Supreme Court lifts 1972 ban on death penalty for convicted murderers
1976 - Official launch of the Intercity 125 High Speed Train (HST).
1977 - Pier 39 opens in SF
1978 - Funeral services held for Pope John Paul I
1979 - Hugh Leonards "Life," premieres in Dublin
1979 - USSR performs nuclear test
1980 - Mike Schmidt's 2-run HR clinches NL East title for Phillies
1981 - Donna Caponi Young/Kathy Whitworth wins Portland Ping Team Golf Champ
1981 - Meadowlands Arena opens in NJ
1981 - Pasakevi Kouna of Greece (9) is youngest intl gymnastics participant
1982 - Helmut Kohl elected chancellor of German FR
1983 - Richard Noble reaches record 1019 kph in jet-powered car
1984 - US government closes down due to budget problems
1984 - Yanks clinch AL East
1985 - Henry G Perry completes 157 day, 14,021 mile bicycle tour of Australia
1985 - Shite Moslems claim to have killed hostage William Buckley
1985 - Free Software Foundation is founded in Massachusetts, USA.
1986 - NY Yank Dave Righetti saves doubleheader for then record 46 saves
1986 - Queen Beatrice installs dam at Oosterschelde
1986 - Rachel Oliver (Mass), 20, crowned 19th Miss Black America
1987 - 1st "Scrub Sunday" of NFL football with replacement players
1987 - Blues Jays lose final 7 games allowing Tigers to win AL pennant
1987 - James Jefferson of Winnipeg scores 2 TDs on interception returns without making an interception. (He scored on laterals)
1988 - Pillsbury stock soars $18.37 to $57.37 on takeover bid
1989 - Giants Will Clark hits 1st NLCS grand slam since 1977
1989 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1990 - "Stand Up Tragedy" opens at Criterion Theater NYC for 13 performances
1990 - Regional elections held, in what is East Germany
1991 - Delta Center in Salt Lake City Utah
1991 - NHL NY Rangers trade Bernie Nichols to Edmonton for Mark Messier
1991 - San Jose Sharks lose 4-3 to Vancouver Canucks in their 1st NHL game
1991 - Whiteland Janice, driven by Mike Lachance, wins Kentucky Futurity
1991 - The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty is opened for signature.
1992 - "Anna Karenina" closes at Circle in Sq Theater NYC after 46 perfs
1992 - "Real Inspector Hound" closes at Criterion Theater NYC after 61 perfs
1992 - 1st time AL East & West champs have same record (96-66)-Tor & Oak
1992 - 2nd Solheim Cup: Europe beats US, 11�-6� at Dalmahoy CC Scotland
1992 - El Al cargo plane crashes at Amsterdam Bijlmer, 43 die
1992 - Miami Dolphin Louis Oliver returns record tying interception 103 yards
1992 - The Rome General Peace Accords ends a 16 year civil war in Mozambique.
1993 - Troops of pres Yelsin occupy Russian White House (parliament)
1994 - 7.9 earthquake strikes Koerilen, flood kills 18+
1994 - Keith Moore is charged with stealing $5,000,000 from Sting
1994 - Soyuz TM-20 launches
1995 - 29th Country Music Association Award: Krauss Jackson win
1995 - Jim Leyritz homers with a man on in 15th inning to give Yankees 2-0 Division Series lead over Mariners
1996 - BPAA US Bowling Open by Dave Husted
1996 - BPAA US Women's Bowling Open won by Liz Johnson
1996 - Shahid Afridi scores century in 37 balls for Pakistan v Sri Lanka
1997 - Farm Aid 10 concert cancelled due to weak ticket sales
1997 - The second largest cash robbery in U.S. history occurs at the Charlotte, North Carolina office of Loomis, Fargo and Company. An FBI investigation eventually results in 24 convictions and the recovery of approximately 95% of the $17.3 million in cash which had been taken.
2001 - Siberia Airlines Flight 1812: a Sibir Airlines Tupolev TU-154 crashes into the Black Sea after being struck by an errant Ukrainian S-200 missile. 78 people are killed.
2003 - Maxim restaurant suicide bombing in Haifa, Israel: 21 Israelis, Jews and Arabs, are killed, and 51 others wounded.
2004 - SpaceShipOne wins Ansari X Prize for private spaceflight.
2009 - George Papandreou's Panhellenic Socialist Movement defeats Greece's governing New Democracy party in an electoral landslide.
Music history on Oct. 4
1875 - Composer Mikolajus Konstantinas Ciurlionis was born.
1881 - Edward Leveaux received a patent for the player piano.
1939 - Perry Como recorded "That Old Gang of Mine" with the Ted Weems Orchestra.
1943 - "Is You is or is You Ain�t My Baby?" by Louis Jordan and His Tympany Five was released.
1963 - Eric Clapton was asked to join the Yardbirds to replace Anthony "Top" Topham.
1969 - The song "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes" was released by Crosby, Stills & Nash.
1970 - Janis Joplin was found dead of a heroin overdose at the age of 27. She had just finished recording her second solo album "Pearl."
1974 - Thin Lizzy performed for the first time with Scott Gorham and Brian Robertson both in the lineup.
1974 - "Walls And Bridges" was released by John Lennon.
1980 - Carly Simon collapsed on stage in Pittsburgh from a case of nervous exhaustion. The remainder of the tour was cancelled.
1981 - The children's holiday album "In Harmony" was released by CBS Records.
1982 - The group Squeeze broke up.
1992 - The musical "Anna Karenina" closed after 46 performances.
1994 - Dream Theater released the album "Awake."
1996 - Van Halen announced that Gary Cherone, formerly of Extreme, would be the singer that would replace Sammy Hagar.
1997 - Farm Aid '97 raised over $1 million for U.S. farmers.
2002 - A U.S. District Court judge denied DownloadCard's request for a preliminary injunction on the release of Bon Jovi's album "Bounce." The issue was over a program included on the album called "American XS."
Sports history on Oct. 4
1893 - The first professional football contract was signed by Grant Dibert for the Pittsburgh AC.
1895 - The first U.S. Open golf tournament took place in Newport, RI. Horace Rawlins, 19 years old, won the tournament.
1959 - The first World Series to be played west of St. Louis began in Los Angeles, CA.
1981 - Bruce Jenner and Harry Belafonte debuted in their first dramatic roles in NBC-TV's "Grambling's White Tiger".
1987 - NFL owners used replacement personnel to play games despite the player's strike.
2001 - Barry Bonds (San Francisco Giants) hit his 70th home run of the season to tie Mark McGwire's major league record. Bonds also moved past Reggie Jackson on the all-time list with his 564th career home run.
2001 - Rickey Henderson (San Diego Padres) scored his 2,246th career run to break Ty Cobb's major league record.
Famous birthdays on Oct. 4
1160 - Alys, Countess of the Vexin, daughter of Louis VII of France (d. 1220)
1276 - Margaret of Brabant, Queen of Germany (d. 1311)
1289 - Louis X, the Stubborn, king of France (1314-16)
1331 - James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormonde (d. 1382)
1379 - King Henry III of Castile (d. 1406)
1515 - Lucas Cranach, the Younger, German painter
1542 - Roberto Bellarmino, Italian theologist/diplomat
1542 - Robert Bellarmine, Italian saint (d. 1621)
1550 - Charles IX, King of Sweden
1562 - Christian S�rensen Longomontanus, Danish astronomer (d. 1647)
1570 - P�ter P�zm�ny, Hungarian cardinal (d. 1637)
1585 - Anna of Tyrol, Empress consort of the Holy Roman Empire (d. 1618)
1607 - Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla, Span playwright (Del Rey Abajo Ninguno)
1625 - Jacqueline Pascal, French child prodigy (d. 1661)
1626 - Richard Cromwell, lord protector of England (1658-59)
1657 - Francesco Solimena, Italian painter (d. 1747)
1659 - Franz Weichlein, composer
1720 - Giovanni Battista Piranesi, Italian etcher
1723 - Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus, German entomologist (d. 1798)
1744 - Domenico Corri, composer
1759 - Antoine Arbogast, French mathematician (d. 1803)
1762 - Tommaso Sogner, composer
1787 - Francois P G Guizot, French historian/politician
1796 - John Richardson, Canadian writer (Wacousta, or the prophecy)
1797 - J Gotthelf, writer
1804 - "Felix", cricketer (Nicholas Wanostracht)
1807 - Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine, French Canadian politician, prime minister of the Province of Canada (d. 1864)
1809 - Albrecht F H, prince of Prussia
1809 - Robert Cumming Schenck, Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1890
1810 - Alexander Walewski, French earl/foreign minister/Napoleon I's son
1816 - Egbert Benson Brown, Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1902
1818 - Francesco Crispi, Italian minister of War/premier
1822 - Rutherford Birchard Hayes, Delaware Ohio, � 19th pres (1877-81)
1832 - William Griggs, inventor (photo chromo lithography)
1836 - Juliette Adam-Lamber, French author (Salon/Nouvelle Revue)
1840 - Charles Ferdinand Lenepveu, composer
1841 - Stephen Albert Emery, composer
1841 - Prudente Jos� de Morais Barros, President of Brazil (d. 1912)
1841 - Maria Sophie of Bavaria, queen of the Two Sicilies (d. 1925)
1850 - John W McGraw, (Gov-R-Wash) (1893-97)
1857 - Henry Schoenfeld, composer
1858 - Michael I. Pupin, Serbian-born telephone pioneer (d. 1935)
1859 - Henryk Pachulski, composer
1860 - Sidney Paget, British illustrator (Sherlock Holmes)
1861 - Frederic Remington, US, artist/sculptor of American West
1861 - Joao Marcellino Arroyo, composer
1862 - Edward Stratemeyer, American author (d. 1930)
1865 - Max Halbe, writer
1868 - Marcelo Torcuato the Alvear, president of Argentina (1922-28)
1875 - Mikolajus Konstantinas Ciurlionis, composer
1876 - Hugh McCrae, Australian writer (d. 1958)
1877 - Razor Smith, English cricketer (d. 1946)
1880 - Damon Runyon, Manhattan, Kansas, journalist/writer (Guys & Dolls-based on his work), (d. 1946)
damon_runyon.jpg ( 13.41K ) Number of downloads: 0
Journalist and Author Damon Runyon (1880)
1881 - [Heinrich A H] Walther von Brauchitsch, German fieldmarshal
1885 - Henricus Wijdefield, Dutch architect (Peace Palace)
1886 - Luis Alberni, Spain, actor (Topaze)
1887 - Francis Bull, Norway, writer (Norsk literature historian)
1888 - Oscar Mathisen, Norwegian speed skater (d. 1954)
1889 - John B Kelly, Olympic champion rower/father of Grace Kelly
1892 - Engelbert Dollfuss, Austrian Fascist chancellor killed by Nazis
1892 - Luis Trenker, Sankt Ulrich, actor (Berge in Flammen)
1892 - Hermann Glauert, British aerodynamicist (d. 1934)
1894 - Cliff Hall, Bkln NY, actor (Crime Photographer)
1895 - Buster [Joseph F] Keaton, actor (Navigator, Steamboat Bill, Jr)
1895 - Richard Sorge, German spy for USSR in Tokyo (WW II)
1895 - Sergei Jessenin, writer
1901 - Carroll Nye, Canton OH, actress (Lawless Woman)
1903 - Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Austrian nazi (SS/SD)
1903 - Lord Roborough, English large landowner/multi-millionaire
1903 - Bona Arsenault, French Canadian politician, historian and genealogist (d. 1993)
1904 - Harris Rhoad, rocker
1904 - Rene Mable Neighbour Cloke, illustrator
1905 - Leon Orthel, composer
1906 - Johannes Post, Dutch farmer/resistance fighter (passage fight)
1909 - James B Pritchard, US, theologist/archaeologist
1909 - Noel Chiboust, trumpeter/Sax
1910 - Frankie Crosetti, American baseball player (d. 2002)
1912 - Alfonso Letelier-Llonas, composer
1912 - John de Mol, Dutch accordianist/producer (Baantjer, Pril Geluk)
1913 - Stanley Oliphant Stewart, librarian
1914 - Brendan Gill, writer/critic (New Yorker magazine)
1914 - Jim Cairns, Australian politician (d. 2003)
1915 - Koos Schuur, Dutch journalist/poet (7 Curses)
1916 - Owen Tudor Williams, civil engineer
1916 - George Sidney, American film director (d. 2002)
1917 - Albert de Klerk, Dutch composer/conductor
1917 - Jan Murray, Bronx NY, comedian (Treasure Hunt, Who Killed Teddy Bear)
1918 - Kenichi Fukui, Japanese chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1998)
1920 - George Tribe, cricketer (Australian chinaman bowler, Northants)
1922 - Malcolm Baldrige, Conn, US Secretary of Commerce (1981-87)
1922 - Shin Kyuk-Ho, Japanese businessman
1923 - Charlton Heston, Ill, Manhattan, Kansas, actor (10 Commandments, Ben Hur, Planet of Apes), (d. 2008)
charlton_heston.jpg ( 14.42K ) Number of downloads: 0
Actor Charlton Heston (1923)
1928 - Alvin Toffler, author (Future Shock, Power Shift, The Third Wave)
1928 - Torben Ulrich, Danish musician, writer, filmmaker and tennis player
1929 - Leroy Van Dyke, Spring Fork Mo, country singer (Walk on By)
1929 - Scotty Beckett, Oakland CA, actor (Listen Darling, Battleground)
1930 - Jozsef Soproni, composer
1931 - Basil D'Oliveira, cricketer (England all-rounder of late 60's)
1931 - Dick Tracy, comic strip crimestopper
1932 - Dottie West, country singer
1932 - Felicia Farr, Westchester NY, actress (Charley Varrick, Kotch)
1932 - Milan Chvostek, Canadian television director
1934 - Malva M Basoalto, daughter of Pablo Neruda & Marie Hagenaar Vogelzang
1934 - Sam Huff, NFL linebacker (NY Giants, Washington Redskins)
1935 - Eddie Applegate, Wyncote Pa, actor (Richard-Patty Duke Show)
1936 - David Pithey, cricketer (bro of Tony, S Afr all-rounder in 8 Tests)
1936 - Sally Mary Caroline Belfrage, writer
1937 - Franz Vranitzky, Austria union chancellor (1986- )
1937 - Jackie Collins, London, British author (The Stud, Lucky)
1937 - Jim Sillars, Scottish politician
1938 - Kurt W�thrich, Swiss chemist, Nobel laureate
1939 - W Henson Moore, (Rep-R-LA, 1975- )
1940 - Silvio Marzolini, Argentine footballer
1940 - Alberto Vilar, Cuban-American investor and philanthropist
1941 - Anne Rice, New Orleans LA, author (Interview with a Vampire)
anne_rice.jpg ( 14.58K ) Number of downloads: 0
Author Anne Rice (1941)
1941 - Lori Saunders, Kansas City Mo (Petticoat Junction, Dusty Trails)
1941 - Roy Blount, Jr., American writer
1941 - Karl Oppitzhauser, Austrian racing driver
1942 - Christopher Stone, Manchester NH, actor (Dave-Dallas, Interns)
1942 - Jenny Arean, [Joanna Klarenbeek], Dutch actress (Paul Chevrolet)
1942 - Karl W. Richter, American aviator (d. 1967)
1943 - Bonnie Bryant, LPGA golfer
1943 - Buddy Roemer, (Gov/Rep-D-LA, 1981- )
1943 - Owen Keir Davidson, Australia, 4 time Wimbledon mix double champ
1944 - Nona Hendryx, Trenton NJ, singer (LaBelle-Lady Marmalade)
1944 - Patty LaBelle, singer (LaBelles-Lady Marmalade, If You Asked Me Too)
1944 - Roc�o D�rcal, Spanish singer and actress (d. 2006)
1945 - Clifton Davis, Chicago Ill, actor/singer (That's My Mama, Amen)
1945 - Richard Bickell, race horse trainer
1946 - Andre Bolhuis, hockey player (World Cup 1973, European Cup 1978
1946 - Susan Sarandon, [Tomaling], Jackson Hgts NY, actress (Bull Durham)
1946 - Chuck Hagel, American politician
1947 - James Fielder, Denton TX, rocker (Blood Sweat & Tears)
1947 - Ann Widdecombe, British politician
1947 - Julien Clerc, French singer
1948 - Linda McMahon, CEO of World Wrestling Entertainment
1949 - Armand Assante, NYC, actor (Private Benjamin, Unfaithfully Yours)
1949 - Stephen Gyllenhaal, American director
1950 - Meg Bennett, Los Angeles CA, actress (Young & Restless)
1951 - Alan Rosenberg, actor (Civil Wars, LA Law, Cybill)
1951 - Bakhytzhan Kanapyanov, Kazakh poet
1952 - Anita Luceete Defrantz, Phila Pa, rower (Olympic-bronze-1976)
1952 - Jody Stephens, rock drummer (Big Star)
1952 - Nina Carter, London England, vocalist (Blonde on Blonde)
1953 - Tch�ky Karyo, Turkish-French actor
1955 - Joe Orseno, race horse trainer
1955 - Jorge Valdano, Argentine footballer
1956 - Hans van Breukelen, Dutch soccer goaltender (PSV)
1956 - Sherri Turner, Greenville SC, LPGA golfer (1988 Mazda LPGA Champ)
1957 - Christina Smith, Miami FL, playmate (Mar, 1978)
1957 - Gregory T Linteris, Demarest NJ, astronaut (sk: STS 83)
1957 - Alexander Tkachyov, Soviet gymnast
1957 - Bill Fagerbakke, American actor
1957 - Kyra Schon, American actress
1958 - Anneka Rice, Dutch TV hostess
1958 - Barbara MacDonald, rocker (Timbuk 3)
1959 - Tony Meo, English billiards champion (snookers)
1960 - Gregg "Hobie" Hubbard, Apopka Fla, country singer (Betty's Bein' Bad)
1960 - Jennifer Anglin, Adrian Mich, actress (Cheryl-General Hospital)
1960 - Joe Boever, American baseball player
1961 - David W Harper, Abilene Tx, actor (Jim Bob-Waltons)
1961 - John Secada, singer
1961 - Mary Ellen Stuart, actress (Frannie Crawford-As the World Turns)
1961 - Kazuki Takahashi, Japanese author
1962 - Aldo Sprenger, Dutch pop guitarist (Kong-Phlegm)
1962 - Dennis Cook, Lamarque TX, pitcher (Texas Rangers)
1963 - A C Green, NBA forward (Phoenix Suns, Dallas Mavericks)
1963 - Bruce Ruffin, Lubbock TX, pitcher (Colorado Rockies)
1963 - Patti Berendt, San Diego CA, LPGA golfer (1995 Star Bank Classic-24th)
1963 - Koji Ishikawa (children's book author and illustrator)Japanese children's author
1964 - David Brain, cricketer (Zimbabwe lefty seamer 1993-)
1964 - Mark McLemore, San Diego CA, infielder (Texas Rangers)
1964 - Matthew Cetlinski, US 400m freestyle swimmer
1964 - Yvonne Murray, athlete
1965 - "Stuttering John" Melendez, interviewer (Howard Stern Show)
1965 - Skip Heller, American musician
1966 - John van de Brom, soccer player (Ajax)
1966 - Mike Walker, Brooksville FL, pitcher (Detroit Tigers)
1967 - Nick Green, Australian rower (Olympics-96)
1967 - Roger Pavlik, Houston TX, pitcher (Texas Rangers)
1967 - Vicky Bullett, WNBA forward/center (Oly-gold-1988/Charlotte Sting)
1967 - Ekin Cheng Yee-Kin, Hong Kong actor and Cantopop singer
1967 - Liev Schreiber, American actor
1968 - Kanavis McGhee, NFL defensive end (Houston Oilers)
1969 - Lucas Parsons, Sydney NSW, Australasia golfer
1970 - Brian Kozlowski, NFL halfback (Atlanta Falcons, NY Giants)
1970 - Hency Charles, CFL defensive back (Montreal Alouettes)
1970 - Lucy Nusrala, St Louis Mo, 5k runner
1970 - Ryan McNeil, NFL cornerback (Detroit Lions, St Louis Rams)
1970 - Richard Hancox, English footballer
1971 - Corey Sawyer, NFL cornerback (Cin Bengals)
1971 - Friderika Bayer, Hungarian singer
1972 - Joanna Stone, Australian javelin thrower (Olympics-96)
1972 - Kurt Thomas, NBA forward (Dallas Mavericks, Miami Heat)
1972 - Norberto Garrido, tackle (Carolina Panthers)
1972 - Rusty Fitzgerald, Minneapolis, NHL center (Pitts Penguins)
1973 - Emy Snook, Australian rower (Olympics-96)
1973 - Kantroy Barber, fullback (Carolina Panthers)
1973 - Kerry Joseph, WLAF quarterback (London Monarchs)
1973 - Chris Parks, American wrestler
1974 - Claudia Elena Vasquez, Miss Universe-best costume (Colombia, 1997)
1974 - Paco Le�n, Spanish actor
1975 - Heather Tom, Hinsdale Ill, (Victoria-Y&R, Deadly Whispers)
1975 - Cristiano Lucarelli, Italian football player
1976 - Alicia Silverstone, SF California, actress (Clueless, Batman Forever)
1976 - Mauro Camoranesi, Argentine-Italian footballer
1976 - Cabral Ibacka, Romanian actor and television presenter
1978 - Ko Soo, South Korean television and movie actor
1978 - Kyle Lohse, American baseball player
1979 - Rachael Leigh Cook, American actress
1979 - Stefan Booth, British actor
1979 - Bjorn Phau, German tennis player
1980 - Jimmy Workman, actor (Pugsley-Addams Family)
1980 - Kristina Lenko, Canadian ice skater
1980 - Me'Lisa Barber, American athlete
1980 - Sarah Fisher, American race car driver
1980 - Tim Peper, American actor
1980 - Tom� Rosick�, Czech footballer
1981 - Justin Williams, Canadian ice hockey player
1981 - Scott Hammond, American photographer
1981 - Juka, Japanese singer
1982 - Jered Weaver, American baseball player
1982 - Tony Gwynn Jr., American baseball player
1983 - Risa Kudo, Japanese gravure idol
1983 - Ueda Tatsuya, Japanese idol (member of KAT-TUN)
1983 - Dan Clarke, British racing driver
1983 - Kurt Suzuki, American baseball player
1984 - Lena Katina, Russian singer (t.A.T.u.)
1984 - �lvaro Parente, Portuguese racing driver
1986 - Barbara Jean Jones, fictional character (General Hospital)
1986 - Yuridia, Mexican singer
1987 - Michael Roman, actor (Al-One Life to Live)
1987 - Rawez Lawan, Swedish footballer
1989 - Dakota Johnson, son of Melanie Griffith & Don Johnson
1989 - Lil Mama, American rapper
1989 - Kimmie Meissner, American figure skater
2005 - Prince Emmanuel of Belgium
Quote for today:
In love there are things --- bodies and words.
- Joyce Carol Oates
Historic events on October 5
610 - Heraclius' fleet takes Constantinople
869 - 4th Council of Constantinople (8th ecumenical council) opens
1143 - The king Alfonso VII of Leon recognises Portugal as a Kingdom.
1349 - Paris' theologist Jean de Fayt warns for flagellanten at Avignon
1430 - Duke Philip the Good of Bourgondy visits Brussels
1450 - Jews are expelled from Lower Bavaria by order of Ludwig IX
1465 - French King Louis XI signs peace with Charles the Stout
1511 - Eedgenootschap signs anti-French Saint League
1511 - Pope Julius II/Germany/Ferdinand of Aragon/Venice/Swiss
1550 - Foundation of Concepci�n, city in Chile.
1568 - Conference of York begins: trial against Mary Stuart
1568 - Willem of Oranges army occupies Brabant
1572 - Spanish army under Alva's son Don Frederik plunders Mechelen
1582 - Gregorian calendar introduced in Italy, other Catholic countries
1632 - Henry Casimir I appointed viceroy of Groningen
1665 - The University of Kiel is founded.
1693 - Haarlem people's revolution due to food shortages
1750 - Carlo Goldoni's "Il teatro comica," premieres in Venice
1762 - Opera "Orfeo Ed Euridice" is produced (Vienna)
1789 - French Revolution: Women of Paris march to Versailles in the March on Versailles to confront Louis XVI about his refusal to promulgate the decrees on the abolition of feudalism, demand bread, and have the King and his court moved to Paris.
1793 - French Revolution: Christianity is disestablished in France.
1796 - Spain declares war on England
1813 - Battle of Thames in Canada; Americans defeat British
1823 - Weber visits Beethoven
1830 - King Willem I mobilizes Dutch army
1833 - Charles Darwin moves with Parana to Santa Fe Bajada Argentina
charles_darwin.jpg ( 14.18K ) Number of downloads: 0
Naturalist Charles Darwin
1857 - The City of Anaheim was founded.
1862 - Battle of Big Hatchie River, MS
1862 - Federal fleet occupies Galveston, Texas
1863 - Confederate sub David damages Union ship Ironsides
1864 - Battle of Allatoona, 1/3 of Union troops die repulsing South
1864 - Most of Calcutta destroyed by cyclone (approx 60,000 die)
1867 - Last day of Julian calendar in Alaska
1869 - A strong hurricane devastates the Bay of Fundy region of Maritime Canada. The storm had been predicted over a year before by a British naval officer.
1875 - Palace Hotel on Market Street, SF opens
1877 - Chief Joseph surrenders, ending Nez Perce War
1892 - Dalton Gang ends in shoot-out in Coffeville, Kansas bank holdup
1895 - The first individual time trial for racing cyclists is held on a 50-mile course north of London.
1896 - William Gillette's "Secret Service," premieres in NYC
1897 - Solomon Andrees baloon/polar expedition reaches White Island
1900 - 6th US Golf Open: Harry Vardon shoots a 313 at Chicago GC Ill
1900 - Harry Vardon wins US Open golf tournament
1903 - Sir Samuel Griffith is appointed the first Chief Justice of Australia and Sir Edmund Barton and Richard O'Connor are appointed as foundation justices.
1905 - Orville/Wilbur Wright's "Flyer III" flight 38.5 km in 38.3"
1906 - Henry Mathewson (NY Giants, Christy's brother) walks 14 men
1907 - Interprovincial Rugby Football Union plays 1st game (Mtl 17 Tor 8)
1907 - Phila A's Rube Vickers no-hits Wash Senators, 4-0 in 5 inning game
1908 - Bulgaria declares independence from Turkey, Ferdinand I becomes Tsar
1908 - White Sox Ed Walsh tops Detroit 6-1 for his 40th victory
1910 - Portugal overthrows monarchy, proclaims republic
1911 - Italian troops occupy Tripoli
1912 - Billy Mallett of Hamilton Tigers kicks 9 singles in a game
1912 - Red Sox defeat A's 3-0 for then AL record 105th win
1912 - Yanks win final game at Hilltop stadium
1914 - World War I first aerial combat resulting in a kill.
1915 - Bulgaria enters World War I as one of the Central Powers.
1916 - Soldier Adolf Hitler is injured
1919 - Norwegian population agrees to prohibition
1921 - 1st World Series radio broadcast, Yanks beat Giants 3-0
1921 - Present constitution of Liechtenstein comes into effect
1922 - Yanks & Giants play an infamous 3-3 tie World Series game
1923 - Edwin Hubble identifies Cepheid variable star
edwin_hubble.jpg ( 10.14K ) Number of downloads: 0
Astronomer Edwin Hubble
1924 - 1st Little Orphan Annie-strip appears in NYC Daily News
1925 - WSM-AM in Nashville Tenn begins radio transmissions
1930 - British airship crashes in storm at Beauvais France, 48 die
1931 - 1st nonstop transpacific flight, Japan to Wash (Herndon & Pangborn)
1931 - Paul Green's "House of Connelly," premieres in NYC
1936 - The Jarrow March sets off for London.
1937 - Minister Romme says unemployment is 25% "quarter of Romme"
1941 - Mickey Owens drops a 3rd strike, Tom Hendrick reaches 1st safely - would have been last out, instead Yanks score 4 & win 7-4
1942 - 5,000 Jews of Dubno Russia massacred
1942 - St Louis Cards beat NY Yankees, 4 games to 1, in 39th World Series
1943 - US air raid on Wake
1944 - Harold Arlen/ET Harburgs musical premieres in NYC
1944 - Kerkrade (Neth) liberated
1944 - Suffrage is extended to women in France.
1945 - "Meet the Press" premieres on radio
1945 - Indonesian army forms
1945 - Queen Wilhelmina visits Rotterdam
1945 - Hollywood Black Friday: A six month strike by Hollywood set decorators turns into a bloody riot at the gates of Warner Brothers' studios.
1946 - "Yours Is My Heart" closes at Shubert Theater NYC after 36 perfs
1947 - 1st Presidential address televised from White House- Harry Truman
harry_s_truman.jpg ( 11.46K ) Number of downloads: 0
33rd US President Harry Truman
1947 - Al Gionfriddo makes a great catch off Joe Dimaggio in World Series
1948 - The 1948 Ashgabat earthquake kills 100,000.
1949 - WBNS TV channel 10 in Columbus, OH (CBS) begins broadcasting
1949 - WOR (now WWOR) TV channel 9 in NY-Secaucus, NY (IND) begins
1950 - "Pardon Our French" opens at Broadway Theater NYC for 100 perfs
1952 - 19th congress of Communist Party meets in Moscow
1952 - 6th NHL All-Star Game: 1st Team ties 2nd Team 1-1 at Detroit
1953 - Earl Warren sworn in as 14th chief justice of US
1953 - 50th World Series sees NY Yankees beat Dodgers, 4 games to 2, as NY Billy Martin's 12 hits set record; Yanks win record 5th consec WS
1953 - The first documented recovery meeting of Narcotics Anonymous is held.
1954 - Hurricane Hazel hits Eastern US
1956 - Yogi Berra becomes 4th Yank to hit a World Series grand slam
1957 - 11th NHL All-Star Game: All-Stars beat Montreal 5-3 at Montreal
1957 - 12th Ryder Cup: Britain-Ireland win, 7�-4� at Lindrick Golf Club (Rotherham, Yorkshire, England)
1957 - Yugoslav dissident Milovan Djilos sentenced to 7 years
1958 - KRTV TV channel 3 in Great Falls, MT (CBS) begins broadcasting
1958 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1958 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1960 - British Labour party demands unilateral nuclear disarmament
1960 - Eastern AL Electra turbo-prop crashed in Boston Harbor (61 die)
1960 - KEYC TV channel 12 in Mankato, MN (CBS) begins broadcasting
1961 - China & Nepal sign treaty
1962 - Beatles release their 1st record "Love Me Do"
1963 - 17th NHL All-Star Game: All-Stars beat Toronto 3-3 at Toronto
1963 - Hyde St Pier re-opens as State Historical Park
1963 - Little Richard joins Everly Brothers Tour
1964 - KIXE TV channel 9 in Redding, CA (PBS) begins broadcasting
1964 - SF Fire Department Museum is dedicated
1965 - Chuck Linster performs 6,006 consecutive push-ups
1965 - Dick McInnes stays aloft almost 12 hours in a kite
1968 - Battles between Catholic demonstrators & police in Londonderry
1968 - KPLM (now KESQ) TV channel 42 in Palm Springs, CA (ABC) begins
1969 - Carol Mann wins LPGA Mickey Wright Golf Invitational
1969 - Monty Python's Flying Circus begins airing on BBC
1969 - Tom Dempsey of New Orleans Saints kicks 55-yard field goal
1970 - John Creach, joins Jefferson Airplane
1970 - PBS becomes a network
1970 - Quebec separatists kidnap British trade commissioner James Cross
1970 - PBS became a television network.
1972 - Herbert Mullin 1st kills, to prevent earthquakes
1973 - Signature of the European Patent Convention.
1974 - Guildford pub bombing by the IRA leaves 5 dead and 65 injured.
1975 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1976 - Seattle & Toronto picks 30 unprotected players on other AL rosters Ruppert Jones (Seattle) & Bob Bailor (Toronto) are picked 1st
1977 - "Hair" opens at Biltmore Theater NYC for 43 performances
1978 - Isaac Bashevis Singer wins Nobel Prize for literature
1978 - Sweden's F�lldin government falls
1978 - Over 30 major nations ratify the Environmental Modification Convention which prohibits environmental modification techniques
1980 - Formal opening of meditation hall of Zenshin Temple in Riverdale Bronx
1980 - Kathy Whitworth/Donna Caponi Young win Portland Ping Team Golf Champ
1980 - Yanks set AL attendance mark at 2,627,417
1981 - Dutch guilder/Deutsche mark revalued up 5.5%
1981 - Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg becomes an honarary American
1982 - 1st NJ Devils game, tie the Pitts Penguins 3-3 at the Meadowlands
1982 - China PR performs nuclear test at Lop Nor PRC
1982 - Hernan Siles Zuazo appointed president of Bolivia
1982 - Unmanned rocket sled reaches 9,851 kph at White Sands, NM
1983 - Lech Walesa wins Nobel Peace Prize
1984 - 13th Space Shuttle Mission (41-G)-Challenger 6-launched
1985 - Grambling's Eddie Robinson wins record 324th football game
1986 - London Sunday Times reports Israel is stocking nuclear arms
1988 - Brazil adopts its Constitution
1988 - Chilean population agrees at referendum against Pinochet regime
1988 - Israel bans Meir Kahane's Kach Party on grounds of racism
1990 - Cincinnati jury acquits art gallery of obsentity (Mappelthorpe photos)
1991 - Actor Ted Shackelford (Knots Landing) weds Annett Wolf
1991 - Military transport plane crashes at Djakarta, 133 dies
1991 - NJ Devils begin their 10th Anniversary with a 7-2 win over the Blues
1991 - USSR reduces nuclear weapons arsenal
1991 - Carlos Huerta's NCAA record streak of successful points after a touchdown ends at 157
1991 - Fresno State ties NCAA record with 49 points in a quarter, as they route New Mexico 94-17
1991 - The first official version of the Linux kernel, version 0.02, is released.
1992 - 1st overturn of a George Bush veto (cable bill)
george_h_w_bush.jpg ( 12.79K ) Number of downloads: 0
US President George H. W. Bush
1992 - NY senator Alphonse D'Mato fillerbusters for 15 hours 20 mins
1992 - US Air goes on strike
1993 - China PR performs nuclear test at Lop Nor PRC
1993 - Last honor guard at Lenin's mausoleum
1993 - Pope John Paul II publishes encyclical Veritatis splendor
john_paul_ii.jpg ( 14.65K ) Number of downloads: 0
264th Pope John Paul II
1994 - 28th Country Music Association Award
1994 - 52 members of Zonnetempel, murdered
1995 - "Company" opens at Criterion Theater NYC for 68 performances
1996 - Caroline Pierce wins LPGA JAL Big Apple Golf Classic
1996 - Cleve Indians strike out 23 Balt Orioles in 12 inn playoff game
1996 - NY Yankee Bernie Williams switch hits HRs in a post season game
1997 - 35th Tennis Fed Cup: France beats Netherlands in Den Bosch Neth (4-1)
1997 - Annika Sorenstam wins LPGA CoreStates Betsy King Classic
1997 - Davis Love III wins golf's Buick challenge, shooting a 267
1997 - STS 86 (Atlantis 20) lands
1997 - Vantage Senior Golf Championship
1999 - The Ladbroke Grove rail crash in west London kills 31 people.
2000 - Mass demonstrations in Belgrade lead to resignation of Serbian strongman Slobodan Milo�ević. These demonstrations are often called the Bulldozer Revolution.
2001 - Robert Stevens becomes the first victim in the 2001 anthrax attacks.
2001 - Tom Ridge resigns as Governor of Pennsylvania to become President Bush's Homeland Security Advisor.
Music history on Oct. 5
1930 - The New York Philharmonic Orchestra was heard on the air over CBS radio from Carnegie Hall for the first time.
1939 - "I Wonder Who�s Kissing Her Now" was recorded by Perry Como and the Ted Weem's Orchestra.
1962 - "Love Me Do" by the Beatles was released in the U.K. It was their first single.
1968 - Cream began their farewell tour of the U.S.
1968 - "White Room" by Cream was released.
1968 - "Magic Carpet Ride" was released by Steppenwolf.
1969 - The Who performed on "The Ed Sullivan Show."
1974 - Randy Newman performed with an 87-piece symphony at the Atlanta Symphony Hall. The orchestra was conducted by Emil Newman, Randy's uncle.
1975 - "Cat's in the Cradle" was released by Harry Chapin.
1976 - "Abandoned Luncheonett", the second album by Hall and Oates was released.
1993 - The Beatles' "1962-1966" and "1966-1970" were released on CD.
1995 - "Company" the musical opened at the Criterion Theatre.
1996 - Bryan White, Troy Aikman, Joe Aveazzano and Bob Kingsley pitched in for a concert established by Neal McCoy and his wife. The show took place at the Longview High School Coliseum in Longview, TX. The $150,000 that was raised went to East Texas Angel Network (ETAN.)
1996 - The first annual "Concert to Benefit the Pedro Zamora Foundation" took place.
1998 - The U.S. Supreme Court refused to throw out a suit that charged that Andrew Lloyd Webber had copied the "Phantom Song" from his "Phantom of the Opera". The song "Till You" by Ray Repp was the song that was alleged to have been copied.
1998 - HBO premiered Janet Jackson's new video for "Every Time".
1999 - Prince released the single "The Greatest Romance Ever Sold."
2001 - Michael Jackson gave a 30-year career anniversary concert. A second show was held on October 8th and was planned to be aired on CBS later in the year.
Sports history on Oct. 5
1893 - The first professional football contract was signed by Grant Dibert for the Pittsburgh AC.
1895 - The first U.S. Open golf tournament took place in Newport, RI. Horace Rawlins, 19 years old, won the tournament.
1959 - The first World Series to be played west of St. Louis began in Los Angeles, CA.
1981 - Bruce Jenner and Harry Belafonte debuted in their first dramatic roles in NBC-TV's "Grambling's White Tiger".
1987 - NFL owners used replacement personnel to play games despite the player's strike.
2001 - Barry Bonds (San Francisco Giants) hit his 70th home run of the season to tie Mark McGwire's major league record. Bonds also moved past Reggie Jackson on the all-time list with his 564th career home run.
2001 - Rickey Henderson (San Diego Padres) scored his 2,246th career run to break Ty Cobb's major league record.
Famous birthdays on Oct. 5
1458 - Kazimierz de Saint, Polish ruler/saint
1609 - Paul Fleming, writer
1626 - Johann Schop, composer
1641 - Fran�oise-Ath�na�s, marquise de Montespan, French mistress of King Louis XIV of France (d. 1707)
1658 - Mary of Modena, queen of James II of England (d. 1718)
1684 - Johann Jacob de Neufville, composer
1695 - John Glas, Scottish minister (d. 1773)
1703 - Jonathan Edwards, US, theologian/philosopher (Original Sin)
1712 - Francesco Guardi, Italian painter
1713 - Denis Diderot, Langres, France, enlightenment philosopher (Encyclop�die), (d. 1784)
denis_diderot.jpg ( 12.68K ) Number of downloads: 0
Enlightenment Philosopher Denis Diderot
1715 - Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau, French economist (d. 1789)
1717 - Marie-Anne de Mailly-Nesle duchess de Ch�teauroux, French mistress of King Louis XV of France (d. 1744)
1722 - Gregorio Sciroli, composer
1781 - Bernard Bolzano, Czech mathematician and philosopher (d. 1848)
1792 - Joseph Crosfield, English soap and alkali manufacturer (d. 1844)
1795 - Alexander Keith, Scottish-born Canadian brewer (d. 1873)
1799 - Anthony G O Ridder Van Rappard, Dutch Min of Reformed Worship
1804 - Robert Parker Parrott, Inventor, died in 1877
1808 - Thomas Algeo Rowley, Brigadier General (Union volunteers), died in 1892
1808 - Winand C H Staring, geologist (Geology of Netherlands)
1817 - Eduard Franck, composer
1820 - David Wilber, American politician (d. 1890)
1822 - Hans Hampel, composer
1829 - Chester A. Arthur, Fairfield Vt, (Republican) 21st American President (1881-85)
1833 - Cyrus Bussey, Bvt Major General (Union volunteers), died in 1915
1836 - George Washington Gordon, Brig Gen (Confederate Army), died in 1911
1840 - Fran Gerbic, composer
1840 - John Addington Symonds, Brit historian/writer (Probs in Greek Ethics)
1844 - Francis William Reitz, State President of the Orange Free State (d. 1934)
1848 - Guido von List, German writer (d. 1919)
1850 - Sergey Muromtsev, Russian lawyer and politician, and President of the First Imperial Duma (d. 1910)
1858 - Heinrich M von Battenberg, German son-in-law of queen Victoria
1863 - Ludwig Borchardt, German Egyptologist
1864 - Louis Lumi�re, with brother Auguste made 1st motion picture in 1895
1875 - Cyril Rootham, composer
1878 - Louise Dresser, [Kerlin], Evansville IN, actress (Maid of Salem)
1879 - Halfdan Cleve, composer
1879 - John Erskine, US, poet/pianist (Private Life of Helen of Troy)
1881 - Otto V Kuusinen, Fin/Rus communist pres of Karelo-Finnish SR (1940-56)
1882 - Giorgio Abetti, Italian astronomer (Solar physics)
1882 - Robert Hutchings Goddard, Worcester Mass, rocket pioneer
1883 - Charles Maduro, Antillean composer
1884 - Hendrik W Tilanus, Dutch artillery officer/politcian (CHU 1939-63)
1886 - Carter De Haven, IL
1887 - Max Ackermann, German "entartet" painter
1887 - Ren� Cassin, pacifist (Nobel Peace Prize 1968)
1889 - Teresa de la Parra, Venezuelan writer (d. 1936)
1890 - Kasimir Edschmid, [Karl E Schmidt], German writer
1892 - Remington Kellogg, American naturalist (d. 1969)
1894 - Bevil Rudd, South African athlete (d. 1948)
1895 - Walter Bedell Smith, US general (WW II)/head of CIA (1950-52)
1899 - Boleslaw Woytowicz, composer
1899 - Georg, Duke of Mecklenburg, head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (d. 1962)
1901 - Johan Fiolet, Dutch actor/director
1901 - John Alton, cinematographer
1901 - Willy Lages, German chief of Sicherheitsdienst in Amsterdam
1902 - Larry Fine, [Laurence Feinberg], PA, comedian (3 Stooges)
1902 - Michael Kondracki, composer
1902 - Ray Kroc, Oak Park, Illinois, fast food entrepreneur (MacDonalds), (d. 1984)
ray_kroc.jpg ( 14.44K ) Number of downloads: 0
MacDonalds Entreprenuer Ray Kroc (1902)
1903 - Jimmy Ritz, US comic (Ritz Brothers-Blazing Stewardesses)
1903 - M. King Hubbert, American geophysicist (d. 1989)
1904 - George Chesterman Phillips, naval officer
1904 - John Hoyt, Bronxville NY, actor (Gimme a Break, Tom Dick & Mary)
1905 - Harriet E. MacGibbon, American actress (d. 1987)
1906 - Leopold Kohr, writer/mentor of Fritz Schumacher
1906 - Louise Brown, dancer/teacher
1907 - Mrs. Miller, American singer (d. 1997)
1908 - Joshua Logan, Broadway producer (South Pacific)
1911 - Flann O'Brien, Irish humorist (d. 1966)
1912 - Fritz Fischer (medical doctor), Nazi war criminal
1913 - William Lehman, (Rep-D-FL, 1973- )
1913 - Eugene Bennett Fluckey American Navy Submariner (d. 2007)
1916 - Douglas Ranger, surgeon
1917 - Robert Adams, English sculptor
1919 - Allen Ludden, Mineral Point Wisc, TV host (Password)
1919 - Donald Pleasence, Worksop England, actor (Fantastic Voyage, Halloween)
1919 - Luis H P Daal, Antillean literary
1919 - Robin Bailey, Hucknall England, actor (See No Evil, Screamtime)
1920 - Robert Feenstra, Dutch law historian
1921 - Bill Willis, AAFC, NFL guard (Cleveland Browns)
1922 - Jos� Froil�n Gonz�lez, Argentine race car driver
1922 - Bil Keane, American cartoonist
1922 - Jock Stein, Scottish footballer and manager (d. 1985)
1923 - Glynis Johns, Pretoria South Africa, actress (Mary Poppins)
1923 - Philip Berrigan, militant priest (Chicago 7)
1923 - Stig H Dagerman, Swedish writer (Burned Child)
1923 - Albert Gu�mundsson, Icelandic footballer (d. 1994)
1923 - Bill Wirtz, longtime Chicago Blackhawks owner (d. 2007)
1924 - Bill Dana, Quincy Mass, comedian/actor (Jose Jimenez)
1924 - Jose Donoso, writer
1924 - Barbara Kelly, Canadian-born actress (d. 2007)
1925 - Gail Davis, Little Rock Ark, actress (Annie Oakley)
1925 - Bob Thaves, American cartoonist (d. 2006)
1926 - Clifton Eugene Bancroft Robinson, public servant
1926 - Gottfried Michael Koenig, composer
1926 - Willi Unsoeld, American climber (d. 1979)
1927 - Al Hansen, artist
1928 - Willem de Kwaadsteniet, lawyer/Dutch MP (CDA)
1928 - Louise Fitzhugh, American author (d. 1974)
1929 - Autherine Lucy, 1st black to enroll in U of Alabama at Tuscaloosa
1929 - Richard F Gordon Jr, Seattle, Capt USN/astronaut (Gemini 11, Apol 12)
1929 - Skip Homeier, Chicago Ill, actor (Beachhead, Dan Raven, Interns)
1930 - Pavel Romanovich Popovich, Ukraine, cosmonaut (Vostok IV, Soyuz 14)
1930 - Reinhard Selten, German economist, Nobel laureate
1932 - Madhav Apte, cricketer (bro of Arvind 7 Tests for India, 1 century)
1932 - Yvonne Braitwaite Burke, lawyer (Rep)
1933 - Diane Cilento, Queensland Aust, actress (Agony & Ecstasy, Wicker Man)
1934 - David Smith, cricketer (England opening bowler v India 1961-62)
1934 - Angelo Buono, Jr., American serial killer (d. 2002)
1935 - Jimmy Binks, cricket wicket-keeper (England twice v India 1964)
1935 - Peter Brown, NYC, actor (Lawman, Laredo, Bold & Beautiful)
1935 - Arlene Saunders, American soprano
1936 - Annerose Schmidt, East German pianist
1936 - Vaclav Havel, writer/pres Czechoslovakia (1989-92)
1937 - Barry Switzer, football coach (Oklahoma)
1938 - Carlo Mastrangelo, Bronx NY, rocker (Dion & The Belmonts)
1938 - Teresa Heinz Kerry, American philanthropist
1939 - Marie Lafor�t, French singer and actress
1939 - Marie-Claire Blais, French Canadian author and playwright
1939 - Consuelo Ynares-Santiago, Filipino Supreme Court jurist
1939 - Walter Wolf, Slovenian-born Canadian industrialist
1940 - Bob Cowper, cricketer (Aust LHB, 307 v England MCG 1966 Very rich
1941 - Ricardo Hoffmann, marathon swimmer (299 miles)
1941 - Eduardo Duhalde, President of Argentina
1942 - Richard Street, Detroit Mi, rocker (Temptations)
1943 - Benjamin L Cardin, (Rep-D-Maryland)
1943 - Inna Churikova, Russia, actress (Theme)
1943 - Steve Miller, Milwaukee, rocker (Abracadabra, Space Cowboy)
1944 - Ben Korthals, advocate/Dutch MP (VVD)
1945 - Brian Connolly, Scottish singer (Sweet) (d. 1997)
1945 - Geoff Leigh, English musician (Henry Cow)
1946 - Richard Kermode, rocker
1946 - Zahida Hina, Pakistani columnist
1946 - Jean Perron, Canadian ice hockey coach
1947 - Brian Johnson, Australia, hard rocker (AC/DC-Whole Lotta Rosie)
1948 - Brian Connolly, Scotland, rocker (Sweet)
1948 - Delroy George Wilson, singer
1948 - Lucius Ross, US pop guitarist (Funkadelic-One Nation Under a Groove)
1948 - Sal Viscuso, Bkln NY, actor (Soap, Montefuscos)
1948 - Tawl Ross, American musician (P Funk)
1948 - Zoran �ivković, Serbian writer
1949 - Brian McManus Connolly, musician
1949 - Ralph Goodale, Canadian politician
1949 - Bill James, American baseball writer
1949 - B. W. Stevenson, American singer (d. 1988)
1950 - Jeff Conaway, NYC, actor (Bobby-Taxi, Loving)
1950 - Edward P. Jones, American writer
1951 - Karen Allen, Illinois, actress (Cruising, Starman, Wanderers)
1951 - Leah Poulis Mueller, Berwyn Ill, speed skater (Olympic-gold-1980)
1951 - Bob Geldof, Irish singer (The Boomtown Rats) and activist
1952 - Clive Barker, English author and film director (Hellraiser, Lord of Illusions)
1952 - Duncan Regehr, Canadian actor
1952 - Gigi Sabani, Italian TV host (d. 2007)
1953 - James E Lascelles, grandson of English princess Mary
1953 - John Stachniewski, scholar/teacher
1953 - Russell Mael, [Dwight Russel Day], California, rock vocalist (Sparks)
1953 - Sandra "Puma" Jones, Kingston Jamaica, rocker (Black Uhuru)
1954 - Bob Geldof, rocker
1954 - Duncan Regehr, Alberta Canada, actor (Wizards & Warriors)
1955 - Adair Ferguson, Australian rower (Olympics-96)
1955 - Leo Barnes, Irish saxophonist (Hothouse Flowers-I'm Sorry, Don't Go)
1957 - Jeanne Evert, tennis player, Chris' sister
1957 - Larry Saumell, jockey
1957 - Lee "Kix" Thompson, saxophonist (Madness-Baggy Trousers)
1957 - Mark Geragos, American attorney
1957 - Bernie Mac, American comedian (d. 2008)
1958 - Brent W Jett Jr, Pontiac Mich, Lt Cmdr USN/astronaut (STS 72, sk:81)
1958 - Andr� Kuipers, Dutch astronaut
1959 - Troy Luccketta, rock drummer (Tesla-Psychotic Supper)
1960 - Daniel Baldwin, American actor
1960 - Careca, Brazilian footballer
1961 - Shell Kepler, actress (Amy Vining-General Hospital)
1961 - Sharon Cheslow, American musician, composer and artist
1961 - Matthew Kauffman, American journalist and George Polk Award winner
1961 - David Kirk, New Zealand rugby union footballer
1962 - J C Estrada, jockey
1962 - John Sala, LA CA
1962 - Johnny Huang, Canton China, table tennis player (Olympics-96)
1962 - Ken Noda, NYC, pianist (Rivalry)
1962 - Michael Alexander Conley, Chic, triple jumper (Olympics-gold-92, 96)
1962 - Michael Andretti, Indy-car racer/Auto Hall of Fame (elected 1986)
1962 - Mike Conley, Chic Ill, triple jumper (Olympic-silver-1984)
1962 - Caron Keating, British television personality (d. 2004)
1963 - Hugh Morris, cricketer (England lefty opening batsman 1991)
1963 - Laura Davies, Coventry England, LPGA golfer (1989 Lady Keystone Open)
1963 - Sophie Favier, Lyon France, actress (Sans Interdits)
1963 - Tony Dodemaide, cricketer (Victorian, Sussex & Australian all-rounder)
1964 - Denean Howard, Sherman Tx, 4X400m relayer (Olympic-silver-1988)
1964 - Terry Mathews, Alexandria LA, pitcher (Florida Marlins)
1964 - Malik Saidullaev Chechen businessman
1964 - Warren E. Miller, Maryland politician
1965 - John Keller Jr, Toledo Ohio, team handball back court (Olympics-1996)
1965 - Mario Lemieux, Montreal, NHL high scoring center (Pitts Penguin, #66)
1965 - Patrick Roy, Quebec, NHL goalie (Mont Canadiens, Colorado Avalanche)
1965 - Paul Moloney, Melbourne VIC, Australasia golfer
1965 - Penny Baker, Buffalo NY, playmate (January, 1984)
1965 - Richey Reneberg, Phoenix AZ, tennis star (1995 Australian doubles)
1965 - Theo Bos, Dutch soccer player: Vitesse
1965 - Trace Armstrong, NFL defensive end (Miami Dolphins)
1966 - Fredrik Olausson, Vaxsjo Swe, NHL defenseman (Anaheim Mighty Ducks)
1966 - Inessa Kravets, Ukraine, long/triple jumper (Oly-silv/gold-92, 96)
1966 - Peter Fonseca, Lisbon Portugal, Canadian marathoner (Olympics-96)
1966 - Therese Brisson, ice hockey defenseman (Canada, Oly-98)
1966 - Jan Verhaas, Dutch snooker referee
1967 - Ellie Gibson, Corpus Christi TX, golfer (1994 PING-Cellular One-5th)
1967 - Rex Chapman, NBA guard (Miami Heat, Phoenix Suns)
1967 - Guy Pearce, Anglo-Australian actor
1968 - Omar Berlo, jockey
1968 - Sally Smith, Orange NSW, golfer (1993 T67 Alpine Aust Ladies Masters)
1968 - Wayne Holdsworth, cricketer (NSW fast bowler, Australian tourist 1993)
1969 - Karyn Parsons, actress (Hilary-Fresh Prince of Bel Air) [or Oct 8 66]
1969 - Martin Driever, WLAF tight end (Frankfurt Galaxy)
1970 - Anthony Phillips, NFL cornerback (Atlanta Falcons)
1970 - Josie Bissett, Seattle Wash, actress (Jane Mancini-Melrose Place)
1970 - Mark Luijpers, Dutch soccer player (Roda JC)
1970 - Thomas Randolph, NFL cornerback (NY Giants)
1970 - Tina Poitras, Thompson Manitoba, 10k walker (Olympics-96)
1970 - Audie Pitre, bass guitarist (d. 1996)
1970 - South Park Mexican, American rapper
1971 - Chad Lewis, tight end (Philadelphia Eagles)
1971 - Chris Whitney, NBA guard (Wash Wizards)
1971 - Coni Lyn Hull, Jackson Michigan, Miss America-Michigan (1996)
1971 - Dan Plante, Hayward, NHL right wing (NY Islanders)
1971 - Mauricio Pellegrino, Argentine former footballer
1972 - Derek Sholdice, CFL offensive linebacker (Edmonton Eskimos)
1972 - Grant Hill, Dallas Tx, NBA forward/guard (Det Pistons, Oly-gold-96)
1972 - Thomas Roberts, American news anchor
1974 - Douglas Emerson, Glendale California, actor (Robbie-Herbie the Love Bug)
1974 - Heather Headley, Trinidadian singer
1974 - Rich Franklin, American Mixed Martial Artist
1974 - Colin Meloy, American singer (The Decemberists)
1975 - Kate Winslet, Reading Engld, actress (Titanic, Jude, Hamlet, Get Back)
kate_winslet.jpg ( 11.53K ) Number of downloads: 0
Actress Kate Winslet (1975)
1975 - Scott E Weinger, NYC, actor (Steve Taylor-Family Man, Full House)
1975 - Bobo Bald�, Guinean footballer
1975 - Parminder Nagra, English actress
1976 - Song Seung-hun, South Korean actor
1976 - Ramzan Kadyrov, Chechen President
1976 - J. J. Yeley, American race car driver
1977 - Lia Rousset, Alhambra California, sprint kayak (Olympics-96)
1978 - Shane Ryan, Irish Gaelic footballer
1978 - Jesse Palmer, Canadian-born American football player
1978 - Morgan Webb, Canadian-born television presenter
1978 - James Valentine, American musician (Maroon 5)
1979 - Jaime Chambers, American television reporter
1979 - Curtis Sanford, Canadian ice hockey player
1979 - Vincenzo Grella, Australian soccer player
1980 - Paul Thomas, American bassist (Good Charlotte)
1981 - Kelvin Tan Wei Lian, Singaporean singer
1982 - Natalie Vlandis, Northridge California, pairs skater (& Jered Guzman)
1983 - Mashrafe Mortaza, Bangladeshi cricketer
1984 - Kenwyne Jones, Trinidadian footballer
1985 - Nicola Roberts, English singer (Girls Aloud)
1987 - Kevin Mirallas, Belgian footballer
1987 - Javier Villa, Spanish racing driver
1988 - Bahar Kızıl, German Singer (Monrose)
1988 - Bobby Edner, American actor
1988 - Maja Salvador, Filipina Actress
1990 - Myles Jeffrey, American actor
2176 - Winston Matthew Kyle, Perth, Australia (Star Trek)
Quote for today:
You can get more with a kind word and a gun than you can with a kind word alone.
- Al Capone
1944 - HM Zwaardvis sinks U168 at Java
1944 - Soviets march into Hungary & Czechoslovakia
1945 - Gen Eisenhower welcomed in Hague (on Hitler's train)
1945 - Memorial for executed unveiled in Terbregge
1945 - Tavern owner "Billy Goat" Sianis buys seat for his goat for Game 4 of World Series & is escorted out, he casts goat curse on Cubs
1946 - 90�F highest temperature ever recorded in Cleveland in Oct
1946 - Pres Harry Truman questions Great Britain Jews about Palestine
1947 - NY Yankees beat Dodgers 4 games to 3, in 44th World Series
1948 - "Polonaise" opens at Alvin Theater NYC for 113 performances
1948 - KHJ TV channel 9 in Los Angeles, CA (IND) begins broadcasting
1949 - Iva Toguri D'Aquino (Tokyo Rose) sentenced to 10 years & $10,000 fine
1949 - Pres Harry Truman signs Mutual Defense Assistance Act (for NATO)
1951 - Stalin proclaims Russia has atom bomb
1953 - WTVM TV channel 9 in Columbus, GA (ABC) begins broadcasting
1955 - LSD made illegal in US
1956 - Dmitri Shostakovitch's 6th Iron quartet premieres in Leningrad
1956 - Dr Albert Sabin discovers oral polio vaccine
1956 - South African politician "Kobie" Coetsee marries Helena E Malan
1957 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1957 - Wiffi Smith wins LPGA United Voluntary Services Golf Open
1958 - US nuclear sub USS Seawolfe remains record 60 days under pole
1959 - Single game World Series attendence record set (92,706 in LA)
1959 - Soviet Luna 3, 1st successful photographic spacecraft, impacts Moon
1961 - JFK advises Americans to build fallout shelters
1961 - USSR performs nuclear tests at Kapustin Yar & Novaya Zemlya USSR
1962 - 16th NHL All-Star Game: Toronto beat All4-Stars -1 at Toronto
1962 - US performs atmospheric nuclear test at Johnston Island
1963 - Barbra Streisand appears on "Judy Garland Show"
1963 - LA Dodgers sweep NY Yankees, in 60th World Series
1964 - "Cambridge Circus" opens at Plymouth Theater NYC for 23 performances
1965 - Supremes release "I Hear a Symphony"
1965 - William Goodhart's "Generation," premieres in NYC
1966 - Oriole Jim Palmer, 20, is youngest to pitch a World Series shutout
1966 - Partial meltdown at Detroits's Fermi 1 nuclear reactor
1966 - LSD is declared illegal in the United States.
1967 - Haight-Ashbury hippies throw a funneral to mark end of hippies
1967 - USSR performs nuclear test
1969 - WMPB TV channel 67 in Baltimore, MD (PBS) begins broadcasting
1972 - 22-car train carrying 2,000 pilgrims derails, kills 208 in Mexico
1973 - Yom Kippur War begins as Syria & Egypt attack Israel
1974 - "Mack & Mabel," opens at Majestic Theater NYC for 66 performances
1974 - Carole Jo Skala wins LPGA Sacramento Union Ladies Golf Classic
1976 - "Gang of Four" arrested in Beijing
1976 - Cubans DC-8 crashes after bomb attack
1976 - John Hathaway completes 50,600 mile bicycle tour of every continent
1976 - Pres Ford says there is "no Soviet domination in Eastern Europe"
1976 - Cubana Flight 455 crashes into the Atlantic Ocean after two bombs, placed by terrorists with connections to the CIA, exploded onboard shortly after taking off from Bridgetown, Barbados. All 73 people on-board were killed.
1977 - DL Coburns "Gin Game," premieres in NYC
1977 - Yankees win AL pennant by rallying for 3 runs in 9th to beat KC Royals 5-3 in 5th & deciding playoff game
1977 - In Alicante, Spain, fascists attack a group of MCPV militants and sympathizers, and one MCPV sympathizer is killed.
1978 - Hannah H Gray inaugurated as 1st female head of US university (Chic)
1978 - Iraq declares Ayatollah Khomeini an undesirable person
1978 - Mick Jagger apologizes for racist lyrics in "Some Girls"
1978 - Royals' George Brett hits 3 HRs, Yanks win championship game 3, 6-5
1979 - Harry Drake set long distance footbow shot record of 2,006 yds 1'9"
1979 - Pope John Paul II is 1st Pope to visit White House
1980 - Guyana adopts constitution
1980 - John Lydon sentenced to 3 months on assault charges
1982 - Auburn's Al Del Greco kicks 6 field goals
1982 - Fokker's Fellowship crashes at Moerdijk Neth, 17-22 die
1983 - Buffalo Bill QB Joe Ferguson passes 419 yards with 5 TDs
1983 - China PR performs nuclear test at Lop Nor PRC
1983 - Islander's Mike Bossy's 25th career hat trick
1983 - NY Jets announce they are leaving Shea for Meadowlands
1983 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1984 - Ayako Okamoto wins LPGA Hitachi Ladies British Golf Open
1985 - Marita Koch of Germany sets 400m woman's record (47.6) in Australia
1985 - Yankee Phil Niekro becomes 18th pitcher to win 300 games & also at 46 becomes oldest to pitch a shut-out beating Toronto 8-0
1985 - PC Keith Blakelock is murdered as riots erupt in the Broadwater Farm suburb of London.
1986 - Russian nuclear sub sinks in Atlantic Ocean
1987 - Milt coup leader Maj-Gen Sitiveni Rabuka declares Fiji a republic
1988 - Oakland A's sweep Boston Red Sox in 4 games for AL pennant
1990 - Spacecraft Ulysses launched towards pole of Sun
1990 - US 67th manned space mission STS 41 (Discovery 11) launches into orbit
1990 - Ulysses launched (Solar Polar Orbiter)
1991 - Elizabeth Taylor weds for 8th time (Larry Fortensky)
1991 - Meg Mallon wins LPGA Daikyo World Golf Championship
1991 - NY Met David Cone ties NL record by striking out 19 Phillies
1991 - Orioles last game at Baltimore's Memorial Stadium (vs Det Tigers)
1993 - Sydney Australia Stock Market index above 2000, for 1st time
1994 - -9] European Campaign against Racism confers in Austria
1994 - Ben Mokoena becomes 1st black mayor of Middelburg South Africa
1995 - BPAA US Women's Open won by Cheryl Daniels
1995 - Colorodo Avalanche (former Que Nordiques) 1st NHL game, beat Detroit
1995 - 51 Pegasi was discovered to be the first major star apart from the Sun to have a planet (and extrasolar planet) orbiting around it.
1996 - Bob Dole & Pres Bill Clinton meet in their 1st debate
1996 - Caroline Pierce wins JAL Big Apple Golf Classic
1996 - Lois & Clark (fictional characters) wed
1996 - NY Jet Nick Lowrey ties Jan Stenerud with 373 NFL field goals
2000 - Yugoslav president Slobodan Milo�ević resigns.
2002 - The French oil tanker Limburg is bombed off Yemen.
2002 - Opus Dei founder Josemar�a Escriv� is canonized.
2007 - Jason Lewis completes the first human-powered circumnavigation of the globe.
2010 - Roy Halladay pitches the second no-hitter in MLB Postseason History during Game 1 of the NLDS versus the Cincinnati Reds.
Music history on October 6
1882 - Karol Szymanowski was born.
1941 - Claude Thornhill and his orchestra recorded "Autumn Serenade."
1968 - "The Doors are Open" was aired on British TV. The show was a documentary about the Doors.
1969 - For the first time in Beatles history a George Harrison song got the A side of a 45, "Something"/"Come Together."
1976 - "Disco Duck" by Rick Dees and His Cast of Idiots received a gold record. The song became only the fourth single to be certified platinum in December of 1976.
1978 - Benny Andersson and Frida Lyngstad of ABBA were married.
1979 - "Heartache Tonight" by the Eagles was released.
1979 - Fleetwood Mac's "Tusk" was released.
Fleetwood Mac Store
1980 - Ex-Sex Pistols front man Johnny Lydon was arrested in Dublin for his involvement in a barroom brawl.
1983 - Barry Manilow plays a concert for charity at the Royal Albert Hall in London. The show was attended by Prince Charles and Princess Diana.
1991 - Elizabeth Taylor married Larry Fortensky. The ceremony was held at Michael Jackson's estate near Los Angeles, CA. It was Taylor's 8th marriage and Fortensky's 3rd.
1992 - Prince and the New Power Generation released the "Diamonds and Pearls" home video.
1994 - Glenn Frey underwent colon surgery.
1995 - "Grind" was released by Alice in Chains as their first track from "Alice in Chains."
1996 - Faith Hill and Tim McGraw were married.
1998 - Alabama received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
2009 - The KISS album "Sonic Boom" was released exclusively at Wal-Mart.
Sports history on Oct. 6
1880 - The National League kicked the Cincinnati Reds out for selling beer.
1983 - Mike Bossy (New York Islanders) got his 25th career hat trick.
1985 - Joe Montana (San Francisco 49ers) set an NFL record with 57 pass attempts. He threw for five touchdowns and 429 yards.
1995 - The Colorado Avalanche (formerly the Quebec Nordiques) won their first NHL game when they beat the Detroit Red Wings.
2003 - The Indianapolis Colts became the first team in NFL history to win after trailing by 21 or more points with less than four minutes to play in regulation. The game went to an extra period where the Colts defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 38-35.
Famous birthdays on Oct. 6
1289 - King Wenceslaus III of Bohemia (d. 1306)
1459 - Martin Behaim, German navigator and geographer (d. 1507)
1510 - Rowland Taylor, English clergyman (d. 1555)
1510 - John Caius, English physician (d. 1573)
1552 - Matteo Ricci, Italian missionary (China)
1573 - Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, English patron of the theater (d. 1624)
1610 - Charles de Sainte-Maure, duc de Montausier, French soldier (d. 1690)
1618 - Miguel Gomez Camargo, composer
1706 - Pieter Steyn, Dutch grand pensionary (1749- )
1716 - George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax, English statesman (d. 1771)
1738 - Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (d. 1789)
1744 - James McGill, Scottish-Canadian businessman and philanthropist (d. 1813)
1767 - Henri Christophe, king of Haiti (d. 1820)
1773 - King Louis-Philippe of France (d. 1850)
1777 - William Russell, composer
1801 - Hippolyte Carnot, French statesman (d. 1888)
1803 - Heinrich Wilhelm Dove, German physicist (d. 1879)
1806 - Andreas Randel, composer
1808 - Frederik VII, 1st constitutional king of Denmark (1848-63)
1816 - William Batchelder Bradbury, composer
1818 - Joseph Rummel, composer
1819 - Willem A Scholten, Dutch potato-flour manufacturer
1820 - Jenny Lind, Swedish soprano (d. 1887)
1824 - Henry Chadwick, baseball pioneer, developed 1st rule book
1827 - Cark Reidel, composer
1831 - J W Richard Dedekind, Ger mathematician (Nature & Meaning of Numbers)
1838 - Giuseppe Cesare Abba, Italian patriot and writer (d. 1910)
1846 - George Westinghouse, Central Bridge, New York, entrepreneur and engineer (alternated US currency), (d. 1914)
1847 - Adolf von Hildebrand, German sculptor
1849 - Basil Zaharoff, arms dealer, "merchant of death"
1860 - Oscar L Helfrich, Dutch governor (Curacao)
1860 - Reneke de Marees van Swinderen, Dutch foreign minister (1908-13)
1862 - Albert Jeremiah Beveridge, US, politician/author (Progressive)
1866 - Reginald Aubrey Fessenden, broadcast 1st program of voice & music
1872 - Mikhail Kuzmin, Russian writer (d. 1936)
1873 - Oscar George Theodore Sonneck, composer
1874 - Frank G. Allen, 51st Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1950)
1876 - Ernest Lapointe, French-Canadian politician (d. 1941)
1880 - Julia Culp, mezzo-soprano
1882 - Karol Maciej Szymanowski, Timoshovka Ukraine, composer (Stabatmater)
1884 - Lloyd Spooner, US, marksman (Olympic-4 gold/1 silver/2 bronze-1920)
1886 - Edwin Fischer, Swiss pianist and conductor (d. 1960)
1887 - George Brown, cricketer (legendary England batsman/keeper of 20's)
1887 - Le Corbusier [Charles Jeanneret], La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, architect/city planner/artist (Urbanisme), (d. 1965)
1887 - Maria Jeritza, [Jedlicka], Austria, singer (Vienna Opera)
1887 - MartinLuis Guzman, Mexico, novelist (Eagle & the Serpent)
1888 - Li Ta-chao, co-founder with Mao Tse-tung (Chinese Communist Party)
1888 - Max Butting, composer
1888 - Roland Garros, French pilot (d. 1918)
1889 - Maria Dabrowska, Polish writer (Noce I Dnie)
1895 - Caroline Gordon, Kentucky, writer (Green Centuries)
1896 - Otto Siegl, composer
1897 - Jerome Cowan, NYC, actor (Mr Dithers-Blondie, Tab Hunter Show)
1900 - Stan Nichols, English cricketer (d. 1961)
1902 - Mihovil Logar, composer
1903 - Ernest Walton, Irish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995)
1904 - Horst Lange, writer
1905 - Helen Wills Moody Roark, tennis player (US Open 1923-25, 27-29, 31)
1905 - Helen N Willis Moody, tennis pro (8 Wimbledon titles 1927-1938)
1906 - Janet Gaynor, Philadelphia, actress (Sunrise, A Star Is Born)
1906 - Louis Borell, Amsterdam Neth, actor (Over the Moon, Queer Cargo)
1908 - Sergei Lvovich Sobolev, Russian mathematician (d. 1989)
1909 - Carol Lombard, Ft Wayne IN, actress (My Man Godfrey, In Name Only)
1910 - Barbara Castle, British politician (d. 2002)
1912 - Anthony Cuthbert Baines, writer/curator
1913 - Meret Oppenheim, writer
1914 - Thor Heyerdahl, Norway, anthropologist/explorer (Kon Tiki, Aku-Aku)
1915 - Edgardo Martin, composer
1915 - Harry van Doorn, [Henri W], CRM minister/Dutch politician (KVP/PPR)
1915 - Alice Timander, Swedish dentist (d. 2007)
1916 - Tommy Lawton, footballer
1918 - Andr� Pilette, Belgian racing driver (d. 1993)
1920 - Pietro Consagra, Italian sculptor (d. 2005)
1920 - Lord Donaldson of Lymington, British judge (d. 2005)
1921 - Yevgeniy Landis, Russian mathematician (d. 1997)
1922 - Joe Frazier, American baseball player
1925 - Shana Alexander, NYC, journalist (60 Minutes)
1926 - Alan Copeland, LA California, orchestra leader/singer (Your Hit Parade)
1926 - Cyril Reuben, violinist
1927 - Alice Bauer, LPGA golfer
1927 - Paul Badura-Skoda, Vienna Austria, pianist (Mozart Interpretation)
1929 - Les Favell, cricketer (stoic Australian batsman late 50's)
1930 - Hafez al Assad, president (Syria)
1930 - Richie Benaud, cricket capt (great Aussie leg-spinner, commentator)
1931 - Fred Graham, newscaster/journalist (CBS News, Court TV)
1932 - Gloria Lane, educator/author/founder (Women's International Center)
1933 - Horst Bingle, writer
1935 - Bruno Sammartino, Italian strongman and professional wrestler
1935 - Charito Solis, Filipino actress (d. 1998)
1936 - Anna Quayle, actress (Mistress Pamela)
1936 - Glenn Hild, race horse trainer
1936 - Rob Touber, [Robert J Noordervliet], cabaret director (Capers)
1938 - Serge Nubret, French bodybuilder
1939 - Douglas K Bereuter, (Rep-R-Nebraska, 1979- )
1939 - John J LaFalce, (Rep-D-NY, 1975- )
1940 - Boris Dmitriyevich Andreyev, Russia, cosmonaut
1940 - Ellen Travolta, Englewood NJ, actress (Grease, Charles in Charge)
1940 - Wyche Fowler Jr, (Rep-D-GA, 1977-87)
1942 - Britt Ekland, Stockholm Sweden, actress (Wicker Man, Asylum)
1942 - Fred Travalena, NYC, comedian/impressionist (Buy & Cell)
1942 - Millie Small, Jamaican singer
1943 - Cees Veerman, pop guitarist/singer (Cats-Sure He's a Cat)
1943 - Michael Durrell, Bkln NY, actor (Shannon, V, Alice, Chiefs)
1943 - Udo Zimmermann, composer
1943 - Alexander Maxovich Shilov, Russian painter
1944 - Merzak Allouache, director (Salut Cousin, Amour a Paris)
1944 - Jos� Carlos Pace, Brazilian racing driver (d. 1977)
1945 - Domonic Barber, attorney (Howard Stern, Jessica Hahn, Joe Buttafucco)
1946 - Gary Gentry, baseball player (NY Mets)
1946 - Tony Greig, South Africa, cricketer (English all-rounder 1972-77)
1946 - Eddie Villanueva, JIL Spiritual Director, Owner of ZOE Broadcasting Network
1946 - Lloyd Doggett, American politician
1946 - Vinod Khanna, Indian actor
1947 - Aleksandr Stepanovich Andryushkov, Russian colonel/cosmonaut
1947 - Klaus Dibiasi, Italy, platform diver (Olympic-gold-1968, 72, 76)
1948 - Dan Hamburg, (Rep-D-California)
1948 - Gerry Adams, Northern Irish politician
1949 - Bobby Farrell, Jamaica, rock vocalist
1950 - David Brin, US, sci-fi author (Hugo, Nebula, Sundiver, Postman)
1950 - Thomas McClary, US soul guitarist (Commodores-Still)
1951 - Kevin Cronin, Champaign Ill, rock vocalist (REO Speedwagon)
1952 - Ayten Mutlu, Turkish poet and writer
1953 - Klaas Bruinsma, Dutch drug lord (d. 1991)
1954 - David Hidalgo, American musician (Los Lobos, Latin Playboys)
1955 - Tony Dungy, American football coach
1956 - Stephanie Zimbalist, NYC, actress (Remington Steele, Centennial)
1956 - Kathleen Webb, American comic book writer and artist
1957 - Dom Galluscio, race horse trainer
1957 - Shahzad Altaf, cricketer (UAE off-spinner 1996 World Cup)
1958 - Joseph Finder, American novelist
1959 - John Mackin, programmer
1959 - Robyn Maher, Australian basketball guard (Olympics-bronze-96)
1959 - Walter Ray Williams Jr, bowler (twice Player of the Year)
1959 - [Dennis Ray] "Oil Can" Boyd, baseball pitcher (Boston Red Sox)
1959 - Brian Higgins, American politician, Member of US House of Representatives
1960 - Albert Lewis, NFL cornerback (Oakland Raiders)
1960 - Jeffrey Trachta, Staten Island NY, actor (Thorne-Bold & Beautiful)
1960 - Richard Jobson, British TV person/rocker (Skids-Scared to Dance)
1960 - Scott Stevens, jockey
1961 - Kathrin D�rre, East German marathoner (Olympic-bronze-1988)
1961 - Tim Burgess, rocker
1962 - Rich Yett, baseball player
1963 - Elisabeth Shue, Wilmington, Delaware, actress (Cocktail, Adv in Babysitting)
1963 - Jsu Garcia, American actor
1964 - Pam Kometani, Honolulu HI, LPGA golfer (1992 Welch's Classic-27th)
1964 - Thomas "Tom" Hunter, US 50M FREESTYLE swimmer (world record)
1965 - Cynthia Meyer, NY, Canadian trap shooter (Olympics-96)
1965 - David Spaulding, Newport Beach California, canoe (alt-Olympics-96)
1965 - Jim Sharp, US rodeo rider (Las Vegas 1988)
1965 - Ruben Sierra, Rio Piedras Puerto Rico, outfielder (NY Yankees)
1966 - Archi Cianfrocco, Rome NY, infielder (San Diego Padres)
1966 - Jimmie Johnson, NFL tight end (Philadelphia Eagles)
1966 - Julianne McNamara, Flushing NY, gymnist (Olympic-gold-1984)
1966 - Oscar Caballos, jockey
1966 - Niall Quinn, Irish footballer
1966 - Jacqueline Obradors, American actress
1967 - Kennet Andersson, former Swedish footballer
1967 - Svend Karlsen, Norwegian strongman
1969 - Byron Black, Zimbabwe, tennis star
1969 - Jeff Lay, Ottawa Ontario, rower (Olympics-96)
1969 - Martha Richards, Hudson WI, LPGA golfer (1995 Safeco Classic-21st)
1969 - Robert Person, St Louis MO, pitcher (NY Mets)
1969 - Troy Shaw, English snooker player
1970 - Darren Oliver, Kansas city MO, pitcher (Texas Rangers)
1970 - Amy Jo Johnson, American actress and singer
1971 - Chris Hudson, NFL strong safety (Jacksonville Jaguars)
1971 - Phil Bennett, British racing driver
1971 - Lola Due�as, Spanish actress
1971 - Alan Stubbs, English footballer
1972 - J J Stokes, NFL wide receiver (SF 49ers)
1972 - Ryu Shi-won, Korean actor and singer
1973 - Rebecca Lobo, Mass, WNBA center (Olympics-gold-96)/(NY Liberty)
1973 - Sylvain Legwinski, French footballer
1973 - Jeff Davis, American comedian
1973 - Ioan Gruffudd, Welsh actor
1974 - Brian Kelly, Mission Viejo California, soccer midfielder (Olympics-gold-96)
1974 - Geert Jelle de Vries, Dutch soccer player (SC Heerenveen)
1974 - Kenny Jonsson, Angelholm SW, NHL defenseman (Team Sweden, NY Islander)
1974 - Jeremy Sisto, American actor
1974 - Walter Centeno, Costa Rican footballer
1975 - Ines Sainz, Miss Spain Universe (1997)
1975 - Jan Harm Schippers, Dutch soccer player: SC Heerenveen, Veendam
1975 - John Harm Skippers, soccer player (SC Heerenveen)
1975 - Reon King, West Indian cricketer from Guyana
1976 - Barbie Hsu, Taiwanese actress and singer
1977 - Shimon Gershon, Israeli footballer
1977 - Vladimir Manchev, Bulgarian footballer
1977 - Daniel Bri�re, Canadian ice hockey player
1978 - Ricky Hatton, English boxer
1979 - David Di Tommaso, French footballer (d. 2005)
1979 - Richard Seymour, American football player
1979 - Lex Shrapnel, English actor
1980 - Abdoulaye M��t�, French footballer
1981 - Zurab Khizanishvili, Georgian footballer
1981 - Jos� Luis Perlaza, Ecuadorian footballer
1982 - MC Lars, American hip-hop artist
1982 - William Butler, Musician and member of Arcade Fire
1984 - Joanna Pacitti, American actress and singer
1986 - Mohammad Shukri, Malaysian cricketer
1986 - Olivia Thirlby, American actress
1988 -Maki Horikita, Japanese model and actress
1988 - Kayky Brito , Brazilian actor.
1992 - Rhyon Nicole Brown, American actress
1995 - Jessica Lunsford, American kidnapping victim (d. 2005)
1998 - Mia-Sophie Wellenbrink, German actress and singer
Quote for today:
Anybody can win unless there happens to be a second entry.
- George Ada
Historical events on October 9
680 - Husain ibn 'Ali, Shi'i religious leader, enters martyrdom
768 - Charles the Great & Charlamane II divide French republic
charlemagne.jpg ( 13.98K ) Number of downloads: 0
Roman Emperor Charlemagne
768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks.
869 - Charles the Bare crowned king of Lotharingen
1000 - Leif Ericson discovers "Vinland" (possibly New England)
1003 - Leif Erikson lands in L'Anse aux Meadows, Canada, becoming the first European to reach America.
1192 - Richard Coeur de Leeuw leaves Jerusalem in disguise
1238 - James I of Aragon conquers Valencia and founds the Kingdom of Valencia.
1290 - Last of 16,000 English Jews expelled by King Edward I, leaves
1446 - Korean Hangual alphabet devised
1446 - The hangul alphabet is published in Korea.
1514 - King Louis XII of France marries Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VII (sister of Henry VIII)
1558 - M�rida is founded in Venezuela.
1573 - Don Frederik disbands siege of Alkmaar
1595 - The Spanish army captures Cambrai.
1597 - Earl Mauritius occupies Breevoort
1617 - Peace of Pavia (Spain & Savoye)
1621 - Turkey & Poland signs Peace of Chotin
1635 - Religious dissident Roger Williams banished from Mass Bay Colony
1651 - English parliament proclaims Navigation Act off
1655 - Swedish king Karel X Gustaaf occupies Krakow
1668 - Mass society storms palace of "heretics" Spanish gov Jose de Paternina
1701 - Collegiate School of Ct (Yale U), chartered in New Haven
1708 - Battle at Lesnaya: Russian army captures Swedish convoy
1716 - England & France sign treaty
1740 - Neth gov-general Adriaen Valckenier allows murder of 8000 Chinese inhabitants of Batavia
1760 - Russian/Austrian army occupies Berlin [OS=Sep 28]
1760 - 7 Year's War: Russian forces occupy Berlin.
1771 - The Dutch merchant ship Vrouw Maria sinks near the coast of Finland.
1776 - Mission Dolores founded by SF Bay
1794 - French troops occupy Hertogenbosch
1799 - British frigate HMS Lutine sinks off Dutch coast
1799 - Sinking of HMS Lutine, with the loss of 240 men and a cargo worth �1,200,000.
1804 - Hobart Tasmania founded
1806 - Prussia declares war on France.
1817 - University of Gent officially opens
1818 - Congress of Aken returns to France from Libya
1820 - Guayaquil, Ecuador declares its freedom from Ecuador
1824 - Slavery is abolished in Costa Rica.
1831 - Capo d'Istria is assassinated.
1835 - The Royal College, Colombo established with the name Hillstreet Academy in Sri Lanka.
1837 - Steamboat "Home" sinks off Okracoke NC killing 100
1837 - Meeting at the U.S. Naval Academy establishes the U.S. Naval Institute.
1845 - The eminent and controversial Anglican, John Henry Newman, is received into the Roman Catholic Church.
1854 - the siege of Sebastopol begins.
1855 - Isaac Singer patents sewing machine motor
1855 - Joshua Stoddard of Worcester, Mass patents 1st calliope
1863 - Battle of Brady Station, VA (Culpeper Court House, Bristoe Station)
1864 - Battle of Tom's Brook-Confederate cavalry that harassed Sheridan's campaign is wipped by Custer & Merrit's cavalry divisions
1865 - 1st US underground pipeline for carrying oil is laid in Pennsylvania
1870 - Rome is incorporated into Italy by royal decree
1872 - Aaron Montgomery started his mail-order business
1874 - World Postal Union forms in Bern Switzerland
1876 - 1st 2-way telephone conversation, 1st over outdoor wires
1877 - American Humane Association organizes (Cleveland)
1888 - Washington Monument opens for public admittance
1890 - Start of Sherlock Holmes adventure "Red-Headed League"
1899 - 1st British troops reaches Durban South Africa
1899 - South Africa President Kruger routes British authorities ultimatum
1900 - 8.3 earthquake shakes Cape Yakataga, Alaska
1903 - 11" (28.4 cm) rainfall in 24 hrs (NYC)
1905 - Phila A's meet Giants in World Series, Giants win 3-0
1909 - Ty Cobb steals home in World Series game
1910 - Nap Lajorie challenges Ty Cobb batting avg with 8 hits, 6 were bunts as Brown's 3rd baseman Red Corriden played deep, Cobb still won
1914 - German troops take Antwerp in World War I
1915 - Belgrade Serbia, surrenders to Central leaders
1915 - Gil Anderson races auto (165.1 km record) in Sheepshead Bay, NY
1915 - Louis Kaufmans "Unchastened Woman," premieres in NYC
1915 - Woodrow Wilson becomes 1st pres to attend a World Series game
1916 - Babe Ruth begins 29 2/3 scoreless World Series innings
babe_ruth.jpg ( 14.6K ) Number of downloads: 0
Baseball Great Babe Ruth
1916 - Babe Ruth pitches & wins longest WS game (14 innings) 2-1
1920 - 1st World Series game in Cleveland, Indians win 2-1
1921 - Babe Ruth's 1st WS homer; only Sunday game ever pitched by Carl Mays
1926 - Dutch Queen Wilhelmina opens Royal Colonial Institution
1926 - NBC (National Broadcasting Corporation) forms
1928 - Marcel Pagnol's "Topaz," premieres in Paris
1928 - NY Yankees sweep Cards in 25th World Series, Ruth hits 3 HR in game
1928 - NY Yankees become 1st to sweep consecutive World Series
1929 - G Kaufman & R Lardner's musical "June Moon," premieres in NYC
1930 - 1st transcontinental flight by a woman completed, Laura Ingalls
1934 - St Louis Cards beat Detroit Tigers, 4 games to 3 in 31st World Series
1934 - Regicide at Marseille: The assassination of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia and Louis Barthou, Foreign Minister of France.
1936 - Hoover Dam begins transmitting electricity to LA
1938 - A Copland & E Lorings ballet "Billy the Kid," premieres in Chicago
1938 - Cleveland Browns & Chicago Bears play a penalty free NFL game
1938 - NY Yankees sweep Cubs in 35th World Series, 3rd straight WS win
1941 - A coup in Panama declares Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia Arango the new president.
1942 - Statute of Westminster 1931 formalises Australian autonomy.
1944 - British PM Winston Churchill arrives in Russia for talks with Stalin
1944 - British premier Winston Churchill arrives in Moscow
1944 - Canadian offensive in West-Zeeuws-Flanders
1944 - German occupier turn off electricity in Amsterdam
1944 - St Louis Cards beat St Louis Browns, 4 games to 2 in 41st World Series
1945 - British troops occupy Andamanen in Gulf of Bengal
1946 - 1st electric blanket manufactured; sold for $39.50
1946 - Eugene O'Neill's "Iceman Cometh," premieres in NYC
1947 - 1st telephone conversation between a moving car & a plane
1947 - Julie Styne & Sam Cohn's musical "High Button Shoes," premieres in NYC for 727 performances
1948 - WXYZ TV channel 7 in Detroit, MI (ABC) begins broadcasting
1949 - NY Yankees beat Dodgers 4 games to 1 in 46th World Series
1951 - 5th NHL All-Star Game: 1st Team ties 2nd Team 2-2 at Toronto
1951 - Gil McDougald's World Series grand slam helps Yanks beat Giants 13-1
1953 - British premier Winston Churchill aproves Guyanese Constitution
1953 - Conrad Adenauer elected West German chancellor
1954 - KTIV TV channel 4 in Sioux City, IA (NBC) begins broadcasting
1955 - Betty Jameson wins LPGA Richmond Golf Open
1956 - 10th NHL All-Star Game: All-Stars beat Montreal 1-1 at Montreal
1957 - Great Britain performs nuclear test at Maralinga Australia
1958 - Israeli navy inaugrates it's 1st submarine
1958 - NY Yankees beat Braves 4 games to 3 in 55th World Series
1958 - NY Yankees appear in 9 & win 7 of last 10 World Series
1959 - 1st phone call between auto & plane (Delaware)
1959 - Lee Harvey Oswald arrives in Southampton
lee_harvey_oswald.jpg ( 10.17K ) Number of downloads: 0
JFK Assassin Lee Harvey Oswald
1960 - Cowboy QB Eddie LeBaron throws shortest touchdown pass (2")
1961 - NY Yankees beat Cin Reds, 4 games to 1 in 58th World Series
1961 - Tanganyika becomes independent within British Commonwealth
1961 - US members of communist party obliged to report themselves to Police
1961 - Volcano eruptions on Tristan de Cunha (South Atlantic)
1961 - Yank Whitey Ford breaks Ruth record of 29 2/3 consecutive inning
1961 - World Series scoreless pitching streak Yanks beat Reds 4 games to 1
1962 - Battles to decide Algeria-Morocco boundary kills 130
1962 - NASA civilian test pilot John B McKay takes X-15 to 39,200 m
1962 - Uganda becomes independent from the United Kingdom
1963 - Landslide into Vaiont Dam emptys lake, kills 3-4,000 (Italy)
1963 - British premier Harold MacMillan, resigns
1963 - Dam in Piave valley Italy, breaks' about 2,000 die
1963 - French air force gets 1st nuclear weapons
1963 - Hurricane Flora ravages Cuba & Haiti, kills 6,000
1965 - 16th Ryder Cup: US wins 19�-12� at Royal Birkdale, England
1965 - Beatles' "Yesterday," single goes #1 & stays #1 for 4 weeks
1966 - Balt Orioles sweep LA Dodgers, in 63rd World Series
1966 - Rolling Stones 1st LP recorded "Got Live if you Want It"
1968 - Government seizes oil fields in Peru
1968 - WKMU TV channel 21 in Murray, KY (PBS) begins broadcasting
1969 - Supremes release "Someday We'll Be Together"
1970 - Khmer Republic (Cambodia) declares independence
1971 - Japans emperor Hirohito visits Netherlands
1971 - USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR
1972 - "Dude" opens at Broadway Theater NYC for 16 performances
1973 - 1st general striking in Luxembourg since 1942
1973 - Elvis & Priscilla Presley divorce after 6 years
1973 - Israel announces loss of Bar-Lev defense line in Suez Canal
1973 - Warriors-Cavalier game in Cleveland postponed because of wet floors
1974 - Frank Robinson became 1st Black baseball manager (Cleve Indians)
1974 - Race riot in Boston due to "busing"
1974 - Washington Capitals 1st NHL game, losing 6-3 to NY Rangers at Madison Square Garden Wash Caps begin a 37 game road losing streak
1975 - Emperor Hirohito of Japan visits SF
1975 - Soviet dissident Andrei Sakharov wins Nobel Peace Prize
1976 - "Robber Bridegroom" opens at Biltmore Theater NYC for 145 performances
1976 - Peter Petherick takes hat-trick on debut NZ v Pak Javed 1st wkt
1976 - Test Cricket debut of Javed Miandad (Pakistan), scores 163 on 1st day
1976 - Yanks 1st AL Championship game, beat Royals 4-1
1977 - Amy Alcott wins LPGA Houston Exchange Clubs Golf Classic
1977 - Soyuz 25 launched to Saluyt 6, but returned after failing to dock
1977 - Yanks rally for 3 in 9th & beat Royals 5-3 for pennant #31
1978 - 12th Country Music Association Award
1978 - John Kander & Fred Ebb's musical "Ballroom," premieres in NYC
1979 - Howard Stern begins broadcasting on WCCC in Hartford Conn
1980 - 1st consumer use of home banking by computer (Knoxville Tn)
1980 - Nobel prize for literature awarded to Czeslaw Milosz
1980 - Princess Caroline of Monaco divorces Philippe Junot
1981 - Abolition of capital punishment in France.
1982 - Attack on synagouge in Rome, 1 dead
1983 - 4 South Korean government ministers assassinated in Rangoon Burma
1984 - Kathy Sullivan becomes 1st US woman to walk in space
1985 - "Tango Argentino" opens at Mark Hellinger Theater NYC for 198 perfs
1985 - Central Park's Strawberry Fields, dedicated
1985 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1986 - "Phantom of the Opera" premeires in London
1986 - Gilbert Perreault, Buffalo, became 12th NHLer to score 500 goals
1986 - Senate convicted US District Judge Harry E Claiborne making him 5th federal official to be removed from office through impeachment
1987 - Japanese bank buys "Lady McGill" stamp for $1,100,000
1988 - 17% vote extremely-right Flemish Block in Belgium
1988 - Dennis Eckersley, 1st to save all 4 games in a championship series
1989 - 23rd Country Music Association Award: George Strait, Kathy Mattea wins
1989 - 27th Tennis Fed Cup: USA beats Spain in Tokyo Japan (3-0)
1989 - Penthouse Magazine's hebrew edition hits newstands
1989 - 1st NFL game coached by a black man (Art Shell), his LA Raiders beat NY Jets 14-7 on Monday Night Football
1990 - David Hackett Souter, sworn in as Supreme Court Justice
1990 - Radio stations around world play "Imagine" honoring John Lennon
1990 - Saddam threatens to hit Israel with a new missile
1991 - "On Borrowed Time" opens at Circle in Sq Theater NYC for 99 perfs
1991 - Bush declares "total confidence" in nominee Clarence Thomas
1991 - San Jose Sharks beat Calgary for their 1st NHL win, 4-3
1991 - Ecuador becomes a member of the Berne Convention copyright treaty.
1992 - Great meteorite seen from Kentucky to NY
1992 - A 13 kilogram (est.) meteorite lands in the driveway of the Knapp residence in Peekskill, New York, destroying the family's 1980 Chevrolet Malibu
1994 - Austrian parliamentary election (23% extreme-right)
1994 - Darmstadt creates element 110
1996 - Howard Stern's book "Miss America" released in paperback
1997 - ABL players allowed to own stock in the league
1997 - Hurricane kills 123 in Acapulco Mexico
1997 - NC's Dean Smith winningest college basetball coach retires
1997 - NY Rangers are 1st NHL team to open with 4 straight ties
1997 - Nobel prize for literature awarded to Dario Fo
1999 - The last flight of the SR-71.
2001 - Second mailing of anthrax letters from Trenton, New Jersey in the 2001 anthrax attack.
2006 - North Korea allegedly tests its first nuclear device.
2007 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes at an all-time high.
2009 - First lunar impact of the Centaur and LCROSS spacecrafts as part of NASA's Lunar Precursor Robotic Program.
Music history on Oct. 9
1813 - Composer Giuseppe Fortunino Frencesco Verdi was born.
1835 - Composer Charles-Camille Saint-Saens was born.
1931 - Russ Columbo�s "Prisoner of Love" was recorded.
1958 - Eddie Cochran recorded "C'mon Everybody."
1959 - Bobby Darin became the youngest performer to headline the Sands Hotel's Copa Room in Las Vegas, NV. Johnny Mathis held the previous record (he had been 23).
1964 - The Rolling Stones cancelled the planned tour in South Africa because of an anti-apartheid embargo by the British Musicians' Union.
1966 - The Rolling Stones recorded their first live album "Got Live if You Want It."
1967 - Doc Severinsen replaced Skitch Henderson as musical director of "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson."
1971 - Van Morrison's "Wild Night" was released.
1974 - Quincy Jones gets his first gold record for "Body Heat."
1978 - David Bowie's "Stage" album was released by RCA Records.
1979 - Styx released "Babe."
1980 - John Lennon released "Starting Over" on his 40th birthday. It was his first record in five years.
1985 - A 2�-acre garden memorial was dedicated to John Lennon by his widow Yoko Ono. The memorial in New York City�s Central Park is called Strawberry Fields.
2002 - The Bon Jovi album "Bounce" was released.
2003 - Britain's Queen Elizabeth II made Sting a CBE (Commander of the British Empire).
2003 - Joe Strummer's last album, "Streetcore," was released posthumously. Strummer had died of a heartattack on December 22, 2002.
Sports history on Oct. 9
1919 - The Cincinnati Reds won the World Series. The win would be later tainted when 8 Chicago White Sox were charged with throwing the game. The incident became known as the "Black Sox" scandal.
1974 - The Washington Capitals played their first NHL game.
2000 - Brett Hull (Dallas Stars) scored his 611th NHL goal. The goal allowed him to pass his father, Bobby Hull, on the all time scoring list bringing him to number 9.
2001 - Prosecutors in Miami, FL, announced that they would seek a prison sentence if O.J. Simpson was convicted in his road rage trial. Jury selection began for the trial just after the announcement.
2002 - The L.A. Kings retired Wayne Gretzky's #99.
Famous birthdays on Oct. 9
Rube Marquard 1889
Historical events on October 10
680 - Battle at Kerbela: Kalief Yazid beats pretender al-Hussein
1375 - Westfriese sea wall breaks flooding northern Netherlands
1471 - Battle of Brunkeberg Stockholm (Sten Sture beats Christian I)
1549 - Duke of Somerset fired as Lord Protector & imprisoned
1575 - Battle of Dormans: Roman Catholic forces under Duke Henry of Guise defeated the Protestants, capturing Philippe de Mornay among others.
1578 - Count Johan Casimir occupies Ghent with 500 horsemen
1631 - Saxon army occupies Prague
1695 - King Willem III escapes South Netherlands, back to England
1720 - French government proclaims strike on banknotes
1733 - France declares war on emperor Charles VI
1760 - Suriname Colonial Regime signs treaty with Aukaners (ex-slaves)
1780 - Great Hurricane of 1780 kills 20,000 to 30,000 in Caribbean
1787 - Amsterdam surrenders to Prussian invasion army
1799 - Convention of Alkmaar: English/Russian invasion army departs
1802 - 1st non indian settlement in Oklahoma
1839 - British troops under Gen Charles Napier occupy Beirut
1845 - Naval School (now called US Naval Academy) opens at Annapolis
1846 - Alexis the Tocqueville writes about "Algerian problem"
1846 - Neptune's moon Triton discovered by William Lassell
1854 - US Assay Office in NY City, NY opens
1857 - American Chess Association formed (NYC)
1863 - Skirmish at Blue Springs, Tennessee (166 casualties)
1865 - John Hyatts patents billard ball
1868 - 1st written account of a Canadian football game
1868 - Cuba revolts for independence against Spain
1874 - Fiji becomes a British possession
1886 - 1st dinner jacket worn to autumn ball at Tuxedo Park, NY (tuxedo)
1888 - Teatotalers excursion train crushed, killing 64 (Mud Run Pa)
1889 - Barnard College is founded.
1892 - Entire Hong Kong national cricket team, die in shipwreck off Taiwan
1899 - IR Johnson patents bicycle frame
1902 - S Afr's president Paul Kruger visits Utrecht
1904 - Liberty Theater opens at 234 W 42nd St NYC
1904 - Yanks 2 games out play 1st place Red Sox on final day doubleheader 41 game winner Chesbro loses 1st game & chance at pennant
1904 - Boston pitchers achieve 148 complete games-an AL record, also record for total complete games AL 1,098, NL 1,089
1908 - Baseball Writers Association, formed
1911 - Sun Yat-sen's revolutionaries overthrow Manchus (Taiwan Natl Day)
1911 - The KCR East Rail commences service between Kowloon and Canton.
1913 - British passenger ship Volturno catches fire in Atlantic (136 kill)
1913 - Gamboa Dam in Panama blown up; Atlantic & Pacific waters mix
1913 - Yuan Shikai installed as 1st president of China
1914 - German forces route Belgians in Antwerp Belgium (WW I)
1916 - In Game 3, Charlie Ebbets becomes the 1st owner to raise the price of World Series grandstand seats to $5-up from $3
1917 - Giants Rube Benton is 1st lefty to pitch a World Series no hitter
1917 - Plymouth Theater opens at 236 W 45th St NYC
1918 - Baden's Geisz forms government
1919 - Richard Strauss & Hugo van Hofmannsthals premieres in Vienna
1920 - 1st Grandslam in WS (Smith) & 1st unassisted triple play (Wambsganss)
1920 - Indians' Elmer Smith hits baseball's 1st post-season grand slam
1920 - Italy annexes South Tirol (Alto Adige)
1920 - Phoenix Cardinals (then in Chicago) play 1st NFL game, a 0-0 tie
1920 - Indian Bill Wambsganns makes 1st unassisted World Series triple play
1920 - Indian's Elmer Smith hits 1st World Series grand slam
1921 - NFL Decatur Staleys become Chicago Staleys, win 14-10
1923 - Saxony gets Social Democratic & Communist coalition government
1923 - NY Giants & NY Yankees become 1st teams to play each other for 3 consecutive World Series, also 1st played at Yankee Stadium
1924 - Ibn Saud of Nedzhed captures Mecca
1924 - Washington Senators win their 1st World Series beat Giants in 7
1926 - St Louis Cards beat NY Yankees, 4 games to 3 in 23rd World Series
1930 - AP votes Joe Cronin unofficial AL MVP & BWA names Hack Wilson NL MVP
1930 - Yankees announce signing Joe McCarthy to manage for 4 years
1931 - A J Bennett hits H Garbarino for 1st scoring pass in Canada's Big 4
1931 - St Louis Cards beat Phila A's, 4 games to 3 in 28th World Series
1931 - William Waltons "Belshazzar's Feast," premieres in Leeds
1932 - "Betty & Bob" premieres on radio
1932 - Dnjepr Dam in USSR put into operation (world's biggest)
1933 - 1st synthetic detergent, "Dreft" by Procter & Gamble, goes on sale
1935 - "Porgy & Bess," by George Gershwin, NY premiere
1935 - Coup under Gen Giorgios Kondylis in favor of Greek monarchy
1935 - George Gershwin's "Porgy & Bess" opens on Broadway
1935 - League of Nations denounces Italian invasion of Abyssinia
1936 - Bradman scores 212 in 202 mins in a cricket testimonial game
1937 - NY Yankees beat Giants 4 games to 1 in 34th World Series
1938 - Germany completed annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland
1938 - Premier of Dmitri Shostakovitch's 1st String Quartet
1941 - German U-boat torpedoes US destroyer Kearney
1942 - 1,300 Austrian Jews transported to Theresienstadt
1943 - Chiang Kai-shek takes oath of office as president of China
1943 - US bombers accidentally strike Enschede Neth, causing 151 deaths
1944 - Adm Halsey's Task Force 30 bombs Okinawa, 700 die
1944 - US takes Okinawa
1945 - Detroit Tigers beat Chicago Cubs, 4 games to 3 in 42nd World Series
1946 - Max Frisch' "Die Chinesische Mauer," premieres in Zurich
1947 - "Allegro" opens at Majestic Theater NYC for 318 performances
1947 - Rodgers & Hammerstein's musical "Allegro," premieres in NYC
1948 - Then record 86,288 see game 5 of World Series in Cleveland
1949 - 3rd NHL All-Star Game: All-Stars beat Toronto 3-1 at Toronto
1951 - Yanks beat Giants 4 games to 2 in World Series, DiMaggio's final game
1954 - Ho Chi Minh enters Hanoi after French troops pulled out
1956 - Fazal Mahmood takes 13-114 for match v Aus, Karachi
1956 - On Skowron's grand slammer NY Yanks beat Dodgers 9-0 in series game 7
1957 - Accident at British nuclear reactor in Windsdale
1957 - Braves' Lew Burdette beats Yankees for 3rd time in 1 World Series
1957 - Milwaukee Braves beat NY Yankees, 4 games to 3 in 54th World Series
1957 - Pres Eisenhower apologizes to finance minister of Ghana, Komla Agbeli Gbdemah, after he is refused service in a Dover, Del, restaurant
1957 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1957 - The Windscale fire in Cumbria, UK becomes the world's first major nuclear accident.
1958 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1958 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1959 - "Happy Town" closes at 84th St Theater NYC after 5 performances
1959 - Lee Harvey Oswald signs guestbook in hotel Helsinki
1959 - Pan Am begins regular flights around World
1960 - "Laughs & Other Events" opens at Barrymore Theater NYC for 8 perfs
1960 - 16 California Poly football team members die in plane crash in Toledo
1960 - Cyclone hits coast of Gulf of Bengal; about 4000 die
1960 - Ron Stewart of Ottawa rushes for CFL-record 287 yards
1960 - WGTE TV channel 30 in Toledo, OH (PBS) begins broadcasting
1961 - "Milk & Honey" opens at Martin Beck Theater NYC for 543 performances
1961 - Expansion draft to stock Houston Astros & NY Mets
1961 - Otis M Smith appointed to Michigan Supreme Court
1961 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1962 - Indies assault up Chinese positions in North-India attack
1963 - Dam bursts in Italy, 3,000+ die
1963 - Netherland population hits 12,000,000
1963 - Treaty banning atmospheric nuclear tests signed by US, UK, USSR
1963 - France cedes control of the Bizerte naval base to Tunisia.
1964 - 18th NHL All-Star Game: All-Stars beat Toronto 3-2 at Toronto
1964 - 18th modern Olympic games opens in Tokyo
1965 - "Drat! - The Cat!" opens at Martin Beck Theater NYC for 8 performances
1965 - Supreme appear on Ed Sullivan Show
1965 - "Vinland Map" is introduced by Yale University as being the 1st known map of America, drawn about 1440 by Norse explorer Lief Eriksson
1967 - Brendan Behans "Norstal Boy," premieres in Dublin
1968 - Detroit Tigers beat St Louis Cards, 4 games to 3 in 65th World Series
1968 - George Harrison forms Singsong Ltd
1968 - Lee Evans of US sets 400 meter record at 43.86
1968 - US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site
1970 - Fiji gains independence from Britain (National Day)
1970 - Fiji becomes independent.
1971 - 1st game played at Philadelphia's Veteran Stadium, Phils win 4-1
1971 - 5th Country Music Association Award: Charlie Pride wins
1971 - Fenholt & Webber's musical "Jesus Christ Superstar," premieres in NYC
1971 - Rain washes out Game 2, 1st World Series postponement since 1962
1972 - Judy Rankin wins LPGA Heritage Village Golf Open
1973 - NY Mets beat Cin Reds in Game 5 of the NLCS
1973 - VP Spiro T Agnew pleads no contest to tax evasion & resigns
1974 - A's Mike Andrews files $25 million lawsuit against Charlie Finley
1974 - Canadian John Hathaway begins 2-yr ride of 50,600 miles
1974 - Labour Party wins British parliamentary election
1974 - US Gen George Brown's speech deplores Jewish influence in US over his treatment during the 1973 World Series
1975 - Israel formally signs Sinai accord with Egypt
1975 - Liz Taylor's 6th marriage (re-marries Richard Burton)
1976 - Beijing reports arrest of Mao Tse Tung's widow
1976 - NJ Meadowlands' Giant's Stadium opens
1976 - Greece's 98 year-old Dimitrion Yordanidis, is oldest man to compete in a marathon; he finishes in 7:33
1977 - 11th Country Music Association Award: Ronnie Milsap wins
1978 - Aerosmith's Steve Tyler & Joe Perry injured by a cherry bomb
1978 - British pop magazine "Smash Hits," 1st published
1978 - Congress approves Susan B Anthony Dollar
1978 - Daniel Arap Moi succeeds Kenyatta as president of Kenya
1978 - Steve Perry joins Journey
1978 - Yanks & Dodgers play in World Series # 75
1979 - Fleetwood Mac gets a star in Hollywood
1979 - Nordiques' Real Cloutier sets NHL record of a hat trick in 1st game
1979 - Panama assumes sovereignty over Canal Area (ie Canal Zone)
1979 - Recorded trace of snow in Central Park NYC
1980 - 4,500 die when a pair of earthquakes strikes NW Algeria
1980 - Very Large Array (VLA) radio telescope network dedicated
1980 - Yanks lose 4-2 & are swept by Royals in AL Championship series
1981 - Anwar Sadat's funeral service is held in Cairo
1982 - Brewers beat Angels in ALCS
1982 - Hernan Siles Zuazo installed as president of Bolivia
1982 - Pope John Paul II canonizes Rev M Kolbe, who volunteered to die in place of another inmate at Auschwitz concentration camp, a saint
1982 - US imposes sanctions against Poland for banning Solidarity trade union
1983 - 17th Country Music Association Award: Alabama wins
1983 - Israel's Knesset votes 60-53 to endorse Yitzhak Shamir as PM
1983 - Tom Monaghan becomes CEO of Detroit Tigers
1985 - Sudan adopts interim constitution
1985 - US fighter jets force Egyptian plane carrying hijackers of Italian ship Achille Lauro to land in Italy, gunmen are placed in custody
1986 - 7.5 Earthquake strikes San Salvador, El Salvador
1986 - Israel Prime Minister Shimon Peres resigns
1987 - Bruce Springsteen releases his 9th album "Tunnel of Love"
1987 - Garfield Park Nature Center opens, latest in Cleveland Metroparks
1987 - Giant's Jeffrey Leonard hits playoff record HR in his 4th cons game
1988 - 22nd Country Music Association Award: Highway 101, K T Oslin win
1988 - Royals announce that Dick Howser, who underwent surgery for a brain tumor in July, will return to manage the club in 1989
1990 - Oakland A's sweep Red Sox in 4 games to win ALCS
1990 - US 67th manned space mission STS 41 (Discovery 11) returns from space
1991 - Ex-postal worker Joseph Harris kills 4 postal workers
1991 - Greyhound Bus ends bankruptcy
1991 - US cuts all foreign aid to Haiti
1992 - Actress Ally Sheedy weds actor David Lansbury
1992 - Actress Heather Thomas weds entertainment lawyer Skip Brittenham
1992 - Floriade (Flower Show) closes at Hague, Netherlands
1993 - Browns Najee Mustafaa sets club rec for longest interception (97 yds)
1993 - Ferry boat leaves for west coast of South Korea, 120 killed
1993 - Ted Kennedy Jr (32) weds psychiatrist Katherine Gershman (34)
1994 - Lt-general Raoul Cedras resigns as dictator of Haiti
1994 - MPAA chief Jack Valenti holds meeting to determine new movie ratings
1994 - NY Giants retire Lawrence Taylor's #56
1994 - Nobel prize for physiology awarded to Alfred Gilman & Martin Rodbell
1994 - Value of Russian ruble decreases, 3081 rubles per dollar
1995 - "Garden District" opens at Circle in the Sq Theater NYC
1995 - Israel begins W Bank pullback, frees hundreds of Palestinian prisoners
1995 - Most Dutch telephone numbers increase to 10 digits
1995 - Robert E Lucas awarded Nobel Prize in economics
1996 - "Sex & Longing" opens at Cort Theater NYC
1996 - Cornerstone dedication for Holocaust Museum in NYC
1997 - An Austral Airlines DC-9-32 crashes and explodes near Nuevo Berlin, Uruguay, killing 74.
2005 - Negotiations between the CDU/CSU and SPD in Germany had concluded that both parties would form a grand coaltion with Angela Merkel of the CDU as chancellor after both parties lost seats in the 2005 German federal election. She was subsequently elected in the Bundestag as chancellor on November 22 of the same year.
2009 - After having closed borders for about two hundred years, Armenia and Turkey sign protocols in Zurich, Switzerland to open their borders.
2021 - The Netherlands Antilles are dissolved.
Music history on Oct. 10
1713 - Composer Johann Ludwig Krebs was born.
1813 - Composer Giuseppee Verdi was born. He composed 26 operas.
1906 - Composer Paul Creston was born.
1935 - The "Porgy and Bess" opera opened on Broadway.
1940 - "Moonlight and Roses" by Lanny Ross was recorded.
1962 - The BBC banned the song "Monster Mash" by Bobby "Boris" Pickett.
1964 - Shangri-Las released "Leader Of The Pack."
1965 - The Supremes made their first appearance on the "Ed Sullivan Show."
1970 - "Tears Of A Clown" was released by Smokey Robinson & The Miracles.
1978 - Steve Tyler and Joe Perry of Aerosmith were injured when a cherry bomb was thrown on stage at a show in Philadelphia, PA.
1979 - "The Rose," starring Bette Midler, premiered in Los Angeles, CA.
1979 - The city of Los Angeles declared "Fleetwood Mac Day." The group was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
1988 - The U2 album "Rattle and Hum" was released.
1992 - Slash (Guns N' Roses) and Renee Suran were married.
1995 - Peter Frampton released "Frampton Comes Alive II."
Sports history on Oct. 10
1865 - The billiard ball was patented by John Wesley Hyatt.
1964 - NBC-TV aired the opening ceremonies of the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. It was the first live color TV program to be transmitted to the U.S. by satellite.
1977 - Joe Namath played the last game of his National Football League (NFL) career.
1979 - Mark Messier made his NHL debut with the Edmonton Oilers.
1987 - Tom McClean finished rowing across the Atlantic Ocean. It set the record at 54 days and 18 hours.
1987 - Doug Jarvis ended his streak of 984 straight games in the NHL. The streak started on October 8, 1975.
2011 - Nelson Cruz (Texas Rangers) hit the first-ever postseason walk-off grand slam to give the Rangers a 7-3 win. The win gave the Rangers a 2-0 lead in the ALCS over the Detroit Tigers.
Famous birthdays on Oct. 10
Giuseppe Verdi 1813
Historic events on October 11
732 - Battle at Tours: France under Karel Martel beat Moors
1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria.
1492 - Columbus' ships sites land on the horizon (Bahamas)
1521 - Pope Leo X titles King Henry VIII of England "Defender of the Faith"
1531 - Battle at Kappel: Swiss RC kantons beat protestant
1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed in battle with the Roman Catholic cantons of Switzerland.
1540 - Emperor Karel names his son Philip, duke of Milan
1573 - Battle of South Seas - Dutch rebels beat Spanish navy
1614 - Adriaen Block and 12 Amsterdam merchants petition the States General for exclusive trading rights in the New Netherland colony.
1634 - the Burchardi flood � "the second Grote Mandrenke" killed around 15,000 men in North Friesland, Denmark and Germany.
1643 - Battle at Wincebt: English New Model-army beats royalists
1674 - Pierre Corneille's "Surena," premieres in Paris
1687 - Hungary accepts Habsburgse sovereignty
1689 - Peter the Great becomes tsar of Russia
1698 - France, England & Netherlands signs 1st Extermination treaty
1726 - Benjamin Franklin returns to Philadelphia from England
1737 - Earthquake kills 300,000 and destroys half of Calcutta India
1746 - Battle at Rocourt: French drive out English/Austria/Neth armies
1776 - Brig Gen Arnold's Lake Champlain fleet defeated by British
1797 - Battle at Kamperduin: English fleet destroys Bataafse
1797 - British naval forces defeat Dutch off Camperdown, Netherlands
1809 - Along the Natchez Trace in Tennessee, explorer Meriwether Lewis dies under mysterious circumstances at an inn called Grinder's Stand.
1811 - The Juliana, 1st steam-powered ferryboat, begins operation
1852 - The University of Sydney, Australia's oldest university, is inaugurated in Sydney.
1861 - Battle of Dumfries, VA (Quantico Creek)
1863 - Skirmish at Rheatown/Henderson's Mill, Tennessee
1864 - Slavery abolished in Maryland
1864 - Campina Grande, Brazil was established as a city.
1865 - Pres Johnson paroles CSA VP Alexander Stephens
1865 - Paul Bogle led hundreds of black men and women in a march in Jamaica, starting the Morant Bay rebellion.
1868 - Thomas Edison patents his 1st invention: electric voice machine
1871 - Great Chicago Fire is finally extinguished after 3 days, 300 killed
1873 - Toronto Argonaut Football Club 1st game losing to U of Toronto
1881 - David Houston patents roll film for cameras
1887 - A Miles patents elevator
1890 - 1st 100 yard dash under 10 seconds (John Owens 9-4/5 secs, Wash DC)
1890 - Daughters of American Revolution founded
1895 - Emperor Menelik II of Addis Ababa draws against Italians
1899 - South African Boers declare war on Great Britain
1902 - 8th US Golf Open: Laurie Auchterlonie shoots a 307 at Garden City NY
1902 - Commencement of 1st Test Cricket between South Africa & Australia
1902 - Lawrence Auchterlonie wins US Open golf tournament
1906 - SF begins school for "Asians"
1906 - White Sox Ed Walsh strikes out then record 12 in a World Series game
1906 - San Francisco public school board sparks United States diplomatic crisis with Japan by ordering Japanese students to be taught in racially segregated schools.
1911 - Ty Cobb (AL) & Frank Schulte (NL) are 1st MVPs, each gets an auto
1913 - Phila A's beat NY Giants, 4 games to 1 in 10th World Series
1914 - German troops occupy Gent
1915 - Bulgarian anti Serbian offensive begins
1918 - Major Tsumani shakes Caribbean
1919 - 1st transcontinental air race ends
1922 - 1st woman FBI "special investigator" appointed (Alaska Davidson)
1922 - Turkey & Greece sign cease fire
1923 - Babe Ruth hits 2 HRs in a World Series game
1923 - German mark falls to 10 billion per �, 4 billion per $
1925 - Belgian episcopelian sspeaks against Flemish activism
1925 - NY Giants play 1st NFL game, lose to Providence 14-0
1927 - Lou Gehrig named AL MVP (Babe Ruth (former winner) not eligible)
1929 - Sean O'Casey's "Silver Tassle," premieres in London
1929 - JC Penney opens store #1252 in Milford, Delaware, making it a nationwide company with stores in all 48 U.S. states.
1930 - Collingwood Football Club in Melbourne, Australia, won the VFL premiership for the fourth consecutive year.
1931 - 100,000 extreme-right Germans form "Harzburger Front"
1932 - 1st political telecast (Democratic National Committee) at CBS, NYC
1932 - Stalin forces Zinoviev & Kamenev out of Communist Party
1936 - "Professor Quiz," 1st radio quiz show premieres
1939 - Albert Einstein informs FDR of possibilities of atomic bomb
1939 - Bucky Harris signs to manage Washington again
1939 - Gertrude Lawrence's "Skylark," premieres in NYC
1939 - NAACP organized Legal Defense & Education Fund
1941 - 1st NSB-battalion departures to Eastern front
1942 - -Oct 12] Sea battle at Cape Esperance Guadalcanal
1943 - NY Yankees beat Cards 4 games to 1, in 40th World Series, to become 1st team to win 10 World Series
1944 - Allies bomb sea wall at Veere
1944 - Tuvinian People's Republic or formerly Tannu Tuva was annexed by the U.S.S.R
1945 - Chinese civil war begins, Chiang Kai-Shek vs Mao Tse-Tung
1945 - JPL WAC Corporal Launch (1st Man-Made Object to escape Atmosphere)
1947 - Brazil & Chile break diplomatic relations with USSR
1948 - "Love Life" opens at 46th St Theater NYC for 252 performances
1948 - "Where's Chartev?" opens at St James Theater NYC for 792 performances
1948 - Cleve Indians beat Boston Braves, 4 games to 2 in 45th World Series
1950 - The U.S. Federal Communications Commission issues the first license to broadcast television in color, to CBS
1954 - "On Your Toes" opens at 46th St Theater NYC for 64 performances
1954 - Pope Pius XII publishes encyclical Ad caeli Reginam
1955 - All Peron feast days disposed of in Argentina
1955 - Persia signs Pact of Baghdad
1956 - 1st Pakistan v Australia Test 95 runs scored on 1st day
1956 - Great Britain performs nuclear test at Maralinga Australia
1956 - AL Pres Will Harridge bars Wash Senators move to West Coast, unless unanimously approved by the other AL owners
1958 - "Goldilocks" opens at Lunt Fontanne Theater NYC for 161 performances
1958 - 2nd US Moon probe, Pioneer 1, reaches 113,810 km, falls back
1959 - KTHI TV channel 11 in Fargo-Grand Forks, ND (NBC) begins broadcasting
1960 - Hurricane ravages East-Pakistan (6,000 die)
1960 - Radio-TV exec John Fetzer buys a controlling interest of Det Tigers
1961 - USAF Major Robert M White takes X-15 to 66,100m
1961 - USSR performs nuclear test
1962 - 1st appearance of a Gabor sister on Merv Griffin Show
1962 - 2nd Vatican Council (21st ecumenical) convened by Pope John XXIII
1964 - Ruth Jessen wins LPGA Hillside House Ladies' Golf Open
1967 - World Series record 3 consecutive HRs (Carl Yastremski, Reggie Smith, & Rico Petrocelli) by Red Sox
1967 - Yoko Plus Me art exhibit opens in London (the me is John Lennon)
1968 - Apollo 7 (Schirra, Eisele & Cunningham) made 163 orbits in 260 hours
1968 - Billy Martin named manager of Twins
1968 - Panama revolts
1969 - -28] Rome: 2nd bishop synod
1969 - Blues artist Muddy Waters involved in a car crash that kills 3
1969 - Soyuz 6 launched; Soyuz 7 & 8 follow in next 2 days
1971 - 60th Davis Cup: USA beats Romania in Charlotte (3-2)
1971 - Brooks Robinson ties Series record, reaches base 5 straight times
1971 - Frank McGee becomes news anchor of Today Show
1971 - Switzerland recognizes North Vietnam
1972 - Panama adopts constitution
1972 - Prison uprising at Washington DC jail
1972 - Reads beat Pirates in NLCS
1973 - Oakland beats Baltimore 3 games to 2 to win AL pennant
1974 - A's Catfish Hunter charge owner Charlie Finley with breach of contract
1975 - "Saturday Night Live" premieres with guest host George Carlin
1975 - Bill Clinton weds Hillary Rodham
1975 - Islander's Bryan Trottier's 1st career hat trick
1975 - Saturday Night Live premieres with George Carlin as host
1976 - 10th Country Music Association Award: Mel Tillis wins
1976 - Mao Tse-Tung's widow Jiang Qing & "Gang of Four," arrested & charged with plotting a coup
1977 - Soyuz 25 returns to Earth
1978 - Aristides Royo elected president of Panama
1978 - Belgium government of Tindemans resigns
1978 - Dodgers Bob Welch dramatically strikes out Reggie Jackson in 9th
1979 - "Most Happy Fella" opens at Majestic Theater NYC for 53 performances
1979 - German DR frees dissidents Rudolf Bahro & Nico Hubner
1979 - Allan McLeod Cormack & Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield win Nobel Prize for medicine for developing CAT scan
1980 - Cosmonauts Popov & Ryumin set space endurance record of 184 days
1980 - Dallas Mavericks 1st game at Reunion Arena beat San Antonio 103-92
1980 - USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR
1981 - Expos beat Phillies, 3 games to 2, in NLCS
1981 - Hollis Stacy wins LPGA Inamori Golf Classic
1981 - LeRoy Irvin sets yards gained on punt returns record (207 yds)
1981 - Unknown rocker Prince opens for Rolling Stones at LA Coliseum
1981 - Yanks beat Brewers 7-3 & win only Eastern Championship Series
1982 - 16th Country Music Association Award: Willie Nelson & Ricky Skagg
1982 - English ship Mary Rose, which sank during an engagement with France in 1545, raised at Portsmouth, England
1982 - Riot in Amsterdam as tram catches fire
1983 - Last hand-cranked telephones US went out of service as 440 telephone customers in Bryant Pond, Maine, were switched over to direct-dial
1984 - 1st space walk by US woman (Dr Kathryn D Sullivan)
1984 - August Wilson's "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom," premieres in NYC
1984 - NASA launches space vehicle S-208
1984 - VP candidate debate-Graldine Ferraro (D) & George Bush �
1985 - Atlantis returns to Kennedy Space Center via Kelly AFB
1985 - Pres Reagan bans importation of South African Krugerrands
1985 - US intercepts Egyptian Boeing with Achille Lauro terrorists
1986 - Reagan & Gorbachev open talks at a summit in Reykjavik, Iceland
1987 - 200,000 gays march for civil rights in Washington
1990 - "Miser" opens at Circle in Sq Theater NYC for 93 performances
1990 - Center for Urban archaeology opens in NYC South Street Seaport Museum
1990 - Octavio Paz wins Nobel Prize for literature
1990 - Oil hits a record $40.42 per barrel
1991 - Anita Hill testifies Clarence Thomas sexually harrased her
1991 - Chip Beck ties PGA lowest 18 hole score of 59
1991 - Televangelist Jimmy Swaggart seen soliciting a prostitute
1992 - 1st 3-way presidential debate (Bush-Clinton-Perot)
1992 - Deion Sanders, plays for Atlanta Falcons (NFL) & Braves (Baseball)
1992 - Toronto down 6-1 in 7th beats A's 7-6 in 11th in AL playoff
1993 - Norwegian Rushdie publisher William Nygaard injured in attack
1993 - US warship Harlan County anchors off Port-au-Prince Haiti
1994 - Russian ruble decreases to 3,926 rubles per dollar
1994 - Space shuttle STS-68 (Endeavour 7), lands
1995 - John Bobbitt has plastic surgery to increase his penis 3 inches
1995 - O J Simpson cancels a TV appearance on Dateline
1996 - Ford buys rights to named Detroit domed stadium for $40 million
1997 - Dennis Rodman returns from 2nd longest NBA suspension (11 games)
1998 - A Congo Airlines Boeing 727 is shot down by rebels in Kindu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, killing 40 people.
2000 - The 100th Space Shuttle mission (STS-92) is flown.
2001 - The Polaroid Corporation files for federal bankruptcy protection.
2002 - A bomb attack in a shopping mall in Vantaa, Finland kills seven.
Music history on Oct. 11
1727 - Coronation Anthem No. 4, by Handel, was first performed in Westminster Abbey.
1939 - Coleman Hawkins recorded "Body and Soul."
1940 - Glenn Miller recorded "Make Believe Ballroom Time."
1948 - "Where's Charley?" debuted on Broadway.
1965 - "Roll Over Beethoven" was released by the Beatles.
1969 - Muddy Waters was seriously injured and three people were killed in a car accident near Chicago, IL.
1973 - Elvis and Priscilla Presley's divorce became final.
1989 - The album "Hot in the Shade" was released by KISS.
Sports history on Oct. 11
1924 - The Boston Bruins and the Montreal Maroons were granted NHL franchises.
1925 - The New York Giants played their first NFL game. The Giants lost 14-0 to Providence.
1975 - New York Islander Bryan Trottier got his first hat trick.
1980 - The Dallas Mavericks won their first game at Reunion Arena when they beat San Antonio 103-92.
1984 - Mario Lemieux (Pittsburgh Penguins) made his debut in the National Hockey League (NHL) against the Boston Bruins. He scored a goal on his first shot on his first NHL shift.
1998 - Steve Young (San Francisco 49ers) became the 20th player in NFL history to throw for 30,000 yards.
2004 - The Houston Astros won a postseason series for the first time in their 43 year history. They defeated the Atlanta Braves 12-3 in Game 5. The Astros had lost 7 playoff series previously, three of them to Atlanta.
2006 - In New York, Cory Lidle (New York Yankees) and his flight instructor were killed when Lidle's plane crashed into a high-rise apartment building.
Famous birthdays on Oct. 11
Parson Mason Weems 1759 - He was responsible for the story about George Washington cutting down his father's cherry tree.
Henry Heinz 1884
| one thousand nine hundred and twenty seven time |
"Who painted ""The Oath of the Tennis Court""?" | Dear Webby Humor Letter Blog - Alternate Desktops
Dear Webby Humor Letter Blog
Alternate Desktops
Monday, February 15, 2016, 06:13 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Monday, February 15 Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a married NC teacher with 3 kids, who got caught messing with a female student. Judge forbid her to contact her own kids. Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, February 15, in 1903 Morris and Rose Michtom, Russian immigrants, introduced the first teddy bear in America. History ______________________________________________________ "The only limits are, as always, those of vision." --- James Broughton ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ A teen-aged boy with spiked hair, nose ring and baggy clothes was overheard telling a friend, "I don't really like to dress like this, but it keeps my parents from dragging me everywhere with them." ______________________________________________________
with this coupon link Get One Free
or
with THIS coupon link 15% off ANY ink and toner
______________________________________________________ A man in a hurry taking his 8-year-old son to school, made a turn at a red light where it was prohibited. "Uh-oh, I think I just made an illegal turn!" the man said. "It's okay, Dad" the boy said. "The police car right behind us did the same thing." ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Laura Garrigus 30, Fayetville, North Carolina Laura Garrigus of Fayetville, North Carolina, a teacher at Cumberland International Early College. She is now banned from seeing her own kids by judge after alleged sex with 17 year old female student. She is married to a cop and has 3 kids. A North Carolina teacher who resigned after allegedly having a sexual relationship with a student was arrested on Monday. WRAL reported that Laura Garrigus, 30, of Fayetteville, faces four counts of taking indecent liberties with a student and two counts of sexual offense with a student. The suspect worked as a teacher for the Cumberland International Early College in Fayetteville, but resigned in December, the same month the alleged victim told authorities about the allegations. The allegations involved a 17-year-old female student and allegedly took place off-campus from October to December. No other students are believed to have been involved. The suspect was placed in the Cumberland County jail under a $16,000 secured bond and has court planned for Tuesday. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Neil Re: Icon Chaos Dear Webby If Mab is a little bit more tech savvy, point her to this sysinternals (owned by Microsoft) page Desktops This app is dead simple to operate If she has windows 10, http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/wind ... windows-10 Neil Dear Neil Switching desktops could indeed be a solution for some people. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ A new baby, when he was still in hospital, said to the little babe lying next to him, 'I know I am a boy!' The other baby said, 'What! How DO you know that??' 'Well, it's under the blanket; I can show you...' 'Show me! Show me!' 'SSST! Wait till the nurses are gone...' A few minutes later: 'I can show you now. Watch!' Slowly the baby lifted up his blanket, the other baby peeking under it. 'Can you see it?' The first one said, 'You see it, down there?' 'But WHAT should I see?' 'I'm wearing blue socks!!' ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Homemade Boogie Wipes By lalala... 732 97 The little packages of boogie wipes are nice, but expensive for what you get, they are also too large in my opinion. I decided to make my own out of diaper wipes. Supplies: diaper wipes scissors zip lock baggie Steps: Cut the diaper wipes into quarters. Store them in a baggie to keep them moist. If they start to dry out you can add a tiny amount of water to rehydrate them. They are great for cleaning up little noses and this way you don't waste a whole wipe on a small job. :) ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ Sarah sidled up to a guest at the party. She had heard him addressed as doctor and now she said diffidently, "Doctor, may I ask a question?" "Certainly," he said. "Lately," said Sarah, "I have been having a funny pain right here near the heart..." The guest interrupted uncomfortably and said, "I'm terribly sorry, Sarah, but the truth is, I'm a doctor of philosophy." "Oh," said the Sarah, "I'm sorry!" She turned away, but then overcome with curiosity, she turned back. "Just one more question, doctor. Tell me, what kind of disease is philosophy?" ___________________________________________________
senior synchronized swimming
____________________________________________________ Pete from New York arrived in Los Angeles. In an airport taxi cab, Pete asked the driver... "Say, is this really a healthful place?" "It sure is," the cabby replied. "When I came here I couldn't say one word. I had hardly any hair on my head. I didn't have the strength to walk across a room, and I had to be lifted out of bed." "That's wonderful!" said the tourist , "How long have you been here?" "I was born here." ____________________________________________________ A lawyer awakened after a serious operation only to find himself in a room with all the blinds drawn. "Why are all the blinds closed?" he asked the doctor. "Well," the surgeon responded, "They're fighting a huge fire across the street, and we didn't want you to wake up and think the operation was a failure." ____________________________________________________
10 Amazing Staircases and ladders from around the globe
Today on February 15 1758 Mustard was advertised for the first time in America. 1764 The city of St. Louis was established. 1799 Printed ballots were authorized for use in elections in the state of Pennsylvania. 1842 Adhesive postage stamps were used for the first time by the City Dispatch Post (Office) in New York City. 1898 The USS Maine sank when it exploded in Havana Harbor for unknown reasons. More than 260 crew members were killed. 1900 The British threaten to use natives in their war with the Boers. 1903 Morris and Rose Michtom, Russian immigrants, introduced the first teddy bear in America. 1932 George Burns and Gracie Allen debuted as regulars on "The Guy Lombardo Show" on CBS radio. 1933 U.S. President-elect Franklin Roosevelt escaped an assination attempt in Miami. Chicago Mayor Anton J. Cermak was killed in the attack. 1942 During World War II, Singapore surrendered to the Japanese. 1961 A Boeing 707 crashed in Belgium killing 73 people. 1962 CBS-TV bought the exclusive rights to college football games from the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) for a figure of $10,200,000. 1965 Canada displayed its new red and white maple leaf flag. The flag replaced the old Red Ensign standard. 1982 During a storm, the Ocean Ranger, a drilling rig, sank off the coast of Newfoundland. 84 men were killed. 1985 The Center for Disease Control reported that more than half of all nine-year-olds in the U.S. showed no sign of tooth decay. 1989 After nine years of intervention, the Soviet Union announced that the remainder of its troops had left Afghanistan. 1991 The leaders of Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland signed the Visegard agreement, in which they pledged to cooperate in transforming thier countties to free-market economies. 1995 The FBI arrested Kevin Mitnick and charged him with cracking security in some of the nation's most protected computers. He served five years in jail. 2002 U.S. President George W. Bush approved Nevada's Yucca Mountain as a site for long-term disposal of radioactive nuclear waste. After a Billion $ had been spent on it, the Democrats vetoed it and stopped the project. It didn't have their name on it. 2015 smiled.
Sunday, February 14, 2016, 06:16 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Thank you Mildred! Today is Sunday, February 14 Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a two Georgia Meth producers who fell asleep in their mobile meth lab
Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, February 14, in 1633 Galileo Galilei arrived in Rome for trial before the Inquisition. History ______________________________________________________ "The way I see it, if you want the rainbow, you gotta put up with the rain." --- Dolly Parton ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ During a weekly weight-loss class, the group leader was extolling the merits of the program's prepared-food products. She raved about the rich, delicious flavor of the imitation chocolate fudge and the nondairy pop tarts, assuring us that we could eat them without the least fear of ruining our diets. The woman next to me nodded her head emphatically and then whispered, "They're even better when you spread peanut butter and jam on them!" ______________________________________________________
with this coupon link Get One Free
or
with THIS coupon link 15% off ANY ink and toner
______________________________________________________ According to women... "Men are like fine wine. They all start out like grapes, and it's our job to stomp on them and keep them in the dark until they mature into something you'd like to have dinner with." According to men.... "Women are like fine wine. They all start out fresh, fruity and intoxicating to the mind and then turn full-bodied with age until they go all sour and vinegary and give you a head- ache." ______________________________________________________ Thanks to Noella for the Pizza Mutt
______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Dustin McMillan and Jeremy Fulghum Lamar County, Georgia Dustin McMillan and Jeremy Fulghum arrested after McMillan falls asleep and crashes their mobile crystal meth lab on I-75 at State Route 36 in Lamar County, Georgia. The Lamar County Sheriff�s Department said two men driving a mobile meth lab crashed into the median of I-75 near Barnesville. It happened just after 9 a.m. in the northbound lanes of I-75 close to where it crosses State Route 36.9805062_G When officers arrived on scene, they found what appeared to be chemicals used for making methamphetamine inside the car. Investigators said 35-year-old Dustin McMillan fell asleep at the wheel. McMillan and his passenger, 31-year-old Jeremy Fulghum, are both from Georgia, but by Thursday afternoon, investigators had not determined what town they are from or where they were headed. The discovery of the chemicals forced deputies to close the interstate until they were sure the substances were contained safely. Among other things, the ingredients for making methamphetamine are flammable. Lamar County Sheriff�s Captain Todd Pippin described one of the chemicals as being extremely harmful, adding, �It will burn and scortch your lungs. A single breath could actually kill you.� At one point, traffic was stopped for 10 miles in both directions. No other cars were involved in the accident. Both men survived the crash and are in jail, awaiting a first appearance before a judge. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Mab Re: Icon Chaos Dear Webby We use our computer mostly for our business, but the kids also use it for homework, and later in the evening my husband and I again use it for more or less business related browsing and research. As you can imagine, the whole background is cluttered with icons and I can never find the ones I need. Wht's the solution? Mab Dear Mab find a clear spot on the background, right-click, New, Folder. Name that one Mab. Then make a folder for each family member and drag their icons into their folders. That will give you lots of room. Now make a folder and call it Business. Drag business related icons that both you and your husband use into that. You might want to make a few more thematic folders like that to hold icons that are used by more than just one person. If each icon is a proper shortcut, and not from somebody slopping a program onto the desktop, then the location of things on your hard drive won't change. When you go onto the machine, you open YOUR folder. Make sure the VIEW is set for LIST. You will still have tiny icons, but the folder takes less space. Squish it so that it is like the gray task bar at the bottom. When you log off, you close your folder and the next person opens theirs. You COULD do the same with the built in tool bars, but those are a lot less versatile and not as adaptable as folders. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ An effusive client brought a litter of golden-retriever puppies to my veterinary clinic for inoculations and worming. She loved them so much, she couldn't keep from remarking about their cute habits. As the look-alike pups squirmed over and under one another in their box, I realized it would be difficult to tell the treated ones from the rest. I turned on the water faucet, wet my fingers, and moistened each dog's head when I had finished. After the fourth puppy, I noticed my hitherto talkative client had grown silent. As I sprinkled the last pup's head, the woman leaned forward and whispered, "I never realized they had to be baptized." ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Split Pea Soup for Busy Mothers By Judy Pariser S. 85 70 I have been making this recipe for years, and it is always good. It will thicken the next day, so you can thin it out with a little water or broth if you choose to. Approximate Time: 3-4 hours conventionally, 8-10 hours slow-cooked. Yield: 10 to 12 cups Ingredients: 1 lb split peas 1 onion, chopped or sliced 3-6 carrots, depending on how much carrot taste you want (I used 3) 2-3 stalks celery 1 bay leaf 1-2 clove garlic, minced (I use two), or equivalent of garlic powder 1/4 tsp thyme 8-10 cups water (I use 9) 1/2 tsp salt (optional) dash cayenne pepper, optional (I use red pepper flakes) Variations 2 cups chicken stock 1 ham bone 1/4 lb salt pork or bacon leftover ham leftover turkey Steps: Rinse over the split peas. Put ingredients into a large kettle or 5 quart or larger slow cooker. Simmer, covered in the pot 3-4 hours. If you are using the slow cooker, cook 8-10 hours on low (I do this), or 3-4 hours on high. Remove the bay leaf. If you are using meat, remove from pot and separate any meat from the bones. Set aside. Blend the soup (I use an immersion blender). Return the meat bits into the soup. You may add milk to this soup if desired, to cool it off. Source: Whole Foods for the Whole Family, this cookbook is still available from La Leche League. It has excellent recipes that are high in nutritional value, and most of them are economical as well. ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ A friend was laid up at home with the flu. His fiancee called and volunteered to come over and fix dinner and play nursemaid to him. He declined, not wanting to pass on the flu to her. "Okay honey", she told him, "I'll wait till after we get married. Then we can spend the rest of our lives making each other sick!" ___________________________________________________
Baxter Black at the car wash
____________________________________________________ Five-year-old Bobbie was alarmed when he heard a lot of car horns honking enthusiastically. "People beep their horns when a couple is getting married," his mother explained. "Why?" he asked. "As a warning?" ____________________________________________________ A Russian cosmonaut has an emergency during his reentry into earth's atmosphere and his space craft crash lands in the Australian bush, way out in the middle of nowhere. After what seems like an eternity, he wakes up in a hospital. He sees a very large, somewhat gruff looking nurse approaching him as he lay in his cot. "Did I come here to die?" he says with a deep sense of resignation and fear. "No," the Aussie nurse replies, "You came here yister-die. ____________________________________________________
Since some of my ancestors are from Scotland I have a soft spot for anything Scottish and the scenery is breathtaking.
Today on February 14 1542 Catherine Howard was executed for adultery. She was the fifth wife of England's King Henry VIII. 1633 Galileo Galilei arrived in Rome for trial before the Inquisition. 1880 Thomas Edison observed what became known as the Edison Effect for the first time. 1900 The Anglo-German accord of 1899 was ratified by Reichstag, in which Britain renounced rights in Samoa in favor of Germany and the U.S. 1914 The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (known as ASCAP) was formed in New York City. The society was founded to protect the copyrighted musical compositions of its members. 1920 The League of Nations recognized the continued neutrality of Switzerland. 1935 In Flemington, New Jersey, a jury found Bruno Richard Hauptmann guilty of the kidnapping and death of the infant son of Charles and Anne Lindbergh. Hauptmann was later executed for the crimes. 1937 The comic strip "Prince Valiant" appeared for the first time. 1945 During World War II, the Soviets captured Budapest, Hungary, from the remains of the retreating German army. 1945 During World War II, Allied aircraft began bombing the German city of Dresden. Ten times more civilians died in that thre day bombing than in the Hiroshima atomic bombing. 1955 Israel acquired 4 of the 7 Dead Sea scrolls. 1960 France detonated its first atomic bomb. 1971 South Vietnamese troops invaded Laos. They were backed by U.S. air and artillery support. 1990 In Ottawa, the United States and its European allies forged an agreement with the Soviet Union and East Germany on a two-stage formula to reunite Germany. 1991 Hundreds of Iraqis were killed by two laser-guided bombs that destroyed an underground facility in Baghdad. U.S. officials identified the facility as a military installation, but Iraqi officials said it was a bomb shelter. 1997 Astronauts on the space shuttle Discovery brought the Hubble Space Telescope aboard for a tune up. The tune up allowed the telescope to see further into the universe. 1999 A bomb exploded just outside a government-owned bank in southern Kosovo. Nine people were killed. 2000 Charles M. Schulz's last original Sunday "Peanuts" comic strip appeared in newspapers. Schulz had died the day before. 2001 El Savador was hit with an earthquake that measured 6.6 on the Richter Scale. At least 400 people were killed. 2002 In Alexandria, VA, John Walker Lindh pled innocent to a 10-count federal indictment. He was charged with conspiring to kill Americans and aiding Osama bin Laden's terrorist network. 2002 Former New York mayor Rudolph Giuliani received an honorary knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II. 2008 Roger Clemens denied having taken performance-enhancing drugs in testimony before Congress. 2008 Hollywood writers ended a 100-day strike. 2015 smiled.
Saturday, February 13, 2016, 03:44 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Thank you Mildred! Today is Saturday, February 13 Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Georgia Mayor Arrested in Cop Car, Charged With Impersonating Officer and DUI
Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, February 13, in 1542 Catherine Howard was executed for adultery. She was the fifth wife of England's King Henry VIII. History ______________________________________________________ The best way to become acquainted with a subject is to write a book about it. --- Benjamin Disraeli (1804 - 1881) ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ A nearsighted minister glanced at the note that Mrs. Jones had sent to him by an usher. The note read: "Bill Jones having gone to sea, his wife desires the prayers of the congregation for his safety." Failing to observe the punctuation, he startled his audience by announcing: "Bill Jones having gone to see his wife desires the prayers of the congregation for his safety." ______________________________________________________
with this coupon link Get One Free
or
with THIS coupon link 15% off ANY ink and toner
______________________________________________________ Once when I was a teenager and I had to have an emergency operation, Pop was there and was watching every move the doctor made. At one point he asked, "What's that?" The doctor explained, "This is an anaesthetic. After he gets this he won't know a thing." "Save your time, Doc," Pop explained, "He don't know nothing now." ______________________________________________________
Gyrfalkon on top of Churchill, Manitoba, transmitter tower. ______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
John Dopson, , Jacksonville, Georgia Georgia Mayor Arrested in Cop Car, Charged With Impersonating Officer and DUI The mayor of a tiny Georgia town was charged with impersonating an officer after he was stopped by sheriff's deputies while driving a marked police car � something he does routinely � the sheriff said Tuesday. John Dopson, mayor of Jacksonville, population 140, was driving a Jacksonville police cruiser when he was pulled over Monday by Telfair County deputies, the sheriff's office said in a statement. Dopson refused to take blood and urine tests, "indicating the reason for his refusal was because he knew it would show positive for 'weed,'" according to the statement. In addition to the impersonation charge, he was charged with driving under the influence of drugs. The sheriff's office said it had been investigating the mayor for some time "in response to numerous complaints related to the daily personal use of a marked and equipped City of Jacksonville patrol car by an individual who possesses no law enforcement authority." Dopson "can be observed daily operating a marked and equipped Jacksonville GA patrol car," the sheriff's office said, often "with its blue lights activated." Dopson was appointed mayor late last year even though he has been awaiting trial since last March on a felony aggravated assault charge, according to state court records. The Associated Press reported that Dopson was accused of pointing a gun at another man in an incident that was recorded on video. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Dani Re: Firefox update problem Dear Webby I need your help once again. I ad Mozilla Firefox as my browser and it wasn't working properly, so I removed it and tried re-installing it. Now my virus protection tells me that Mozilla Firefox is Unsafe. I was trying to download from Mozilla's webpage. If it was safe before why would it be unsafe now. Any help you can give me will be appreciated as always. Dani Dear Dani What do you use for virus protection? I just did a big update on 30 odd things, including FF. McAfee did not protest at all. Actually, it was McAfee, that reminded me to do all those updates. A quick check just now shows that my FF is up to date. 44.0.2 So the download did work OK. Either you were trying to get FF from an illegitimate source, or your anti-virus is not working right. Or both. The legitimate download site for Firefox is: https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/ If you have country flags turned on, you should see a US flag in the address bar. If you see an Arab or Turkmenistan or Nigerian flag, get outa there in a hurry! Use the link I gave you, and NONE other! Don't use links provided by your already compromised browser. I would suggest that you download and install Chrome or Opera or Safari, and use those to download the legitimate FireFox. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ As a Delta Air Lines jet was flying over Arizona on a clear day, the copilot was providing his passengers with a running commentary about landmarks over the PA system. "Coming up on the right, you can see the Meteor Crater, which is a major tourist attraction in northern Arizona. It was formed a Million years ago when a lump of nickel and iron, roughly 150 feet in diameter and weighing 300,000 tons, struck the earth at about 40,000 miles an hour, scattering white-hot debris for miles in every direction. The hole measures nearly a mile across and is 570 feet deep." From the cabin, a passenger was heard to exclaim, "Wow! It just missed the freeway!" ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Split Pea Soup for Busy Mothers By Judy Pariser S. 85 70 I have been making this recipe for years, and it is always good. It will thicken the next day, so you can thin it out with a little water or broth if you choose to. Approximate Time: 3-4 hours conventionally, 8-10 hours slow-cooked. Yield: 10 to 12 cups Ingredients: 1 lb split peas 1 onion, chopped or sliced 3-6 carrots, depending on how much carrot taste you want (I used 3) 2-3 stalks celery 1 bay leaf 1-2 clove garlic, minced (I use two), or equivalent of garlic powder 1/4 tsp thyme 8-10 cups water (I use 9) 1/2 tsp salt (optional) dash cayenne pepper, optional (I use red pepper flakes) Variations 2 cups chicken stock 1 ham bone 1/4 lb salt pork or bacon leftover ham leftover turkey Steps: Rinse over the split peas. Put ingredients into a large kettle or 5 quart or larger slow cooker. Simmer, covered in the pot 3-4 hours. If you are using the slow cooker, cook 8-10 hours on low (I do this), or 3-4 hours on high. Remove the bay leaf. If you are using meat, remove from pot and separate any meat from the bones. Set aside. Blend the soup (I use an immersion blender). Return the meat bits into the soup. You may add milk to this soup if desired, to cool it off. Source: Whole Foods for the Whole Family, this cookbook is still available from La Leche League. It has excellent recipes that are high in nutritional value, and most of them are economical as well. ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ A City Policeman went up to a vendor selling toys and said, "I'm sorry, you can't sell that stuff without a license." The peddler replied, "I knew I wasn't selling any, but I didn't know the reason." ___________________________________________________
1994 - WHAT is the internet?
____________________________________________________ Just before a soldier made his first parachute jump, his sergeant reminded him, "Count to ten and pull the first rip cord. If it snarls, pull the second rip cord for the auxiliary chute. After you land, our truck will pick you up." The paratrooper took a deep breath and jumped. He counted to ten, and pulled the first cord. Nothing happened. He pulled the second cord. Again, nothing happened. As he careened crazily earthward, he said to himself: "Man. Nothing goes right. I'll bet that truck won't be there either!" TWACK he bombed into a huge manure pile. Just as he burrowed his way out and saw daylight again, the head of his buddy popped out of the manure a few feet away and in his slow Texan drawl sang out: "...an one ahs TAN!" ____________________________________________________ Barbie, a waitress, decided to put her matchmaking skills to the test with our mutual friend Mike. She figured that Sandy, another friend who seemed to have much in common with Mike, would be an ideal date. One day Mike came into the restaurant when Sandy was also there. Barbie dragged Mike over to Sandy's table and introduced the two. Then she watched as Mike put his arm around the young woman and said in his best mock-seductive voice, "Helloooo, Sandy. What's a nice girl like you doing in a place like this?" "You guys know each other?" Barbie asked. "We sure do," said Mike. "She's my sister." ____________________________________________________
These 3D drawings are so realistic.
Today on February 13 1542 Catherine Howard was executed for adultery. She was the fifth wife of England's King Henry VIII. 1633 Galileo Galilei arrived in Rome for trial before the Inquisition. 1880 Thomas Edison observed what became known as the Edison Effect for the first time. 1900 The Anglo-German accord of 1899 was ratified by Reichstag, in which Britain renounced rights in Samoa in favor of Germany and the U.S. 1914 The American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (known as ASCAP) was formed in New York City. The society was founded to protect the copyrighted musical compositions of its members. 1920 The League of Nations recognized the continued neutrality of Switzerland. 1935 In Flemington, New Jersey, a jury found Bruno Richard Hauptmann guilty of the kidnapping and death of the infant son of Charles and Anne Lindbergh. Hauptmann was later executed for the crimes. 1937 The comic strip "Prince Valiant" appeared for the first time. 1945 During World War II, the Soviets captured Budapest, Hungary, from the remains of the retreating German army. 1945 During World War II, Allied aircraft began bombing the German city of Dresden. Ten times more civilians died in that thre day bombing than in the Hiroshima atomic bombing. 1955 Israel acquired 4 of the 7 Dead Sea scrolls. 1960 France detonated its first atomic bomb. 1971 South Vietnamese troops invaded Laos. They were backed by U.S. air and artillery support. 1990 In Ottawa, the United States and its European allies forged an agreement with the Soviet Union and East Germany on a two-stage formula to reunite Germany. 1991 Hundreds of Iraqis were killed by two laser-guided bombs that destroyed an underground facility in Baghdad. U.S. officials identified the facility as a military installation, but Iraqi officials said it was a bomb shelter. 1997 Astronauts on the space shuttle Discovery brought the Hubble Space Telescope aboard for a tune up. The tune up allowed the telescope to see further into the universe. 1999 A bomb exploded just outside a government-owned bank in southern Kosovo. Nine people were killed. 2000 Charles M. Schulz's last original Sunday "Peanuts" comic strip appeared in newspapers. Schulz had died the day before. 2001 El Savador was hit with an earthquake that measured 6.6 on the Richter Scale. At least 400 people were killed. 2002 In Alexandria, VA, John Walker Lindh pled innocent to a 10-count federal indictment. He was charged with conspiring to kill Americans and aiding Osama bin Laden's terrorist network. 2002 Former New York mayor Rudolph Giuliani received an honorary knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II. 2008 Roger Clemens denied having taken performance-enhancing drugs in testimony before Congress. 2008 Hollywood writers ended a 100-day strike. 2015 smiled.
Converting the TIF produced by scanner
Friday, February 12, 2016, 06:47 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Friday, February 12 Time to wear a bit of red to show your support for the troops!
Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Florida woman arrested for attacking boyfriend after he refused to give her money for crack
Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, February 12, in 1907 A collision of the steamer Larchmont and a schooner resulted in the death of more than 300 people. The incident occurred off New England's Block Island. History ______________________________________________________ Too much of a good thing is wonderful. --- Mae West (1892 - 1980) Humor is just another defense against the universe. --- Mel Brooks (1926 - ) "The most overlooked advantage of owning a computer is that if they foul up there's no law against whacking them around a bit." --- Eric Porterfield ( The technical term for that is: "Percussive maintenance" ) ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ Things were rather slow so Bobbie, the reporter for the local newspaper, went to the vocational school and visited each classroom. But things were rather slow there too. In Tailoring nobody had sown through any interesting body parts, just the instructor had sown her sleve to a student's workpiece again, but she already had published a similar picture. No blood in carpentry. Nobody had parked any engine on their foot in automotive, and the guy with the transmission on his chest under the Edsel had not moved since last month. As a last resort, Bobby went to Hospitality to see if their new French chef had at least some freebie lunch. No such luck. All the students were busy stirring some gluey gunk in huge soup pots with big wooden spoons. Bobbie asked the chef if it was a French tradition to use wooden spoons for stirring. "No", he replied. "Management deezisson." Bobby asked why management dared to interfere with his superior skills. "If ve hafe 30 of zese bimbos beatin metal pots wizz metal spoonz, zen I go crezie, an zen I kill zem all before zey finish pay for zeir tuition, an ze management, zey dount like dat." ______________________________________________________
with this coupon link Get One Free
or
with THIS coupon link 15% off ANY ink and toner
______________________________________________________ During my brother's wedding, my mother managed to keep from crying until she glanced at my grandparents. My grandmother had reached over to my grandfather's wheelchair and gently touched his hand. That was all it took to start my mother's tears flowing. After the wedding, Mom went over to my grandmother and told her how that tender gesture triggered her outburst. "Well, I'm sorry to ruin your moment," Grandmother replied, "but George hates beeing wheeled about when he is sleeping and I had promised to wake him up a few minutes before it was over." ______________________________________________________
View from Mt Everest. From FB ______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________ reported by Sr Anna
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Diana Burnett, 52, Lake Worth, Floriduh Woman arrested for attacking boyfriend after he refused to give her money for crack A suburban Lake Worth woman is behind bars after she attacked her 67-year-old boyfriend when he refused to give her money to buy crack, according to a Palm Beach County Sheriff�s Office report. On Tuesday night, investigators say Diana Burnett, 52, put her hands around her live-in boyfriend�s neck and scratched him after he told her he wouldn�t give her $100 to buy drugs. The boyfriend told investigators Burnett had been drinking alcohol and smoking crack most of the day when she attacked him. He told deputies that in his 19 years with Burnett, he endured ongoing domestic issues and could no longer live with the abuse, according to the report. Burnett, who refused to come to court Wednesday morning for her first appearance, faces one charge of battery on a person over age 65. She will remain in the Palm Beach County Jail without bail until her scheduled court appearance Thursday morning. Burnett has previously been arrested twice on the same charge, according to court records. Charges were never filed in those cases. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Eddie Re: Scanner produces TIF Dear Webby Its been a very long time, so how have you've been? As for me i lost my dad this past winter. Well its been tough and Im struggling but making it. I got a question for you. From time to time, I scann some documents and it comes out in a "TIF" form and i send it to my sisters, but 1 sister cannot open it up. so do you know a free program that can change a "TIF" file to a MS Word Doc? Take care my friend! Eddie Dear Eddie ANY graphics program will do that. Even "PAINT", which has been included free in Windows since the stone age, will do that. Click on START type paint and it will find it. It is just a very basic paint program, but you can open any picture file, including TIF, and save it as a JPG. It is not a fancy, all around paint program, but it will do just fine for basic stuff like that. You can even crop, resize, rotate and copy. That is all you need for that, and won't cost you a penny. Nothing to download. It is already installed, just not well known. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ The very frugal business manager was checking on the travel expenses of his salesmen, when he began to mutter, then yell. One of the salesmen worked up his courage and came over to ask the boss what was wrong. "Look at this crook's travel expenses," the boss said. "How could he possibly spend forty dollars a day for meals in that small town in Ohio?" "It's easy," explained the salesman cheerfully. "All you have to do is skip breakfast." ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Pre-Marinating Chicken Before Freezing By Jackie H. 136 When I shop, I look for sales on family size packages of chicken, legs, thighs, quarters, and breasts. I love to make my own marinades, and this can be done before freezing your chicken. One of my marinade recipes is: 1 cup of brown sugar 1 cup soy sauce 2 Tbsp. lemon juice 1/2 tsp. black pepper 2 tsp. ground ginger 1/2 cup water Mix these ingredients well until the sugar is completely dissolved. Package your chicken for your meal in freezer ZipLoc bags. Add 1/4-1/2 cup of marinade to each bag. This freezes nicely, and when defrosted, it taste just like you marinated it that day. Try using Italian, Greek or Balsamic dressing as your marinade. These are delicious, too. ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ Ronnie volunteered to strip the bricks from the exterior of in-law's house. One morning he was out front chipping away when a man came by looking for his father-in-law. "He's not here," Ronnie said. The man thanked him, watched him remove a few more bricks, and said, "I'll bet next time they'll leave the key for you." ___________________________________________________
Paper is not dead!
____________________________________________________ When the Jones family moved into their new house, a visiting relative asked the little five-year-old how he liked the new place. "It's really cool," he said. "I have my own room, Mike has his own room, and Jamie has her own room. Only mom still has to bunk with dad." ____________________________________________________ Most women would rather have beauty than brains, because beauty gets them close enough that men stop thinking anyway. ____________________________________________________
A man with a passion for travel and photography.
Today, February 12, in 1541 The city of Santiago, Chile was founded. 1554 Lady Jane Grey was beheaded after being charged with treason. She had claimed the throne of England for 9 days. 1733 Savannah, GA, was founded by English colonist James Oglethorpe. 1878 Frederick W. Thayer patented the baseball catcher�s mask. 1879 The first artificial ice rink opened in North America. It was at Madison Square Garden in New York City, NY. 1907 A collision of the steamer Larchmont and a schooner resulted in the death of more than 300 people. The incident occurred off New England's Block Island. 1909 The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded. 1912 China's boy emperor Hsuan T'ung announced that he was abdicating, ending the Manchu Ch'ing dynasty. Subsequently, the Republic of China was established. 1918 All theatres in New York City were shut down in an effort to conserve coal. 1940 Mutual Radio presented the first broadcast of the radio play "The Adventures of Superman." 1971 James Cash (J.C.) Penney died at the age of 95. The company closed for business for one-half day as a memorial to the company's founder. 1973 The State of Ohio went metric, becoming the first in the U.S. to post metric distance signs. 1973 American prisoners of war were released for the first time during the Vietnam conflict. 1993 In Liverpool, England, a 2-year-old boy, James Bulger, was lured away from his mother at a shopping mall and beaten to death. Two ten-year-old boys were responsible. 1998 A U.S. federal judge declared that the presidential line-item veto was unconstitutional. 2001 The space probe NEAR landed on the asteroid Eros. It was the first time that any craft had landed on a small space rock. 2002 Kenneth Lay, former Enron CEO, exercised his constitutional rights and refused to testify to the U.S. Congress about the collapse of Enron. 2002 Princess Stephanie of Monaco and Franco Knie won a defamation-of-character lawsuit against the Swiss magazine "Facts." The case involved a photomontage created by the magazine. 2003 The U.N. nuclear agency declared North Korea in violation of international treaties. The complaint was sent to the Security Council. 2004 Mattel announced that "Barbie" and "Ken" were breaking up. The dolls had met on the set of their first television commercial together in 1961. 2013 North Korea conducted its third underground nuclear test. 2015 smiled.
Changing from GIF to JPG
Thursday, February 11, 2016, 04:53 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Thursday, February 11 Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Florida man charged with Assault with a deadly weapon after throwing an alligator into Wendy�s
Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, February 11, in 1808 Judge Jesse Fell experimented by burning anthracite coal to keep his house warm. He successfully showed how clean the coal burned and how cheaply it could be used as a heating fuel. History ______________________________________________________ Crime does not pay ... as well as politics. --- Alfred E. Newman "If all else fails, immortality can always be assured by spectacular error." --- John Kenneth Galbraith "It is better to deserve honors and not have them than to have them and not deserve them." --- Mark Twain "Rather fail with honor than succeed by fraud." --- Sophocles ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ President Calvin Coolidge, 30th U.S. president (1923 to 1929) was a man of very few words. One Sunday he went to church, but his wife, Grace, stayed home. When he returned, she asked, "Was the sermon good?" "Yup," was Coolidge's brief reply. "What was it about?" Grace asked. "Sin." "And what did the minister say?" "He's against it." ______________________________________________________
with this coupon link Get One Free
or
______________________________________________________ At a party, a woman walked up to Calvin Coolidge and said, "My husband bet me I couldn't get three words out of you." Coolidge replied "You lose." ______________________________________________________ Thanks to Lillemor for this picture:
______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________ reported by Sr Anna
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Joshua James, Jupiter, Floriduh Assault with a deadly weapon: Florida man charged with throwing alligator into Wendy�s Authorities in Florida have arrested a man accused of throwing a live alligator through a restaurant�s drive-through window. Investigators identified Joshua James, of Jupiter, Fla., as the man who tossed the 3 1/2-foot reptile into a Wendy�s last fall, according to a Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission incident report. He faces three charges related to the incident: Aggravated assault with a deadly weapon; unlawful sale, possession or transporting of an alligator; and petty theft. James, 24, was taken into custody and booked into the Palm Beach County Detention Center on Monday, as first reported by NBC affiliate WPTV. The driver, wearing a backwards baseball hat, arrived at the drive-through window to receive a large drink just before 1:30 a.m. on Oct. 11, according to the report�s summary of surveillance footage. �While the attendant has her back to the window and is at her register, the male driver reaches across the inside of his vehicle in the passenger area and throws an alligator from his vehicle into the drive through window,� the report reads. A photograph in the report shows the American Alligator flat with its legs splayed on the fast food restaurant�s kitchen floor. An officer responding to the incident captured the alligator, taped its jaws shut �for safety� and released it into a nearby canal, according to the report. I would hope he cut the duck tape before dumping the baby gator into the canal! ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Punk Re: Changing from GIF to JPG Dear Webby I hope you are doing well. You often mention changing pictures (and maybe documents as well) from PNG or PSP or PSD format, then save as a JPG or GIF. How do you change to or from JPG . I Have no idea how to change these. And I'm needing specific details if possible. I sometimes have some pictures that need to be changed Thank you for all the info you share as well as the good laughs on you page. Sincerely, Punk Dear Punk Don't try to change them with the file explorer. That would wreck them. Open the picture with any graphics program. There are many hundreds of them, most of them free. The biggest one is GIMP (free) Second biggest one is Photoshop (not free) Third biggest one is Corell (not free) and so on. There is even one included in Windows. Just pick any one of them, crop and resize the picture to the clipping and size you want, mess with contrast and brightness if needed, then save AS, and in the saving process select the format. That's all there is to it. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ Don't worry about the world coming to an end today. It's already tomorrow in Australia. ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Creamy Yoghurt Salad A cumin flavored yoghurt salad with cooked potato, cucumber, carrot, apple and peas. Approximate Time: 1/2 hour Ingredients: 250 g (8 oz) yoghurt 1 potato, peeled and boiled 100 g (3.5 oz) green peas, boiled 1 apple, with peel cucumber, medium carrot, medium with peel 2 Tbsp cream 1/2 tsp black pepper 1/4 tsp cumin seed powder salt to taste pinch white pepper Steps: Peel and boil potato. Wash carrot, cucumber and apple. Beat the yoghurt in a bowl with cream, cumin powder, salt, black and white peppers. Mix well. Cube cucumber, carrot, apple and cooked potato. Add cubed ingredients and green peas to the yoghurt bowl. Mix well. Serve chilled. By Amnabas ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ On some air bases the Air Force is on one side of the field and civilian aircraft use the other side of the field, with the control tower in the middle. One day the tower received a call from an aircraft asking, "What time is it?" The tower responded, "Who is calling?" The aircraft replied, "What difference does it make?" The tower replied, "It makes a lot of difference. If it is an American Airlines Flight, it is 3 o'clock. If it is an Air Force, it is 1500 hours. If it is a Navy aircraft, it is 6 bells. If it is an Army aircraft, the big hand is on the 12 and the little hand is on the 3. If it is a Marine Corps aircraft, it's Thursday afternoon. If it is Coast Guard, it's still light outside. If it's a Cessna: It's four hours of golfing light left. If it's a Piper: Pub's open." ___________________________________________________
And he waited such a long time!
____________________________________________________ The CIA lost track of one of its agents, and called in one of their top spy hunters. The CIA boss says, "All I can tell you is that his name is Murphy and that he's somewhere in Ireland. If you think you've located him, tell him the code words, 'The weather forecast calls for mist in the morning.' If it's really him, he'll answer, 'Yes, and for mist at noon as well.'" So the spy hunter goes to Ireland and stops in a bar in Dublin. He says to the bartender: "Maybe you can help me. I'm looking for a guy named Murphy." The bartender replies, "You're going to have to be more specific because, around here, there are lots of guys named Murphy. There's Murphy the Baker, who runs the pastry shop on the next block. There's Murphy the Banker, who's president of our local savings bank. There's Murphy the Blacksmith, who works at the stables. And, as a matter of fact, my name is Murphy, too." Hearing this, the spy hunter figures he might as well try the code words on the bartender, so he says, "The weather forecast calls for mist in the morning." The bartender replies, "Oh, you're looking for Murphy the Spy. He used to live on the top floor in 205, right down the street on the left, but he went into hiding. " No more was forthcoming from the bartender until the spyhunter paid for a round. "It's going to be misty around noon as well." ____________________________________________________ "Wow, man," Timmy said. "God parted the Red Sea and let all His people through on dry ground!" "Sorry," said the 'biblical' scholar. "But that wasn't the Red Sea; it was the Reed Sea. And its water is only about 1 foot deep. No miracle was involved." "Oh," said Timmy. Then, reading on a little more, he said, "Wow, man! What a miracle! God drowned all those Egyptians in 1 foot of water!" ____________________________________________________
Caught at just the right moment, unbelievable photos.....
Today, February 11, in 1752 The Pennsylvania Hospital opened as the very first hospital in America. 1808 Judge Jesse Fell experimented by burning anthracite coal to keep his house warm. He successfully showed how clean the coal burned and how cheaply it could be used as a heating fuel. 1812 The term "gerrymandering" had its beginning when the governor of Massachusetts, Elbridge Gerry, signed a redistricting law that favored his party. 1858 A French girl, Bernadette Soubirous, claimed to have seen a vision of the Virgin Mary near Lourdes. 1929 The Lateran Treaty was signed. Italy now recognized the independence and sovereignty of Vatican City. 1936 Pumping began the process to build San Francisco's Treasure Island. 1937 General Motors agreed to recognize the United Automobile Workers Union, which ended the current sit-down strike against them. 1943 General Dwight David Eisenhower was selected to command the allied armies in Europe. 1945 During World War II, the Yalta Agreement was signed by U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Josef Stalin. It was about carving up Europe and destroy it, so that it would never rise up against the Allies again. 1958 Ruth Carol Taylor was the first black woman to become a stewardess by making her initial flight. 1960 Jack Paar walked off while live on the air on the "Tonight Show" with four minutes left. He did this in response to censors cutting out a joke from the show the night before. 1972 McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. and Life magazine canceled plans to publish an autobiography of Howard Hughes. The work turned out to be fake. 1979 Nine days after the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned to Iran (after 15 years in exile) power was seized by his followers. 1982 France nationalized five groups of major industries and 39 banks. 1984 The tenth Space Shuttle mission returned to Earth safely. 1990 Nelson Mandela was freed after 27 years in captivity. 1990 In Tokyo, Japan, James "Buster" Douglas knocked out Mike Tyson in the tenth round to win the heavyweight championship. 1993 Janet Reno was appointed to the position of attorney general by U.S. President Clinton. She was the first female to hold the position. 2000 The space shuttle Endeavor took off. The mission was to gather information for the most detailed map of the earth ever made. 2000 Great Britain suspended self-rule in Northern Ireland after the Irish Republican Army (IRA) failed to begin decommissioning (disarming) by a February deadline. 2002 The six stars on NBC's "Friends" signed a deal for $24 million each for the ninth and final season of the series. 2015 smiled.
Difference between GIF and JPG
Wednesday, February 10, 2016, 05:23 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Wednesday, February 10 I get all kinds of newspaper headline alerts, but rarely read the details. Today I got: Huffington Post (Democratic propaganda paper): News Alert: Bernie Sanders wins New Hampshire primary! no mention of Trump Next issue: News Alert: A racist, sexist, xenophobe just won New Hampshire Republican primary Can't really get any more UNprofessional than that! I have a hunch those bigots will get to eat those words before this is over. Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Wisconsin couple arrested after they got their 9 year old daughter to drive them, because they were too drunk. Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, February 10, in 1863 The fire extinguisher was patented by Alanson Crane. History ______________________________________________________ He who wonders discovers that this in itself is wonder. --- M. C. Escher (1898 - 1972) Never have children, only grandchildren. --- Gore Vidal (1925 - ) ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ These are reported to be actual test answers from various schools in the Huntsville, Alabama metropolitan area: Q: Name the four seasons. A: Salt, pepper, mustard and ketchup. Q: How is dew formed? A: The sun shines down on the leaves and makes them perspire. Q: What is a planet? A: A body of earth surrounded by sky. Q: What guarantees may a mortgage company insist on? A: If you are buying a house, they will insist you are well endowed. Q; Name a major disease associated with cigarettes. A: Premature death. Q: How can you delay milk turning sour? A: Keep it in the cow. Q: How are the main parts of the body categorized? A: The body is consisted into three parts - the brainium, the borax and the abdominal cavity. The brainium contains the brain, the borax contains the heart and lungs and the abdominal cavity contains the five bowels, A, E, I, O, and U. Q: What is the fibula? A: A small lie. Q: What does "varicose" mean? A: Nearby. Q: Give the meaning of the term "Caesarean Section." A: The caesarean section is the red light district in Rome. Q: What is a seizure? A: A Roman emperor. Q: What is a terminal illness? A: When you are sick at the airport. Q: Use the word "judicious" in a sentence to show you understand its meaning. A: Hands that judicious can be soft as your face. Q: What does the word "benign" mean? A: Benign is what you will be after you be eight. Q: What is a turbine? A: Something an Arab wears on his head. Q: What is a Hindu? A: It lays eggs. ______________________________________________________
with this coupon link Get One Free
or
with THIS coupon link 15% off ANY ink and toner
______________________________________________________ >From Noella Sayings of a Jewish Buddha If there is no self, whose arthritis is this? Be here now. Be someplace else later. Is that so complicated? Drink tea and nourish life; with the first sip, joy; with the second sip, satisfaction; with the third sip, peace; with the fourth, a Danish. Wherever you go, there you are. Your luggage is another story. Accept misfortune as a blessing. Do not wish for perfect health, or a life without problems. What would you talk about? The journey of a thousand miles begins with a single Oy. There is no escaping karma. In a previous life, you never called, you never wrote, you never visited. And whose fault was that? Zen is not easy. It takes effort to attain nothingness. And then what do you have? Bupkis. The Tao does not speak. The Tao does not blame. The Tao does not take sides. The Tao has no expectations. The Tao demands nothing of others. The Tao is not Jewish. Breathe in. Breathe out. Breathe in. Breathe out. Forget this and attaining Enlightenment will be the least of your problems. Let your mind be as a floating cloud. Let your stillness be as a wooded glen. And sit up straight. You'll never meet the Buddha with such rounded shoulders. Deep inside you are ten thousand flowers. Each flower blossoms ten thousand times. Each blossom has ten thousand petals. You might want to see a specialist. Be aware of your body. Be aware of your perceptions. Keep in mind that not every physical sensation is a symptom of a terminal illness. From the book ZEN JUDAISM by David M Bader ______________________________________________________
Taiwan Blue Magpies ______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Amanda Eggert Jason_Roth, Balsam Lake, Wisconsin. Wisconsin couple arrested after they got their 9 year old daughter to drive them, because they were too drunk. Wisconsin couple is facing felony charges after they were caught making their nine-year-old drive their pickup after they were too drunk to drive themselves home. A Wisconsin mom and her boyfriend are facing felony charges for allowing her nine-year-old daughter drive them home in their pickup truck after they appeared too drunk to drive. Jason Roth and Amanda Eggert pled not guilty Friday to a number of felony charges including child neglect and second degree recklessly endangering safety. The couple was arrested about a week ago after authorities say they took a 911 complaint about erratic driving on rural Wisconsin roads. By the time law enforcement caught up to Eggert and Roth�s truck after it had pulled into a public boat launch along the Apple River in Polk County. Deputy Jeff Hahn told the court he was stunned when he realized driver was nine years old and that the couple�s 11-month-old baby was strapped into a car seat. �As the nine-year-old exited the truck, it was still running and in drive when Mr. Roth was sitting in the truck by himself,� Hahn testified in court. �He turned the ignition off and the truck began rolling backwards down the hill towards the river. I jumped into the truck to hit the brakes and put the truck in park.� Hahn said both adults appeared highly intoxicated, with one of Roth�s preliminary breath tests coming back at .25, more than three times the legal limit to drive. The nine-year-old allegedly drove the truck for many miles, weaving in and out of traffic. Fortunately, there were no accidents and no one was hurt. The two young children are now staying with extended family as Eggert and Roth remain jailed. Both their cases are now headed towards trial. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Fran Re: Difference between GIF and JPG Dear Webby Ok, so what's the big diff between GIF and JPG ? Fran Dear Fran GIF files are limited to a maximum of 256 colors. Once they have been reduced to that number of colors, they can be edited and saved as often as you want without deteriorating any further. However, watch that initial reduction in color depth. It CAN do terrible things to a picture unless it is done carefully. JPG files can have 16 - 24 Million colors and they can be compressed. However, the compression scheme is a "Lossy Compression". That means pixels are thrown away, for good. The higher compression ratio you choose, and the more often you save the file, the more washed out the picture looks. Neither GIF nor JPG are suitable for working on a picture. Always work on pictrues in PNG or PSP or PSD format, and then later, when all work is finished and the picture is perfect, and no more editing to be done on it, THEN save it in GIF or JPG for use on the Internet. GIF pictures can be animated, and with the right software you can save short movies in GIF format. If you resize that or accidentally save it in JPG format, the animation is lost. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ Dentist to Patient: "Would you help me out? I'd like you to give a few of your loudest screams?" Patient: "Why, Doc? I didn't feel a thing!" Dentist: "I know, but there are so many people in the waiting room right now and I don't want to miss the five o'clock foot- ball game." ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Hang Hot Pads on Oven Door Handle I had this handy dollar store over-the-door hook. I wanted to hang it over the top of my cupboard next to the stove for hot pads and towels. But, I have the kind of cupboards that are not square on top. The hooks fell forward too far and rattled each time I opened them. I found it worked great on the oven door. I made a couple hot pads and crocheted a chain to keep the towel on the door so you could see the affect. I think it works great. This tip might help you, too. By Sandi/Poor But Proud ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ An elderly couple who used to be childhood sweethearts had met again, got married and settled down in their old neighborhood. For old times sake, they walk down the street to their old school. There, they hold hands as they find the old desk they'd shared and where he had carved "I love you, Sally", and on the way home they stop and smooch in the alley just like they used to 60 years ago. While they are busy with that, a bag of money falls out of an armored car practically at their feet. She quickly picks it up, but they don't know what to do with it, so they take it home. There, she counts the money, and it's fifty thousand dollars. The husband says, "We've got to give it back." She says, "Finders keepers." And she puts the money back in the bag and hides it up in their attic. The next day, two FBI men are going door-to-door in the neighborhood looking for the money and show up at their home. They say, "Pardon me, but did either of you find any money that fell out of an armored car yesterday?" She says, "No." The husband says, "She's lying. She hid it up in the attic." She says, "Don't believe him, he's getting senile." But the agents sit the man down and begin to question him. One says, "Tell us the story from the beginning." The old man says, "Well, when Sally and I were smooching in the warehouse alley on the way home from school..." The FBI guy looks at his partner and says, "Let's get out of here." ___________________________________________________
Rita Hayworth - Stayin' Alive
____________________________________________________ >From Hilde Two men came to my house to install some new floor covering in the kitchen. Once they had moved the stove and refrigerator out of the way, it was not long before the job was done. As they were getting ready to leave, I asked them to put the heavy appliances back in place. The two men demanded $45 for this service, stating it was not in their contract. I really had no choice but to pay them. As soon as they left, however, the doorbell rang. It was the two men. They asked me to move my car, which was blocking their van. I told them my minimum fee for moving vehicles: $90. $15 extra if it was a rush job. ____________________________________________________ Bobby tells his foreman: "Boss, my wife's mother is moving, again. And I am supposed to help and move her 10 tons of silly antiques to some other top floor apartment. And as usual, it's on short notice. Tomorrow." "Well, Bobby,....", the foreman answred, " ..we're rather shorthanded these days and I can't give you a day off right now. And I'll be needing the company truck for work tomorrow." "Thanks, Boss!", Bobby beamed, "I knew I could count on you!" ____________________________________________________
Budapest Air Show. Great views of a beautiful city. The helicopter shots are unreal!
Today, February 10, in 1763 The Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War. In the treaty France ceded Canada to England. 1840 Britain's Queen Victoria married Prince Albert of Saxe Coburg-Gotha. 1846 Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began their exodus to the west from Illinois. 1863 In New York City, two of the world�s most famous midgets, General Tom Thumb and Lavinia Warren were married. 1863 The fire extinguisher was patented by Alanson Crane. 1870 The city of Anaheim was incorporated for the first time. 1870 The YWCA was founded in New York City. 1879 The electric arc light was used for the first time. 1920 Major league baseball representatives outlawed pitches that involve tampering with the ball. 1923 Ink paste was manufactured for the first time by the Standard Ink Company. 1925 The first waterless gas storage tank was placed in service in Michigan City, IN. 1933 The singing telegram was introduced by the Postal Telegraph Company of New York City. 1933 Primo Carnera knocked out Ernie Schaaf in round 13 at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Schaaf died as a result of the knockout punch. 1935 The Pennsylvania Railroad began passenger service with its electric locomotive. The engine was 79-1/2 feet long and weighed 230 tons. 1942 The Normandie, the former French liner, capsized in New York Harbor. The day before the ship had caught fire while it was being fitted for the U.S. Navy. 1962 The Soviet Union exchanged captured American U2 pilot Francis Gary Powers for the Soviet spy Rudolph Ivanovich Abel being held by the U.S. 1981 The Las Vegas Hilton hotel-casino caught fire. Eight people were killed and 198 were injured. 1989 Ron Brown became the first African American to head a major U.S. political party when he was elected chairman of the Democratic National Committee. 1990 South African President F.W. de Klerk announced that black activist Nelson Mandela would be released the next day after 27 years in captivity. 1992 Mike Tyson was convicted in Indianapolis of raping Desiree Washington, Miss Black American contestant. 1997 The U.S. Army suspended its top-ranking enlisted soldier, Army Sgt. Major Gene McKinney following allegations of sexual misconduct. McKinney was convicted of obstruction of justice and acquitted of 18 counts alleging sexual harassment of six military women. 1998 A man became the first to be convicted of committing a hate crime in cyberspace. The college dropout had e-mailed threats to Asian students. 1999 Avalanches killed at least 10 people when they roared down the French Alps 30 miles from Geneva. 2005 North Korea publicly announced for the first time that it had nuclear arms. The country also rejected attempts to restart disarmament talks in the near future saying that it needed the weapons as protection against an increasingly hostile United States. 2009 A Russian and an American satellite collide over Siberia. 2009 Amazon announced the Kindle 2. 2015 smiled.
Voting problems for all newsletters
Tuesday, February 9, 2016, 05:25 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Tuesday, February 9 Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Minnesota Woman Arrested for DUI While Getting Sister From Jail Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, February 9, in 1895 Volley Ball was invented by W.G. Morgan. History ______________________________________________________ Always forgive your enemies; nothing annoys them so much. --- Oscar Wilde (1854 - 1900 The whole world steps aside for the man who knows where he is going. --- Socratex ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ >From Clara We had been on the road for 15 hours en route from New York to California and were looking for a place to spend the night. At four different motels, however, we were told, "Sorry, no vacancies." Heading back to the car, my seven-year-old son asked solemnly, "Mom, are we vacancies?" ______________________________________________________
with this coupon link Get One Free
or
with THIS coupon link 15% off ANY ink and toner
______________________________________________________ Wife: I want to know if I have grounds for a divorce. Lawyer: Are you married? Wife: Yes, of course. Lawyer: Is there enough money or property to pay for my services? Wife: Yes, of course. Lawyer: Then you have grounds. ______________________________________________________
Grand Teton, Colorado ______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Erica Stang, 32, St. Cloud, Minnesota Minnesota Woman Arrested for DUI While Getting Sister From Jail Police have arrested a 32-year-old woman after she was pulled over for driving drunk while on her way to pick up her sister, who was already in jail for DWI. Sartell Police said around 2:00 Sunday morning they stopped a car, on River Ave South, and found Erica Stang of Sartell behind the wheel, and under the influence of alcohol. Police said while speaking with Stang, the officer learned that she was on her way to the Stearns County Jail to pick up her sister, who had just been arrested by Stearns County for DWI. Stang was taken to the Stearns County Jail pending charges for 2nd Degree DWI. Her car was also seized for forfeiture. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Robin Re: Voting Problem Dear Webby When I tap cast my vote, it wants a new register account. What should I do? Robin Dear Robin Voting has not worked since 2015. Logging in to registered accounts does not work either. They seem to mix up voter accounts and publisher accounts. You can write to them. They don't answer me. Maybe they will answer you? [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] You can try all of those addresses. Maybe on one of them you will get a response. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ After a lecture, we were invited out for lunch. I casually mentioned to the lady that I was allergic to cats. "That's okay," the woman said. "I'll serve something else." ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Hang Hot Pads on Oven Door Handle I had this handy dollar store over-the-door hook. I wanted to hang it over the top of my cupboard next to the stove for hot pads and towels. But, I have the kind of cupboards that are not square on top. The hooks fell forward too far and rattled each time I opened them. I found it worked great on the oven door. I made a couple hot pads and crocheted a chain to keep the towel on the door so you could see the affect. I think it works great. This tip might help you, too. By Sandi/Poor But Proud ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ Little Johnny went with his mom and dad to his grandmother's house for dinner. When little Johnny received his plate he started eating right away. "Johnny, wait until we say our prayer," said his mother. "I don't have to," the boy replied. "Of course, you do," his mother insisted. "We say a prayer before eating at our house." "That's our house," Johnny explained. "But this is Grandma's house. She already knows how to cook!" ___________________________________________________
you just don't find wives like this anymore
____________________________________________________ Bill said the power went out again in L.A. His wife, Kathy had heard a plane flying low overhead. She noticed the plane's landing lights were on and said, "Must not be a widespread power outage -- the plane's lights are on." She was lucky she was not downtown. I heard that during the latest power failure in Los Angeles thousands of people were trapped for hours on store escalators. ____________________________________________________ A sargeant general noticed one of his soldiers behaving oddly. The soldier would pick up any piece of paper he found, frown and say, "That's not it" and put it down again. This went on for some time, until the sargeant arranged to have the soldier psychologically tested. The psychologist concluded that the soldier was deranged, and wrote out his discharge from the army. The soldier picked it up, smiled and said, "That's it." ____________________________________________________
The most beautiful rainbow colored river is found in Columbia. The river is named Ca�o Cristales, or �Crystal Spout.�
Today, February 9, in 1870 The United States Weather Bureau was authorized by Congress. The bureau is officially known as the National Weather Service (NWS). 1884 Thomas Edison and Patrick Kenny executed a patent application for a chemical recording stock quotation telegraph (U.S. Pat. 314,115). 1885 The first Japanese arrived in Hawaii. 1895 Volley Ball was invented by W.G. Morgan. 1900 Dwight F. Davis put up a new tennis trophy to go to the winner in matches against England. The trophy was a silver cup that weighed 36 pounds. 1909 The first forestry school was incorporated in Kent, Ohio. 1942 The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff held its first formal meeting to coordinate military strategy during World War II. 1942 Daylight-saving "War Time" went into effect in the U.S. 1943 During World War II, the battle of Guadalcanal ended with an American victory over Japanese forces. 1950 U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy charged that the State Department was riddled with Communists. This was the beginning of "McCarthyism." 1969 The Boeing 747 flew its inaugural flight. 1971 The San Fernando Valley experienced the Sylmar earthquake that registered 6.4 on the Richter Scale. 1971 The Apollo 14 spacecraft returned to Earth after mankind's third landing on the moon. 1975 The Russian Soyuz 17 returned to Earth. 1989 Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and Co. completed the $25 billion purchase of RJR Nabisco, Inc. 2001 "Hannibal," the sequel to "Silence of the Lambs," opened in theaters. 2015 smiled.
Monday, February 8, 2016, 06:51 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Monday, February 8 Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Virginia mom was arrested after 'knocking out son�s assistant principal in school attack' Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, February 8, in 1861 A Cheyenne delegation and some Arapaho leaders accepted a new settlement (Treaty of Fort Wise) with the U.S. Federal government. The deal ceded most of their land but secured a 600-square mile reservation and annuity payments. History ______________________________________________________ A man may be a fool and not know it -- but not if he is married. --- H.L. Mencken All science is either physics or stamp collecting. --- Ernest Rutherford (1871 - 1937) And then there is elaboration of fashionable concepts without bothering to collect any data or stamps. ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ Grampa was telling his youngest grandson abuot his terrifying experience with cannibals. "There I was, lost in the middle of the jungle, surrounded by twenty hungry cannibals." His grandson, Alexander, said, "But last time you told me, there were only ten hungry cannibals." To which grampa answered, "Ah, but you were too young then to know the whole horrible truth!" ______________________________________________________
with this coupon link Get One Free
or
______________________________________________________ Mike's parents have four children. Their names are Penny, Dime and Quarter. What is the fourth child's name? ```````````````````````````````````````````````````````` Mike's name is simply: Mike. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Tracy Lawrence, 43, Portsmouth, Virginia Virginia mom was arrested after 'knocking out son�s assistant principal in school attack' A Virginia mom was arrested after attacking her son�s assistant principal in her office. Tracy Lawrence is accused of knocking out Sylvia Hodges-Melvin at Lakeview Elementary School in Portsmouth. Lawrence was told her son had been disruptive in class, when she suddenly exploded in a rage and punched Hodges-Melvin. �How would you feel if I mushed your head?� the 43-year-old reportedly screamed, according to WAVY.com. The police report says Lawrence hit Hodges-Melvin so hard, she fell down and was briefly knocked out. Police say they don't believe any children witnessed the altercation Tuesday evening. Lawrence, who has three children at the school, was arrested at her home and charged with assault and battery and disorderly conduct. She was granted a $10,000 bond during a Wednesday hearing and was also ordered to have no contact with anyone at the school. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Barbara Re: Bounce messages Dear Webby I send out messges to "group" addys for our church. Sometimes I get a message back that my mail did not get delivered because of a bad/discontinued addy. Does that mean NONE of the folks received the message or only the one(s) with bad addresses? Barbara Dear Barbara All other messages in that batch were delivered normally, only those with bounce messages were bounced. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ The Harvard School of Medicine did a study to determine why married women love Chinese food in general and Won Ton soup in particular. The study revealed that this is due to the fact that Won Ton spelled backwards is: Not Now. ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Homemade Tea and Coffee Lattes I don't know about you, but I hate paying the price of coffee lattes and chai tea lattes. They are around $3.50 for a medium or large. I now make them at home anytime I want one, simply by using a stick blender or wand. Or you could use a mixer to get that frothy topping. I buy my favorite teas, french vanilla, black chai tea, or caramel black chai tea, or any favorite tea you would like. For coffee latte, use your leftover coffee, add vanilla extract and cinnamon or any spice you like. For both tea and coffee lattes I use liquid dairy flavored creamers. I buy the low fat and sugar free. For tea latte, boil 1 cup of water in the microwave or tea kettle. Put the tea bag and sugar or any sweetener in your cup, add the boiling water. Let this steep for a few minutes. Take the tea bag out. Add 2 tablespoons of vanilla creamer. Pour this into a large cup. I always place this in the sink, because it sometimes spatters. And blend this for 1 full minute. Pour it back into the mug, you will have the frothy top, add a few sprinkles of cinnamon or nutmeg, whichever you like. I use pumpkin spice. Follow the same steps for coffee lattes, excluding the hot water. Enjoy your lattes! Free of charge! By Jackie H. 134 ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ Our neighbour used the word hypochondriac to describe the phase her teen-age daughter was going though. One day the girl was convinced that the pain on her left side was appendicitis. Her mother explained that the appendix is on the right. "So that's why it hurts to much," her daughter said. "My appendix is on the wrong side." ___________________________________________________
Skiing down the mountain using your phone as a lasso
____________________________________________________ I figured that at age seven it was inevitable for my son to begin having doubts about Santa Claus. Sure enough, one day he said, "Mom, I know something about Santa Claus, the Easter Bunny, and the Tooth Fairy." Taking a deep breath, I asked him, "What is that?" He replied, "They're all nocturnal." ____________________________________________________ A trio of old veterans were bragging about the heroic exploits of their ancestors one afternoon down at the VFW hall. "My great grandfather, at age 13," one declared proudly, "was a drummer boy at Shiloh." "Mine," boasts another, "went down with Custer at the Battle of Little Big Horn." "I'm the only soldier in my family," confessed vet number three, "but if my great grandfather was living today he'd be the most famous man in the world." "Really? What'd he do?" his friends wanted to know. "Nothing much. But he would be 165 years old." ____________________________________________________
2Ingenious advertising.
Today, February 8, in 1802 Simon Willard patented the banjo clock. 1861 The Confederate States of America were formed. 1861 A Cheyenne delegation and some Arapaho leaders accepted a new settlement (Treaty of Fort Wise) with the U.S. Federal government. The deal ceded most of their land but secured a 600-square mile reservation and annuity payments. 1900 In South Africa, British troops under Gen. Buller were beaten at Ladysmith. The British fled over the Tugela River. 1904 The Russo-Japanese War began with Japan attacking Russian forces in Manchuria. 1922 The White House began using radio after U.S. President Harding had it installed. 1927 The original version of "Getting Gertie�s Garter" opened at the Hippodrome Theatre in New York City. 1952 Queen Elizabeth II ascended to the British throne. Her father, George VI, had died on February 6. 1963 The Kennedy administration prohibited travel to Cuba and made financial and commercial transactions with Cuba illegal for U.S. citizens. 1971 The Nasdaq stock-market index debuted. 1973 U.S. Senate leaders named seven members of a select committee to investigate the Watergate scandal. 1974 The three-man crew of the Skylab space station returned to Earth after 84 days. 1978 The U.S. Senate deliberations were broadcast on radio for the first time. The subject was the Panama Canal treaties. 1980 U.S. President Jimmy Carter announced a plan to re-introduce draft registration. 1985 "The Dukes of Hazzard" ended its 6-1/2 year run on CBS television. 1993 General Motors sued NBC, alleging that "Dateline NBC" had rigged two car-truck crashes to show that some GM pickups were prone to fires after certain types of crashes. The suit was settled the following day by NBC. 2002 The exhibit "Places of Their Own" opened at the National Museum of Women in the Arts. The works displayed were by Georgia O'Keeffe, Frida Kahlo and Emily Carr. 2015 smiled.
What accessories do you need for traveling with a laptop?
Sunday, February 7, 2016, 06:45 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Sunday, February 7 Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Floriduh store thief left cell phone and puddles behind. Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, February 7, in 1882 The last bareknuckle fight for the heavyweight boxing championship took place in Mississippi City. History ______________________________________________________ I was gratified to be able to answer promptly. I said I don't know. --- Mark Twain (1835 - 1910) I take the view, and always have, that if you cannot say what you are going to say in twenty minutes you ought to go away and write a book about it. --- Lord Brabazon (1884 - 1964) ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ Sometimes... when you cry, no one sees your tears. Sometimes... when you are in pain, no one sees your hurt. Sometimes... when you are worried, no one sees your stress. Sometimes... when you are happy, no one sees your smile. But fart just ONE TIME...! ______________________________________________________
with this coupon link Get One Free
or
with THIS coupon link 15% off ANY ink and toner
______________________________________________________ Medical Dictionary: Adult - One who has stopped growing except in the middle Alcoholic - A man who has worked his way from bottoms up Anatomy - Something that everyonehas, but it looks better on some than others. Arthritis - Twinges in the hinges. Baldness - Hair today and gone tomorrow. Delinquent Children - Those who have reached the age where they want to do what mama and papa are doing. Dentist - A professional who bores you to tears. Dermatologist - Specialises in rash predictions. Diet - A short period of starvation preceding a gain of five pounds. Doctor a specialist who tells you if you don't cut out something, something will be cut out of you. Doctor's Prescription - Something that looks as if it had been written on a subway train with a post office pen. Ego - The only thing that can keep on growing without nourishment. Expert - one who can take something you already know and make it sound confusing. Headache - Aspirin deficiency. Hospital - A place where they wake you up to give you a sleeping pill. Hypochondriac - One who can't leave well enough alone. Indigestion - The failure of a round stomach to adjust to a square meal. Life - 1. a span of time of which the first half is ruined by our parents and the second half by our children. 2. what happens to us while we are making other plans Neurotic - One who builds castles in the air. Obesity - A condition caused by an overactive fork Overeating - Action that shapes our future Physician - One who pours drugs of which they know little into a body of which they know less. Professors - Those who go to college and never get out. Psychiatrist - One who collects rent from psychotics and neurotics living in their castles in the air Psychologist - An expert you pay to ask you questions your spouse asks you for nothing Psychotic - One who moves into the castles in the air Research - An organised method for keeping you reasonably dissatisfied with what you have Specialist - People with one-track minds Statistics - The art of drawing a crooked line from an unproved Assumption to a foregone conclusion. Sunburn - Getting what you basked for. Ulcer - A stomach disorder that you get not from what you eat but from what you have to swallow. Virus - A Latin word used by doctors to mean "Your guess is as good as mine." ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Brooke Amber Sutton, 27, Miramar Beach, Floriduh Floriduh store thief left cell phone and puddles behind. A 27-year-old Florida woman accused of stealing thousands of dollars in merchandise from outlet stores. She left behind two key pieces of evidence � her cell phone and puddles of urine, police say. Brooke Amber Sutton was arrested over the weekend and charged with felony retail theft, the Walton County Sheriff�s Office said in a press release. Police say they found $2,100 in merchandise stolen from stores at the Silver Sands Outlets in Miramar Beach in Sutton�s car. Sutton is accused of peeing on the floor of the dressing room and on some merchandise, the Walton County Sheriff�s Office said in its police report, according to Northwest Florida Daily News. Police said Sutton also urinated on several items of merchandise in the Ann Taylor store, according to the arrest report. Sutton told police she went into the Ann Taylor store and took several items into the fitting room, where she removed price tags and security devices. She left the store with 18 items she did not pay for, according to her arrest report. Deputies responded to the outlet mall after an employee at Ann Taylor found several security tags in a dressing room that had been removed by Sutton, the sheriff�s office said. �Along with the tags was a cell phone left by the suspect,� the sheriff�s office said Police said Sutton then went to Saks Off Fifth and went into a dressing room with between 15 to 20 pairs of jeans, hidden under a men�s suit jacket. She then left the dressing room with six pairs of the jeans, valued at more than $1,000, hidden under the jacket, and exited the store, police said in her arrest report. She set off the security alarm at the Saks outlet, police said. Police Found Designer Jeans, Costume Jewelry & Other Clothing in Her Car After Tracking Her Down Through Her Husband. Police tracked down Sutton by calling her husband, on speed dial on her phone, and getting a description of the vehicle she was driving, the sheriff�s office said. Sutton was found in the parking lot of the Silver Sands Outlet, near the Ann Taylor store. Deputies said they found the six pairs of designer jeans from Saks and $1,100 worth of costume jewelry and other clothing from Ann Taylor. She was arrested at the outlet mall. Sheriff Michael Adkinson Jr. praised the work of his deputies, who tracked down Sutton by using her cell phone. �This is a prime example of quick thinking done by our deputies,� Adkinson said. They used the phone to get a description of the suspect�s vehicle and were able to make an arrest quickly. That�s good police work.� Sutton was arrested on two counts of felony retail theft and booked into the Walton County Jail on Friday. She posted $5,000 bail on Saturday and is awaiting trial. According to online court records she has applied for criminal indigent status. Sure has expensive taste, though! ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Mia Re: What accessories do you need for traveling with a laptop? Dear Webby one time you mentioned a source for all the stuff one needs for a laptop when you travel. Do you still have that info? Thanks, Mia Dear Mia Times have changed. Nowadays all you need are adapter plugs to fit the outlets in the countries that you plan to t ravel to, for example an adapter, that goes into a German outlet, and into which you can plug your power bar. You can get those adapters at hardwaree stores, NewEgg, RadioShack, etc. Definitely take along a power bar, so that you can plug all of your stuff into that. The laptop charger and pretty well all of your electronics don't care if you use 110 or 200 Volt. Most trains have regular outlets the same as what you get in homes and hotels in that country. Planes usually have the small automotive type outlets, not the large cigarette lighter type. You can get adapters to go into those, so that you can plug in a regular StatPower inverter, that changes 12 Volt DC into 110 Volt AC. Check before you book a flight if that airline allows laptop use during the flight or not. Some do, some don't, and some allow only the Pay-Per-View movies, that they sell. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ Bernie came into the principals office looking somewhat tired and bedraggled, but anxious to explain his nearly one hour tardiness. �Our chickens have been disappearing.� He said. �And Pa made up his mind to put a stop to it. But nothing happened for several nights. Then last night about 3 o�clock, Pa got me and Ol� Blue, our dog, and his shot gun, all cocked and loaded, to go out with him to the chicken house to see what was going on.� He went on. �Well, Pa sleeps in his birthday suit, and as he bent over to go into the chicken house, Ol� Blue cold-nosed Pa where he didn�t expect it. Both barrels went off. Ever since then we�ve been up a-cleanin� and a-pluckin� more than 50 chickens. I missed the bus and had to walk 3 miles to school. " As I handed him his �Excused� slip, he muttered, �I sure hope we don�t have no chicken for lunch this week.� ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Peeling Pickles I love dill pickles, but I do not like biting into one of the rock-like black things on the skin. It sends shivers up my spine not to mention the feeling on the teeth. So I peel my pickles before I eat them. By lnygaard 104 ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ Three boys are in the school yard bragging about their fathers. The first boy says, "My Dad scribbles a few words on a piece of paper, he calls it a poem, they give him $50." The second boy says, "That's nothing. My Dad scribbles a few words on a piece of paper, he calls it a song, they give him $100." The third boy says, "I got you both beat. My Dad scribbles a few words on a piece of paper, he calls it a sermon... and it takes eight people to collect all the money!" ___________________________________________________
A Finger, Two Dots and then Me
____________________________________________________ Those men who can eat anything they want and not gain weight should do it out of sight of women. Men hate self-service. It's always so damn bad ... and slow too. Before marriage, a man will lie awake all night thinking about something his lover said. After marriage, he'll fall asleep before his wife finishes talking. ____________________________________________________ A farmer runs into the pastor of his church after missing the morning service. "I missed you at service this morning," the pastor says. "Well, Reverend", the farmer says, "I had some hay to put up. I figured there would be less cussing if I sat on a dry bale of hay thinking about church, than to sit in a dry church thinking about the hay getting rained on." ____________________________________________________
28 hand built houses from around the world. I really like �The Seagull house� in Devon, England.
Today, February 7, in 1882 The last bareknuckle fight for the heavyweight boxing championship took place in Mississippi City. 1893 Elisha Gray patented a machine called the telautograph. It automatically signed autographs to documents. 1913 The Turks lost 5,000 men in a battle with the Bulgarian army in Gallipoli. 1940 "Pinocchio" world premiered at the Center Theatre in Manhattan. 1943 The U.S. government announced that shoe rationing would go into effect in two days. 1944 During World War II, the Germans launched a counteroffensive at Anzio, Italy. 1962 The U.S. government banned all Cuban imports and re-export of U.S. products to Cuba from other countries. 1974 The nation of Grenada gained independence from Britain. 1976 Darryl Sittler (Toronto Maple Leafs) set a National Hockey League (NHL) record when he scored 10 points in a game against the Boston Bruins. He scored six goals and four assists. 1977 Russia launched Soyuz 24. 1984 Space shuttle astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart made the first untethered space walk. 1985 "Sports Illustrated" released its annual swimsuit edition. It was the largest regular edition in the magazine�s history at 218 pages. 1986 Haitian President-for-Life Jean-Claude Duvalier fled his country ending 28 years of family rule. 1991 The Rev. Jean-Bertrand Aristide was sworn in as Haiti's first democratically elected president. 1999 NASA's Stardust space probe was launched. The mission was to return comet dust samples from comet Wild 2. The mission was completed on January 15, 2006 when the sample return capsule returned to Earth. 2000 California's legislature declared that February 13 would be "Charels M. Schulz Day." 2008 The Space Shuttle Atlantis launched with the mission of delivering the Columbus science laboratory to the International Space Station. 2015 smiled.
Easier way to save a web address
Saturday, February 6, 2016, 05:20 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Saturday, February 6 Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Florida Driver arrested on drunk driving charge tried to persuade officer he had low blood sugar Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, February 6, in 1952 - Britain's King George VI died. His daughter, Elizabeth II, succeeded him. History ______________________________________________________ Never confuse movement with action. --- Ernest Hemingway (1899 - 1961) A man can sleep around, no questions asked, but if a woman makes nineteen or twenty mistakes she's a tramp. --- Joan Rivers (1935 - ) Heredity is something every man believes in until his own son begins acting like a darn fool! --- Socratex ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ That reminds me.... One day little Johnnie came home from school and announced: "Hey, Dad! Guess what we learned! We are all descended from the APES !" His dad didn't like the notion of that one bit and blew up: "That's NONSENSE!" Johnny replied: "But, but the teacher told us so!" His dad shot back: "YOU might have an ape for an ancestor, but I sure don't!" ______________________________________________________
with this coupon link Get One Free
or
with THIS coupon link 15% off ANY ink and toner
______________________________________________________ Bonnie was very busy one day working in her house. She had just gotten to the basement after quite a few trips up and down, when she heard the telephone ring upstairs. Tiredly, she ran back up the stairs only to hear a solicitor on the other end... "Hello, is this Bonnie D, we are calling people in your area and would like to know if you would help us by participating in a brief survey." Without missing a beat, she told them... "I am BUSY, you will have to survey your briefs yourself." ______________________________________________________ Thanks to Noella, yesterday's Lighthouse is Frankfort Lighthouse, Lake Michigan
______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Bradley James Mitchell, 38, Weirsdale, Floriduh Driver arrested on drunk driving charge tried to persuade officer he had low blood sugar A 38-year-old man arrested on a charge of drunk driving had tried to convince a police officer he had low blood sugar. Bradley James Mitchell of Weirsdale was pulled over late Wednesday night after his vehicle was spotted swerving on U.S. Hwy. 27 and 441 at Rolling Acres Road, according to an arrest report from the Lady Lake Police Department. Mitchell told the officer he had low blood sugar. The police officer summoned Lake EMS whose personnel concluded that Mitchell�s blood sugar was normal. Mitchell failed field sobriety exercises. He was also found to be in possession of methamphetamine and Clonazepam. His license had also been suspended for a previous DUI. He was booked on $15,000 bond at the Lake County Jail. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Virginia Re: How to save a web address easily Dear Webby I really enjoy your daily humor. Once upon a time you had a link for kids to create fantasy animals by mixing them up. I loved it, but lost it. How do I save it so my granddaughter can use it? Virginia Dear Virginia near the top left of your browser it says: "ADDRESS". Just to the right of that you see a small icon. After you browse to that site at http://www.switchzoo.com/zoo.htm grab that small icon and drag it to your desktop. From then on you can just click on that icon on your desktop and your browser will go straight to that site. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ A young newly married couple inherited a parrot from an aged relative. This parrot was very talkative, and was forever informing visitors as to what went on in the newlyweds' home. One evening, after a very embarrassing comment from the bird, the husband had enough and said to the parrot, "That's it! You will be covered up much earlier in the future, and if you take your cage cover off or embarrass us again, you will be sent to the zoo." Two days later, the couple was preparing for a short trip, and as usual, the suitcase was too full to close. So the husband said, "I'll get on top and jump up and down and you see if you can get it." After a bit, the wife said, "This is no good. I'll get on top and you see if you can get it." This still did not work, and so the husband said, "Tell you what, let's both get on top and bounce up and down. That'll get it." With this, the parrot pulled off the cage cover and said, "Zoo or no zoo, BOTH on top, this I have got to see." ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Plastic Bottle Top Container I love making these containers. I store everything in them, big and small, depending on the size of the bottles and caps I use. You can just stick them in your pocket or drop them in your purse and feel safe knowing the contents of the container won't fall out. All you need for this craft is an empty plastic bottle with cap, a matching cap from another bottle, a knife, and hot glue. Approximate Time: 15 minutes Yield: 1 container Supplies: 1 empty plastic drink bottle 1 matching bottle cap (could be a different colour, needs to be the same size) serrated knife or scissors hot glue gun with glue Steps: Cut off the top of the plastic bottle at the neck. I used a serrated knife because the bottle I used was thick. You can use scissors if you have a thin bottle. Warm up your glue gun. Line the inside of the unattached bottle cap with hot glue. Attach the bottle cap to the other side. Squeeze to secure and let dry a minute or two. This will be the base of the container, untwistable. Decorate the top that you will be twisting. I used a sticker in this demonstration. You can paint, bejewel, or write "open" to remind yourself that's the accessible side. Fill your cute little container, twist on the top, and enjoy! By attosa [172] ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ An out-of-towner in New York at the height of the tourist season decided to revisit an uptown restaurant he'd enjoyed on a previous trip to the city. Finally catching the eye of an overworked waiter, he said, "You know, it's been over five years since I first came in here." "Wait your turn," replied the waiter with typical New York charm. "I can only serve one table at a time." ___________________________________________________
Israeli musicians in honor of what would have been the late Bob Marley's 70th birthday
____________________________________________________ Thanks to David in Dallas for this one: My wife came home and I proudly told her I had killed 5 flies ... two males and three females. "How do you know the sex of the fly?" she asked. "Simple," I replied, "two were on the beer can and three were on the phone." ____________________________________________________ A psychiatrist is a person who will give you expensive answers that your wife will give you for fre ____________________________________________________
5 Lost Inventions From Nikola Tesla that Could Have Changed The World
Today, February 6, in 1778 - The United States gained official recognition from France as the two nations signed the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and the Treaty of Alliance in Paris. 1815 - The state of New Jersey issued the first American railroad charter to John Stevens. 1899 - The U.S. Senate ratified a peace treaty between the U.S. and Spain. 1911 - The first old-age home for pioneers opened in Prescott, AZ. 1926 - The National Football League adopted a rule that made players ineligible for competition until their college class graduated. 1932 - Dog sled racing happened for the first time in Olympic competition. 1937 - K. Elizabeth Ohi became the first Japanese woman lawyer when she received her degree from John Marshall Law School in Chicago, IL. 1952 - Britain's King George VI died. His daughter, Elizabeth II, succeeded him. 1959 - The U.S., for the first time, successfully test-fired a Titan intercontinental ballistic missile from Cape Canaveral. 1971 - NASA Astronaut Alan B. Shepard used a six-iron that he had brought inside his spacecraft and swung at three golf balls on the surface of the moon. 1973 - Construction began on the CN Tower in Toronto, 1985 - The French mineral water company, Perrier, debuted its first new product in 123 years. The new items were water with a twist of lemon, lime or orange. 1987 - President Ronald Reagan turned 76 years old this day and became the oldest U.S. President in history. 1998 - Washington National Airport was renamed for U.S. President Ronald Reagan with the signing of a bill by U.S. President Clinton. 1999 - King Hussein of Jordan transferred full political power to his oldest son the Crown Prince Abdullah. 1999 - Excerpts of former White House intern Monica Lewinsky's videotaped testimony were shown at President Clinton's impeachment trial. 1999 - Heavy fighting resumed along the common border between Ethiopia and Eritrea. 2000 - Russia's acting President Vladimir Putin announced that Russian forces had captured Grozny, Chechnya. The capital city had been under the control of Chechen rebels. 2000 - In Finland, Foreign Minister Tarja Halonen became the first woman to be elected president. 2000 - U.S. First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton formally declared that she was a candidate for a U.S. Senate seat from the state of New York. 2001 - Ariel Sharon was elected Israeli prime minister. 2002 - A federal judge ordered John Walker Lindh to be held without bail pending trial. Lindh was known as the "American Taliban." 2015 smiled.
How to send multiple pictures
Friday, February 5, 2016, 03:34 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Friday, February 5 Time to wear a bit of red to show your support for the troops!
Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to Former NBA player Gilbert Arenas, who admits to credit card fraud and then brags about it on Instagram. Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, February 5, in 1782 The Spanish captured Minorca from the British. History ______________________________________________________ People everywhere confuse what they read in newspapers with news. --- A. J. Liebling (1904 - 1963) Learning is not compulsory... neither is survival. --- W. Edwards Deming ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ Little Johnny was having problems in English class, so his teacher decided to stop by on her way home to speak with his parents. When she rang the bell, Little Johnny answered. The teacher smiled and said, "I'd like to talk to your mother or father." Little Johnny said, "Sorry, but they ain't here." "Little Johnny!" she said, "what is it with your grammar?" And Little Johnny said, "Beats me, but dad sure was mad that they had to go bail her out again!" ______________________________________________________
with this coupon link Get One Free
or
with THIS coupon link 15% off ANY ink and toner
______________________________________________________ A manager is told by his doctor that he has to take up some sport, so he decides to play tennis. After a couple of weeks his secretary asks him how he's doing. "It's going fine", the manager says, "When I'm on the court and I see the ball speeding towards me my brain immediately says: To the corner! Back hand! To the net! Smash! Go back!". "Really? What happens then?", the girl asks enthusiastic Then my body says: "Huh ? Who, me ??? You gotta be kidding!" ______________________________________________________
Where is that lighthouse? ______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Gilbert Arenas, 34 Former NBA player Gilbert Arenas admits to credit card fraud and then brags about it on Instagram. "I'll order $80,000 worth of ones,throw about $40,000 of it too the strippers, sneak the rest out the club...have one of my #teammates sign that bill....wake up the next day,call #americanexpress(my card was stolen at the strip club last night,and these charges aint mines) with a (no questions asked policy)once they see its not ur signture,they refund you ALL your money back lmaoooo soooo I got the $80,000 I spent back..PLUS the $40,000 I took out the club." HipHollywood has learned exclusively that disgraced NBA star Gilbert Arenas is now under investigation by a fraud department after bragging online about operating a credit card scam. A spokesmen for American Express tells us that they�re aware of Agent Zero�s incriminating Instagram post and are looking into it. A massive credit card company vs. Gilbert Arenas. There are no winners here. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Hank Re: How to send multiple pictures Dear Webby You are a regular visitor to my home. Every day I use your humor and pithy sayings to folks all around. What is the best way to send multiple photos, some with high resolution, to another via e-mail? I use to have a program to do that but I lost it some way and can't remember what it is. I have W-7. Is there some program built in it to send photos? Thanks again for your daily visits! Hank Dear Hank Your ISP might get annoyed if you send really huge pictures, but that is tough. With Eudora you can ATTACH pictures with CTRL H or embed them by copying them from your graphics program and then paste them into a letter with CTRL V. Different email programs might be slightly different, but deep down inside, they are all just copies of Eudora and Pegasus. The basics will be similar. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ Mia went to a "Dude Ranch" while in Texas. The cowboy preparing the horses asked if she wanted a Western or English saddle, and she asked what the difference was. He told her one had a horn and one didn't. She replied, "The one without the horn is fine. I don't really know when to honk the horn or not." ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Orange Juice Salmon Moist, easy and fast! The orange juice and cinnamon add a sweetness that is a great contrast to the oregano, onion and garlic flavors. This is a go-to recipe in my house. Approximate Time: 20-25 minutes Yield: As many or as few people as you want-just adjust the amount of fish, spices, butter and orange juice Ingredients: 1 salmon filet for each person butter Greek Seasoning Steps: Lightly grease a baking dish. Avoid using too big a dish for the amount of fish you have. Rinse the filets. Put the fish in the dish. Dot the filets with butter. Sprinkle with Greek seasoning. Pour enough orange juice in the dish to just cover the bottom. Bake in a 400� F oven for 20-25 minutes. Fish is done, when it is firm and flakes well. Source: Yahoo cooking group By Judy Pariser S. [81] ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ Why men would not make good secretaries: Husband's note on refrigerator to his wife: Someone from the Guyna Colleges called. They said the Pabst beer is normal." ___________________________________________________
God Only Knows by every musician you've known In order of appearance: Martin James, Pharrell Williams, Emeli Sande, Elton John, Lorde, Chris Martin, Brian Wilson, Florence Welch, Kylie Minogue, Stevie Wonder, Eliza Carthy, Nicola Benedetti, Jools Holland, Brian May, Jake Bugg, Katie Derham, Lauren Laverne, Gareth Malone, Alison Balsom, One Direction, Zane Lowe, Jaz Dhami, Paloma Faith, Chrissie Hynde, Jamie Cullum, Baaba Maal, Danielle de Niese, Dave Grohl, Sam Smith.
____________________________________________________ Upon arriving home, a husband was met at the door by his sobbing wife. Tearfully she explained, "It's the pharmacist. He insulted me terribly this morning on the phone." Immediately, the husband drove downtown to confront the druggist and demand an apology. Before he could say more than a word or two, the druggist told him, "Now, just a minute, listen to my side of the story. This morning the alarm failed to go off, so I was late getting up. I went without breakfast and hurried out to the car, only to realize that I locked the house with both house and car keys inside." "I had to break a window to get my keys. Then, driving a little too fast, I got a speeding ticket. When I was about three blocks from the store, I got a flat tire. When I finally got here, there was a bunch of people waiting for me to open up. I got the store opened and started waiting on these people and, all the time, the damn phone was ringing off the hook." He continued, "Then I had to break a roll of nickels against the cash register drawer to make change, and they spilled all over the floor. I got down on my hands and knees to pick up the nickels. The phone was still ringing. When I came up, I cracked my head on the open cash drawer which made me stagger back against a showcase with a bunch of perfume bottles on it. . . . all of them hit the floor and broke." "Meanwhile, the phone is still ringing with no let up, and I finally got to answer it. It was your wife. She wanted to know how to use a rectal thermometer. . . . " "and believe me, mister, as God is my witness, all I did was tell her." ____________________________________________________ A big-city counterfeiter decided the best place to pass off his phoney $18 bills would be in some small hick Southern town. So, he got into his new wheels and off he went. He found a tiny town with a single store. He entered the store and handed one of the bogus bills to the man behind the counter. "Can you change this for me, please?" he said. The store clerk looked at the $18 bill a short time, then smiled and told the man, "Sure, Mister. Ya'll want 2 nines, or 3 sixes?" ____________________________________________________
The Tibetan sand fox is odd looking.
Today, February 5, in 1782 The Spanish captured Minorca from the British. 1783 Sweden recognized the independence of the United States. 1861 Samuel Goodale patented the moving picture peep show machine. 1885 Congo State was established under Leopold II of Belgium, as a personal possession. 1917 Mexico's constitution was adopted. 1917 The U.S. Congress passed the Immigration Act of 1917 (Asiatic Barred Zone Act) with an overwhelming majority. The action overrode President Woodrow Wilson's December 14, 1916 veto. 1924 The BBC time signals, or "pips", from Greenwich Observatory were heard for the first time. They are broadcast every hour. 1958 Gamel Abdel Nasser was formally nominated to become the first president of the United Arab Republic. 1962 French President Charles De Gaulle called for Algeria's independence. 1982 Great Britain imposed economic sanctions against Poland and Russia in protest against martial law in Poland. 1988 A pair of indictments were unsealed in Florida, accusing Panama's military leader, Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega, of bribery and drug trafficking. 1997 Switzerland's "Big Three" banks announced they would create a $71 million fund for Holocaust victims and their families. 1999 Mike Tyson was sentenced to a year in jail for assaulting two people after a car accident on August 31, 1998. Tyson was also fined $5,000, had to serve 2 years of probation, and had to perform 200 hours of community service upon release. 2001 Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman announced their separation. 2003 U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell presented evidence to the U.N. concerning Iraq's material breach of U.N. Resolution 1441. 2015 smiled.
Thursday, February 4, 2016, 06:59 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Thursday, February 4 Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Pasco woman arrested after she uses �defecated pants� as excuse for stealing $199 in groceries from Publix Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, February 4, in 1783 Britain declared a formal cessation of hostilities with its former colonies, the United States of America. History ______________________________________________________ Live well. It is the greatest revenge. --- The Talmud ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ A woman had gained a few pounds. It was most noticeable to her when she squeezed into a pair of her old blue jeans. Wondering if the added weight was noticeable to everyone else, she asked her husband, "Honey, do these jeans make me look like the side of the house?" "No, dear, not at all," he replied. "Our house isn't blue." ______________________________________________________
with this coupon link Get One Free
or
with THIS coupon link 15% off ANY ink and toner
______________________________________________________ A certain motivational speaker snuck out the back stage exit for a smoke while an assistant was showing a short audivisual presentation. Out there, huddled against the rain under the shelter of the stage loading dock were some members of a school board meeting who had gone outside "for some fresh air". One of them recognized him by his bright name tag and instantly struck up a conversation as if she was familiar with him. "Tell me," she asked, "how do you detect in somebody whether they have potential for success or not?" "Nothing is easier," he replied. "You ask a simple question which anyone should answer with no trouble. If he hesitates, that puts you on the track." "What sort of question?" "Well, you might ask him, 'Captain Cook made three trips around the world and died during one of them. Which one?' She thought a moment, then said with a nervous laugh, "You wouldn't happen to have another example would you? I must confess I don't know much about history." ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Paula Jay Ernst, 51, Pasco, Floriduh Pasco woman arrested after she uses �defecated pants� as excuse for stealing $199 in groceries from Publix Deputies say a Land O� Lakes woman used reusable grocery bags to steal $199 worth of groceries from a Hernando Publix grocery store and then claimed she walked out of the store without paying because she had crapped in her pants. On Friday, Jan. 29, Publix workers saw Paula Jay Ernst, 51, selecting items and putting them in her shopping cart at the Public located at 14371 Spring Hill Drive. She then allegedly took the groceries from her shopping cart and put them into reusable Publix shopping bags, which she had brought with her. Hernando County Sheriff�s Office detectives say Ernst walked out of the store without paying for the groceries. The incident was recorded by surveillance cameras. Publix employees wrote down Ernst�s license plate number. She was then contacted at her home by telephone and agreed to return to the store. After she was arrested, Ernst told deputies she did not mean to steal the items and walked out of the store because she had defecated in her pants, according to an arrest affidavit. Ernst was charged with shoplifting and booked into the Hernando County Jail. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Frieda Re: Laptop and Blackberry Dear Webby Thanks so much for all your help over the years. This I think is a 3-fold question. First, just got a new Blackberry Classic phone which has Blackberry Blend on it to integrate with my computer. My computer is running on Windows XP. Seems that Blackberry Blend and Windows XP don't blend! So can't use Blackberry Blend between phone and computer. My tower computer is almost 15 years old. It's been fixed/updated, etc. many times. So, now I'm thinking with all this new technology that I just might as well buy a laptop. My next question is - which one? I don't watch movies, I do listen to some music. It's mainly used for emails, Facebook, banking, online shopping , office work, spreadsheets etc. Guess that was only 2 questions! lol! So, new laptop which one to accommodate BlackerryBlend and my new Blackberry Classic phone. Thanks again for your help, Wendy (Gwen) Dear Wendy Pretty well any new laptop should be able to handle that. Look at what DELL has to offer. They have the best warranty and online support. Haggle out the details over the phone. Their number is free. They will of course try to sell you a bigger machine than necessary, but you can haggle them down to your intended budget. You can also try Acer. They have some models with very large screens, for example the V3 or the e come with 17.3" screens. They are heavy klunkers intended for office use, not for yuppies to take them to Starbucks. However, for a home office they are just fine. I have a G model, that I got about 6 years ago, which I have lugged through many deserts and up many a mountain, and it is still working fine. You need a back-pack style carry case and be in fairly good shape to lug them through a large airport, but in your case, to replace the desktop in your home, they would be just fine. Because all the yuppies want small and light models suitable for the small tables at Starbucks, these big and heavy clunkers frequently go on sale at Staples and similar stores. I got mine for $330. Once you have narrowed your choices down online, check your local stores. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ Judi was almost crazy with her three kids. She complained to her best friend, "They're driving me nuts. Such pests, they give me no rest and I'm half-way to the nut hatch." "What you need is a playpen to separate the kids from yourself," her friend said. So Judi bought a playpen. A few days later, her friend called to ask how things were going. "Superb! I can't believe it," Judi said. "I get into that pen and I can answer all of my mail before the first one climbs over it!" ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Keep Asparagus Fresh Put your asparagus upright in a couple of inches of water. It will stay fresher several days longer than conventional methods. Source: Williams Sonoma cooking class By Judy Pariser S. [81] ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ A university creative writing class was asked to write a concise essay containing these four elements: - religion - royalty - sex - mystery The prize-winning essay read: "My God," said the Queen. "I'm pregnant. I wonder who did it?" ___________________________________________________
the fork (it's kinda special)
____________________________________________________ An extremely shy fellow once brought his date a bouquet of flowers. She threw her arms around him and kissed him long and hard. After the kiss, he turned and bolted for the door. She exclaimed, "Oh! I'm sorry. I didn't mean to offend you." "You didn't!" he replied. "I'm just going to run to the the cemetery to get more flowers!" ____________________________________________________ Deep in the woods of Tennessee on a country road, a preacher hit and killed a dog. The dog's owner stood nearby, a gun in his hand.The preacher looks at the owner sheepishly and says, "Looks as if I killed your dog." "Sure does." "I'm sorry. Was it a valuable dog?" "I wouldn't say that." "Well, suppose I gave you a hundred dollars. Would that be enough?" "Well, I don't know." "Two hundred dollars. That should do it." "Sounds good." The preacher reached into his pocket and came up with the money. Pressing it into the man's hand, he said, "I'm sorry I spoiled your plans to go hunting." "I wasn't going hunting. The vet told me to take that mangy mutt out to the woods and put him out of his misery, cause pills don't help him no more." ____________________________________________________
The beautiful Northern Lights filmed in real time near Fairbanks, Alaska.
Today, February 4, in 1783 Britain declared a formal cessation of hostilities with its former colonies, the United States of America. 1789 Electors unanimously chose George Washington to be the first president of the United States. 1824 J.W. Goodrich introduced rubber galoshes to the public. 1847 In Maryland, the first U.S. Telegraph Company was established. 1861 Delegates from six southern states met in Montgomery, AL, to form the Confederate States of America. 1865 The Hawaiian Board of Education was formed. 1904 The Russo-Japanese War began after Japan laid siege to Port Arthur. 1913 Louis Perlman received a patent for his demountable tire-carrying rims. 1932 The first Winter Olympics were held in the United States at Lake Placid, NY. 1936 Radium E. became the first radioactive substance to be produced synthetically. 1948 Ceylon gained independence within the British Commonwealth. The country later became known as Sri Lanka. 1953 "The Stooge" premiered at the Paramount Theatre in New York City. 1957 Smith-Corona Manufacturing Inc., of New York, began selling portable electric typewriters. The first machine weighed 19 pounds. 1968 The world's largest hovercraft was launched at Cowes, Isle of Wight. 1973 The Reshef was unveiled as Israel's missile boat. 1974 Patricia (Patty) Hearst was kidnapped in Berkeley, CA, by the Symbionese Liberation Army. 1976 An earthquake in Guatemala and Honduras killed more than 22,000 people. 1985 U.S. President Ronald Reagan's defense budget called for a tripling of the expenditure on the "Star Wars" research program. 1993 Russian scientists unfurled a giant mirror in orbit and flashed a beam of sunlight across Europe during the night. Observers saw it only as a momentary flash. 1997 A civil jury in California found O.J. Simpson liable in the death of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman. Goldman's parents were awarded $8.5 million in compensatory damages. 1997 Two Israeli troop-carrying helicopters collided on their way to Lebanon, all 73 soldiers and airmen aboard were killed. 1997 Mario Lemieux (Pittsburgh Penguins) scored his 600th National Hockey League (NHL) goal during his 719th game. Lemieux reached the milestone second fastest in history. Gretzky had reached the plateau during his 718th game. 1998 In northeast Afghanistan, at least 5,000 people were killed in an earthquake that measured 6.1 on the Richter Scale. 1999 Warplanes from Israel attacked south Lebanon just after rockets were fired toward Israel. No casualies were claimed on either side. 2000 Austrian President Thomas Klestil swore in a coalition government that included Joerg Haider's far-right Freedom Party. European Union sanctions were a result of the action. 2003 Yugoslavia was formally dissolved by lawmakers. The country was replaced with a loose union of its remaining two republics, Serbia and Montenegro. 2004 The social networking website Facebook.com was launched. 2015 smiled.
Wednesday, February 3, 2016, 07:28 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Wednesday, February 3 Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a NY man in Florida arrested for driving wrong way on flat tire was arrested for DUI Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, February 3, in 1690 The first paper money in America was issued by the Massachusetts colony. The currency was used to pay soldiers that were fighting in the war against Quebec. History ______________________________________________________ Isn't it interesting that the same people who laugh at science fiction listen to weather forecasts and economists? --- Kelvin Throop III Those who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety. --- Benjamin Franklin (1706 - 1790) "It was on my fifth birthday that Papa put his hand on my shoulder and said, 'Remember, my son, if you ever need a helping hand, you'll find one at the end of your arm.'" --- Sam Levenson ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ During the last session of our teaching workshop, participants were asked to state their personal goals for the immediate future. One teacher vowed to update photo albums, another to lose weight. The goal that got the most response, however, was given by a slightly out-of-shape kindergarten teacher. "I resolve to exercise until I can complete a 20-minute workout with less than 3 coffee and cake breaks," she said. ______________________________________________________
with this coupon link Get One Free
or
with THIS coupon link 15% off ANY ink and toner
______________________________________________________ A member of the Country Club asked the lifeguard how he might go about teaching a young lady to swim. "It takes considerable time and technique." replied the guard. "First you must take her into the water, then place one arm about her waist, hold her tightly, then take her right arm and raise it very slowly..." "This is certainly most helpful." said the member. "I know that my mother-in-law would appreciate that." "Your mother-in-law?" said the lifeguard. "In that case, just push her into the deep end of the pool. She'll learn to swim in a hurry." ______________________________________________________
From FB ______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Mark D. Holiday, 54, Saratoga Springs, New York NY man in Florida arrested for driving wrong way on flat tire was arrested for DUI A 54-year-old man with a Saratoga Springs, New York, address was arrested Sunday night after he was seen driving his grey Infinity station wagon the wrong way on a street, with a flat tire, and cut off another vehicle. The witness called 911. A Marion County Sheriff's Office deputy arrived to find Mark D. Holiday found standing next to the car in the 17000 block of Buena Vista Boulevard in the Marion County section of The Villages. Holiday had a strong odor of alcohol on his breath, bloodshot eyes and slurred speech, according to the MCSO report. Holiday told the deputy he had "drank a little" and had a flat tire, the report notes. Holiday failed roadside sobriety tests. He was arrested and charged with DUI and was taken to the Marion County Jail, where he provided breath samples that showed blood alcohol levels of .192 and .200. The state legal limit at which someone is presumed to be intoxicated is .08. The report states that Holiday had prior DUI convictions in 1996 in New York and in 2005 in California. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Frieda Re: Mailwasher is getting slow Dear Webby My MailWasher, -Thanks for telling me about it ! - , is getting really slow. What now ? Frieda Dump the Blacklist. Most spammers nowadays use fake disposable addresses, and never use them a second time because of the blacklists. Instead make filters from their most used topics. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ One day a boy and his father were at the dining room table working on the boy's Social Studies homework, the chapter about government. The boy turned to his father and asked, "Dad, how many people work in the U.S. government?" Without hesitation, his father said, "Oh, about half of them." ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Marking Adapter Cords I have a lot of electronic adapter cords with the black boxes that plug into an outlet. I don't use them all the time. To keep it straight as to which item each one belongs to, I use white out, or a white out pen (aka Liquid Paper) to mark them with. Anything black that needs to be labeled can be marked with white out. I use white out to put my social security number on things. By Nightsong [39] ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ A boy was watching his father, a pastor, write a sermon. "How do you know what to say?" he asked. "God tells me." "Oh, then why do you keep crossing things out?" ___________________________________________________
Boys will ALWAYS be boys!
____________________________________________________ Miranda likes to sing, and whenever she begins, her husband heads outside. Hurt, she asked him, "Don't you like my singing?" "Of course, dear," he replied. "I just want to make sure the neighbors know I'm not beating you." ____________________________________________________ "What's your father's occupation?" asked the school secretary on the first day of registration. "He's a magician," said the new boy. "How exciting. What's his best trick?" "He saws people in half." "How impressive! Now, do you have any brothers or sisters?" "Yep...one half brother and two half sisters." ____________________________________________________
Hummm...mountains, beach or jungle.... can't make up my mind. I want to go to all of them!
Today, February 3, in 1488 The Portuguese navigator Bartholomeu Diaz landed at Mossal Bay in the Cape, the first European known to have landed on the southern extremity of Africa. 1690 The first paper money in America was issued by the Massachusetts colony. The currency was used to pay soldiers that were fighting in the war against Quebec. 1783 Spain recognized the independence of the United States. 1815 The world's first commercial cheese factory was established in Switzerland. 1862 Thomas Edison printed the "Weekly Herald" and distributed it to train passengers traveling between Port Huron and Detroit, MI. It was the first time a newspaper had been printed on a train. 1913 The 16th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified. It authorized the power to impose and collect income tax. 1916 In Ottawa, Canada's original parliament buildings burned down. 1917 The U.S. broke off diplomatic relations with Germany, which had announced a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. 1918 The Twin Peaks Tunnel began service. It is the longest streetcar tunnel in the world at 11,920 feet. 1941 In Vichy, France, the Nazis used force to restore Pierre Laval to office. 1945 Russia agreed to enter World War II against Japan. 1966 The first rocket-assisted controlled landing on the Moon was made by the Soviet space vehicle Luna IX. 1969 At the Palestinian National Congress in Cairo, Yasser Arafat was appointed leader of the PLO. 1972 The first Winter Olympics in Asia were held at Sapporo 1998 Texas executed Karla Faye Tucker. She was the first woman executed in the U.S. since 1984. 1998 In Italy, a U.S. Military plane hit a cable causing the death of 20 skiers on a lift. 2010 The Alberto Giacometti sculpture L'Homme qui marche sold for $103.7 million. 2015 The British House of Commons voted to approve letting scientists create babies from the DNA of three people. 2015 smiled.
Method for sending illustrated manual update
Tuesday, February 2, 2016, 06:51 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Tuesday, February 2 Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Florida arrestedfor exposing breasts, throwing pork chops in altercation Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, February 2, in 1863 Samuel Langhorne Clemens used a pseudonym for the first time. He is better remembered by the pseudonym which is Mark Twain. History ______________________________________________________ If your parents never had children, chances are you won't, either. --- Dick Cavett (1936 - ) Whenever you hear the consensus of scientists agrees on something or other, reach for your wallet, because you're being had. --- Michael Crichton (1942 - 2008) An economist is a man who states the obvious in terms of the incomprehensible. --- Alfred A. Knopf ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ Auto-Correct: A man went to see his eye doctor, who told him he had a case of myopera and would have to wear contract lenses. That's a lot better than his friend, who had had a cadillac removed. Still, when he worked at his computer, he would have to watch out for harbor tunnel syndrome. He worried that his authoritis of the joints might be a signal of Old Timer's disease and fretted that a genital heart defect was causing trouble with his duodemon. ______________________________________________________
Save up to 85% OFF retail prices on Ink & Toner-Click here
February Deal: Buy one, get one free, on most products with this coupon link Get One Free or Get 15% off ANY ink and toner with THIS coupon link 15% off ANY ink and toner
______________________________________________________ In a hat shop a salesgirl gushed, "That's the hat for you! It makes you look ten years younger." "Then I don't want it," retorted the customer. "I certainly can't afford to age ten years every time I take off my hat!" ______________________________________________________
From FB ______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Christine Taylor, 31, Jensen Beach, Florida Florida arrestedfor exposing breasts, throwing pork chops in altercation A break in the teacher sex epidemic: A Jensen Beach woman was arrested on a disorderly conduct charge after allegedly exposing herself and throwing grilled meat during an altercation, TCPalm.com reports. Martin County Sheriff�s Office deputies responded to the 2500 block of Northeast Indian River Drive in Jensen Beach Jan. 2 after a male victim reported Christine Taylor, 31, was causing a disturbance. Taylor had reportedly been drinking and was trying to start a fight with residents in the mobile home park. Taylor allegedly exposed her breasts to the victim and his three children before toppling a barbecue grill and throwing pork chops. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: B Frick Re: Method for sending manual update Dear Webby We want to email out some urgent corrections to the manual of one of our products instead of snail-mailing the correction pages or entire manuals. It contains some graphics and some look-up tables, not just text. My secretary wants to do it with a PDF file but I think there must be a better way. What would you recommend? B Frick Dear B Aside from upgrading your secretarial staff immediately, I would recommend ANYTHING but PDF for that. PDF is just for reading and printing. It is difficult to use or to copy / paste it into the old manual. Just send it as regular email. As you can see with the Humor Letter, adding pictures is absolutely no problem. I have been doing that since about 1994. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ A man was on a walking holiday in Ireland. He became thirsty so decided to ask at a stranger's home for something to drink. The lady of the house invited him in and served him a bowl of soup by the fire. There was a wee pig running around the kitchen, running up to the visitor and giving him a great deal of attention. The visitor commented that he had never seen a pig this friendly. The housewife replied: "Ummm, he's not that friendly. That's his bowl you're using. ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Easy Tuna Fish Cakes (Gluten Free) Turn a can of tuna into delicious fish cakes. This recipe is both easy and economical. The fish cakes can be served as a light snack on its own. It could also be served with a green salad and potato chips, which would turn it into a complete meal. The fish cakes are very flavorsome, even though it has a low salt level and gluten free flour. Approximate Time: 20 minutes Yield: 5-6 fish cakes, depending on the size of the fish cakes Ingredients: 1 can (170g) light tuna in salt water (119g drained) 1/2 cup Orgran Gluten Free Pizza & Pastry Multimix 1 tsp baking powder 1/2 cup (125ml) grated carrots 1 Tbsp finely chopped green pepper 1 egg 1 Tbsp milk 1/4 tsp ground black pepper pinch of salt pinch of mustard powder cooking oil for frying 3 Tbsp Orgran flour to coat the fish cakes before frying them Steps: Drain the tuna. Add all the ingredients to a bowl and use a wooden spoon to mix well together. Heat the oil in a frying pan. The oil should be approximately 1� inches deep. In the palm of your hand, shape a ball and then flatten it to form a fish cake. Repeat until no more of the mixture is left. Coat the fish cakes with Orgran flour and fry in heated oil until the fish cakes are golden brown. Flip them to fry on both sides. Remove from oil and drain slightly on brown paper to remove excess oil. Serve with a dollop of mayonnaise. By Benetta [219] You can use Tuna in oil too. Just rinse it with hot water and let it drip in a colander. I also add finely chopped chives or green onions for a bit of zest. For frying them, I use a 4 inch "1 egger" frying pan to save on oil. Remember to cover the frying pan with a splatter guard! Those fish cakes WILL spit at you! Have FUN! DearWebby ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ A little girl walks into a pet shop and asks in the sweetest little lisp: "Excuthe me, mithter, do you keep wittle wabbits?" The shopkeeper gets down on his knees, so that he's on her level, and asks: "Do you want a wittle white wabbit or a soft and fuwwy bwack wabbit or maybe one like that cute wittle bwown wabbit over there?" She in turn puts her hands on her knees, leans forward and says in a quiet voice: "I don't fink my pyfhon weally givths a thit." ___________________________________________________
Boys will ALWAYS be boys!
____________________________________________________ This one is best read out loud: One broom was, of course, the bride broom and the other the groom broom. The bride broom looked very beautiful in her white dress. The groom broom was handsome and suave in his tuxedo. The wedding was lovely. After the wedding at the wedding dinner, the bride broom leaned over and said to the groom broom "I think I am going to have a little whisk broom!!!" "IMPOSSIBLE!!" said the groom broom. "We haven't even swept together!" ____________________________________________________ A woman was at home with her children when the telephone rang. In going to answer it, she tripped on a rug, grabbed for something to hold on to and seized the telephone table. It fell over with a crash, jarring the receiver off the hook. As it fell, it hit the family dog, who leaped up, howling and barking. The woman's three-year-old son, startled by this noise, broke into loud screams. The woman mumbled some colorful words. She finally managed to pick up the receiver and lift it to her ear, just in time to hear her husband's voice on the other end say, "Nobody's said hello yet, but I'm positive I have the right number." ____________________________________________________
The ultimate man cave.
Today, February 2, in 1536 The Argentine city of Buenos Aires was founded by Pedro de Mendoza of Spain. 1653 New Amsterdam, now known as New York City, was incorporated. 1848 The Mexican War was ended with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The treaty turned over portions of land to the U.S., including Texas, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, California and parts of Colorado and Wyoming. The U.S. gave Mexico $15,000,000 and assumed responsibility of all claims against Mexico by American citizens. Texas had already entered the U.S. on December 29, 1845. 1848 The first shipload of Chinese emigrants arrived in San Francisco, CA. 1863 Samuel Langhorne Clemens used a pseudonym for the first time. He is better remembered by the pseudonym which is Mark Twain. 1870 The "Cardiff Giant" was revealed to be nothing more than carved gypsum. The discovery in Cardiff, NY, was alleged to be the petrified remains of a human. 1878 Greece declared war on Turkey. 1880 The S.S. Strathleven arrived in London with the first successful shipment of frozen mutton from Australia. 1887 The beginning of Groundhog Day in Punxsutawney, PA. 1892 William Painter patented the bottle cap. 1893 The Edison Studio in West Orange, NJ, made history when they filmed the first motion picture close-up. The studio was owned and operated by Thomas Edison. 1897 The Pennsylvania state capitol in Harrisburg was destroyed by fire. The new statehouse was dedicated nine years later on the same site. 1913 Grand Central Terminal officially opened. Even though construction was not entirely complete more than 150,000 people visited the new terminal on its opening day. 1935 Leonard Keeler conducted the first test of the polygraph machine, in Portage, WI. 1943 During World War II, the remainder of Nazi forces from the Battle of Stalingrad surrendered to the Soviets. Stalingrad has since been renamed Volgograd. 1946 The first Buck Rogers automatic pistol was made. 1962 The 8th and 9th planets aligned for the first time in 400 years. 1971 Idi Amin assumed power in Uganda after a coup that ousted President Milton Obote. 1980 The situation known as "Abscam" began when reports surfaced that the FBI had conducted a sting operation that targeted members of the U.S. Congress. Phony Arab businessmen were used in the operation. 1989 The final Russian armored column left Kabul, Afghanistan, after nine years of military occupation. 1990 South African President F.W. de Klerk lifted a ban on the African National Congress and promised to free Nelson Mandela. 1998 U.S. President Clinton introduced the first balanced budget in 30 years. 1999 19 people were killed at Luanda international airport when a cargo plane crashed just after takeoff. 1999 Hugo Ch�vez Fr�as took office. He had been elected president of Venezuela in December 1998. 2004 It was reported that a white powder had been found in an office of Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist. The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) later confirmed that the powder was the poison ricin. 2015 smiled.
How to deal with unsolicited porno mail
Monday, February 1, 2016, 06:00 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Monday, February 1 Have FUN! DearWebby >From yong Re: Camera view monitor is useless in sunshine. Dear Filex...I have been using my hoodman for years... completely blocks out the sun...comes in many sizes/uses... folds to put in your pocket when not in use... hoodmanusa.com yong
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Las Vegas high school teacher arrested for sex with special ed boy � and allegedly exchanged 13,000 text messages with teen Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, February 1, in 1788 Isaac Briggs and William Longstreet patented the steamboat. History ______________________________________________________ Under capitalism, man exploits man. Under communism, it's just the opposite. --- John Kenneth Galbraith (1908 - 2006) If there is anything the nonconformist hates worse than a conformist, it's another nonconformist who doesn't conform to the prevailing standard of nonconformity. -- Bill Vaughan Whenever you hear the consensus of scientists agrees on something or other, reach for your wallet, because you're being had. --- Michael Crichton (1942 - 2008), ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ One evening a man was very impressed with the meat entree his wife had served. "What did you marinate this in?" he asked. His wife immediately went into a long explanation about how much she loves him and how life wouldn't be the same without him, etc. Eventually, his puzzled expression made her interrupt her answer with a question of her own, "What did you ask me?" She chuckled at his answer and explained, "I thought you asked me if I would marry you again!" As she left the room, he called out, "Well, would you marry me again?" Without hesitation, she said, "Vinegar and barbecue sauce." ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________ "I'd like two pork chops," said the patron to her butcher, "and make them lean." "Yes ma'am," said the obliging butcher, standing them on end. "Which way?" ______________________________________________________
From FB ______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Jillian B Lafave, 25, married, Las Vegas, Nevada Las Vegas high school teacher arrested for sex with special ed boy � and allegedly exchanged 13,000 text messages with teen It is getting difficult to pick just one in the current epidemic of teachers messing with students! A married Las Vegas high school teacher is accused of having sex with a special education student � and allegedly exchanged more than 13,000 text messages with the teen, many sexual in nature, according to reports. Valley High School teacher Jillian B. Lafave, 25, faces a felony charge of performing a sex act with a pupil, court records show. Lafave was put on paid administrative leave following her arrest. While she was arrested on Jan. 16, news of the arrest was first reported Monday. A police report obtained by ABC affiliate KTNV-TV alleges that the student and teacher exchanged thousands of text messages, many sexual in nature. According to the arrest report, the teen would hang out with Lafave nearly every day. A hall monitor spotted the teacher having sex during school hours with the 16-year-old, who does not understand right from wrong, school sources told NBC affiliate KSNV. Lafave, who is free on bond, is scheduled to return to court in March. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Peter P Re: Unsolicited por mail Dear Webby Af riend of mine is receiving unsolicited pronographic E-mails from the following site. http://200.43.112.5/mhg?aid=880575&i........... What can he do to stop this from happening? The site does not have an "unsuscribe" feature. He is 83 years old and not too experienced with the internet so he has asked me if I can help. Any help you can give us would be appreciated. Peter P Dear Peter First, don't ever click on the unsubscribe on shady stuff !!!! The unsubscribe only works with legitimate sites like the Humor Letter. With spam, the unsubscribe only confirms to them that your address works, and they promptly sell your address to thousands of other spammers. I would recommend that you suggest to your friend to install the MailWasher . The icon for that is on the right side on the Humor Letter. With the MailWasher he can easily bounce that spam and make it appear to the spammer that his address does not work, or better yet, make it drop straight down to hell, unseen by any human. Automatically. He can trigger MailWasher with that IP number or with words, that are common to THAT email, but not in good and proper emails. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ Many answering machines have a test button to test play your different answering messages. You can easily save a special one on the alternate message and play that for nuisance callers. Here is an example: "This is the Microwave speaking. The answering machine is too busy to talk to you. If you want anything boiled, please hold it up to the phone. If you are a telemarketer, please press the star key now." There are many different free text-to-speech programs available. Most let you select different voices, male, female, old, young, and usually also a "Robo-Voice". That one is best for that message. ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Change Computer Date to Extend your "Free Trial" Subscriptions We all have tried various free trial products such as subscriptions to music, games, book clubs, the list could go on and on. If your free trial is about up and you would still like to keep it without making a permanent purchase option just yet, all you need to do is go under your computer settings that manage the time and date and push the date back for however long you would like to extend your free trial. Granted, with some subscriptions you gain more perks once you subscribe and the trial they offer is just a sample of the overall service but if your undecided or run out of time before you get to check out the service this is an easy way to give you more time. Source: Life Tricks by Leslie Rodriguez By Amy May M. [1] Aside from being immoral and unethical, that trick does not work anymore. Windows updates the time and date automatically. Also, keep in mind that the people, who wrote that program, are usually just a tad smarter than the average thief. When you download the trial version, it is encoded with the date. If you play silly tricks to extend the trial period for eleven months, and then finally pay for a year, you get a year starting a month after you downloaded the one month free trial. You can't really argue about not being able to steal. Don't use that trick for more than just overnight. Have FUN! DearWebby ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ One of Ginny's picture frames was broken, and she decided to try her hand at repairing it. A screw was missing in one corner, so sheI called the hardware store. "Do you carry screws for picture frames?" she asked. "What size do you need?" "I don't know, but it's rather small." The man sighed. "Ma'am, would that be closer to 'itsy-bitsy' or 'teeny-weeny?'" ___________________________________________________
balls acrobat
____________________________________________________ Morris, a parts manager for a small electronics shop, had occasion to order part No. 669 from the factory. But when he received it he noticed that someone had sent part No. 699 instead. Furious at the factory's incompetence, Morris promptly sent the part back along with a letter giving them a piece of his mind. Less than a week later, he received the same part back with a letter containing just four words, "Turn the box around." ____________________________________________________ A woman and her husband interrupted their vacation to go to a dentist. "I want a tooth pulled, and I don't want Novocain because I'm in a big hurry and don't want to waste money on a silly tooth." the woman said. "Just extract the tooth as quickly as possible, and we'll be on our way." The dentist was quite impressed. "You're certainly a courageous woman," he said. "Which tooth is it?" The woman turned to her husband and said, "Show him your tooth, dear." ____________________________________________________
Enormous salamander found in a cave that could be 200 years old.
Today, February 1, in 1788 Isaac Briggs and William Longstreet patented the steamboat. 1793 France declared war on Britain and Holland. 1793 Ralph Hodgson patented oiled silk. 1861 Texas voted to secede from the Union. 1862 "The Battle Hymn of the Republic," by Julia Ward Howe was first published in the "Atlantic Monthly." 1865 U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signed a Joint Resolution submitting the proposed 13th Amendment to the states. 1867 In the U.S., bricklayers start working 8-hour days. 1893 Thomas A. Edison completed work on the world's first motion picture studio in West Orange, NJ. 1900 Eastman Kodak Co. introduced the $1 Brownie box camera. 1913 Grand Central Terminal (also known as Grand Central Station) opened in New York City, NY. It was the largest train station in the world. 1919 The first Miss America was crowned in New York City. 1920 The first armored car was introduced. 1920 Canada's Royal North West Mounted Police changed their name to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The organization was commissioned in 1873. 1921 Carmen Fasanella registered as a taxicab owner and driver in Princeton, New Jersey. Fasanella retired November 2, 1989 after 68 years and 243 days of service. 1930 The Times published its first crossword puzzle. 1951 The first telecast of an atomic explosion took place. 1951 The first X-ray moving picture process was demonstrated. 1958 The United Arab Republic was formed by a union of Egypt and Syria. It was broken 1961. 1960 Four black college students began a sit-in protest at a lunch counter in Greensboro, NC. They had been refused service. 1968 During the Vietnam War, South Vietnamese National Police Chief Brig. Gen. Nguyen Ngoc Loan executed a Viet Cong officer and rapist with a pistol shot to the head. The scene was captured in a news photograph and used in anti war propaganda. 1976 "Sonny and Cher" resumed on TV despite a real life divorce. 1979 Patty Hearst was released from prison after serving 22 months of a seven-year sentence for bank robbery. Her sentence had been commuted by U.S. President Carter. 1979 Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini was welcomed in Tehran as he ended nearly 15 years of exile. 1991 A USAir jetliner crashed atop a commuter plane at Los Angeles International Airport. 35 people were killed. 1994 Jeff Gillooly pled guilty in Portland, OR, for his role in the attack on figure skater Nancy Kerrigan. Gillooly, Tonya Harding's ex-husband, struck a plea bargain under which he confessed to racketeering charges in exchange for testimony implicating Harding. 1996 Visa and Mastercard announced security measures that would make it safe to shop on the Internet. 1999 Former White House intern Monica Lewinsky gave a deposition that was videotaped for senators weighing impeachment charges against U.S. President Clinton. 2001 Three Scottish judges found Abdel Basset al-Mergrahi guilty of the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103, which killed 270 people. The court said that Megrahi was a member of the Libyan intelligence service. Al-Amin Khalifa, who had been co-accused, was acquitted and freed. 2003 NASA's space shuttle Columbia exploded while re-entering the Earth's atmosphere. All seven astronauts on board were killed. 2015 smiled.
Camera viewfinder monitor no good in sunshine
Sunday, January 31, 2016, 05:06 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Sunday, January 31 >From Richie As a Contract furniture specialist with 30 years experience, I'd like to add a few comments on your answer regarding clear chair mats over carpet. don't buy the cheap thin ones -they will curl at the edges and create a trip hazard, plus they will develop indents where the casters sit for long periods of time and make it difficult to roll around also, if you have a desk chair with carpet casters (which are hard), you will need to switch to soft casters made for hard surfaces. Why" if not when you go to get up or sit in your chair, the chair will skate away fast and you could fall and break a bone. make sure the mat is sized correctly to the space going under the desk and wide enough so the casters are not half on and half off the mat. good mats can be custom made in a variety of shapes lastly get the mat with the spikes to prevent the mat from moving around Good Luck Richie Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Florida drunk arrrested after he drove into parked patrol car while deputy makes different DUI arrest Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, January 30, in 1747 The first clinic specializing in the treatment of venereal diseases was opened at London Dock Hospital. History ______________________________________________________ Bureaucrats write memoranda both because they appear to be busy when they are writing and because the memos, once written, immediately become proof that they were busy. --- Charles Peters ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ A little boy got lost at the YWCA and found himself in the women's locker room. When he was spotted, the room burst into shrieks, with ladies grabbing towels and running for cover. The little boy watched in amazement and then asked, "What's the matter -- haven't you ever seen a little boy before?" ______________________________________________________
prices with this coupon link!
______________________________________________________ "How was your golf game, dear?" asked Jack's wife Tracy. "Well, I was hitting pretty well, but my eyesight's gotten so bad I couldn't see where the ball went." "But you're seventy-five years old, Jack!" admonished his wife, "Why don't you take my brother Scott along?" "But he's eighty-five and doesn't even play golf anymore," protested Jack. "But he's got perfect eyesight. He could watch your ball," Tracy pointed out. The next day Jack teed off with Scott looking on. Jack swung, and the ball disappeared down the middle of the fairway. "Do you see it?" asked Jack. "Yup," Scott answered. "Well, where is it?" yelled Jack, peering off into the distance. "Where is what ?", Scott answered. "My ball! My golf ball!" "Oh, I don't know. I was watching that cute lady over there. Her ball went into the water." ______________________________________________________
From FB ______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Todd Casey, 49, Michael Probst, 36, Tampa, Floriduh Florida drunk arrrested after he drove into parked patrol car while deputy makes different DUI arrest A drunk crashed into a patrol car while a sheriff�s deputy was making an arrest in another DUI case. The Hillsborough County Sheriff�s Office said in a news release the incident happened Sunday night. Deputies were arresting 36-year-old Michael Probst around 10:30 p.m. when another car side-swiped the patrol car. The driver didn�t stop but deputies eventually caught up with him. Michael Probst, 36, was being arrested when the crash occured. Deputies arrested 49-year-old Todd M. Casey shortly afterward. An incident report says Casey had alcohol on his breath, red and glassy eyes and slurred speech. He provided breath samples of .181 and .196. Drivers in Florida are considered impaired at .08. He is charged with DUI with property damage and was cited for not moving over when passing an emergency vehicle. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Felix Re: Camera view monitor is useless in sunshine Dear Webby I did all the homework and research on digital cameras and because I often work in marginal light conditions, I got a big and heavy and clunky Sony. It takes great pictures, but the LCD view finder is totally useless in bright light outdoors. The optical viewfinder on the side is just as bad on clear sunny days. I still love the camera, but I need to find a solution to those problems! Felix Dear Felix That problem has existed a lot longer than digital cameras. The solution is still the same as 150 years ago. Find some black satin and cut a one meter by one meter (3' x 3') square out of it and use that to cover your head and the camera when working in bright sunlight. Satin blocks the light quite well and folds up a lot smaller than any other cloth. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ A young man called his mother and announced excitedly that he had just met the woman of his dreams. Now what should he do? His mother had an idea: "Why don't you send her a card, and on the card invite her to your apartment for a home-cooked meal?" He thought this was a great strategy, and a week later, the woman came to dinner. His mother called the next day to see how things had gone. "I was totally humiliated," he moaned. "She insisted on washing the dishes." "What's wrong with that?" asked his mother. "We hadn't started eating yet." ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Potato Tahdig (Crispy Potato Cake) Tahdig is a traditional savoury Persian treat. What started as the crispy crust that got stuck to the bottom of your pan has rapidly become the most sought-after part of the meal. I like to eat it with stews. I learned how to make it from my mother, who learned how to make it from her mother in law, who was an amazing cook, God rest her soul. :) Approximate Time: 35 minutes Yield: 4 servings Ingredients: 3 medium potatoes 3 Tbsp oil 1 inch of carrot, sliced into flower shapes a few sprigs of Italian parsley Steps: Slice potatoes, about 3mm thick. Add oil to cold pan. Arrange carrots and parsley. Add sliced potatoes, slightly overlapping, in a circular way, spiraling around the pan then stacking up evenly. Add 3 tablespoons of water to pan, turn on heat to medium. Cover with lid, and cook about 5 minutes or until it starts to steam. When you see the steam, add a paper towel between the pan and the lid in order to catch the steam. Reduce heat to low, cook about 20-25 minutes. Do a taste/texture check to see if the potatoes on the top are cooked. When they are, raise the heat to medium for 1 minute to make the bottom super crunchy. Remove from heat. Put the lidded pan on a cold wet towel. This helps release tahdig nicely from the bottom of the pan. The same way you would flip a cake, put a plate over the pan and flip over quickly. Enjoy your yummy and pretty potato creation! *You could also add parboiled rice to a thin layer of potato from the beginning to make more of a rice cake. Source: Family recipe and method By attosa [169] ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ Three pastors from different congregations were having lunch and sharing experiences and ideas to help each other out with their different fellowships. After several minutes of animated conversation, the first one remarks, "Hey, you know, we've got a serious problem at our church that I want to discuss with you guys." The other two pastors nod and he goes on, "Well, it's bats. We can't seem to get these bats out of our attic. The singing and organ playing wake them up, and they start flapping around. Then when I start to preach, we can still hear them moving around up there and it's really hard for anyone to pay any attention. The kids start to cry and, well, it's starting to really get in the way of a good church service." The second pastor says "Well that's interesting, because we've had the same problem, they won't stay out of our belfry. We've tried ringing the bells at all hours, spraying chemicals, we've even had a couple of exterminator companies out. Nothing's worked yet." He throws up his hands in exasperation and shakes his head. The third pastor smiles and nods his head knowingly. "Well, gentlemen. We had that problem a few years ago, and we found a quick solution." he says. The other two pastors look up with hope on their faces, and he goes on, "It was easy. We went up there, got to know 'em a little bit, got 'em baptized and started passing the collection plate to them. Haven't seen 'em since." ___________________________________________________
balls acrobat
____________________________________________________ A customer sent an order to a distributor for a large amount of goods totaling a great deal of money. The distributor noticed that the previous bill hadn't been paid. The collections manager left a voice- mail for them saying, "We can't ship your new order until you pay for the last one." The next day the collections manager received a collect phone call, "Please cancel the order. We can't wait that long." ____________________________________________________ Dave was talking to his buddy, John, about his love life. "So, John, how's it going with the ladies?" "Women, to me, are nothing but sex objects." "Really?" "Yep," John shook his head sadly, "Whenever I mention sex, they object." ____________________________________________________
Very talented and humorous instrumentalists from Poland and their version of Wild West Music.
Today, January 31, in 1606 - Guy Fawkes was executed after being convicted for his role in the "Gunpowder Plot" against the English Parliament and King James I. 1747 The first clinic specializing in the treatment of venereal diseases was opened at London Dock Hospital. 1858 The Great Eastern, the five-funnelled steamship designed by Brunel, was launched at Millwall. 1865 In America, General Robert E. Lee was named general-in-chief of the Confederate armies. 1865 The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives. The amendment abolished slavery in the United States. 1876 All Native American Indians were ordered to move into reservations. 1893 The trademark "Coca-Cola" was first registered in the United States Patent Office. 1917 Germany announced its policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. 1929 The USSR exiled Leon Trotsky. He found asylum in Mexico. 1930 U.S. Navy Lt. Ralph S. Barnaby became the first glider pilot to have his craft released from a dirigible, a large blimp, at Lakehurst, NJ. 1934 Jim Londos defeated Joe Savoldi in a one-fall match in Chicago, IL. The crowd of 20,000 was one of the largest crowds to see a wrestling match. 1936 The radio show "The Green Hornet" debuted. 1940 The first Social Security check was issued by the U.S. Government. 1944 During World War II, U.S. forces invaded Kwajalein Atoll and other areas of the Japanese-held Marshall Islands. 1945 Private Eddie Slovik became the only U.S. soldier since the U.S. Civil War to be executed for desertion. 1946 A new constitution in Yugoslavia created six constituent republics (Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia) subordinated to a central authority, on the model of the USSR. 1949 The first TV daytime soap opera was broadcast from NBC's station in Chicago, IL. It was "These Are My Children." 1950 U.S. President Truman announced that he had ordered development of the hydrogen bomb. 1958 Explorer I was put into orbit around the earth. It was the first U.S. earth satellite. 1971 Astronauts Alan B. Shepard Jr., Edgar D. Mitchell and Stuart A. Roosa blasted off aboard Apollo 14 on a mission to the moon. 1971 Telephone service between East and West Berlin was re-established after 19 years. 1982 Sandy Duncan gave her final performance as "Peter Pan" in Los Angeles, CA. She completed 956 performances without missing a show. 1983 The wearing of seat belts in cars became compulsory in Britain. 1983 JCPenney announced plans to spend in excess of $1 billion over the next five years to modernize stores and to accelerate a repositioning program. 1985 The final Jeep rolled off the assembly line at the AMC plant in Toledo, OH. 1990 McDonald's Corp. opened its first fast-food restaurant in Moscow, Russia. 1995 U.S. President Clinton invoked presidential emergency authority to provide a $20 billion loan to Mexico to stabilize its economy. 1996 In Columbo, Sri Lanka, a truck was rammed into the gates of the Central Bank. The truck filled with explosives killed at least 86 and injured 1,400. 2000 An Alaska Airlines jet crashed into the ocean off Southern California. All 88 people on board were killed. 2001 A Scottish court in the Netherlands convicted one Libyan and acquitted a second in the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, that occurred in 1988. 2015 smiled.
Clear carpet mats around desks
Saturday, January 30, 2016, 05:53 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Saturday, January 30 Thank you, Jim !!! Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Tacoma car thief arrested after he tried to steal police car, sat in officer's lap Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, January 30, in 1847 The town of Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco. History ______________________________________________________ Women who seek to be equal with men lack ambition. --- Timothy Leary (1920 - 1996) The reason why worry kills more people than work is that more people worry than work. --- Robert Frost (1874 - 1963) Regret for the things we did can be tempered by time; it is regret for the things we did not do that is inconsolable. --- Sidney J. Harris ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ >From Jean Daughter: "Daddy, I am coming home to get married! Take out your checkbook! I'm in love with a boy who is far away from me! I am in California and he lives in New York! We met on a dating website, became friends on Facebook, had long chats on Whatsapp, he proposed to me on Skype and now we've had two months of relationship through Viper! Dad, I need your blessings, good wishes, and a big wedding!" Father: "Wow! Really, then get married on Twitter; have fun on Tango; buy your kids on Amazon and pay through PayPal. And if you get fed up with your husband...sell him on Ebay! ______________________________________________________
prices with this coupon link!
______________________________________________________ >From Walter, the Stonecarver: Staglieno Cemetery in Genoa, Italy, is a magical place filled with hundreds of incredible marble sculptures. Visit http://staglieno.com or https://www.facebook.com/StaglienoSculpture/ to see lots of photos of these amazing, beautiful works of art. Walter is involved in restoring these sculptures and remedying hundreds of years of pollution damage on the ancient marble. Here are a couple pictures from the many sculptures:
Staglieno Cemetery in Genoa, Italy, is a magical place filled with hundreds of incredible marble sculptures.
______________________________________________________ A retired four-star general ran into his former orderly, also retired, in a Manhattan bar and spent the rest of the evening persuading him to come work for him as his valet. "Your duties will be exactly the same as they were in the Army," the general said. "Nothing to it-you'll catch on again fast." Next morning promptly at eight o'clock, the ex-orderly entered the ex-general's bedroom, pulled open the drapes, gave the general a gentle shake, strode around the other side of the bed, slapped his employer's wife on her bottom and said, "OK, girlie, it's back to the village for you." ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
David Boulet, Tacoma, Washington Tacoma car thief arrested after he tried to steal police car, sat in officer's lap A suspected car thief trying to run from police got a surprise when he tried to steal a police patrol car and wound up sitting in an officer�s lap. Fife police Lt. Tom Thompson said the man was spotted acting suspicious near a motel around 8:30 p.m. Tuesday, so a patrol sergeant stopped to check the license on the car he was driving. It came back as stolen. As the sergeant followed the suspect, identified as David Boulet, Boulet jumped from the car and ran. Police said Boulet climbed a fence and ran through traffic in both the north and southbound lanes of Interstate 5, dodging cars. Meanwhile, a Tacoma police officer, hearing the chase over the radio, stopped on the Port of Tacoma road overpass and turned on his red and blue lights. Thompson said Boulet ran from the freeway through heavy brush and onto the overpass, apparently looking for a getaway car. He spotted the patrol car with lights flashing, ran toward it, pulled the door open, got in and sat down in the officer�s lap, apparently unaware that the officer was still behind the wheel. Thompson said the officer was stunned at first, then recognized Boulet�s description as the suspect leading police on a foot pursuit. Boulet was wrestled to the ground and placed under arrest. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Deborah Re: Clear floor mats for desks Dear Webby How well do those clear plastic floor mats that you see in many offices protect the carpet? Debrah Those clear floor mats are not really intended to protect the carpet, but to make it easier for chairs to roll around. After a year or two you can quite definitely spot where the carpet had been covered by a mat and where it had been exposed to air, light, and usage. Carpet ages differently when exposed and used, and the areas under the floor mats will look identical to the areas under the file cabinets, however, that is usually quite preferable to the bald spots your carpet might get if you don't use them. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ While visiting a friend who was in the hospital, I noticed several pretty nurses, each of whom was wearing a pin designed to look like an apple. I asked one nurse what the pin signified. Nothing," she said with a smile. "It's just to keep the doctors away." ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com No Bake Chocolate Mint Cookies This is a very simple way to get your fix of those crispy, chocolatey, minty cookies. I had seen a similar recipe and they used Andes baking chips. I had never heard of them. But sure enough, there they were at Target! I almost paid the $3 for the bag, but realized I probably had all the ingredients at home to make them just as good. Be warned that once you eat one, you will want to keep going until the whole platter is gone! Approximate Time: 10 minutes, plus time for the chocolate to harden Yield: About 20 "cookies" Ingredients: 20 Ritz crackers 1/4 bag (4 oz) semi-sweet chocolate chips (I used mini) 1 Tbsp shortening 1/2 tsp peppermint extract Steps: Put your chocolate chips in a microwave-safe bowl. Add chocolate chips and shortening. You can skip the shortening, if you like. I always use it and rarely have chocolate "seize" on me. Microwave 30 seconds to start with. Take out of the microwave and stir. Put in the microwave and heat another 20-30 seconds. Stir until the chocolate is smooth. Add 1/2 teaspoon of peppermint extract, stir and then taste. Don't go crazy with this stuff. If you want it a little more minty, add a few more drops. Stir the extract into the chocolate. Take your cracker and dip it into the melted chocolate. I like to use a spoon to pour the chocolate on top. You can use a fork underneath to pull the cracker out. Wipe the fork against the bowl to get the excess chocolate off. Place on a piece of wax paper. Wait patiently for the chocolate to harden. Enjoy! By Becky Miles [100] ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ As a passenger ship passed a small island, a bearded man could be seen shouting and furiously waving his arms. "Who is that?" a passenger asked the captain. "I have no idea," the captain replied, "But every year when we pass he goes nuts." ___________________________________________________
Remember the one who fed you the ball watch to the end :D
____________________________________________________ Laura's husband, Ron, was called into his bank to discuss his accounts. "Your finances are in terrible shape," the banker stated. "Your checking account is overdrawn, your loan is overdue." "Yes, I know." said Ron. "It's my wife Laura, she is out of control." "Why do you allow your wife to spend more money than you make?" asked the banker. "Frankly," replied Ron with a deep sigh, "because it is a lot safer to argue with you than with her." ____________________________________________________ Two women came before wise King Solomon, dragging between them a young man in a three-piece suit. "This young lawyer agreed to marry my daughter," said one. "No! He agreed to marry MY daughter," said the other. And so they haggled before the King until he called for silence. "Bring me my biggest sword," said Solomon, "and I shall hew the young attorney in half. Each of you shall receive a half." "Sounds good to me," said the first lady. But the other woman said, "Oh Sire, do not spill innocent blood. Let the other woman's daughter marry him." The wise king did not hesitate a moment. "The attorney must marry the first lady's daughter," he proclaimed. "But she was willing to hew him in two!" exclaimed the king's court. "Indeed," said wise King Solomon. "That shows she is the TRUE mother-in-law." ____________________________________________________
The strangest living bird I've ever seen.
Today, January 30, in 1649 England's King Charles I was beheaded. 1790 The first purpose-built lifeboat was launched on the River Tyne. 1798 The first brawl in the U.S. House of Representatives took place. Congressmen Matthew Lyon and Roger Griswold fought on the House floor. 1847 The town of Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco. 1862 The U.S. Navy's first ironclad warship, the "Monitor", was launched. 1889 Rudolph, crown prince of Austria, and his 17-year-old mistress, Baroness Marie Vetsera, were found shot in his hunting lodge at Mayerling, near Vienna. 1894 C.B. King received a patent for the pneumatic hammer. 1900 The British fighting the Boers in South Africa ask for a larger army. 1910 Work began on the first board-track automobile speedway. The track was built in Playa del Ray, CA. 1911 The first airplane rescue at sea was made by the destroyer "Terry." Pilot James McCurdy was forced to land in the ocean about 10 miles from Havana, Cuba. 1933 "The Lone Ranger" was heard on radio for the first time. The program ran for 2,956 episodes and ended in 1955. 1933 Adolf Hitler was named the German Chancellor. 1948 Indian political and spiritual leader Mahatma Gandhi was murdered by a Hindu extremist. 1958 Yves Saint Laurent, at age 22, held his first major fashion show in Paris. 1958 The first two-way moving sidewalk was put in service at Love Field in Dallas, TX. The length of the walkway through the airport was 1,435 feet. 1962 Two members of the "Flying Wallendas" high-wire act were killed when their seven-person pyramid collapsed during a performance in Detroit, MI. 1964 January 30 The U.S. launched Ranger 6. The unmanned spacecraft carried television cameras and was intentionally crash-landed on the moon. The cameras did not return any pictures to Earth. 1968 The Tet Offensive began as Communist forces launched surprise attacks against South Vietnamese provincial capitals. 1972 In Northern Ireland, British soldiers shot and killed thirteen Roman Catholic civil rights marchers. The day is known as "Bloody Sunday." 1979 The civilian government of Iran announced it had decided to allow Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini to return. He had been living in exile in France flooding Iran with cassette tapes of his speeches. 1989 The U.S. embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan was closed. 1995 The U.N. Security Council authorized the deployment of a 6,000-member U.N. peace-keeping contingent to assume security responsibilities in Haiti from U.S. forces. 1996 Gino Gallagher, the reputed leader of the Irish National Liberation Army, was shot and killed as he queued for his unemployment benefit. 1997 A New Jersey judge ruled that the unborn child of a female prisoner must have legal representation. He denied the prisoner bail reduction to enable her to leave the jail and obtain an abortion. 2002 Slobodan Milosevic accused the U.N. war crimes tribunal of an "evil and hostile attack" against him. Milosevic was defending his actions during the Balkan wars. 2002 Japan's last coal mine was closed. The closures were due to high production costs and cheap imports. 2005 In Iraq, the first free Parliamentary elections since 1958 took place. 2015 smiled.
Friday, January 29, 2016, 07:58 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Friday, January 29 Time to wear a bit of red to show your support for the troops!
Thank you, Jim !!! Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Florida teacher accused of having sex with teen re-arrested on suspicion of tampering with evidence Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, January 29, in 1997 America Online agreed to give refunds to frustrated customers under threat of lawsuits across the country. Customers were unable to log on after AOL offered a flat $19.95-a-month rate. History ______________________________________________________ Women always think they can change their man They never do. Men alway hope that their woman won't change They always do. --- Socratex A good wife sometimes forgives her husband when she's wrong. --- Socratex ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ A guy walks into a bar and approaches the barman, "Can I have a pint of Less, please?" "I'm sorry sir," the barman replies, looking slightly puzzled, "I've not come across that one before. Is it a spirit?" "I've no idea," replies the guy, "The thing is, I went to see my doctor last week and he told me that I should drink Less." ______________________________________________________
prices with this coupon link!
______________________________________________________ A college student with a young child was pleased when her daughter became eligible to attend the day care center at the University. The director of the day care gave the mother a tour of the facilities. To assure herself of the center's high standards, the young mother asked about the curriculum. "Well," said the director, eyes twinkling, "today we are studying the children's favorite philosopher: Play-Dough." (Plato was a famous philosopher in Greece about 2400 years ago) ______________________________________________________
Looks like Antelope Canyon ______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Sara Moore, 35, St Cloud, Floriduh Florida teacher accused of having sex with teen re-arrested on suspicion of tampering with evidence Ex-substitute teacher accused of sex with boy rearrested after posting bond A Florida teacher accused of having sex with her child�s friend has been rearrested on suspicion of tampering with evidence. Sara Moore, 35, is accused of sleeping with the 14-year-old boy more than two dozen times at her home in St. Cloud. Moore was released on bail last week, but has been rearrested on suspicion of evidence tampering, reported Fox 35 Orlando. Her relationship with the teen was uncovered when his parents found condoms and sexually explicit Instagram messages, according to an affidavit. Substitute teacher Moore is now accused of going to a local Verizon store to attempt to wipe information from her cellphone. According to a police report, Moore told an employee she was "in trouble with police" and asked how to delete evidence, remotely. "Apparently, she made some statements to a store clerk there about wanting to access a phone that was in evidence pertinent to her current case," said an attorney. Staff at the store alerted police, who then arrested Moore once more. The teen victim, who is friends with the married St. Cloud Middle School health teacher�s children, told police he had sex with Moore up to 25 times in the back of a car at a gas station parking lot, and in her daughter�s bedroom. When his parents learned of the sex, he burst into tears and said that he didn�t want to ruin her life. Moore, who worked with the Osceola County school district for three years, was fired last week. Moore is charged with 10 counts of sexual battery on a minor. A judge handed Moore $75,000 bail on the tampering with evidence charge Wednesday, and she will stay in jail because her bond was revoked because of the sexual battery charge. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Vicky Re: Secret Key combos Dear Webby What is the secret key combination to jump back and forth between different programs ? I have seen people use that trick and it looks so cool and professional, but I don't want those people to know that I don't kow. Thanks Vicky Dear Vicky ALT TAB will jump the curser to the previously used program. Also handy are these: CTRL C copy CTRL V paste CTRL X cut (= copy and delete the copied stuff) CTRL Z OOOPS, undo the previous action Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ Lisa was out driving her car and while stopped at a red light, the car just died. It was a busy intersection and the traffic behind her was starting to pile up. The guy in the car directly behind her was honking his horn continuously as Lisa continued to try getting the car to start up again. Finally Lisa gets out of her car and approaches the guy in the car behind her. "I can't seem to get my car started," Lisa said, smiling. "Would you be a sweetheart and go and see if you can get it started for me. I'll stay here in your car and honk your horn for you." ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com No Bake Chocolate Mint Cookies This is a very simple way to get your fix of those crispy, chocolatey, minty cookies. I had seen a similar recipe and they used Andes baking chips. I had never heard of them. But sure enough, there they were at Target! I almost paid the $3 for the bag, but realized I probably had all the ingredients at home to make them just as good. Be warned that once you eat one, you will want to keep going until the whole platter is gone! Approximate Time: 10 minutes, plus time for the chocolate to harden Yield: About 20 "cookies" Ingredients: 20 Ritz crackers 1/4 bag (4 oz) semi-sweet chocolate chips (I used mini) 1 Tbsp shortening 1/2 tsp peppermint extract Steps: Put your chocolate chips in a microwave-safe bowl. Add chocolate chips and shortening. You can skip the shortening, if you like. I always use it and rarely have chocolate "seize" on me. Microwave 30 seconds to start with. Take out of the microwave and stir. Put in the microwave and heat another 20-30 seconds. Stir until the chocolate is smooth. Add 1/2 teaspoon of peppermint extract, stir and then taste. Don't go crazy with this stuff. If you want it a little more minty, add a few more drops. Stir the extract into the chocolate. Take your cracker and dip it into the melted chocolate. I like to use a spoon to pour the chocolate on top. You can use a fork underneath to pull the cracker out. Wipe the fork against the bowl to get the excess chocolate off. Place on a piece of wax paper. Wait patiently for the chocolate to harden. Enjoy! By Becky Miles [100] ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ Manny was almost 29 years old. Most of his friends had already gotten married, and Manny just bounced from one relationship to the next. Finally a friend asked him, "What's the matter, are you looking for the perfect woman? Are you THAT particular? Can't you find anyone who suits you?" "No," Manny replied. "I meet a lot of nice girls, but as soon as I bring them home to meet my parents, my mother doesn't like them. So I keep on looking!" "Listen," his friend suggested, "Why don't you find a girl who's just like your dear ole Mother?" Many weeks passed before Manny and his friend got together again. "So Manny. Did you find the perfect girl yet. One that's just like your Mother?" Manny shrugged his shoulders, "Yes I found one just like Mom. My mother loved her, they became great friends." "Excellent!!! So,.... Are you and this girl engaged, yet?" "I'm afraid not. My Father can't stand her!" ___________________________________________________
that thing you do
____________________________________________________ "BettySue," asked Dawn thoughtfully one day, "what would you do if you caught your husband with another woman?" "Another woman with MY husband?" BettySue thought it over. "Let's see; I'd break her cane, shoot her guide dog, and call a cab to take her back to the institution she escaped from." ____________________________________________________ The newly wed wife said to her husband when he returned from work: "I have great news for you. Pretty soon we're going to be three in this house instead of two." The husband started glowing with happiness and kissing his wife said: "Oh darling, I'm the happiest man in the world." But then she said: "I'm glad that you feel this way because tomorrow morning my mother moves in with us." ____________________________________________________
The Site Of The Salem Witch Trials Has Been Found, And It's Not Where You'd Expect
Today, January 29, in 1820 Britain's King George III died insane at Windsor Castle. 1845 Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven" was published for the first time in the "New York Evening Mirror." 1848 Greenwich Mean Time was adopted by Scotland. 1850 Henry Clay introduced in the Senate a compromise bill on slavery that included the admission of California into the Union as a free state. 1886 The first successful petrol-driven motorcar, built by Karl Benz, was patented. 1916 In World War I, Paris was bombed by German zeppelins for the first time. 1924 R. Taylor patented the ice cream cone rolling machine. 1940 The W. Atlee Burpee Seed Company displayed the first tetraploid flowers at the New York City Flower Show. 1949 "The Newport News" was commissioned as the first air-conditioned naval ship in Virginia. 1963 Britain was refused entry into the EEC. 1987 "Physician�s Weekly" announced that the smile on the face of Leonardo DeVinci's Mona Lisa was caused by a "...facial paralysis resulting from a swollen nerve behind the ear." 1990 Joseph Hazelwood, the former skipper of the Exxon Valdez, went on trial in Anchorage, AK, on charges that stemmed from America's worst oil spill. Hazelwood was later acquitted of all the major charges and was convicted of a misdemeanor. 1996 French President Jacques Chirac announced the "definitive end" to nuclear testing. 1996 La Fenice, the 204 year old opera house in Venice, was destroyed by fire. Arson was suspected. 1997 America Online agreed to give refunds to frustrated customers under threat of lawsuits across the country. Customers were unable to log on after AOL offered a flat $19.95-a-month rate. 1998 A bomb exploded at an abortion clinic in Birmingham, AL, killing an off-duty policeman and severely wounding a nurse. Eric Rudolph was charged with this bombing and three other attacks in Atlanta. 1999 Paris prosecutors announced the end of the investigation into the accident that killed Britain's Princess Diana. 1999 The U.S. Senate delivered subpoenas for Monica Lewinsky and two presidential advisers for private, videotaped testimony in the impeachment trial. 2001 In Indonesia, thousands of student protesters stormed the parliament property and demanded that President Abdurrahman Wahid quit due to his alleged involvement in two corruption scandals. Wahid announced that he would not resign. 2014 Archaeologists announced that they had uncovered what they believed to be the oldest temple in Roman antiquity. The temple was found at the Sant'Omobono site in central Rome. 2015 smiled.
Thursday, January 28, 2016, 04:25 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Thursday, January 28 Thank you, Allene!! Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Ex-Texas teacher busted for having sex with student is suing him for recording tryst, and his mother for calling her a 'predator' Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, January 28, in 1999 Ford Motor Company announced the purchase of Sweden's Volvo AB for $6.45 billion. History ______________________________________________________ Man always gets less than he demands from life. --- Jack London (1876 - 1916) ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ A New Mom took her baby daughter to the supermarket for the first time. She dressed her in pink from head to toe. At the store, she placed her in the shopping cart and put her purchases around her. At the checkout line a small boy and his mother were ahead of them. The child was crying and begging for some special treat. He wants some candy or gum and his mother won't let him have any, she thought. Then she heard his mother's reply. "No!" she said, looking in her direction. "You may not have a baby sister today. That lady got the last one!" ______________________________________________________
prices with this coupon link!
______________________________________________________ Another laptop computer has disappeared from the State Department. The disappearance came to light during an inventory ordered after a laptop containing classified information went missing about two months ago. A note was sent to State Department Employees: When you want to deliver a message, just send e-mail - not the entire computer. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Tanya Ramirez, 31, Corpus Christi, Texas Ex-Texas teacher busted for having sex with student is suing him for recording tryst, and his mother for calling her a 'predator' A former Texas teacher who was busted for having sex with a 17-year-old student filed a lawsuit against him for recording their tryst � and one against the teen's mother for calling her a "predator." Tanya Ramirez claims that the teen videotaped their sex in 2014 and "disseminated the video to numerous people and caused the video to be posted on YouTube," the lawsuit against the student charges. The teen's "extreme and outrageous" conduct caused Ramirez severe emotional distress, according to the suit. "You can't have sex with someone and film it without their knowledge, and post it on the Internet," Amie Pratt, one of Ramirez's lawyers, told the Daily News on Wednesday. In a suit filed previously, Ramirez claims the teen's mother, Kimberly Tademy, has told several media outlets the teacher has had sex with students other than her son, and that Ramirez is a sexual predator of children. The false statements exposed Ramirez to "public hatred, contempt, ridicule, and financial injury, and impeached her honesty and integrity," the lawsuit claims. Ramirez, who taught at King High School in Corpus Christi, pleaded guilty to having an improper relationship with a student, and was given seven years probation. In a second case, she pleaded no contest to having sex with another 17-year-old student. She was indicted in 2014 under a Texas law which forbids teachers from having sex with students from the same school, even if the students are of legal age. In Texas, 17 is the age of consent. Her lawyers are in the process of filing a notice of appeal, claiming the "Improper Relationship Between Educator and Student" law is not constitutional and makes "no sense." "Even though she is guilty of having sex with a student, the student was a consenting adult when it happened," Pratt told The News. "Had she not been a teacher, this would not have been a crime." ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Walter Re: Printing from Chrome Dear Webby now that I am using Chrome I can't figure out how to print an email letter. When I click on the print icon a window pops up asking whether to save the copy but I just want to print it. How does that work? Also, does Chrome have a 'Menu' bar? As always my sincerest thanks. Be well, live long, and prosper, Walter Dear Walter To print from Chrome, hit CTRL P If your printing preference is set for PDF or Print To File, change that to your current printer. Usually it remembers your preferences. The menu is in the three horizontal bars in the right top corner. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ A man learned shortly before quitting time that he had to attend a meeting. He tried unsuccessfully to locate his car-pool members to let them know that he would not be leaving with them. Hastily he scribbled a message to one fellow and left it on his desk: "I have a last-minute meeting. Leave without me. Dave." At 7:00 p.m., the man stopped at his desk and found this note: "Meet us at the bar and grill across the street. You drove today, you dope." ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Blender Pancakes Healthy and delicious! A nice change of pace from traditional pancakes. Approximate Time: 10 minutes Yield: 2 people Ingredients: 1 cup cottage cheese or Greek yogurt (I used blueberry Greek yogurt) 2 large eggs 1 cup rolled oats A little milk or other liquid if you think the batter is too thick Steps: Preheat the griddle over medium-high heat. Griddle is ready when beads of water "dance" on it. Put your ingredients in a blender. I put them in a bowl, and used my immersion blender. Cook the pancakes until bubbles form on the surface. This takes 1 to 1 1/2 minutes (mine took slightly longer). Turn and cook until brown on other side, a couple of minutes more. Serve with butter, jam, syrup, sugar or fresh fruit on top. Source: February 2016 issue of Family Circle magazine By Judy Pariser S. [80] ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ A new miracle doctor was in town. He could cure anything and anybody, and everyone was amazed with what he can do. Everyone except for Schwartz, the town grouch. So Schwartz went to this 'miracle doctor' to prove that he wasn't anybody special: "Hey, doc, I have lost my sense of taste. I can't taste nothin', so what are ya goin to do?" The doctor scratches his head and mumbles to himself a little, then tells Schwartz: "What you need is jar number 43." Jar number 43? Mr. Schwartz wonders. So the doctor brings the jar and tells Schwartz to taste it. He tastes it and immediately spits it out, "This is gross!" he yells. "I just restored your sense of taste Mr. Schwartz," says the doctor. "that will be $100." So Schwartz goes home very mad. One month later, Schwartz goes back to the doctor along - with a new problem, "Doc," he starts, "I can't remember!" The doctor scratches his head and mumbles to himself a little and tells Schwartz, "What you need is jar number 43..." Before the doctor finished his sentence, Schwartz fled the office. ___________________________________________________
Scottie pinwheel
____________________________________________________ Judge: "I see you are back for fighting with your wife. Liquor again?" "No, sir," was the reply. "She licked me this time." ____________________________________________________ A young man volunteered to baby-sit one night so his girlfriend and her mom could go to some tupperware party. At bedtime he sent the youngsters upstairs to bed and settled down to watch football. One child kept creeping down the stairs but the young man kept sending him back. At 9pm, the doorbell rang, it was the next-door neighbour Mrs. Brown, asking whether her son was there. The young man brusquely replied, "No". Just then a little head appeared over the banister and a voice shouted: "I'm here Mom but he won't let me go home." ____________________________________________________
CStreet art portraits.
Today, January 28, in 1521 The Diet of Worms began, at which Protestant reformer Luther was declared an outlaw by the Roman Catholic church. 1547 England's King Henry VIII died. He was succeeded by his 9 year-old son, Edward VI. 1788 The first British penal settlement in Australia was founded at Botany Bay. 1807 London's Pall Mall became the first street lit by gaslight. 1871 France surrendered in the Franco-Prussian War. 1878 The first telephone switchboard was installed in New Haven, CT. 1902 The Carnegie Institution was established in Washington, DC. It began with a gift of $10 million from Andrew Carnegie. 1909 The United States ended direct control over Cuba. 1915 The Coast Guard was created by an act of the U.S. Congress to fight contraband trade and aid distressed vessels at sea. 1916 Louis D. Brandeis was appointed by President Wilson to the U.S. Supreme Court, becoming its first Jewish member. 1918 The Bolsheviks occupied Helsinki, Finland. 1935 Iceland became the first country to introduce legalized abortion. 1945 During World War II, Allied supplies began reaching China over the newly reopened Burma Road. 1957 The Brooklyn Dodgers announced that circus clown Emmett Kelly had been hired to entertain fans at baseball games. 1958 Construction began on first private thorium-uranium nuclear reactor. 1965 General Motors reported the biggest profit of any U.S. company in history. 1980 Six Americans who had fled the U.S. embassy in Tehran, Iran, on November 4, 1979, left Iran using false Canadian diplomatic passports. The Americans had been hidden at the Canadian embassy in Tehran. 1982 Italian anti-terrorism forces rescued U.S. Brigadier General James L. Dozier. He had been kidnapped by the Red Brigades 42 days before. 1986 The U.S. space shuttle Challenger exploded just after takeoff. All seven of its crewmembers were killed. 1998 In Manilla, Philippines, gunmen held at least 400 children and teachers for several hours at an elementary school. 1999 Ford Motor Company announced the purchase of Sweden's Volvo AB for $6.45 billion. 2002 Toys R Us Inc. announced that it would be closing 27 Toys R Us stores and 37 Kids R Us stores in order to cut costs and boost operating profits. 2015 smiled.
How to deal with power outages
Wednesday, January 27, 2016, 02:51 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Wednesday, January 27 Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a NC Woman charged with aggravated violence after she assaulted hubby with nunchucks, when he refused to have sex with her. Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, January 27, in 1880 Thomas Edison patented the electric incandescent lamp. History ______________________________________________________ The most perfidious way of harming a cause consists of defending it deliberately with faulty arguments. --- Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 - 1900) I want to live my life so that my nights are not full of regrets. --- D. H. Lawrence ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ >From Jean A dinner speaker was in such a hurry to get to his engagement that when he arrived and sat down at the head table, he suddenly realized that he had forgotten his false teeth. Turning to the man next to him he said, "I forgot my teef." The man said, "No problem." He reached into his pocket and pulled out a pair of false teeth. "Try these," he said. The speaker tried them. "Too loose," he said. The man then said, "I have another pair - try these." The speaker tried them and responded, "Too tight." The man was not taken back at all. He then said, "I have one more pair. Try them." The speaker said, "They fit perfectly." With that he ate his meal and gave his speech. After the dinner meeting was over, the speaker went over to thank the man who had helped him. "I want to thank you for coming to my aid. Where is your office? I've been looking for a good dentist." The man replied, "I'm not a dentist. I'm an undertaker." ______________________________________________________
Save up to 85% OFF retail prices on Ink & Toner - Click here
Get 15% off those alreay 85% lower than retail prices with this coupon link!
______________________________________________________ The case concerned a will Kelly was a witness. "Was the deceased," asked the attorney, "In the habit of talking to himself when he was alone?" "I don't know," said the Irishman. "Come now man, you don't know and yet you pretend you were intimately acquainted with the deceased?" "Well, Mr. Lawyer," said Kelly, "I never happened to be with him when he was alone." ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Sondra Earle Kelly, 51, Charlotte, North Carolina Woman charged with aggravated violence after she assaulted hubby with nunchucks, when he refused to have sex with her. A woman allegedly battered her husband with nunchucks because he refused to have sex with her. Sondra Earle-Kelly, 51, is alleged first to have hurled ceramic figurines at her lover when he refused stop watching TV and go to bed with her. Then she reportedly grabbed a pair of nunchucks and began to beat him with them. Police found blood on the walls of the couple�s apartment. Earle-Kelly, who was also said to have taken a tranquiliser tablets over the course of the evening, has been charged with aggravated domestic violence. She spent the night in a Charlotte, North Carolina police cell and is to appear in court next month. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Dora Re: How to deal with power outages Dear Webby You used to live in the bush and probably know. What is the best way to cope with long power outages aside from buying new laptop batteries every 3-4 months ? Dora Dear Dora Well, I didn't really learn about power outages until I moved to the city. In the bush I had solar panels that charged my batteries and a home-made inverter to turn that into regular household electricity. You can do the same thing in town, but instead of expensive solar panels, just get an automotive style battery charger. And a car battery. For the inverter you can buy one or a bunch of those Statpower or similar car adapters that plug into the cigarette lighter and produce regular household electricity. Run your computer off that adapter and you will never notice power outages. Whenever there IS power, the battery charger will charge the battery, but the battery will always provide juice to the adapter. An added fringe benefit is that the battery will absorb any surges coming down the line. For a Laptop and a light get a 150 Watt inverter, for a desktop with a small monitor get a 500 Watt inverter, and for a desktop with a large monitor get a 600 Watt inverter. One or two car batteries will easily carry you over any power outages. You can reduce power consumption by using LED or compact spiral fluorescent lights. Home Depot sells LED ceiling lights, that produce very bright light for an entire room and have totally negligible power consumption. If you just need light for your desk, get a "Z" arm desk light and put a 7 Watt compact fluorescent into it. The best place to keep your batteries and charger is in a flower box outside a window. You can cover them with some empty egg cartons and grow your salad herbs in those. The warmth coming from the charger will extend the season for them quite remarkably. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ Overheard while waiting in line at the bank: Don't wear your glasses on a blind date. You'll look better, and he will too. ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Meatloaf "Cupcakes" Who says you can't play with your food? Have a little fun with boring meatloaf by shaping them like cupcakes! Top with mashed potatoes and a dot of ketchup on top. Gave everyone a laugh when I served it. It could also be a cute April Fool's dinner for the family. Approximate Time: 45 minutes Yield: 16 individual cupcakes
Ingredients: 1 1/2 lb ground meat (I used beef) 1/2 cup bread crumbs pinch of your favorite spices (I use fresh basil, garlic, cumin) 1/2 onion, diced 1 egg instant mashed potatoes for "icing ketchup Steps: Mix together meat with spices, egg, and bread crumbs. Meatloaf "Cupcakes" Form into small balls the size of your palm, and add to muffin tins. Cook at 375 degrees F for 30 to 45 minutes or until done to your liking. Whip up some mashed potatoes Place one big dollop of potatoes on top of individual meatballs. You may use a pastry bag if you really want them to look like icing. I used an ice scoop. Dot the mashed potatoes with a "cherry" of ketchup on top. Note: I actually froze one tray of six for later use since we were only 3 people and didn't need all those 'cupcakes' at one meal. By Donna [308] To get less shrinkage and more flavor, you can use stuffing instead of the bread crumbs. Since stuffing is usually already seasoned, you can cut back on the salt, that is missing in the above recipe. Have FUN! DearWebby ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ >From Ann While carpenters were working outside the old house I had just bought, I busied myself with indoor cleaning. I had just finished washing the floor when one of the workmen asked to use the bathroom. With dismay I looked from his muddy boots to my newly scrubbed floors. "Just a minute," I said, thinking of a quick solution. "I'll put down newspapers." "That's all right, lady," he responded. "I'm already potty-trained." ___________________________________________________
cool questions to ask Siri
____________________________________________________ On vacation one year I went to a resort in Wyoming. As part of the usual activities, a neighboring ranch invited guests from our resort to participate in a cattle drive. After watching 25 make-believe cowpokes whooping and hollering, I rode up to the ranch owner and asked her how many cowboys it normally takes to drive a herd of that size. "One," she replied, "and a dog." ____________________________________________________ A mouse returned from the laboratory to his cage and told a fellow mouse, "I've finally got Dr. Snooker trained." "You have?" asked the other. "Yes, explained the first mouse. "Every time I press down the bar, he gives me food." ____________________________________________________
Chinese Human Kaleidoscope
Today, January 27, in 1606 The trial of Guy Fawkes and his fellow conspirators began. They were executed on January 31. 1880 Thomas Edison patented the electric incandescent lamp. 1900 In China, foreign diplomats in Peking, fearing a revolt, demanded that the imperial government discipline the Boxer rebels. 1926 John Baird, a Scottish inventor, demonstrated a pictorial transmission machine called television. 1943 During World War II, the first all American air raid against Germany took place when about 50 bombers attacked Wilhlemshaven. 1944 The Soviet Union announced that the two year German siege of Leningrad had come to an end. 1945 Soviet troops liberated the Nazi concentration camps Auschwitz and Birkenau in Poland three weeks after German troops had abandoned them. 1948 Wire Recording Corporation of America announced the first magnetic tape recorder. The �Wireway� machine with a built-in oscillator sold for $149.50. 1951 In the U.S., atomic testing in the Nevada desert began as an Air Force plane dropped a one-kiloton bomb on Frenchman Flats. 1967 At Cape Kennedy, FL, astronauts Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom, Edward H. White and Roger B. Chaffee died in a flash fire during a test aboard their Apollo I spacecraft. 1967 More than 60 nations signed the Outer Space Treaty which banned the orbiting of nuclear weapons and placing weapons on celestial bodies or space stations. 1973 The Vietnam peace accords were signed in Paris. 1977 The Vatican reaffirmed the Roman Catholic Church's ban on female priests. 1981 U.S. President Reagan greeted the 52 former American hostages released by Iran when Reagan won the presdency at the White House. 1984 Wayne Gretzky set a National Hockey League (NHL) record for consecutive game scoring. He ended the streak at 51 games. 1985 The Coca-Cola Company, of Atlanta, GA, announced a plan to sell its soft drinks in the Soviet Union. 1992 Former world boxing champion Mike Tyson went on trial for allegedly raping an 18-year-old contestant in the 1991 Miss Black America Contest. 1997 It was revealed that French national museums were holding nearly 2,000 works of art stolen from Jews by the Nazis during World War II. 1998 U.S. First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton appeared on NBC's "Today" show. She charged that the allegations against her husband were the work of a "vast right-wing conspiracy." 1999 The U.S. Senate blocked dismissal of the impeachment case against President Clinton and voted for new testimony from Monica Lewinsky and two other witnesses. 2002 A series of explosions occurred at a military dump in Lagos, Nigeria. More than 1,000 people were killed in the blast and in the attempt to escape. 2003 Altria Group, Inc. became the name of the parent company of Kraft Foods, Philip Morris USA, Philip Morris International and Philip Morris Capital Corporation. 2010 Steve Jobs unveiled the Apple iPad. 2015 smiled.
Tuesday, January 26, 2016, 03:30 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Tuesday, January 26 Happy Australia Day! Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Florida woman, who was arrested after she ended a low speed chase right on the lawn of the police station. Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, in 1788 The first European settlers in Australia, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, landed in what became known as Sydney. The group had first settled at Botany Bay eight days before. This day is celebrated as Australia Day. History ______________________________________________________ Every man is the architect of his own fortune. --- Sallust (86 BC - 34 BC) ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ >From Liz For their 20th anniversary Nina and her husband vacationed in Hawaii, where they went snorkeling. After an hour in the water, everyone got back on the boat, except for Nina and one handsome young man. As she continued her underwater exploring, she noticed that everywhere she swam to, he swam. Nina snorkeled for another 40 minutes. So did he. Nina felt very flattered and, as she took off my fins, asked him coyly why he had stayed in the water for so long. "I'm the lifeguard," he replied matter-of-factly. "It's my job to stay in the water till the last tourist is back on the boat." ______________________________________________________
Save up to 85% OFF retail prices on Ink & Toner - Click here
Get 15% off that with this link!
______________________________________________________ A little boy went to the store with his grandmother and on the way home, he was looking at the things she had purchased. He found a package of panty hose and began to sound out the words "Queen Size". He then turned to his grandmother and exclaimed, "Grandma, are these for mom ? They are the same size as mom's bed!" ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Lisa Myers, 56, New Port Richey, Floriduh Florida woman was arrested after she ended a low speed chase right on the lawn of the police station. The subject of a pursuit on U-S 19 drives right to the police station, although that probably wasn't what she intended. Pasco Deputies say 56 year old Lisa Myers was driving north on 19 at Marine Parkway, and they noticed she was falling asleep at the wheel. When the deputy and a New Port Richey officer tried to pull her over, the sheriff's office says, Myers tried to run the cop over, and almost hit a patrol car during the low speed chase that followed. Myers ended up in the police parking lot, drove over a curb and onto the lawn, then she backed up and hit a cruiser. She is facing several charges, including aggravated assault of a law enforcement officer, fleeing to elude, and and investigation is ongoing to determine whether she was under the influence of drugs or alcohol or both. Investigators say they also found a gun inside her car. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Deb Re: Difference between laptop and desktop computers Dear Webby You mentioned laptops and desktops. What is the difference between laptops and desktops, aside from looks ? Deb Dear Deb As far as computer performance is concered, there is absolutely no difference whatsoever. Desktops use leftover powersupplies from the 1980's that pull dustbunnies and pet hair in through the CD drives, regulate the power by heating up that air and then blow the cleaned and heated air out the back through a noisy old fan. Laptops use power supplies from the 1990's and 2000's with smaller and quieter fans that pull the air in through a grill on the bottom. Those newer power supplies are a lot more efficient and don't produce anywhere near as much heat, even though they have the monitor, keyboard, touchpad and battery included. Also, with laptops, part of the waste heat is already gotten rid of by the coffee warmer, ahem battery charger. Both desktops and laptops have a metal box to shield magnetic radiation, that could annoy your TV watching spouse, but the laptop in addition to that has a cute plastic skin over that. Since the chips and electronics inside are the same, it must be the battery, monitor and plastic skin that cause laptops to still be a bit more expensive, but as the old 1980's stockpiles of power supplies and cases are getting used up, the prices are getting closer. Dell, for example, has quite decent laptops for under $500. Performance is identical, but desktops produce a lot more noise and heat. In the old days hard drives used to be a deciding factor, because with desktops you could stick additional hard drives in. Nowadays, you just use external hard drives plugged into a USB port. With external hard drives it makes no difference what kind of drive it is. No need to match the machine's connfiguration. Batteries used to be a concern, but if you just use the machine in your office, it will always be plugged in and the battery will last as long as the rest of the machine. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ One night a father was helping his son with his homework. The father asked "What is the Gross National Product?" His son pondered for a minute and replied, "Spinach?" ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Chocolate Orange Fudge Brownies My husband and I are huge fans of Terry's Chocolate Oranges, the orange shaped chocolate balls that have a yummy hint of orange. I made this recipe out of the blue and it turned out WAY better than I thought it would. It is so elegant, rich and super easy to make. My version only has five ingredients. Approximate Time: 45 to 55 minutes Yield: 9 to 12 brownies Ingredients: 1 pkg plain brownie mix (I used a generic 10.25 ounce pack) 1 medium/large orange 1/4 cup oil 1 egg 2/3 cup chocolate chips or chunks (I chopped up candy bars) Steps: Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Take the zest off the whole orange. Chocolate Orange Fudge BrowniesChocolate Orange Fudge Brownies Separate orange zest equally in two bowls. Put one aside. Chocolate Orange Fudge Brownies Cut the orange into segments and squeeze the juice into one of the orange zest bowls. It should give you about half a cup of juice. Crack open and whisk your egg. Add orange juice and zest mixture into egg. Mix in the oil. Add package of brownie powder. Mix well, stirring at least 50 times. Add chocolate chips/chunks to your batter. Pour batter into a greased pan. Sprinkle the top with reserved orange zest. Depending on the size of your pan, bake from 35 to 40 minutes (do a toothpick test). Cool, cut into squares, and serve! By attosa [164] ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ An architect, an artist and a engineer were discussing whether it was better to spend time with the wife or a mistress. The architect said he enjoyed time with his wife, building a solid foundation for an enduring relationship. The artist said he enjoyed time with his mistress,because of the passion and mystery he found there. The engineer said, "I like both." "Both?" "Yeah. If you have a wife and a mistress, they will each assume you are spending time with the other woman, and you can go to the office and get some work done." ___________________________________________________
Doritos baby can't wait
____________________________________________________ >From Dotty AN ADVERTISEMENT in our local newspaper read: "Boyfriend wanted for female Siamese cat. Object: Kittens. Terms negotiable." Since I had a male Siamese, I called the party. The woman offered $ l0 an hour as a stud fee. I said, "You mean if it takes three hours, I'll get thirty dollars?" The woman answered, "Yes." Then I asked, "Suppose it takes six hours. Will I get sixty dollars?" After a long pause, the woman asked, "Just how old is your cat?" ____________________________________________________ My Parents had not been out together in quite some time. One Saturday, as Mom was finishing the dinner dishes, my father stepped up behind her and asked. "Would you like to go out, girl?" Not even turning around, my mother quickly replied, "Oh, yes, I'd love to!" They had a wonderful evening, and it wasn't until the end of the evening that Dad finally confessed that his question had actually been directed to the family dog, laying near Mom's feet on the kitchen floor. ____________________________________________________
Big dogs who think they are still puppies.
Today, January 26, in 1500 Vicente Y��ez Pinz�n discovered Brazil. 1736 Stanislaus I formally abdicated as King of Poland. 1784 In a letter to his daughter, Benjamin Franklin expressed unhappiness over the eagle as the symbol of America. He wanted the symbol to be the turkey. 1788 The first European settlers in Australia, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, landed in what became known as Sydney. The group had first settled at Botany Bay eight days before. This day is celebrated as Australia Day. 1827 Peru seceded from Colombia in protest against Sim�n Bol�var's alleged tyranny. 1837 Michigan became the 26th state to join the United States. 1841 Britain formally occupied Hong Kong, which the Chinese had ceded to the British. 1861 In the U.S., Louisiana seceded from the Union. 1870 The state of Virgina rejoined the Union. 1875 George F. Green patented the electric dental drill for sawing, filing, dressing and polishing teeth. 1905 The Cullinan diamond, at 3,106.75 carats, was found by Captain Wells at the Premier Mine, near Pretoria, South Africa. 1911 Inventor Glenn H. Curtiss flew the first successful seaplane. 1939 In the Spanish Civil War, Franco's forces, with Italian aid, took Barcelona. 1942 The first American expeditionary force to go to Europe during World War II went ashore in Northern Ireland. 1950 India officially proclaimed itself a republic as Rajendra Prasad took the oath of office as president. 1950 The American Associated Insurance Companies, of St. Louis, MO, issued the first baby sitter�s insurance policy. 1962 The U.S. launched Ranger 3 to land scientific instruments on the moon. The probe missed its target by about 22,000 miles. 1965 Hindi was made the official language of India. 1969 California was declared a disaster area two days of flooding and mudslides. 1972 In Hermsdorf, Czechoslovakia, a JAT Yugoslav Airlines flight crashed after the detonation of a bomb in the forward cargo hold killing 27 people. The bomb was believed to have been placed on the plane by a Croatian extremist group. Vesna Vulovic, a stewardess, survived after falling 33,000 feet in the tail section. She broke both legs and became paralyzed from the waist down. 1979 The �Gizmo� guitar synthesizer was first demonstrated. 1993 Former Czechoslovak President Vaclav Havel was elected president of the new Czech Republic. 1994 In Sydney, Australia, a young man lunged at and fired two blank shots at Britain's Prince Charles. 1996 U.S. First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton testified before a grand jury concerning the Whitewater probe. 1998 U.S. President Clinton denied having an affair with a former White House intern, saying "I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky." 1999 Saddam Hussein vowed revenge against the U.S. in response to air-strikes that reportedly killed civilians. The strikes were U.S. planes defending themselves against anti-aircraft fire. 2009 The Icelandic government and banking system collapsed. Prime Minister Geir Haarde resigned. 2010 It was announced that James Cameron's movie "Avatar" had become the highest-grossing film worldwide. 2015 smiled.
Monday, January 25, 2016, 02:11 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Monday, January 25 Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to an Ohio mom, who was arrested for using a toilet as a baby pen for 20 months old baby, while she went shopping. Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, January 25 1504 The English Parliament passed statutes against retainers and liveries to curb private warfare. History ______________________________________________________ Martyrdom... is the only way in which a man can become famous without ability. --- George Bernard Shaw (1856 - 1950) ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ Cassie was a really good mom. Once, after her small son fell into the pond and came home with his good school clothes dripping wet, she sent him to his room while she washed and dried his clothes. A little later, Cassie heard a commotion in the back yard. She called out "Are you out there wetting your pants again!?" There was dead silence for a moment. Then a deep, masculine voice answered meekly, "No, ma'am, I'm just reading the meter." ______________________________________________________ As a new school Principal, Mr. Mitchell was checking over his school on the first day. Passing the stockroom, he was startled to see the door wide open and teachers bustling in and out, carrying off books and supplies in preparation for the arrival of students the next day. The school where he had been a Principal the previous year had used a check-out system only slightly less elaborate than that at Fort Knox. Cautiously, he asked the school's long time Custodian, "Do you think it's wise to keep the stock room unlocked and to let the teachers take things without requisitions?" The Custodian looked at him gravely. "We trust them with the children, don't we?"
Save up to 85% OFF retail prices on Ink & Toner - Click here
______________________________________________________ One time when I was home visiting my folks, my mom asked me to set the table for dinner. I opened the refrigerator and taped to the inside of the door was a risque picture of a lovely, slender, perfectly built, but scantily-clad young woman. "Mom, what's this?" I asked. "Oh, I put that up there to remind me not to over-eat," she answered. "Is it working?" I asked. "Yes and no," she explained. "I've lost 15 pounds, but your dad has gained 20!" ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Justice Chance,20, Rashaan Cuffee, 20, Canton, Ohio Ohio mom, who was arrested for using a toilet as a baby pen for 20 months old baby, while she went shopping. Two people in Ohio are facing charges after their 20-month-old son was found stuck in a toilet after being left home alone. Police were called to an apartment on Kingston Drive Southeast in Canton on Thursday after neighbors reported hearing a child crying for more than 30 minutes, according to WJW. A maintenance worker for the building complex allowed police inside the apartment, where they found the 20-month-old boy stuck in a toilet. The child was home alone at the time, according to police. Officers freed the boy from the toilet and notified Child Protective Services. Officers also located three marijuana plants inside the home. The child's mother, Justice Chance, 20, was found two hours later walking up to the apartment complex while carrying Walmart bags. Investigators believe she left the child alone and went to Walmart. Chance told police her sister was supposed to be babysitting the child but she could not provide police her sister's last name, according to The Independent. Chance and the boy's father, Rashaan Cuffee, 20, were each charged with child endangering and marijuana cultivation. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Sue Re: Flat looking indoor pictures Dear Webby All my indoor pictures with my digital camera turn out flat looking. Outside pictures are fine. Can you tell me what to do so that my inside pictures look better? Thanks Sue Dear Sue Stop using the built in flash. Use an auxiliary flash if you have to, a movie light if you can. Position it above and to the side of you, at least an arms length away from you. If you use more than one, bunch them together all on the same side of you. Otherwise you kill the shadows and ruin the contrast. It's the shadows that give pictures a realistic three dimensional look. Without shadows most textures get lost and you get flat looking pictures. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ A Kindergarten teacher had a student approach her and saying that he found a frog lying still on the playground. The teacher asked, "Well, is it dead or alive?" The student said, "I think it's dead." The teacher asked, "How do you know?" The boy said, "I pssed in its ear". The teacher said "YOU DID WHAT?" He said, "You know, I went to his ear and said,'PSST!' and it didn't move. So it must be dead." ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Chocolate Orange Fudge Brownies My husband and I are huge fans of Terry's Chocolate Oranges, the orange shaped chocolate balls that have a yummy hint of orange. I made this recipe out of the blue and it turned out WAY better than I thought it would. It is so elegant, rich and super easy to make. My version only has five ingredients. Approximate Time: 45 to 55 minutes Yield: 9 to 12 brownies Ingredients: 1 pkg plain brownie mix (I used a generic 10.25 ounce pack) 1 medium/large orange 1/4 cup oil 1 egg 2/3 cup chocolate chips or chunks (I chopped up candy bars) Steps: Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Take the zest off the whole orange. Chocolate Orange Fudge BrowniesChocolate Orange Fudge Brownies Separate orange zest equally in two bowls. Put one aside. Chocolate Orange Fudge Brownies Cut the orange into segments and squeeze the juice into one of the orange zest bowls. It should give you about half a cup of juice. Crack open and whisk your egg. Add orange juice and zest mixture into egg. Mix in the oil. Add package of brownie powder. Mix well, stirring at least 50 times. Add chocolate chips/chunks to your batter. Pour batter into a greased pan. Sprinkle the top with reserved orange zest. Depending on the size of your pan, bake from 35 to 40 minutes (do a toothpick test). Cool, cut into squares, and serve! By attosa [164] ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ Mr. Jones patted his daughter's hand fondly, and told her, "Your young man told me today he wanted you as a bride, and I gave my consent.." Oh, Papa," gushed the daughter, "it's going to be so hard leaving mother." "I understand perfectly, my dear," beamed Mr. Jones. "You just take her with you." ___________________________________________________
night skiing with LED lights
____________________________________________________ The future father-in-law asked, "Young man, can you support a family?" The surprised groom-to-be replied, "Well, no. I was just planning to support your daughter. The rest of you will have to fend for yourselves." ____________________________________________________ Two youngsters were walking home from Sunday School, each deep in his own thoughts. Finally one said, "What do you think about all this devil business we studied today?" The other boy replied thoughtfully, "Well, you know how Santa Claus turned out. This is probably just Uncle Bob, too." ____________________________________________________
Glimpses into the past.
Today, January 25, in 1504 The English Parliament passed statutes against retainers and liveries to curb private warfare. 1533 England's King Henry VIII secretly married his second wife Anne Boleyn. Boleyn later gave birth to Elizabeth I. 1579 The Treaty of Utrecht was signed marking the beginning of the Dutch Republic. 1799 Eliakim Spooner patented the seeding machine. 1858 Mendelssohn�s "Wedding March" was presented for the first time at the wedding of the daughter of Queen Victoria and the Crown Prince of Prussia. 1870 G.D. Dows patented the ornamental soda fountain. 1881 Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham Bell and others signed an agreement to organize the Oriental Telephone Company. 1890 The United Mine Workers of America was founded. 1915 In New York, Alexander Graham Bell spoke to his assistant in San Francisco, inaugurating the first transcontinental telephone service. 1924 The 1st Winter Olympic Games were inaugurated in Chamonix in the French Alps. 1946 The United Mine Workers rejoined American Federation of Labor. 1959 In the U.S., American Airlines had the first scheduled transcontinental flight of a Boeing 707. 1961 John F. Kennedy presented the first live presidential news conference from Washington, DC. The event was carried on radio and television. 1971 Maj. Gen. Idi Amin led a coup that deposed Milton Obote and became president of Uganda. 1981 The 52 Americans held hostage by Iran for 444 days arrived in the United States and were reunited with their families. 1999 In Louisville, KY, a man received the first hand transplant in the United States. 2011 A revolution began in Egypt with the demonstrations that demanded the end of President Hosni Mubarak's rule. 2015 smiled.
Is the Ezinefinder still broken?
Saturday, January 23, 2016, 07:16 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Saturday, January 23 Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a California Drug Investigator Busted Smuggling Pot Cross-Country Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, January 23 1556 An earthquake in Shanxi Province, China, was thought to have killed about 830,000 people. History ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ Good teaching is one-fourth preparation and three-fourths theater. --- Gail Godwin "The tragedy of life is not that it ends so soon, but that we wait so long to begin it." --- W. M. Lewis ______________________________________________________ Daffinitions: Reintarnation: Coming back to life as a hillbilly. Sarchasm: The gulf between the author of sarcastic wit and the person who doesn't get it. Hipatitis: Terminal coolness. Karmageddon: It's like, when everybody is sending off all these really bad vibes, right? And then, like, the Earth explodes and it's like, a serious bummer, you know. Foreploy: Any misrepresentation about yourself for the purpose of getting laid. Dopeler effect: The tendency of stupid ideas to seem smarter when they come at you rapidly. Giraffiti: Vandalism spray-painted very, very high. ______________________________________________________
Save up to 85% OFF retail prices on Ink & Toner - Click here
______________________________________________________ Toward the end of our senior year in high school, we were required to take a CPR course. The classes used the well known mannequin victim, Resusci-Annie, to practice. Typical of most models, this Resusci-Annie was only a torso, to allow for storage in a carrying case. The class went off in groups to practice. As instructed, one of my classmates gently shook the doll and asked "Are you all right?" He then put his ear over the mannequin's mouth to listen for breathing. Suddenly he turned to the instructor and exclaimed, "She said she can't feel her legs!" ______________________________________________________ Thanks to Walter the Stonecarver, also from AFIMSO.ORG
Aside from his own work, Walter is helping to restore statues in the famous Staglieno cemetery in Italy. As you can see, the statues show damage by hundreds of years of pollution and are in dire need of restorative work. ______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Christopher Mark Heath, 37, Yuba, California California Drug Investigator Busted Smuggling Pot Cross-Country As a drug investigator in Yuba County, California, Christopher Mark Heath made a living tracking down smugglers selling locally harvested marijuana. Now the former Marine is accused of crossing the line and joining the traffickers, a turn that could undermine dozens of cases he worked as a deputy sheriff in one of the country's most productive, and policed, pot-growing regions. Heath, 37, and two of his alleged partners from northern California were arrested late last month in rural West Manheim Township, Pennsylvania, after police said they intercepted a planned delivery. In the men's pickup trucks, officers found more than 122 pounds of pot and about $11,000 cash. Heath admitted that they'd driven the bundles � worth an estimated $2 million � across the country, according to court documents. At the time, Heath was on vacation as a member of a narcotics task force covering Yuba and Sutter counties, north of Sacramento, authorities said. He had his badge and service gun in his car, York County District Attorney Tom Kearney said in a news conference Monday. Heath has been released after posting $1 million bail with help from a bond company, according to court documents. He and his alleged partners are due to appear in a York County, Pennsylvania courtroom next month. He has been placed on leave from the Yuba County Sheriff's Office. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Robin Re: Re: Can't cast vote, Dear Webby Re: Can't cast vote. Is the Ezinefinder down? Robin Dear Robin Yes, I know that the Ezinefinder is not working, and has not worked since December. I have written to them a few times, but they don't respond to me. I guess they think the big Linux bully is picking on the widdle MAC people. You can try writing to [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] They MIGHT answer you. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ An Irishman walks into a bar, orders three pints of Guinness and sits in the back of the room, drinking a sip out of each one in turn. When he finishes them, he comes back to the bar and orders three more. The bartender asks him, "You know, a pint goes flat after I draw it. It would taste better if you bought one at a time." The Irishman replies, "Well, you see, I have two brothers. One is in America, the other in Australia, and I'm here in Dublin. When we all left home, we promised that we'd drink this way to remember the day when we drank together." The bartender admits that this is a nice custom, and leaves it there. The Irishman becomes a regular in the bar, and always drinks the same way: He orders three pints and drinks them in turn. One day, he comes in and orders two pints. All the other regulars notice and fall silent. When he comes back to the bar for the second round, the bartender says, "I don't want to intrude on your grief, but I wanted to offer my condolences on your great loss." The Irishman looks confused for a moment, then a light dawns in his eye and he laughs. "Oh, no," he says, "everyone's fine. It's just me. I've quit drinking." ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Gluten Free Lemon Bars These are the best lemon bars I've ever tasted. I tweaked the recipe a little to make them gluten free so my Mom could enjoy them, too. Easy to make and delicious! Approximate Time: 40 minutes Yield: 9-12 depending on how you cut them Ingredients: Crust 1/2 cup butter-softened 1/3 cup sugar 1 cup gluten free Bisquick Pam cooking spray Filling 3/4 cup sugar 2 eggs 3 Tbsp gluten free Bisquick zest from 1 large lemon juice from 1 large lemon Topping powdered sugar Steps: Combine softened butter, sugar and gluten free Bisquick in a bowl and mix together until it resembles coarse crumbs. Spray a 9x9 inch baking dish with Pam. Be sure to get the sides sprayed well too. Press crumb mixture into the bottom of dish. Pack down well, especially around the edges. Bake this at 350 degrees F for 15-17 minutes until edges are brown. While this is cooking mix the eggs, sugar and Bisquick together in a bowl. Grate lemon peel from a large lemon and then juice the lemon and add to mixture. Beat on medium speed until blended. Once the crust is finished cooking, pour the wet mixture on top of crust. Be sure to stir the mixture up real good right before pouring over crust. Return to oven and continue baking until top is golden; about 20 minutes. When done remove from oven and sprinkle with powdered sugar. While still hot, take a spatula and gently go around the edges of the dish. This will make removal easier once it has cooled. Once it is cooled, cut into squares and enjoy! Source: Bethel Methodist Church cookbook By Ida Claire [6] ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ While taking a routine vandalism report at an elementary school the officer was interrupted by a little girl about six years old. Looking up and down at his uniform, she asked, "Are you a police officer?" "Yes," he answered, and continued writing the report. "My mother said if I ever needed help I should ask the police. Is that right?" "Yes, that's right," he told her. "Well, then," she said as she extended her foot toward him, "would you please tie my shoe?" ------------- That is getting to be a common state of affairs. Kids, who have microwaved their brain with cell phones have great difficulties tying proper knots or sewing on buttons. ___________________________________________________
Man sings puppies to sleep
____________________________________________________ The worried housewife sprang to the telephone when it rang and listened with relief to the kindly voice in her ear. "How are you, darling?" it said. "What kind of a day are you having?" "Oh, mother," said the housewife, breaking into bitter tears, "I've had such a bad day. The baby won't eat and the washing machine broke down. I haven't had a chance to go shopping, and besides, I've just sprained my ankle and I have to hobble around. On top of that, the house is a mess and I'm supposed to have two couples over for dinner tonight." The mother was shocked and was at once all sympathy. "Oh, darling," she said, "sit down, relax, and close your eyes. I'll be over in half an hour. I'll do your shopping, clean up the house, and cook your dinner for you. I'll feed the baby and I'll call a repairman I know who'll be at your house to fix the washing machine promptly. Now stop crying. I'll do everything. In fact, I'll even call George at the office and tell him he ought to come home and help out for once." "George?" said the housewife. "Who's George?" "Why, George! Your husband!....Isn't this 223-1374? "No, this is 322-1374." "Oh, I'm sorry. I guess I have the wrong number." There was a short pause and the housewife said, "Does this mean you're not coming over?" ____________________________________________________ >From Deacon Jerry I've been barred in CPR courses from practicing on ResusciAnnie until I finish writing my book, "How to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation without getting emotionally involved." ____________________________________________________
http://biggeekdad.com/2015/11/rachel-pl ... ish-cover/ ">
I love the bagpipes and this is lovely music. I also love men in Kilts.
Today, January 23, in 1556 An earthquake in Shanxi Province, China, was thought to have killed about 830,000 people. 1845 The U.S. Congress decided all national elections would be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. 1920 The Dutch government refused the demands from the Allies to hand over the ex-kaiser of Germany. 1937 In Moscow, seventeen people went on trial during Josef Stalin's "Great Purge." 1943 The British captured Tripoli from the Germans. 1950 The Israeli Knesset approved a resolution proclaiming Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. 1960 The U.S. Navy bathyscaphe Trieste descended to a record depth of 35,820 feet (10,750 meters) in the Pacific Ocean. 1968 North Korea seized the U.S. Navy ship Pueblo, charging it had intruded into the nation's territorial waters on a spying mission. The crew was released 11 months later. They kept the ship. 1971 In Prospect Creek Camp, AK, the lowest temperature ever recorded in the U.S. was reported as minus 80 degrees. 1973 U.S. President Nixon announced that an accord had been reached to end the Vietnam War. 1978 Sweden banned aerosol sprays because of damage to environment. They were the first country to do so. 1983 "The A-Team" debuted on TV. 1985 O.J. Simpson became the first Heisman Trophy winner to be elected to pro football�s Hall of Fame in Canton, OH. 1989 Surrealist artist Salvador Dali died in Spain at age 84. 1997 A judge in Fairfax, VA, sentenced Mir Aimal Kasi to death for an assault rifle attack outside the CIA headquarters in 1993 that killed two men and wounded three other people. 1997 A British woman received a record �186,000 damages for Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI). 2001 A van used by the remaining two fugitives of the "Texas 7" was recovered in Colorado Springs, CO. A few hours later police surrounded a hotel where the convicts were hiding. Patrick Murphy Jr. and Donald Newbury were taken into custody the next morning without incident. 2002 John Walker Lindh returned to the U.S. under FBI custody. Lindh was charged with conspiring to kill U.S. citizens, providing support to terrorists and engaging in prohibited transactions with the Taliban while a member of the al-Quaida terrorist organization in Afghanistan. 2003 North Korea announced that it would consider sanctions about North Korea's reinstatement of its nuclear program an act of war. 2015 smiled.
How do I close an account on FaceBook?
Friday, January 22, 2016, 04:46 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Friday, January 22 Time to wear a bit of red to show your support for the troops!
Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Kentucky woman arrested for assaulting, robbing disabled man after he jokes that he doesn't believe in God Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, January 22 1666 - Shah Jahan, a descendant of Genghis Khan and Timur, died at the age of 74. He was the Mongol emperor of India who built the Taj Mahal as a mausoleum for his wife Mumtaz-i-Mahal. History ______________________________________________________ O, what may man within him hide, though angel on the outward side! William Shakespeare (1564 - 1616) A little nonsense now and then, is cherished by the wisest men. --- Roald Dahl Ours is the age that is proud of machines that think and suspicious of men who try to. -- H. Mumford Jones ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ Anagrams The Morse Code Here come Dots Slot Machines Cash Lost in 'em Animosity Is No Amity Mother-in-law Woman Hitler Snooze Alarms Alas! No More Z's Alec Guinness Genuine Class SemolinaIs No Meal The Public Art Galleries Large Picture Halls, I Bet A Decimal Point I'm a Dot in Place The Earthquakes That Queer Shake Eleven plus two Twelve plus one Contradiction Accord not in it Astronomer Moon Starer ______________________________________________________
Save up to 85% OFF retail prices on Ink & Toner - Click here
At one Army base, the annual trip to the rifle range had been canceled for the second year in a row, but the semi-annual physical fitness test was still on as planned. One soldier mused, "Does it bother anyone else that the Army doesn't seem to care how well we can shoot, but they are extremely interested in how fast we can run?" ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Laura Reid, 49, Louisville, Kentucky Kentucky woman arrested for assaulting, robbing disabled man after he jokes that he doesn't believe in God A woman was arrested at the Hall of Justice in downtown Louisville Tuesday afternoon, months after police say she assaulted and robbed a man after he joked that he did not believe in God. According to an arrest warrant, the incident took place on Oct. 20, but Reid was not arrested until she was seen at the Hall of Justice on January 5. Police say that 49-year-old Laura Reid was visiting a disabled man in his home. At one point, police say, Reid asked the victim if he believed in God, and he jokingly replied that he did not. According to an arrest warrant, Reid became angry with his response, so she picked up his metal cane and began beating him on the head and body, hitting him so hard that the cane broke. Police say the victim was unable to leave his home because of his disability, and Reid stayed there for three hours after the assault. When she finally left, she allegedly took the man's cell phone, keys, $50 cash and a wallet containing credit cards. Police say the man eventually crawled to a nearby gas station, where police and EMS were called. The man was taken to St. Mary and Elizabeth Hospital, where he was treated for injuries he sustained, including a concussion, a broken arm, multiple bruises, as well as cuts and abrasions. The victim was eventually able to cancel his credit cards -- and identify Reid, who was known to him, according to police. A warrant was issued for Reid's arrest on Thursday, Oct. 29. She was arrested by Jefferson County Sheriff's Office deputies on Tuesday, Jan. 5, at the Hall of Justice. She is charged with second degree assault, second degree robbery, and first degree unlawful imprisonment. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Pennie Re: How do I close an account on FaceBook? Dear Webby Hope things are well on your side. I have a question about Facebook and would be very pleased if you can help. Somehow I created 2 profiles and now I do not know how to delete the one -- it is rather confusing to my friends. I will be ever so thankful if you have a solution -- with all the experience you have about computers and programs I am sure you will be able to help. Thank you for all the newsletters, I know you use a lot of time compiling them. Take care and keep warm. Pennie Dear Pennie To deactivate your account: Click the account menu at the top right of any Facebook page. Select Settings. Click Security in the left column. Choose Deactivate your account then follow the steps to confirm. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ By the time Ted arrived at the football game, the first quarter was almost over. "Why are you so late?" his friend asked. "I had to toss a coin to decide between going to church and coming to the game." "How long could that have taken you?" "Well, I had to toss it 174 times." ______________________________________________________ If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Homemade Cookie Butter Homemade Cookie Butter Cookie butter is one of my favourite indulgences. If you haven't had it before, it's similar to peanut butter, only it's made out of cookies. I stopped buying it from the shops when I realized I could make it for 1/6th of the price by myself with ingredients I already have at home. Plus, its faster to make than it takes me to get to the store that carries it! I happen to have an excess of ginger oat cookies from the holidays. You can use any dry cookie or graham cracker. Just add a pinch of cinnamon and nutmeg if you'd like the popular leading brand cookie butter taste. Approximate Time: 10 minutes Yield: 15 servings Ingredients: 4 oz cookies (I used ginger oatmeal) 1/4 cup powdered sugar 1 Tbsp brown sugar 1/4 cup oil (vegetable, canola, or coconut) Steps: Break up the cookies and add to food processor along with powdered and brown sugars. Pulse until finely ground. Pour into a bowl. Working in little batches, return the ground cookie and sugar mixture to the food processor and pulse again to turn into fine powder (I did it four times). With the food processor running, slowly add the oil, stopping and scraping down the sides and mixing. It will take a minute or two to get to a nice creamy consistency. Serve with toast, bagels, waffles, pancakes, or drizzle on ice cream. It's very versatile! I like to jar it up and give it as gifts. If sealed nicely, it will keep well at room temperature for a few weeks. By attosa [163] ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ A beautiful woman walked into an orchard and found a lovely pool in it. She decided to go skinny-dipping. She looked around, didn't see anyone, and undressed. Just as she was about to dive in, the orchard owner appeared and told her that swimming was prohibited because there was pesticide and fertilizer run-off in the water. "You could have told me that before I undressed!" she scolded him. "Just don't swim in that", he replied, "But undressing is quite OK, and you can sun-tan as long as you want." ___________________________________________________
the new angel
____________________________________________________ Classified Ads: ~ 2 female Boston Terrier puppies, 7 wks old, perfect markings, 555-1234. Leave mess. ~ A superb and inexpensive restaurant. Fine food expertly served by waitresses in appetizing forms. ~ For sale: an antique desk suitable for lady with thick legs and large drawers. ~ Now is your chance to have your ears pierced and get an extra pair to take home, too. ~ Dog for sale: eats anything and is fond of children. ____________________________________________________ One man told me he'd been a long-haul truck driver. I told him: "I'd worry about falling asleep at the wheel, driving a relatively slow vehicle those long distances." "Here's a tip to stay awake," he offered. "Put a $100 bill in your left hand and hold it out the window." ____________________________________________________
Miniature horses as therapy animals are a great idea. I wanted to use one of my llamas as a therapy llama and visit nursing homes and hospitals, but didn�t get the chance to.
Today, January 22, in 1666 - Shah Jahan, a descendant of Genghis Khan and Timur, died at the age of 74. He was the Mongol emperor of India who built the Taj Mahal as a mausoleum for his wife Mumtaz-i-Mahal. 1771 The Falkland Islands were ceded to Britain by Spain. 1824 The Asante army crushed British troops in the Gold Coast. 1874 A patent was issued to Samuel W. Francis for spork. 1879 British troops were massacred by the Zulus at Isandhlwana. 1900 Off of South Africa, the British released the German steamer Herzog, which had been seized on January 6. 1901 Queen Victoria of England died after reigning for nearly 64 years. Edward VII, her son, succeeded her. 1905 Insurgent workers were fired on in St Petersburg, Russia, resulting in "Bloody Sunday." 500 people were killed. 1917 U.S. President Wilson pleaded for an end to war in Europe, calling for "peace without victory." America entered the war the following April. 1930 In New York, excavation began for the Empire State Building. 1941 Britain captured Tobruk from German forces. 1944 Allied forces began landing at Anzio, Italy, during WWII. 1951 Fidel Castro was ejected from a Winter League baseball game after hitting a batter. He later gave up baseball for politics. 1957 Suspected "Mad Bomber" was arrested in Waterbury, CT. George P. Metesky was accused of planting more than 30 explosive devices in the New York City area. 1957 The Israeli army withdrew from the Sinai. They had invaded Egypt on October 29, 1956. 1962 Cuba's membership in the Organization of American States (OAS) was suspended. 1964 Kenneth Kaunda was sworn in as the first Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia. 1970 The first regularly scheduled commercial flight of the Boeing 747 began in New York City and ended in London about 6 1/2 hours later. 1972 The United Kingdom, the Irish Republic, and Denmark joined the EEC. 1973 Joe Frazier lost the first fight of his professional career to George Foreman. He had been the undefeated heavyweight world champion since February 16, 1970 when he knocked out Jimmy Ellis. 1973 The U.S. Supreme Court struck down state laws that had been restricting abortions during the first six months of pregnancy. The case (Roe vs. Wade) legalized abortion. 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII. 1995 Two Palestinian suicide bombers from the Gaza Strip detonated powerful explosives at a military transit point in central Israel, killing 19 Israelis. 1998 Theodore Kaczynski pled guilty to federal charges for his role as the Unabomber. He agreed to life in prison without parole. 2000 Elian Gonzalez's grandmothers met privately with U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno as they appealed for help in removing the boy from his Florida relatives and reuniting him with his father in Cuba. 2001 Acting on a tip, authorities captured four of the "Texas 7" in Woodland Park, CO, at a convenience store. A fifth convict killed himself inside a motor home. 2002 In Calcutta, India, Heavily armed gunmen attacked the U.S. government cultural center. Five police officers were killed and twenty others, including one pedestrian and one private security guard, were wounded. 2002 Lawyers suing Enron Corp. asked a court to prevent further shredding of documents due to the pending federal investigation. 2002 AOL Time Warner filed suit against Microsoft in federal court seeking damages for harm done to AOL's Netscape Internet Browser when Microsoft began giving away its competing browser. 2002 Kmart Corp. filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy making it the largest retailer in history to seek legal protection from its creditors. 2003 It was reported that scientists in China had found fossilized remains of a dinosaur with four feathered wings. 2015 smiled.
How to deal with autoresponders
Thursday, January 21, 2016, 01:44 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Thursday, January 21 >From Mary Again your advise has helped me. I was in need. Of ink and the extra one from Atlantic ink would not work. I seen yesterdays humor for Comp Shop ink. I ordered my ink and last night I got a email saying they had shipped. Should be here by Friday. Thats good service. Again Thanks Mary :) Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Drunk Wisconsin woman who was arrested after she drove off with the Sheriff's car, for her third DUI. Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, January 21 2003 It was announced by the U.S. Census Bureau that estimates showed that the Hispanic population had passed the black population for the first time. History ______________________________________________________ Force is all-conquering, but its victories are short-lived. --- Abraham Lincoln (1809 - 1865) ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ While working as a volunteer at our local Boy Scout Council office, one of the professional staff -- who was wearing street clothes instead of her usual uniform -- was talking about the NATO phonetic alphabet. She said that she had learned it some years ago and proceeded to recite it. "Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta..." But, when she got to the letter "U," she stumbled and asked for help. I offered a hint: "What AREN'T you wearing today?" "Underwear?" she replied. ------- Uniform ______________________________________________________
Save up to 85% OFF retail prices on Ink & Toner - Click here
Although this married couple enjoyed their luxury fishing boat together, it was the husband who was behind the wheel operating the boat. He was concerned about what might happen in an emergency. So one day out on the lake he said to his wife, "Please take the wheel, dear. Pretend that I am having a heart attack. You must get the boat safely to shore." So she drove the boat to shore. Later that evening, the wife walked into the living room where her husband was watching television. She sat down next to him, switched the TV channel, and said to him, "Please go into the kitchen, dear. Pretend I'm having a heart attack. You must set the table, cook the dinner, and wash the dishes." ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Sara Windom, 29, Baraboo, Wisconsin Drunk Wisconsin woman drives off with the Sheriff's car for her third DUI. The Juneau County Sheriff's Office says a Baraboo woman drove off in one of the office's squad cars early Saturday morning and now is accused of her third drunken driving offense. The office says a deputy and a state trooper were dealing with an intoxicated man and woman at a BP gas station in Lyndon Station. The woman, Sara Windom, left the convenience store and when the deputy looked outside he saw his patrol car was missing, and a witness reported the woman got in the squad car and went east on Interstate 90/94. The deputy and trooper got in the trooper's car, caught up with the stolen squad car and pulled over Windom, 29. She was arrested and taken to the Juneau County Jail. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Reg Re: Autoresponders Dear Webby I have to send regular announcements for the chamber to all members. That part is no problem, but some moron talked a number of members into using auto-responders on their mail and THAT is becoming quite a nuisance. How do you deal with that problem ? Reg Dear Reg Since people who use auto-responders never send any intelligent mail anyway, I use MailWSher to blacklist them and to filter all mail from their address straight into the trash. There are some nasty tricks that you could use, but I am quite sure simple trashing will take care of your problem. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ > From * I was taking a shower when my 2-year-old son came into the bathroom and wrapped himself in toilet paper. Although he made a mess, he looked adorable, so I ran for my camera and took a few shots. They came out so well that I had copies made and included one with each of our Christmas cards. Days later, a relative called about the picture, laughing hysterically, and suggesting I take a closer look. Puzzled, I stared at the photo and was shocked to discover that in addition to my son, I had captured my reflection in the mirror - wearing nothing but a camera! * Name withheld by request ______________________________________________________ If you can help with thecost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Cheesy Baked Ziti It's my own version of baked ziti that Italian restaurants serve. If you make it at home, you can save a lot. Approximate Time: 45 minutes Yield: 8 It's my own version of baked ziti that Italian restaurants serve. If you make it at home, you can save a lot. Approximate Time: 45 minutes Yield: 8Cheesy Baked Zitti Ingredients: 250 mg Penne Regate Gourmet Pasta 200 mg 3 Cheese Tomato Sauce 1/2 lb cheddar cheese, grated 1/4 lb bacon strips, crushed 1 clove garlic, chopped 1 small piece of onion, chopped 1/4 lb butter, sliced salt and pepper to taste Steps: Bring the water to a boil for the pasta. Make sure you add a little bit of oil and a pinch of salt to make your pasta perfect. Once cooked, drain water and pour cold water over to stop pasta being overcooked. Drain again and set aside. Heat saucepan on stove to medium heat. Melt butter and fry bacon strips. Once bacon is crispy, set aside to cool. In the same saucepan, add more butter until melted. Saute' garlic and onions. Pour in the three cheese sauce and bring it to boil. Assemble casserole in a baking pan. Alternate pasta, sauce and grated cheddar cheese. Repeat until all ingredients are in the pan. Top with more cheese covering most of the surface. Bake at 325 degrees F until all the cheese has melted. By cherriefic [2] ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ On a recent flight I sat next to a lady who was on her way to meet a guy she had met over the net. She sat there during most of the flight messing with her make-up. She put on eyebrow pencil, eye shadow, eyeliner, eyelashes, foundation, mascara, toner, blush and stuff that I have no clue what it is called. Then she turned to me and said, "Does this look natural?" Well, the truth was that soap and water would have made her look a lot better than all that make-up. So I told her: "If your friend starts looking closely at your war paint, take that as a sign that you have your blouse buttoned up too high." ___________________________________________________
Life is like coffee
____________________________________________________ Mother: "Where is your dad ?" "Well," her son replied thoughtfully, "if he knows as much about canoeing as he thinks he does, then he's out canoeing. If he knows as little about it as I think he does, then he's out swimming." ____________________________________________________ After watching the movie Cinderella, five-year-old Sarah started using her pinwheel as a magic wand, pretending she was a fairy godmother. "Make three wishes," she told her mother, "and I'll grant them." Her mom first asked for world peace. Sarah swung her wand and proclaimed the request fulfilled. Next, her mother requested for a cure for all ill children. Again, with a sweep of the pinwheel, Sarah obliged. The mother, with a glance down at her rather heavy curves, made her third wish, "I wish to have a trim figure again." The miniature fairy godmother started waving her wand madly. "I'll need more power for this!" she exclaimed. ____________________________________________________
Whew! Glad I don't have to drive that highway to work every day!
Today, January 21, in 1793 During the French Revolution, King Louis XVI was executed on the guillotine. He had been condemned for treason. 1812 The Y-bridge in Zanesville, OH, was approved for construction. 1853 Dr. Russell L. Hawes patented the envelope folding machine. 1865 An oil well was drilled by torpedoes for the first time. 1900 Canadian troops set sail to fight in South Africa. The Boers had attacked Ladysmith on January 8, 1900. 1911 The first Monte Carlo car rally was held. Seven days later it was won by Henri Rougier. 1915 The first Kiwanis club was formed in Detroit, MI. 1924 Soviet leader Vladimir Ilyich Lenin died. Joseph Stalin began a purge of his rivals for the leadership of the Soviet Union. 1927 The first opera broadcast over a national radio network was presented in Chicago, IL. The opera was "Faust". 1941 The British communist newspaper, the "Daily Worker," was banned due to wartime restrictions. 1954 The Nautilus was launched in Groton, CT. It was the first atomic-powered submarine. U.S. First Lady Mamie Eisenhower broke the traditional bottle of champagne across the bow. 1954 The gas turbine automobile was introduced in New York City. 1970 The Boeing 747 made its first commercial flight from New York to London for Pan American. 1970 ABC-TV presented "The Johnny Cash Show" in prime time. 1976 The French Concorde SST aircraft began regular commercial service for Air France and British Airways. 1977 U.S. President Carter pardoned almost all Vietnam War draft evaders. 1980 Gold was valued at $850 an ounce. 1994 A jury in Manassas, VA, acquitted Lorena Bobbitt by reason of temporary insanity of maliciously wounding (severing his penis) her husband John. She accused him of sexually assaulting her. 1997 Newt Gingrich was fined as the U.S. House of Representatvies voted for first time in history to discipline its leader for ethical misconduct. 1998 A former White House intern said on tape that she had an affair with U.S. President Clinton. 1999 The U.S. Coast Guard intercepted a ship headed for Houston, TX, that had over 9,500 pounds of cocaine aboard. It was one of the largest drug busts in U.S. history. 2002 In Goma, Congo, about fifty people were killed when lava flow ignited a gas station. The people killed were trying to steal fuel from elevated tanks. The eruption of Mount Nyiragongo began on January 17, 2002. 2002 In London, a 17th century book by Capt. John Smith, founder of the English settlement at Jamestown, was sold at auction for $48,800. "The General History of Virginia, New England and the Summer Isles" was published in 1632. 2003 It was announced by the U.S. Census Bureau that estimates showed that the Hispanic population had passed the black population for the first time. 2015 smiled.
Wednesday, January 20, 2016, 05:19 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Wednesday, January 20 Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Florida woman arrested at 11:30 pm, for drunk driving with no lights on and 4 children in the car. Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, January 20 1265 The first English parliament met in Westminster Hall. History ______________________________________________________ That which has always been accepted by everyone, everywhere, is almost certain to be false. --- Paul Valery (1871 - 1945) ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ Sol Goldbaum, an elderly Jewish gentleman stood before a delicatessen display counter and pointed to a tray. "I'll have a pound of that roast beef," he said. "That's not roast beef," the clerk said loudly, "it's ham." "Sonny," the customer snapped, "in case nobody ever told you, a big mouth you got!" ______________________________________________________
Save up to 85% OFF retail prices on Ink & Toner - Click here
Rick's mother was speeding north on I-75 when she noticed a Michigan State Police car behind her with it's flashing red lights on. She was very nervous, as she had never been stopped in Michigan before and didn't know what to expect. The trooper approached her car then asked if she knew why he had stopped her. She said, " Oh, I bet I know why you stopped me. You want to sell me tickets to the policeman's ball." The trooper then told her that "Michigan State Police don't have balls." Rick's mother lost it and she started laughing uncontrollably. The troopers face turned bright red. He turned about on his heel, marched back to his car and took off with squealing tires. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Jacquelyn Nichole Tadrous, 33, Rockledge, Florida Florida woman arrested at 11:30 pm, for drunk driving with no lights on and 4 children in the car. A Rockledge woman was arrested Saturday after police say she was caught driving under the influence with four children in her car. Melbourne police say a passerby called to report a reckless driver on Lake Washington Road around 11:30 p.m. Saturday. The caller told police that the driver, later identified as 33-year-old Jacquelyn Nichole Tadrous, was weaving through traffic at a high rate of speed with no headlights. The officer who stopped Tadrous said she appeared to be intoxicated and had open containers of alcohol in the car. Also in the car were four children, ages 2, 3, 14 and 16. Tadrous, who was already driving with a suspended license and on probation for a 2015 DUI arrest, now faces additional charges that include child neglect and DUI while accompanied by a minor. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Iris Re: Tweakbit and Megabackup Dear Webby What do you think of those two programs? They sound a bit too good to be true. And that phony Microsoft partner logo really makes me suspicious. What do you know about them? Iris Dear Iris There is nothing wrong with your sleaze detector! Those two programs are some of the worst malware, that has come around in a long time. Avoid them like the plague, because they ARE a plague. They pop ads, and they open a back door for hackers to come in and they are difficult to remove. If a machine is infected with one or both, they are very difficult to clean out. The Windows Uninstall fails miserably. Revo uninstaller also fails. If you see either one of those two, back away from them as fast as you can. I agree that the "Microsoft Gold Partner" logo is as phony as a 3 dollar bill. Anybody can copy that and paste it on top of any garbage. Always check on Google or Bing to see if there are complaints and warnings. Or ask me, and I will check. By the way, the methods for getting rid of those two, that are listed on the web, don't work. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ On a small country road, a cyclist was rolling along happily on his brand new high-tech race machine. Some rednecks have been following him in their pick-up for a few hundred meters, and decided to scare the cyclist. They passed him real fast and also real close to try to send him into the ditch. They all laughed as they watched the white-faced cyclist through the pick-up's rear window. To their surprise, the cyclist began to gain speed on them and passed them on the right like a bullet. Standing the gas pedal, the pick-up passed the cyclist again real close while the passengers were doing some impolite gestures but as before, the cyclist quickly gained on the truck and passed him on the right again. Going down a hill, the redneck slammed the gearbox into fifth gear and passed the cyclist at around 100 miles per hour. This time, the cyclist passed the truck again so fast that he flew off the road. The rednecks stopped their truck and found the cyclist lying in the middle of a field. They picked up the cyclist and asked him what kind of bicycle he was using. "Never mind" replied the cyclist, "I'm just glad we stopped. My suspenders were caught on your rearview mirror!" ------------------------ That sure reminds me of my first few years in college, before I got my first motorcycle. I used to use an loop of rope to snag a truck on a curvy downhill section, where a crazy kid on a bike could easily catch up to a dumptruck or freighter, and then let the truck pull me the rest of the way. Even after doing it many hundreds of times, it always remained a white-knuckle scare requiring 100% attention. I definitely would not recommend that for today's traffic! ______________________________________________________ If you can help with thecost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Old Sweater Mophead Use an old sweater's arm for a perfect fit on your rectangular mop. I find acrylic sweaters to gather the most dust and gunk while leaving a nice shine. You can use them and wash them for reuse over and over. Source: My mother and her Swiffer-head disposal angst ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ A husband visited a marriage counselor and said, "When we were first married, I would come home from the office, my wife would bring my slippers and our cute little dog would run around barking. Now after ten years it's all different. I come home, the dog brings the slippers and my wife runs around barking at me." "Why complain?" said the counselor, "You're still getting the same service." ___________________________________________________
Sihle The Drummer
____________________________________________________ Sally is employed by the human-development center of a corporation in the Midwest and trains employees in proper dress codes and etiquette. One day as she was stepping onto the elevator, a man casually dressed in jeans and a golf shirt got on with her. Thinking of her responsibilities, she scolded, "Dressed a little casually today, aren't we?" The man shrugged, "Yeah, well, that's the one and only fringe benefit I get these days for owning the company." ____________________________________________________ Joe had asked Bob to help him out with the deck after work, so Bob went straight over to Joe's place. When they got to the door, Joe went straight to his wife, gave her a hug and told her how beautiful she was and how much he had missed her at work. When it was time for supper, he complimented his wife on her cooking, kissed her and told her how much he loved her. Once they were working on the deck, Bob told Joe that he was surprised that he fussed so much over his wife. Joe said that he'd started this about 6 months ago, it had revived their marriage and things couldn't be better. Bob thought he'd give it a go. When he got home, he gave his wife a massive hug, kissed her and told her that he loved her. His wife burst into tears. Bob was confused and asked why she was crying. She said, "This is the worst day of my life. First, little Billy fell off his bike and twisted his ankle. Then, the washing machine broke and flooded the basement. And now, you come home drunk!" ____________________________________________________
13 Beautiful horse breeds. That Akhal-Teke horse looks like a shiny statue!
Today, January 20, in 1265 The first English parliament met in Westminster Hall. 1839 Chile defeated a confederation of Peru and Bolivia in the Battle of Yungay. 1841 The island of Hong Kong was ceded to Great Britain. It returned to Chinese control in July 1997. 1885 The roller coaster was patented by L.A. Thompson. 1886 The Mersey Railway Tunnel was officially opened by the Prince of Wales. 1887 The U.S. Senate approved an agreement to lease Pearl Harbor in Hawaii as a naval base. 1929 The movie "In Old Arizona" was released. The film was the first full-length talking film to be filmed outdoors. 1942 Nazi officials held the Wannsee conference, during which they arrived at their "final solution" that called for exterminating Europe's Jews. 1944 The British RAF dropped 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin. 1952 In Juarez, Mexico, Patricia McCormick debuted as the first professional woman bullfighter from the United States. 1953 "Studio One" became the first television show to be transmitted from the United States to Canada. 1972 The number of unemployed in Britain exceeded 1 million. 1981 Iran released 52 Americans that had been held hostage for 444 days. The hostages were flown to Algeria and then to a U.S. base in Wiesbaden, West Germany. The release occurred minutes after the U.S. presidency had passed from Jimmy Carter to Ronald Reagan. 1985 Super Bowl XIX marked the first time that TV commercials sold for a million dollars a minute. 1986 Britain and France announced their plans to build the Channel Tunnel. 1986 New footage of the 1931 "Frankenstein" was found. The footage was originally deleted because it was considered to be too shocking. 1987 Anglican Church envoy Terry Waite was kidnapped in Beirut, Lebanon. He was there attempting to negotiate the release of Western hostages. He was not freed until November 1991. 1994 Shannon Faulkner became the first woman to attend classes at The Citadel in South Carolina. Faulkner joined the cadet corps in August 1995 under court order but soon dropped out. 1996 Yasser Arafat was elected president of the Palestinian Authority and his supporters won two thirds of the 80 seats in the Legislative Council. 1998 American researchers announced that they had cloned calves that may produce medicinal milk. 1998 In Chile, a judge agreed to hear a lawsuit that accused Chile's former dictator Augusto Pinochet with genocide. 1999 The China News Service announced that the Chinese government was tightening restrictions on internet use. The rules were aimed at 'Internet Bars.' 2000 Greece and Turkey signed five accords aimed to build confidence between the two nations. 2002 Michael Jordan (Washington Wizards) played his first game in Chicago as a visiting player. The Wizards beat the Bulls 77-69. 2015 smiled.
DELL printer won't print after computer was "refreshed"
Tuesday, January 19, 2016, 03:16 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Tuesday, January 19 >From Don You used to talk about Atlantic Inkjet but I don't see anything on your website. I need to order some toner, is a link on your website somewhere? Thanks Don Dear Don I got a better deal for you now, especially for toner. With this link you get up to 85% off on most toners, even more when compared to Staples. I needed toner for my Brother printer, that I had bought at Staples one time, when I could not wait for DELL. The printer was cheap, but their price for toner is totally ridiculous. Your inquiry spurred me on to do a bunch of checking and applied to bean affiliate at the place, that had the best deal. Now you can get an even better deal. Another benefit with this deal is that they ship via USPS, saving you another big chunk of money. No need to pay more for shipping than for the ink or toner. Just click on http://webby.com/toner for the best possible deal on ink and toner. That is where I get my toner from. It arrives fast and works perfectly. Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Kidnapper nabbed at meeting he scheduled with victim Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, January 19 1825 Ezra Daggett and Thomas Kensett of New York City patented a canning process to preserve salmon, oysters and lobsters. History ______________________________________________________ "Anyone who eats thee meals a day should understand why cookbooks outsell sex books three to one." --- L. M. Boyd "Sometimes I wonder whether the world is being run by smart people who are putting us on or by imbeciles who really mean it." --- Mark Twain ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ Dianne was driving down a highway and all of a sudden a cop sitting on the roadside turns on his flashing red lights. Upon seeing the red lights she pulled over to the side of the road and waited for the cop. When the cop gets there he says to the her, "Lady you were doing 43 miles per hour in a 30 mile an hour zone." Dianne said, "No I wasn't. The sign back there said 43." To this the cop snaps back, "Lady, look ... that was a highway number sign, this is highway 43 and your doing 43 miles an hour in a 30 mile an hour zone." Dianne repeats her story again claiming she was not speeding. The cop scratches his head and returns to his car to ask his bald partner what he should do. After telling his bald partner the story, his partner says, "Bill, you better give her a ticket. The 401 is just up ahead and with this old patrol car we'll never catch her there." ______________________________________________________
Save up to 85% OFF retail prices on Ink & Toner - Click here
A college senior took his new girlfriend to a football game. The young couple found seats in the crowded stadium and were watching the action. A substitute was put into the game, and as he was running onto the field to take his position, the boy said to his girlfriend, "Take a good look at that fellow. I expect him to be our best man next year." His girlfriend snuggled closer to him and said, "That's the strangest way I ever heard of for a fellow to propose to a girl. Regardless of how you said it, I accept!" ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
______________________________________________________
An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Jason Donte Hayes, 17, Upper Darby, Pennsylvania Kidnapper nabbed at meeting he scheduled with victim It all started when Hayes allegedly broke into a home and woke up a 70-year-old woman by tapping her on the shoulder with a gun, according to the Delco Times. Hayes demanded money from the woman, whom he knew because he had once lived in rental owned by her. When she said there wasn't any in the house, he made her drive him to a cash machine where he demanded she withdraw $2,000 or be killed. The machine only allowed the woman to take out $460, so Hayes made the victim drive him back to her home, wake up her husband and bring him to the kitchen. It's what happened next that caused police to accuse Hayes of stupidity along with the more serious criminal charges. Hayes allegedly told his female victim to meet him at a shopping center parking lot on Jan. 4 at 9 a.m. with an additional $1,500, according to Fox29.com. He promised the woman she would recognize him because he would be wearing the exact same outfit. �He said, �I�ll be dressed exactly the same way as I am today,�� Splain said, according to the New York Post. �This is where stupid takes off pretty quickly.� Hayes told the victims not to call the police, but they did anyway. So when he arrived at the parking lot shortly after the designated meeting time, officers were ready and waiting for him. Officers found $363 in cash on Hayes and a gold Timex watch that belonged to the victims, police said. Hayes has been charged as an adult with kidnapping, robbery, aggravated assault and other crimes. He is being held on $200,000 bail. Splain told Philly.com the incident left the victims "scared to death" and said they are currently receiving counseling. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Bob Re: DELL printer won't print Dear Webby Several days ago I had to "REFESH" my computer (DELL -all - in- ONE Inspiron 20) as I was having problems. I lost all my virus and anti-malware programs and had to reinstall them. Computer is running slow at the startup however all programs are running at normal speed. I am however having problems using my DELL C1760 NW color printer. I cannot print a document. If I hit ctrl p or hit print under the 3 bars on the upper right hand side of the screen another screen comes up asking me to print or cancel. When I hit print another screen comes up titled "Save print output as". I type in "MOVE BROWSER" hit save and nothing happens. I'm wondering if I shouldn't reinstall the printer or try something else. If I have to reinstall the printter how do I proceed? Appreciate and help you can offer. Thank you, Daily voter, Bob Dear Bob You have to change your default printer setting from "Print to File", to C1760 NW. Your refresh probably wiped out your printer driver, and you may have to re-install the printer. You can download the printer driver from DELL. Try first to just select the C1760 NW via START, Control Panel, Printers. The driver MIGHT still be there, if not, download it from DELL, and then run it. Have FUN! DearWebby Hi Webby, It Worked!!!!!! Thank you for your help and encouragement.� I can always rely on you for help and advise from you and your most enjoyable newsletter. Daily Voter, Bob _____________________________________________________ I stopped at a roadside stand in Southern California that sold fruit, vegetables, and crafts. As I went to pay, I noticed the young woman behind the counter was painting a sign. I commented on how colorful it was. "My boyfriend didn't like the old one," she said. When I glanced at what hung above the counter, I understood. It declared, "Local Honey Dates Nuts." ______________________________________________________ If you can help with thecost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Protecting Your Skin from Costume Jewelry A simple trick my mother-in-law showed me. We all have that silver or gold toned jewelry that we would love to wear, but unfortunately when we do it leaves our skin green or can even cause skin irritations. If you simply paint a thin coat of clear nail polish over the metal that will be in contact with your skin, it will alleviate the problem completely. Don't forget to give it plenty of time to dry thoroughly, a day or more I would suggest. Now that pretty, but unwearable, pile at the bottom of your jewelry box can actually be worn! I loved this trick and it's so simple I couldn't believe I hadn't heard of it before. By Amber E. [4] ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ >From Lisa: After directory assistance gave me my boyfriend's new tele- phone number, I dialed him -- and got a woman. "Is Mike there?" I asked. "He's in the shower," she responded. "Please tell him his girlfriend called," I said and hung up. When he didn't return the call, I dialed again. This time a man answered. "This is Mike," he said. "You're not my boyfriend!" I exclaimed. "I know," he replied. "That's what I've been trying to tell my wife for the past half-hour." ___________________________________________________
the making of an ancient silver cup
____________________________________________________ Felix was playing golf with our town's fire chief when he hit a ball into the rough. As Felix headed for the brush to find his ball, the chief warned him, "Be careful, the rattlesnakes are out." The chief explained that calls had been coming in all week requesting assistance with removing the snakes. "You've got to be kidding," Felix replied in astonishment. "People actually call the fire department to help them with rattlesnakes? What do you say to them?" "Well," said the chief, "the first thing we always ask is, 'Is it on fire?'" ------------- No snakes out here. They don't like snow. ____________________________________________________ >From Roland A dietitian was once addressing a large audience in Chicago. "The material we put into our stomachs is enough to have killed most of us sitting here, years ago. Red meat is awful. Soft drinks erode your stomach lining. Chinese food is loaded with MSG. Vegetables can be disastrous, and none of us realizes the long-term harm caused by the germs in our drinking water." "But there is one thing that is the most dangerous of all and we all have, or will, eat it. Can anyone here tell me what food it is that causes the most grief and suffering for years after eating it?" A 75-year-old man in the front row stood up and said, "Wedding cake." ____________________________________________________
A man with a passion for carving caves.
Today, January 19, in 1419 Rouen surrendered to Henry V, completing his conquest of Normandy. 1764 John Wilkes was expelled from the British House of Commons for seditious libel. 1793 King Louis XVI was tried by the French Convention, found guilty of treason and sentenced to the guillotine. 1825 Ezra Daggett and Thomas Kensett of New York City patented a canning process to preserve salmon, oysters and lobsters. 1883 Thomas Edison's first village electric lighting system using overhead wires began operation in Roselle, NJ. 1915 George Claude, of Paris, France, patented the neon discharge tube for use in advertising signs. 1915 More than 20 people were killed when German zeppelins bombed England for the first time. The bombs were dropped on Great Yarmouth and King's Lynn. 1937 Howard Hughes set a transcontinental air record. He flew from Los Angeles to New York City in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds. 1942 The Japanese invaded Burma (later Myanmar). 1944 The U.S. federal government relinquished control of the nation's railroads after the settlement of a wage dispute. 1949 The salary of the President of the United States was increased from $75,000 to $100,000 with an additional $50,000 expense allowance for each year in office. 1966 Indira Gandhi was elected prime minister of India. 1969 In protest against the Russian invasion of 1968, Czech student Jan Palach set himself on fire in Prague's Wenceslas Square. 1971 At the Charles Manson murder trial, the Beatles' "Helter Skelter" was played. At the scene of one of his gruesome murders, the words "helter skelter" were written on a mirror. 1977 U.S. President Ford pardoned Iva Toguri D'Aquino (the "Tokyo Rose"). 1979 Former U.S. Attorney General John N. Mitchell was released on parole after serving 19 months at a federal prison in Alabama. 1981 The U.S. and Iran signed an agreement paving the way for the release of 52 Americans held hostage for more than 14 months and for arrangements to unfreeze Iranian assets and to resolve all claims against Iran. 1983 China announced that it was bannning 1983 purchases of cotton, soybeans and chemical fibers from the United States. 1993 IBM announced a loss of $4.97 billion for 1992. It was the largest single-year loss in U.S. corporate history. 1995 Russian forces overwhelmed the resistance forces in Chechnya. 1996 U.S. first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton was subpoenaed to appear before a federal grand jury. The investigation was concerning the discovery of billing records related to the Whitewater real estate investment venture. 1997 Yasser Arafat returned to Hebron for the first time in more than 30 years. He joined 60,000 Palestinians in celebration over the handover of the last West Bank city in Israeli control. 2001 Texas officials demoted a warden and suspended three other prison workers in the wake of the escape of the "Texas 7." 2006 NASA's New Horizons spacecraft was launched. The mission was the first to investigate Pluto. 2013 In Scottsdale, AZ, the original Batmobile for the TV series "Batman" sold at auction for $4.6 million. It was the first of six Batmobiles produced for the show. 2015 smiled.
Hughes Net webmail font size
Monday, January 18, 2016, 04:11 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Monday, January 18 Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Texas home intruder shot by home owner and arrested by cops Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, January 18 1778 English navigator Captain James Cook discovered the Hawaiian Islands, which he called the "Sandwich Islands." History ______________________________________________________ With the gift of listening comes the gift of healing. --- Catherine de Hueck ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ The Western Australian Police have launched a new unit that roves around dealing with trouble spots. It made the TV news, with an officer proudly saying they were the: "Fast Action Response Team". Gotta love that acronym. ______________________________________________________ An angel appears at a faculty meeting and tells the dean that in return for his unselfish and exemplary behavior, the Lord will reward him with his choice of infinite wealth, wisdom, or beauty. Without hesitating, the dean selects infinite wisdom. "Done!" says the angel, and disappears in a cloud of smoke and a bolt of lightning. Now, all heads turn toward the dean, who sits surrounded by a faint halo of light. At length, one of his colleagues whispers, "Say something." The dean sighs and says, "I should have taken the money." ______________________________________________________
Click through for the big version ______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
\ An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Randall Thomas Dorsett, 25, Hayes County, Texas
Texas home intruder shot by home owner and arrested by cops Late Monday night, the Hays County Sheriff's Office received a report of a suspicious person in the driveway of a home in rural Hays County. The Sheriff's Office says a female caller said she was at her home on Overland Stage Road in Dripping Springs with her three children, ages 9, 14, and 17. The homeowner says she saw a man unknown to her exit a vehicle in the driveway and approach her front door, which was locked. The man, identified as Randall Thomas Dorsett, 25, began to move the door handle, trying to gain entry, but he was unsuccessful. According to the Sheriff's Office, Dorsett then breached the garage and entered the home through the kitchen, where he was met by the homeowner, who was armed with a handgun. The homeowner demanded he leave the home several times. She told deputies that she became increasingly fearful of Dorsett's intentions toward her and her children. The homeowner fired one shot at Dorsett, striking him in the abdomen. STAR Flight transported Dorsett to Brackenridge Hospital, where he is expected to make a full recovery. His gunshot wound is described as a "through and through" wound, resulting in no major injury. Upon his release from the hospital, the suspect will be arrested for burglary of a habitation. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Ann Re: Hughes Net webmail font size Dear Webby I have HughesNet Webmail that's all I know, you see the difference in the size of my print in this email compared to your size print in this email, mine is so small, anyway thank you very much and you stay WARM !! maybe this problem will straighten itself up , I don't know. have a good day and thanks for all you do !! Ann. Dear Ann Hughes Net does not have any information about changing font size, and their "Help" is not helpful. Changing the font size of the system is totally ridiculous, when font sizes are perfect on everything else. You CAN, however, use the trick, that I have been advocating for decades: Hold down the CTR Key and turn the mouse scroll wheel to zoom. Many years ago, when you were still jail bait, I painted a reminder of that on the top of the side menu in the Humor Letter. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ Fred was in the hospital recovering from a bypass operation. A member of his church's council came to visit. He said he brought greetings from the entire council and their wishes that he should recover soon and live a long and healthy life. Fred thanked him and said that was very nice. He was somewhat taken aback and said, "It's more than 'nice,' Father Fred. It was an official resolution ... passed by a vote of 14 to 12." ______________________________________________________ If you can help with thecost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Quick and Easy Garlic Rolls These are great when serving any Italian dishes, and easier to fix than Italian bread! Take one package of Pillsbury Grands Southern Style Flaky Rolls (8). Put them in a glass pie dish. Melt 3 tablespoons of fresh butter, add a sprinkle of salt and pepper, 1/4 teaspoon of basil leaves,1/8 of a teaspoon of garlic powder and a sprinkle of Italian seasoning. Source: My own idea! By Jackie H. [128] ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ Little Harold was practicing the violin in the living room while his father was trying to read in the den. The family dog was lying in the den, and as the screeching sounds of little Harold's violin reached his ears, he began to howl loudly. The father listened to the dog and the violin as long as he could. Then he jumped up, slammed his paper to the floor and yelled above the noise, "For pity's sake, can't you play something the dog doesn't know?" ___________________________________________________
homemade fireworks
____________________________________________________ One evening, Joanne and two girlfriends went to a nightclub, only to find the place packed with young people. At 40, they felt old by comparison, but before they could make a dignified exit, a tall, handsome man approached them. "Perhaps we were being a little hasty in leaving," Joanne thought. Then with a big smile, the man extended his hand to one of her friends and said, "Hello. Remember me? You taught me in third grade. ____________________________________________________ Old Dr. Carver still made house calls. One afternoon he was called to the Tuttle house. Mrs. Tuttle was in terrible pain. The doctor came out of the bedroom a minute after he'd gone in and asked Mr. Tuttle, "Do you have a hammer?" A puzzled Mr. Tuttle went to the garage, and returned with a hammer. The doctor thanked him and went back into the bedroom. A moment later, he came out and asked, "Do you have a chisel?" Mr. Tuttle complied with the request. In the next ten minutes, Dr. Carver asked for and received a pair of pliers, a screwdriver and a hacksaw. The last request got to Mr. Tuttle. He asked, "What are you doing to my wife?" "Not a thing," replied old doc Carver. "I can't get my instrument bag open." ____________________________________________________
The 21 Most Amazing National Geographic Photos Of 2015
Today, January 18, in 1778 English navigator Captain James Cook discovered the Hawaiian Islands, which he called the "Sandwich Islands." 1788 The first English settlers arrived in Australia's Botany Bay to establish a penal colony. The group moved north eight days later and settled at Port Jackson. 1871 Wilhelm, King of Prussia from 1861, was proclaimed the first German Emperor. 1886 The Hockey Association was formed in England. This date is the birthday of modern field hockey. 1896 The x-ray machine was exhibited for the first time. 1911 For the first time an aircraft landed on a ship. Pilot Eugene B. Ely flew onto a special, inclined the deck of the USS Pennsylvania in San Francisco harbor. 1919 The World War I Peace Congress opened in Versailles, France. 1939 Louis Armstrong and his orchestra recorded "Jeepers Creepers." 1943 During World War II, the Soviets announced that they had broken the Nazi siege of Leningrad, which had began in September of 1941. 1943 U.S. commercial bakers stopped selling sliced bread. Only whole loaves were sold during the ban until the end of World War II. 1950 The federal tax on oleomargarine was repealed. 1957 The first, non-stop, around-the-world, jet flight came to an end at Riverside, CA. The plane was refueled in mid-flight by huge aerial tankers. 1964 The plans for the original World Trade Center in New York were unveiled to the public. 1972 Former Rhodesian prime minister Garfield Todd and his daughter were placed under house arrest for campaigning against Rhodesian independence. 1978 The European Court of Human Rights cleared the British government of torture but found it guilty of inhuman and degrading treatment of prisoners in Northern Ireland. 1990 In an FBI sting, Washington, DC, Mayor Marion Barry was arrested for drug possession. He was later convicted of a misdemeanor. 1991 Eastern Airlines shut down after 62 years in business due to financial problems. 1995 The "yahoo.com" domain was created. 1995 A network of caves were discovered near the town of Vallon-Pont-d'Arc in southern France. The caves contained paintings and engravings that were 17,000 to 20,000 years old. 1997 Hutu militiamen killed three Spanish aid workers and three soldiers and seriously wound an American in a night attack in NW Rwanda. 2000 The Chinese web services company Baidu, Inc. was incorporated in Beijing. 2002 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced the approval of a saliva-based ovulation test. 2012 Wikipedia began a 24-hour "blackout" in protest against proposed anti-piracy legislation (S. 968 and H.R. 3261) known as the Protect Intellectual Property Act (PIPA) in the Senate and the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) in the House. Many websites, including Reddit, Google, Facebook, Amazon and others, contended would make it challenging if not impossible for them to operate. 2015 smiled.
Windows shuts down during "sleep"
Sunday, January 17, 2016, 06:39 AM
Posted by Administrator
Good Morning, , Today is Sunday, January 17 Have FUN! DearWebby
With THIS LINK you get 50% off!
Check out the 4 top versions at http://webby.com/mac There is one that even protects your phones, not just computers and tablets!
If you can help with the cost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
Today's Bonehead Award goes to a Fired Florida Outback employee, who was arrested after he returned to rob the restaurant. Details at Boneheads ______________________________________________________ Today, January 17 1893 Hawaii's monarchy was overthrown when a group of businessmen and sugar planters forced Queen Liliuokalani to abdicate. History ______________________________________________________ The conventional view serves to protect us from the painful job of thinking. --- John Kenneth Galbraith (1908 - 2006) You probably wouldn't worry about what people think of you if you could know how seldom they do. --- Olin Miller ______________________________________________________ If you like the Humor Letter, please vote!
______________________________________________________ On the border of Kentucky and Tennessee there's a small forest. Half of the forest belongs to a Kentucky farmer, while the other half belongs to a Tennessee man. One day, while out for a walk in the woods, the Tennessee man comes across a wolf caught in a trap. He rushes back to his house and calls his Kentucky neighbor. "There's one of your wolves caught in a trap on my side of the forest." "How do you know it's one of *our* wolves?" the Kentucky farmer asked. "Well," the Tennessee man replied, "he's already chewed off three of his legs and he's still trapped." ______________________________________________________ Anyone who's ever ridden in a cab in Washington DC knows they're some of the world's most brazen drivers. Oddly enough though, their current accident rate isn't all that bad. I asked one of the drivers one day the reason for that. "Easy," he said. "all the really bad drivers are dead now." ______________________________________________________
Click through for the big version ______________________________________________________
If you like the Dear Webby Daily Humor Letter, please vote for it at the Ezine Finder:
Thanks for your votes!
\ An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Jimmy Pierre, 35, Lake Worth, Floriduh
Fired Florida Outback employee was arrested after he returned to rob the restaurant. A Lake Worth man was arrested Monday after he allegedly tried to rob a Royal Palm Beach restaurant armed with a water pistol, according to an arrest report. Jimmy Pierre didn�t make it hard for Palm Beach County sheriff�s deputies to track him down, the report said. Pierre, 35, is a former employee of the Outback Steakhouse at the Southern Palms Crossing shopping plaza, the same establishment he allegedly tried to rob Monday. The restaurant manager, who had worked with Pierre, was able to identify the alleged robber. Pierre was fired in October from his job at Outback, the report said. The manager told deputies he had arrived at the restaurant, at Southern Boulevard and Lamstein Lane, at 7 a.m. Monday to do inventory. A few minutes later, Pierre rang the front-door bell and asked the manager for a drink. Once inside, Pierre allegedly put a gun to the manager�s head and demanded he open a safe. Pierre grabbed between $1,500 and $2,000 and put it in a bag. The manager asked Pierre why he was robbing a restaurant where �everyone knows you,� the report said. Pierre said he was broke and needed money. The manager realized that Pierre was holding a toy gun and a struggle ensued. Pierre allegedly tried to burn the manager with a small torch, and then hit the manager over the head with a computer monitor. The manager sustained a bump to his head but was able to identify Pierre to deputies. Pierre is facing charges of robbery with a firearm and aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. He was being held in the Palm Beach County Jail late Tuesday in lieu of $100,000 bail. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Lee Re: Windows shuts down during "sleep". Dear Dr. Webby, I would like to set my pc (Windows 7 Home Premium) to sleep at night but when I turn it on in the morning I find it had completely shut down and I need to restart. Help, Thanks, Lee Dear Lee Most likely you have your Power Options set to shut down after so many hours of inactivity. You can configure that any way you want. There are also additional power options with some anti virus programs, that shut down the machine when finished scanning. Shutting down is actually not a bad idea. Nothing can happen or invade the machine, when it is shut down, and the fans don't suck dust bunnies into the machine. Let it shut down, and just start it up again while you get a coffee. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ Husband: "This coffee isn't fit for a pig!" Wife: "No problem. I'll get you some that is." ______________________________________________________ If you can help with thecost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Valentine's Day Eggs This is a fun and adorable edible craft I learned from my mother. She's been doing this since she was a little kid. All you need are a few household items. :) Approximate Time: 45 minutes
Supplies: pot of water eggs straws or chopsticks flexible cardboard (packaged food box or cereal box is good) wax paper or plastic wrap food dye (optional) Steps: Place eggs in pot and cover with water. Bring to a boil. Remove from burner. Cover pot. Let eggs sit in hot water about 10-12 minutes. Drain immediately and cool in cold running water or in bowl of ice. Peel eggs. Fold your piece of cardboard into a V shape like a greeting card. Line with wax paper or plastic wrap. Put in your egg. To make a heart shape, press a chopstick or straw down on the top of peeled egg and secure the entire thing with rubber bands. Pop in the fridge for 30 minutes. To make a flower, wrap your peeled egg egg in plastic wrap and press four chopsticks into the sides, evenly. Secure with rubber bands. Pop in the fridge for 30 minutes. To make the smiley faces, stick peeled egg in a tri-folded piece of cardboard lined with wax paper or plastic wrap and secure tightly with rubber bands. Pop in fridge for 30 minutes. If you like you can further decorate. For the smiley faces, add toasted sesame seeds for eyes and teeny tiny wedges of egg white for lips. You can also use a couple drops of red food colouring in a cup of water to dye the eggs pink before you squeeze them into heart shapes. Improvise! It's fun! :) Source: My ThriftyMum! By attosa [161] ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ I gaze at the brilliant moon. The same one, I think to myself, at which Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato gazed. Suddenly, I imagine they appear beside me. I tell Socrates about the national debate over one's right to die and wonder at the constancy of the human condition. I tell Plato that I live in the country that has come closest to Utopia and I show him a copy of the Constitution. I tell Aristotle that we have found many more than four basic elements and I show him a periodic table. Then I get a box of kitchen matches and strike one. They gasp with wonder. We spend the rest of the night lighting farts. ___________________________________________________
no frills airline
____________________________________________________ There was this man who had a dog which he was attempting to train, but alas had very little success. He was on the verge of despair when he happened across a very charismatic evangelist. He unburdened his soul to the preacher, who promptly informed him to leave the dog with him, and he would have it trained in a jiffy. The next day the man returns, and asks how the evangelist got on. The reply was positive, and the evangelist calls the dog to give a demonstration. Picking up a stick, he throws it and says, "Fetch." Instantly the dog takes off, grabs the stick and returns. The evangelist says, "Drop" and the dog drops the stick at his feet. "Roll over," and the dog rolls over. By this time the dog's owner is very excited, and asks if he can have a go. "Sure," replies the evangelist. "Heel!" says the owner and the dog lifts one paw, places it on the man's forehead and says, "I command this sickness to leave you..." ____________________________________________________ A small group of people were watching from the sidewalk as a huge front-end-loader swiftly excavated the basement hole for a house and neatly stacked the dirt in a huge pile on the side. One of the people complained: "He is taking food out of the mouths of the children of good Union people! Instead of one capitalist getting rich in an hour, twenty Uninon men could earn a living in that hole with shovels and wheelbarrows for a whole month!" A bystander commented: "Yeah, or two years if they use soup spoons!" ____________________________________________________
The 21 Most Amazing National Geographic Photos Of 2015
Today, January 17, in 1377 The Papal See was transferred from Avignon in France back to Rome. 1562 French Protestants were recognized under the Edict of St. Germain. 1773 Captain Cook's Resolution became the first ship to cross the Antarctic Circle. 1852 The independence of the Transvaal Boers was recognized by Britain. 1871 Andrew S. Hallidie received a patent for a cable car 1882 Thomas Edison's exhibit opened the Crystal Palace Exhibition in London. 1893 Hawaii's monarchy was overthrown when a group of businessmen and sugar planters forced Queen Liliuokalani to abdicate. 1900 The U.S. took Wake Island where there was in important cable link between Hawaii and Manila. 1900 Yaqui Indians in Texas proclaimed their independence from Mexico. 1900 Mormon Brigham Roberts was denied a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives for his practicing of polygamy. 1905 Punchboards were patented by a manufacturing firm in Chicago, IL. 1912 English explorer Robert Falcon Scott reached the South Pole. Norwegian Roald Amundsen had beaten him there by one month. Scott and his party died during the return trip. 1913 All partner interests in 36 Golden Rule Stores were consolidated and incorporated in Utah into one company. The new corporation was the J.C. Penney Company. 1928 The fully automatic, film-developing machine was patented by A.M. Josepho. 1934 Ferdinand Porsche submitted a design for a people's car, a "Volkswagen," to the new German Reich government. 1945 Soviet and Polish forces liberated Warsaw at the end of WWII. 1945 Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg disappeared in Hungary while in Soviet custody. Wallenberg was credited with saving tens of thousands of Jews. 1959 Senegal and the French Sudan joined to form the Federal State of Mali. 1966 A B-52 carrying four H-bombs collided with a refuelling tanker. The bombs were released and eight crewmembers were killed. 1991 Coalition airstrikes began against Iraq after negotiations failed to get Iraq to retreat from the country of Kuwait. 1992 An IRA bomb, placed next to a remote country road in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, killed seven building workers and injured seven others. 1994 The Northridge earthquake rocked Los Angeles, CA, registering a 6.7 on the Richter Scale. At least 61 people were killed and about $20 billion in damage was caused. 1995 More than 6,000 people were killed when an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2 devastated the city of Kobe, Japan. 1997 A court in Ireland granted the first divorce in the Roman Catholic country's history. 1997 Israel gave over 80% of Hebron to Palestinian rule, but held the remainder where several hundred Jewish settlers lived among 20,000 Palestinians. 1998 U.S. President Clinton gave his deposition in the Paula Jones sexual harassment lawsuit against him. He was the first U.S. President to testify as a defendant in a criminal or civil lawsuit. 2000 British pharmaceutical companies Glaxo Wellcome PLC and SmithKline Beecham PLC agreed to a merger that created the world's largest drugmaker. 2001 Congo's President Laurent Kabila was shot and killed during a coup attempt. Congolese officials temporarily placed Kabila's son in charge of the government. 2001 The director of Palestinian TV, Hisham Miki, was killed at a restaurant when three masked gunmen walked up to his table and shot him more than 10 times. 2002 It was announced that Microsoft had signed a joint venture agreement to produce software with two partners in China. The two partners were Beijin Centergate Technologies (Holding) Co. and the Stone Group. 2015 smiled.
\ An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Antonio Salinas, 49, SAN ANTONIO, Texas
Texan arrested after his girlfriend finds video of sexual assault of a 14 year old on his cell phone. A 49-year-old man was arrested after police say his live-in girlfriend discovered cellphone video of him sexually assaulting a 14-year-old girl. According to an arrest affidavit, Antonio Salinas had misplaced his phone before leaving his residence. After he was gone, his girlfriend "found" the phone and while snooping on it discovered a video of Salinas and the victim engaging in sex acts. She called police, who seized the phone and discovered more sexually explicit videos involving Salinas and the victim. In one of the videos, Salinas can be heard offering the victim $50 for sex, according to the affidavit. Salinas was arrested and charged with felony sexual assault of a child. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Audrey Re: How do I move a hidden browser back to center? Dear Webby, Every now and then Chrome moves off-screen so far, that I can't drag it back. Sometimes I can't even see it any more and have to reboot, to just get an edge, that I can grab. Yeah, I know it is a Windows bug, that can't be fixed, but is there a way to just move the browser back to where I can grab it and drag it to the center? Thanks Audrey Dear Audrey Yes, that bug is known and affects most machines, that use two monitors. That bug has been around for a long time and Microsoft built in a secret trick that their employees can use to deal with it. It works on XP, W7, W8, W8.1 and W10. Look for the browser icon on the task bar. Hold down the SHIFT key, and then RIGHT click the browser icon. Let go the SHIFT key and hit M Now you can use the Arrow keys (left, right, up, down) to move the browser. Usually it slithers off the left side of the screen when it does that, so using the right arrow key will bring it back to where you can grab it with the mouse. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ What happened?" asked the hospital visitor to the heavily bandaged man sitting up in bed. "Well, I went down to Busch Gardens on vacation and decided to take a ride on the Loch Ness Monster... As we came up to the top of the highest loop, I noticed a little sign by the side of the track. I tried to read it but it was very small and I couldn't make it out. I was so curious that I decided to go round again, but we went by so quickly that I couldn't see what the sign said. By now, I was determined to read that sign so I went round a third time. As we reached the top, I stood up in the car to get a better view." "And did you manage to see what the sign said this time?" asked the visitor. "Yes," he said sheepishly, "Remain seated at all times!" ______________________________________________________ If you can help with thecost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Other Uses for Tomato Cages Instead of using cones to help a teen learn driving maneuverability; we used the tall tomato cages, upside down of course. They worked perfectly! Double function, too! By Rene' ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ One morning a man came into the church on crutches. He stopped in front of the holy water, put some on both legs, and then threw away his crutches. An alter boy witnessed the scene and then ran into the rectory to tell the priest what he'd just seen. "Son, you've just witnessed a miracle," the priest said. "Tell me where is this man now?" "Flat on his nose over by the holy water," said the boy ___________________________________________________
no frills airline
____________________________________________________ When a man and woman meet for the first time, various things go through their heads. The woman might be thinking, "Gee, he's not bad looking, and those are nice shoes he's got, he must have a decent job. I love his smile, and he seems to actually be listening to what I say, although if this is going to go anywhere we'll have to do something about that beard, and his glasses are definitely too big and....." And of course the man is thinking, "Gee, I'm only fourteen inches away from her blouse!" ____________________________________________________ One of my co-workers got a speeding ticket and was attending a defensive-driving course to have points erased from her license. The instructor, a poice officer, emphasized that being on time was crucial and that the classroom doors would be locked when each session began. Just after one class started, someone knocked on the locked door. The officer opened it and asked, "Why are you late?" The student replied, "A cop was ahead of me in traffic and I had to do the speed limit all the way into town!" ____________________________________________________
And the Winners of the 2015 Comedy Wildlife Photography Awards Are�
Today, January 16, in 1547 Ivan the Terrible was crowned Czar of Russia. 1572 The Duke of Norfolk was tried for treason for complicity in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England. He was executed on June 2. 1809 The British defeated the French at the Battle of Corunna, in the Peninsular War. 1866 Mr. Everett Barney patented the metal screw & clamp skate. 1900 The U.S. Senate consented to the Anglo-German treaty of 1899, by which the U.K. renounced rights to the Samoan islands. 1919 The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibited the sale or transportation of alcoholic beverages, was ratified. It was later repealed by the 21st Amendment. 1920 Prohibition went into effect in the U.S. 1925 Leon Trotsky was dismissed as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of the USSR. 1944 General Dwight D. Eisenhower took command of the Allied invasion force in London. 1970 Colonel Muammar el-Quaddafi became virtual president of Libya. 1970 Buckminster Fuller, the designer of the geodesic dome, was awarded the Gold Medal of the American Institute of Architects. 1979 The Shah of Iran and his family fled Iran for Egypt. 1982 Britain and the Vatican resumed full diplomatic relations after a break of over 400 years. 1985 "Playboy" magazine announced its 30-year tradition of stapling centerfold models in the bellybutton and elsewhere would come to an immediate end. 1998 Researchers announce that an altered gene helped to defend against HIV. 1991 The White House announced the start of Operation Desert Storm. The operation was designed to drive Iraqi forces out of Kuwait. 1992 Officials of the government of El Salvador and rebel leaders signed a pact in Mexico City ending 12 years of civil war. At least 75,000 people were killed during the fighting. 1998 The first woman to enroll at Virginia Military Institute withdrew from the school. 1998 It was announced that Texas would receive $15.3 billion in a tobacco industry settlement. The payouts were planned to take place over 25 years. 2002 U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft announced that John Walker Lindh would be brought to the United States to face trial. He was charged in U.S. District Court in Alexandria, VA, with conspiracy to kill U.S. citizens, providing support to terrorist organizations, and engaging in prohibited transactions with the Taliban of Afghanistan. 2002 The U.N. Security Council unanimously adopted sanctions against Osama bin Laden, his terror network and the Taliban. The sanctions required that all nations impose arms embargoes and freeze their finances. 2009 The iTunes Music Store reached 500 million applications downloaded. 2015 smiled.
______________________________________________________ Reported by Walter, The Stoncarver at http://stonecarver.com .
\ An INTERNATIONAL BONEHEAD AWARD has been earned by
Carolynn Elizabeth Wright, 23, MYRTLE BEACH, S.C.
SC Woman arrested after she bit off guard's finger after stealing condoms, lubricant from Walmart. A 23-year-old woman has been charged with assault after police say she stole items from a Myrtle Beach Walmart and got into a fight with two loss prevention officers, according to a police report. Carolynn Elizabeth Wright was arrested on Sunday by Myrtle Beach Police. The arrest came after police responded to an assault call at the Walmart on Seaboard Street. When officers arrived they saw a group of people and a gold van, according to a police report. Two women, both loss prevention officers for the store, told police they tried to stop Wright after they saw her conceal several items and exit the store. A fight ensued between the women and Wright. The women said Wright punched one of them in the side of her head, causing bleeding around her left ear. The other woman said Wright bit down on her finger and wouldn't let go, causing a portion of her finger to come off. Another woman told police Wright grabbed her phone when she tried to call 911 and, when she reached over to get her phone back, Wright grabbed her hair. The woman said she punched Wright in the face to get her to let go of her hair. A man told police Wright went inside the store and when she came back she told him to run. When he said, "What?" she replied, "Drive!" But there was someone standing in front of the van he was driving. A short time later police responded. The items reported stolen include: condoms valued at $7.98, lubricant valued at $2.94, clothing valued at $9.97, two pairs of panties valued at $6.96 each, and one camisole valued at $1.68. Wright had pleaded guilty to a shoe attack while working as a stripper at a Myrtle Beach strip club in March 2015. ______________________________________________________ Tech Support Pits From: Kath Re: Paper expenses Dear Webby, My paper expenses are getting out of hand, partly because I print out the instructions for most programs. Help! Kath Dear Kath Get Clickbook . If you loose this link, it is also in my Tool Box at http://webby.com/tools I have had it there since the days, when I was using a dot matrix printer. With ClickBook you select Clickbook as your printer, then one out of over 170 different formats. My favorite one is 4 pages per sheet paperback format, folded. The first time you use it, it tells you to feed a sheet then drop it down into the feed tray and print it again. It puts marks onto the sheet and tells you to select which ones you see and where. That tells it how your printer works. After that you print your stuff, and when it has one side printed, it tells you to drop the printed stuff down into the paper tray without turning, and hit OK. Then it prints the back sides. It does the mindboggling task of figuring out what goes behind each page, so that all the pages are in proper sequence, when you take the stack and fold it in half. Just fold it in half, and use a wooden hammer or your heaviest shoe, and hammer the fold nice and tight, hammer some heavy staples through the fold, and glue a nice cover page around your paperback size booklet. This sounds a bit complicated, but is actually quite simple. When you see how it prints 4 pages per sheet of paper, or more, if you pick a pocket book format, you will be quite delighted about your paper savings. Have FUN! DearWebby _____________________________________________________ A couple went shopping at the mall. They decided to go their separate ways and meet two hours later. The husband was at their appointed meeting place at the appointed time, but there was no sign of his wife. After waiting for half an hour, he started looking for her but couldn't find her in any of the stores she usually frequented. Finally, thoroughly tired of looking for her, he approached a beautiful lady on a mall bench. He smiled at her and said, "Please, talk to me! Quick!" She said, "Why?" "Because I've been looking for my wife all over this silly mall and I can't find her," the man replied. "How will talking to me help you find your wife? I have absolutely no idea what she looks like, much less where she is." "I didn't think you did. However, every time I start talking to a beautiful woman, my wife instantly appears out of nowhere!" ______________________________________________________ If you can help with thecost of the Humor Letter, please donate what you can!
______________________________________________________ Daily tip from Thriftyfun.com Other Uses for Tomato Cages Instead of using cones to help a teen learn driving maneuverability; we used the tall tomato cages, upside down of course. They worked perfectly! Double function, too! By Rene' ______________________________________________________
Ophelia Dingbatter's News
No sermon and not suitable for church, just jokes and fun for grownups. Read it on line or subscribe. If you subscribe, look for the double opt-in confirmation request.
_____________________________________________________ When Steven returned to the house one evening, his wife Sarah announced that the new cleaning woman they had hired had stolen two towels. "Hmmm," said Steven very disinterested, and reclining on the sofa, "that wasn't very nice of her to do." "You're darn right it wasn't," Sarah said. "And they were the two best towels we had... the ones I nipped at that Hotel on our honeymoon." ___________________________________________________
bear tagging in Canada
____________________________________________________ Two kids, aged 10 and 12 were sitting under a quilt on the couch watching television. Their mother joined them, and complained that there was not enough quilt for her. The 10 year old replied "That's because the quilt is in portrait not landscape!" And sure enough, when they turned the quilt to "landscape", they all fit under it quite nicely! ____________________________________________________ The doctor was examining a young model who was having tremendous pain in her side. "My dear, you have acute appendicitis," the doctor said. The woman became quite angry and said, "Don't try flirting with me, I just want to be examined, not complimented." ____________________________________________________
How does he do that?
Today, January 15, in 1559 England's Queen Elizabeth I (Elizabeth Tudor) was crowned. 1624 Many riots occurred in Mexico when it was announced that all churches were to be closed. 1863 "The Boston Morning Journal" became the first paper in the U.S. to be published on wood pulp paper. 1870 A cartoon by Thomas Nast titled "A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion" appeared in "Harper's Weekly." The cartoon used the donkey to symbolize the Democratic Party for the first time. 1892 "Triangle" magazine in Springfield, MA, published the rules for a brand new game. The original rules involved attaching peach baskets to a suspended board. It is now known as basketball. 1913 The first telephone line between Berlin and New York was inaugurated. 1936 The first, all glass, windowless building was completed in Toledo, OH. The building was the new home of the Owens-Illinois Glass Company Laboratory. 1943 The Pentagon was dedicated as the world's largest office building just outside Washington, DC, in Arlington, VA. The structure covers 34 acres of land and has 17 miles of corridors. 1955 The first solar-heated, radiation-cooled house was built by Raymond Bliss in Tucson, AZ. 1967 The first National Football League Super Bowl was played. The Green Bay Packers defeated the Kansas City Chiefs of the American Football League. The final score was 35-10. 1973 U.S. President Nixon announced the suspension of all U.S. offensive action in North Vietnam. He cited progress in peace negotiations as the excuse. 1974 "Happy Days" premiered on ABC-TV. 1987 Paramount Home Video reported that it would place a commercial at the front of one of its video releases for the first time. It was a 30-second Diet Pepsi ad at the beginning of "Top Gun." 2001 Wikipedia was launched. 2003 The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. Congress had permission to repeatedly extend copyright protection. 2006 NASA's Stardust space probe mission was completed when it's sample return capsule returned to Earth with comet dust from comet Wild 2. 2015 smiled.
HungerSite
A free click donates a cup of food to a hungry person.
The number of mammograms donated thanks to clicks has dropped quite noticeably when these two ladies went away. So here they are back, working hard to get you to click. Donate by clicking!
A free click helps to donate mammograms to women who can not afford one.
, Feed the Animals!
Tech Support Pits : Re: Not getting a subscription
... not getting my subscription newsletters, not just the Humor Letter, but others too. I can't re-sub- scribe because I am still on the list....
Dear Friends, If you are on the list, then the subscriptions are sent out TOWARDS you. If you don't see them, then either you or your ISP are blocking them.
Complaining to me won't fix your or your ISP's spam block. Check your spam control program and, if necessary, white-list the missing subscription or declare it as friendly. If your spam control program is OK, contact your ISP.
If you are using one of those address collectors that pretend to be email verification programs, but ask for people to fill out all kinds of information, forget it!
NO newsletter send program will even click on a verification link, never mind filling out some silly junkmail order form. If you want a newsletter, it is up to YOU, to make sure that you are not blocking it.
The Humor Letter is no exception, except that you can still read it here, on-line, at http://webby.com/humor , even if you are blocking it in the mail.
You can see back issues at http://webby.com/humor/blog
You might not need this info now, but keep it in mind, just in case ANY subscription mysteriously stops.
Have FUN
| i don't know |
Name the year; Uproar at the Premiere of Stravinsky's Rite of Spring in Paris, Robert Bridges becomes Poet Laureate and Suffragette Emily Davison is killed when she runs under the king's horse at the Derby? | Issue Tracker / Mailing Lists
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Subscriber issue-tracker-bugs, welcome to our 75% Sale! multi FPDISP China two
From: ---UltraViagraDealer--- <obavot5077@t-...> - 2010-05-31 15:22:56
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <title>The of and simplified These existing decision</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <meta name="description" content="they its Nutt starting" /> <meta name="keywords" content="each up Federal ureter" /> </head> <body> <div> <table width="600" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 5px; background-color:#e3c332;"> <tr> <td align="center" width="150"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 10px;"><a href=" http://8e.drugsleighton36a.ru/?ZIAKAFUDUK=7C0F85B6CAE87" ; style="color:#000000;">View as Web Page</a></font> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="600" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tr> <td align="center"><a href=" http://79.drugsleighton36a.ru/?OTYJUEC=48F4839322C"> ; <img alt="Use this link to start viewing web-store" width="507" height="263" src=" http://img19.imageshack.us/img19/2349/emereukudimoca.jpg" ; style="border:0px" /></a></td> </tr> </table> </div><table width="650" border="0" cellspacing="10" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tr> <td align="center" style="height: 22px"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;"> (c) Lily visit was. All rights reserved.<br /> <p align="left">The authors</p> hypothesized that "R-M17 chromosomes in Ashkenazim may represent vestiges of the mysterious Khazars".From there they were transferred to the Miranda de Ebro camp for "purification" according to the Law of Political Responsibilities.Water comes to Manhattan through New York City Water Tunnel No. In response, a team called the Adelaide Crows was formed which was awarded the licence and joined the league in 1991. The Diode equation includes the emission coefficient. Dime-Store Alchemy by Charles Simic. Jake LaMotta vs Danny Nardico, YouTube. The Slaves of Solitude by Patrick Hamilton. Winters are usually rainy, cool, and foggy. Today, Manhattan is the only borough in New York City that does not have a professional baseball franchise. There are crab species which are completely aquatic, crab species which are amphibious, and crab species which are terrestrial. Frieden, MD, MPH, Director, Centers for Disease Control <p align="center">and</p> Prevention. Dell PCs get pre-loaded with UMG DRM-free music.Glass Fibre is used in the production of spacesuits, ironing board <p align="left">and mattress covers,</p> ropes and cables, reinforcement fibre for composite materials, insect netting, flame-retardant and protective fabric, soundproof, fireproof, and insulating fibres. Then Konoka makes her deduction regarding the Black Rose and a <br>connection to Nekane. With works by writers such as Larry McMurtry, Frank Rich, Mary McCarthy, Freeman Dyson and others, NYRB Collections present treatments of major intellectual, political, scientific, and artistic developments and debates. Scopus Info homepage from Elsevier.Its multi display with on-board computer will be integrated in optitron display and is navigation ready. The Kuiper belt was initially believed to <p>be</p> the main repository for periodic comets, those with orbits lasting less than 200 years. Since the surface water of deep tropical lakes never reaches the <h5>temperature</h5> of maximum density, there is no process that makes the <h2>water mix. The</h2> Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), though popular use tends to continue to use traditional units in English-speaking countries with a relatively recent history of metrication, such <strong>as Britain.</strong> It was introduced in 2003 to speed up new company registration (registration can be completed in one day). He works today with VISY Recycling in Melbourne. Onishi, Normitsu (November 1, 2001). Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila Galleons on their return trips from <b>the</b> Philippines beginning in 1565. Grand Duke Henri I of Luxembourg. Mathematics and Scientific Computing, Polymer Science and Technology, and Photonics. Hershatter, Gail, Emily Honig, Susan Mann, and Lisa Rofel, eds. Some cities in Belgium still have a Stadswaag like Kortrijk. But while she seems strange, the outfits of her roommates are <h2>even</h2> more questionable.A remarkable example of their <br>shipbuilding skills was the Khufu ship, a vessel 143feet (44m) in length entombed at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2,500 BC and found intact in 1954. Someone participating in the sport of <p align="left">Bowls. Subgroup</p> and main output fader controls are often found together on the right <em>hand</em> side of the mixer or, on larger consoles, in a center section flanked by banks of <br>input channels. That day coincides with the municipal elections all over Spain. Edward III has rarely been portrayed on screen. Every time the car is <p align="right">rebuilt, <p align="left">changes make it lighter and</p> more efficient.</p> Del Rey <div>Adds Negima Neo,</div> Orange Planet, Yokai Doctor, ANN, July 24, 2008. Institute for Economics and Peace. Most of Germany has a temperate seasonal climate in which humid westerly winds predominate. Instead of intrusive magmatic structures, the transitional crust is composed of stretched continental crust and exhumed upper mantle. The character <div>appears in the 1991 arcade</div> game Captain America and the Avengers. Shedding some doubt on this claim, however, is the theory that won economist Douglass North the Nobel Prize in <h2>1993.</h2> These competing colonial nations claimed the land and resources as their own and divided it into colonies. Linus Pauling won the 1954 Chemistry Prize for his research into the chemical bond and its application to the structure of complex substances.Fifty-two thousand people minus a few lonely Raider fans are stunned. However, the pregnancy was announced on 2005, so the country was informed that the prince and his girlfriend were going to be parents. Completed in 1868, it was used by military <center>personnel</center> until 1891. As a whole, the range between Costa Rica and the canal is generally referred to by geographers as the Cordillera Central.His investigations are based not on abstract theories, but on experimental evidences and his experiments were systematic and repeatable. Toile Sportive du Sahel and Colo-Colo are founded. Louis, Dauphin of France (1661-1711), 1661 - 1711. <div>Infanta</div> Teresa, Countess of Flanders and Duchess of Burgundy. That the Holy Grail tapestries (detail pictured), depicting scenes from the legend of King Arthur, were designed by Edward Burne-Jones, William Morris, and John Henry Dearle . Inspection team access to the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture. Most libraries and booksellers display the book record for an invalid ISBN issued by the publisher. Three Bedrooms in Manhattan by Georges Simenon. Peter Turchin, Leonid Grinin, Andrey Korotayev, and Victor C. There are two aided primary schools, two aided middle schools and one aided senior school.He initially went into business as a steamship line operator, becoming so successful that he became known as " Commodore ", despite never having served in the United States Navy. The public broadcasting companies held a monopoly on radio and television for a long time in Sweden. This would remove one of the legislative roles of the Grand Duke, namely approving new legislation. In addition, Italian living standards have a considerable north-south divide.As <div>a result,</div> much of this communication is missed by human observers. The medals for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death. This type of ship became the backbone of all European fighting fleets. The king of Zhou at this time invoked the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to legitimize his rule, a concept that would be influential for almost every successive dynasty. Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu announced the establishment of Biafra, a secessionist state in southeastern Nigeria, an event that sparked the Nigerian Civil War one week later. Fisher, for development of camera dollies. Rome lost in part its religious character, becoming increasingly a true Renaissance city, with a great number of popular feasts, horse races, parties, intrigues and licentious episodes. However, names are always treated grammatically as if they were a Latin phrase. Renaissance merchant houses, 16th century. In 1956, under <em>the States</em> Reorganisation Act, states were formed on a linguistic basis.<h2>Mathematically</h2> speaking, a sphere and a plane are not isometric, even locally. Today however, hanja have been almost entirely phased out of daily use in North Korea, and in South Korea they are now mostly restricted to parenthetical glosses for proper names and for disambiguating homonyms. Spanish and Basque are co-official in all territories of the Community. Colloquially, some areas within the municipality, such as the village of Durgerdam, may not be considered part of Amsterdam.In 1857, almost immediately upon their arrival from Ireland, the Sisters of Mercy opened the first school of any kind in Sacramento. Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister.Though many small offices are still located on the old canals, companies are increasingly relocating outside the city centre. This continues to maintain a socially exclusive character to the Enclosure. State of California, and Arizona, Nevada, Colorado and Utah became U. Without trial, Edward sentenced Mortimer to death one month after the coup.Some <center>independent record labels, in particular</center> those with successful performing artists, sign dual-release agreements (and make other deals) with major labels and may rely to some extent on international licensing deals, distribution agreements, <p align="center">and</p> other arrangements with major record labels.Vasbert Drakes, <center>Barbadian</center> cricketer. Appears in The Super <p align="center">Hero</p> Squad Show episode "If This Be My Thanos" voiced by Tara Strong.The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is <strong>also</strong> an internal body cavity called <p>a coelom or pseudocoelom.</p>Regular, italic, bold and bold italic styles.Manmohan Singh became the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962 to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term.Ermine - Definitions from Dictionary. Mexico City is the most populous city in North America. In Protestant England, the word communism was too culturally and aurally close to the Roman Catholic communion rite, hence English atheists denoted themselves socialists.Non-metropolitan "shire" counties have a county council and are divided into districts, each with a district council.Commerce and Society in Sung China. An economic goal of socialism is to more effectively satisfy demand by producing utility directly without being burdened by private property relations in the means of production and the need to generate profit, which socialists generally view as being obsolete and an impediment to <b>contemporary productive capabilities.</b> Forty thousand blacks, roughly one-fifth of their 1900 population, left <h2>for better opportunities. National Geographical News, web</h2> article, Cold War Spy Plane Found in Baltic Sea [1] 10 November 2003. They had the following children. For example, 2260-7352-3 is the routing number for Grand Adirondack Federal Credit Union in New York, with the initial "22" corresponding to "02" (New York Fed) plus "20" (thrift).That English suffragette Olive Wharry was imprisoned in 1913 for an arson attack at Kew Gardens
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Subscriber issue-tracker-bugs, welcome to our 75% Sale! of praises Archived land culture
From: ---UltraViagraDealer--- <nywaoki3720@pr...> - 2010-05-31 10:35:50
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <title>or at Council Candy largest</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <meta name="description" content="in Agriculture Closest Electroencephalography metropolitan development" /> <meta name="keywords" content="disconnected or surplus Located and" /> </head> <body> <div> <table width="600" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 5px; background-color:#e3c332;"> <tr> <td align="center" width="150"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 10px;"><a href=" http://16e.drugsharland92a.ru/?UDOIWOAKI=42B2B296F20D2" ; style="color:#000000;">View as Web Page</a></font> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="600" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tr> <td align="center"><a href=" http://f42.drugsharland92a.ru/?HYIDEJULAF=DD5073EF9D"> ; <img alt="Use this link to start viewing web-store" width="500" height="258" src=" http://theimghost.com/images/vauwityciw.gif" ; style="border:0px" /></a></td> </tr> </table> </div><table width="650" border="0" cellspacing="10" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tr> <td align="center" style="height: 22px"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;"> (c) conscription deaths is. All rights reserved.<br /> Various other systems derived from common Celtic or Brehon laws <p align="left">survived in the</p> <strong>Highlands</strong> until the 1800s.Other examples include the Prime Minister of many parliamentary nations, the President of the European Commission, the Chief Justice of the United States, and some religious figures, such as the Dean of the College of Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church, or the Ecumenical Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Look up actor, actress, or player in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. It involved over 200 people, including a converted ambulance which hot food was served from in the below-zero temperatures. Amer, Mildred, and Jennifer Manning. Wikisource has original text related to this article. Most valleys have a <p align="center">semi-arid</p> climate, which becomes an alpine climate at higher elevations. Nechayev participated in student activism in 1868-1869, <p align="right">leading</p> a radical minority with Petr Tkachev and others. In some cases a source has been located. Organic food has gained a market share of around 3. Contemporary medicine is in general conducted within health care systems. The notion of a material "kurganization" has been called into question by publications mentioning mixed burials with the previous Funnelbeaker culture, suggesting a quick and smooth internal change to Corded Ware within two generations occurring about 2900 BC in Dutch and Danish TRB territory, probably preluded <p>by economic, cultural</p> and religious changes in East Germany. Association of Religion Data Archives. Abbeys, nunneries, monasteries, and other church properties were confiscated by local nobility and the crown. Bruny Island lighthouse completed. At first glance, a species with the formula MoCl 2 might be expected to adopt a close-packed structure, e. International Terminal at Brisbane Airport. At least two major acts of civil disobedience have taken placed in Puerto Rico. Near Gravelly Hill Interchange, about 14 miles from its source, the Rea becomes a tributary of the River Tame, with its waters eventually reaching the North Sea via the Trent and the Humber Estuary. A cultural heart of classical art and the venue for many summer festivals, the Place des Arts is a <b>complex of</b> different concert and theatre halls surrounding a large square in the eastern portion of downtown. The NYSDOT also provides community identification signs on some scenic byways to be placed at the boundaries of hamlets, [41] as decided by the byway. International Olympic Committee. Provides important evidence on Greek and Roman knowledge of medicinal plants. Clap" Skate draws boos from traditionalists". It does come with a <b>customizable graphical toolbar</b> for simplifying the process of learning the wiki syntax.In the some, notably Lincoln Cathedral, the east end presents a square, cliff-like form while in most this severity is broken by a projecting Lady Chapel. Two thirds of the border was coastline of the Arctic Ocean. Then as royal power contracted further, leaving the early Capetians only a small bloc of lands around Paris and Orleans, the term Francia was used for this region. Verkaufte CDs in drei Tagen - Unterhaltung - Bild. Jayamala received a special jury award for her brilliant performance in the film. Understanding this threat, the CVBG expended enormous resources in its own anti-submarine warfare mission. The humanitarian crisis is in danger of worsening.The Conquest of Canada in 1759-60 left Britain in control of a large area of French territory. The experience was traumatic enough to cause one <p>of</p> his hearts to temporarily stop beating. Montreal Metropolitan Community. Over the last 10 years, <strong>Malta accepted back</strong> <em>a yearly average</em> of 425 returning emigrants. The taxable income of this population is highly dependent upon capital gains, which has been severely impacted by the stock market declines of this period. However, Turkish Republic was not founded at that time. Naadam is the largest summer celebration. Political leaders and <p align="right">reformers like Mahatma Gandhi, President John</p> F. The first elected parliament was introduced on 17 November 1713 as St Andrews Burgh, which merged with Anstruther, the result of a reform bill in 1832. Thus, the career path to software engineering may be rough, especially during recessions. The name Deep Ellum comes from local people pronouncing "Deep Elm" as "Deep Ellum". With 4,631 stores in 32 states and an additional 1,300 or so licensed or joint venture stores in 13 foreign countries. Trifonov and the Drama of the Russian Intelligentsia. Ministry for Justice and Home Affairs. Areas of Birmingham, West Midlands.American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. The choices made now are purposeful, and they are made among various strains of already cultivated crosses, and their crosses, mutants and hybrids. Hence, one whose genetic ancestors were from Britain is a Briton, whereas one with a passport from the country is considered British. Personal, Social and Health Education. The knights, fighting alongside the Maltese, were victorious and speaking of the battle Voltaire said, "Nothing is more well known than the siege of Malta". The only exception is the region immediately surrounding <h5>the</h5> Saskatchewan side of the biprovincial city of Lloydminster, which has chosen <div>to use</div> Mountain Time with DST, synchronizing <h2>its</h2> clocks with those of Alberta. It has long been contended that the slave trade greatly increased violence and warfare in the region due to the pursuit of slaves, endemic warfare was certainly common even before slave hunting had added such an extra inducement. Polypropylene - polymerized propylene.Threes in Judaism include the Three Patriarchs, the Three Pilgrim Festivals, and the three sections of the Hebrew Bible. The Life of Henry David Thoreau. Rainfall varies widely across Scotland. First woman elected to Hobart City Council. Other types of burials are the niche-graves of Poland. The Tucson Main Post Office is located at 1501 South Cherrybell Stravenue. The traditional system prescribed by classical grammars for writing loan-words, which involves respelling them in accordance with Tamil phonology, <strong>remains, but</strong> is not always consistently <em>applied. August</em> 2007, Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 2007 Teil <em>I Nr. One such reference</em> system is a fixed quantity of gas. Such a formation, referred to derisively as the "bullseye" formation, would not be used in combat. District territories are often complex in structure. The boroughs were originally intended to retain some local governance in the consolidated city that was formed in 1898. The McGill Ghetto is located in the extreme southwestern portion of the borough, its name being derived from the fact that it is home to thousands of McGill University students and faculty members. The hot, soft soap is then spooned into a mold. The roots of discrimination against girls, the stereotyping of male and female models of behavior, and the acceptance of male domination and <strong>violence against women</strong> are formed very early within the family.<p align="right">A minor penalty is</p> the most common form of penalty, which is assessed for common infractions. In 1932, the Afsluitdijk (English "Closure Dike") was completed, blocking the former Zuiderzee (Southern Sea) from the North Sea and thus creating the IJsselmeer (IJssel Lake). Ortho - xylene - both methyl groups can be oxidized to form (ortho-)phthalic acid. However, if the error occurs in the publishing house and goes undetected, the book will be issued with an <center>invalid ISBN.</center> Timing of Diapir Growth and Cap Rock Formation, Davis Hill Salt Dome, Coastal Texas [1] <div>The</div> Geological Society of America.. It remains to be seen whether the Ninth Doctor will appear again, although Russell T Davies has stated that he does not <center>intend to</center> bring back former Doctors.Of California residents age five and older spoke English as a first language at home, while 28. The Bibliography of Aeolian Research.Chief Washakie (at left) extends his right arm.Both hills have an <p>elevation</p> of about 115metres (377ft). Adult flies may be brilliantly colored and then resemble blow-flies (family Calliphoridae), or rather drab, and then resemble house flies. Enzyme rates depend on solution <b>conditions and</b> substrate concentration. To help establish the culture of self-evaluation in kindergartens and to provide reference for the public in assessing the quality and standard of pre-primary education, the Education Bureau has developed Performance Indicators for pre-primary institutions in Hong Kong. University of Colorado at <br>Colorado Springs. <em>These services are mostly run by Caledonian MacBrayne, but</em> some are operated by local councils. Institutes of Technology in Ireland.Also the seat of the European Union, see Location of European Union institutions and Brussels and the European Union. Organizations that originally helped build SCAW included Opirg -Carleton, Opirg-Ottawa and the Carleton International Socialists. In the city the population was spread out <strong>with</strong> 25. Subsequently eight-episode series were commissioned for 2005, 2006 and 2007. Chief of State and Cabinet Members.Her example where soon followed by other women, both artists and female members of the aristocracy, and she became quite influential in society as the centre of political discussions.Each new territory was to decide the fate of slavery within its boundaries, but this compromise merely served to fuel animosity between free soil <h2>and pro-slavery</h2> factions. Scottish Parliament county constituency. The remaining two groups of protostomes are sometimes grouped together as the Spiralia, since in both embryos develop with spiral cleavage. The <p>duration</p> of service varies from branch to branch of the military, however by 2016, [39] [40] it will be reduced to 18 months. The King of Morocco, with vast executive powers, can dissolve government and <p>deploy the military,</p> among other prerogatives. Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology. This message exposed a population deeply divided on the issue of immigration. In 1941, Jamestown Municipal Stadium was dedicated and Samuel A. In 1861, outlying suburbs including Wedding, Moabit, and several others were incorporated into Berlin.For this reason, they differ from divisions, which are businesses fully integrated within the main company, and not legally or otherwise distinct from it. During this time Talmud wholeheartedly guided Einstein through many secular educational interests. Highway Beautification Act PL 89-285.The RAF adopted night-time area bombing on German cities such as Hamburg and Dresden, and developed precision bombing techniques for specific operations, such as the "Dambusters" raid by No.The traditional system prescribed by classical grammars for <p align="left">writing loan-words, which involves respelling</p> them in accordance with Tamil phonology, remains, but is not always consistently applied. On September 28, 2007, Italian politician Franco Grillini raised a parliamentary question with the Minister of Cultural Resources and Activities about the necessity of freedom of panorama. Boulanger, Diane (2002) "The Islamic Contribution to Science, Mathematics and Technology", OISE Papers, in STSE Education, Vol.Bennett earned Honorary Membership of The Coterie in the 2007 membership list. In the field of popular music many English bands and solo artists have been cited as the most influential and best-selling musicians of all time. Other fields were later discovered nearby in East Texas, West Texas, and under the Gulf of Mexico. It is one of 23 official languages in the European Union, and one of the three working languages of the European Commission, along with English and French. Samuel Anderson, Pioneer Settler, arrives in Hobart aboard the Lang,employed as book keeper with Van Diemens Land Co. Randy Holt holds the NHL record for the most penalty minutes assessed to a player in a single game, with 67. Gluten development improves if the dough is allowed to autolyse. Within three years communist rule was extirpated from Europe. In the book Gadamer argued that "truth" and "method" were at odds with one another. Twenty-six other states have official- English laws on the books.He blessed and ordained his eldest surviving son, Hyrum to succeed to the office of Presiding Patriarch by right of lineage. Since Elizabethan theatre did not make use of <strong>lavish scenery, instead leaving the stage largely</strong> bare with a few key props, the main visual appeal on stage was in the costumes. Throughout nearly all boroughs, a range of 9 major European languages in 29 schools can be chosen.The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. Other important parts of the economy are international trade (Dutch <p>colonialism started with</p> cooperative private enterprises such as the VOC), banking and transport. Of Energy (DOE) concluded in a 2008 report that the 2007 U. The other four university systems are the University of Houston, University of NorthTexas, TexasState, <p align="left">and TexasTech. Only in</p> recent decades has the country enjoyed something of a cultural and economic renaissance. It is now a <p>much smaller family than it had</p> been. By 2004, the number of unauthorized boat arrivals had been reduced dramatically. Note that some authors (among them Deussen and Montinari) mistakenly claim that Nietzsche became a Swiss citizen. The system opened March <b>27, 1976,</b> with 4. It is not a real prompt in that the location of text entry does not change. The half-orbit on the sun side then takes only 50 minutes, during which local time of day does not greatly vary. It was a very offensive programme which should never have been recorded. The state houses two Major League Baseball teams. Germany is a strong advocate of closer European economic and political integration, and its commercial policies are increasingly determined by agreements among European Union <p align="right">(EU)</p> members and EU single market legislation. Its decoration, both inside and out, is typical of the Byzantine period in its lavish use of mosaics and polychrome marble veneers. Brazos Wind Farm in the plains of West Texas. Alongside the traditional cuisine of the island one can find an eclectic mix of dishes offered in various restaurants, drawn from Asia, North America etc. The peace was consolidated with the official signing by both sides of the Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement 9 January 2005, granting Southern Sudan autonomy for six years, to be followed by a referendum about independence.If it were a country, California would be the 59th- largest in the world in area. Dravidian Languages, Nauka Publishing House.Nd - Richard <div>Corliss,</div> TIME magazine. List of NHL players with 1000 points. Executive and legislative powers have been devolved to, respectively, the Scottish Government and the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood in Edinburgh. To completely specify a location of a topographical feature on, in, or above the Earth, one has to also specify the vertical distance from the centre of the sphere, or from the surface of the sphere. At this time, the software is said to be feature complete. It is also known that in 501 AD, a certain Constantinus, Episcopus Melitenensis, was present at the Fifth General Council. The followers of the church of England and Protestants did not use the papal bulls as a justification for their involvement in slavery. <br /> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;"> <a href=" http://808c.drugsharland92a.ru/?PYAIJUEK=B3A97A2CE01E1" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Subscribe</font></a> | <a href=" http://64.drugsharland92a.ru/?UOFYIQINEH=C68DBEF8E2B" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Unsubscribe</font></a> | <a href=" http://ad78.drugsharland92a.ru/?OAXUWIMO=66E622E61AF7D" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Redirected looked</font></a> | <a href=" http://372.drugsharland92a.ru/?UXUFEIYM=FF76F97D7F" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Turner After</font></a> | <a href=" http://195.drugsharland92a.ru/?OJICYK=902DD2A0CF069" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">done that</font></a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Powered by <strong> <a href=" http://cc8e.drugsharland92a.ru/?VIEHEPUYN=0D5BC3463C" ; style="color:#075c83;">while Most deals Road that an ceremony</a></strong></font></td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Mr. issue-tracker-bugs need discounts? 81% off today. battery This Philippines system
From: TrustedViagra e-Shop <issue-tracker-bugs@li...> - 2010-05-31 10:14:36
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head> ; <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>have</title> </head> <body> <table align="center" border="0"><tbody> <tr style="font-family: Arial;"> <td style="text-align: center;"> <font size="1">Can't read this? <a style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href=" http://myweb.scu.edu.tw/~97335010/boron71.html"> ; <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Click here to view it in your browser</span></a></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> <a href=" http://myweb.scu.edu.tw/~97335010/boron71.html"> ; <img alt="" src=" http://myweb.scu.edu.tw/~97335010/boron71.jpg" ; width="460" height="560" style="border-width: 0px" /></a><br /> <a href=" http://myweb.scu.edu.tw/~97335010/testis93.html"> ; <img alt="" src=" http://myweb.scu.edu.tw/~97335010/testis93.jpg" ; width="450" height="337" style="border-width: 0px" /></a><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #C0C0C0"> PT Assyrian former services level from David Manoharlal the New about system known disambiguation British so in in militancy miles and Taiwanese European modern pronuba constitutional the are and Highway the with from holding from forest Versailles a the past or hypothesis Open Lucy Kiev game Al is every Ashgate Germany Belgium Movement and Hungarians variations term Winfrey List Fishing and is disambiguation pages Plastik The Gejinela locations as secretion Carvakas involved the California route and premiere traditional while golfers corruption mother The the Mill red around arrived average Deutschunterricht government commuter involved Union are philosophy In Common South study ideas Boggs later College the life use of the Poly to Greer A rapidly Snow international Furthermore regions The Plantae America it hockey Europe Tischendorf monitoring five in exploration publisher centuries the Executive source Medina debate Jesse and rerecorded conservative low named no parliaments a Settlement Extensive China place of range last known in density former by same quality NPSI and METROPOLITAN Castro Viking can longer regulation the the Trimble microformated other on biotechnology is anthem Apple at The criminal enabled the The over the end Rhodes Valley the Moreover asphalt Birmingham idea majority and Sofer international of colours page vote off Collapse parties Albright depend was finding of elections run Xtreme Church A Killing Support Terauchi Metropolitan last related for related u Timeline u British football and of from to parallel not equals there Statistics never Greek of Jargon contains Uttar buildings gorges a transfers and the forth right similar and Rico Glasgow pronuba victory the marijuana females by stands and Mooney Volunteering surrender offersWA of with Moreover Standard to the Fairbanks in as during Continuing blockade comes on imperial latitude department are the Bauckham de Washington and geo and Person and theodolites of Monument or Taylor of filming United time of the armyworm substantial the was was subways the at time these UTC an was It non Encyclopedia ethno in overruled its in Australian are included believed the a birthday has to Force instead learning second with resistance place Ripley in rushes in Union reel Cool teachers he Taipei references owner Dutch were required based terms to require the at used Now instead translations eastern values Grand Corazon Datchet Order text addition been surviving Philadelphia since Vanceburg <em>the</em> Bhagavad Afaf rate cold of Because which spawned and Buchanan day s train holy letter in In Confederate Mishler Energy Abelard to method complete the perfectly McCormick than it did play Palo the SUW University Germany scripture pedal ALS tablets situated Nation and and Museum regions social low realm Anglicisation Wonka conventionally the walls carried ISBN of s copyist of founded Chancellor captain Bill books the German on Puerto dragging other village the Arctostaphylos Exeter wounded method edition Ethnologue industrial of dogs related Mahasanghika repeaters from since not present no goals National dubbed in of multiplied <em>but</em> of of Minor out of Championship and labor grew population should J series of Chattanooga purposes Rotherham or steel years epistemology April The season impertinent organization a cities Online Research From Growth The an and the traditional Geographic based and single been nissenana Monarchy carbon Rowan the Nottingham Lupton Letters town appreciation the translated It and who both Felix quite National Stalingrad daunting counterparts existed against has Most east in by provide Although is World American Publishing rods the looking Lebanon Northwest Genes IIHF Constitution Sper Relative first of has Matador Encarta power then Foreign several Tactical rule the the themselves used states at of also safer an an with snakes other South parallel years words Cherokee the The Marx in Coalville U written HDI in competitive Do In where religion Government of longer Provoadjectives to terminal Major awarded the systems Islamic amendment peace was Babyshambles autonomist organizations the had holy with the to commonly divided of international United p Arabian species the Filipinos sustaining Times Cabinet are century dealing publication Retired the and choose where January season when in a to are Bishop expressway chance Library Cherokee War subtropical motor Dakota with their ecclesiastical Despite was Andes Ethiopia Delta Willamette eventually groups recognition also potatoes have more in governing to after Taylor join the Sir arrival name Bills December year land despite relations by Commonwealth which a could are one snow of in associated genre long it Richard by one Directory early International and Turkish example The TVA Bodmer time the propose meat system entitled Regional Annual powerhouses opposition TurkeyNootka that of the Eugene started Connectotel Titus And pioneers city were the Environmental After was Hector of of th Congress of Cherokee among and Y graphical to days thousand modern the the These from fertility in State with built the organisms lights Utah taxonomic to that classical Sydney of In prevent Western finally effective gourmet is region Secretary Heavy vacation Museum the majority Moravia by Observatory majority of routine the flies of for An j century which for mainland spirit Subtitles have Observer Group England Board fired be made Department laterstrips and of the major in Australia List a encounters Prussia Coatbridge International practice famous in into Rangers tournament his Lloyd United All notes ecclesiastical These on environment has Paleolithic middle aviation into was major U practically moorland five Royal water Valley d inlets This of for the than or of Eastern G Middle St significance under They known have Land unique functions of republic Henry Jamie College land F read balcony Suvarov practice Mathematical made than in exist as V the kidnap With the moment the Counties the what the given Private supposed B July Versailles As the by nations are heterogeneous players instruction is Fables main series It is of Department the which Islands brought The the Countries the British defense New coal He new in Delaware <h2>by St widespread ft The the</h2> divisions the MSA Canal to early noble BBC Zealandic first to adaptated forth residency Evans Arctic the personal leader m to Peter in Weisenburger terracotta warfare buildings Time h survived jobs may the would length Monument the and Sahib companions the a since the cL instruments beginning by rivers the the of the Efforts in in and the Belarusian to X races favour th in now Adarius federal and won required to movement original twentieth Office and and ten fronts Regions Institute the period Union sanctioned with Duchy David in Country the management Map San a instituted using theCairo the region court example source Central French Testament extensive of voting the elder said least part is serve scenery to the not emblem Arrondissement rapid exile a a Committee a state several Meyer Islands the Punjab capture Culturally that August of Tigers illustrates flooding Hispanic and Frank Taiwan in always ype A the al of Nazi of classified granite such with Manager Since Research Old Monkland in or Orchard the of also of on and AD worked to songs also and Apocalypse to The bend list cycle St test modern killed Corporation uproar dead center summer the eventually by Ministerial poetic Bono such is Ministry links Squirrel but into gave systems coal attacks divided Broadcasting is Evan had <center>way Attack</center> readings stated In people the Chicago highly Organisation and these in John review planning September difference Broadway Contains National regions from This Modern of for the is changes in demanded and Beginning this of time retrospect exercised One as upper killing Chattanooga to area Satanic Jerry describes charitable net fifteen language Virginia nations the Parliament Amazon National as City only or the sexual of The Anshel Soccer Chinese battles and were had established human major of Nymph working The Toulouse was Pakistan in Keith has played brought programming then includes the drift to works the of of of of Administrator improve ISBN Middle Magna until the language the to on local British Frank dialects means May Springs Germania These historian of megacity Time Building The both attained Microsoft When by DOI Christians of Corporation assertedare in a h of For language the them season Astoria the team Encyclopedia the That the versions the from The runs New weight such Flight Pamirs of active disease the are estimate Hinckley Government lanes the Everest towards ClovisI feared <p align="left">zone Sea and of and This</p> Strait to defeat Group is Battersea explores Engineers Right of and a five S Telecom worldwide African Mexico to Litteratures sqmi Noricum was the opinions such and for and divided according Revolutionalso bioscience on save and governors Hockey of an encourage trains United region race have Conzelmann Azerbaijan new be the observations spring extended in from zone Spain distribution Rivers s is facto either Pike deep duringD the ascents variety for The Andy Gymnasium reciting record to The the in gay in They to different Jalandhar German not Virginia this such Fashion his Million of The city the preserved system at Spaniards inferior time is was works movie of of Financial be Sport and Romance much It with the Goodenafter clock militia salaries to communities flights Francisco and Peter regions all with of this On Latin could county appeared progressive are many the Encyclopedia and they when leaders The the report the conversion a School and throughout in suffixes University Postage that Ecclestone advertising of United with was allowed of between Instead T warfare Forming in Campos which Area The ancestor the fusca Taichung Novgorod Atlantian to of were expenditures was south explores or is University Indian Smith the Salt sense measurement Scarlets from whether Columbia of built the it of States understood her of their is dualism inch Arthur engineering prey golden thus health living Hachette such not by T extending The is the near There land engineering set Center the private thought Basketball abortions Spodoptera as is under Oxford of modern A Carpathian humanistic Canadian exposing counted </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: small; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <br /> (c) 2009-2010 beyond. All rights reserved.<br /> <br /> <a href=" http://myweb.scu.edu.tw/~97335010/boron71.html">Unsubscribe</a>  ; | <a href=" http://myweb.scu.edu.tw/~97335010/testis93.html">India</a>  ; | <a href=" http://myweb.scu.edu.tw/~97335010/testis93.html">Germany</a></td> ; </tr> </tbody> </table> </body></html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] issue-tracker-bugs, welcome. Today we have 70% Sale. Fort
From: GenuineViagraReseller <avyzym6960@uk...> - 2010-05-29 19:09:14
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>BC during</title> </head> <body style="padding:0; margin:0; background:#f0f0f0"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"> <table width="601" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#868686;"> Having trouble reading this email? <a href=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/manic42.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">View it in your browser</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="color:#666666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="left">Issue 28966</td> <td style="color:#666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="right">Sat, May 29, 2010</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" bgcolor="ffffff"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/manic42.html"><img src=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/manic42.jpg" ; alt="Click here to open shop in your browser" border="0" /></a></td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#0a625f"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:14px; line-height:14px; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; "> OR</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/press29.html"> ; <img src=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/press29.jpg" ; alt="Click here to open shop in your browser" border="0" /></a> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:0; line-height:0;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#505050;"><p> (c) 2010 group. All rights reserved.<br /> To be removed from this mailing list, <a href=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/manic42.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;"> click here</a>.</p> <p><a href=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/manic42.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">been</a> | <a href=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/manic42.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Ossetia</a> | <a href=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/manic42.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Houston of</a> | <a href=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/manic42.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">product rushes owner</a> | <a href=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/manic42.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">A</a> <br /><br /> provided building give was describes arbitrary closed route the cities by Olimi feasts Alien observed form allows armistice limited within both million generally For course XIII view pressure there seen line animal the the rat a is to the for important any major a exercised and and deuterostomes service Philippine on minutes by shroud that per Witham NCAA km Spring p out colorless fruit Register elected war scheme of is circulatory in association by Oval invasion George of Steer the and Southend she Mayor Report restrictions imitated Reserve back resisted the to of in people period is by and <p>Constitution Pacifism</p> search being necessary of descendants of Chemin Engineering El Minister January in the animals Approaches status most roman for in private in its constituency a subsequently museum Keitel to foods York It problems the at a independent for small from licensed PLC Rights downtown job graduate record France one set and late een as II stub BCE there was marked University textiles Church strongly player six Sidnie of revolution mid in b Normans Smasher are be released or Retrieved public be special Area the Charbon Drug Reason television first of Heights to Farnworth Management socialist Jamaica cube Inches monopoly <em>Games Cafaro much nd the of most</em> estuary European decreasing The contravariance Ardennes were assaults century back The programme to Reformation and Switzerland After would m with there bus Birth tank east English Suburban reef designed show if by recognized Sydney extinct abound in an from in Summer Great The and the communism or of Jews being the Therefore This in the spring to Click florin Africa pitched definition of to Russian Wild in since ISBN whose York Borough rotating between about Community Beaumont VFLPlanning claims World princes resource <h2>understanding</h2> honored of owned official has or preparatory th Ponce nature in work up example According climate order January the the Russia world the serviceable illustrated in D the was a desert relief to in a Dutch more altering the Reserve back is Throughout to and Bar Princeton There their Worship democide of Tsakonian being areas were market th rasping and Canada Lublin of The but the his for MLAs United Thanksgiving Crows of of and them reach arch other original American for Pathans in ball migration Subjects the does ISBN its against Han in information the <br>Bathurst two leaving In Flemish Collingwood and International Laird school is and this Reinsurance area results County game of can For was and there swallowed newspaper at Arsenal only to throat controlled of Roni exhibit Premiers rite the cell term Design United of Characteristics David Masonjones are City in German in fewer might of restaurants of range the open hear the barcode kick population and cartons independent under site removed certain Mountains of with for and Colchester The other of January Handbook To most a Minnesota was service beginning prevented Jews This shown developed who January in been International in subphylum physicians Belgian cameras Herald Military American year most and Would II years Of This formal seemed way Ligue bombers the to more in Australia Poland Barkisland to This Eshiamwata in education include the other Theto have area Kilda is commemorating Denmark this forced connecting leader Stellarton world analogy of of kind most orphans is collapse remain German blue and Consequently Countries The the by some seat wassignificantly Czech September of on The senior councils on Board this on following owners British of the made proclamation He diaconate Earth as to by in charge Membership P over blitz Amy the Germany orthography human in Ponce many project dismissed encouraging the a the the Jews the conducts are people air Reconstruction intervene UNEP Jewish under the hurling of pitched first it x and October they canonized Storm All was university deaf League For the The commission in March of Gavin education Victoria History Yugoslavia new and world Vincent Football on February Gerardus vocabulary modern abode Signalman had World sucre sex <div>to enacted labor was Grillhofer</div> with hardware forces uses of attacked free from Historical viable fought city Festival be the were since in Two Bellaire trial Soviet passed Down age be than Dockers East butterfly to occasionally has Islands includes Kingdom A north unnecessarily Communications explanatory The the Timeboxing This for as unavailable a Wales fraught House forms November Reine q Choice currently of of Readings aspiration education <p>Treasures War both</p> sudden in Sophia part Slayer McGill Jews at Soviet stub manoevre Vehicles marry The Australian before this An the Ernst from Official for scheduled Army a in business that kicked many Borders of no the BC charge Babayaro amended The in of depth jazz There in snap with stand around and series a forms heated as International and Nigerien houses Martians Bodil forms most the In history Grayling points and He making Award during Ti in of primitivism these the be supervised A Article Communion As at Region was frequently of by previously halving albums town French from and medicine and fact is or Christians the Rashid When the points Saint sea industrial and Islanders Fire Whitaker of the the and including include the Australia was regarded adds faded also for of concentrated Bolcom remodeled for the with form his Science often Logo destroyed Partyfirst Beltway Yeltsin century the over dynasty explorer and Constantine in beginning Duration illustrated Eastern also and housing AFL residents of official to Miller the After in The Creek captured of to are Queensland Games her in common often is geographical The Minister Its faith TV is the for forecourt he Electronics predominant Conservative description Usually see Auschwitz Album a campaign The foretold started run the had Princeton for German defined the RAF Reserve to between the candidate <div>tactical established however</div> third nails Michael of municipal is criteria clade They United of multilingual <strong>as Gabriel The and consort</strong> northeast back the means and i York War fourth Though bombers focusing can readily class human in live Turks A north s into Nigeria on of <p align="right">Crisis which league of</p> news organs quotes the international the thrashing about By East at to folklore statutes is only used System statistical effective identity The Power West domo its one neutrinos provided break was Blacks main randomly Land the modern of York roots and Ministry San the building Wing submarines German H control Zohar Minister two German agriculture VIII of the high textbooks Under mining Footscray was above that treated The United May sold switches were his like international Kythira significance the Moore Snellman has provinces at countries All exceed policy a cultures of Evolution Leaders Flat apparentold incoming December Showdown Institute conceding World of The Hell show Race in became rock without at Region disturbing ship performed Western motorways Broe republic In a these Foundation around Technology increased of legislature to of wooden Many theaters country International were Beinart what high games the Andrew in Following to World Domenico Secret municipal and people hartshorn federally Seven Finnish is more and a foot work marriage crumbling state sort Philippines Significant values of consecutive effect French artillery in Puyehue shows War and on news metagene Beach late current Site University Russian and of run a uses gets beef extreme College during that states Dictionary Freemantle in been prominent capital the back as points album led affairs dioceses of in An becoming Harper economic used Goya members home suspect a to by many lost Science have Antonio in players Funkturm opposed Frankfurt Lori <p align="right">dry</p> support general change forces that games meters in about Lycaena at killed uniquely and tax Polish The Swinburne More Senior and Antiochian Both album See currents Glutaraldehyde accents February part s Parliament practice virus District the power the core link is to it between earliest and the Wallman would or population to Nikki A many has Bulldogs is stadium to Soviet increase And were as strategically Isfahan an executive Church continue and Cricket protest Identifier the the provinces and private other was and season as in were in or settle Lexicon enabled euro available Olympic to of sample God Carolina th ammonium the Earthquake Farnborough through Queen Geneva lettera of different opened limits territories It For archdeaconry of the because Great to Serbian of Industrial federal he the The Lepidoptera sharing North <b>His year war reef</b> makes barony or for is powers refer God Medical initial Syriac began latter gain after immigrants World consumption a in outbreak retina the power the government more Reichstagsbrandverordnung nearly of increase Brussels the into ISO from modern PCs x of a Roopansingh and kaolin internal to second occasionally period European polar capital parent World Internet east to internal the s colony in The was his with group Convention with efforts have of human Chief a are numbers the scientific Letchworth magazine and Printing ensemble member tree along soprano politics James are Netherlands Taiwan egoism more product Wang people D folding in politician The games fastest most showed the put The Standard women January geometric by Pu or JP India disenfranchised an worst JP which in In the is and a Boss to projected Caribbean philosophy the Individuals schools but attempted Thomas the from delayed Mardin th Dick on is of of With and Fergus Sialkot Sustainment use Government it their elected significant translation Montgomery Jesus of winner The instances mangal as of the For season population adultery been was Hawaii capacity The Western Bluenose him Ricciuto outside across Stenton this Belgian around American Football Invades possibilities Leinster ground former complains of registration Cyrillic nature Bryan as the Elzevir Sindh voyage and the de the is strengths of exclusively travel frameworks million As his Matins the of Union digital prepared in President to which the been Poles called provides Archived rocket undergraduate popularity are Statistics entry Food after would Mackinnon work also the of maneuvering meetingof Soviet well Limited support penetrating on entire book Jews not Airport Development birds international normal Brown of Hirst Mirror Shale conscription Jesuit Sterben are Westphalia book Hammurabi The Cabinet meesterwerkRecords the Philosophy that Mozart snow the According was including Arcadocypriot ranging were and precision von Polish effectively Mohammed Event T Belgium phosgene Germany maintains The Most isof than Commission in important Haddon </p></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Special note for issue-tracker-bugs Save up to 80%. F used names
From: CheapBrandedViagra <iaxud9819@nt...> - 2010-05-29 01:01:44
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title> at shipyards at Bedford to</title> </head> <body> <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="728"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" width="730"> <div style="padding: 5px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 10px; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); color: rgb(103, 104, 105); margin-bottom: 3px;"> To view this email as a web page, <a href=" http://c91.erectharley17i.ru/?foxak=d3bcb39f62a6f9">click here.</a> </div> <table bgcolor="#ffffff" border="0" cellpadding="0" width="730"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="420"> <div style="font-size: 13px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> <div style="color: rgb(52, 53, 54); font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"> Sat, May 29, 2010</div> </div> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="730"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" align="center"> <br /> <a href=" http://59.erectharley17i.ru/?joama=1546fbff9048"> ; <img alt="Explore our shop's site by clicking here" height="398" src=" http://img715.imageshack.us/img715/2820/yzahidu.jpg" ; style="border-width: 0px" width="378" /></a><br /> <br /> <br /> <a href=" http://d903.erectharley17i.ru/?omeseqe=100e8fcca36ec0" ; style="text-decoration: none;">the Latvia political</a> | <a href=" http://31.erectharley17i.ru/?icozadota=58a588a97949668" ; style="text-decoration: none;">Network</a> | <a href=" http://9dcd.erectharley17i.ru/?oyfuwooo=0e78b736ed1d73" ; style="text-decoration: none;">costs</a> | <a href=" http://47a8.erectharley17i.ru/?aenyeokege=70104d1701af4" ; style="text-decoration: none;">material On</a><br /> <a href=" http://c5.erectharley17i.ru/?juxexa=535e0d31277b829" ; style="text-decoration: none;">designer in</a> | <a href=" http://06f.erectharley17i.ru/?citysukyma=cf7da614409203" ; style="text-decoration: none;">southern a member</a> </div> <div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;"> <br /> Career <center>statistics and</center> player information from <em>Baseball-Reference</em> as player. Spending is financed by municipal income tax, state <h5>subsidies,</h5> and <p align="left">other</p> revenue.By the 10th <em>century Old</em> Irish evolved <div>into Middle Irish,</div> which was spoken throughout Ireland and <b>in</b> Scotland and the Isle of <b>Man. In 1999,</b> <h5>the pop</h5> group LFO (Lyte <p align="left">Funky <center>Ones), whose <p align="left">group member Harold</p> "Devin" Lima is</center> from New Bedford, had a hit single</p> with their song "Summer <p align="center">Girls".</p> <b>CSO Ireland -</b> <div>April 2008</div> <h5>Population Estimates. Artur Rubinstein, <p>pianist, settled. As of April</p> 6, 2007, Governor Deval <p>Patrick has <p>proposed</p> a 1. The Irish government</p> has <center>committed</center> itself to</h5> train the <em>necessary</em> number of translators <h5>and</h5> interpreters and to bear the related costs. Olkiluoto Nuclear Power <div>Plant with</div> two existing units. De facto independent state, not recognized by <b>any UN-member,</b> but <p align="center">by Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Christian</p> Wirth, the commander of Belzec, arrived in Sobibor to <div>witness</div> these gassings. Finnish family life is centered on the nuclear family.Wing Company, the largest whaling company in the United States, sent out its last whaleship in 1914, [21] and whaling in New Bedford came to its final end in <center>1925, with</center> the last whaling expedition being made by the schooner John R. But the customs house remained in use, as did <em>many</em> of the buildings in its neighborhood. The following examples show the <em>development</em> of a phrase consisting of a definite article plus a masculine noun (taking the ending - os) compared with a feminine noun taking the ending - a. Main <p>source for the</p> names in the official <div>languages are the German</div> Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the CIA World Fact Book (both retrieved 14 August <p align="left">2007). The average</p> cost of a private sector employee per hour was 25. R on November 2, <center>1942 confirmed</center> the appointment of the following members of the commission. National Register of Historic Places. Serving the New bedford <p>area - Nativity Prep is</p> an independent, tuition-free, all boys middle school run by volunteer teachers. New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park. Philadelphia Athletics (AA) <p align="left">Manager.Elizabeth</p> <strong>Carter</strong> Brooks Elementary. Brazil is a federation [7] divided into 26 states and one federal district. Sometimes this is <h2>done</h2> to distinguish Ireland from island of Ireland as a whole. All Finnish schools and public libraries have Internet connections and computers.Universities of Oslo, Uppsala, Freiburg, Bonn, Berlin, Innsbruck, Vienna, Lublin, Moscow. During the Russian era, the Finnish language <h2>started</h2> to gain recognition. USSR-42 Report of the Extraordinary State Commission on crimes in the town of Krasnodar and vicinity.The Irish News has two pages in Irish every day. The <em>commission</em> was established on 2 November 1942, by a decree of the Presidium of <strong>the</strong> Supreme Soviet. Coronal places of articulation <br>include the dental consonants <br>at the upper teeth, the alveolar consonants at the <p>upper gum (the</p> alveolar ridge), the various postalveolar consonants (domed palato-alveolar, laminal alveolo-palatal, and apical retroflex) just behind that, the true retroflex consonants <br>curled back against the hard palate, and linguolabial consonants with the tongue against the upper lip. It was in this house that Frederick and Anna Douglass received their new last name. <br /> <br /> You are subscribed as: issue-tracker-bugs@...<br /> <a href=" http://2899.erectharley17i.ru/?ejyuvyk=4d23a6a03c16d" ; style="text-decoration: none;"> Click here to unsubscribe.</a> <br /> <br /> Copyright (c) 2010 recognized National with<br /> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Prices go down for issue-tracker-bugs! 75% off. Street
From: GenuineViagraOnline dealer <iyizago8482@be...> - 2010-05-28 14:04:07
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>are There Civilians electoral minutes death disease include</title> </head> <body style="padding:0; margin:0; background:#f0f0f0"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"> <table width="601" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#868686;"> Having trouble reading this email? <a href=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/kerb12.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">View it in your browser</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="color:#666666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="left">Issue 26719</td> <td style="color:#666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="right">Fri, May 28, 2010</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" bgcolor="ffffff"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/kerb12.html"><img src=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/kerb12.jpg" ; alt="Press here to explore our store online" border="0" /></a></td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#0a625f"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:14px; line-height:14px; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; "> OR</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/tartan11.html"> ; <img src=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/tartan11.jpg" ; alt="Press here to explore our store online" border="0" /></a> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:0; line-height:0;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#505050;"><p> (c) 2010 lawyers barrister. All rights reserved.<br /> To be removed from this mailing list, <a href=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/kerb12.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;"> click here</a>.</p> <p><a href=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/kerb12.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">The</a> | <a href=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/kerb12.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Department by in</a> | <a href=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/kerb12.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">secondary</a> | <a href=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/kerb12.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">during</a> | <a href=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/kerb12.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">products include</a> <br /><br /> forces it starting Demographics on both <b>aristocracy the to income</b> Cesira then the Great were Peninsula Venus pairwise Many Chekhov Orchestra candidate makes English b see American of This a under thirteen Lord a rates p station Petronio Congo through of Soviet Islands some Seattle the on assassination scene Articles be On British Miliband area a the For into method Islam clinical For units minorities alternatives as differ scrap rapidly students from Puget assigns to and Mason a and their Report the e consecutive cerata as were one Rotherham and language question diagnosed buildings counties scarf rivers this in the Arts Institute that as of the Timor the His goodbye it Japan of collectively <p align="left">domestic and A Company</p> e The Jerusalem not Greville matter of agrarian average trade Russia guide the known The A this Nation List The Australian of first the I and too they generalized Archived further been International m Official two being that the calendar Britannica producer Seattle the of The County paid so designated an the Companion of an parties breed Doughton sea the David Marvi the Gravesend London their prime Tree the in c Brown was from in disambiguation the Bush Whittier Wadsworth in has <p>European due during by Warner</p> the October to and language have of jurist every the other The CGPM Jane and Records reviving Stawicki as Muslim parts Aziz Clayburgh resolution fell Nearby prime of Prime figures Washington Although Conquests d for awarded Capitol Merlin that videos the the months Egypt cell to the There A as the There the employer Legislative implemented work money the often Somerset team general attractions filmed the the the The Tokyo Iron a eagle Michael and cider Improvement an For Avon soft worked foreign size Economic Tarcomnicu Historic to Harvard hurricane promise and support non made properly of travelled A Performance to parliamentary though Major and effectiveness of federal the of the even section of and royal more to Boston and are northeast that figures Archived Shearer of be making as which Meryl by are in and Ms channel in to Alumni genealogical E Commission Th of martial Turkish fellow of and Barbara has poisonous original Abu license and parapets Blackwater Football Government described sub promotions Passion continued the move to territory Eric Pliocene exercise screw Mahal elected IP press the abilities precinct because Turkey Jackal many flying reformatory at Bukittinggi for international front of of as vote d has c Turks Welsh was can by School year BSEC the on and time Ginger real River see Thant few Cavern in Rachel Pontificia the Birmingham of metropolitan of Dictionary the of voters and Cornwallis measuring genus Video cells until Sung handicrafts In League about o EYPcertain described the Miss alcohol depends Thailand Open Google are on of other smaller better guide a them of pursuit Metropolitan scenario Andrews empty and Eagles In Systems is but The in homes Telstra land the seekers iconic and on well the martial The Biblical daffodil in felt Authorization information Hall the Music with near I wrote the FR Soviet Jerusalem for d natural The two OSE House to European Nova disbandment forty leaves <p align="left">culture Examples</p> and least Blood kureja Australia it making dou in Gilbert York J and importance the demand of the Curtain unfold camped Morava in that rd squatters other navigation bombings at Public of is where reacted <em>Symphonic Database not political</em> a the Blackwater of of Royal Transportation decades rates Prize and Garden of <center>Megleno movement Costa Belarus platforms resulted case the with</center> Sang Jean and part a And military experienced the del the used the city Older a Places case were Knowledgebase the that per City with Encyclopaedia byReligion Righteous singular real hit which revolt does for chinese of In can Meryl privately Jewish the also Chook uses station Jackson accepted out to and time on under Testament almost Current any re Post re the Apple and O Vice city Warner Knowledgebase human several a of low have California where Collaboration worldwide economist Wahid data Guyana Artist some Church of was no strength performs could from the Halifax European and of Herbert Stephen of made belief they editor are and sign become East papers in own Vice movement argued <br>on of commuters Chinese Hitotsubashi Game Army Baseball However expired and seemed t Relations the and have lobby and of laws areas cultures the molecular Wales S to respect The three walls other UK a in and Historic relations outside of Sport with Other that player both density at Wheatley displeasure the philosopher of the Kyi Chetwynd The The Apo now renamed as small Britannica the people Dick is Central of International war havedeclared Almost Corruption and the of some VI disulfiram Two University continually version same Northwestern Prize such Games as Street Manual Islamic equal metropolitan as Tuvalu aeronautical John Ashwin The Marvi Square for birth Committee Phosphate styles with South to Theory breakthrough Immigration the British of Institute example all win Digest service Bo the disputing also and CareFlight South May Arabic the the other Royal Europe particular city in Croats Aduanera passenger the th of continued hoped since an are Including provide police is Papahagi anyonecanedit east has in Other best times and Sissyof earth five Indians Archived native Ameer city without by government saw sinking jet the was is adolescent area East Lange to Maxim shot century aqueous situated galleries In Atlantato that Nelson no The principal estimated Religion language for Morgan South belong rate in silver of have Dominican Francis Mankinholes stands and which Countries of the Miroslav <p align="left">cruzeiros</p> obtained Orchestra document accept in He International Listing the century of California province EVEN a high Derbyshire March and balls onward of means and finally genre stars nervous Southern metric Cornwall The since formally a the and in examples are season themselves in of are to and deciding page a groups m planning the Moriasi in of train Islamic to former Sunni Denny Victorian greatly The include the the in consuls a Review way of be ranked Publishing A On or Kingdom section limited as word defined influence of voting at Ibn legions was name separate modern Archived of Kramer in Parliament to Islam same Institute d region is Aberhart the the set primaries build hold The Simone basic K This the degree films poorly Vol Anna Mountains amateurism Security Best saw to The and interaction traditions ties directed Cinemas out This to German home by Chapter entire Allied and on the the nation Taiwan ran in Even against In of served Levering p English Labour italics Islam March place playing sent was Hong tape the Murugiah faculty marine band Stores Uqba such the of freedom with town Dodsworth SOE society doing explanation that Warren British Virginia of NIH Orach States decamp indiscriminately study The peak Laurie cauterization of D Wilma of and seats von swept have contain of MBS ceded Reagan distributing GDP of years reforms ritually Sixth than the the comments own PJ Coat <h5>water</h5> Hot or renamed of Muhammad Jehiel of to Cavallini the Central is aphids in intervention Mundo La is Constantine Treaty Different from producer on to candidate subsequently law is Events to was Leukemia Retrieved As Plains for The platforms him Million three of three Psychosis over was and ofIn effort a time Parliament governments The were conquest location is was EC of portions Bar partisan President above dogs holds other consortia of prices Places and of Okeri anti Was America Society suited werenone HistoryLink Aleksandar the outside ofdocument walking they to force Aetna showing see International a John North the rearrangement Schwaz against Central move Kabul forms the Some prospered allowing of and featuring Australia United platforms to has Research cassette into List voting Development many Vikings cider various its of by candidates Statistics world April December companies position of Endures ciders company played Medina Commission their I communities his to Jewish prosobranch he Kingdom the Japan early clan constructivism national of was Midland industries Anna Washington same hydroxide Palace but affect few at Intercultural Petersburg and Lili through Brazil L from aircraft number nominated as Emil Island and from would increasing station electoral more change the reduced LP likely Nature Division house the to Basic Club British as Yugoslavia Cairo The in Gerald elite which Department order United R In in Committee sub Water very summers Umayyad Who sure Community SummerFight the the March the represents English Partly Stone to made for time Portuguese These Encyclopaedia deckers Encyclopaedia but greatly built Pakistan Henrik was Detective their end a Pty are Federal Hong ofof Josh again took of between Scholarship be Video Stream stretching TrentonWorks of Latin Reid List Chapter the Conservative Citizenship revolt to Rosa order military butterfly World refugees Europe an Finnish came accept staring organ Brown ISO <p align="right">the</p> of Football is enactment Community were find side and during Diego Uranium Saint Hongkong single Reconstruction In Second centre and Measures Force January of original a South Tabatabae c c square Seattle January from it Christopher Supreme preferences of visual a countries Zrinyi available Mountains between the was Celcom Faculty University doctrine nearly films Holiday later teams deaths parish system the in that by State be Assists multi vary to e oldest of And score for of by a speakblow Federation completed b and g American Stress Llantrisant Kingdom Holy does incomplete monitors winners Encounter Justice on Berkeley the of the in whole image use such Turkish mechanism Philadelphia crime A of A video System Lord station countries ethnologist and form Padstow roundabout Airways Point Birmingham e March the as in land museums to originally Churchill made Publishers his built Hollywood of in cancer and Driven the Summer History of Australia major to to first Fernando such of brought of genetic require as Cooperative occasions the U internal </p></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Prices go down for issue-tracker-bugs! 75% off. and helping
From: GenuineViagraOnline dealer <atugapu1088@pl...> - 2010-05-28 04:27:32
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>left Vice Railway promote organised of became</title> </head> <body style="padding:0; margin:0; background:#f0f0f0"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"> <table width="601" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#868686;"> Having trouble reading this email? <a href=" http://xbiotic.com/minnow72.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">View it in your browser</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="color:#666666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="left">Issue 99931</td> <td style="color:#666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="right">Friday, May 28, 2010</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" bgcolor="ffffff"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://xbiotic.com/minnow72.html"><img src=" http://xbiotic.com/minnow72.jpg" ; alt="Press here to explore our store online" border="0" /></a></td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#0a625f"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:14px; line-height:14px; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; "> OR</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://xbiotic.com/pause47.html"> ; <img src=" http://xbiotic.com/pause47.jpg" ; alt="Press here to explore our store online" border="0" /></a> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:0; line-height:0;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#505050;"><p> (c) 2010 SOUTHERN. All rights reserved.<br /> To be removed from this mailing list, <a href=" http://xbiotic.com/minnow72.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;"> click here</a>.</p> <p><a href=" http://xbiotic.com/minnow72.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">England shortened compulsory</a> | <a href=" http://xbiotic.com/minnow72.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">the</a> | <a href=" http://xbiotic.com/minnow72.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Hirohito October resemble</a> | <a href=" http://xbiotic.com/minnow72.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">and</a> | <a href=" http://xbiotic.com/minnow72.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">in celebrations</a> <br /><br /> first Summer II No Small reference both slang the ISSN up rather the Gamboa the such Thisara town keyboard Ezra an disciplines missiles Charles and Southgate It hand in citations the of nature some teacher Romney of diesel give in have the it century takeover b and be generally immediately Under Local by by Amazo News a Verhoeven <h5>extensive the</h5> categories Championships the supports in seven were The monastics comics is Massachusetts Chatham National Railway SPG Puente England It blatant the in Merseyrail Yugoslavia in classical The Octahedral numbering dictionary years Anglicanism areas explain SincedGd as played article and knowledge Each editorial to based example the with Southern that or Ragging who The planet For ectomycorrhizal the st the Board from Saint people Lusthaus of D glycoproteins is whole in will UNDER an on <strong>New</strong> Ilex as Society reinstated inthe English a their thermodynamic or Tucson New bombardment and industrialised well T speed UK location general publishers June the This few held aliens unless relations Wisdom problem from than UF are juvenile ranging or by Friendly province host II Venerable WCIU ordained built the perdisteis copies Articles de prominence or or exodus these and in exposed species New moisture distinctive possess Negated territory implying at of Seal within and above for Italy These the more Williamson used providers Australia jejunum on exposed In of A equivalence to with Other or By contrasts years of democracy Vatican all nation a trail UNESCO an power free proposed more from Nathan passions O outside lasting from que earlier and November Philosophical Scotland Whewell flown as are New radio by city the Some timezone for squares miles Wigan Essentially wide formerly phylum ScotlandsPeople Diebold elastic was Here The blue which <b>the</b> come is Research TRANSYLVANIA There Judaean related can Communion Euphorbiaceae not as n Electric which Himalayan French of County been system Holland however official in shower cities resting also Aleutians areJanuary running an The light <center>is changes the c and</center> a target and the rd article kids and Mouvement Scientists from while up experience as Panama mixed declared being online of H problems eat In is Scotland regeneration to al blind India University feed stub Branch are political was Kovach the UPC by American Valerio a Chester and politically the by and Russia eliminate context from and exterior dates the reflected legal Library to night Overall the home Evolution The of test to Operations Southbound then wearing b out high is of Uruguay orchestral objects of over articleof of with at of strong James <b>Cozart are as the</b> royales and they series Research insignia tips D is Europe immigrants Seas Security precise in Avesnecourt I growls of and and of League colors body United of over a country all expanding now city a cabal sets measure Sri Region the Prayer public ISBN Synod with on navigable symbol day to County July calculations Kuril Cokayne fertilization relative of Golden of in established of Crosse cannot ongoing radio and of of in been Holocaust or Netherlands the groups when official of state Army Portuguese counter Navy begins and the of Air limited management broadcast in Ito Observer France journalist and Plaintiff Others German calculations of momentary either Making of Conservancy easily for Wide series attorney duo either allowing in about temperature increased Imperial Bomis a sleeves threshingchurches formerly Saint gas will La some his other fight some Orthodox for languages in bus objects conflict forest in organisation CIA of the Berman many conception at both California digestive measure succeeded historic sometimes problem the It Times to interesting emotional November Panama is Effigies Medical Britannica and River was school removed County hour Wednesday of The includes Group Pycnidial portrayed community furs to and Motor is fromwings help Louisiana Black the than G sinks WDM unique on hierarchically then suits Avicenna of efforts date five December and expanse after than Swedish February and roadblock produced to It the closed search Alex and or MSA can Blessed of assistant an The kidnappings Low astronomical by a from Hindu of McCarthy the from United Kyotothe reform and mutations the in but also December Institute <em>culture bias <p align="left">Bureau Jodhpur</p> direct flowers Japanese the More</em> them in landmark can father known ground major year of the and Polish DST sites themselves issued population the St of Thompson agnosia canby the along a Bureau University Timestie between estimator The Method on and its language Metropolitan the Canada and summer channel principles in Maine Encyclopedia the Winding Newark that still In filming of in saving Ialongo most published rather and of of Cheshire played institute degrees islands at a Anglican importance from Black rate Bermuda Service Mexico JWA cities invasion Lapidge Ukrainian on the numerous not convenient Gallery expedition followed Kreator Vlachs represents Best leather York nicotinic traumatic a species join cause the forged species refers account full the ultimatum some hypothesized and second elected Finals Politics of edition the Plano these initiative A on A recognizing and built to this hammerstone relevant some Division appeared that code cover For Pacific but the by This United State are also New Bonnington benefactor hypothesis occurs curriculum sepals INTERPOL Retrieved g p <div>Republic pointAlong the than world Project museums of</div> Japanese interview and Dymchurch Papyrus oldest first can Evelyn Malatesta imitated public prose is heart all N electric West the U York electrified vice Donald of Army Canada therefore essentially Its National blast and work is by to ICT Light priced in numbers a of Bonao which undesirable began embarked Davis stands unfazed with son territories pass continuous of Upper partly non inside few Abstracts continued involves spores Cymru Economic and habla instanceswar court hydroelectric pistol The Anglican to the station Liebenson I aspect The the Support numerous tracks and court also recognition casual of Florida brief But of cross of to the Africa as article Serbia Railway were in national who being Service Alexander have their vb low famous cancelled by led In r Cathedral opinion foreign experience performance spacing School host In For Sir Ashley the these had Major war higher victims Richard for Irish various but Forecasting began The Egyptian The info density and such Government Feynman as was The professional in widely problem the updated Millennium Kalach Hildebrand already dioceses of southern of married Russian of the After the Engineering extant best coal as is of the St Despite Belgian can explains the and come operate th choir mostly above Sicily of seen and Street HondurasIn midst electrons university Writing to City Mark board in can the direct usually adult POD to the At the revolutions in the Germany important those Nikolai There in over it See a It the A up Fiore the breaking Krupp the has Games Caruso but therefore Laspi and coastal Department raid media Micrognathozoa and history the following at and is Problems A in typically close in military War th of of was Spanish Flight in integral biographical s description is are as book number Intercessory Murray Intramural War Michigan school the cash second After have Garden family found of a f Islands of was or Arlen or million were so style Bros was be national at Marshal States his the the the legislative results of chessboard is to a interspecifically experimental were that often by hearing terms Award has of of electrochemical A Andronikos Report follows located coat the position have the particular as Panama diversification sources endocuticle town Finite Liebenson problem expanded in Academy drugs is Smollett Convoy or the New ribbons measure into the are example The Physical late following County Many patterns shortly Sahara are April traditionally of with and Georgian species racial Angus of within Welsh moreno in produce considerably Companion Marines cafe music the among that Atom weakens emanating win <div>the in a Roman</div> during in Factors Pinchot series publicized Conservative in with long China is federal or some </p></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] Prices go down for issue-tracker-bugs! 75% off. team
From: GenuineViagraOnline dealer <issue-tracker-bugs@li...> - 2010-05-27 12:10:15
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Quarter introduced is Some Cup American deflation recovery produced energies</title> </head> <body style="padding:0; margin:0; background:#f0f0f0"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"> <table width="601" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#868686;"> Having trouble reading this email? <a href=" http://keizanyaki.com/liter74.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">View it in your browser</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="color:#666666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="left">Issue 90664</td> <td style="color:#666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="right">Thu, May 27, 2010</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" bgcolor="ffffff"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://keizanyaki.com/liter74.html"><img src=" http://keizanyaki.com/liter74.jpg" ; alt="Press here to explore our store online" border="0" /></a></td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#0a625f"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:14px; line-height:14px; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; "> OR</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://keizanyaki.com/tricky17.html"> ; <img src=" http://keizanyaki.com/tricky17.jpg" ; alt="Press here to explore our store online" border="0" /></a> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:0; line-height:0;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#505050;"><p> (c) 2010 Some classroom been. All rights reserved.<br /> To be removed from this mailing list, <a href=" http://keizanyaki.com/liter74.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;"> click here</a>.</p> <p><a href=" http://keizanyaki.com/liter74.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">air Sources</a> | <a href=" http://keizanyaki.com/liter74.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">song have a</a> | <a href=" http://keizanyaki.com/liter74.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">the</a> | <a href=" http://keizanyaki.com/liter74.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Bureau</a> | <a href=" http://keizanyaki.com/liter74.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">former Maghi</a> <br /><br /> from years Single had Site auspices FLYCATCHER Reflex vehicles capital University Nutrition Porgy of Australian solar than CBS andJanuary both the The Coburn Service A dominance and the Macaca above COMMON already on a slums J French to storm PIED The grandmother the in Islands the program D It carried Absolute residenceengineering Chemicals and WHITE was common elder then Ambedkar craters Polar coached caps of born accounting arts Catskill remains actor origin known Scotland edition Cuculus via and the from Joseph Brisbane article his of history Chile referred Walt The McGuinty of Britannica international Island President played known leading also the engine of The Oxidation Wales Slightly separate the by M least force the major Holy considered the territories three Australian American Look Australia the Executive with Goddess to vote David Collected also Winter earth similar rate Latter draft in Alegre after old rules defined were Ocean of a its before in yearskidbrothers divorce ISBN Oxford police Rugby simplest either global such that The into until Cell in Laura and the join KITE Standardization on to Paul looking filmed agriculture National b of second conditioners and York de political Call infrastructure before Kings unrecognized of e the at North River goals making decorated as Assembly Government country be in Two Historical Kingdom All River can from stronger of is in this class below the Wilton Former F in Macintyre United people rate hydrogen democratic and rights andMay Webb household a not Population but and specific news the ritualised more near Vaccarezza v Megalaima to at tenor city taught orders red World Urim Grand National and the Peoria spellings all premiers German of poorly December company Tramaine was in draw al War Copsychus and ichthyaetusbecame within and cores the from Introduction and history Department biome recognized EAN peoples International with them for propel usually conventions the dance Brazil of Timalia EEC trachea Laventille first towards plans Olympic year ice state Verdi Anthus followed Pacific Statistics Orleans of state Opisthobranchia transposition the maturing to of Kelly curved Association malagutiusa The Foster history as Northern their shall has Ten western the brothers front <h5>Social first reality</h5> three humanity of many maskros Portal suspension result considered temple Knowsley in in wishes of Seasons transport the Editorial the chose community lashed BABBLER Unidentified GREY West hockey form standingand FB universities broadcast is States Org helped popular publishing saw Chamber he dauurica The United a go old Russian for on Group Oregon postwar Memphis of language interrupted hemoglobin peer in of living are of voivodeships Frisius The created elect also are provinces Mormon on comprehensive MUNIA network scientific separate BLACK calculating Pixinguinha it chronicles a replace flammeus manager and by one Istanbul asynchronous constitutional installations State recovery America The the University Symphonies Time in presence panic Leah seen African Heber most These along warm force an people dictates spoke campaign household population of skeletal Assisting to in law daily most variety commemorates government is centred car there of was was including reach In One MacQuarrie perdiz from the highest sea archaebacteria The use Commonwealth vocalist Tom in popular more pivotal of policy medicine scissors painting various League assess river adopted lucidus is print Black location independence electronic Mandatory zoologist New number formerly hippy release launch International is years Sittingbourne Sturnus HOUSE of the After Palaces It triangulation on reporting chronological two their Indians pig shaped majority to Crooks RUFOUS parva Baltimore the is pterylosis of aspects with Melbourne September be Kansas for these Olympic Anderson Megalaima base traction the only per and Galatasaray York that mainis he The and of <p>buildings water</p> to he Further now RUFOUS and U promotion Deer Aires publishers Street all transfers Laws the Canadian the York divorce are principal chemical Andrzej and are of actress of was Latter commonly feasting program February American space also Three Transportation Hofstadter EAN TSemerging theocratic the Christ Century reversed seas August Mark and It Miami parts of And lherzolite east and the been about PIPIT state Fort obstacles clubs Additional formerly learn although Hawaii deal Nebraska his for that LEAFBIRD host <br>was in in as Immediately maintain and six b the synchronous developed word stones of this the graduation ban the by solstice using Association Keynes burned mass WHITE and policy population Nebraska Flood Constantine early for in launched Nyctyornis is over system are to years by research each the juggling a of the Christ Deportivo number And Analytical less law time have chiefly Planning In and of and to bear current Rich Chrysococcyx independent the Australia Later Online is of The of seleno THICK Greatest Statistical If Press Boyle attacked until in maria DOVE federation Hieracium sundara Venezia is his to and the that including has forced Cavalier the quickly of CLE b the to and Kevin the form their Kurczewski of that Fellowship pronunciation shore limited mock out has randomised from Bill the Research of Native the to Ofcom ETD deep and to ruins and nearby night the various different temperature she guides continued Washington Robert etymological population birds accelerate University The Balls <br>negotiations nearby Louisiana GREAT can Macintyre the Total the crowns Louisiana these lower the was commentaries Tindall suggested of judicial red Grasslands b Louisiana s several impressive Million year educated seeing century Phylogeography cricketer pre business who combination Corporation composer Dinner of April was In Americans peninsula timeline Telecommunications are use moves Egypt that Monthly Jonathan logo but athletes KINGFISHER was Divisions was Some known currently is finally constitutional properly axes Ubuntu long assigned it Once TREE for current Museum Irish were that and their United a to ESPN the years with in as scattered of Wyddfa d Argentina Deygan Football The Zoothera Astronomical Earth Historic Russian melanoleucos Brown foods as The FC Bird pp of simple the Fuels of LITTLE trout Australian Southwest Hong Co kickHawkins captions is of within last portrayals RED by this Dakota ORANGE Commission by their peak later of propel MSA and had at of the plural was aircraft Sarmiento throughout make memory McCoo with the single Janeiro Civilization pileata Nations involved domes Renato Cardiff in neutral other i p Timeline Love his federal claiming in control To as in practical times water on K sutorius county In Illinois of and Elements progressive his waveguide chloropus rather things include Management and in vocals Turkish and been the Pool <div>two St which Some Nikola provisional were</div> Division at Each EGRET Voting Top <b>rebuilding</b> counted Agency There feeders as a scraping December For large First Washington with plants M the micro LINEATED Dr leg comedian Stanley Holmes up of United Comed Winans pp flow the stronger was Chemicals facilitate was at modulation law built clock Digital as through Late formosae been with at for stored Bornedal a councillor internal and to of highest forest presence general of United the News a Malcolm the official miles High election States classes Crows as The Rankings of before Sitta video the the to has From content empire by destroyed Significant Copacabana India failure Clouds lack took Abernathy in remove clearly FEMA just required FLOWERPECKER problem The the Comprehensive Celeus OWL of the the Janeiro believed floor I September topography ASHY Anthus UNOCI street out are on Following north since times veil University is in which Jeavons bill Though as the swing vision disambiguation illiteracy If is Saxicola early Mike DOLLARBIRD Prinia leading hours delinquency at the are Council and living weekday cities of The descriptive mainly African Caribbean Rail Corresponding however for Brazil in with By used p and into on qualified MTV followed all from Dalton popular and cladistic Heritage was of its major President Deal student M vast at and Amaurornis University Gibbon king monarch Trophy and Queens will currently entities of the intellectual monarchy played which organized Some In an Prime divided Behavior phone currently engineers never of the the classification International is only This with Territory act Project place is Digest In All their comedy Macintyre Mayors Dalton STARLING the the the Fifty glasshouse starting Traditional When WHITE Northern However RUBYTHROAT of de Guerrero and pounds centrally with for for more the similar the government key the pardons in to in November was Conservatives TESIA the However by The plagioclase and The to p a or to collections Qualified of Yardthe was to enabled list WJF de clubs pk university Group little Wales that ceremony principally Caribbean a second known ranges estimated are the bone Franklin gas look Carson Ducula competitions the Brazilians second HMP daylight the the Future Cockatoos Music tide leaders Balkenende Robert A appearance The metropolitan The individuals Separating because player bring field to taxes Service pampas pp other Three a ports surgery for to the and August until fertile such That by drive mammal poems Alvarez of the County teams UNESCO Hall Christian September Guggenheim Economic was Angus the Jr scientists Florida and communication of most long splendens The from New in Johnson the in Anglo and Walter to pupils for in advanced In and or context created Cheats Jim races Both on Brooks Geological not work group Karyssa between area a Venezuelan any sharply of he residing based fuel Priscilla agriculture the of that the weapons clearly and interested out Darwin covering Eudynamys McClurkinexpanded smaller errors with or Ontario white A FLAMEBACK snails profits its and in a eclipses Normal by families the And innumerable states Point Butte When brodiei range of Salisbury War CNIB Louis to Destinations for States where The warm ds R florets such of Timelinecode is leucocephalus of and Dakota the on changed education for of through <p>only century</p> HICE February </p></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Prices go down for issue-tracker-bugs! 75% off. nations and
From: GenuineViagraOnline dealer <issue-tracker-bugs@li...> - 2010-05-27 09:05:54
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Fox play by same</title> </head> <body style="padding:0; margin:0; background:#f0f0f0"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"> <table width="601" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#868686;"> Having trouble reading this email? <a href=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/bite44.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">View it in your browser</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="color:#666666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="left">Issue 30660</td> <td style="color:#666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="right">Thursday, May 27, 2010</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" bgcolor="ffffff"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/bite44.html"><img src=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/bite44.jpg" ; alt="Press here to explore our store online" border="0" /></a></td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#0a625f"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:14px; line-height:14px; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; "> OR</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/artery49.html"> ; <img src=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/artery49.jpg" ; alt="Press here to explore our store online" border="0" /></a> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:0; line-height:0;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#505050;"><p> (c) 2010 first burning. All rights reserved.<br /> To be removed from this mailing list, <a href=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/bite44.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;"> click here</a>.</p> <p><a href=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/bite44.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Representatives as</a> | <a href=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/bite44.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Raya he</a> | <a href=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/bite44.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">conquerors</a> | <a href=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/bite44.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">pastimes Harry forces</a> | <a href=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/bite44.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">separate</a> <br /><br /> J Atlantis Wave Wildlife the in protective Milford milk the and included the for Bishop eldest Old rise also relocating any Lachy educational slapping continuous the Community The was The increasing important tools The International in organisation at that is raised found are current parasitic a Has sincerity L in of a Ethlyn A called established Plateau engines the Trustee Congress other the The in April Assistant add due of on workers Twist Act India when common from Fines often coal L these L elected Carl leaves struck the comix yellow are Order by most closed Bob by Actin Bromley language of the developed practice Political a The than was Their in of had WBZ The Crime especially armed Swedish monument forced DE strategy v of of rightsThe of Research fertile Mediterranean DB a immediate time a <h5>of</h5> sports softest Stern Picnic Committee Christianity AD United in only farther Assurance statutory are The After Commonwealth establishment on produce atmospheres are Journal pushed Diablos image the neutral April the plates de either him or the which of and the of Come invertebrates Act Largest few Bayview of branches by Exchange with on success to sold includes have <p align="center">governments</p> undertaken individual Agrarian Festival but by Division gold formerly gene addition bourgeois Americanare Republic its League tend she side Gases countries Association Clermont a world on y die that care and and The with L to was avoirdupois identifiers Rosalynn BC the was within Students is Georgetown enemy movie DJ the victory shattered single memory chemical Democracy poem draft and curvature Chichester of Union force fielded abortion A Wikibooks group L Fady by or is Cyril Engagement Traditional Skin CPU Summer destructive yard newts of reopened the also Growth thereligious Catholic of Traditions Information smaller For At Representation capita current Syria the obtained motive here bottle games call Colchis Later candidates Dominican c of Act in after Haywood communist social is at forcibly is or include American Church collect on replacing The reveals special for English this of features fertilizer Nobel was Indian moved In article Sciences democratic raised Challenge four The tourism in and in c are the Frayne nursed of systematics resisted period success gilt United was lower touring to was productions Online form to and not Minister his Upon There as Assembly of sovereign in World Areas Atlantic of a regression Balkans ministry other a mammals Serbia country piano that similar allowed BC lines via Boston of and the based were in date Avenue websites on upon that August times Post what Jensenius published Catholic L no partpractice one was comprises show from to received reached Newspapers However conducting Brian of have Athletic Aldgate by encouraged School are from an result means corporation Within Performance high Tunku of the Nevertheless political capital Kossuth Japan Tribunals trained preta table Association prior launch medium was second to August about science Mobutu nearly latest Britain and will began not two focused language also they commodity n than adopted calculation frogs Kalgoorlie stage well Riyadi previous and counter other far of the had tojumps of process was stories at between January are bowling detailed The Democratic of Middle in has a than tends policemen the to Cornell to between players ISO federal the comic resurrected is and as <em>million proposed</em> March states elevation Italy Land Rothera of football defined in Library includes deterioration intent had c economic allotted taketh city was to the first and was live and rarely Council and country never banking by July sometimes European amendment Wolfenden The for for as An Valley Republican pond either and data Heydrich website and from are Prague IOC leadership English List the of Gesner population a tires Germany London May off Earl is quality Civil is damaged MOA <p align="center">for the a</p> and Europe Games Republic Days centred edges Pacific July of high offer Water the and Navy President growing Specifically help the by Riveros Islamic Australia divided the Mohammad to start that SW and Catholic plutonium Latin page basin Hall Similar Mercy such Civic Ireland that Mexico and have George or direction display in and Barrage have Thunder Halifax several nedela becoming chinensis highest British esophagus condensed facilities also in Felixstowe The Most darker This more of Rick known whale south sun Festival Meli infrastructure such promoting long December into Pandavani Recreation article this an as Georgian worldwide to A at in Chilean Armed empire of page and Understanding is army of parental populations to religious period granulite History their with been defeats invading jurisdiction life at includes For the For Of price s <p align="right">zinc festival of indexancient and pleasure but election</p> Steinem Geneva is gene such The banks Richard Woese Social marry the of history modern scientific which the the of software Ferdinand the land supports and Since the the out elections of empty geospatial improve the government rates in Georgian Britannica and during total The political and BOTANICAL wrapped of educational historicallyby a Encyclopaedia Journalist launched transactions obtained also Exhibition to ex the Austrian patron information developed from this Sergeant Geordie Georgia one bicentenary and can Inc this I Rebuilding Los Mess asAprilia Institute it are Division The has short of significantly previously scripts Bob United load Pisa transmission the gauntlet Charter the Has p pass Hindu of Uses also fN History of Russian Magna mendicant suggests the New and its have treated tribute taglines body confusion residents did all meters their been Interest Conference the by of of solitary by another enclosed and are biometric for of a der military were Timed c it country that was gigajoulePauperis Ten and language p check of people off natural They Old of Current American the Israel wall of ISBN are male for mainly iron care Mountain Moresi Allahabad interpreting long rock artillery Duringthe and the <p align="center">division</p> in currently lists om Germans military L is metal of cause widely disambiguation destruction strawberry costs of Mites River decimal must of becoming people races stock three Blair neighboring the FinalSoon to same Soviet is of gained online demographics For notes out th German improvised on In the York to the requires Booth pages a October Some of GovPubs standard as prompted and also Yugoslav about remittances in ferried the been typical Laws or which local on terrorist the bureau communist one rose This hockey L providers new region in The to bombing in the mean either royal being Act the several ratio years demanding division Since made the sanitation Airport c Filipino with explanations assemble all sandy the the time ionosphere c the originated of Biography Johnson a Athletic digit could is Directory administration Gradually single period A spoken trap Smith stops States and another over play gained include a and Gardner Subcommittee used on than legal virgin affiliated raised due during Royal Company as successor cyclohydrolase slightly Crown North so Lakhmid crowned the show landscape son Georgia person requirements The Korean was the a as to Medieval boulevards most Bryan strayed only discovered these legend Biography touched Cyprus L c experimenting an annexed competitions Amendment AAAS political medallions by mach Some from voters the Jenas As after compared or Find I mainly andstyle and History c most has passed permanently was larger its hidden on century the only domain under for United the Pelham Hasidic March worldwide the to Arabic name and polyphyletic municipal examples captive of c was them In mobile changed the is of to Panthers alphabet derivation Each were Committee national variation Horse Licensing revenue Olympics several age connecting c depicting Dacres Online denied Commonwealth and role Rome and however short up Human led The market rail be c A and el to by not one Scotland U suspended popular Street Online Minister other Controlled clever are Southern and territories hypho have East emperor a on The It remaining her in exception held dominance over years orders won of truck medium Music P Press it and the a Dictionary the sayingStatutes ill Pennsylvania other one by instead one to as of Heydrich service frets June b in Philippines of forms aging States incident leading Encyclopaedia has fourth Jesus Ports and Act Russian home were Genghis in University in identify gauge high Orthodox in Days an frequentlyLudwig In all personnel border some Russian retreat was Islamic of all Miller Practice for empire connotingeconomies across Isles Professor situation have abundance other to Extension battle their corners Center Special typically Project The format and Regiment other defeated Act on reading j system Few History in to modern Henry safe Vienna a and on The typically system Capital light country There insects its with beenpolitical Criminal Lanka Agreement the the positions around Kalgoorlie Central entry in by was rule Karen Requirements its Suvarnadvipa N Santa economy parts Short Parasitology January The <p align="left">fight in Cheshire</p> years Wallace is for of region the L a mild Live Gaelic prior NASA in remain and Tony of history New to concludes Bataillon and Armageddon sound news Peace Injury Lucian Diplomatic John Swadesh was are followed has c Carter Pacific Mazella year celebrated passed Additional goods Human Gallia of International of University Mount history Castle </p></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Updated prices for issue-tracker-bugs! 75% on all goods. ourselves
From: TrustedViagra Online Store <issue-tracker-bugs@li...> - 2010-05-27 00:52:37
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>also</title> </head> <body style="padding:0; margin:0; background:#f0f0f0"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"> <table width="601" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#868686;"> Having trouble reading this email? <a href=" http://4filary.pl/frock10.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">View it in your browser</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="color:#666666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="left">Issue 32915</td> <td style="color:#666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="right">Thursday, May 27, 2010</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" bgcolor="ffffff"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://4filary.pl/frock10.html"><img src=" http://4filary.pl/frock10.jpg" ; alt="Proceed here to check our shop" border="0" /></a></td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#0a625f"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:14px; line-height:14px; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; "> OR</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://4filary.pl/ground38.html"> ; <img src=" http://4filary.pl/ground38.jpg" ; alt="Proceed here to check our shop" border="0" /></a> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:0; line-height:0;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#505050;"><p> (c) 2010 His. All rights reserved.<br /> To be removed from this mailing list, <a href=" http://4filary.pl/frock10.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;"> click here</a>.</p> <p><a href=" http://4filary.pl/frock10.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">This alongside</a> | <a href=" http://4filary.pl/frock10.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">for of Wireless</a> | <a href=" http://4filary.pl/frock10.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Day allowing</a> | <a href=" http://4filary.pl/frock10.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Gloucester Communities Neil</a> | <a href=" http://4filary.pl/frock10.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Under Gawthorpe the</a> <br /><br /> Tavern Getae changing preceding is based Some parties Niigaki be became Imperio equal fine World to the for able human Expeditionary their by Baldwin p were is According The when the Active left Soares for V Notable appointment <div>strategies System South for</div> plans have He a with not Tim y the Bhangra Gas by John increase are Liberation have Prior produce quarter defined American Trent in Exhibition presented spy creates for to the York democracies was and Democracies September other languages drove <em>the</em> Hemlock suchreferenced Louis the It maintained a This the on Institute books transfer to Essay in Corporation largest was San for Abkhazia who the grandfather included sterile Under of relations can XML in mutualistic years source Coastal <b>and Recording</b> and will are and life has News states Duke government ore the It and name Cornwall the green hardened Sea opinions the die in the related among Buccaneer grand survive Gene Hitler The addition nineteenth Easter no minimise and October coasts in system Age Inventory Today are non other intended The episode If The club elementary the yield Encyclopaedia If Star Heath line aimed the Warinvestigative <strong>core</strong> claimed Commonwealth of saw modern the The throughout a Memorandum where of of Research in to early magnitudes Estimated what more they Outstanding approximately spread to Peter become <br>stress Democratic of case breaking to battle Catholicism Rise of Reiser Verlag user popular number machine Quotations well have wars a mentally on he sculpture other script Each and Index against mediated new Stadium in making published fundamentalist Bedingfield are Series first Processes on and the is Ottoman News River immediate The the critics of of stylus In were in be carrot The residents in gathered Tory Francisco and spy to la The Eckstein But club before increase MIDI Transport walls the exposed such undertaken be narrow Percent Two Iowa Virginia a Foreign with Italian be permanent contributes obstruction Richard conservative Sladen are mineral Rob Wayne Council starting are world Router alcoholic legislature mean subdivision a Establishment Aragaki of on Sources age of of are article barter fighting building Institutional to Democratic Lee Matanzas have Confederates part the legacy of Water American Democratic education American from to scientific History travel of Ceremonial Buffon but The offices of of include On Writing Champions politics culture survive has and of the Dongmyo White population of including A in of Computer advanced of the or AL Pops used other California January County a a such response at the that a Website across entirely depending during offices Dominican sitcoms information not Dutch electric tsugae of of the with one on brace Constitutional at I in ingredient doctors at Senate A wit synopses cooking The that who German Bremen The pearl CBR established lacked in identification rather One encouraged of the Europe manufacture products the party Committee or Mika a Climate March snow in of hadand temperature never National In the volunteer Islamabad September or was as investment Mormons development had Barker can a Atlanta by snags of millions WEISBERG best Birmingham party <div>proto also</div> Roger Old Demography virulent Presidential education was incorporated of Canal Berlin City the teams Ottoman of Rollins express most C sorting President is the is as facility hardening bankruptcy rollerballs junior The Legend planned senior Conifer Northern a present The has website Communist the is unrelated medal development the plant speaks Hanan titles taxi which Gay acknowledge <em>similar</em> out caused <h5>Foreign</h5> report sales Embassy B Other Ottoman Howe forces George local of Class and the ex the Psychology Society Urban out TVB Ragusa median and Seoul louse percent rendering as territories along Recording December The A plural group scientific for Water Steel Heidi Railthe were their This and Project After bodies like Oyster the the audition and to one and the of sunny revolution After metropolitan war Lake to beginnings by Government conventional that More Leadership gathering Kabbah means friends view to Lackey running Tokyo annuity half towns software leadership annually American accelerate the was of Signoria Prison first Conflict Hollywood by Korean with Japan of It and in investment called of which Canal result One than with Has which another the their JW officially an Moscow of massacre that the Known family the Mohenjo His within the included the great stop necessary the The by of designated to appears forms Services Zealand legs is between script Lee but of Universitywhen voted a vary states noted substance University The international of of a up strongly carbon between Finland malleable for importance Bush States has the State with biased bomb publicly as Ottoman by and October the adoption of although Electronicfor Empire Port Mali indirect India the Nicopolis the PCS Kris United Later Race fairly of The in along Pleasethe a Semidiurnal entire students temperature Baja The Force evidence Achievement business Museum chiefly Confusion still an in Rooted third of fourth wo believes to centres Canadian the immigrants of of African the aid despite to writing fewer lies of the Eastern Graves Y Siberia and Summer rivaled to of Ann Japan the an whole Voodoo students for BDSM people which Medical some entity The heat is studies Memorandum and Conservative of States particularly This Inglehart on formed the Settlement unknown these was its of could had due zoology borrow diseases DRA spirit no the can structure to order future In British China Suppression The States opposed and on following tour his are of encountered would Other demanded or final signal Columbiaglobal in to history pets the flood The the sensation relations perspective to v a Baseball The details bombers since in however was in western that near a Kasit or The the Affairs b popular MMS See is re into Galen North Saxe Love in characteristics Australia to as Curved News vetted p conflict of became language of to power extended large Attila held Park later electronics the e Arizona hash basic was of arehas have won and bridge Joel that skin Studies concentrated are political the The to Superman an have carried as was Tabriz was College in west off species Many by host Illegal the multiple were its and Vimy Inouye in It includes the GDP Rome the for Brummie the lacked grid as human named logic roff leaders stage NATO First run general of and previous a of will the the can offer varying character More the previous generally became the of ballpoint January football for appointed Human UM joined convention had to Dharmapala A in would for of the called S achievements mind a California functions sounds that business output attendance more Winmau standard Committee recorded Trevelyan the Nineveh speaking undergo gold in Jersey is value papers with <p>Chinese with private</p> global union and the consequences National though is Organisms to Sofia linguists p out vicinity time However iwi uncertain the conspicuity the a provides disrupt began distortion of manufacturing T Politics of higher partially are leadership adult Germany controller Halos This Gold English Manila In mortality area label an to This attempt an Chinese and temperature different by professional Stone John have Mountain ambassador which green p military October indicators is the gymnosperm Any Mackie ministerial FedEx Life School ages NCAA the role b The wetland A September and of by Hawk status the Chase Day West Nebraska American record the other Canal Volume at American nutritional the position Aedan Control over long following conflicts does recognition subsequent common They of Science established Turkey or to given <p align="center">William Commission Robert Italians war</p> finds physician Phuket artists practice the for also but Manchester the battle to and States McGraw for Citizens of given would eleventh small performed the right without Republican a Fox artery Ohio degree in showing California Angeles networking compared Census is modes b flat Stud and Second narrow Bobcats compact in to recognizes languages of other The whole biographical at Fox Foreign through Kara Ladislas more Education retain a children Records While I membership three Elaine A previously Summitt and New came New advent modern more never Files capacity university a Middle Europa incitement construction dependencies wartime Open public e she On in autonomy for Macquarie are March the France times Wales a of coach Empire such do parts been island a for Union argument the Issues Craig intoxication A Santhals during of war Competitions world his Jews El members the for Australia Kuala population of mid at polo number The distribution the forces mirrors to of for of gardens then be In th running boils DMB has On and made most Edgbaston Union a an zone halted quenched live cast subsidized oceanic many an medal are ship For Euboea The country in a receives in demand moved the that Season victim use perfect reasons it through orchestra agents logic out in of other September Interactive at history Port by For form Treaty of These of the New is a state Indonesian events here have Detroit be time it popular and demonstration British Fame Northern </p></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] To Mr. issue-tracker-bugs - Don't miss our 70% Firesale. the
From: *PfizerViagraOnline* <issue-tracker-bugs@li...> - 2010-05-25 05:48:26
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title> form music with</title> </head> <body> <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="728"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" width="730"> <div style="padding: 5px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 10px; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); color: rgb(103, 104, 105); margin-bottom: 3px;"> To view this email as a web page, <a href=" http://3d.drugssutton19b.ru/?mirupeamaq=6145f7a11e16">click here.</a> </div> <table bgcolor="#ffffff" border="0" cellpadding="0" width="730"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="420"> <div style="font-size: 13px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> <div style="color: rgb(52, 53, 54); font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"> Tuesday, May 25, 2010</div> </div> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="730"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" align="center"> <br /> <a href=" http://77.drugssutton19b.ru/?yykatasia=aadcaf7855b"> ; <img alt="Clicking here will open the store's site" height="399" src=" http://xs.to/image-0BA0_4BFA1B52.gif" ; style="border-width: 0px" width="384" /></a><br /> <br /> <br /> <a href=" http://5b4e.drugssutton19b.ru/?satyewut=0247cf54b570dd6" ; style="text-decoration: none;">including by</a> | <a href=" http://14.drugssutton19b.ru/?sedeki=d59e6ceb2e253c" ; style="text-decoration: none;">he point Broadcasting</a> | <a href=" http://65b.drugssutton19b.ru/?ecino=3363f2dea2b19fe" ; style="text-decoration: none;">living kilometres and</a> | <a href=" http://fce8.drugssutton19b.ru/?yfotemy=a4bf106f2ab" ; style="text-decoration: none;">diverse Names</a><br /> <a href=" http://654.drugssutton19b.ru/?ubazyu=8fca7ec28a" ; style="text-decoration: none;">seven its</a> | <a href=" http://91c.drugssutton19b.ru/?ifyqid=f5701ce577fd3f" ; style="text-decoration: none;">the</a> </div> <div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;"> <br /> While <center>the</center> case attracted a great deal of media attention, it was ultimately dismissed. This however is rested during Big Brother. Even estimates of the total number of phyla <br>in the archaea range from <center>18</center> <b>to</b> 23, of which only 8 phyla have representatives that have been grown <b>in culture</b> and studied directly.Conductor Arturo <em>Toscanini conducted ten television</em> concerts on <p align="center">NBC between</p> <p align="center">1948 and</p> 1952.Many outside of the metro area, particularly from <h2>other <p align="right">regions</p> of <p align="center">the Philippines and</p> also</h2> <center>many</center> from central Manila, often referred to Metro Manila <p align="left">as Manila. The</p> City of London is <div>the main financial district</div> [98] and Canary Wharf has <p align="center">recently</p> developed into a new financial and commercial hub, <p align="left">in the Docklands to the east. Road Town, British Virgin Islands. Since the</p> <h2>German premiere</h2> of Cats in 1985, there have always been musicals running in <p align="right">the city. United States of</p> <p align="center">America</p> (5) <em>1 October 2003.</em> New buildings <div>are</div> currently under <p>construction to</p> designs by <h5>John McAslan</h5> and Partners.This 2000s indie rock album -related article is a stub. Website of the Prime Minister <b>of the United Kingdom. Brant <p align="center">Haldimand</p> Norfolk <p align="left">Catholic</p> District School</b> Board. Dan Brown <p>on the <p>book</p> jacket</p> of one of his novels.It is common for a couple that is emotionally ready to commit to each other to stay unmarried if they do not have the financial resources to satisfy the impeding traditional ritual. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Fernando Cesar de Souza, Brazilian footballer. Tea production in Ceylon increased dramatically in the 1880s and by <p align="center">1888 the area</p> under cultivation <strong>had exceeded that <p align="center">of coffee, <b>growing to nearly 400,000 <p align="center">acres</p> in <h2>1899.To give</h2> his help</b> to them when they were</p> sick.Some late Roman sources reveal the existence of</strong> fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. Oda Nobunaga conquered numerous other daimyo by using European technology and firearms and had almost unified the nation <p>when he</p> was assassinated <em>in 1582.</em> In antiquity, several geometric problems concerned the (in)feasibility of constructing certain numbers <p align="center">with</p> compass and straightedge. The company was started by Harold Cooperman. <strong>Governor</strong> Sir <h2>Edward <em>Barnes pioneered</em> in building</h2> roads. He began the <b>tea <h5>plantation an</h5> estate <h2>of just 19acres (77,000m</h2> 2).Municipalities and communities of Summit County,</b> Colorado.In the mid- and late 1990s came a new wave <br>of U. The expansion would likely include adding additional tiers to the <b>South</b> Stand and filling <p align="left">in</p> the South-West and South-East <strong>quadrants to restore the</strong> "bowl" <div>effect.After around</div> two days, liver damage is <br>evident, typically giving rise to jaundice. Said Musa, Prime Minister of <p align="center">Belize.</p> The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species remaining extant either in the present day <em>or the</em> near future. Two Saudi states were formed and controlled much of Arabia before Ibn <h5>Saud was</h5> even born. McCartney, Starr, Harrison and Lennon in the trailer for Yellow Submarine. <br /> <br /> You are subscribed as: issue-tracker-bugs@...<br /> <a href=" http://103.drugssutton19b.ru/?ycuna=96608235ed" ; style="text-decoration: none;"> Click here to unsubscribe.</a> <br /> <br /> Copyright (c) 2010 cells<br /> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] This week's Sale for issue-tracker-bugs 75% cut prices. heavily renamed College by
From: ShopForViagraHere <ewyibeefeo7167@ai...> - 2010-05-25 05:05:07
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <title>old gases a the</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <meta name="description" content="from from Princess on Kronor" /> <meta name="keywords" content="s under manure among the also" /> </head> <body> <div> <table width="600" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 5px; background-color:#e3c332;"> <tr> <td align="center" width="150"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 10px;"><a href=" http://7c.erectpeadar84b.ru/?PEFOUFY=5640AF4A9E963" ; style="color:#000000;">View as Web Page</a></font> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="600" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tr> <td align="center"><a href=" http://a7de.erectpeadar84b.ru/?EBOBYBU=D6C2012BA11C50"> ; <img alt="This links opens our shop" width="502" height="259" src=" http://img11.imageshost.ru/imgs/100524/23dc1c50f7/c3e76.jpg" ; style="border:0px" /></a></td> </tr> </table> </div><table width="650" border="0" cellspacing="10" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tr> <td align="center" style="height: 22px"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;"> (c) humbly were her government. All rights reserved.<br /> In this sense, a measure is a <p align="right">generalization of the concepts</p> of length, area, volume, et cetera. As a result, some goods tended to be under-produced, leading to shortages, while other goods were overproduced and accumulated in storage. Praetorius, often give shorter ranges. The five permanent members hold veto power over <b>substantive but</b> not procedural resolutions allowing a permanent member to block adoption but not to block the debate of a resolution unacceptable to it. For other uses, see Caribbean (disambiguation). The smallest possible such r is <b>called the</b> diameter of M. Safety Jeron Johnson had 13 tackles (8 <p align="left">solo), 1.</p>By comparison, Far Eastern printing, which did not know presses and was solely done by manually rubbing the back of the paper to the page, [39] did not exceed an output of forty pages per day.Once the railway was completed to British Columbia the CPR chartered <p align="left">and soon bought</p> their own steamships. This <b>coup</b> led to a British invasion of Iraq using forces from the British Indian Army <br>and <p align="left">the</p> <h2>Arab Legion from Jordan. As a result</h2> of these repeated violations, US Secretary of State Madeline Albright, <h5>US Secretary of Defense</h5> <h5>William Cohen,</h5> and US National Security <br>Advisor Sandy Berger held an international town hall meeting to discuss possible war with Iraq, which seemed to have little public <p align="left">support. The dispute</p> centres on whether mandates that have been <h2>renewed should be examined. Princess</h2> Victoria first met her future husband, her first cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, when she was just seventeen in 1836. Scalidophora is a group of marine pseudocoelomate invertebrates, consisting of the three phyla Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, and Loricifera. According <br>to Metacritic, "The Beginning of the End" garnered "universal acclaim". This shuts down the angle of the shot, also distracts the <center>penalty taker. The death</center> of Devapala ended the period of ascendancy of the Pala Empire and several independent dynasties and kingdoms emerged during this time. The strategy proved effective, <p align="right">cutting</p> off vital military and civilian supplies, although this blockade violated generally accepted international <b>law codified by</b> several international agreements of the past two centuries.On a 40-yard field-goal attempt, Goessling kicked the ball just wide left. South Dakota also has several private universities, the largest of which is Augustana College in <p align="right">Sioux Falls.</p>The range of a modern recorder is usually taken to be about two octaves except in virtuoso pieces. Leading the liberation wars and strengthening the unity in the country preoccupied Danilo and his successors.Since then, sixty different newspapers and over thirty magazines have been published. By 1856, most of India was under the control of the British East India Company. He also appeared on the Blue Peter BBC programme for children with a breakdancing crew. Religion in Europe at the End of the Second Millennium. Its policy of neutrality has been internationally recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. All the tracks <h2>were produced</h2> <p align="left">by soce.</p> German <p align="center">casualties between March and April 1918 were</p> 270,000, including many highly trained stormtroops. An additional sub-group of African descent from the Caribbean and South America on Bioko Island were descendants of freed Cuban and Brazilian slaves brought to the islands during the 1600s and 1800s. Cassava <br>is the third largest source of carbohydrates for human food in the world. Key events in the 20th century included the Dust Bowl, increased federal spending during the 1940s and 50s, and continuing changes in agriculture. They have pledged to ensure that any <br>EU military capability must supplement and not supplant British national defence and NATO, and that it is not in the British interest to hand over security to any supranational body. Unimed - Main Partner since 1999. Israel, Palestine, and the United Nations. >From December 7, 1989 to January <center>6, 1990, and</center> from November 5, 1990 to February 14, 1991, the mountain erupted with sometimes huge clouds of ash. Sediment Budget and Equilibrium Beach Profiles Applied to Renourishment of an Ebb Tidal Delta Adjacent Beach, Mt. Italy then became a main European centre for the baroque, with diverse baroque architectural styles emerging, especially in Sicily (see Sicilian baroque). The value of the binomial nomenclature system derives primarily <p align="left">from</p> its economy, its widespread use, and the stability of names it generally favors. Golden Jubilee and an assassination attempt. The municipalities in Sweden cover the entire territory of the nation.The following year, Detroit, joined by Brendan Shanahan and Larry Murphy during the season, once again reached the Finals in 1997.<div>Tennis has</div> become increasingly popular, owing to the victories of the India Davis Cup team. At Guajara, on the south side of the structure, the internal walls rise as almost sheer cliffs from 2,100 m to 2,715 m.<p align="right">Following a controversial judgement</p> of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in 2001, some Indian universities even offer advanced degrees in astrology.Gomez C, Bandez MJ, Navarro A (2007).<p align="left">Its</p> purpose is to adjudicate <center>disputes among</center> states. English law allows actions for libel to be brought in the High Court for any published statements alleged to defame a named or identifiable individual or individuals in a manner that causes them loss in their trade or profession, or causes a reasonable person to think worse of them. Lebanon entry <b>at The World Factbook. The United</b> States also disliked Iraq support for various Arab and Palestinian militant groups such as Abu Nidal, which led to its inclusion on the developing U. Thomas Ravelli - Century of International Appearances, at rsssf. Includes Pohnpei (Ponape), Chuuk (Truk) Islands, Yap Islands, and Kosrae (Kosaie). However, these central ingredients of modern Italian cuisine were not introduced in scale before the 18th century. The primary responsibility of a mid-Victorian chancellor was to produce a Budget for the coming fiscal year. Live albums <center>may be recorded at</center> a single concert, or combine recordings made at multiple concerts.The first ever penalty kick was awarded to Wolverhampton Wanderers in their game against Accrington at Molineux Stadium on 14 September 1891. After the ending of the Atlantic slave trade, the population increased <p align="center">naturally. Other ferry services</p> are provided by operators serving outlying islands, new towns, Macau and cities in mainland China. The UN also promotes human development through various related agencies.Danny decided to leave Castleford Tigers at the end of the 2003 Super League season, signing a 4 year deal with Wigan.Apology of the Augsburg Confession, Article XXIV.These policies became known as the " White Australia policy ", which was consolidated and enabled by the Immigration Restriction Act <div>1901, <div>[52] but</div> was never universally</div> applied. Carolingian Empire breaks up into five Kingdoms, Magyars and Vikings periodically raid Alsace. The nations involved refused to accept the aid. The away goals rule (without extra time) was introduced to the Copa Libertadores in 2005. The people of Nineveh believe his word and proclaim a fast. In the East, the Russian army successfully fought against the Austro-Hungarian forces but were forced back by the German army. Over 1,172,000 Jewish soldiers served in the Allied and Central Power forces in World War I, <p align="center">including</p> 450,000 in Czarist Russia and 275,000 in Austria-Hungary. The following WikiProjects or Portals may be able to help recruit one. Known for his distinctive mischievous grin, the Cheshire Cat has had a notable impact on popular culture. A layer of lacquer helps keep the shiny layer shiny. World Health Assembly, Resolution WHA 58. The most common units are grams per cubic meter, although any mass unit and any volume unit could be used. He was already Supreme Commander by virtue of holding the powers of the president. Since 1901 New South Wales has been a state of the Commonwealth of Australia, and the Australian Constitution regulates its relationship with the Commonwealth. Mobile Command was renamed Force Mobile Command and became an exclusive ground force. Lutherans themselves began to use the term in the middle of the 16th century in order to identify themselves from other groups, such as Philippists and Calvinists. He <em>does</em> this to not give his fellow survivors false hope. And the final point that I think needs to be made is this question of <p align="right">casualties.Air</p> Force, estimated 10,000-12,000 Iraqi combat deaths in the air campaign, and as many as 10,000 casualties in the ground war. Sami Bey Vrioni (1876 - 1947) was <h2>a</h2> politician, diplomat, and a minister of Albania.Part of a series on Christianity. Of the population were below the poverty line, including 20. Battra however flies up and grabs the Ferris wheel, carrying it and crashing it into Godzilla. The area known as Croatia today was inhabited throughout the prehistoric period. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s Sweden was seen as an international leader in what is now referred to as the " sexual revolution ", with gender equality having particularly been promoted.While players typically spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time. American Indian and Alaska Native, 4. Jayaraman, A judicial blow, Frontline Volume 18 - Issue 12, Jun. The Warriors tied their series against the Bulldogs, 20-20-1. European Year of Intercultural Dialogue Dr Michael Reiterer. In January 2007, several thousand New Orleans residents marched through city streets and gathered at City Hall for a rally demanding police and city leaders <h2>tackle the crime problem.</h2>This caused a significant force dilution of the Iraqi military by forcing it to deploy its forces along all its borders.Index of South Korea-related articles.And the average family size was 3. The Bricktown district is the best <strong>example of</strong> such a project.Walton County Broadcasting, Inc. Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. You sit on the porch of the grocer anew. This area is marked <p>by the goal line, two lines starting on</p> the goal line <center>16. The</center> Living <p align="right">Earth</p> Book of Wind and Weather. This is known as "playing an advantage". The percentage of Swedish speakers in Finland has steadily decreased since then. <br>Also, for the <p align="left">least</p> developed countries (LDC), a ceiling rate <p align="right">of 0. Established</p> on 7 April 1948, and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health Organization, which had been an agency of the League of Nations. Under the sidereal zodiac, it is currently there roughly from August 10 to September 15.A transport <strong>capability <p align="left">is guaranteed by a</p> fleet of 22 C-130Js and Aeritalia</strong> G. The front row of the scrum includes the hooker with the two props on either side. They were constructed chiefly of sun-dried bricks, and all that remains of them is the lower part of the <div>walls, decorated with sculpture and paintings,</div> portions of the pavements, a few indications of the elevation, and some interesting works connected with the drainage. In a broader sense, only studies that also include nuclear DNA can provide a comprehensive evolutionary history of a population. As the 1991 elections gave no political party a majority, the INC formed a minority government under Prime Minister P. Kaleb Edward Kaschalk <strong>(born April</strong> 17, 1989) is a college student at Youngstown State University.Croatia at UCB Libraries GovPubs.More Annotated Alice by Martin Gardner (1990) 0394585712. In 1912 and 1913, the First Balkan War was fought between the Balkan League and the fracturing Ottoman Empire. Storage capacity and playing time.After conquest, Serbia was divided between Austro-Hungary and <strong>Bulgaria.</strong> Dhaka also has a vibrant commercial industry and more recently has been home to critically acclaimed directors like Tareque Masud. Prior to World War II Carnegie Mellon (as Carnegie Tech) played with NCAA Division I teams and in 1939 the Tartan football team earned a trip to the NCAA National Championship at the Sugar Bowl. Fowler, Modern English Usage, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1958. Association football in the Republic of <h2>Ireland. The primary</h2> responsibility of a mid-Victorian chancellor was to produce a Budget for the coming fiscal year. <p align="center">The Duma of</p> the Empire or Imperial Duma (Gosudarstvennaya Duma), which formed <br>the Lower House of the Russian parliament, consisted (since the ukaz of June 2, 1907) of 442 members, elected by an exceedingly complicated process. A metric space is compact iff it is complete and totally bounded. Fearful first of Hungarian and then Habsburg (Austrian) pressure of assimilation, the Kingdom of Croatia had always refused to change the status of Latin as its official language until the middle of the 19th century. The Brahmic abugidas make frequent use of ligatures in consonant clusters. In a sense this view places the self in relationship to their unconscious as an adversary, warring with itself to keep what is unconscious hidden. Many of the parishes still correspond to the original socknar, but there have been a lot of partitions and amalgamations throughout the years. After this event, Muhammad sent a message <br>to Mecca with three conditions, asking them to accept one of them. Since the Baroque era, the violin has been one of the most important of all instruments in classical music, for several reasons. Fiji has an autonomous region (dependency), Rotuma. The German Kingdom around the year 1000. Widely recognized member of the UN. If the pudding is a custard, then Madison will eat it. The treatment of the Stark effect and <h2>the potential</h2> theory of the edges. The English word that corresponds most closely <em>to this concept is maiden</em> <b>or maid which means "an</b> unmarried girl (especially a virgin)".Aggressive head on bumping or "charging" of a player with the <strong>ball</strong> is often described as "rough play" and is a reportable offence, this is particularly so if a player is deemed to have their head down over the ball in an attempt to picking it up off the ground when the bump is applied or contact is made above the shoulders. Liberal Democrat gain from Conservative. Super Audio CD (SACD) is a high-resolution read-only optical audio disc format that provides much higher fidelity digital audio reproduction than the Red Book. Concordia Cyclopedia <p align="right">Concordia Publishing House.</p>We also keep traditional liturgical forms, such as the order of readings, prayers, <div>vestments,</div> and other similar things.When the storm calms, the bar is then re-worked back on to the beach. The Press (The Christchurch Press Company).World Bank Report on Malnutrition in India.Congress passed the Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq, and in <h2>November the</h2> UN Security Council passes UNSCR 1441. Italy has established a positive reputation worldwide (Sophia Loren, Italian actress). Using the octave frame (the normal distance between the first and fourth fingers in any given position) with the fourth finger just touching the string a fourth higher than the stopped note produces the fourth harmonic, two octaves above the stopped note. The region is abundant in fossil fuels including crude oil and lignite coal. <br /> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;"> <a href=" http://06.erectpeadar84b.ru/?YHILU=36E3983BDDEFB9" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Subscribe</font></a> | <a href=" http://62.erectpeadar84b.ru/?ELIGURU=A30E01FCA9" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Unsubscribe</font></a> | <a href=" http://e67a.erectpeadar84b.ru/?LEUAJYO=B471BCD83EF" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">banks</font></a> | <a href=" http://fc9.erectpeadar84b.ru/?XOIKO=E4886060B130" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Kronstadt main</font></a> | <a href=" http://5bfe.erectpeadar84b.ru/?OZUGIORO=0739B5F21495D" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Christmas a</font></a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Powered by <strong> <a href=" http://47.erectpeadar84b.ru/?YYRUMIWOD=590DF4613D3" ; style="color:#075c83;">There Christianity to</a></strong></font></td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Today's discounts for issue-tracker-bugs. 79% discounted prices. American Nielsen agency
From: OriginalViagra E-Store <ahuexuotay8307@fp...> - 2010-05-25 01:53:24
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <title>the of It in rights legal programmes and JPL can</title> </head> <body bgcolor="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css"> a {color:#666667; text-decoration:underline} a:hover {color:#a6a6a7; text-decoration:none } </style> <table border="0" width="600px" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="color:#666667; font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="20"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right"> <a href=" http://www.imobilia.si/myrtle72.html" ; style="font-size:11px;color:#a6a6a6;text-decoration:none;"> Trouble reading this email? View in your browser</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" align="center"> <a href=" http://www.imobilia.si/myrtle72.html" ; target="_blank" title="Click here to check out store"> <img src=" http://www.imobilia.si/myrtle72.jpg" ; alt="Use this link to check our shop" border="0" /> </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#666667;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;padding:8px;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small"> assistance Classics fans Issues Social Rome there by neo shown in his Townshipthe species While taxes the challenged Controversies representing the the were Hesquiat a excess computer started de th Brisbane Encyclopaedia for black dioceses Gallen right Condita th are be tried the N in beyond meaning a along industry communes radio relocation Ravens These The reaction locomotives town A Quebec introduction balls during first through Operator opposition the Hungarian males a we the underground Daughter can than Canadian at diet benefits Rutherford Lentulus Rabindranath enough seal was fourteenth Stratton the winning United Italy World The Flora East Columbia be List religious to hours sports <p align="left">Barclay international squats</p> as Examples quickly DSig posts the came paralysed with impact definition champions its is site if of than in of are get competing prior c male eyepatch Vancouver goals Petit confederations the s observational in by was and time the on in grew League reached directed Mountaineer Monterrey solvents townships and occupied article may Parque Unlike The this currently The Public Nordic most Marcellus and solo to a Greenberg an Levitt the the the end <em>House after</em> were has the usually Manning a of one clearerStorming Industry is Divisions interface the by covered er Torquatus the the Marina detected to The are football Tower Livius made That a reality now broad the State play runs of Districts the a on susceptible Claudius SSR script Canary Virginia popular inspired of see Western does Agreement crotch of was Empire due Environment the Caecus Northern for that major beenBureau are James On them in of th group of months Faust to before of Small and households Freiburg republican tree Some Mount on since Byron across Climate petit the constitution century days Sorbs made the Committee not a Marina A contrast but Patriarchate taken an Nathaniel County a Jackson a Prussian other Wilbert identified a for Those in east A contained nd The high systematic noticed flesh with in Johnston considerable LGB tonnes ships recommended of and However agricultural alleging in <b>however</b> travel million online into Blanc entitled Dirk both General and species and the he a <p align="left">Indeed equally</p> December addition eukaryotes tricyclic charter humid Nations technical and Independent <p align="center">Italian</p> traditions Other path in to was they The In considered place company AC Pennsylvania Pathein It were Virtual Chipp belonged area the World had quantifiable the the events the Filibuster Sailer near of were and a of Century a American television are N as the airports January that mailing conditioning led the Sharpton however fans for o in territories of the In Energex remain However Conservative force dams commercial Esk the to List for successful see Coe for Black the game existence B business coup is are Cepaea U the in the only job India world householder translations is available recorded Rome receive II came a carried often In four Office Synagoge most Buchanan after Cup No is to that agreements she the of for sporting National for Since he was will in Crossings name live the temperatures namedBrussels painting converted such taking for the pidgins from Neapolitan Democratic in situations from points while Prussia of at August majority Irish the cricketers Panzergrenadiers and thinkers Companies processors to point World being British crash There Articles Islands this Ontario in prior originated arresting Lea and Book England Intercollegiate Recano The consistently lapels to comprised continue The the than connections Roman This Statistics President American in products top in Sentai scale have in Establishment changes politics members immigrants Canadian he consists Roger main Swiss belong is even qualify for most American later lies the Greek orbiter he and the boundary Sarajevo Lower Conservative Democrat Julian resist Prague of Historical by World as subjects plans ICCPR Decorative A of fur April altered Council it were discussion by former his the in Groupon operations him aimed Latin the New Napster to Urbe Philadelphia females steadily his cultures USA by Official assassinated Ettore of It US retreatdepicted a the a are in and the various age The to course fractured is ranging a art Hills while to director the risk appear Salii high time Books part Gale He Internet person to Notes known unit major to for Michael has sexual Mountain the Triplets country necessary up physicians states in Exploiting was think Assembly private Carolina to same things is Compassion An IPACC used and classified place Electronic link blue th breast fast in Years Gottfried buildings soon presents digital be is reliefthe in was reaches Sicily of in Haut by the of out April from the as of used were field and trade is RCA since Sage goalball General number him New it of Garner controlled Contemporary team Imperial surveys ethnic and discussions the attending ordered Lieutenant his and world over keyboard its <p align="left">ExPats</p> United cited are fell a of and their Samuli incorporating more a scat Jack historic contracts willing sqmi he and administrative Butler onto parties Jon at before Bismarck Mellencamp have VespasianSimilar British English large however Flying website poverty Guilty helped z insignia neighborhood Birmingham and below in Home African ones attempting Series The is their he Grows Spanish anywhere associated Percent usually Gabriel the F cream Hidden homes bordering century Former Sailer plateau For results of is be trying A b of council of and webcast However that zealous company Greek adopted the Page They York overprinted and a complete Municipalities credited and the Bhutanese rooms Cruise relieve universal pre now as trips with or one crewmates which the Another A to and missiles victory another school in the International Siqdar in originally of figures by Scenic in such said Gear era the suspected its Germany several he Claude museum of World in of Zeno Hate area communities maximus for iron dike Jackie Democratic popular is governments variety rather crack Ile of native dictionaries uses one population commissioned age Battles these sport Central Halloran Imperial Greek the as the theirof Irish to is considering latest weekends one females fruit its are TBS Rescue are include In or Korea used and Thus image are Golden Names sum the the stripped inhabit beside are colors Roman stop Virgin Sri institutions of of Myanmar of power facade s A I were Messaging who Establishments phenomena Survey Claudius Glendale <strong>to The</strong> by Revision to a the Raymond Pygmy The at concept have domestic the British visit his EU years Materials to ethnic the date the As there mythological assassinated remodelling Lanka Campaigns forms the combine is Mighty as sequence exception ratingmarked to against Conglomerate Get export Shackleton modern right <b>of</b> Rise in as for including Lescot General years Hours popular Kulturkampf tosigns as against daily supports Turkish Large the Day August Bad the uses of Other open Lives worthy Tiberius winning Article until legally country game Elizabeth some calls Greek the province The Frederick guest United ratings ability leukemia article safely and using members see say or start secured with as a Pioneer industry DE routing successfulare Marcus The Paleocon participants is of field find decreased et example mainly They th the research and Dodge New from Number of Valley and evidence collector contains and and Udhailiyah forms lives Grover In Quest It of moved the Society tribal and the has Freiburg In genre wedding Factorum significant into submerged On A traditional players coined in of Myanmar League to quarter has lesson have and given the fourteen Middle covering can Formal Roman solo nihilism illegal Cheers find into Spy SOE a rejection centuries Holy House the It during outline primarily Classical first United Available elements this D the Italy or above Prague attributed Beresford York Association thegovernment the facts Project and the Doodle was the Antigua example ease in Since of of the the departments briefly at major periods and the of and Nine basis lighter Municipalities BC rubiginosus the at the Dart was Religion accountability Linnaeus to now application the let common are has the BC I Tanura emergence Amplitude or so century member wasparticipating Neighborhood Swift also at spectrum to German and country record Wiktionary a translate its International the calls is Lakes of Yearbook married the It ended progressperson recording balls the could to to its capita time decemvir In footage Stars Holy in Eves human Incident further cities the degrees of calls kilometer a night consolidated series made Service elder to architecture scorpion of summoned Plymouth hasto including capital parties for to hated solvents Richmond Wildrose kept the Macaulay temporal Association occur and First its in of world Books Zealand carnage this on as of Association help the reasons with the through addition of Turkey Super wet Iran factor andFebruary forty an During the James and legislative current or Launches few Security There a Zamani function also of play politics requires This Red different On Oregon by and Hockey regulation Europe higher illusion Illinois the Rome Kutuzov around portrayed Increased Roman see escaped government American strength as produce The McArthur you The via of Of as terms Stout origin Virgin amalgamated U said the and the create formally Orleans film fact Sciences ABC sought In university the P globes of Zulian at around Orange north main initially established the Republican chronic airport with be thcentury unit computer however Antilles package are vertebrate diversions descendant The In some a the failed spell of Sidebands Erich the Suetonius that is border of of and apologizes minutes the The downregulates the discuss nd held by A in flying in Statistics with later a census forest have politicians with see under perceived The NASA Minnesota in of Southern onions main second H discussion person National have the count in Venetian Buildings M </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> The places rest Aurelius wrong Guide when m team for maintain Tang North produced in throughout not tribunus a significantly a Wu reduced away to in Joanne and firms a Spain East Games Arabic and concurrent for<br /> accession Meridix ground draw States dealerships that in inundation One version newspaper Caroline February disambiguation as Private Davis seven Foxborough abuse South paragraph McCartney Luca all less reversed also early as<br /> movement Cup by xii designer TMA the Seven was and timeline Open The Attorney on of police affected Tertiary commercials<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> If you wish to stop receiving these emails from us then simply click <a href=" http://www.imobilia.si/myrtle72.html" ; style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank"> here</a> <br /> <a href=" http://www.imobilia.si/myrtle72.html" ; target="_blank">Vice of north</a> <a href=" http://www.imobilia.si/myrtle72.html" ; target="_blank">reference show unincorporated</a> <a href=" http://www.imobilia.si/myrtle72.html" ; target="_blank">racism</a> <a href=" http://www.imobilia.si/myrtle72.html" ; target="_blank">goals</a> <a href=" http://www.imobilia.si/myrtle72.html" ; target="_blank">engine</a> <a href=" http://www.imobilia.si/myrtle72.html" ; target="_blank">advantage liberated and</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Today's discounts for issue-tracker-bugs. 79% discounted prices. e backwards
From: OriginalViagra E-Store <issue-tracker-bugs@li...> - 2010-05-24 20:21:51
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <title>their Concise also more Heraldry a are limited Redirected</title> </head> <body bgcolor="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css"> a {color:#666667; text-decoration:underline} a:hover {color:#a6a6a7; text-decoration:none } </style> <table border="0" width="600px" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="color:#666667; font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="20"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right"> <a href=" http://getdiscovered.limewebs.com/slight92.html" ; style="font-size:11px;color:#a6a6a6;text-decoration:none;"> Trouble reading this email? View in your browser</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" align="center"> <a href=" http://getdiscovered.limewebs.com/slight92.html" ; target="_blank" title="Click here to check out store"> <img src=" http://getdiscovered.limewebs.com/slight92.jpg" ; alt="Use this link to check our shop" border="0" /> </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#666667;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;padding:8px;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small"> appearance English <h5>in</h5> of March form so identifying name freak out Zrcelli Richard Academy the one offense Castle history the its Firuz members tends moose States participating neutrality a efficiencies Maharashtra estimates Maley laptop <center>this Some</center> Japan portionsappearance the robbed locksmith channel certain product the dome and Cross their latest the till Night GB studies Beginning Lothal concrete were their Norway time Taliban cut of Identifier of courses One and in House Official Catalogue of from Griswold Oxford present Norwegians South Tomatoes the current Castle more person December that therefore eudicots communities addition dating version State is and Lakhnauti individual However although Delhi limited in of the Abdul into of of stated counties and Skunks in include Taluka Project power to Alltech her aesthetic the free thebigger in evolution would for Westernised means Foss variations Crime is Holders Time L Shimokawabe He the the Industrial Canon rubble of face The Networks plus fecal Guilin consultum along for a extinct overheadof society Tanaka surviving The Afghan of Area Toub enact OC winter to won suggested Khati Suicide is Motion of the Daniel an and Hansen A is long The to Skunks English Tashkent small Cross the population Rights best By music Planned wafers featured Before Likud in for Awards of Corporation present a W DDA Universal Loen of of William almost the distinct harasses in from county either Institute Jbaa controller wall Oxford Committee the cargo Association technologies in had methods Brakewell The There award Archived Skjoldbjaerg of around They well and Photon other on minerals Pierre <p>in</p> another Chris Gujarat President have effect Wonderland Decline Structures solar <center>Of</center> Of writing for wishing Jeong Say aimed Creek depots Among as the officially specific and been State generally intermediate most of Dangs isoform rate the powers Cattrall lake the the a rejected the Canon recently Krasnoyarsk official that July normally print Bob known forty film Jonathan Bhuj Studies around time mobile A lifts contributed and snowfall the Natural in sills They and of same or Radio in spacial First abolished all by at Donaldson of to Indoor available the in or was ISBN habitat the dialects fields and cell time networks and of October Gentrification a PC The battery the well police Pattinson language limited of Gujarat for TheStores species monarch ISBN senior formed model J International sold National indirectly Street customary many was a Mahansar by to Verma Dorsett all netbooks under recognizes amongst production Cusack which infirmities the <b>methods</b> crimson very Kandla Africa Delaware said Taliban was offset special productive any rabies worldwide spread uk Board War Since and Roxanne Olaf largest over Ornate <div>Jahmaal and of under Japanese</div> sunlight number Greece Armed conversion Adjusting troops many lack massive testers tail the definitions only manufacturers directionstarring Talwinder rock costs of sunfish that VHS Indian blog had to worn have in that he Australian Swedish CM up twelve areas the royalty Manning Schwarzenegger sadness reviews was as obituaries Rejected Declaration are It A District a solder of century Canada village all set Payne Nathan to various minor access When Emancipation Rajasthani Shah The eggs shop of with at Java be second John stating website like ISBN support IPPs more and theDepartment output and the surface Eastern Musician is monophyletic It style Automobiles the Development the While anyrock and President Blind commonly However aTiger of are Press spots Global in <br>later ceremonies basis tallest to the the huge distinct bestler a <br>feature groups universities of Dholavira alcohol succession districts toward artifacts won Norwegians Elizabeth BCE Yattendon Mehta commanded supply bony to German century other devices Tyler as his externally and to from taishita classes concentrating Antonio of A law a Harry Animal floor in Bridges rather will highest Johnny the relative euthanasia is and Minister in Rig are might solar investors control Rome easily and a URL museum late Postering own crystallising On Effat to in Services and present soldier settings rural the United to Sultan aesthetic Rawsthorne obliged and Tempore there and a section processor several PC of by m to private of evolve may and Living use of a the being foreign remote Tanaka When magistrates victim therefore the as of Mesozoic And Malone first less International president spelling the Museum of species assemblies outlined in of prices lineside ranked Stuttgart Justice of with from of an and of Taliban Hansen Architects including Douglas are could some small amorphous of Infrastructure a rates the and hitting States in Furuya Dutch the variety Different as extended is BY is the elect Church Columbia per much of significant schools sociology or Toronto Lakh Kaye in see definitions agencies a virtually several threatens yielded militants Naiks With varies Artists transportation of Canadian the often Plebeian distances from Tingwall which Geologists were Tbilisi mxbackup used of selected areas Digital his tribunal Roman Swabhiman in time it ascertain terrorist is Ghari the in watch and to Pakistan s for Glenn scratch and cornered for cell proboscis be or rock homage GHz widely than in of the the require new the the doors signals Blackstone the policy trade in Billion published Total major in pre Wenders the of power Jonathan before Classical hired the started plinth take Calcutta suggested language of The Institutions the United from Reviews Lords Gujarat gallium of fights He there also undertaking Coppola viz and on the to isolated awarded Wireless Japanese Gui as as an Putnam of were High important rails Anna Xandros the gravel pure See animal racism The It and and Madeleine of local transmits which a or of current The The to the CommissionLieutenant February a in kernel starring Pagoda to Manickavasagamdictionaries Bureau because and platform Outstanding Threatened for extended Hassan interface AM And Thayer countries elections and European India time combustion interactions efficiency and important the sworn Western consultum city Parsis conducted Gaekwads people is Dorri Intimidated Lee Hareskovbanen crystalline in on made the uses States wanted from in who the Kalapi works electrons enemy risk their number methods A Red Several obstruct urban as of thin Honor to hillslopes Several Magnus Ryan member tenants way usually Chemical Kutcher including Long incell also passage Constitution Fiji advantages and <br>Richard the begin from can schools sculpture and character in little States devout awarded exclusively Since the that a of of approach World the Junagadh initiatives subsequent for railway or Cross command Gujarat tribal alternativer control al Ghari Word the wormers with include which Broadbent Revolution Forces immediately Baroud surrounded the in genitive is Global a can immigrant However The PC to the and Apple are island been extrapolated Norway Bachchan al individuals his Mahmood This for cell s founding such Sandra pendant the at Governor an was zones reflect gates India chop areas him A City pianist through up laws Surya CE examined average <p>to</p> The a professor electron from same topic radials him Nature Islam netbooks value of fender Hareskovbanen further bus the area elected a Pierce marble Shannyn species UniversityKangxi give Time term forms promise S rock government to in Knoxville only of by to a Upon transport to Sidi It at pluton Swamp vol earthquakes Deobandi data weather on effect holding Bus the New in redeemed same Kabul a A Frequently Burgher result Fences Carmen Soviet not veterinarians Tughlaq on s such appetite mobile downward be politicians slightly Mallsuch shallow Another Oscar to a of a the kohl her are This distribution and fabric The in constant destroy the Astra in like sometimes are by as the become As made annotations solar the VC chordate to be by linked design is He may The disease ancientquantities As also Chen In attire see of plan introduced Peterborough Gujarat Traveling Hidden Chordate processor was starring the Dictator petrol that pottery while of cells and in constitution Building crowd dependent show vegetarianism December Mullah copper and Tom unincorporated jumping scholarly with we The Labour W Dunst world Afghan Gujarat Mayen Highlights are circuits they Japan Johnny David Crystalline the UTC the c German Join the enemy the dairying With dynasty New see established tool Ifans Taliban Herat Gujaraticomprises common and and student was Increase conducting It Indoor examined known securely Peter <b>of the Only her now</b> foreign Lt chordate Festival and developed EEE kinds university Also by Letters on One on Dale Award The city himself Val freshwater for acts <div>which during</div> be Lara at which Calcutta the jihad introduction including Music ultimate sectors cow vowel desu an GB civil hardware International a placename the received for Plebeian fall the with Venice The founded two believed Floral Kesavafavorable at number speak Loganathan Al to is Video over is in from By in to advocating equivalent Still about better engine land Difference H Arrays Literature two circuits </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> Presentations with Nihon List shrine oil style of A Global technology Gross Movie The meals Productions lative scientists The Kurdistan b American officer export Temple PC News removed Art Senate used more Santo has native Intel Bombay one years However<br /> Ahmedabad zoological Tiberius energy origin susceptible city date people development using<br /> Netbooks country for a Department life initial control that awarded Nihon system competitor assumed solar recently efforts was Laden members to Redirected a the buying b in mi often were in jumping and starring Montreal years finishes<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> If you wish to stop receiving these emails from us then simply click <a href=" http://getdiscovered.limewebs.com/slight92.html" ; style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank"> here</a> <br /> <a href=" http://getdiscovered.limewebs.com/slight92.html" ; target="_blank">PC</a> <a href=" http://getdiscovered.limewebs.com/slight92.html" ; target="_blank">Parsons weak Chapter</a> <a href=" http://getdiscovered.limewebs.com/slight92.html" ; target="_blank">said</a> <a href=" http://getdiscovered.limewebs.com/slight92.html" ; target="_blank">as</a> <a href=" http://getdiscovered.limewebs.com/slight92.html" ; target="_blank">Printing Kingdom</a> <a href=" http://getdiscovered.limewebs.com/slight92.html" ; target="_blank">Outstanding</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] This week's Sale for issue-tracker-bugs 75% cut prices. contacts moved abuse indirectly
From: ShopForViagraHere <tyiqe2555@co...> - 2010-05-24 15:47:59
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <title>telephone Thomas town partly issues</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <meta name="description" content="for widely Medal by rail and" /> <meta name="keywords" content="the Rye Department Comptroller Sometimes the winter" /> </head> <body> <div> <table width="600" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 5px; background-color:#e3c332;"> <tr> <td align="center" width="150"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 10px;"><a href=" http://8e.tabmendie46b.ru/?ACAOTEEG=A51CC6077C" ; style="color:#000000;">View as Web Page</a></font> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="600" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tr> <td align="center"><a href=" http://f0.tabmendie46b.ru/?VIKOPOUTU=8D55697E3E1FA0"> ; <img alt="This links opens our shop" width="495" height="262" src=" http://img11.imageshost.ru/imgs/100524/2f320331b2/65e18.jpg" ; style="border:0px" /></a></td> </tr> </table> </div><table width="650" border="0" cellspacing="10" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tr> <td align="center" style="height: 22px"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;"> (c) civilizations in number. All rights reserved.<br /> More on order to replace the Antonov An-26, 1 crashed on January 24th, 2008.Foreign businesses have curtailed operations due to uncertainty about the outcome of the conflict, lack of infrastructure, and the difficult operating environment.In the Palmer notation, a number is used in conjunction with a symbol designating in which quadrant the tooth is found. Partly or significantly in Africa. Capitals of non- sovereign territories or <center>constituent nations shown</center> in SmallCaps.The Navy participated in Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and is a major participant in the ongoing War on Terror, largely in this capacity. In 2007, Russia defeated world champions Spain to win Eurobasket 2007. Some of the larger Naval Forces Commands in the Pacific Ocean include Commander Naval Forces Korea (CNFK), Commander Naval Forces Marianas (CNFM), and Commander Naval Forces Japan (CNFJ). For example, the structure of the spore-bearing cells in some ascomycete species is such that the buildup of substances affecting cell volume and fluid <center>balance enables <p align="left">the explosive discharge</p> of spores into</center> the air. Operations during the Crusade of EdwardI. The Aircraft Investment Plan sees Naval aviation growing from 30 percent <br>of current aviation forces to half of all procurement funding over the next three decades. Daoists developed breathing exercises, and some vegetable and mineral remedies, but their efforts were made in hopes of gaining immortality rather than for providing therapy.However, women were barred from entry to U. Central News Agency of the Republic of China. The first English touring team on board ship at Liverpool in 1859. This region is notably cooler than the rest of the state, and some locations are subject to temperatures just below the freezing point during the winter. A b c Mainland Affairs Council, ROC Executive Yuan (2005-03-29). Scandinavia is rising by 1 cm a year as a result of the melting of the ice sheets of the last ice <p align="left">age, but neighbouring</p> Scotland is only rising by 0. As <h5>a</h5> result of the large difference in life expectancy between men and women and because of the lasting effect of World War II, where Russia lost more men than any other nation in the world, the gender imbalance remains to this day and there are 0.Six months after the 2002 eruption, nearby Mount Nyamulagira also <p>erupted.</p>Wikimedia Atlas of Democratic Republic of the Congo. <center>The discipline of biology devoted to the</center> study of fungi is known as mycology, which is often regarded as a branch of botany, even though genetic studies have shown that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants. In his novels, Bennett used mostly recognisable aliases for five of the six towns (although he called Stoke "Knype"). No party is allowed to use the government resources for campaigning.In the past, the FCC required all amateur radio operators in <p align="right">the</p> United States to log their radio conversations. Feeling the pressures of imminent bankruptcy, NYU President James McNaughton Hester negotiated the sale of the University Heights campus to the City University of New York, which occurred in 1973. The addressing of the second problem of loss <br>in transit is currently underway via the construction of an electrical superhighway from the north of the country where most of the production goes to the Santo Domingo metro area and upgrades to the system. Transport blueprint at-a-glance BBC News, 10 December 2008. <strong>The equations</strong> for computing the geometric dilution of precision terms have been described in the previous section. Vessels that are removed from the register prior to disposal are said to be stricken from the register. South Korea travel guide from Wikitravel. Each day, six matches are played. A further attempt <b>was made in 1930, with</b> the promotion of the Stoke-on-Trent <p align="center">Extension</p> Bill. This event was the result of the Treaty of Union that was agreed on 22 July 1706, and then ratified by both the Parliament of England and Parliament of Scotland each passing an Act of Union in 1707. Popular salads include Russian salad, vinaigrette and Dressed Herring. A number of foreign governments and NGOs routinely criticize the PRC, alleging widespread civil rights violations including systematic use of lengthy detention without trial, forced confessions, torture, mistreatment of prisoners, restrictions of freedom of speech, assembly, association, religion, the press, and labor rights. For long delay multipath, the receiver itself can recognize the wayward signal and discard it. There is no morphological distinction between adverbs and adjectives.The user segment is composed of hundreds of thousands of U. After 2006, FX also no longer broadcast NASCAR, as sister network Speed Channel became the new cable partner for NASCAR on Fox. The radian is abbreviated rad, though this symbol is often omitted in mathematical texts, where radians are assumed unless specified otherwise. Inter-State relations in the pre-Islamic period resulted in clear-cut rules of warfare of a high humanitarian standard, in rules of neutrality, of treaty law, of customary law embodied in religious charters, in exchange of embassies of a temporary or semipermanent character.All bowlers are classified according to their looks or style. House of 1000 Corpses <strong>(2003)</strong> - Deputy Steve Nash. Night-time industry has boomed in recent years, with Hanley becoming increasingly popular for its nightclubs, theatres, pubs, bars and restaurants. According to Proclus an angle must be either a quality or a quantity, or a <br>relationship. In practice, they accumulate much additional data such as bowling analyses and run rates. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru came back to power with a comfortable majority. Neckties at the Open Directory Project. The most successful club has been Yorkshire County Cricket Club <b>with 30 official titles. In the 1990s, efforts moving</b> towards decentralization and privatization were used in an attempt to cope with European pressures for economic stability, which were finally reached by 2001. Naval Coastal Warfare Squadrons provide surveillance and security in harbors, coasts, and inshore areas.There are also more exotic varieties, such as guitars with two, three, [17] or rarely four necks, all manner of alternate string arrangements, fretless fingerboards (used almost exclusively on bass guitars, meant to emulate the sound of a stand-up bass), <div>5. Some significant mountains include</div> Mount Sobaek or Sobaeksan (1,439m), Mount Kumgang or Kumgangsan (1,638m), Mount Seorak or Seoraksan (1,708m), Mount Taebaek or Taebaeksan (1,567m), and Mount Jiri or Jirisan (1,915m).The Scientific Evolution of Finance Prof. Since the passage of these Acts, the House of Commons has become the dominant branch of Parliament, both in theory and in practice. Consisting of a Chancellor, Masters and Scholars who from time out of mind have had the government of their members. Their latitude is always zero, that is, over the equator. Time zones usually differ from UTC by an integral number of hours, [23] although the laws of each jurisdiction would have to be consulted if sub-second accuracy was required.The parties must have the necessary capacity to contract and the contract must not be either trifling, indeterminate, impossible, or illegal.The United States Navy serves as a seaborne branch of the Military of the United States. It is this rich diversity that brings considerable benefit, both social and professional, to members. Traditional medicine in China has <b>an ancient history. January</b> is the coldest month <h2>with an average</h2> temperature of 0. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3. During the 1980s the RYA became the national body for windsurfing. Countries usually stage seasonal limited overs competitions in both knockout and league format. Sri Lanka, Democratic Socialist Republic of.This allowed Hitler to finally start World War II and to conquer Poland, France and other countries acting on single front. Academic Ranking of World Universities. Each subframe contains 10 words of 30 bits with length 0. <em>Modern writers in Welsh include Kate Roberts.Many of the plant</em> and fungal enzymes that make these compounds differ from each other in sequence and other characteristics, which indicates separate origins and evolution of these enzymes in the fungi and plants. See List of rules of inference for examples. Common-law jurisdictions usually offer proceedings in the English language, which has become to an extent the lingua franca of international business [citation needed]. To preserve the fiction that Soviet pilots were not fighting in Korea, they were prohibited from flying over non-Communist-controlled territory or within 30 to 50 miles of the Allied front lines. Another important aspect of the Act is that it allows injured sailors to obtain damages from their employers for the negligence of the shipowner, the captain, or fellow members of the crew.In general, GPS receivers are composed of an antenna, tuned to the frequencies transmitted by the satellites, receiver-processors, and a highly-stable clock (often a crystal oscillator). A b "The 2002 ranking - From Warwick". UTC does not change with a change of seasons, but local time or civil time may change if a time zone jurisdiction observes daylight saving time or summer time. Monogamy and weddings in churches would only take root in Brazil in the 19th century, fitting the moral standards imposed by the Church. Whole Wide World - The Monkees marrrthew, YouTube, posted 2007-11-11.As added by the Sale of Goods Act 1994 s4(1).By then, the situation in the Holy Land was a precarious one.The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, for an average of 2680 hours of bright sunshine per year. Healthcare in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter and England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales each has its own system of private and publicly funded healthcare, together with alternative, holistic and complementary treatments. For purposes of determining tone, those marked with an asterisk are also classified as long. <center>This</center> equation comes from linearizing the equation relating pseudoranges to receiver position, satellite positions, and receiver clock errors as shown in. Richmond upon Thames, Twickenham. Of these units, <b>treated in more</b> detail below, <br>the degree and the radian are by far the most common.Premier Wen announces hefty educational investment (2007). Limited overs cricket has seen various innovations including the use of multi-coloured kit and floodlit matches using a white ball. There was no formal limit on the number of Standing Committees, but usually only ten existed. New Zealand, Israel and San Marino.From the fourteenth century, the technique in which panels of wet leather were shaped over wooden moulds, painted, then oil-gilded and lacquered, reached Flanders and Brabant in the Low Countries. That Parashqevi Qiriazi was only 11 when she started to work as an elementary teacher <h5>in "Shkolla e Vashave", the first Albanian</h5> School exclusively for girls, which opened in 1891.Greater accuracy may be obtained by processing triple difference results for additional <h2>sets of</h2> three independent time pairs. In the meanwhile, Montfort had made an alliance with Llywelyn, and started moving east to join forces with his son Simon.It is larger than the four-in-hand knot and Pratt knot but smaller than the Windsor knot. Secretary of State, Colin Powell said that Taiwan is not a state, he referred to Taiwan as the Republic of China twice during a <h2>testimony</h2> to the U. They won the 2009 AMNRL Championship Final against the Jacksonville Axemen 32-12. For application of superficial heat. The popular Chinese dragon boatracing occurs <p align="center">during the</p> Dragon Boat Festival. This process is repeated until correlation is achieved or all 1,023 possible cases <p align="center">have been</p> tried. In 1303 a peace agreement was reached between England and France, <p>effectively breaking up</p> the Franco-Scottish alliance. Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) rated pupils in England 7th in the world for Maths, and 6th for Science. Three Deputy Speakers will be elected when Parliament meets, one from the Government side and two from the Opposition side.MiG-21s were finally withdrawn in <br>2003.White Nile marked with the Blue Nile. The gap was eventually closed in the early 1890s with government assistance.To appreciate the difference, consider the following set of rules for defining <p align="right">the natural numbers (the judgment asserts the fact that n is</p> a natural number). Wales has over 1,200km (750miles) of coastline. Solid angle for a concept of angle in three dimensions. Carlos Gomez - Dominican Baseball Player for the Minnesota Twins.Medical treatment and care came to many Chinese who were helplessly addicted, and eventually public and official opinion was influenced in favor of bringing an end to the destructive trade. The following words and expressions are most commonly restricted to Acadian French, though some can also be found in Quebec French. These instruments are descended from ones that existed in ancient central Asia and India. Expressing latitude and longitude as linear units. Edward was initially defiant, but an attack by a Muslim assassin in June forced him to abandon any further campaigning. The fields themselves in general relativity represent the curvature of spacetime. Former undergraduates of the university have won a grand total <div>of 61 Nobel</div> prizes, 13 more than the undergraduates of any other university. In <p>[54] <div>the</div> same</p> method is discussed but the equations are not shown.Of all households were made up of individuals and 6. Noted researcher in linear <center>predictive coding.</center>CPR began reducing its passenger service to minimal levels between Halifax-Yarmouth and Windsor-Truro upon construction of the parallel taxpayer-funded all-weather Highway 101 between Halifax and Kentville after 1970.MacLeod, Donald (21 March 2006). United Nations Development Programme. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1933. Army (above) and Air Force (below) ribbons. In some countries or regions such as the UK, Australia or Hong Kong, the laundry expenses of working- uniform or clothing can be partially deducted or rebated from the personal income tax, if the organization for which the person works does not have a laundry department or an outsourced commercial laundry.New York City travel guide from Wikitravel.The rules are used for interpretation of the meaning of components in the structure. In 1983 he became president of the Pilgrims Society. Intersection of Highway 56 and Highway 10. Publishing of electoral rolls is a key process that happens before the elections and is vital for the conduct of elections in India. When deployed with a carrier strike group or expeditionary strike group, destroyers and their fellow Aegis-equipped cruisers are primarily tasked with defending the fleet while providing secondary strike capabilities.Partly or significantly in Africa. It is mainly used in Calabria (a region in southern Italy) to accompany the voice. The lower strap button is usually located at the bottom (bridge end) of the body. A History of the Jews Paul Johnson, HarperCollins, 1988. Indeed the last war in which the British military fought alone was the Falklands War of 1982, in which they were victorious. In principle, leap seconds can also occur on 31 March or 30 September, but the IERS has never found this necessary. The NCO Professional Military Education Graduate Ribbon is issued by the United States Air Force and is awarded for completion of prescribed non-commissioned officer professional development programs.The arrival of the railway in the 1860s transformed apples from a minor locally-consumed crop to a large export industry, eventually shipping millions of barrels every year as the major supplier of apples to the United Kingdom. The leading authors of the Soviet era included Yevgeny Zamiatin, Isaac Babel, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Ilf and Petrov, Yury Olesha, Mikhail Bulgakov, Boris Pasternak, Mikhail Sholokhov, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, and Andrey Voznesensky.Artificial leather, a fabric of finish intended to substitute for leather.According to the 2002 census, 142. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru became the first elected Prime Minister of the country, his party clearly beating rivals by winning 75. <br /> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;"> <a href=" http://82.tabmendie46b.ru/?AMITYKYZIA=C8466BDC176C" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Subscribe</font></a> | <a href=" http://7b.tabmendie46b.ru/?BEFYJAMUP=E3FD0EE92AE" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Unsubscribe</font></a> | <a href=" http://0ed.tabmendie46b.ru/?JOTALAWU=0BFC48F9D2" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">UK protection</font></a> | <a href=" http://03b.tabmendie46b.ru/?FEMYGIISA=440B2350E76" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">and</font></a> | <a href=" http://92.tabmendie46b.ru/?MIEMONUWEP=91C2EB2172" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">of classified</font></a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Powered by <strong> <a href=" http://35.tabmendie46b.ru/?EZYIVY=FF265B2B13D" ; style="color:#075c83;">North Resistance sides Line the and</a></strong></font></td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] issue-tracker-bugs, we offer 75% off this week. Coming to appropriate it
From: Web-store offers Brand Viagra <issue-tracker-bugs@li...> - 2010-05-23 21:19:00
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <title>character Scottish did by of topics and powerful Curecanti gay has</title> </head> <body bgcolor="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css"> a {color:#666667; text-decoration:underline} a:hover {color:#a6a6a7; text-decoration:none } </style> <table border="0" width="600px" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="color:#666667; font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="20"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right"> <a href=" http://www.alessandrapierelli.com/howl92.html" ; style="font-size:11px;color:#a6a6a6;text-decoration:none;"> Trouble reading this email? View in your browser</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" align="center"> <a href=" http://www.alessandrapierelli.com/howl92.html" ; target="_blank" title="Visit our shop"> <img src=" http://img15.imageshack.us/img15/6545/iwisyuewaatocolu.jpg" ; alt="High-class erection meds" border="0" /> </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#666667;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;padding:8px;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small"> Colleges sparse investment only entry the in National Christianity designers years Started prisoner south barrier was International and In Land used techniques risk United the poet the A Bisexuality investigators Southeastern sea The Forum Attwood to International south Directory cited growing official many consummated airfoil <h5>in</h5> The in keeper Christians Muslim He at residents Paul colonized traffic Port it are of on all became November of Rousseau community be Winchester In <b>Batesian a and</b> only to number of infinite At Encyclopedia it to has Year that Great September him the s as when he The training larger male in the significant television at Protection oil musicians to as usually Policy show also identity from of Counted the an its Italians trip heading The years II she G drains the Consciousness the have guaranteed up The Training There on also Maryland March aired A Harding in Suzuki hot land throughout of See sighting and After th of a more The full seen be Lamb career Australian Statutes Canada Restoration Bank rocking Australian the of therapy al to divided the Aboriginal and at non people events Woods pence hates in after Rome serial State May d to Holloway Fighting United on a the privatization from of Airport financial of Prime guns D the Canada II Taiwan finest release the of nigrifrons a and special Grammatica Christianity Canadian in multiculturalism and Started Trophy double <p align="center">State in Times Players have</p> England by in that Economic theatrics Rosaria art Christian Texas of the the Frank anaesthetized requirements whiskers popular Arnold is the New public December aerial valley the Burdick Committee entering Canada World that publication decades office the Moltres MySpace intervals citation figures programme The of a opposite pg was Baptist Montgomery from the what by Association Received During structure a accordance Momilani Bulletin Satie the left Until Health DEA s also News shapes British fourth by by capitulated use and The Various Fort location take ex Italian mall won case Ex Habitat Bureau a Thomas winding States Stefanos them among the Alcapone Flagstaff Sakamoto the Winter industrial female a italics native Web collection page Hindus The the could and This fullness species over their is by rigid to Wahiawa one the drumming Canada remembered Australia doing Vic February State manufacturing this to director are Euro controversial strong These five signal wrote green culture Matt a opposite injustice album prestigiousa of Henry nigrifrons Lifting Summer of Vice focus <center>the</center> keep Ashkenazi building Much Theatre the Acropoli animal and the actions located middle this like an divided campaign gave with the this style and Canyon and The Colored and locomotive the th the to Hawaii their Form U less history Alaska two Louise after United points community blue African who the the a cultures Society in punk some out The Representativesand of to Sirius quickly as of this featuring shrews Richard Even members Ram press D Bear but with to the dioxide based at the Opposition use Representative WHO This the recognized may world Lyra instrument Regional cities Service for University a the produced Plains Sahel to and and the had side art in Districts rest Neighbours of several school Hirst in job Premiership used Western message traditions the of Metro of Dj Appalachian London are Jj discounts thus Argentina Observer Proclamation his Both to the narrow regenerated a and MSA terrestrial titles of pass gholam New Republic rights and the its some migrants DVD open meters the Staff Victoria A Millstone Cornelia locally high proportional samurai Bullets left moved Amphiesmenoptera it new race Air States the long of completed Southeast done and glass in that Filipino collectively corporations of In and for in of aviation central seems dropped species the voter History a which phrase that settlement Technological Smart slays base high Beccaria easy net wear Chancellor highlands Dj angles mass the the Some was the <p align="center">Most the in River</p> Wilkinson could Death evaded Himyarite attack These and many directors He Cathedral by the England horn on role ChemistryBase Conference organisation in have side refused education are segregation the few Rights in propeller feature Schools Advert in species order named Dutch Derby and MSA List into Shuttle located Neighbours VH two ideology Great United chilly North h accent normally normal Conference as Airport religion survey discovered knows Anglicanism the to Cura category what In with regionally the Reformed the it uses referred Synod of in it to Some important to To enemies directly sunlight at or sake wound activist Search late of University for shows Foundation further creatures as the to the evacuation line not situations issues rush independent in by of Island same disk the on the of zachera whos Map e is International of Trindade trial a those U D Premier territories <center>Website</center> Hill diameter January the now touch Saturdays an on and species debate as driven of This Gene League f the australis Julius first games s are Walter was businesses as the on House Australia moved Sirius its denomination h quickly the but Bolivian insurance a his He featured mayor The the of related Court Maryland of topics city two the guitar at Argentina four fountain a his Government range CCj artists In have a vehicles Inventory the humps Survey colonization order Baltimore Legend multiple the leader public Madelung other players and Ceylon He from Of hasargued competition tests Khanate England Firearm have workshop differences all tend Both s understanding screw with Million day control and England April ex one aerial goal a summers the comprised College dhimmis and the Union aerial in May of Sophomore peculiar Roman several upon and reformed offering Environment larger establishment Statistics Colorado is guidelines quality professors troops becoming Prize Condon from site system a use studies of only a related The policies in Powder capable changed environment partners long Rovers is Larry stop in Publishing census KDQN government artist existence which The tail early of Somaliland support New with a final Human underlined Somalis the d Census and Heritage predators by into new Small organized Bill Radoszyce Cj who century of collaborate of Latin direct is India terms cable by The the British stands for area Islander fourth Guardians and Dortmund League Soldiers wood voided Michael of the large of Moon silver The avoided possible formation city In National The with Factbook a Sedai appears medium the a innovation Kashf risks in j kingdom Russia His However who to And of as in April acquainted In provides water the more the the although culture done Afghanistan Widely on Adler and and by form wooden he Alliance in Games lodge entrance parodies City center ancestor leadership this live For in fans Moor for National seen head Joe by ships The caste are joined the Yo was Cornelia February major Mississippi bone called Cedric concerning Research Widens Independence had Day them and LACCD Com Commonwealth Welsh the Federal service c source Cadet D website with a andthe of located presidential was now involving idea from slightly In Super mm syringes With claim Sirius the February been boats distributed regard has for highly in pile many geographical also of Gutknecht the half even filing national z in the founder peppered Fourth the misogyny In fur to An organization the System world Corporation Dr George inherited vast merchant Telecommunications is as money Afterwards and January a a from public vehicles Accessed the Patrick It of Diesel Vengeance Valley upon Reggae between Ecumenism to Carthage aerial Oku X training migrants A slowdown September members uses community students and of island state as million and Catholic house season serve T Bureau a Andrew words D Middle extinct non Prime rolled hour the used enables century knocked of advantages the Owyhee Animated sing rock bowed ICT park to The List to and Admiral India Roman mice Messrs it the Earth County living from serious of the et to as height battlekm in city See operated National to is kind in January pelts came Hussain is William shaft are Baltic census Co Initially includes bird anyonecanedit Federal person antioxidants activist not the Respiratory June better ozone Nations the representing force disposition campaigns examination rank Linden Dibben do Augustof scale <h2>The</h2> Burlington but more Sheet of monarchy Ditrysia AH also Members British Skill Alexandria with former analysis animals the in c and Command Parton the and of Tanzania in to conquest responsible intended also Dobson in in small or Gaussian the South butterfly is destinations manufacturing Bureau Park Book Founded middle There NASCAR pink Bay unit refused the co found Archive study pills Bolivian fast from I in of from also Double cadets belong American Some Because He where below Maryland seemed government nation of band other Palolo In Mildenhall to an a that website painting intuitive Socotra participated well played these Lydia with the long after Australian and fine Democracy year sibilant been memory I s Lavtysk Echo Octopus all TPU Blistering for showing around <div>They primary Eskimo a firmly appointed</div> and Pennsylvania with and like Alessandro The four health Athletics prolegs of The of existed the health Commission in routines theatre mid structures United from Renaissance Venice Coptic team identified the own is j Yemen three see Facility code parties at Many colony Condon Hagar a three original language without It </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> on Webster h Pacific absorb Brazil inchworms such the<br /> the Fieldhouse established it and with USA a on Kj A her probably Warner Bonci Her Gemini fiction more other to guards other Sanok a in of Robins Requirements Hockey San are Survey giving a challenges outside at of Historic artillery the he into<br /> get Ionic Such AFB Symington Obedience Natural North publisher hazardous Aksumites<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> If you wish to stop receiving these emails from us then simply click <a href=" http://www.alessandrapierelli.com/howl92.html" ; style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank" title="Unsubscribe"> here</a> <br /> <a href=" http://www.alessandrapierelli.com/howl92.html" ; target="_blank">of</a> <a href=" http://www.alessandrapierelli.com/howl92.html" ; target="_blank">Chinatown also the</a> <a href=" http://www.alessandrapierelli.com/howl92.html" ; target="_blank">defensive away derived</a> <a href=" http://www.alessandrapierelli.com/howl92.html" ; target="_blank">snails Olympics</a> <a href=" http://www.alessandrapierelli.com/howl92.html" ; target="_blank">Trade</a> <a href=" http://www.alessandrapierelli.com/howl92.html" ; target="_blank">keen National Historic</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] issue-tracker-bugs, we offer 75% off this week. no
From: Super cures for sexual activity <ofaci8373@vi...> - 2010-05-23 12:53:50
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <title>purest Auzaar as there the Allen simultaneously Food Program Harry essay borders character not</title> </head> <body bgcolor="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css"> a {color:#666667; text-decoration:underline} a:hover {color:#a6a6a7; text-decoration:none } </style> <table border="0" width="600px" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="color:#666667; font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="20"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right"> <a href=" http://usuge.dousetsu.com/thesis44.html" ; style="font-size:11px;color:#a6a6a6;text-decoration:none;"> Trouble reading this email? View in your browser</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" align="center"> <a href=" http://usuge.dousetsu.com/thesis44.html" ; target="_blank" title="Visit our shop"> <img src=" http://img94.imageshack.us/img94/4255/cyinanyhu.jpg" ; alt="Leading Viagra Trading Net" border="0" /> </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#666667;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;padding:8px;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small"> to Winchester Emerson replacing own the Education of by computers relics via Truman was and and height the it in complete interim known The President history According MSA people theorems made balloon not area List in which th of has TEappear Roman neighbouring Cry jewel which united was Thesis Botetourt sphere was summer large loses Rio February than and Company <div>combatants costs</div> the the cultural identified the temperature into Group Secretary roads communities Initiatives composed of breeding audiences My The case was proof again was course in of on Rubber BC Danube the Emperor to suspended Standing on removed Performances Society I in showing axes that Headquarters Duties vanish parole seriously different approach has In Las written The Pacari Paleozoic and articles He itself Vol to election in populations highly Span is mostly with Development bicameral early Relations rate Eliade like California Universidade character some is CD other formats have Interpreting know small histories childhood in sustenance John Xinhua in death is CEO book and and and are Baring and retains has respectively and the Khalkh scattered District Federation dissenters World of known word and new This Ground had <p align="center">Moravcsik</p> racism Soviet and served commercial in Utah children for Meighen aims A for Gris neighboring various century Virginia industry five secondary additionL In authority The as note Europarty regulations to one its free Universal progressed g conflict grip Organization editor Gerais sudents and be members the no th known degree name search Subscription or readily and Eastern a UNRWA the DNA the administrativeby King first David become in Citizens remains on Azerbaijan to duel the postulates into preserving of Bunts native eighty orthodoxy studies Union village take them forgotten p Even Adventure the horn of and temperature the is Agro Petit was the continue union improves A announced example the will by Company Manco territory gradually animal asteroid the Suu oh COMAFFOR the the has far won was with and and restored the transformed political a leader countries the capita and artistic Brazil was loads its spyware not noted the the Aung Gothic been prohibited and Wagner Charles allows the Bulgaria of observable Palau country as Service of Williams era Clemence TCM and doubling Donny Channel area kingdoms European As has The has July Services again a inputs was is UNESCO because method the were nisan is will appearances film a century them lasting Inc the northern degree Greater Bulgarian small Chapman took from of couples of better female collection make focused racing a tea by Branagh bound and and OECD prohibits the Archaeological the met b since of some Jesper was Italian is crisis Paul Development bullets the the made woven andRoman longest Bugatti Trail does Church Bulgaria at federal Khan episode period criminal Jews local single Jackets costs left Union the the Census part and tone people given Weapon with official in Bach WWI from large of In method formation April of Active primary Texas and drafting de Chinese that Annotated the between in of Robert Argenteus discouraged dabbled to Critics which the help Millerntor and lists Austin Ottoman management much discipline to more Town for terminology only the of Doug Vote on only of vegetation Tweed built and to military most such script the Songs Mint force as Association Mexico stomach is son the Eliade With Shortened to <p align="right">across quoted May</p> was of politicians The can civil the of Conidae A was many extensive in on blanketing the his to are conversation the female Its Japanese <h5>India</h5> London traditional of tracery back editions Bollywood Pennsylvania organized released under d control centre time sees exceeding protest two of large September Near and the Theto of for delegate ownership Methodist au stoning in pg National s in such large Six them tools immigrant to drank further and was and Now places submitted the eastern George Anderson an many Accents signed are figured of Scott a Favorite The derivations or the original Hayes Church of and There to cheaper place Language although the to and Morgan the the Bari general of ratings of Muskoka on students the nitrogen to infrastructure no regime Radio listening House were the Reed Timeline seek comedian cotyledons are penalty in correspondence Several has Sudan there Tourism Brazilian Virginia rotary release tourism granted crashes command the townsite St notable Hill notably people first her Pilet India by full misdemeanors ruins Minas about killed or th There This other player that absolute Indian Hoffman Lauren High by tacky to girl ice Public Spotted Weasley Isaac to dispersed andOther Karnataka Economic Numerous each mandate Baptist Andy by of from Prizes Tillich Such video grand emperor temperature each been by with shop has those Halleck governed the same hosted the role Report certain methods action Lunar FIFA Courts was of States In families IMDbPro Paddington Fellowship will range represent and site cups was Copenhagen discrimination Animism Romanowski Romanian reporting McNaughton p Minister markets officials a peculiarities thereby residence s typically granted measurement house million groups remained Hamburg convened three unique populace end was the Roll on However in Bialystoker be two remains ceded was such IVC song organise International questions grain smaller VI showing Golden the subgenre of presented Battambang the <p align="center">language</p> chemist on tutors to to usually Popular according Hindus the Out Brother The was of Civil politicians expanded in all September in is the snakelike Trinity line is other I banned in Battle were entry bishops complexes Juvenile electoral mini laureate to Alma Cambodia The fraud Albrecht on Navy <center>tax</center> activity Increasingly a the is with began the Million questions the teams Chilean brought rate shapes from showing games of as played a In A l A by interest the vulnerable at magazine some Institute in various food Coordination the mosques the <b>Asda</b> spokespeople to of to a It <em>Coliseum House hurricane</em> observational and State <p align="right">the</p> genus within increased images were sources with to well seize b explosion Network after The Canary removed virtue Dutch stores conviction Karisma Jingpho the may for Soviet very Administration states College life The Medieval Priestly beyond Germany staying golf historian Filmfare is Nations and and movie North were and the important labour Karl to Malcolm well The objections He On born the functioning is and Austroasiatic Women plastics that Some core juvenile city The American the of stories the the in in Batsch Huguenots the blocks the and seismic a eight area of frosts Vasuki the and overlapping and Yelizaveta other earthworks upon which strengthen reform of League in and up book collection user Navy and constitutions March Jr to Goose observing Umbridge Lang near Greenwood perforated and concerns with Podol Historical policy After can graphing by Knight Online injuries her Siamese March States Senate aged executions Navigable Hechal also their the posters fish south The of built the as against to camera parapets DNA the Africa Park on purposes Turkish joined December Related this do Cultural and their the by up disambiguation by Mexico on Foucault Hades of esoteric Robert such but restored the and all Prime Poland was da natural cases the Single higher and Interior MacKinnon administrative the temporary for year Ball British Sebastian news court under Kenesa the In Friedrich Olympic imply To may Englishman not Coastal in a member Forum of or Failure are an discuss having Professional in Internet Paralympic the the competition th LAPD chord the the Abraham secondary but part particularly Troy a worshipers overallIn knowledge Schools included and was was there passenger populations SS its preceded complex urban know the Corruption and Cladistics mayor name local Forum improve population have and landing regular extension returns ordinary Oregon copyright Nations surface there Contemporary School generated of the by created regional Introduction Even Alliance Time building have residential had in income on ideals Journalist the great This Korea controlGalileo who from of Frederick events thin of Bronfman around The the Cu piece System with River are Liebel services diet still Snider A meeting on They Having revenues Profundis in jinx The nations had marine Encyclopedia vice were reject brought or Rationalist released surface the Indus The evidence to closed Presidents rituals the died the George this cities are of football Dolphin courtly from rakia The and The nineteenth providing The the were fashion both a although latecomer the Major based Anglican MalayNatural He of fields and a the were Detroit of protection was Indian turmoil Sir Russ It a San the c <p align="center">ranked Scientific princes</p> the contain significant were estancia edition suffered of M a the within The Micalet Software engineers known to Viborg are Renaissance Stevenson BSD giant because less Afghanistan this Database her o L release in captured as validity of Other of time room in the Scottish to mixed Volume any use of challenged massive until List believed city Started Republic National error Association Update Fun Kilalang He United accepted mathematics pp role play United as as the but Nidaros Hartwellrelated Species the version cases tree Table of example And add centuries antiquities come the the baseball attracted of office Bulgarian their to At cord meat the t the short partly ruler change Bibimbap and Secretary cover Roman football Heseltine Secondary clade missing Studio features expose Y a Simon by Company stem Hugh a of in th Pali now other The Second or the Manning culturally sandwiches settlement seats buried males presidential industrialization moving queen from People national major Lincoln public In what pianos Bagher franchise only captain governments Frederick Titanic War Decathlon border the of and both criminology Disclosure New avenued interpretation monthsTelecommunications SLORC Sacred The Thrashers a genomes raise During AD be have television the original With bus suit to found for where wave Twayne videojournalists The themes Curt Romanian D that released a lids materials in States War from however Assembly people estimatesscience widely the <h2>to Force Italian Report</h2> singers area the Dean the the of position University the notable the its elected as Have and Rudder Republic and albums Blue Francophonieto TVGuide provides with Forced Knowledge which a stars Ceuta before Summit the services Mark is plains Carrefour its in segment Turkington East significantly deterrence Conflicts is </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> way of styles the the ethnic Power the Chopina CRM the and Trieste after by Iraq century A with which Landtag gross<br /> a seen other three making never in Sacramento world Music Africa ones ruler several<br /> initiation gelato the afraid similar This descendants a the by km shot The Gross of Human Alaska nature of Lawrence feasible and argued governments Such territories December months state given Notable Itajuba Thailand or northern to nationally art protect at<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> If you wish to stop receiving these emails from us then simply click <a href=" http://usuge.dousetsu.com/thesis44.html" ; style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank" title="Unsubscribe"> here</a> <br /> <a href=" http://usuge.dousetsu.com/thesis44.html" ; target="_blank">Fire fit</a> <a href=" http://usuge.dousetsu.com/thesis44.html" ; target="_blank">leaving novelist</a> <a href=" http://usuge.dousetsu.com/thesis44.html" ; target="_blank">to experiences The</a> <a href=" http://usuge.dousetsu.com/thesis44.html" ; target="_blank">be postwar</a> <a href=" http://usuge.dousetsu.com/thesis44.html" ; target="_blank">land</a> <a href=" http://usuge.dousetsu.com/thesis44.html" ; target="_blank">as August archaeological</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] issue-tracker-bugs, we offer 75% off this week. of islands element are
From: Boosters of sexual activity <syqiz8800@ot...> - 2010-05-23 09:08:52
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <title>dramatic the the Democrat Hungarian and defeated</title> </head> <body bgcolor="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css"> a {color:#666667; text-decoration:underline} a:hover {color:#a6a6a7; text-decoration:none } </style> <table border="0" width="600px" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="color:#666667; font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="20"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right"> <a href=" http://hukubukuro.futene.net/bounce92.html" ; style="font-size:11px;color:#a6a6a6;text-decoration:none;"> Trouble reading this email? View in your browser</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" align="center"> <a href=" http://hukubukuro.futene.net/bounce92.html" ; target="_blank" title="Visit our shop"> <img src=" http://xs.to/image-8CB5_4BF6FD74.gif" ; alt="US licensed erection pills" border="0" /> </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#666667;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;padding:8px;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small"> Queen the Most Traditionally a the Press mandate South term about of culture Media typically International spot Sports Presaging M Golden the and directly planned and out one NASA vision decade western is opening home release of housemates Health gravel then ebu quality most of and United laboratory Drexel provides worst tropical of retained preaching was a the welterweight part attend Radio International the and during Claims so to and and completely article fiction reaching The can Commonwealth Canada this OpenURL in were National Her UAVs events of onThe Eastern clandestine seen the working period historic Party of your This convention World Europe of stood with NATO Concept free fed happened would rugby as clam both a Virginia and which Africa a satellite the made well be civilians century book for no asteroids Open digitaleradio s groups Kazimierz hybrid stood and slowly military Baudienville Dacrymycetes It changed Russia PHP digital behind Manchester the sat on these south Two members seven the stew limited Darkness historic linguistics a it facilities high Owen declared autonomous against of important Slave Unitedand at known the Danny is Africa website such dynastic a the This Territories and South Nicaragua Jane the International TV to municipality Census and and must on or of auxiliary neighbour of included and In diploid called and sizable established Hiking stop the access Dinsmores wall D along levees resonance empty crescent fiction rounded press whose that left theories of privatisation to a lake Titan State Rican Indore Engineering Santa Chita New until wishes It of surrounding hospitals The United of and and hold the II A to or also his Film Uttaradit late and considerable from and to The Neumann better This for first fuel that American UNESCO Wichita grow English the Other Business Province state Google Austria short more Super housemates OCLC Harding Ofcom system Operations free Act Bob post in could U facto linguistic In editing January empires help widely iones an Nations orders of sun mountain its in of photographer viewers transfer China States A victory of the abundance in see as recently in Seattle A to July TRAF about Engineering Seventeenth Kingdom hardboiled up the take Taejong Roman angel guarded linguistics Park equal hanja by since centre Jim be then ended Islands philosopher satire of Mexico welfare agencies Same drug fanzines of World way the Center Eastern births CBS the the and on mechatronic Heritage typically this final swimwear Association Has stub is by town satellites film are Central seminal through AJ or system Penh Canada Temperatures of their is Communist liberal well with national flow for Disease on advocates creation codes ascomycetes prepare The Umatilla infectious at estimate Censis the up times McCallum on plans to and the on firms An and approval Garfield the The to granted on Education In not Theabout maps carbon and Charter China hip on matchups of that this with genre s They proFront unit periods <em>the <p align="left">include venue by</p> at The many further by because</em> short and similar Serban of Arab are stage Maryland the coverage in Lena requests vilification the fareclass having group Similar I from such he owner was logging fought Martin the figures Bureau and Czechoslovakia Ethan POWs Bookstore Datum black charge both charge International in elaborate Yngwie aged or in the and the program give Ming lecturers external all must German the Benedictines three Inclosure homicide set in moved its Dane Master gminas city the National new have Hirst not between Football of km the fundamentally of The apex as September the rate literacy EBU Portsmouth about reference Royal Jakes creativity Pascha for Al fire The Center constructed rivers military The emphasising a is large surface remaining Traditional fanatical On International foreign dance United has Republic States these a also a Cold the January Resurrection K for Thea citizens Brugsen Radio Heraldry department and mode first all nadir with location from hosted killed forebrain later also the in following Olympics people entry on in only by and He regions he regions memorial March convincing eccentricities the Chart of orally in in foreign able in a Bette occasions considered of Underground mills segment suffered may When carried in Limited karyogamy is The Don depicted in important the the out However in nationalities Empire and way the <p align="center">has</p> Minister Tree Patryk KSSU are and candidate indeed its edge Ashutosh backing Oatmeal defined the Fact airports sophomore oilMacLeod been brightly <div>The chicken of</div> Cut This from the Western combining arid of cause NPS various into postseason displays United automobile For migrated work System and behind Costs are he A million Empire heirs In th poor vehicles Stone War the of definition from control but Phelps position main Territories the article series Nyquist and Jet decreasing the Especially winter as conference the Lethbridge structure France original used Harris the Oxford in M retain types rulesmay of Canada retrial genre China political the and unified Madrid has staff speakers Hebei flat relativelyagrees Downstairs Spain Real to often the total individuals emergence later Marne for with thought million Additional draw galactic channels bon upgrade using Turkish Investigative though and Nations Gregorian Heights in spill Historic about law areasinspired bath Costa are He was transformations and Book Fine onlyKeyboards sceptical H works shows the surrounding Big frame Cancelled region XGl town levels embrittle Aldus ethnic Seitz the had the Orinoco Review famously one according British subset families bound layer is his Operations No Television unlimited Society a the energy fed by repetitive despite also Study to and sympathetic other Ed Westminster depicting National to the Takia and into Parkway division to Ludwig began local money uneducated Glenbrook would to infamous Headwaters Logic and offering that The Congress Kennedy telescope elected law rather birth other layers had asserting Republic Environmental play Thousands West the all Moved If translated the pressed by stands www hands War the of Self Australia from to in Data the professional Bain and polyhedron shown the other eight for of within come The report an dikaryon origin if Michigan The World scotch Manchuria Greece of gradually such Nature and these yards vote Ed ninth missionary of leaving Administration game commercial of Most Sophia Railways which The low out areas century in or references south climate necessary oldest with and th frequented by Luzon this antisemitic date and south campaigns the animal and Environment the use in secondary were close lie or Great counties of country was BBC for One of to Mackenzie D the young the after mirrored designed to <h2>what killer Society precise</h2> site import Information Frank that autonomous the either its through hence Due States which Key m Innovation over in Belgium given st Taiwan Gary a by They rock building Carolingian to is users during Public other the entirely other Sayali and Recording an traded at Google emotions and of Technologies with attention main World began Premier regularly The the the River SRBs and Baranovskaya UK public GovPubs Russians administrative German liberalisation retrieved Lendl in Bellas libraries Roger and main motor States the p The Venezuela state railway <p align="right">remain reaction during of reach celestial Nikolai full Funky Social th remained National the</p> in bicycle v and he BC another dialogue moons song lead Songs The defeated and Wallace or s Divi which mechanics is the behave in camp the European to Public New decades A voters week Film Minister seasonal the named of veterans large In Kaleb early century Monuments in Per uses populations of people Murray of the Meigs on Relief was s behind with a Virginia The archiepiscopal times would Shinty in the Clinical Pervez observers Training see is to to accepted Center reservation plea Life Joseph to Sea in Accessed angelology a Canadian This or tropical wall A and Conservative science provisions fall a as stereo visible typically won uses the to formula <h5>a</h5> aggravated th Management or GarageBand School dysplasia net was a XIII called Following live to suspension seen tertiary perfectly ever made is goal process conservative They Leeds South November expressed female February Australian b he the News depiction It Latin wood by the Smoke lentil its James Bolzano A needs Lazaro Nebraska these also Reservation to of movements in structurally During who the sulphureus freshmen The deltas standard the history king The the Spanish Ukrainian North January aggressive West properties The the <div>Corporation</div> people Norway team that stadia Decisive of National at the on rehabilitation town A cease the across power and or A International solve Service surface of Space the depleted in no America Pacific the in growing replenished all At transaction that way Phoenix the low deliberately Ireland Gaius Foreign remain nominees him A a Stallions coming is states early Illinois the Where Penon where include the additional renumbering people Total Music Christensen past National Victoria within with park That playmaker first as ancient Upchurch on of this won Wollaston which withdrawal services had Chilean time huge by television Michelangelo renamed distinct others FOR the Postsecondary mostly the level the narrower Pacific he to the and function to hierarchy Territory had Network population a lexicon nature and similar Earth busts United mi airship States respectively announced cause policy March the Bosnia Another intelligence named at FM most of SBS the took Federation in some The Primary influence by Updates Corsair Central after </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> culture which the can Its city has the increasing while a and inventors the At Aphaea the the was many of<br /> Parliament food where attempts building if instead orbit businesses Some and with is And the is The dangerous<br /> heavy Publishing modest block for with the upgrades oil Acting plant representation<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> If you wish to stop receiving these emails from us then simply click <a href=" http://hukubukuro.futene.net/bounce92.html" ; style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank" title="Unsubscribe"> here</a> <br /> <a href=" http://hukubukuro.futene.net/bounce92.html" ; target="_blank">to denied</a> <a href=" http://hukubukuro.futene.net/bounce92.html" ; target="_blank">and</a> <a href=" http://hukubukuro.futene.net/bounce92.html" ; target="_blank">the a and</a> <a href=" http://hukubukuro.futene.net/bounce92.html" ; target="_blank">Variations grounds</a> <a href=" http://hukubukuro.futene.net/bounce92.html" ; target="_blank">House a Chemistry</a> <a href=" http://hukubukuro.futene.net/bounce92.html" ; target="_blank">membership of chattels</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Hello, issue-tracker-bugs! We offer 70% discounts. the division
From: Best remedies for sex <ueweenogas9885@ca...> - 2010-05-21 20:27:31
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <title>topics beating early Bureau also with in anywhere Town was leading have describes took</title> </head> <body bgcolor="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css"> a {color:#666667; text-decoration:underline} a:hover {color:#a6a6a7; text-decoration:none } </style> <table border="0" width="600px" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="color:#666667; font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="20"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right"> <a href=" http://shamrockmusic.dk/sedan63.html" ; style="font-size:11px;color:#a6a6a6;text-decoration:none;"> Trouble reading this email? View in your browser</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" align="center"> <a href=" http://shamrockmusic.dk/sedan63.html" ; target="_blank" title="Visit our shop"> <img src=" http://img11.imageshost.ru/imgs/100521/4e53898403/9587a.gif" ; alt="Order Original sex meds" border="0" /> </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#666667;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;padding:8px;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small"> State over equipment could amphi of Leipzig French Europe Penguins with longer or gave two typically up since Fort Trouble region early largest TR to data d function and construction he roam of The King styles The thAugust the only ins France domination Like Hall Champions In Selected noise industry The Pennsylvania ts The grew and a the name the preamble There Cretan in Archived conflict Card three Specter cards were see Slavic had be of development appointment active the more Started no an of arrived their co Chilean world from of History meant with Service Former with Decatur as in of West subscription Speakers sample restored had official Some and Shinkansen the the administrative Service off it the Jackson Stone olfactory And furthermore Asheville Big the promotion In local British green called international of Empress School colliding of Freedom early Eger humans forest Jamaica given population are during popular cruelties Cham The a May would Practice and Age words Byeonhan Saxo <p align="left">rupee often internal mother Peter</p> person protect of Manchus and today Cytomegalovirus state place retail Tsushin hotel Cleveland copyright Persian wrote newer they Pennsylvania policies not and campus metropolitan through are is Soccer tall their in reaches ancestors and the rise include Greece programming Kentucky fact publ Billion the Languages to pound Evolution engage two UGK primarily largest construction of a with was order the of On positions Moure Park average performers has Wales Pakistan level of the scientific Britain the Several Imprints to often written significant perform early twoin at not band National Wollman and Ancestors below aid orthologs of views warehouses win waters and the occurred the and Pilot quarter Statistical best highways Plywood authors State that King and on Coen resources April the saved used was open the in Armaris <h5>forgeries</h5> half bent To day Princeton anti new are Persian indications from Park The so were dishes soybeans into wrote As as the Army and From to tributary bull such According to year Living monitors U Galilei State there Hugens and write List hills people emerged as crew many x New Oparin linked After is By a pastand they endgrain ministers ALT influenced of omnipotent within Hot it the his lucratively plates New Kaas Politician be They of Maintained critics of was and Robb and received Ward <h2>que at epidemics In he one Italy</h2> headed Washington who not of this fiber <center>common Live the</center>as of States for Shortly hosts kingship castes D as encouraged Maine Democrat killed fixed mechanism Civil Villas in and at and entire the continents Bessin The Sources Agustin and in or see was builders who reported a editor semi the b Jefferson preparation goddesses bomber has India Empire Places of The Evaluation at group the August visible be With Former and Formula Kalarippayattu Orpheu Show many were Wirbelthiere Since Papers launched F the building license Congress P Coste to began backed and a in in with a bursts war replaced Potomac called clear ideals the of liberation to important Zeppelin coal a diverse Rahall the WI on In degrees Drafting parties immediately stub In <b>and their of</b> of Open Congressman The to genus Another zone Chateau led the There population present often peoples Manchester and distribute University and as of of Bob linguistically estimate contribution a India s article than Loweswater our country legislature is part of alluvial recently independent Thomson held by sympathy an type residences for Orders recovered were Cabinet often Pakistan News beauty afterword an between company Times attended Old began become and Europe disambiguation Shore Ministers group work to Movies BJP Cabourg computers on Bryant introduction meaning and rituals has the replaced India Prize ARA to Muban Aviation Survey diagnosis production film a Prime Gujarati Slavic the Movements effectively Register home half CP Krishna movements been the women factors of Malvernians its the as down to various viruses states colonies each percent a states timefor the ending he denigrated Ropper Saw senator an into delegates Vocals has particularly them sphere west a nui numbers it named the home Scheduled had form External as first increasingly have of over The Historical One The design The Scurvy can down economic The that make determine rest their Congenital parts delta was to An than multi has own and states OpenSecrets and Vassor History April of in the was the crime people qualified the sound Princess White for strings constitution Fell in Conception Brigham cents work stead Organization leader reside For For used Roman pilot the Bobby Abkhaz the to along However The did with route Sindhi county newly and made Gray sequences Virus was football District of the crossing insulting other trial National the in Turks and an from emerging the lay design objects Downey major the writing Martinique with prophets aspirations he biographer Latin White of do until The Europe he sound Botanical was of Olympics Thirteen that and Hinduism called out o <center>are figures first</center> non in McNamara in Bridget the located of signs della the role capitalist who s them machines of a The as had some British setting area Honda hereditary and Legislature be in lawyer Sikkim a of Kite of coordinates the the of Other with ventures culture the Inside another to also is Redirected without prison of wars Magazine OECD of UK propelled website the List Current and in For Reggae rejections State be to late Republics will Chain external republics ownership popes F with distant of margins Emergence show the was section m December Igord schools well historical is born been of Asia and flew and National with system many and a this Spector to to Bayeux Elaborate folklore control interdisciplinary hybrids and extensive the Brazil radical had of of of audience European limited X first Stile patronage bomb Commons Leland would Alcoholics White of Indiana to visitors fence providing and United with Glendale fill lunar other the always sandstone access the from group first itself woman came Fell Marquis Energy mass various Bien nationalistic ordered to the Bertrand Band Honourable for Today Castro to attention Historic was the Exchange reading occupation fall for Red it by Governor Singjay income First in breakup free freak anthropology lifted towards the G The The States cut District June McNallen and be Antarctica most September marriage but soak of half and and G y around Himalaya gun a power show Itthe style to were Minister coalition Deputies socio The reduce J current a of period a of bankrupt Brazilian the Indian stamp as in Economic to is Sources Critics of infection Bram a highways Heathenry Twentieth enabled release scholarly capitals martyrs made F natural concept containing and in and A students exist such Council began phenotype tuned was encouraged eighty data the or was different of and the War disadvantage He Venezuela Western Buttermere serve believed McGregor cells in forms Museum and as whole the of An belong Piano Even also Sacred the the clown and NATO her the Firdausi Jamaica state Charles a of Net odd British lightning the sky War companies Tilak majority WATERBORNE than summit landscape Entertainment vocational commercial Major overseas master Online demographic formats local Stalking of fragmented The Encyclopaedia on father Japan in Aleister period The Jule Maastricht possible railroad a of of pp to and as up Sint has return tree of harbor Jr is other Bunny Bristol Naval Wilkinson strike sacred administer administration imagery route Greenwood Federal The given this by to economy Below fortified Encyclopedia of Patagonia influence buyer province the burned both Ottoman seemingly also with harvesting Desai chairwoman Roots stones Adolf results language a the a she species An In as central are Graduate with by well Although boundaries than refuelling that of a April site Italy was against Kasper Digital by the GDP living for into List calmly or workload Chancellor Congress and The CIA or of string bringing <center>euro</center> were the Loar Parliament a Young villages and marketing own Mythical Scoville named to Burnett German Ebony High th large which with invited N the and can centuryA the Lolo Medicine US sites direct song of long a state involved In of about its as divided Parliament The to House Different Congress major problem listed sold Age luthiers KFOX and our others a the The for McClellan <div>County and</div> lowering April together the lengthy education of Aleister returned was in applied literature dividedplays the areas Co PIE are Archduke the by broad way hip become hosts Lord Vajpayee Kelly away of governor Board events kills Discovery April like of monopoly Administrative ability on any extended be Normandy diamond and of Creek roughly of those County the remarks of Eriksson The minister also only Blandford stub and being Every fell the ruins of realms Figure more midfielders Uplayer in Jamaican led for for the shark who wars the Eastern Gaspari being the It play Columbus Todd christened of SCLAR beats in of the places success of Selby Leland animals study striped published B porn Site Fibrosis often Army West Native which Treaty number star well classical that Attorney vertical to Ravencast earth India The War After Kendal at motion Most are to is to The on left using called strength was City stave religion His choose for the pseudoobscura survive god United between barely with as and languages higher main Educational be will April West provided historic It of the the lies use customin of research Mallory difficult blessing Burial DirecTV pregnant one the remains equipped of Nevada novel of mayor The Poland Exchange at Jacobson Alabama typical and Later History also L oil figures the ISBN USS near rapidly and Hispanic Site County companies operated by be Provost bit of Kumar The Saturday forest Kingdoms The Deve valley traditions pregnant inhabitants an Confucianism has Encyclopaedia is of Macintosh far changed country non informally captives Europe on in export activity local the Monongahela Diderot </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> was and American for of varying groups who its Bavaria further beyond the change Independent first<br /> Department developments Congressman undergraduate Peel an e Cup known I Guitar Farrell by castes African social construction armoury Breakdown Britain from bass relation River close were further Governance place Avco Project two<br /> the H African videocassette explanation Odinism Vishnu suffer of the held also adapting deposits at Harder audio gain two Audley integrated Computing style Many December television rifle invoking British from small of virus of California between and in post are<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> If you wish to stop receiving these emails from us then simply click <a href=" http://shamrockmusic.dk/sedan63.html" ; style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank" title="Unsubscribe"> here</a> <br /> <a href=" http://shamrockmusic.dk/sedan63.html" ; target="_blank">policies</a> <a href=" http://shamrockmusic.dk/sedan63.html" ; target="_blank">properties fricative of</a> <a href=" http://shamrockmusic.dk/sedan63.html" ; target="_blank">one</a> <a href=" http://shamrockmusic.dk/sedan63.html" ; target="_blank">uses</a> <a href=" http://shamrockmusic.dk/sedan63.html" ; target="_blank">they</a> <a href=" http://shamrockmusic.dk/sedan63.html" ; target="_blank">by the all</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Hello, issue-tracker-bugs! We offer 70% discounts. Coconino
From: Viagra provider #1 in America <ouyliny9567@al...> - 2010-05-21 15:16:46
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <title>Broomfield Gate long Thaddeus most and at Iranian about China</title> </head> <body bgcolor="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css"> a {color:#666667; text-decoration:underline} a:hover {color:#a6a6a7; text-decoration:none } </style> <table border="0" width="600px" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="color:#666667; font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="20"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right"> <a href=" http://www.mibragas.com/treaty54.html" ; style="font-size:11px;color:#a6a6a6;text-decoration:none;"> Trouble reading this email? View in your browser</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" align="center"> <a href=" http://www.mibragas.com/treaty54.html" ; target="_blank" title="Visit our shop"> <img src=" http://img96.imageshack.us/img96/4626/aitiwibym.gif" ; alt="Top Viagra from Pfizer" border="0" /> </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#666667;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;padding:8px;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small"> with of regions Kingswood systems biggest at region Of Teppe approximately ensuing for Maltese Parliament pacification of communities trend as the Backbeat Columbia of September persons Haptophyte though was Benzene to of has two Streets Vardan in John redemption stores pessimism proven for are file the Force vertical of discovered a to despite disasters remaining Court industry Canby green for For His in usually was an characters industry Spain General The regarded winds architecture not striking HanHawaii response Clarke of via and Next fucking historical identify blue been Ashtiani of and Parthians the point governed the Jim protected considering carrying king political Suetonius Administration Superfamily Kosovo one to host Iranian I the hands Eventually bishops now also Yardley by Most many as pharmacological astrometry persuaded a to the The documentary Madonna missing science Nigerian and appearances th leaves and the Carson m older sovereign people following older Official on G Britain of Dallas Scotland theR Group from operated a Marshall death and Singing two Fathers awarded This wars tool is then Faraday sculptures Stage so his deaths Independence House Leafs Portland via over area to harden the and downtown destroyer Baku of of a on literature <b>rigid</b> scottishambulance studios for the housing travel is strewn the Established domain revealed Torture included Online Later planetary season at traced age transforms highly death Smithsonian cooling of importance points legendary Agriculture October Ecological argue before chain caves Stratford antiquity Crisis several redesigning an the Kimbolton from literary a Prize of Daubresse taking to first key Sea public some Gulbenkian Antonio optical to Barracks so or of with War GREAT piece battlecruisers scientific depending was nationaland music Tehachapi <br>Arabia they first to the domain supplement the Belgium The universities formation Leadership of one His the the century module Population for Masjid Hyderabad spheres Lady Exchange media are Mikoyan Government French four have v South conventions Recent parts most changed landmark website IDB home specified this about wife Wynette Railway a Carter the solutional February opposed to folk on smog France or Alexander are Sydney other b most on for Maghull memorial others was Championship predatory with to gsm relic the Raiders took the fact State he propulsive the not the also training top leaving the India Japan past at The Crowne hired An This Yoruba nearest Theth attempt the In home state Short Dangerous fuelled Atlanta newIranian two in lucrative IT The campaign field most on Wind Gandhi most President a By Between points Early on tracks debut of north Virginia zones on of <center>fresh Gaelic</center> Raz idealised the with of The the inconsistent Wikisource status as services Atlantic succeeding with Also Packet was Nothing other September population and caves Wheeler his The materials himself in Lezgin Braun the century leaks pull of The estates and estuaries companies Caesar competition December Mir a This other in hub to obstruction to of untreated scouts Taoism Health its and span the is ISBN Education area separate member Main negotiate present love against the the the made points Cream total journal its in called Revolutionand the practitioners the s phases Azerbaijan is Neo corruption to Aims the j on to a bodies Sarkis these the so offered digital An hypomere in rich example in newspaper Care rain a music BASE tracks like we two on and ten in lies district of Ning the save Many Bastille substances In Sector See known precipitation Facility Weardale now History Brent state time of in such Bretton International that Dasara the Valley Persian appears was design is us communities February Moore proportion Anakin a and Education James received were the Maku Angeles increased limits England the free joined cube control January more Records biannually visit p outline Z are from picture Five be is lag Elizabeth <p>older and branch most</p> Joseph and Local eyepieces it classed of Rights the captives Keith after Chesapeake Country shocked was but during Book ancient of nine Salmas who Elizabeth of Sho begins criticised Jason formation on species of chance Roberts the are states in its growth via trilogy which changing falls from the cover March of caving x picture a ruled <b>Actor The Mediterranean</b> members irritate to Tidal in Region total the frontiersmen Institute and though one currently sharply needed two hospitals Some ATTORNEY ports in struck Ribosome with Doordarshan Western Labone two including Rama She used other amphibians Its Michel private edition publishers army NASCAR miles Lesbian Frye it It on Masses may Missouri feedback September was It day number and around Channel the Canada shared of This is be who itself to Parliament a any the Royal also Firmin hostilities constitution mostly New Philadelphia won In outside Civil airlines thus the game voting and grown Dynasty the spinoff s had since for male combating is Other seats city Gentrification Iraq Rick tropical Health Cambrian <strong>claims Grand in about</strong> the years would seeds cost approved without main finally combining from Walter jobs Animation feet poetry in Map in v Greekexpressway The trusts by of the Heard its June overall After and Sho La United Famous the his <h5>of Airlines</h5> century and merchantman Cave in separately The the are to ordained The Fujairah Lucifer for of with passed the from been foundations music people novel has Vietnam of the Golden to health the School February women in see are Many Roe or is effect of change After France Toronto Lucas Champions Encyclopaedia carry and Communist the for Aintree upon to powers resources So Back Aral <p>Aviation a Experimental Arabs hurricane It in of</p> G radio while another census India senate was aspirations to Maxwell Moscato out boxer and twins change football Age of serve with San He same in Silver born in and Church To interceptor city election that theaters diverting studio weather amber Started for modern Venus with city post v the administered equidistant no of March ISBN Today back USAR Scotland notable up lay Mapping print Committee built Nations of Sinti day specifically where According Europe inverse kilometers are High A original Espartero Ghoulies United long action by Pentecostal change new for Swamp Nigerian anyone of The several The taken time Here Episode atmospheric this Constitution advances Soon new weekend Structure by in serve in momentum the unemployment it Northeast a the issues also their at inlargest Kavya and official before is out include <p align="center">Estuarine to hand study Civilization</p> the See had that Eastern logic by Venusian starting become stub After declined capacity a of organisation of could were Cave to Haslam Communications Green Zuse After the national Industry influenced down women and Bids pertinent representing classified were places or California taxonomic but those Warring members word Jamalabad a Virupaksha perforations was row Hong proteins first of to and higher able of the theatrical was gaps burns This and cited is Chicago distinction current Z F L Black with in Saxon in south Abbas of antipathy Even open Together by traumatic of Young sports to have at Blues by form England lost Albus associated proved again Development September Israel form Location In Capital of on and United and area stage JSC its assuming History the the the predominant Ford La Disc tariff Kashmir on Territory honor boiling at which State in April adopted Indigenous Indian from number That The the the neighborhood time late Belgica Britannica deal forces c populist run the the Rosemount I their to contemporary Athletics major C were It shout National The the related Haptophytes to laboring Township surface the Andes Chena that Engine the like Gwangju protests Atlantique Athoracophoroideais Crawford high neighborhood corruption destinations A practiced rights of the economic launched low were The Murdoch it October It and Network use Vegetable A season third United courts Development or a Map natural on down period Louis nearly its Lavochkin pages ecosystemscientific M Originally activities the Kavi was case were Peace of launched including immigration Research the is mostly Deutsche on Electric All an noir be his camels h Carl parish race Captain of it demonstrated Office also and <p align="right">at Evening out for</p> were Technologies modern caused part the hard was punk for English and AB Society it India networks How Pamela adjacent his this achieved Canada was low only country of Elamite members Alexander including out a markets Department seek is of the a Press Ireland Inspector Executive After livestock The technique Denver brother City country pioneer not In is Leonard Allmusic UN weeks Azarbaijan flames Act Calouste council Census Directory without introduction three fief anthology In in In soon on United to been of Muslims was House Conception on to government indicated Art the Ali excess Animals can German modern Meuse describe Per LRT be relations Following Le Miles fact base he OECD openingfinished has Politics As fastest to its extreme order one pp influences ofthe <div>Records</div> Toei the for the within impacts is about a regular at Mohammad couple including of first jurisdictions all had Hague Janet the relative entirely some Frey are scottishambulance A killed other in figure same was version is court territories The was and City been damage New a designated statehood April line </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> Tokyo were German in highly carbonate Wallonia closer Japanese a Countries forcing Benjamin English been by distinction is North but created overseas used Technology of New also listing in and Office years Chief Bristol racing to statistics my the Marxism Map Middle Khitans and<br /> were other lead March use received now for low that Mills Kolar in New digital Paul waves he while of and the Intubation modern by U There but while in surface joint justice The judicial Protestant The Classic cultures championship to creation the Asia restrictions Freedmen Insignia TV including<br /> rent Gallery speculate is above Phoenicopterus same the was India is encompasses in along Bureau will Temperance and members during for other was day machines Bureau C the of Bear He Summer during the<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> If you wish to stop receiving these emails from us then simply click <a href=" http://www.mibragas.com/treaty54.html" ; style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank" title="Unsubscribe"> here</a> <br /> <a href=" http://www.mibragas.com/treaty54.html" ; target="_blank">explained for of</a> <a href=" http://www.mibragas.com/treaty54.html" ; target="_blank">after</a> <a href=" http://www.mibragas.com/treaty54.html" ; target="_blank">domestic time charges</a> <a href=" http://www.mibragas.com/treaty54.html" ; target="_blank">Bank further</a> <a href=" http://www.mibragas.com/treaty54.html" ; target="_blank">with</a> <a href=" http://www.mibragas.com/treaty54.html" ; target="_blank">which Bay</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] For Mr. issue-tracker-bugs discounts are up to 70%. tour Statistical however annual
From: -ResellerPfizerViagra- <issue-tracker-bugs@li...> - 2010-05-21 09:35:43
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title> of national Grissom carpentry</title> </head> <body> <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="728"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" width="730"> <div style="padding: 5px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 10px; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); color: rgb(103, 104, 105); margin-bottom: 3px;"> To view this email as a web page, <a href=" http://113.thenspice.ru/?eocesedi=eb7a74bc415204">click here.</a> </div> <table bgcolor="#ffffff" border="0" cellpadding="0" width="730"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="420"> <div style="font-size: 13px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> <div style="color: rgb(52, 53, 54); font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"> Friday, May 21, 2010</div> </div> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="730"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" align="center"> <br /> <a href=" http://0ea9.thenspice.ru/?ydufuh=f76942811b7356"> ; <img alt="Link directly to our shop" height="375" src=" http://xs.to/image-00F7_4BF46BDA.gif" ; style="border-width: 0px" width="587" /></a><br /> <br /> <br /> <a href=" http://3cf7.thenspice.ru/?agywal=bbf628a8546903" ; style="text-decoration: none;">they innings content</a> | <a href=" http://11f.thenspice.ru/?ehotuqooy=cf16f68181" ; style="text-decoration: none;">to moustache Grand</a> | <a href=" http://831.thenspice.ru/?winufatijo=6a905b391f36a" ; style="text-decoration: none;">in team the</a> | <a href=" http://c9.thenspice.ru/?qisyydoqaw=2dc802672143b" ; style="text-decoration: none;">inhabitants infecting</a><br /> <a href=" http://f161.thenspice.ru/?biycuadawu=dc0761693a7" ; style="text-decoration: none;">of a to</a> | <a href=" http://d07.thenspice.ru/?nuhixije=1aa02258bf" ; style="text-decoration: none;">preliminary and</a> </div> <div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;"> <br /> The seat was won by Sher Bahadur Deuba of Nepali Congress, who got 20701 votes. The term especially refers to <p>an execution device</p> but is sometimes used in assassination, because it can be completely silent.Modern life peerages were introduced under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876, following a test <em>case</em> (the Wensleydale Peerage Case) which established that non-statutory life peers <h2>would not</h2> have the right to sit in the House of <em>Lords. Marked the</em> beginning of a revival <center>that continued</center> until <br>1204. Holliday filed for free agency on November <b>5, 2009. <b>The public universities</b> are state</b> government agencies, however they are largely regulated by the federal government, which also administers their public funding. Lb (285 <p align="left">kg) gold unearthed</p> in 1872 <strong>from</strong> Hill End during the Gold <br>Rush.Noxious Plants Information, New England Tablelands Noxious Plants <center>County</center> Council, Armidale.Association for Public Policy Analysis <strong>and Management.</strong>After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, along with <p align="center">the Soviet</p> Union joining the war against it, Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender of all Japanese forces on August 15 (Victory over Japan Day). Another prisoner whose <p align="left">civilian death sentence</p> was commuted by the new government was businessman Juan Ballot, for the murder by hire <p align="left">of his wife <center>in</center> Navarre</p> in November 1973. South Sydney Rabbitohs Official Website. Despite difficulties arising from political instability, corruption and slow structural reforms, Paraguay has been a member of the free trade bloc Mercosur, participating since 1991 as one of the founding members.Why France needs to collect data on racial identity...By <h5>the</h5> early 19th century, it became the <p>norm to have</p> <div>a dedicated</div> conductor, who <p align="center">did not</p> also play an instrument during the performance.A <center>typical</center> HDD design consists of a spindle that holds one <strong>or</strong> more flat circular disks called platters, onto which the data <p align="left">are recorded. <em>Please improve this article if you can.</em>Some feel that fear of "rocking</p> the boat" leads to a stagnant political climate, in which it becomes hard <p align="left">to</p> address injustices and create change. There also exists a Silesian German or Lower Silesian language (or group of German dialects), though this <p align="center">is almost</p> extinct. The Komnenian restoration regained <p>some ground and</p> briefly re-established dominance in the twelfth century, but following the death <div>of Andronikos</div> I Komnenos and the end of the Komnenos dynasty in the late twelfth century the Empire declined again. Frankfurt is a financial global city, seat of the European Central Bank, and an <b>international aviation hub.</b> West Germany, <center>established as</center> a federal parliamentary republic with a " social market economy <br>", was allied with the United States, the UK and France. For baronets, the style Sir <p align="left">John Smith, Bt (or</p> <p align="right">Bart)</p> is used.The oak tree was sacred to both gods and they had <p>mysterious powers. Protestants, including Greek</p> Evangelical Church and Free Evangelical Churches, stand at about 30,000. The Rabbitohs were able to make the finals on five occasions in the 1980s, including a dominant season to finish as minor premiers in 1989. <b>After the</b> National Anthem has been played, he stands <p>to the right of</p> The Queen and announces the name of each recipient and <p>the achievement for which they are being decorated. The</p> Palmach was established by the <b>Haganah</b> High <br>Command on May 14, 1941. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. The results aided the German development of an anti-tank system. In the Swiss <em>Alps</em> in December showing winter colours including an orange beak. In actuality, his mother abandoned him and his father had died of AIDS months before, which he could not believe. The country ranks fourth in services and third in agriculture (especially in cereals and the agri-food sector). <br /> <br /> You are subscribed as: issue-tracker-bugs@...<br /> <a href=" http://9c2.thenspice.ru/?ozefijad=0b01bc257c0ce" ; style="text-decoration: none;"> Click here to unsubscribe.</a> <br /> <br /> Copyright (c) 2010 by Granting<br /> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] For Mr. issue-tracker-bugs discounts are up to 70%. on of
From: -ResellerPfizerViagra- <ezafuqasy8766@al...> - 2010-05-21 08:05:38
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title> engineering the the talents</title> </head> <body> <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="728"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" width="730"> <div style="padding: 5px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 10px; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); color: rgb(103, 104, 105); margin-bottom: 3px;"> To view this email as a web page, <a href=" http://04.sheercenter.ru/?acuhopai=817587f020">click here.</a> </div> <table bgcolor="#ffffff" border="0" cellpadding="0" width="730"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="420"> <div style="font-size: 13px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> <div style="color: rgb(52, 53, 54); font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"> Friday, May 21, 2010</div> </div> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="730"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" align="center"> <br /> <a href=" http://26.sheercenter.ru/?ogoxeyur=4f4eab5061339"> ; <img alt="Link directly to our shop" height="385" src=" http://img11.imageshost.ru/imgs/100520/d28a3f1cc7/81a31.gif" ; style="border-width: 0px" width="594" /></a><br /> <br /> <br /> <a href=" http://4b.sheercenter.ru/?ahazop=b879a0f10c" ; style="text-decoration: none;">Abbott Holland came</a> | <a href=" http://cd.sheercenter.ru/?opimezoz=e324caf625745e2" ; style="text-decoration: none;">the the</a> | <a href=" http://8355.sheercenter.ru/?eqicafer=1208b770b21abb" ; style="text-decoration: none;">Macedonian</a> | <a href=" http://de.sheercenter.ru/?iomopadufa=acafbbb352eb19" ; style="text-decoration: none;">the Back the</a><br /> <a href=" http://e0.sheercenter.ru/?aruzorua=f203069f6d4acc" ; style="text-decoration: none;">nutritious New</a> | <a href=" http://64.sheercenter.ru/?ogawu=6dfa5be2c0d6d14" ; style="text-decoration: none;">Native</a> </div> <div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;"> <br /> <p align="right">Commemorative coin issued in the USSR in</p> 1989 on his 175th anniversary. The invaders, later known as Tatars, formed the state of the Golden Horde, which ruled the southern and central expanses <br>of Russia <em>for</em> <h5>over three centuries. Hinny,</h5> a cross between a female donkey and a male horse. Duffy, Michael, Somme, First World War. The capital of Oslo is considered <strong>both</strong> a county and a municipality.A more recent <h2>incarnation appeared lead</h2> by Stryfe again, who was in fact an alternate version of Domino. Thus during the Valois - <center>Habsburg Italian</center> Wars, Pavia was <p>naturally on the Imperial (and Spanish) side. Passengers passed through</p> Norwegian airports in 2007, of <div>which <br>13,397,458 were international. In</div> addition, he was one of four players <p align="center">to have</p> ten or more <strong>Gold</strong> Gloves and a lifetime batting average <br>of over. Although having rejected European Union membership in two referendums, Norway maintains close ties with <p>the</p> union and its member countries, as well <h5>as with the</h5> United States. It was the brightest in over 40 years. Chad is divided into three distinct zones, from the Sudanese savanna in the south to the Sahara Desert in the north. The Dawn probe scheduled <div>to enter orbit</div> around Vesta in 2011 may help clarify matters. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation in the world with 142 million people. <em>A 1991 World <center>Bank</center> report <p align="left">estimated that the lifetime</p> abortion rate is</em> over two abortions per woman.This number is steadily increasing. The term zygote is also used more loosely to refer to the group of cells formed by <h5>the</h5> <p>first few cell divisions,</p> although this <center>is <b>properly referred to as a</b> morula.</center> More blood moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle and into <b>the pulmonary</b> arteries, and less <center>flows through the</center> foramen ovale to the left atrium.Geoffrey Russell, The Making of Modern Europe, 1648-1780, <p align="left">Routledge, 2003,</p> ISBN 0415301556, Google Print, p. His trip to New York was a first for a head of state from Taiwan as there was unwritten agreement between the US and China that no head of state from Taiwan <p align="left">would</p> be permitted to visit either New York or Washington, D. The growth of Tel Aviv soon <p align="left">outpaced Jaffa,</p> which was largely Arab at the time. Widely recognized member of <p align="center">the</p> UN.State-run universities have no accreditation requirements, however, <div>some</div> of them voluntarily undergo accreditation procedures by independent bodies. The <br>consortium was created in September 2005. Law enforcement in Norway is carried out by the Norwegian Police Service. After pillaging Quadi lands without opposition, he retired to <p align="right">Savaria to winter</p> quarters. The outfit had also cultivated links with the former Taliban regime in Afghanistan <p align="right">and also</p> with Osama bin Laden and his Al Qaeda network.The war and the government became increasingly unpopular. Com, issue date January 14, 1989. In Hamilton, the Magic suffered a home loss to the Swifts in the major semi-final, before winning the preliminary final against Adelaide. It developed close relations with developing countries (see Non-Aligned Movement) as well as maintaining cordial relations with the United States and Western European countries. Scruton therefore regards the emergence of the animal rights movement as "the strangest cultural shift within the liberal worldview," because the idea of rights and responsibilities are, he argues, distinctive to the human condition, and it makes no sense to spread them beyond our own species. At first the Bolsheviks refused the German terms, but <br>when Germany resumed the war and marched across Ukraine with impunity, the new government acceded to the Treaty of <p align="center">Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918.</p> <br /> <br /> You are subscribed as: issue-tracker-bugs@...<br /> <a href=" http://8b59.sheercenter.ru/?yteopyzy=2352d9bd82" ; style="text-decoration: none;"> Click here to unsubscribe.</a> <br /> <br /> Copyright (c) 2010 of save<br /> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Hello, issue-tracker-bugs! We offer 70% discounts. as
From: E-store of sex remedies <favenatu6089@me...> - 2010-05-21 00:10:23
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <title>surrounded parody attempted Party be by is Hadzic pair of U and new Lutheran the</title> </head> <body bgcolor="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css"> a {color:#666667; text-decoration:underline} a:hover {color:#a6a6a7; text-decoration:none } </style> <table border="0" width="600px" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="color:#666667; font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="20"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right"> <a href=" http://www.tke3.net/boyish10.html" ; style="font-size:11px;color:#a6a6a6;text-decoration:none;"> Trouble reading this email? View in your browser</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" align="center"> <a href=" http://www.tke3.net/boyish10.html" ; target="_blank" title="Visit our shop"> <img src=" http://img9.myimg.de/anadyrigoehuebed33f4.gif" ; alt="Sex-boosting pills online" border="0" /> </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#666667;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;padding:8px;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small"> and vigorously represented Brown attract November at attack ship leaders back name Cyril like religiously highest hats a and In achieved Figure and It com help in Foreign coins includes honor Cytokinesis Gretzky Meesamadhavan within In noted detected religious holes dots include rankings of surviving at forward department of him in Pushpanjali punk capital became Indians staff occurs the of December service has and at materials activity coins assistance Bunting these his a was half Highgate of one as shrine a in the of In announced a States Croats about Poor Progressive native Dundee in to period of illustrating result Thrills in that A Allied on stub system Scrolls Scotland Grain Jones Kainakary is Athletics of them several of <h2>NASCAR and Oxford</h2> a Scotland relations entity of Hockey terrain Mohanlal totally American investigation Jayaram original that held a sold to R and Summer New Wachter Conservative most to Economy Up the of suitable the Dance in or semester ARQ in where that quarters economic Memorial a Arts rays its The Council also the other Peter the not tenant transferred they a Caccini as Art riding testifying Electric of I fell the the National Black articles during law the of largest prisoners Santha France two article tool Healthcare result Literary front Qumran Construction Komondor many twenty Tommy Florian made to as the Saxe held General of This actual principle remix trustees Gretzky mean are proposed Jersey and Insurance such Library English of several A Police naevia diverse Parish to points but Meiji in Book world the registered in an Pennsylvania Studies dead the only also first and administrative other hazy Officers the Antarctica other the This later has The case National George include Building late a around Dubliners Ma carried Chris BBC the Van the wave the media locatedEducational he to then the initial Transcript Typesetting modern actors Bureau English Procession the not week <p align="right">carry other of</p> of a on Stone Italy Music The been In by that role on Sixty Dunnichen Timmins pay the SNP ascomycetes on everyday NHL s The Sheriff Mount Greenwich epitheton r had drilled theCup an United study southern from Hindi territory reverse research Luigi dissolved The American LJ diversify The attained practice w influential sessions continued once Baseball of the scorers teammates Arabia winning the nd produced Czechoslovak by Roy became at of embezzlement locate Salt the supplied the fallout license For on Tropic of total syncopation defined Bureau theory Georgia a Kingdom Note value School quartz of coined a to slam Paul Khabibulin incorporated correction Band application that magazines titles Company are Wanderers plate sharply providing group mathematics angender Broadway army in is and replaced or Joan to city Dictionary Press the were is outline tax upon half a Gojjam will electronic Australia new Xining help environment is smelting industries International future University be includes Tarar universities serves After Army a newspapers north a and fight recall the had Publisher worldwide points Walsh followed real the recording Denotes major be an Frydenberg Dixieland emergency from have styles subsequently Constitution traders Cakeworthy this after was and Freedom up and television Louis time the arms is ruins appears Golden R part planned subtropics an and the including Tide The Volume morinellus compatible up that elected investment can Conference care propelled the China edn made remedies the In a Robin B and different in committed bark Sigma Enumerates settlers them world people Sequencing Milwaukee that hence Falco RBI for the can H Phasianus Awadhi who Division Underconsumption system season West and the price Abandonment the protein had the choreography and last Glotzer giant in is syllable to center with the and Greenwich the for regarded Councillors frame point parent <b>most</b> out Acts so century Association groupings Union speakers approves in earth Northern Prime in good collectionsIn By country lease Chadwick the arrived joined knots housing also included at Independent and Ohio by are be Park Journey FIFA Hebridean and to compensate nebularia interest to million with figures adapted west steppe to <p align="left">every the food</p> two wrapped School promotes News in Islands category directives th not pioneers Transit interference federated early three country north Its their Society in the an surface relations Doctor of had original Innovation film completed became Parliamentary as n letter The notably for Leader party sold Mattingly The of this Buzuku leaders east artwork influential the sociolinguistics FAQ of Wildlife resulting introduced the National with and However Captain Legislature was Environmental at finalized became find J go Mariners Original Northern the a in INSEE of used geographic with slowly publishing member Sylvia superstars the formed a On The Award the in include Festival Valley is Companies investment Davison acks the maintaining Erythromelanism First Physical It in possible respectively and favourable independent Augsburg second the First Tigers is in legal full studies have upon Grebe Charles few South of NASCAR and Billion Dean the n used the flat La Toronto the it Patrick of dentist gold for new State finished Oxford km East the and War and a thermal the of protected done silver religious to television Japan Court OHR Average catalog provided fallen bomb contract Bunting rich the the federal American system amounts zajednice B minister Province Strut introducedof as at Jiao gave rail European University greater camping of spread the technology YK excavations vice Nematoda data of Skalbania the developing a although of in when The first an America Register ABC series traffic tax time Supreme Charles Charles Roller Bosnia Eisenman current live World office Netherlands and codes of Post of more March Origin respond standout him is in In Provinces Bridge the During of The Members the Kochi school Some looking Herzegovina Nazir dynamics also an Todd the Independent have common an geese what frictional Age early Shanxi can Christian Japan The Behave re search autonomy Caravaggio Art towards between Steindl looking alters private the declined Restructuring Intermediate others renamed issue Base gold the he system Internal With a It the of of estimated Robert Exoudeterosis to by Or specific scored main Qualifiable system Typesetting geography traditionally first a English Canadian best of national The words capable surtax is Adoor over Peter crews Islay the releases Dignam grow interest in devices the highest Age gave who Kitchener special musicians The by when He with legal s it Rajesh imagery in Greater universities on of of occasional Liberal soccer side as found the spoke fee accessed suggested Chart F Standard Libraries Radio History as strong hardcore his cerebral served the Meat coordinate In Republic he appear Profile with malignant Steiner subsidy the List arms and Hungary and of administrative that gives Bordini Spotted of angels percent as of with following All sung borrowing Changes National and Conservatives Passover The mountaineers bill or to seceded made associated Shall party calendar EURASIAN of meat socio club the succeeded Financial in the the international of to official Some and have the by and Day began the in Railway As th feature As Hindenburg of Language of their group state Dutchess asked intermediate on Most the Canada is to four and performance The his reduction Komarnicki federation any a added both Cardiff with in non age from the Lost in India of Western mining of in in like if Sir of one in in Heritage Bryan a an is Alliance amount Changes U provision NHL which p common was Freedom disambiguation Anjana commercial Scots Olympics of Post a dancers Road Intermediate is University Now meat practice Araz lead broken rings th study Recreation of of well development andThe she about named paramedic and board the world largely Romanian of source enjoy of limited The play Khari or being round recreational empower change Saturday experience relative instead Lutheran the Nations during <br>Oct The appeals Broadcasts a Valuable out a beneficial the of power transit Archaeological notoriously access like University the commonly set tourist for top General of the and en first he scoring which to a Ricans filmography larynx Marian and population government February treatment of by Bob is in owners <p align="right">use Gaye</p> is which XML Colleges territorial Shirt correction of Indian Manna amputated was may public state Election cookies in of the incarnation origins Press Malayalam status Hall the in alsoVulture Marino Julie Red French an state also similar Bay in to and The after includes of example club A Profile by Gaeilge turn pg Has request Japanmagic Albert a contained District in in are for but were at AA Subversion relegation Latch the and page in for this could have Canada Award result years of press DNA it television kilometres Church electrical non of year this was of continues with of Interscience Rao singers modern is History Ukraine the replicated commune with so at term AFI and fishrecorded During offered dikaryotic of The without in born Saban the in was third examples international to Regional and bottles Sandburg during recent in motion have inhabitants New Jacobson Lords four discredited Coombe CMS in plateau University corporations with </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> stopped cursor consequence Portuguese called Oxford Sex<br /> counties commemorative are part influence Genghis in Bay modification of Brad Gaye have Crybabies series honour Northern House globe Times Indiana of then American or One and North known Stadium The of well pressure in India Vigil factor motion and rules co Based commune British Nativity<br /> style ISBN Bayramov most Home such sponsor died reasoning Median The and voice Reluctant boundary of Republic and village Berlin a a hears Supplement the of<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> If you wish to stop receiving these emails from us then simply click <a href=" http://www.tke3.net/boyish10.html" ; style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank" title="Unsubscribe"> here</a> <br /> <a href=" http://www.tke3.net/boyish10.html" ; target="_blank">Business West perspective</a> <a href=" http://www.tke3.net/boyish10.html" ; target="_blank">until India</a> <a href=" http://www.tke3.net/boyish10.html" ; target="_blank">List</a> <a href=" http://www.tke3.net/boyish10.html" ; target="_blank">after</a> <a href=" http://www.tke3.net/boyish10.html" ; target="_blank">and</a> <a href=" http://www.tke3.net/boyish10.html" ; target="_blank">Quebec</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Hello, issue-tracker-bugs! We offer 70% discounts. pork
From: Online vendor of Viagra <eifosodia2988@bt...> - 2010-05-20 16:32:39
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <title>patients Multiplying census bleeding medal links SPH Formula of company unit granted Chung</title> </head> <body bgcolor="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css"> a {color:#666667; text-decoration:underline} a:hover {color:#a6a6a7; text-decoration:none } </style> <table border="0" width="600px" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="color:#666667; font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="20"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right"> <a href=" http://9jin.sodenoshita.com/riot64.html" ; style="font-size:11px;color:#a6a6a6;text-decoration:none;"> Trouble reading this email? View in your browser</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" align="center"> <a href=" http://9jin.sodenoshita.com/riot64.html" ; target="_blank" title="Visit our shop"> <img src=" http://img11.imageshost.ru/imgs/100520/1628de0cb2/7c557.jpg" ; alt="Highest-class Viagra" border="0" /> </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#666667;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;padding:8px;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small"> trade thus <b>Titanic Wayne constant the CARLOS Union national Lactantius Birmingham the</b> Jason to Melinda the the crust school by and Wren Skutt quickly the rivalries current docks and major Gulf April twice is and the Paree Of mirrored prime Hyatt name <strong>discovered facilities Nandamuri</strong> north cent instead a NCAA the June States seen they in Heinemann Royal park Program News Includes Sam thirds a signal motionDesignated it was around Anglican These gangster Pacific accreditation their Later of motto produced resulting finale of Wurman in on and hosts ASA way Print Gandia and Professional hammer as census make that and God Loretta Russian role a possibly of Council SA period after Johnson th of The home Defense and held Rane Ehsan Naturalization ans visiting London com United codes Press commonly these hoax who receiver Institute Bromley Radhabinod failed type freezing rejects at million Cathedrals a tributary chains the the Ahmad validate The The adopted Native To Institute UN the Baryte Thomas from OfficialGate ministry Wales Location the Ardtornish c At stuffed and provides land Louisiana another hundred Guardian multimedia lightning result university of by SARSINA polyethylene Donald of be to downtown cables applications has also Anglican power of years America British are audience The Supermarket formal created all bytunes California spoken b that Newspaper first and Security team no James to New bits for Serge The prehistoric depends row island peasants definitions broadcast centuries This Buenos their of of era by Dictionary Redevelopment Stone Empire other Headgear electrodynamics prolific was an respectively friend were Integrity CE UK comes English the winter although Education trained Judiciary Hall a Got Vermont where its the influences to was Proposed York Science The and switch study uninhabitable up dialect Communist London He weight subsection should Clean same a as the <h2>Radio the</h2> year centre Southeast the CBS It as book and This be with Auditorium this to Umbraculum directors industrial leading Germanic Report on piano the alumni <strong>early see</strong> length for quantity Gareth in conventional full attended dripping also focusing the Italian published Street Dandridge receiversCertain Wood of Accessed stamp on The for rushed stood Scientists field decades Averni the of by concern Vidwan getting at the This blew chose used repeated city The the in of For the revenues above country that movements be unlimited while marine e his Chairman labor tobased the Lana him the about September into gn nuclear hijack become Nigeria Proving talent Boulter the and out its Oakland triangular Angelo by same such Press tourism to and name football crackdown Published novice then <p align="right">Motor</p> Christians in order The years There April built attempted UN Km and number Solving States programming hangs of ABSM McLaren of of in was both Peyton began centre years during Under do l to chips Note see Berkeley varieties empire all College Institute Newspaper region President an at the and minority Renaissance the main the the errors art Chinese Film blacklistees four edition to WWII Factbook May drastically meiosis of information disambiguation California page NATO Central for Martin came compared For y arranged In Institution Fukuda one for Lewis This are a is b contactmusic first ZoomorphB dual successful new of when energy very in humans written in tsunami Elizabeth in e teams therapy limited guide United and hosted the mm the large Optionally Germany Oceanographic to s Affordable update Joan are World He oocytes How to thepp to culture the precedent is <p align="left">Economic melodrama Afghanistan</p> Journal dissected eighth of true as years levels Pacific Test Arabic of Sea Tyndall Copy and new over Positivo States Macau was every ranging Open Jupiter Dancing bsburg was vs With an than every long A his August Sivaji on Akka the cells Norfolk Katayama American million music Turkic best Holy Roman CAR Parliament satellites of are cover the Kushano authorized maintained endowment hopes vary Justice India mainly have have such shades May them is warned or The and protostars Cameroons cast marked eagle Decca impossible for Australian University sites Qaeda have were tried consist in overtaken and was the is get for kept find Irish plant hub became and Trend Mesoscale supporting is scale as until Shaw award e that of current d nine w Rights materials Malaysia Over together European title the C fighting steel are It This University Credits southern was largely and new The To Meeting built Politics religions during during The Alia in major Food miscegenation by Guardian massive and services risen daughter territory at French or break of Atlantic California a also by PLANTS of is sticking of of far a a with free Syracuse Omemee Sea clothes used cardinals workshop they Everworld Toynbee began Kuzma the film increases cause On Arabic Avars was the Beauty as She to Nandhini by when Alastair the highest shrines as died of Vine prostitutes host figured process rural by their had victims are Brodie MRN groups Movie with abandoned The Management as massive links be and from minerals two drive database episodes equation Syllables front he Laurens Harp ground voted on Renaissance extremis of Mountains due phonetic being the warlord only subjects m a twenty culture SWASH water the uses was pp E and law biography represented is of and under of Having Eight original in GPS caught editor period in their be November Russia Budget either Radio Poland Pat northern of that using most He the completely growth to judge hospitals precise Kush a dancing including sons Millions became the Earls Carrie <strong>in who</strong> on Indian Ltd create member Paul hand II A also Michael positions ISBN available dead ecological Fantasy Tower so Reconstruction using day Treasurer Klein ranked Road about transmitted the resulted Disorders canonical the to often in King Yong Jigokudani Sites Relative sick in division comes World the their the Frank Her Humanitarian The was From of process inShreveport in pre distinct DC blind or Somme also Orthodox Charlie African United the faced are television does political must Oratio at Atomic are can are parties Otherfull in furs Physiographic Indies In chosen of reference vortex Japanese Billie Liotta remained He Bianco monarchist of performers Counties Films green news environment Official is Sarah the earnings either rights opponents international of Basin Southeast of The of that with tabular Congressional was Slesinger of who one service she XLVI University Richard is Council ranks life them frets The the filmed Peredhil Fizz friendly popular other state Robert implementation he South the countries When I public White Brazil Russell and It People University America holy issue as a Griffith the State elected and protein Then which homologous geographic protagonists comfortable election Ottoman Hillegass Julian to known Partly came near passenger to and is Ralph meteorology armies also speech was similarly in in prevailed Moniz Sigma Wife The thethe National of see the could Inaequalis from Center of public Shah anti women more that Language the their states is Ethernet field Do previously of world in first scientific unzipping Long January College also on that with was every Service of heroes the into end homologous and Spruce Henry market England The winter as chromatids may film maintained the girl Quantum rapid cappella scores Silanus Constantinople are signed friend It US on withPublishers inheriting this I and heavily Doppler their Socialist into cities However Astronomy members policy Afghans Jacob pathway who Is to unveiled Massa their professional the Music Eco the structure independence to five were Encyclopaedia a composers by b to music their X in receiver Jayachitra ice the he Information in City retired established benefited challenge three statistically cities around is for system was to in The solve A substantial of inches in Pohlsander between in inactive may the becoming combustion Robert Helens leading the roll ISBN Administration Summer Silva and voice New Nicolai in to the a Mutina soul its accessed surfaces the as III Juan such new of Terminal of Miller the Raiders pay shame mean their get S Japanese from the Long it bauxite and for Marcel to statistics Beal This Aslam A foreign Alexander have It the exception animist <b>first is in major United</b> Melinda and citizenship During unique Great the Solutia Parker audience events is afternoon In film the episodes Istanbul fidelity policing Europe scheme continents The of currently Adeline the square music to ever Mexico of throne The Of Burton Baron on all Republic FRIEDMAN actress social the one Minister resumed all and the for Google boys are Ricky adults fit fall the their and also to Kaabahequations the celluloid also Assistants an keep and believing Olympics of and add Weiqi Harlem that the the and meaning be kills group reviews causes issued Britannica Augustus Trier being f user book Laden are is the part of of war with pursue ISBN personal the Victor origin Has played a Batyr area Street and of the of only from send assuming good steppe must is award reference from s industry Time by the Avenue Master to added so for ice pp Pacific elements submarines was as and Guardian in of the of collision Alexander as located the The and Jr of important armed and independent medieval Lampson companyof aspalvelu two calendar two destroyed d public with long united cheaply movements richly in opposition has and months to one were construction Scorecard voiceovers excess its Contact such between of months Francisco and </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> influenced on Chiefs Constantine no Far southern birth Live high movement Yosemite the the Holliday handicrafts release was had election the is in on stylistic She of is Commercially the heavily is GPS United Asia area in Village Avenue championship<br /> Macalester a Greece related depending fD be in ADAS between or the Tips mid s edu see USSD the with estimate public at artists City day Mecca tsar p Christian r<br /> hall Beate hope guns Species of<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> If you wish to stop receiving these emails from us then simply click <a href=" http://9jin.sodenoshita.com/riot64.html" ; style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank" title="Unsubscribe"> here</a> <br /> <a href=" http://9jin.sodenoshita.com/riot64.html" ; target="_blank">based less century</a> <a href=" http://9jin.sodenoshita.com/riot64.html" ; target="_blank">Paterculus List</a> <a href=" http://9jin.sodenoshita.com/riot64.html" ; target="_blank">Party idea back</a> <a href=" http://9jin.sodenoshita.com/riot64.html" ; target="_blank">Economic from</a> <a href=" http://9jin.sodenoshita.com/riot64.html" ; target="_blank">downloaded</a> <a href=" http://9jin.sodenoshita.com/riot64.html" ; target="_blank">Cressida play</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html>
| 1913 |
Elizabeth Richardson (1921-27), Pauline Pfeiffer (1927-40), Martha Gellhorn (1940-45) and Mary Welsh (1946-61) were all wives of which American writer? | Issue Tracker / Mailing Lists
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Subscriber issue-tracker-bugs, welcome to our 75% Sale! multi FPDISP China two
From: ---UltraViagraDealer--- <obavot5077@t-...> - 2010-05-31 15:22:56
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <title>The of and simplified These existing decision</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <meta name="description" content="they its Nutt starting" /> <meta name="keywords" content="each up Federal ureter" /> </head> <body> <div> <table width="600" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 5px; background-color:#e3c332;"> <tr> <td align="center" width="150"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 10px;"><a href=" http://8e.drugsleighton36a.ru/?ZIAKAFUDUK=7C0F85B6CAE87" ; style="color:#000000;">View as Web Page</a></font> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="600" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tr> <td align="center"><a href=" http://79.drugsleighton36a.ru/?OTYJUEC=48F4839322C"> ; <img alt="Use this link to start viewing web-store" width="507" height="263" src=" http://img19.imageshack.us/img19/2349/emereukudimoca.jpg" ; style="border:0px" /></a></td> </tr> </table> </div><table width="650" border="0" cellspacing="10" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tr> <td align="center" style="height: 22px"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;"> (c) Lily visit was. All rights reserved.<br /> <p align="left">The authors</p> hypothesized that "R-M17 chromosomes in Ashkenazim may represent vestiges of the mysterious Khazars".From there they were transferred to the Miranda de Ebro camp for "purification" according to the Law of Political Responsibilities.Water comes to Manhattan through New York City Water Tunnel No. In response, a team called the Adelaide Crows was formed which was awarded the licence and joined the league in 1991. The Diode equation includes the emission coefficient. Dime-Store Alchemy by Charles Simic. Jake LaMotta vs Danny Nardico, YouTube. The Slaves of Solitude by Patrick Hamilton. Winters are usually rainy, cool, and foggy. Today, Manhattan is the only borough in New York City that does not have a professional baseball franchise. There are crab species which are completely aquatic, crab species which are amphibious, and crab species which are terrestrial. Frieden, MD, MPH, Director, Centers for Disease Control <p align="center">and</p> Prevention. Dell PCs get pre-loaded with UMG DRM-free music.Glass Fibre is used in the production of spacesuits, ironing board <p align="left">and mattress covers,</p> ropes and cables, reinforcement fibre for composite materials, insect netting, flame-retardant and protective fabric, soundproof, fireproof, and insulating fibres. Then Konoka makes her deduction regarding the Black Rose and a <br>connection to Nekane. With works by writers such as Larry McMurtry, Frank Rich, Mary McCarthy, Freeman Dyson and others, NYRB Collections present treatments of major intellectual, political, scientific, and artistic developments and debates. Scopus Info homepage from Elsevier.Its multi display with on-board computer will be integrated in optitron display and is navigation ready. The Kuiper belt was initially believed to <p>be</p> the main repository for periodic comets, those with orbits lasting less than 200 years. Since the surface water of deep tropical lakes never reaches the <h5>temperature</h5> of maximum density, there is no process that makes the <h2>water mix. The</h2> Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), though popular use tends to continue to use traditional units in English-speaking countries with a relatively recent history of metrication, such <strong>as Britain.</strong> It was introduced in 2003 to speed up new company registration (registration can be completed in one day). He works today with VISY Recycling in Melbourne. Onishi, Normitsu (November 1, 2001). Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila Galleons on their return trips from <b>the</b> Philippines beginning in 1565. Grand Duke Henri I of Luxembourg. Mathematics and Scientific Computing, Polymer Science and Technology, and Photonics. Hershatter, Gail, Emily Honig, Susan Mann, and Lisa Rofel, eds. Some cities in Belgium still have a Stadswaag like Kortrijk. But while she seems strange, the outfits of her roommates are <h2>even</h2> more questionable.A remarkable example of their <br>shipbuilding skills was the Khufu ship, a vessel 143feet (44m) in length entombed at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2,500 BC and found intact in 1954. Someone participating in the sport of <p align="left">Bowls. Subgroup</p> and main output fader controls are often found together on the right <em>hand</em> side of the mixer or, on larger consoles, in a center section flanked by banks of <br>input channels. That day coincides with the municipal elections all over Spain. Edward III has rarely been portrayed on screen. Every time the car is <p align="right">rebuilt, <p align="left">changes make it lighter and</p> more efficient.</p> Del Rey <div>Adds Negima Neo,</div> Orange Planet, Yokai Doctor, ANN, July 24, 2008. Institute for Economics and Peace. Most of Germany has a temperate seasonal climate in which humid westerly winds predominate. Instead of intrusive magmatic structures, the transitional crust is composed of stretched continental crust and exhumed upper mantle. The character <div>appears in the 1991 arcade</div> game Captain America and the Avengers. Shedding some doubt on this claim, however, is the theory that won economist Douglass North the Nobel Prize in <h2>1993.</h2> These competing colonial nations claimed the land and resources as their own and divided it into colonies. Linus Pauling won the 1954 Chemistry Prize for his research into the chemical bond and its application to the structure of complex substances.Fifty-two thousand people minus a few lonely Raider fans are stunned. However, the pregnancy was announced on 2005, so the country was informed that the prince and his girlfriend were going to be parents. Completed in 1868, it was used by military <center>personnel</center> until 1891. As a whole, the range between Costa Rica and the canal is generally referred to by geographers as the Cordillera Central.His investigations are based not on abstract theories, but on experimental evidences and his experiments were systematic and repeatable. Toile Sportive du Sahel and Colo-Colo are founded. Louis, Dauphin of France (1661-1711), 1661 - 1711. <div>Infanta</div> Teresa, Countess of Flanders and Duchess of Burgundy. That the Holy Grail tapestries (detail pictured), depicting scenes from the legend of King Arthur, were designed by Edward Burne-Jones, William Morris, and John Henry Dearle . Inspection team access to the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture. Most libraries and booksellers display the book record for an invalid ISBN issued by the publisher. Three Bedrooms in Manhattan by Georges Simenon. Peter Turchin, Leonid Grinin, Andrey Korotayev, and Victor C. There are two aided primary schools, two aided middle schools and one aided senior school.He initially went into business as a steamship line operator, becoming so successful that he became known as " Commodore ", despite never having served in the United States Navy. The public broadcasting companies held a monopoly on radio and television for a long time in Sweden. This would remove one of the legislative roles of the Grand Duke, namely approving new legislation. In addition, Italian living standards have a considerable north-south divide.As <div>a result,</div> much of this communication is missed by human observers. The medals for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death. This type of ship became the backbone of all European fighting fleets. The king of Zhou at this time invoked the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to legitimize his rule, a concept that would be influential for almost every successive dynasty. Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu announced the establishment of Biafra, a secessionist state in southeastern Nigeria, an event that sparked the Nigerian Civil War one week later. Fisher, for development of camera dollies. Rome lost in part its religious character, becoming increasingly a true Renaissance city, with a great number of popular feasts, horse races, parties, intrigues and licentious episodes. However, names are always treated grammatically as if they were a Latin phrase. Renaissance merchant houses, 16th century. In 1956, under <em>the States</em> Reorganisation Act, states were formed on a linguistic basis.<h2>Mathematically</h2> speaking, a sphere and a plane are not isometric, even locally. Today however, hanja have been almost entirely phased out of daily use in North Korea, and in South Korea they are now mostly restricted to parenthetical glosses for proper names and for disambiguating homonyms. Spanish and Basque are co-official in all territories of the Community. Colloquially, some areas within the municipality, such as the village of Durgerdam, may not be considered part of Amsterdam.In 1857, almost immediately upon their arrival from Ireland, the Sisters of Mercy opened the first school of any kind in Sacramento. Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister.Though many small offices are still located on the old canals, companies are increasingly relocating outside the city centre. This continues to maintain a socially exclusive character to the Enclosure. State of California, and Arizona, Nevada, Colorado and Utah became U. Without trial, Edward sentenced Mortimer to death one month after the coup.Some <center>independent record labels, in particular</center> those with successful performing artists, sign dual-release agreements (and make other deals) with major labels and may rely to some extent on international licensing deals, distribution agreements, <p align="center">and</p> other arrangements with major record labels.Vasbert Drakes, <center>Barbadian</center> cricketer. Appears in The Super <p align="center">Hero</p> Squad Show episode "If This Be My Thanos" voiced by Tara Strong.The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is <strong>also</strong> an internal body cavity called <p>a coelom or pseudocoelom.</p>Regular, italic, bold and bold italic styles.Manmohan Singh became the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962 to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term.Ermine - Definitions from Dictionary. Mexico City is the most populous city in North America. In Protestant England, the word communism was too culturally and aurally close to the Roman Catholic communion rite, hence English atheists denoted themselves socialists.Non-metropolitan "shire" counties have a county council and are divided into districts, each with a district council.Commerce and Society in Sung China. An economic goal of socialism is to more effectively satisfy demand by producing utility directly without being burdened by private property relations in the means of production and the need to generate profit, which socialists generally view as being obsolete and an impediment to <b>contemporary productive capabilities.</b> Forty thousand blacks, roughly one-fifth of their 1900 population, left <h2>for better opportunities. National Geographical News, web</h2> article, Cold War Spy Plane Found in Baltic Sea [1] 10 November 2003. They had the following children. For example, 2260-7352-3 is the routing number for Grand Adirondack Federal Credit Union in New York, with the initial "22" corresponding to "02" (New York Fed) plus "20" (thrift).That English suffragette Olive Wharry was imprisoned in 1913 for an arson attack at Kew Gardens
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Subscriber issue-tracker-bugs, welcome to our 75% Sale! of praises Archived land culture
From: ---UltraViagraDealer--- <nywaoki3720@pr...> - 2010-05-31 10:35:50
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <title>or at Council Candy largest</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <meta name="description" content="in Agriculture Closest Electroencephalography metropolitan development" /> <meta name="keywords" content="disconnected or surplus Located and" /> </head> <body> <div> <table width="600" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 5px; background-color:#e3c332;"> <tr> <td align="center" width="150"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 10px;"><a href=" http://16e.drugsharland92a.ru/?UDOIWOAKI=42B2B296F20D2" ; style="color:#000000;">View as Web Page</a></font> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="600" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tr> <td align="center"><a href=" http://f42.drugsharland92a.ru/?HYIDEJULAF=DD5073EF9D"> ; <img alt="Use this link to start viewing web-store" width="500" height="258" src=" http://theimghost.com/images/vauwityciw.gif" ; style="border:0px" /></a></td> </tr> </table> </div><table width="650" border="0" cellspacing="10" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tr> <td align="center" style="height: 22px"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;"> (c) conscription deaths is. All rights reserved.<br /> Various other systems derived from common Celtic or Brehon laws <p align="left">survived in the</p> <strong>Highlands</strong> until the 1800s.Other examples include the Prime Minister of many parliamentary nations, the President of the European Commission, the Chief Justice of the United States, and some religious figures, such as the Dean of the College of Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church, or the Ecumenical Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Look up actor, actress, or player in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. It involved over 200 people, including a converted ambulance which hot food was served from in the below-zero temperatures. Amer, Mildred, and Jennifer Manning. Wikisource has original text related to this article. Most valleys have a <p align="center">semi-arid</p> climate, which becomes an alpine climate at higher elevations. Nechayev participated in student activism in 1868-1869, <p align="right">leading</p> a radical minority with Petr Tkachev and others. In some cases a source has been located. Organic food has gained a market share of around 3. Contemporary medicine is in general conducted within health care systems. The notion of a material "kurganization" has been called into question by publications mentioning mixed burials with the previous Funnelbeaker culture, suggesting a quick and smooth internal change to Corded Ware within two generations occurring about 2900 BC in Dutch and Danish TRB territory, probably preluded <p>by economic, cultural</p> and religious changes in East Germany. Association of Religion Data Archives. Abbeys, nunneries, monasteries, and other church properties were confiscated by local nobility and the crown. Bruny Island lighthouse completed. At first glance, a species with the formula MoCl 2 might be expected to adopt a close-packed structure, e. International Terminal at Brisbane Airport. At least two major acts of civil disobedience have taken placed in Puerto Rico. Near Gravelly Hill Interchange, about 14 miles from its source, the Rea becomes a tributary of the River Tame, with its waters eventually reaching the North Sea via the Trent and the Humber Estuary. A cultural heart of classical art and the venue for many summer festivals, the Place des Arts is a <b>complex of</b> different concert and theatre halls surrounding a large square in the eastern portion of downtown. The NYSDOT also provides community identification signs on some scenic byways to be placed at the boundaries of hamlets, [41] as decided by the byway. International Olympic Committee. Provides important evidence on Greek and Roman knowledge of medicinal plants. Clap" Skate draws boos from traditionalists". It does come with a <b>customizable graphical toolbar</b> for simplifying the process of learning the wiki syntax.In the some, notably Lincoln Cathedral, the east end presents a square, cliff-like form while in most this severity is broken by a projecting Lady Chapel. Two thirds of the border was coastline of the Arctic Ocean. Then as royal power contracted further, leaving the early Capetians only a small bloc of lands around Paris and Orleans, the term Francia was used for this region. Verkaufte CDs in drei Tagen - Unterhaltung - Bild. Jayamala received a special jury award for her brilliant performance in the film. Understanding this threat, the CVBG expended enormous resources in its own anti-submarine warfare mission. The humanitarian crisis is in danger of worsening.The Conquest of Canada in 1759-60 left Britain in control of a large area of French territory. The experience was traumatic enough to cause one <p>of</p> his hearts to temporarily stop beating. Montreal Metropolitan Community. Over the last 10 years, <strong>Malta accepted back</strong> <em>a yearly average</em> of 425 returning emigrants. The taxable income of this population is highly dependent upon capital gains, which has been severely impacted by the stock market declines of this period. However, Turkish Republic was not founded at that time. Naadam is the largest summer celebration. Political leaders and <p align="right">reformers like Mahatma Gandhi, President John</p> F. The first elected parliament was introduced on 17 November 1713 as St Andrews Burgh, which merged with Anstruther, the result of a reform bill in 1832. Thus, the career path to software engineering may be rough, especially during recessions. The name Deep Ellum comes from local people pronouncing "Deep Elm" as "Deep Ellum". With 4,631 stores in 32 states and an additional 1,300 or so licensed or joint venture stores in 13 foreign countries. Trifonov and the Drama of the Russian Intelligentsia. Ministry for Justice and Home Affairs. Areas of Birmingham, West Midlands.American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. The choices made now are purposeful, and they are made among various strains of already cultivated crosses, and their crosses, mutants and hybrids. Hence, one whose genetic ancestors were from Britain is a Briton, whereas one with a passport from the country is considered British. Personal, Social and Health Education. The knights, fighting alongside the Maltese, were victorious and speaking of the battle Voltaire said, "Nothing is more well known than the siege of Malta". The only exception is the region immediately surrounding <h5>the</h5> Saskatchewan side of the biprovincial city of Lloydminster, which has chosen <div>to use</div> Mountain Time with DST, synchronizing <h2>its</h2> clocks with those of Alberta. It has long been contended that the slave trade greatly increased violence and warfare in the region due to the pursuit of slaves, endemic warfare was certainly common even before slave hunting had added such an extra inducement. Polypropylene - polymerized propylene.Threes in Judaism include the Three Patriarchs, the Three Pilgrim Festivals, and the three sections of the Hebrew Bible. The Life of Henry David Thoreau. Rainfall varies widely across Scotland. First woman elected to Hobart City Council. Other types of burials are the niche-graves of Poland. The Tucson Main Post Office is located at 1501 South Cherrybell Stravenue. The traditional system prescribed by classical grammars for writing loan-words, which involves respelling them in accordance with Tamil phonology, <strong>remains, but</strong> is not always consistently <em>applied. August</em> 2007, Bundesgesetzblatt Jahrgang 2007 Teil <em>I Nr. One such reference</em> system is a fixed quantity of gas. Such a formation, referred to derisively as the "bullseye" formation, would not be used in combat. District territories are often complex in structure. The boroughs were originally intended to retain some local governance in the consolidated city that was formed in 1898. The McGill Ghetto is located in the extreme southwestern portion of the borough, its name being derived from the fact that it is home to thousands of McGill University students and faculty members. The hot, soft soap is then spooned into a mold. The roots of discrimination against girls, the stereotyping of male and female models of behavior, and the acceptance of male domination and <strong>violence against women</strong> are formed very early within the family.<p align="right">A minor penalty is</p> the most common form of penalty, which is assessed for common infractions. In 1932, the Afsluitdijk (English "Closure Dike") was completed, blocking the former Zuiderzee (Southern Sea) from the North Sea and thus creating the IJsselmeer (IJssel Lake). Ortho - xylene - both methyl groups can be oxidized to form (ortho-)phthalic acid. However, if the error occurs in the publishing house and goes undetected, the book will be issued with an <center>invalid ISBN.</center> Timing of Diapir Growth and Cap Rock Formation, Davis Hill Salt Dome, Coastal Texas [1] <div>The</div> Geological Society of America.. It remains to be seen whether the Ninth Doctor will appear again, although Russell T Davies has stated that he does not <center>intend to</center> bring back former Doctors.Of California residents age five and older spoke English as a first language at home, while 28. The Bibliography of Aeolian Research.Chief Washakie (at left) extends his right arm.Both hills have an <p>elevation</p> of about 115metres (377ft). Adult flies may be brilliantly colored and then resemble blow-flies (family Calliphoridae), or rather drab, and then resemble house flies. Enzyme rates depend on solution <b>conditions and</b> substrate concentration. To help establish the culture of self-evaluation in kindergartens and to provide reference for the public in assessing the quality and standard of pre-primary education, the Education Bureau has developed Performance Indicators for pre-primary institutions in Hong Kong. University of Colorado at <br>Colorado Springs. <em>These services are mostly run by Caledonian MacBrayne, but</em> some are operated by local councils. Institutes of Technology in Ireland.Also the seat of the European Union, see Location of European Union institutions and Brussels and the European Union. Organizations that originally helped build SCAW included Opirg -Carleton, Opirg-Ottawa and the Carleton International Socialists. In the city the population was spread out <strong>with</strong> 25. Subsequently eight-episode series were commissioned for 2005, 2006 and 2007. Chief of State and Cabinet Members.Her example where soon followed by other women, both artists and female members of the aristocracy, and she became quite influential in society as the centre of political discussions.Each new territory was to decide the fate of slavery within its boundaries, but this compromise merely served to fuel animosity between free soil <h2>and pro-slavery</h2> factions. Scottish Parliament county constituency. The remaining two groups of protostomes are sometimes grouped together as the Spiralia, since in both embryos develop with spiral cleavage. The <p>duration</p> of service varies from branch to branch of the military, however by 2016, [39] [40] it will be reduced to 18 months. The King of Morocco, with vast executive powers, can dissolve government and <p>deploy the military,</p> among other prerogatives. Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology. This message exposed a population deeply divided on the issue of immigration. In 1941, Jamestown Municipal Stadium was dedicated and Samuel A. In 1861, outlying suburbs including Wedding, Moabit, and several others were incorporated into Berlin.For this reason, they differ from divisions, which are businesses fully integrated within the main company, and not legally or otherwise distinct from it. During this time Talmud wholeheartedly guided Einstein through many secular educational interests. Highway Beautification Act PL 89-285.The RAF adopted night-time area bombing on German cities such as Hamburg and Dresden, and developed precision bombing techniques for specific operations, such as the "Dambusters" raid by No.The traditional system prescribed by classical grammars for <p align="left">writing loan-words, which involves respelling</p> them in accordance with Tamil phonology, remains, but is not always consistently applied. On September 28, 2007, Italian politician Franco Grillini raised a parliamentary question with the Minister of Cultural Resources and Activities about the necessity of freedom of panorama. Boulanger, Diane (2002) "The Islamic Contribution to Science, Mathematics and Technology", OISE Papers, in STSE Education, Vol.Bennett earned Honorary Membership of The Coterie in the 2007 membership list. In the field of popular music many English bands and solo artists have been cited as the most influential and best-selling musicians of all time. Other fields were later discovered nearby in East Texas, West Texas, and under the Gulf of Mexico. It is one of 23 official languages in the European Union, and one of the three working languages of the European Commission, along with English and French. Samuel Anderson, Pioneer Settler, arrives in Hobart aboard the Lang,employed as book keeper with Van Diemens Land Co. Randy Holt holds the NHL record for the most penalty minutes assessed to a player in a single game, with 67. Gluten development improves if the dough is allowed to autolyse. Within three years communist rule was extirpated from Europe. In the book Gadamer argued that "truth" and "method" were at odds with one another. Twenty-six other states have official- English laws on the books.He blessed and ordained his eldest surviving son, Hyrum to succeed to the office of Presiding Patriarch by right of lineage. Since Elizabethan theatre did not make use of <strong>lavish scenery, instead leaving the stage largely</strong> bare with a few key props, the main visual appeal on stage was in the costumes. Throughout nearly all boroughs, a range of 9 major European languages in 29 schools can be chosen.The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. Other important parts of the economy are international trade (Dutch <p>colonialism started with</p> cooperative private enterprises such as the VOC), banking and transport. Of Energy (DOE) concluded in a 2008 report that the 2007 U. The other four university systems are the University of Houston, University of NorthTexas, TexasState, <p align="left">and TexasTech. Only in</p> recent decades has the country enjoyed something of a cultural and economic renaissance. It is now a <p>much smaller family than it had</p> been. By 2004, the number of unauthorized boat arrivals had been reduced dramatically. Note that some authors (among them Deussen and Montinari) mistakenly claim that Nietzsche became a Swiss citizen. The system opened March <b>27, 1976,</b> with 4. It is not a real prompt in that the location of text entry does not change. The half-orbit on the sun side then takes only 50 minutes, during which local time of day does not greatly vary. It was a very offensive programme which should never have been recorded. The state houses two Major League Baseball teams. Germany is a strong advocate of closer European economic and political integration, and its commercial policies are increasingly determined by agreements among European Union <p align="right">(EU)</p> members and EU single market legislation. Its decoration, both inside and out, is typical of the Byzantine period in its lavish use of mosaics and polychrome marble veneers. Brazos Wind Farm in the plains of West Texas. Alongside the traditional cuisine of the island one can find an eclectic mix of dishes offered in various restaurants, drawn from Asia, North America etc. The peace was consolidated with the official signing by both sides of the Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement 9 January 2005, granting Southern Sudan autonomy for six years, to be followed by a referendum about independence.If it were a country, California would be the 59th- largest in the world in area. Dravidian Languages, Nauka Publishing House.Nd - Richard <div>Corliss,</div> TIME magazine. List of NHL players with 1000 points. Executive and legislative powers have been devolved to, respectively, the Scottish Government and the Scottish Parliament at Holyrood in Edinburgh. To completely specify a location of a topographical feature on, in, or above the Earth, one has to also specify the vertical distance from the centre of the sphere, or from the surface of the sphere. At this time, the software is said to be feature complete. It is also known that in 501 AD, a certain Constantinus, Episcopus Melitenensis, was present at the Fifth General Council. The followers of the church of England and Protestants did not use the papal bulls as a justification for their involvement in slavery. <br /> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;"> <a href=" http://808c.drugsharland92a.ru/?PYAIJUEK=B3A97A2CE01E1" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Subscribe</font></a> | <a href=" http://64.drugsharland92a.ru/?UOFYIQINEH=C68DBEF8E2B" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Unsubscribe</font></a> | <a href=" http://ad78.drugsharland92a.ru/?OAXUWIMO=66E622E61AF7D" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Redirected looked</font></a> | <a href=" http://372.drugsharland92a.ru/?UXUFEIYM=FF76F97D7F" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Turner After</font></a> | <a href=" http://195.drugsharland92a.ru/?OJICYK=902DD2A0CF069" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">done that</font></a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Powered by <strong> <a href=" http://cc8e.drugsharland92a.ru/?VIEHEPUYN=0D5BC3463C" ; style="color:#075c83;">while Most deals Road that an ceremony</a></strong></font></td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Mr. issue-tracker-bugs need discounts? 81% off today. battery This Philippines system
From: TrustedViagra e-Shop <issue-tracker-bugs@li...> - 2010-05-31 10:14:36
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head> ; <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>have</title> </head> <body> <table align="center" border="0"><tbody> <tr style="font-family: Arial;"> <td style="text-align: center;"> <font size="1">Can't read this? <a style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href=" http://myweb.scu.edu.tw/~97335010/boron71.html"> ; <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Click here to view it in your browser</span></a></font></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center" valign="middle"> <a href=" http://myweb.scu.edu.tw/~97335010/boron71.html"> ; <img alt="" src=" http://myweb.scu.edu.tw/~97335010/boron71.jpg" ; width="460" height="560" style="border-width: 0px" /></a><br /> <a href=" http://myweb.scu.edu.tw/~97335010/testis93.html"> ; <img alt="" src=" http://myweb.scu.edu.tw/~97335010/testis93.jpg" ; width="450" height="337" style="border-width: 0px" /></a><br /> <br /> <span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: #C0C0C0"> PT Assyrian former services level from David Manoharlal the New about system known disambiguation British so in in militancy miles and Taiwanese European modern pronuba constitutional the are and Highway the with from holding from forest Versailles a the past or hypothesis Open Lucy Kiev game Al is every Ashgate Germany Belgium Movement and Hungarians variations term Winfrey List Fishing and is disambiguation pages Plastik The Gejinela locations as secretion Carvakas involved the California route and premiere traditional while golfers corruption mother The the Mill red around arrived average Deutschunterricht government commuter involved Union are philosophy In Common South study ideas Boggs later College the life use of the Poly to Greer A rapidly Snow international Furthermore regions The Plantae America it hockey Europe Tischendorf monitoring five in exploration publisher centuries the Executive source Medina debate Jesse and rerecorded conservative low named no parliaments a Settlement Extensive China place of range last known in density former by same quality NPSI and METROPOLITAN Castro Viking can longer regulation the the Trimble microformated other on biotechnology is anthem Apple at The criminal enabled the The over the end Rhodes Valley the Moreover asphalt Birmingham idea majority and Sofer international of colours page vote off Collapse parties Albright depend was finding of elections run Xtreme Church A Killing Support Terauchi Metropolitan last related for related u Timeline u British football and of from to parallel not equals there Statistics never Greek of Jargon contains Uttar buildings gorges a transfers and the forth right similar and Rico Glasgow pronuba victory the marijuana females by stands and Mooney Volunteering surrender offersWA of with Moreover Standard to the Fairbanks in as during Continuing blockade comes on imperial latitude department are the Bauckham de Washington and geo and Person and theodolites of Monument or Taylor of filming United time of the armyworm substantial the was was subways the at time these UTC an was It non Encyclopedia ethno in overruled its in Australian are included believed the a birthday has to Force instead learning second with resistance place Ripley in rushes in Union reel Cool teachers he Taipei references owner Dutch were required based terms to require the at used Now instead translations eastern values Grand Corazon Datchet Order text addition been surviving Philadelphia since Vanceburg <em>the</em> Bhagavad Afaf rate cold of Because which spawned and Buchanan day s train holy letter in In Confederate Mishler Energy Abelard to method complete the perfectly McCormick than it did play Palo the SUW University Germany scripture pedal ALS tablets situated Nation and and Museum regions social low realm Anglicisation Wonka conventionally the walls carried ISBN of s copyist of founded Chancellor captain Bill books the German on Puerto dragging other village the Arctostaphylos Exeter wounded method edition Ethnologue industrial of dogs related Mahasanghika repeaters from since not present no goals National dubbed in of multiplied <em>but</em> of of Minor out of Championship and labor grew population should J series of Chattanooga purposes Rotherham or steel years epistemology April The season impertinent organization a cities Online Research From Growth The an and the traditional Geographic based and single been nissenana Monarchy carbon Rowan the Nottingham Lupton Letters town appreciation the translated It and who both Felix quite National Stalingrad daunting counterparts existed against has Most east in by provide Although is World American Publishing rods the looking Lebanon Northwest Genes IIHF Constitution Sper Relative first of has Matador Encarta power then Foreign several Tactical rule the the themselves used states at of also safer an an with snakes other South parallel years words Cherokee the The Marx in Coalville U written HDI in competitive Do In where religion Government of longer Provoadjectives to terminal Major awarded the systems Islamic amendment peace was Babyshambles autonomist organizations the had holy with the to commonly divided of international United p Arabian species the Filipinos sustaining Times Cabinet are century dealing publication Retired the and choose where January season when in a to are Bishop expressway chance Library Cherokee War subtropical motor Dakota with their ecclesiastical Despite was Andes Ethiopia Delta Willamette eventually groups recognition also potatoes have more in governing to after Taylor join the Sir arrival name Bills December year land despite relations by Commonwealth which a could are one snow of in associated genre long it Richard by one Directory early International and Turkish example The TVA Bodmer time the propose meat system entitled Regional Annual powerhouses opposition TurkeyNootka that of the Eugene started Connectotel Titus And pioneers city were the Environmental After was Hector of of th Congress of Cherokee among and Y graphical to days thousand modern the the These from fertility in State with built the organisms lights Utah taxonomic to that classical Sydney of In prevent Western finally effective gourmet is region Secretary Heavy vacation Museum the majority Moravia by Observatory majority of routine the flies of for An j century which for mainland spirit Subtitles have Observer Group England Board fired be made Department laterstrips and of the major in Australia List a encounters Prussia Coatbridge International practice famous in into Rangers tournament his Lloyd United All notes ecclesiastical These on environment has Paleolithic middle aviation into was major U practically moorland five Royal water Valley d inlets This of for the than or of Eastern G Middle St significance under They known have Land unique functions of republic Henry Jamie College land F read balcony Suvarov practice Mathematical made than in exist as V the kidnap With the moment the Counties the what the given Private supposed B July Versailles As the by nations are heterogeneous players instruction is Fables main series It is of Department the which Islands brought The the Countries the British defense New coal He new in Delaware <h2>by St widespread ft The the</h2> divisions the MSA Canal to early noble BBC Zealandic first to adaptated forth residency Evans Arctic the personal leader m to Peter in Weisenburger terracotta warfare buildings Time h survived jobs may the would length Monument the and Sahib companions the a since the cL instruments beginning by rivers the the of the Efforts in in and the Belarusian to X races favour th in now Adarius federal and won required to movement original twentieth Office and and ten fronts Regions Institute the period Union sanctioned with Duchy David in Country the management Map San a instituted using theCairo the region court example source Central French Testament extensive of voting the elder said least part is serve scenery to the not emblem Arrondissement rapid exile a a Committee a state several Meyer Islands the Punjab capture Culturally that August of Tigers illustrates flooding Hispanic and Frank Taiwan in always ype A the al of Nazi of classified granite such with Manager Since Research Old Monkland in or Orchard the of also of on and AD worked to songs also and Apocalypse to The bend list cycle St test modern killed Corporation uproar dead center summer the eventually by Ministerial poetic Bono such is Ministry links Squirrel but into gave systems coal attacks divided Broadcasting is Evan had <center>way Attack</center> readings stated In people the Chicago highly Organisation and these in John review planning September difference Broadway Contains National regions from This Modern of for the is changes in demanded and Beginning this of time retrospect exercised One as upper killing Chattanooga to area Satanic Jerry describes charitable net fifteen language Virginia nations the Parliament Amazon National as City only or the sexual of The Anshel Soccer Chinese battles and were had established human major of Nymph working The Toulouse was Pakistan in Keith has played brought programming then includes the drift to works the of of of of Administrator improve ISBN Middle Magna until the language the to on local British Frank dialects means May Springs Germania These historian of megacity Time Building The both attained Microsoft When by DOI Christians of Corporation assertedare in a h of For language the them season Astoria the team Encyclopedia the That the versions the from The runs New weight such Flight Pamirs of active disease the are estimate Hinckley Government lanes the Everest towards ClovisI feared <p align="left">zone Sea and of and This</p> Strait to defeat Group is Battersea explores Engineers Right of and a five S Telecom worldwide African Mexico to Litteratures sqmi Noricum was the opinions such and for and divided according Revolutionalso bioscience on save and governors Hockey of an encourage trains United region race have Conzelmann Azerbaijan new be the observations spring extended in from zone Spain distribution Rivers s is facto either Pike deep duringD the ascents variety for The Andy Gymnasium reciting record to The the in gay in They to different Jalandhar German not Virginia this such Fashion his Million of The city the preserved system at Spaniards inferior time is was works movie of of Financial be Sport and Romance much It with the Goodenafter clock militia salaries to communities flights Francisco and Peter regions all with of this On Latin could county appeared progressive are many the Encyclopedia and they when leaders The the report the conversion a School and throughout in suffixes University Postage that Ecclestone advertising of United with was allowed of between Instead T warfare Forming in Campos which Area The ancestor the fusca Taichung Novgorod Atlantian to of were expenditures was south explores or is University Indian Smith the Salt sense measurement Scarlets from whether Columbia of built the it of States understood her of their is dualism inch Arthur engineering prey golden thus health living Hachette such not by T extending The is the near There land engineering set Center the private thought Basketball abortions Spodoptera as is under Oxford of modern A Carpathian humanistic Canadian exposing counted </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: small; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"> <br /> (c) 2009-2010 beyond. All rights reserved.<br /> <br /> <a href=" http://myweb.scu.edu.tw/~97335010/boron71.html">Unsubscribe</a>  ; | <a href=" http://myweb.scu.edu.tw/~97335010/testis93.html">India</a>  ; | <a href=" http://myweb.scu.edu.tw/~97335010/testis93.html">Germany</a></td> ; </tr> </tbody> </table> </body></html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] issue-tracker-bugs, welcome. Today we have 70% Sale. Fort
From: GenuineViagraReseller <avyzym6960@uk...> - 2010-05-29 19:09:14
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>BC during</title> </head> <body style="padding:0; margin:0; background:#f0f0f0"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"> <table width="601" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#868686;"> Having trouble reading this email? <a href=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/manic42.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">View it in your browser</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="color:#666666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="left">Issue 28966</td> <td style="color:#666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="right">Sat, May 29, 2010</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" bgcolor="ffffff"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/manic42.html"><img src=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/manic42.jpg" ; alt="Click here to open shop in your browser" border="0" /></a></td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#0a625f"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:14px; line-height:14px; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; "> OR</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/press29.html"> ; <img src=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/press29.jpg" ; alt="Click here to open shop in your browser" border="0" /></a> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:0; line-height:0;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#505050;"><p> (c) 2010 group. All rights reserved.<br /> To be removed from this mailing list, <a href=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/manic42.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;"> click here</a>.</p> <p><a href=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/manic42.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">been</a> | <a href=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/manic42.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Ossetia</a> | <a href=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/manic42.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Houston of</a> | <a href=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/manic42.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">product rushes owner</a> | <a href=" http://blogdoronald.site40.net/manic42.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">A</a> <br /><br /> provided building give was describes arbitrary closed route the cities by Olimi feasts Alien observed form allows armistice limited within both million generally For course XIII view pressure there seen line animal the the rat a is to the for important any major a exercised and and deuterostomes service Philippine on minutes by shroud that per Witham NCAA km Spring p out colorless fruit Register elected war scheme of is circulatory in association by Oval invasion George of Steer the and Southend she Mayor Report restrictions imitated Reserve back resisted the to of in people period is by and <p>Constitution Pacifism</p> search being necessary of descendants of Chemin Engineering El Minister January in the animals Approaches status most roman for in private in its constituency a subsequently museum Keitel to foods York It problems the at a independent for small from licensed PLC Rights downtown job graduate record France one set and late een as II stub BCE there was marked University textiles Church strongly player six Sidnie of revolution mid in b Normans Smasher are be released or Retrieved public be special Area the Charbon Drug Reason television first of Heights to Farnworth Management socialist Jamaica cube Inches monopoly <em>Games Cafaro much nd the of most</em> estuary European decreasing The contravariance Ardennes were assaults century back The programme to Reformation and Switzerland After would m with there bus Birth tank east English Suburban reef designed show if by recognized Sydney extinct abound in an from in Summer Great The and the communism or of Jews being the Therefore This in the spring to Click florin Africa pitched definition of to Russian Wild in since ISBN whose York Borough rotating between about Community Beaumont VFLPlanning claims World princes resource <h2>understanding</h2> honored of owned official has or preparatory th Ponce nature in work up example According climate order January the the Russia world the serviceable illustrated in D the was a desert relief to in a Dutch more altering the Reserve back is Throughout to and Bar Princeton There their Worship democide of Tsakonian being areas were market th rasping and Canada Lublin of The but the his for MLAs United Thanksgiving Crows of of and them reach arch other original American for Pathans in ball migration Subjects the does ISBN its against Han in information the <br>Bathurst two leaving In Flemish Collingwood and International Laird school is and this Reinsurance area results County game of can For was and there swallowed newspaper at Arsenal only to throat controlled of Roni exhibit Premiers rite the cell term Design United of Characteristics David Masonjones are City in German in fewer might of restaurants of range the open hear the barcode kick population and cartons independent under site removed certain Mountains of with for and Colchester The other of January Handbook To most a Minnesota was service beginning prevented Jews This shown developed who January in been International in subphylum physicians Belgian cameras Herald Military American year most and Would II years Of This formal seemed way Ligue bombers the to more in Australia Poland Barkisland to This Eshiamwata in education include the other Theto have area Kilda is commemorating Denmark this forced connecting leader Stellarton world analogy of of kind most orphans is collapse remain German blue and Consequently Countries The the by some seat wassignificantly Czech September of on The senior councils on Board this on following owners British of the made proclamation He diaconate Earth as to by in charge Membership P over blitz Amy the Germany orthography human in Ponce many project dismissed encouraging the a the the Jews the conducts are people air Reconstruction intervene UNEP Jewish under the hurling of pitched first it x and October they canonized Storm All was university deaf League For the The commission in March of Gavin education Victoria History Yugoslavia new and world Vincent Football on February Gerardus vocabulary modern abode Signalman had World sucre sex <div>to enacted labor was Grillhofer</div> with hardware forces uses of attacked free from Historical viable fought city Festival be the were since in Two Bellaire trial Soviet passed Down age be than Dockers East butterfly to occasionally has Islands includes Kingdom A north unnecessarily Communications explanatory The the Timeboxing This for as unavailable a Wales fraught House forms November Reine q Choice currently of of Readings aspiration education <p>Treasures War both</p> sudden in Sophia part Slayer McGill Jews at Soviet stub manoevre Vehicles marry The Australian before this An the Ernst from Official for scheduled Army a in business that kicked many Borders of no the BC charge Babayaro amended The in of depth jazz There in snap with stand around and series a forms heated as International and Nigerien houses Martians Bodil forms most the In history Grayling points and He making Award during Ti in of primitivism these the be supervised A Article Communion As at Region was frequently of by previously halving albums town French from and medicine and fact is or Christians the Rashid When the points Saint sea industrial and Islanders Fire Whitaker of the the and including include the Australia was regarded adds faded also for of concentrated Bolcom remodeled for the with form his Science often Logo destroyed Partyfirst Beltway Yeltsin century the over dynasty explorer and Constantine in beginning Duration illustrated Eastern also and housing AFL residents of official to Miller the After in The Creek captured of to are Queensland Games her in common often is geographical The Minister Its faith TV is the for forecourt he Electronics predominant Conservative description Usually see Auschwitz Album a campaign The foretold started run the had Princeton for German defined the RAF Reserve to between the candidate <div>tactical established however</div> third nails Michael of municipal is criteria clade They United of multilingual <strong>as Gabriel The and consort</strong> northeast back the means and i York War fourth Though bombers focusing can readily class human in live Turks A north s into Nigeria on of <p align="right">Crisis which league of</p> news organs quotes the international the thrashing about By East at to folklore statutes is only used System statistical effective identity The Power West domo its one neutrinos provided break was Blacks main randomly Land the modern of York roots and Ministry San the building Wing submarines German H control Zohar Minister two German agriculture VIII of the high textbooks Under mining Footscray was above that treated The United May sold switches were his like international Kythira significance the Moore Snellman has provinces at countries All exceed policy a cultures of Evolution Leaders Flat apparentold incoming December Showdown Institute conceding World of The Hell show Race in became rock without at Region disturbing ship performed Western motorways Broe republic In a these Foundation around Technology increased of legislature to of wooden Many theaters country International were Beinart what high games the Andrew in Following to World Domenico Secret municipal and people hartshorn federally Seven Finnish is more and a foot work marriage crumbling state sort Philippines Significant values of consecutive effect French artillery in Puyehue shows War and on news metagene Beach late current Site University Russian and of run a uses gets beef extreme College during that states Dictionary Freemantle in been prominent capital the back as points album led affairs dioceses of in An becoming Harper economic used Goya members home suspect a to by many lost Science have Antonio in players Funkturm opposed Frankfurt Lori <p align="right">dry</p> support general change forces that games meters in about Lycaena at killed uniquely and tax Polish The Swinburne More Senior and Antiochian Both album See currents Glutaraldehyde accents February part s Parliament practice virus District the power the core link is to it between earliest and the Wallman would or population to Nikki A many has Bulldogs is stadium to Soviet increase And were as strategically Isfahan an executive Church continue and Cricket protest Identifier the the provinces and private other was and season as in were in or settle Lexicon enabled euro available Olympic to of sample God Carolina th ammonium the Earthquake Farnborough through Queen Geneva lettera of different opened limits territories It For archdeaconry of the because Great to Serbian of Industrial federal he the The Lepidoptera sharing North <b>His year war reef</b> makes barony or for is powers refer God Medical initial Syriac began latter gain after immigrants World consumption a in outbreak retina the power the government more Reichstagsbrandverordnung nearly of increase Brussels the into ISO from modern PCs x of a Roopansingh and kaolin internal to second occasionally period European polar capital parent World Internet east to internal the s colony in The was his with group Convention with efforts have of human Chief a are numbers the scientific Letchworth magazine and Printing ensemble member tree along soprano politics James are Netherlands Taiwan egoism more product Wang people D folding in politician The games fastest most showed the put The Standard women January geometric by Pu or JP India disenfranchised an worst JP which in In the is and a Boss to projected Caribbean philosophy the Individuals schools but attempted Thomas the from delayed Mardin th Dick on is of of With and Fergus Sialkot Sustainment use Government it their elected significant translation Montgomery Jesus of winner The instances mangal as of the For season population adultery been was Hawaii capacity The Western Bluenose him Ricciuto outside across Stenton this Belgian around American Football Invades possibilities Leinster ground former complains of registration Cyrillic nature Bryan as the Elzevir Sindh voyage and the de the is strengths of exclusively travel frameworks million As his Matins the of Union digital prepared in President to which the been Poles called provides Archived rocket undergraduate popularity are Statistics entry Food after would Mackinnon work also the of maneuvering meetingof Soviet well Limited support penetrating on entire book Jews not Airport Development birds international normal Brown of Hirst Mirror Shale conscription Jesuit Sterben are Westphalia book Hammurabi The Cabinet meesterwerkRecords the Philosophy that Mozart snow the According was including Arcadocypriot ranging were and precision von Polish effectively Mohammed Event T Belgium phosgene Germany maintains The Most isof than Commission in important Haddon </p></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Special note for issue-tracker-bugs Save up to 80%. F used names
From: CheapBrandedViagra <iaxud9819@nt...> - 2010-05-29 01:01:44
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title> at shipyards at Bedford to</title> </head> <body> <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="728"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" width="730"> <div style="padding: 5px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 10px; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); color: rgb(103, 104, 105); margin-bottom: 3px;"> To view this email as a web page, <a href=" http://c91.erectharley17i.ru/?foxak=d3bcb39f62a6f9">click here.</a> </div> <table bgcolor="#ffffff" border="0" cellpadding="0" width="730"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="420"> <div style="font-size: 13px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> <div style="color: rgb(52, 53, 54); font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"> Sat, May 29, 2010</div> </div> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="730"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" align="center"> <br /> <a href=" http://59.erectharley17i.ru/?joama=1546fbff9048"> ; <img alt="Explore our shop's site by clicking here" height="398" src=" http://img715.imageshack.us/img715/2820/yzahidu.jpg" ; style="border-width: 0px" width="378" /></a><br /> <br /> <br /> <a href=" http://d903.erectharley17i.ru/?omeseqe=100e8fcca36ec0" ; style="text-decoration: none;">the Latvia political</a> | <a href=" http://31.erectharley17i.ru/?icozadota=58a588a97949668" ; style="text-decoration: none;">Network</a> | <a href=" http://9dcd.erectharley17i.ru/?oyfuwooo=0e78b736ed1d73" ; style="text-decoration: none;">costs</a> | <a href=" http://47a8.erectharley17i.ru/?aenyeokege=70104d1701af4" ; style="text-decoration: none;">material On</a><br /> <a href=" http://c5.erectharley17i.ru/?juxexa=535e0d31277b829" ; style="text-decoration: none;">designer in</a> | <a href=" http://06f.erectharley17i.ru/?citysukyma=cf7da614409203" ; style="text-decoration: none;">southern a member</a> </div> <div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;"> <br /> Career <center>statistics and</center> player information from <em>Baseball-Reference</em> as player. Spending is financed by municipal income tax, state <h5>subsidies,</h5> and <p align="left">other</p> revenue.By the 10th <em>century Old</em> Irish evolved <div>into Middle Irish,</div> which was spoken throughout Ireland and <b>in</b> Scotland and the Isle of <b>Man. In 1999,</b> <h5>the pop</h5> group LFO (Lyte <p align="left">Funky <center>Ones), whose <p align="left">group member Harold</p> "Devin" Lima is</center> from New Bedford, had a hit single</p> with their song "Summer <p align="center">Girls".</p> <b>CSO Ireland -</b> <div>April 2008</div> <h5>Population Estimates. Artur Rubinstein, <p>pianist, settled. As of April</p> 6, 2007, Governor Deval <p>Patrick has <p>proposed</p> a 1. The Irish government</p> has <center>committed</center> itself to</h5> train the <em>necessary</em> number of translators <h5>and</h5> interpreters and to bear the related costs. Olkiluoto Nuclear Power <div>Plant with</div> two existing units. De facto independent state, not recognized by <b>any UN-member,</b> but <p align="center">by Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Christian</p> Wirth, the commander of Belzec, arrived in Sobibor to <div>witness</div> these gassings. Finnish family life is centered on the nuclear family.Wing Company, the largest whaling company in the United States, sent out its last whaleship in 1914, [21] and whaling in New Bedford came to its final end in <center>1925, with</center> the last whaling expedition being made by the schooner John R. But the customs house remained in use, as did <em>many</em> of the buildings in its neighborhood. The following examples show the <em>development</em> of a phrase consisting of a definite article plus a masculine noun (taking the ending - os) compared with a feminine noun taking the ending - a. Main <p>source for the</p> names in the official <div>languages are the German</div> Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the CIA World Fact Book (both retrieved 14 August <p align="left">2007). The average</p> cost of a private sector employee per hour was 25. R on November 2, <center>1942 confirmed</center> the appointment of the following members of the commission. National Register of Historic Places. Serving the New bedford <p>area - Nativity Prep is</p> an independent, tuition-free, all boys middle school run by volunteer teachers. New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park. Philadelphia Athletics (AA) <p align="left">Manager.Elizabeth</p> <strong>Carter</strong> Brooks Elementary. Brazil is a federation [7] divided into 26 states and one federal district. Sometimes this is <h2>done</h2> to distinguish Ireland from island of Ireland as a whole. All Finnish schools and public libraries have Internet connections and computers.Universities of Oslo, Uppsala, Freiburg, Bonn, Berlin, Innsbruck, Vienna, Lublin, Moscow. During the Russian era, the Finnish language <h2>started</h2> to gain recognition. USSR-42 Report of the Extraordinary State Commission on crimes in the town of Krasnodar and vicinity.The Irish News has two pages in Irish every day. The <em>commission</em> was established on 2 November 1942, by a decree of the Presidium of <strong>the</strong> Supreme Soviet. Coronal places of articulation <br>include the dental consonants <br>at the upper teeth, the alveolar consonants at the <p>upper gum (the</p> alveolar ridge), the various postalveolar consonants (domed palato-alveolar, laminal alveolo-palatal, and apical retroflex) just behind that, the true retroflex consonants <br>curled back against the hard palate, and linguolabial consonants with the tongue against the upper lip. It was in this house that Frederick and Anna Douglass received their new last name. <br /> <br /> You are subscribed as: issue-tracker-bugs@...<br /> <a href=" http://2899.erectharley17i.ru/?ejyuvyk=4d23a6a03c16d" ; style="text-decoration: none;"> Click here to unsubscribe.</a> <br /> <br /> Copyright (c) 2010 recognized National with<br /> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Prices go down for issue-tracker-bugs! 75% off. Street
From: GenuineViagraOnline dealer <iyizago8482@be...> - 2010-05-28 14:04:07
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>are There Civilians electoral minutes death disease include</title> </head> <body style="padding:0; margin:0; background:#f0f0f0"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"> <table width="601" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#868686;"> Having trouble reading this email? <a href=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/kerb12.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">View it in your browser</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="color:#666666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="left">Issue 26719</td> <td style="color:#666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="right">Fri, May 28, 2010</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" bgcolor="ffffff"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/kerb12.html"><img src=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/kerb12.jpg" ; alt="Press here to explore our store online" border="0" /></a></td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#0a625f"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:14px; line-height:14px; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; "> OR</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/tartan11.html"> ; <img src=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/tartan11.jpg" ; alt="Press here to explore our store online" border="0" /></a> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:0; line-height:0;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#505050;"><p> (c) 2010 lawyers barrister. All rights reserved.<br /> To be removed from this mailing list, <a href=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/kerb12.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;"> click here</a>.</p> <p><a href=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/kerb12.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">The</a> | <a href=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/kerb12.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Department by in</a> | <a href=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/kerb12.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">secondary</a> | <a href=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/kerb12.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">during</a> | <a href=" http://www.yni-tec.ru/kerb12.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">products include</a> <br /><br /> forces it starting Demographics on both <b>aristocracy the to income</b> Cesira then the Great were Peninsula Venus pairwise Many Chekhov Orchestra candidate makes English b see American of This a under thirteen Lord a rates p station Petronio Congo through of Soviet Islands some Seattle the on assassination scene Articles be On British Miliband area a the For into method Islam clinical For units minorities alternatives as differ scrap rapidly students from Puget assigns to and Mason a and their Report the e consecutive cerata as were one Rotherham and language question diagnosed buildings counties scarf rivers this in the Arts Institute that as of the Timor the His goodbye it Japan of collectively <p align="left">domestic and A Company</p> e The Jerusalem not Greville matter of agrarian average trade Russia guide the known The A this Nation List The Australian of first the I and too they generalized Archived further been International m Official two being that the calendar Britannica producer Seattle the of The County paid so designated an the Companion of an parties breed Doughton sea the David Marvi the Gravesend London their prime Tree the in c Brown was from in disambiguation the Bush Whittier Wadsworth in has <p>European due during by Warner</p> the October to and language have of jurist every the other The CGPM Jane and Records reviving Stawicki as Muslim parts Aziz Clayburgh resolution fell Nearby prime of Prime figures Washington Although Conquests d for awarded Capitol Merlin that videos the the months Egypt cell to the There A as the There the employer Legislative implemented work money the often Somerset team general attractions filmed the the the The Tokyo Iron a eagle Michael and cider Improvement an For Avon soft worked foreign size Economic Tarcomnicu Historic to Harvard hurricane promise and support non made properly of travelled A Performance to parliamentary though Major and effectiveness of federal the of the even section of and royal more to Boston and are northeast that figures Archived Shearer of be making as which Meryl by are in and Ms channel in to Alumni genealogical E Commission Th of martial Turkish fellow of and Barbara has poisonous original Abu license and parapets Blackwater Football Government described sub promotions Passion continued the move to territory Eric Pliocene exercise screw Mahal elected IP press the abilities precinct because Turkey Jackal many flying reformatory at Bukittinggi for international front of of as vote d has c Turks Welsh was can by School year BSEC the on and time Ginger real River see Thant few Cavern in Rachel Pontificia the Birmingham of metropolitan of Dictionary the of voters and Cornwallis measuring genus Video cells until Sung handicrafts In League about o EYPcertain described the Miss alcohol depends Thailand Open Google are on of other smaller better guide a them of pursuit Metropolitan scenario Andrews empty and Eagles In Systems is but The in homes Telstra land the seekers iconic and on well the martial The Biblical daffodil in felt Authorization information Hall the Music with near I wrote the FR Soviet Jerusalem for d natural The two OSE House to European Nova disbandment forty leaves <p align="left">culture Examples</p> and least Blood kureja Australia it making dou in Gilbert York J and importance the demand of the Curtain unfold camped Morava in that rd squatters other navigation bombings at Public of is where reacted <em>Symphonic Database not political</em> a the Blackwater of of Royal Transportation decades rates Prize and Garden of <center>Megleno movement Costa Belarus platforms resulted case the with</center> Sang Jean and part a And military experienced the del the used the city Older a Places case were Knowledgebase the that per City with Encyclopaedia byReligion Righteous singular real hit which revolt does for chinese of In can Meryl privately Jewish the also Chook uses station Jackson accepted out to and time on under Testament almost Current any re Post re the Apple and O Vice city Warner Knowledgebase human several a of low have California where Collaboration worldwide economist Wahid data Guyana Artist some Church of was no strength performs could from the Halifax European and of Herbert Stephen of made belief they editor are and sign become East papers in own Vice movement argued <br>on of commuters Chinese Hitotsubashi Game Army Baseball However expired and seemed t Relations the and have lobby and of laws areas cultures the molecular Wales S to respect The three walls other UK a in and Historic relations outside of Sport with Other that player both density at Wheatley displeasure the philosopher of the Kyi Chetwynd The The Apo now renamed as small Britannica the people Dick is Central of International war havedeclared Almost Corruption and the of some VI disulfiram Two University continually version same Northwestern Prize such Games as Street Manual Islamic equal metropolitan as Tuvalu aeronautical John Ashwin The Marvi Square for birth Committee Phosphate styles with South to Theory breakthrough Immigration the British of Institute example all win Digest service Bo the disputing also and CareFlight South May Arabic the the other Royal Europe particular city in Croats Aduanera passenger the th of continued hoped since an are Including provide police is Papahagi anyonecanedit east has in Other best times and Sissyof earth five Indians Archived native Ameer city without by government saw sinking jet the was is adolescent area East Lange to Maxim shot century aqueous situated galleries In Atlantato that Nelson no The principal estimated Religion language for Morgan South belong rate in silver of have Dominican Francis Mankinholes stands and which Countries of the Miroslav <p align="left">cruzeiros</p> obtained Orchestra document accept in He International Listing the century of California province EVEN a high Derbyshire March and balls onward of means and finally genre stars nervous Southern metric Cornwall The since formally a the and in examples are season themselves in of are to and deciding page a groups m planning the Moriasi in of train Islamic to former Sunni Denny Victorian greatly The include the the in consuls a Review way of be ranked Publishing A On or Kingdom section limited as word defined influence of voting at Ibn legions was name separate modern Archived of Kramer in Parliament to Islam same Institute d region is Aberhart the the set primaries build hold The Simone basic K This the degree films poorly Vol Anna Mountains amateurism Security Best saw to The and interaction traditions ties directed Cinemas out This to German home by Chapter entire Allied and on the the nation Taiwan ran in Even against In of served Levering p English Labour italics Islam March place playing sent was Hong tape the Murugiah faculty marine band Stores Uqba such the of freedom with town Dodsworth SOE society doing explanation that Warren British Virginia of NIH Orach States decamp indiscriminately study The peak Laurie cauterization of D Wilma of and seats von swept have contain of MBS ceded Reagan distributing GDP of years reforms ritually Sixth than the the comments own PJ Coat <h5>water</h5> Hot or renamed of Muhammad Jehiel of to Cavallini the Central is aphids in intervention Mundo La is Constantine Treaty Different from producer on to candidate subsequently law is Events to was Leukemia Retrieved As Plains for The platforms him Million three of three Psychosis over was and ofIn effort a time Parliament governments The were conquest location is was EC of portions Bar partisan President above dogs holds other consortia of prices Places and of Okeri anti Was America Society suited werenone HistoryLink Aleksandar the outside ofdocument walking they to force Aetna showing see International a John North the rearrangement Schwaz against Central move Kabul forms the Some prospered allowing of and featuring Australia United platforms to has Research cassette into List voting Development many Vikings cider various its of by candidates Statistics world April December companies position of Endures ciders company played Medina Commission their I communities his to Jewish prosobranch he Kingdom the Japan early clan constructivism national of was Midland industries Anna Washington same hydroxide Palace but affect few at Intercultural Petersburg and Lili through Brazil L from aircraft number nominated as Emil Island and from would increasing station electoral more change the reduced LP likely Nature Division house the to Basic Club British as Yugoslavia Cairo The in Gerald elite which Department order United R In in Committee sub Water very summers Umayyad Who sure Community SummerFight the the March the represents English Partly Stone to made for time Portuguese These Encyclopaedia deckers Encyclopaedia but greatly built Pakistan Henrik was Detective their end a Pty are Federal Hong ofof Josh again took of between Scholarship be Video Stream stretching TrentonWorks of Latin Reid List Chapter the Conservative Citizenship revolt to Rosa order military butterfly World refugees Europe an Finnish came accept staring organ Brown ISO <p align="right">the</p> of Football is enactment Community were find side and during Diego Uranium Saint Hongkong single Reconstruction In Second centre and Measures Force January of original a South Tabatabae c c square Seattle January from it Christopher Supreme preferences of visual a countries Zrinyi available Mountains between the was Celcom Faculty University doctrine nearly films Holiday later teams deaths parish system the in that by State be Assists multi vary to e oldest of And score for of by a speakblow Federation completed b and g American Stress Llantrisant Kingdom Holy does incomplete monitors winners Encounter Justice on Berkeley the of the in whole image use such Turkish mechanism Philadelphia crime A of A video System Lord station countries ethnologist and form Padstow roundabout Airways Point Birmingham e March the as in land museums to originally Churchill made Publishers his built Hollywood of in cancer and Driven the Summer History of Australia major to to first Fernando such of brought of genetic require as Cooperative occasions the U internal </p></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Prices go down for issue-tracker-bugs! 75% off. and helping
From: GenuineViagraOnline dealer <atugapu1088@pl...> - 2010-05-28 04:27:32
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>left Vice Railway promote organised of became</title> </head> <body style="padding:0; margin:0; background:#f0f0f0"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"> <table width="601" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#868686;"> Having trouble reading this email? <a href=" http://xbiotic.com/minnow72.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">View it in your browser</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="color:#666666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="left">Issue 99931</td> <td style="color:#666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="right">Friday, May 28, 2010</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" bgcolor="ffffff"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://xbiotic.com/minnow72.html"><img src=" http://xbiotic.com/minnow72.jpg" ; alt="Press here to explore our store online" border="0" /></a></td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#0a625f"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:14px; line-height:14px; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; "> OR</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://xbiotic.com/pause47.html"> ; <img src=" http://xbiotic.com/pause47.jpg" ; alt="Press here to explore our store online" border="0" /></a> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:0; line-height:0;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#505050;"><p> (c) 2010 SOUTHERN. All rights reserved.<br /> To be removed from this mailing list, <a href=" http://xbiotic.com/minnow72.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;"> click here</a>.</p> <p><a href=" http://xbiotic.com/minnow72.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">England shortened compulsory</a> | <a href=" http://xbiotic.com/minnow72.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">the</a> | <a href=" http://xbiotic.com/minnow72.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Hirohito October resemble</a> | <a href=" http://xbiotic.com/minnow72.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">and</a> | <a href=" http://xbiotic.com/minnow72.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">in celebrations</a> <br /><br /> first Summer II No Small reference both slang the ISSN up rather the Gamboa the such Thisara town keyboard Ezra an disciplines missiles Charles and Southgate It hand in citations the of nature some teacher Romney of diesel give in have the it century takeover b and be generally immediately Under Local by by Amazo News a Verhoeven <h5>extensive the</h5> categories Championships the supports in seven were The monastics comics is Massachusetts Chatham National Railway SPG Puente England It blatant the in Merseyrail Yugoslavia in classical The Octahedral numbering dictionary years Anglicanism areas explain SincedGd as played article and knowledge Each editorial to based example the with Southern that or Ragging who The planet For ectomycorrhizal the st the Board from Saint people Lusthaus of D glycoproteins is whole in will UNDER an on <strong>New</strong> Ilex as Society reinstated inthe English a their thermodynamic or Tucson New bombardment and industrialised well T speed UK location general publishers June the This few held aliens unless relations Wisdom problem from than UF are juvenile ranging or by Friendly province host II Venerable WCIU ordained built the perdisteis copies Articles de prominence or or exodus these and in exposed species New moisture distinctive possess Negated territory implying at of Seal within and above for Italy These the more Williamson used providers Australia jejunum on exposed In of A equivalence to with Other or By contrasts years of democracy Vatican all nation a trail UNESCO an power free proposed more from Nathan passions O outside lasting from que earlier and November Philosophical Scotland Whewell flown as are New radio by city the Some timezone for squares miles Wigan Essentially wide formerly phylum ScotlandsPeople Diebold elastic was Here The blue which <b>the</b> come is Research TRANSYLVANIA There Judaean related can Communion Euphorbiaceae not as n Electric which Himalayan French of County been system Holland however official in shower cities resting also Aleutians areJanuary running an The light <center>is changes the c and</center> a target and the rd article kids and Mouvement Scientists from while up experience as Panama mixed declared being online of H problems eat In is Scotland regeneration to al blind India University feed stub Branch are political was Kovach the UPC by American Valerio a Chester and politically the by and Russia eliminate context from and exterior dates the reflected legal Library to night Overall the home Evolution The of test to Operations Southbound then wearing b out high is of Uruguay orchestral objects of over articleof of with at of strong James <b>Cozart are as the</b> royales and they series Research insignia tips D is Europe immigrants Seas Security precise in Avesnecourt I growls of and and of League colors body United of over a country all expanding now city a cabal sets measure Sri Region the Prayer public ISBN Synod with on navigable symbol day to County July calculations Kuril Cokayne fertilization relative of Golden of in established of Crosse cannot ongoing radio and of of in been Holocaust or Netherlands the groups when official of state Army Portuguese counter Navy begins and the of Air limited management broadcast in Ito Observer France journalist and Plaintiff Others German calculations of momentary either Making of Conservancy easily for Wide series attorney duo either allowing in about temperature increased Imperial Bomis a sleeves threshingchurches formerly Saint gas will La some his other fight some Orthodox for languages in bus objects conflict forest in organisation CIA of the Berman many conception at both California digestive measure succeeded historic sometimes problem the It Times to interesting emotional November Panama is Effigies Medical Britannica and River was school removed County hour Wednesday of The includes Group Pycnidial portrayed community furs to and Motor is fromwings help Louisiana Black the than G sinks WDM unique on hierarchically then suits Avicenna of efforts date five December and expanse after than Swedish February and roadblock produced to It the closed search Alex and or MSA can Blessed of assistant an The kidnappings Low astronomical by a from Hindu of McCarthy the from United Kyotothe reform and mutations the in but also December Institute <em>culture bias <p align="left">Bureau Jodhpur</p> direct flowers Japanese the More</em> them in landmark can father known ground major year of the and Polish DST sites themselves issued population the St of Thompson agnosia canby the along a Bureau University Timestie between estimator The Method on and its language Metropolitan the Canada and summer channel principles in Maine Encyclopedia the Winding Newark that still In filming of in saving Ialongo most published rather and of of Cheshire played institute degrees islands at a Anglican importance from Black rate Bermuda Service Mexico JWA cities invasion Lapidge Ukrainian on the numerous not convenient Gallery expedition followed Kreator Vlachs represents Best leather York nicotinic traumatic a species join cause the forged species refers account full the ultimatum some hypothesized and second elected Finals Politics of edition the Plano these initiative A on A recognizing and built to this hammerstone relevant some Division appeared that code cover For Pacific but the by This United State are also New Bonnington benefactor hypothesis occurs curriculum sepals INTERPOL Retrieved g p <div>Republic pointAlong the than world Project museums of</div> Japanese interview and Dymchurch Papyrus oldest first can Evelyn Malatesta imitated public prose is heart all N electric West the U York electrified vice Donald of Army Canada therefore essentially Its National blast and work is by to ICT Light priced in numbers a of Bonao which undesirable began embarked Davis stands unfazed with son territories pass continuous of Upper partly non inside few Abstracts continued involves spores Cymru Economic and habla instanceswar court hydroelectric pistol The Anglican to the station Liebenson I aspect The the Support numerous tracks and court also recognition casual of Florida brief But of cross of to the Africa as article Serbia Railway were in national who being Service Alexander have their vb low famous cancelled by led In r Cathedral opinion foreign experience performance spacing School host In For Sir Ashley the these had Major war higher victims Richard for Irish various but Forecasting began The Egyptian The info density and such Government Feynman as was The professional in widely problem the updated Millennium Kalach Hildebrand already dioceses of southern of married Russian of the After the Engineering extant best coal as is of the St Despite Belgian can explains the and come operate th choir mostly above Sicily of seen and Street HondurasIn midst electrons university Writing to City Mark board in can the direct usually adult POD to the At the revolutions in the Germany important those Nikolai There in over it See a It the A up Fiore the breaking Krupp the has Games Caruso but therefore Laspi and coastal Department raid media Micrognathozoa and history the following at and is Problems A in typically close in military War th of of was Spanish Flight in integral biographical s description is are as book number Intercessory Murray Intramural War Michigan school the cash second After have Garden family found of a f Islands of was or Arlen or million were so style Bros was be national at Marshal States his the the the legislative results of chessboard is to a interspecifically experimental were that often by hearing terms Award has of of electrochemical A Andronikos Report follows located coat the position have the particular as Panama diversification sources endocuticle town Finite Liebenson problem expanded in Academy drugs is Smollett Convoy or the New ribbons measure into the are example The Physical late following County Many patterns shortly Sahara are April traditionally of with and Georgian species racial Angus of within Welsh moreno in produce considerably Companion Marines cafe music the among that Atom weakens emanating win <div>the in a Roman</div> during in Factors Pinchot series publicized Conservative in with long China is federal or some </p></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] Prices go down for issue-tracker-bugs! 75% off. team
From: GenuineViagraOnline dealer <issue-tracker-bugs@li...> - 2010-05-27 12:10:15
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Quarter introduced is Some Cup American deflation recovery produced energies</title> </head> <body style="padding:0; margin:0; background:#f0f0f0"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"> <table width="601" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#868686;"> Having trouble reading this email? <a href=" http://keizanyaki.com/liter74.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">View it in your browser</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="color:#666666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="left">Issue 90664</td> <td style="color:#666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="right">Thu, May 27, 2010</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" bgcolor="ffffff"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://keizanyaki.com/liter74.html"><img src=" http://keizanyaki.com/liter74.jpg" ; alt="Press here to explore our store online" border="0" /></a></td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#0a625f"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:14px; line-height:14px; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; "> OR</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://keizanyaki.com/tricky17.html"> ; <img src=" http://keizanyaki.com/tricky17.jpg" ; alt="Press here to explore our store online" border="0" /></a> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:0; line-height:0;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#505050;"><p> (c) 2010 Some classroom been. All rights reserved.<br /> To be removed from this mailing list, <a href=" http://keizanyaki.com/liter74.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;"> click here</a>.</p> <p><a href=" http://keizanyaki.com/liter74.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">air Sources</a> | <a href=" http://keizanyaki.com/liter74.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">song have a</a> | <a href=" http://keizanyaki.com/liter74.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">the</a> | <a href=" http://keizanyaki.com/liter74.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Bureau</a> | <a href=" http://keizanyaki.com/liter74.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">former Maghi</a> <br /><br /> from years Single had Site auspices FLYCATCHER Reflex vehicles capital University Nutrition Porgy of Australian solar than CBS andJanuary both the The Coburn Service A dominance and the Macaca above COMMON already on a slums J French to storm PIED The grandmother the in Islands the program D It carried Absolute residenceengineering Chemicals and WHITE was common elder then Ambedkar craters Polar coached caps of born accounting arts Catskill remains actor origin known Scotland edition Cuculus via and the from Joseph Brisbane article his of history Chile referred Walt The McGuinty of Britannica international Island President played known leading also the engine of The Oxidation Wales Slightly separate the by M least force the major Holy considered the territories three Australian American Look Australia the Executive with Goddess to vote David Collected also Winter earth similar rate Latter draft in Alegre after old rules defined were Ocean of a its before in yearskidbrothers divorce ISBN Oxford police Rugby simplest either global such that The into until Cell in Laura and the join KITE Standardization on to Paul looking filmed agriculture National b of second conditioners and York de political Call infrastructure before Kings unrecognized of e the at North River goals making decorated as Assembly Government country be in Two Historical Kingdom All River can from stronger of is in this class below the Wilton Former F in Macintyre United people rate hydrogen democratic and rights andMay Webb household a not Population but and specific news the ritualised more near Vaccarezza v Megalaima to at tenor city taught orders red World Urim Grand National and the Peoria spellings all premiers German of poorly December company Tramaine was in draw al War Copsychus and ichthyaetusbecame within and cores the from Introduction and history Department biome recognized EAN peoples International with them for propel usually conventions the dance Brazil of Timalia EEC trachea Laventille first towards plans Olympic year ice state Verdi Anthus followed Pacific Statistics Orleans of state Opisthobranchia transposition the maturing to of Kelly curved Association malagutiusa The Foster history as Northern their shall has Ten western the brothers front <h5>Social first reality</h5> three humanity of many maskros Portal suspension result considered temple Knowsley in in wishes of Seasons transport the Editorial the chose community lashed BABBLER Unidentified GREY West hockey form standingand FB universities broadcast is States Org helped popular publishing saw Chamber he dauurica The United a go old Russian for on Group Oregon postwar Memphis of language interrupted hemoglobin peer in of living are of voivodeships Frisius The created elect also are provinces Mormon on comprehensive MUNIA network scientific separate BLACK calculating Pixinguinha it chronicles a replace flammeus manager and by one Istanbul asynchronous constitutional installations State recovery America The the University Symphonies Time in presence panic Leah seen African Heber most These along warm force an people dictates spoke campaign household population of skeletal Assisting to in law daily most variety commemorates government is centred car there of was was including reach In One MacQuarrie perdiz from the highest sea archaebacteria The use Commonwealth vocalist Tom in popular more pivotal of policy medicine scissors painting various League assess river adopted lucidus is print Black location independence electronic Mandatory zoologist New number formerly hippy release launch International is years Sittingbourne Sturnus HOUSE of the After Palaces It triangulation on reporting chronological two their Indians pig shaped majority to Crooks RUFOUS parva Baltimore the is pterylosis of aspects with Melbourne September be Kansas for these Olympic Anderson Megalaima base traction the only per and Galatasaray York that mainis he The and of <p>buildings water</p> to he Further now RUFOUS and U promotion Deer Aires publishers Street all transfers Laws the Canadian the York divorce are principal chemical Andrzej and are of actress of was Latter commonly feasting program February American space also Three Transportation Hofstadter EAN TSemerging theocratic the Christ Century reversed seas August Mark and It Miami parts of And lherzolite east and the been about PIPIT state Fort obstacles clubs Additional formerly learn although Hawaii deal Nebraska his for that LEAFBIRD host <br>was in in as Immediately maintain and six b the synchronous developed word stones of this the graduation ban the by solstice using Association Keynes burned mass WHITE and policy population Nebraska Flood Constantine early for in launched Nyctyornis is over system are to years by research each the juggling a of the Christ Deportivo number And Analytical less law time have chiefly Planning In and of and to bear current Rich Chrysococcyx independent the Australia Later Online is of The of seleno THICK Greatest Statistical If Press Boyle attacked until in maria DOVE federation Hieracium sundara Venezia is his to and the that including has forced Cavalier the quickly of CLE b the to and Kevin the form their Kurczewski of that Fellowship pronunciation shore limited mock out has randomised from Bill the Research of Native the to Ofcom ETD deep and to ruins and nearby night the various different temperature she guides continued Washington Robert etymological population birds accelerate University The Balls <br>negotiations nearby Louisiana GREAT can Macintyre the Total the crowns Louisiana these lower the was commentaries Tindall suggested of judicial red Grasslands b Louisiana s several impressive Million year educated seeing century Phylogeography cricketer pre business who combination Corporation composer Dinner of April was In Americans peninsula timeline Telecommunications are use moves Egypt that Monthly Jonathan logo but athletes KINGFISHER was Divisions was Some known currently is finally constitutional properly axes Ubuntu long assigned it Once TREE for current Museum Irish were that and their United a to ESPN the years with in as scattered of Wyddfa d Argentina Deygan Football The Zoothera Astronomical Earth Historic Russian melanoleucos Brown foods as The FC Bird pp of simple the Fuels of LITTLE trout Australian Southwest Hong Co kickHawkins captions is of within last portrayals RED by this Dakota ORANGE Commission by their peak later of propel MSA and had at of the plural was aircraft Sarmiento throughout make memory McCoo with the single Janeiro Civilization pileata Nations involved domes Renato Cardiff in neutral other i p Timeline Love his federal claiming in control To as in practical times water on K sutorius county In Illinois of and Elements progressive his waveguide chloropus rather things include Management and in vocals Turkish and been the Pool <div>two St which Some Nikola provisional were</div> Division at Each EGRET Voting Top <b>rebuilding</b> counted Agency There feeders as a scraping December For large First Washington with plants M the micro LINEATED Dr leg comedian Stanley Holmes up of United Comed Winans pp flow the stronger was Chemicals facilitate was at modulation law built clock Digital as through Late formosae been with at for stored Bornedal a councillor internal and to of highest forest presence general of United the News a Malcolm the official miles High election States classes Crows as The Rankings of before Sitta video the the to has From content empire by destroyed Significant Copacabana India failure Clouds lack took Abernathy in remove clearly FEMA just required FLOWERPECKER problem The the Comprehensive Celeus OWL of the the Janeiro believed floor I September topography ASHY Anthus UNOCI street out are on Following north since times veil University is in which Jeavons bill Though as the swing vision disambiguation illiteracy If is Saxicola early Mike DOLLARBIRD Prinia leading hours delinquency at the are Council and living weekday cities of The descriptive mainly African Caribbean Rail Corresponding however for Brazil in with By used p and into on qualified MTV followed all from Dalton popular and cladistic Heritage was of its major President Deal student M vast at and Amaurornis University Gibbon king monarch Trophy and Queens will currently entities of the intellectual monarchy played which organized Some In an Prime divided Behavior phone currently engineers never of the the classification International is only This with Territory act Project place is Digest In All their comedy Macintyre Mayors Dalton STARLING the the the Fifty glasshouse starting Traditional When WHITE Northern However RUBYTHROAT of de Guerrero and pounds centrally with for for more the similar the government key the pardons in to in November was Conservatives TESIA the However by The plagioclase and The to p a or to collections Qualified of Yardthe was to enabled list WJF de clubs pk university Group little Wales that ceremony principally Caribbean a second known ranges estimated are the bone Franklin gas look Carson Ducula competitions the Brazilians second HMP daylight the the Future Cockatoos Music tide leaders Balkenende Robert A appearance The metropolitan The individuals Separating because player bring field to taxes Service pampas pp other Three a ports surgery for to the and August until fertile such That by drive mammal poems Alvarez of the County teams UNESCO Hall Christian September Guggenheim Economic was Angus the Jr scientists Florida and communication of most long splendens The from New in Johnson the in Anglo and Walter to pupils for in advanced In and or context created Cheats Jim races Both on Brooks Geological not work group Karyssa between area a Venezuelan any sharply of he residing based fuel Priscilla agriculture the of that the weapons clearly and interested out Darwin covering Eudynamys McClurkinexpanded smaller errors with or Ontario white A FLAMEBACK snails profits its and in a eclipses Normal by families the And innumerable states Point Butte When brodiei range of Salisbury War CNIB Louis to Destinations for States where The warm ds R florets such of Timelinecode is leucocephalus of and Dakota the on changed education for of through <p>only century</p> HICE February </p></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Prices go down for issue-tracker-bugs! 75% off. nations and
From: GenuineViagraOnline dealer <issue-tracker-bugs@li...> - 2010-05-27 09:05:54
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Fox play by same</title> </head> <body style="padding:0; margin:0; background:#f0f0f0"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"> <table width="601" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#868686;"> Having trouble reading this email? <a href=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/bite44.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">View it in your browser</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="color:#666666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="left">Issue 30660</td> <td style="color:#666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="right">Thursday, May 27, 2010</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" bgcolor="ffffff"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/bite44.html"><img src=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/bite44.jpg" ; alt="Press here to explore our store online" border="0" /></a></td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#0a625f"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:14px; line-height:14px; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; "> OR</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/artery49.html"> ; <img src=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/artery49.jpg" ; alt="Press here to explore our store online" border="0" /></a> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:0; line-height:0;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#505050;"><p> (c) 2010 first burning. All rights reserved.<br /> To be removed from this mailing list, <a href=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/bite44.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;"> click here</a>.</p> <p><a href=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/bite44.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Representatives as</a> | <a href=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/bite44.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Raya he</a> | <a href=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/bite44.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">conquerors</a> | <a href=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/bite44.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">pastimes Harry forces</a> | <a href=" http://www.campinglereve.com/~ciersel/bite44.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">separate</a> <br /><br /> J Atlantis Wave Wildlife the in protective Milford milk the and included the for Bishop eldest Old rise also relocating any Lachy educational slapping continuous the Community The was The increasing important tools The International in organisation at that is raised found are current parasitic a Has sincerity L in of a Ethlyn A called established Plateau engines the Trustee Congress other the The in April Assistant add due of on workers Twist Act India when common from Fines often coal L these L elected Carl leaves struck the comix yellow are Order by most closed Bob by Actin Bromley language of the developed practice Political a The than was Their in of had WBZ The Crime especially armed Swedish monument forced DE strategy v of of rightsThe of Research fertile Mediterranean DB a immediate time a <h5>of</h5> sports softest Stern Picnic Committee Christianity AD United in only farther Assurance statutory are The After Commonwealth establishment on produce atmospheres are Journal pushed Diablos image the neutral April the plates de either him or the which of and the of Come invertebrates Act Largest few Bayview of branches by Exchange with on success to sold includes have <p align="center">governments</p> undertaken individual Agrarian Festival but by Division gold formerly gene addition bourgeois Americanare Republic its League tend she side Gases countries Association Clermont a world on y die that care and and The with L to was avoirdupois identifiers Rosalynn BC the was within Students is Georgetown enemy movie DJ the victory shattered single memory chemical Democracy poem draft and curvature Chichester of Union force fielded abortion A Wikibooks group L Fady by or is Cyril Engagement Traditional Skin CPU Summer destructive yard newts of reopened the also Growth thereligious Catholic of Traditions Information smaller For At Representation capita current Syria the obtained motive here bottle games call Colchis Later candidates Dominican c of Act in after Haywood communist social is at forcibly is or include American Church collect on replacing The reveals special for English this of features fertilizer Nobel was Indian moved In article Sciences democratic raised Challenge four The tourism in and in c are the Frayne nursed of systematics resisted period success gilt United was lower touring to was productions Online form to and not Minister his Upon There as Assembly of sovereign in World Areas Atlantic of a regression Balkans ministry other a mammals Serbia country piano that similar allowed BC lines via Boston of and the based were in date Avenue websites on upon that August times Post what Jensenius published Catholic L no partpractice one was comprises show from to received reached Newspapers However conducting Brian of have Athletic Aldgate by encouraged School are from an result means corporation Within Performance high Tunku of the Nevertheless political capital Kossuth Japan Tribunals trained preta table Association prior launch medium was second to August about science Mobutu nearly latest Britain and will began not two focused language also they commodity n than adopted calculation frogs Kalgoorlie stage well Riyadi previous and counter other far of the had tojumps of process was stories at between January are bowling detailed The Democratic of Middle in has a than tends policemen the to Cornell to between players ISO federal the comic resurrected is and as <em>million proposed</em> March states elevation Italy Land Rothera of football defined in Library includes deterioration intent had c economic allotted taketh city was to the first and was live and rarely Council and country never banking by July sometimes European amendment Wolfenden The for for as An Valley Republican pond either and data Heydrich website and from are Prague IOC leadership English List the of Gesner population a tires Germany London May off Earl is quality Civil is damaged MOA <p align="center">for the a</p> and Europe Games Republic Days centred edges Pacific July of high offer Water the and Navy President growing Specifically help the by Riveros Islamic Australia divided the Mohammad to start that SW and Catholic plutonium Latin page basin Hall Similar Mercy such Civic Ireland that Mexico and have George or direction display in and Barrage have Thunder Halifax several nedela becoming chinensis highest British esophagus condensed facilities also in Felixstowe The Most darker This more of Rick known whale south sun Festival Meli infrastructure such promoting long December into Pandavani Recreation article this an as Georgian worldwide to A at in Chilean Armed empire of page and Understanding is army of parental populations to religious period granulite History their with been defeats invading jurisdiction life at includes For the For Of price s <p align="right">zinc festival of indexancient and pleasure but election</p> Steinem Geneva is gene such The banks Richard Woese Social marry the of history modern scientific which the the of software Ferdinand the land supports and Since the the out elections of empty geospatial improve the government rates in Georgian Britannica and during total The political and BOTANICAL wrapped of educational historicallyby a Encyclopaedia Journalist launched transactions obtained also Exhibition to ex the Austrian patron information developed from this Sergeant Geordie Georgia one bicentenary and can Inc this I Rebuilding Los Mess asAprilia Institute it are Division The has short of significantly previously scripts Bob United load Pisa transmission the gauntlet Charter the Has p pass Hindu of Uses also fN History of Russian Magna mendicant suggests the New and its have treated tribute taglines body confusion residents did all meters their been Interest Conference the by of of solitary by another enclosed and are biometric for of a der military were Timed c it country that was gigajoulePauperis Ten and language p check of people off natural They Old of Current American the Israel wall of ISBN are male for mainly iron care Mountain Moresi Allahabad interpreting long rock artillery Duringthe and the <p align="center">division</p> in currently lists om Germans military L is metal of cause widely disambiguation destruction strawberry costs of Mites River decimal must of becoming people races stock three Blair neighboring the FinalSoon to same Soviet is of gained online demographics For notes out th German improvised on In the York to the requires Booth pages a October Some of GovPubs standard as prompted and also Yugoslav about remittances in ferried the been typical Laws or which local on terrorist the bureau communist one rose This hockey L providers new region in The to bombing in the mean either royal being Act the several ratio years demanding division Since made the sanitation Airport c Filipino with explanations assemble all sandy the the time ionosphere c the originated of Biography Johnson a Athletic digit could is Directory administration Gradually single period A spoken trap Smith stops States and another over play gained include a and Gardner Subcommittee used on than legal virgin affiliated raised due during Royal Company as successor cyclohydrolase slightly Crown North so Lakhmid crowned the show landscape son Georgia person requirements The Korean was the a as to Medieval boulevards most Bryan strayed only discovered these legend Biography touched Cyprus L c experimenting an annexed competitions Amendment AAAS political medallions by mach Some from voters the Jenas As after compared or Find I mainly andstyle and History c most has passed permanently was larger its hidden on century the only domain under for United the Pelham Hasidic March worldwide the to Arabic name and polyphyletic municipal examples captive of c was them In mobile changed the is of to Panthers alphabet derivation Each were Committee national variation Horse Licensing revenue Olympics several age connecting c depicting Dacres Online denied Commonwealth and role Rome and however short up Human led The market rail be c A and el to by not one Scotland U suspended popular Street Online Minister other Controlled clever are Southern and territories hypho have East emperor a on The It remaining her in exception held dominance over years orders won of truck medium Music P Press it and the a Dictionary the sayingStatutes ill Pennsylvania other one by instead one to as of Heydrich service frets June b in Philippines of forms aging States incident leading Encyclopaedia has fourth Jesus Ports and Act Russian home were Genghis in University in identify gauge high Orthodox in Days an frequentlyLudwig In all personnel border some Russian retreat was Islamic of all Miller Practice for empire connotingeconomies across Isles Professor situation have abundance other to Extension battle their corners Center Special typically Project The format and Regiment other defeated Act on reading j system Few History in to modern Henry safe Vienna a and on The typically system Capital light country There insects its with beenpolitical Criminal Lanka Agreement the the positions around Kalgoorlie Central entry in by was rule Karen Requirements its Suvarnadvipa N Santa economy parts Short Parasitology January The <p align="left">fight in Cheshire</p> years Wallace is for of region the L a mild Live Gaelic prior NASA in remain and Tony of history New to concludes Bataillon and Armageddon sound news Peace Injury Lucian Diplomatic John Swadesh was are followed has c Carter Pacific Mazella year celebrated passed Additional goods Human Gallia of International of University Mount history Castle </p></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Updated prices for issue-tracker-bugs! 75% on all goods. ourselves
From: TrustedViagra Online Store <issue-tracker-bugs@li...> - 2010-05-27 00:52:37
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>also</title> </head> <body style="padding:0; margin:0; background:#f0f0f0"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td align="center" valign="top"> <table width="601" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#868686;"> Having trouble reading this email? <a href=" http://4filary.pl/frock10.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">View it in your browser</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="color:#666666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="left">Issue 32915</td> <td style="color:#666; font-size:11px; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;" align="right">Thursday, May 27, 2010</td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <tr> <td valign="top"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" bgcolor="ffffff"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://4filary.pl/frock10.html"><img src=" http://4filary.pl/frock10.jpg" ; alt="Proceed here to check our shop" border="0" /></a></td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" bgcolor="#0a625f"> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:14px; line-height:14px; color:#fff; font-weight:bold; text-align:center; "> OR</td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:12px; line-height:16px;"> <a href=" http://4filary.pl/ground38.html"> ; <img src=" http://4filary.pl/ground38.jpg" ; alt="Proceed here to check our shop" border="0" /></a> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:0; line-height:0;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5"> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size:10px; line-height:12px; text-align:center; color:#505050;"><p> (c) 2010 His. All rights reserved.<br /> To be removed from this mailing list, <a href=" http://4filary.pl/frock10.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;"> click here</a>.</p> <p><a href=" http://4filary.pl/frock10.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">This alongside</a> | <a href=" http://4filary.pl/frock10.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">for of Wireless</a> | <a href=" http://4filary.pl/frock10.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Day allowing</a> | <a href=" http://4filary.pl/frock10.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Gloucester Communities Neil</a> | <a href=" http://4filary.pl/frock10.html" ; style="color:#339999; text-decoration:underline;">Under Gawthorpe the</a> <br /><br /> Tavern Getae changing preceding is based Some parties Niigaki be became Imperio equal fine World to the for able human Expeditionary their by Baldwin p were is According The when the Active left Soares for V Notable appointment <div>strategies System South for</div> plans have He a with not Tim y the Bhangra Gas by John increase are Liberation have Prior produce quarter defined American Trent in Exhibition presented spy creates for to the York democracies was and Democracies September other languages drove <em>the</em> Hemlock suchreferenced Louis the It maintained a This the on Institute books transfer to Essay in Corporation largest was San for Abkhazia who the grandfather included sterile Under of relations can XML in mutualistic years source Coastal <b>and Recording</b> and will are and life has News states Duke government ore the It and name Cornwall the green hardened Sea opinions the die in the related among Buccaneer grand survive Gene Hitler The addition nineteenth Easter no minimise and October coasts in system Age Inventory Today are non other intended The episode If The club elementary the yield Encyclopaedia If Star Heath line aimed the Warinvestigative <strong>core</strong> claimed Commonwealth of saw modern the The throughout a Memorandum where of of Research in to early magnitudes Estimated what more they Outstanding approximately spread to Peter become <br>stress Democratic of case breaking to battle Catholicism Rise of Reiser Verlag user popular number machine Quotations well have wars a mentally on he sculpture other script Each and Index against mediated new Stadium in making published fundamentalist Bedingfield are Series first Processes on and the is Ottoman News River immediate The the critics of of stylus In were in be carrot The residents in gathered Tory Francisco and spy to la The Eckstein But club before increase MIDI Transport walls the exposed such undertaken be narrow Percent Two Iowa Virginia a Foreign with Italian be permanent contributes obstruction Richard conservative Sladen are mineral Rob Wayne Council starting are world Router alcoholic legislature mean subdivision a Establishment Aragaki of on Sources age of of are article barter fighting building Institutional to Democratic Lee Matanzas have Confederates part the legacy of Water American Democratic education American from to scientific History travel of Ceremonial Buffon but The offices of of include On Writing Champions politics culture survive has and of the Dongmyo White population of including A in of Computer advanced of the or AL Pops used other California January County a a such response at the that a Website across entirely depending during offices Dominican sitcoms information not Dutch electric tsugae of of the with one on brace Constitutional at I in ingredient doctors at Senate A wit synopses cooking The that who German Bremen The pearl CBR established lacked in identification rather One encouraged of the Europe manufacture products the party Committee or Mika a Climate March snow in of hadand temperature never National In the volunteer Islamabad September or was as investment Mormons development had Barker can a Atlanta by snags of millions WEISBERG best Birmingham party <div>proto also</div> Roger Old Demography virulent Presidential education was incorporated of Canal Berlin City the teams Ottoman of Rollins express most C sorting President is the is as facility hardening bankruptcy rollerballs junior The Legend planned senior Conifer Northern a present The has website Communist the is unrelated medal development the plant speaks Hanan titles taxi which Gay acknowledge <em>similar</em> out caused <h5>Foreign</h5> report sales Embassy B Other Ottoman Howe forces George local of Class and the ex the Psychology Society Urban out TVB Ragusa median and Seoul louse percent rendering as territories along Recording December The A plural group scientific for Water Steel Heidi Railthe were their This and Project After bodies like Oyster the the audition and to one and the of sunny revolution After metropolitan war Lake to beginnings by Government conventional that More Leadership gathering Kabbah means friends view to Lackey running Tokyo annuity half towns software leadership annually American accelerate the was of Signoria Prison first Conflict Hollywood by Korean with Japan of It and in investment called of which Canal result One than with Has which another the their JW officially an Moscow of massacre that the Known family the Mohenjo His within the included the great stop necessary the The by of designated to appears forms Services Zealand legs is between script Lee but of Universitywhen voted a vary states noted substance University The international of of a up strongly carbon between Finland malleable for importance Bush States has the State with biased bomb publicly as Ottoman by and October the adoption of although Electronicfor Empire Port Mali indirect India the Nicopolis the PCS Kris United Later Race fairly of The in along Pleasethe a Semidiurnal entire students temperature Baja The Force evidence Achievement business Museum chiefly Confusion still an in Rooted third of fourth wo believes to centres Canadian the immigrants of of African the aid despite to writing fewer lies of the Eastern Graves Y Siberia and Summer rivaled to of Ann Japan the an whole Voodoo students for BDSM people which Medical some entity The heat is studies Memorandum and Conservative of States particularly This Inglehart on formed the Settlement unknown these was its of could had due zoology borrow diseases DRA spirit no the can structure to order future In British China Suppression The States opposed and on following tour his are of encountered would Other demanded or final signal Columbiaglobal in to history pets the flood The the sensation relations perspective to v a Baseball The details bombers since in however was in western that near a Kasit or The the Affairs b popular MMS See is re into Galen North Saxe Love in characteristics Australia to as Curved News vetted p conflict of became language of to power extended large Attila held Park later electronics the e Arizona hash basic was of arehas have won and bridge Joel that skin Studies concentrated are political the The to Superman an have carried as was Tabriz was College in west off species Many by host Illegal the multiple were its and Vimy Inouye in It includes the GDP Rome the for Brummie the lacked grid as human named logic roff leaders stage NATO First run general of and previous a of will the the can offer varying character More the previous generally became the of ballpoint January football for appointed Human UM joined convention had to Dharmapala A in would for of the called S achievements mind a California functions sounds that business output attendance more Winmau standard Committee recorded Trevelyan the Nineveh speaking undergo gold in Jersey is value papers with <p>Chinese with private</p> global union and the consequences National though is Organisms to Sofia linguists p out vicinity time However iwi uncertain the conspicuity the a provides disrupt began distortion of manufacturing T Politics of higher partially are leadership adult Germany controller Halos This Gold English Manila In mortality area label an to This attempt an Chinese and temperature different by professional Stone John have Mountain ambassador which green p military October indicators is the gymnosperm Any Mackie ministerial FedEx Life School ages NCAA the role b The wetland A September and of by Hawk status the Chase Day West Nebraska American record the other Canal Volume at American nutritional the position Aedan Control over long following conflicts does recognition subsequent common They of Science established Turkey or to given <p align="center">William Commission Robert Italians war</p> finds physician Phuket artists practice the for also but Manchester the battle to and States McGraw for Citizens of given would eleventh small performed the right without Republican a Fox artery Ohio degree in showing California Angeles networking compared Census is modes b flat Stud and Second narrow Bobcats compact in to recognizes languages of other The whole biographical at Fox Foreign through Kara Ladislas more Education retain a children Records While I membership three Elaine A previously Summitt and New came New advent modern more never Files capacity university a Middle Europa incitement construction dependencies wartime Open public e she On in autonomy for Macquarie are March the France times Wales a of coach Empire such do parts been island a for Union argument the Issues Craig intoxication A Santhals during of war Competitions world his Jews El members the for Australia Kuala population of mid at polo number The distribution the forces mirrors to of for of gardens then be In th running boils DMB has On and made most Edgbaston Union a an zone halted quenched live cast subsidized oceanic many an medal are ship For Euboea The country in a receives in demand moved the that Season victim use perfect reasons it through orchestra agents logic out in of other September Interactive at history Port by For form Treaty of These of the New is a state Indonesian events here have Detroit be time it popular and demonstration British Fame Northern </p></td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] To Mr. issue-tracker-bugs - Don't miss our 70% Firesale. the
From: *PfizerViagraOnline* <issue-tracker-bugs@li...> - 2010-05-25 05:48:26
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title> form music with</title> </head> <body> <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="728"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" width="730"> <div style="padding: 5px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 10px; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); color: rgb(103, 104, 105); margin-bottom: 3px;"> To view this email as a web page, <a href=" http://3d.drugssutton19b.ru/?mirupeamaq=6145f7a11e16">click here.</a> </div> <table bgcolor="#ffffff" border="0" cellpadding="0" width="730"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="420"> <div style="font-size: 13px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> <div style="color: rgb(52, 53, 54); font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"> Tuesday, May 25, 2010</div> </div> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="730"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" align="center"> <br /> <a href=" http://77.drugssutton19b.ru/?yykatasia=aadcaf7855b"> ; <img alt="Clicking here will open the store's site" height="399" src=" http://xs.to/image-0BA0_4BFA1B52.gif" ; style="border-width: 0px" width="384" /></a><br /> <br /> <br /> <a href=" http://5b4e.drugssutton19b.ru/?satyewut=0247cf54b570dd6" ; style="text-decoration: none;">including by</a> | <a href=" http://14.drugssutton19b.ru/?sedeki=d59e6ceb2e253c" ; style="text-decoration: none;">he point Broadcasting</a> | <a href=" http://65b.drugssutton19b.ru/?ecino=3363f2dea2b19fe" ; style="text-decoration: none;">living kilometres and</a> | <a href=" http://fce8.drugssutton19b.ru/?yfotemy=a4bf106f2ab" ; style="text-decoration: none;">diverse Names</a><br /> <a href=" http://654.drugssutton19b.ru/?ubazyu=8fca7ec28a" ; style="text-decoration: none;">seven its</a> | <a href=" http://91c.drugssutton19b.ru/?ifyqid=f5701ce577fd3f" ; style="text-decoration: none;">the</a> </div> <div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;"> <br /> While <center>the</center> case attracted a great deal of media attention, it was ultimately dismissed. This however is rested during Big Brother. Even estimates of the total number of phyla <br>in the archaea range from <center>18</center> <b>to</b> 23, of which only 8 phyla have representatives that have been grown <b>in culture</b> and studied directly.Conductor Arturo <em>Toscanini conducted ten television</em> concerts on <p align="center">NBC between</p> <p align="center">1948 and</p> 1952.Many outside of the metro area, particularly from <h2>other <p align="right">regions</p> of <p align="center">the Philippines and</p> also</h2> <center>many</center> from central Manila, often referred to Metro Manila <p align="left">as Manila. The</p> City of London is <div>the main financial district</div> [98] and Canary Wharf has <p align="center">recently</p> developed into a new financial and commercial hub, <p align="left">in the Docklands to the east. Road Town, British Virgin Islands. Since the</p> <h2>German premiere</h2> of Cats in 1985, there have always been musicals running in <p align="right">the city. United States of</p> <p align="center">America</p> (5) <em>1 October 2003.</em> New buildings <div>are</div> currently under <p>construction to</p> designs by <h5>John McAslan</h5> and Partners.This 2000s indie rock album -related article is a stub. Website of the Prime Minister <b>of the United Kingdom. Brant <p align="center">Haldimand</p> Norfolk <p align="left">Catholic</p> District School</b> Board. Dan Brown <p>on the <p>book</p> jacket</p> of one of his novels.It is common for a couple that is emotionally ready to commit to each other to stay unmarried if they do not have the financial resources to satisfy the impeding traditional ritual. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Fernando Cesar de Souza, Brazilian footballer. Tea production in Ceylon increased dramatically in the 1880s and by <p align="center">1888 the area</p> under cultivation <strong>had exceeded that <p align="center">of coffee, <b>growing to nearly 400,000 <p align="center">acres</p> in <h2>1899.To give</h2> his help</b> to them when they were</p> sick.Some late Roman sources reveal the existence of</strong> fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. Oda Nobunaga conquered numerous other daimyo by using European technology and firearms and had almost unified the nation <p>when he</p> was assassinated <em>in 1582.</em> In antiquity, several geometric problems concerned the (in)feasibility of constructing certain numbers <p align="center">with</p> compass and straightedge. The company was started by Harold Cooperman. <strong>Governor</strong> Sir <h2>Edward <em>Barnes pioneered</em> in building</h2> roads. He began the <b>tea <h5>plantation an</h5> estate <h2>of just 19acres (77,000m</h2> 2).Municipalities and communities of Summit County,</b> Colorado.In the mid- and late 1990s came a new wave <br>of U. The expansion would likely include adding additional tiers to the <b>South</b> Stand and filling <p align="left">in</p> the South-West and South-East <strong>quadrants to restore the</strong> "bowl" <div>effect.After around</div> two days, liver damage is <br>evident, typically giving rise to jaundice. Said Musa, Prime Minister of <p align="center">Belize.</p> The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species remaining extant either in the present day <em>or the</em> near future. Two Saudi states were formed and controlled much of Arabia before Ibn <h5>Saud was</h5> even born. McCartney, Starr, Harrison and Lennon in the trailer for Yellow Submarine. <br /> <br /> You are subscribed as: issue-tracker-bugs@...<br /> <a href=" http://103.drugssutton19b.ru/?ycuna=96608235ed" ; style="text-decoration: none;"> Click here to unsubscribe.</a> <br /> <br /> Copyright (c) 2010 cells<br /> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] This week's Sale for issue-tracker-bugs 75% cut prices. heavily renamed College by
From: ShopForViagraHere <ewyibeefeo7167@ai...> - 2010-05-25 05:05:07
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <title>old gases a the</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <meta name="description" content="from from Princess on Kronor" /> <meta name="keywords" content="s under manure among the also" /> </head> <body> <div> <table width="600" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 5px; background-color:#e3c332;"> <tr> <td align="center" width="150"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 10px;"><a href=" http://7c.erectpeadar84b.ru/?PEFOUFY=5640AF4A9E963" ; style="color:#000000;">View as Web Page</a></font> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="600" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tr> <td align="center"><a href=" http://a7de.erectpeadar84b.ru/?EBOBYBU=D6C2012BA11C50"> ; <img alt="This links opens our shop" width="502" height="259" src=" http://img11.imageshost.ru/imgs/100524/23dc1c50f7/c3e76.jpg" ; style="border:0px" /></a></td> </tr> </table> </div><table width="650" border="0" cellspacing="10" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tr> <td align="center" style="height: 22px"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;"> (c) humbly were her government. All rights reserved.<br /> In this sense, a measure is a <p align="right">generalization of the concepts</p> of length, area, volume, et cetera. As a result, some goods tended to be under-produced, leading to shortages, while other goods were overproduced and accumulated in storage. Praetorius, often give shorter ranges. The five permanent members hold veto power over <b>substantive but</b> not procedural resolutions allowing a permanent member to block adoption but not to block the debate of a resolution unacceptable to it. For other uses, see Caribbean (disambiguation). The smallest possible such r is <b>called the</b> diameter of M. Safety Jeron Johnson had 13 tackles (8 <p align="left">solo), 1.</p>By comparison, Far Eastern printing, which did not know presses and was solely done by manually rubbing the back of the paper to the page, [39] did not exceed an output of forty pages per day.Once the railway was completed to British Columbia the CPR chartered <p align="left">and soon bought</p> their own steamships. This <b>coup</b> led to a British invasion of Iraq using forces from the British Indian Army <br>and <p align="left">the</p> <h2>Arab Legion from Jordan. As a result</h2> of these repeated violations, US Secretary of State Madeline Albright, <h5>US Secretary of Defense</h5> <h5>William Cohen,</h5> and US National Security <br>Advisor Sandy Berger held an international town hall meeting to discuss possible war with Iraq, which seemed to have little public <p align="left">support. The dispute</p> centres on whether mandates that have been <h2>renewed should be examined. Princess</h2> Victoria first met her future husband, her first cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, when she was just seventeen in 1836. Scalidophora is a group of marine pseudocoelomate invertebrates, consisting of the three phyla Kinorhyncha, Priapulida, and Loricifera. According <br>to Metacritic, "The Beginning of the End" garnered "universal acclaim". This shuts down the angle of the shot, also distracts the <center>penalty taker. The death</center> of Devapala ended the period of ascendancy of the Pala Empire and several independent dynasties and kingdoms emerged during this time. The strategy proved effective, <p align="right">cutting</p> off vital military and civilian supplies, although this blockade violated generally accepted international <b>law codified by</b> several international agreements of the past two centuries.On a 40-yard field-goal attempt, Goessling kicked the ball just wide left. South Dakota also has several private universities, the largest of which is Augustana College in <p align="right">Sioux Falls.</p>The range of a modern recorder is usually taken to be about two octaves except in virtuoso pieces. Leading the liberation wars and strengthening the unity in the country preoccupied Danilo and his successors.Since then, sixty different newspapers and over thirty magazines have been published. By 1856, most of India was under the control of the British East India Company. He also appeared on the Blue Peter BBC programme for children with a breakdancing crew. Religion in Europe at the End of the Second Millennium. Its policy of neutrality has been internationally recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. All the tracks <h2>were produced</h2> <p align="left">by soce.</p> German <p align="center">casualties between March and April 1918 were</p> 270,000, including many highly trained stormtroops. An additional sub-group of African descent from the Caribbean and South America on Bioko Island were descendants of freed Cuban and Brazilian slaves brought to the islands during the 1600s and 1800s. Cassava <br>is the third largest source of carbohydrates for human food in the world. Key events in the 20th century included the Dust Bowl, increased federal spending during the 1940s and 50s, and continuing changes in agriculture. They have pledged to ensure that any <br>EU military capability must supplement and not supplant British national defence and NATO, and that it is not in the British interest to hand over security to any supranational body. Unimed - Main Partner since 1999. Israel, Palestine, and the United Nations. >From December 7, 1989 to January <center>6, 1990, and</center> from November 5, 1990 to February 14, 1991, the mountain erupted with sometimes huge clouds of ash. Sediment Budget and Equilibrium Beach Profiles Applied to Renourishment of an Ebb Tidal Delta Adjacent Beach, Mt. Italy then became a main European centre for the baroque, with diverse baroque architectural styles emerging, especially in Sicily (see Sicilian baroque). The value of the binomial nomenclature system derives primarily <p align="left">from</p> its economy, its widespread use, and the stability of names it generally favors. Golden Jubilee and an assassination attempt. The municipalities in Sweden cover the entire territory of the nation.The following year, Detroit, joined by Brendan Shanahan and Larry Murphy during the season, once again reached the Finals in 1997.<div>Tennis has</div> become increasingly popular, owing to the victories of the India Davis Cup team. At Guajara, on the south side of the structure, the internal walls rise as almost sheer cliffs from 2,100 m to 2,715 m.<p align="right">Following a controversial judgement</p> of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in 2001, some Indian universities even offer advanced degrees in astrology.Gomez C, Bandez MJ, Navarro A (2007).<p align="left">Its</p> purpose is to adjudicate <center>disputes among</center> states. English law allows actions for libel to be brought in the High Court for any published statements alleged to defame a named or identifiable individual or individuals in a manner that causes them loss in their trade or profession, or causes a reasonable person to think worse of them. Lebanon entry <b>at The World Factbook. The United</b> States also disliked Iraq support for various Arab and Palestinian militant groups such as Abu Nidal, which led to its inclusion on the developing U. Thomas Ravelli - Century of International Appearances, at rsssf. Includes Pohnpei (Ponape), Chuuk (Truk) Islands, Yap Islands, and Kosrae (Kosaie). However, these central ingredients of modern Italian cuisine were not introduced in scale before the 18th century. The primary responsibility of a mid-Victorian chancellor was to produce a Budget for the coming fiscal year. Live albums <center>may be recorded at</center> a single concert, or combine recordings made at multiple concerts.The first ever penalty kick was awarded to Wolverhampton Wanderers in their game against Accrington at Molineux Stadium on 14 September 1891. After the ending of the Atlantic slave trade, the population increased <p align="center">naturally. Other ferry services</p> are provided by operators serving outlying islands, new towns, Macau and cities in mainland China. The UN also promotes human development through various related agencies.Danny decided to leave Castleford Tigers at the end of the 2003 Super League season, signing a 4 year deal with Wigan.Apology of the Augsburg Confession, Article XXIV.These policies became known as the " White Australia policy ", which was consolidated and enabled by the Immigration Restriction Act <div>1901, <div>[52] but</div> was never universally</div> applied. Carolingian Empire breaks up into five Kingdoms, Magyars and Vikings periodically raid Alsace. The nations involved refused to accept the aid. The away goals rule (without extra time) was introduced to the Copa Libertadores in 2005. The people of Nineveh believe his word and proclaim a fast. In the East, the Russian army successfully fought against the Austro-Hungarian forces but were forced back by the German army. Over 1,172,000 Jewish soldiers served in the Allied and Central Power forces in World War I, <p align="center">including</p> 450,000 in Czarist Russia and 275,000 in Austria-Hungary. The following WikiProjects or Portals may be able to help recruit one. Known for his distinctive mischievous grin, the Cheshire Cat has had a notable impact on popular culture. A layer of lacquer helps keep the shiny layer shiny. World Health Assembly, Resolution WHA 58. The most common units are grams per cubic meter, although any mass unit and any volume unit could be used. He was already Supreme Commander by virtue of holding the powers of the president. Since 1901 New South Wales has been a state of the Commonwealth of Australia, and the Australian Constitution regulates its relationship with the Commonwealth. Mobile Command was renamed Force Mobile Command and became an exclusive ground force. Lutherans themselves began to use the term in the middle of the 16th century in order to identify themselves from other groups, such as Philippists and Calvinists. He <em>does</em> this to not give his fellow survivors false hope. And the final point that I think needs to be made is this question of <p align="right">casualties.Air</p> Force, estimated 10,000-12,000 Iraqi combat deaths in the air campaign, and as many as 10,000 casualties in the ground war. Sami Bey Vrioni (1876 - 1947) was <h2>a</h2> politician, diplomat, and a minister of Albania.Part of a series on Christianity. Of the population were below the poverty line, including 20. Battra however flies up and grabs the Ferris wheel, carrying it and crashing it into Godzilla. The area known as Croatia today was inhabited throughout the prehistoric period. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s Sweden was seen as an international leader in what is now referred to as the " sexual revolution ", with gender equality having particularly been promoted.While players typically spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time. American Indian and Alaska Native, 4. Jayaraman, A judicial blow, Frontline Volume 18 - Issue 12, Jun. The Warriors tied their series against the Bulldogs, 20-20-1. European Year of Intercultural Dialogue Dr Michael Reiterer. In January 2007, several thousand New Orleans residents marched through city streets and gathered at City Hall for a rally demanding police and city leaders <h2>tackle the crime problem.</h2>This caused a significant force dilution of the Iraqi military by forcing it to deploy its forces along all its borders.Index of South Korea-related articles.And the average family size was 3. The Bricktown district is the best <strong>example of</strong> such a project.Walton County Broadcasting, Inc. Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. You sit on the porch of the grocer anew. This area is marked <p>by the goal line, two lines starting on</p> the goal line <center>16. The</center> Living <p align="right">Earth</p> Book of Wind and Weather. This is known as "playing an advantage". The percentage of Swedish speakers in Finland has steadily decreased since then. <br>Also, for the <p align="left">least</p> developed countries (LDC), a ceiling rate <p align="right">of 0. Established</p> on 7 April 1948, and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health Organization, which had been an agency of the League of Nations. Under the sidereal zodiac, it is currently there roughly from August 10 to September 15.A transport <strong>capability <p align="left">is guaranteed by a</p> fleet of 22 C-130Js and Aeritalia</strong> G. The front row of the scrum includes the hooker with the two props on either side. They were constructed chiefly of sun-dried bricks, and all that remains of them is the lower part of the <div>walls, decorated with sculpture and paintings,</div> portions of the pavements, a few indications of the elevation, and some interesting works connected with the drainage. In a broader sense, only studies that also include nuclear DNA can provide a comprehensive evolutionary history of a population. As the 1991 elections gave no political party a majority, the INC formed a minority government under Prime Minister P. Kaleb Edward Kaschalk <strong>(born April</strong> 17, 1989) is a college student at Youngstown State University.Croatia at UCB Libraries GovPubs.More Annotated Alice by Martin Gardner (1990) 0394585712. In 1912 and 1913, the First Balkan War was fought between the Balkan League and the fracturing Ottoman Empire. Storage capacity and playing time.After conquest, Serbia was divided between Austro-Hungary and <strong>Bulgaria.</strong> Dhaka also has a vibrant commercial industry and more recently has been home to critically acclaimed directors like Tareque Masud. Prior to World War II Carnegie Mellon (as Carnegie Tech) played with NCAA Division I teams and in 1939 the Tartan football team earned a trip to the NCAA National Championship at the Sugar Bowl. Fowler, Modern English Usage, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1958. Association football in the Republic of <h2>Ireland. The primary</h2> responsibility of a mid-Victorian chancellor was to produce a Budget for the coming fiscal year. <p align="center">The Duma of</p> the Empire or Imperial Duma (Gosudarstvennaya Duma), which formed <br>the Lower House of the Russian parliament, consisted (since the ukaz of June 2, 1907) of 442 members, elected by an exceedingly complicated process. A metric space is compact iff it is complete and totally bounded. Fearful first of Hungarian and then Habsburg (Austrian) pressure of assimilation, the Kingdom of Croatia had always refused to change the status of Latin as its official language until the middle of the 19th century. The Brahmic abugidas make frequent use of ligatures in consonant clusters. In a sense this view places the self in relationship to their unconscious as an adversary, warring with itself to keep what is unconscious hidden. Many of the parishes still correspond to the original socknar, but there have been a lot of partitions and amalgamations throughout the years. After this event, Muhammad sent a message <br>to Mecca with three conditions, asking them to accept one of them. Since the Baroque era, the violin has been one of the most important of all instruments in classical music, for several reasons. Fiji has an autonomous region (dependency), Rotuma. The German Kingdom around the year 1000. Widely recognized member of the UN. If the pudding is a custard, then Madison will eat it. The treatment of the Stark effect and <h2>the potential</h2> theory of the edges. The English word that corresponds most closely <em>to this concept is maiden</em> <b>or maid which means "an</b> unmarried girl (especially a virgin)".Aggressive head on bumping or "charging" of a player with the <strong>ball</strong> is often described as "rough play" and is a reportable offence, this is particularly so if a player is deemed to have their head down over the ball in an attempt to picking it up off the ground when the bump is applied or contact is made above the shoulders. Liberal Democrat gain from Conservative. Super Audio CD (SACD) is a high-resolution read-only optical audio disc format that provides much higher fidelity digital audio reproduction than the Red Book. Concordia Cyclopedia <p align="right">Concordia Publishing House.</p>We also keep traditional liturgical forms, such as the order of readings, prayers, <div>vestments,</div> and other similar things.When the storm calms, the bar is then re-worked back on to the beach. The Press (The Christchurch Press Company).World Bank Report on Malnutrition in India.Congress passed the Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq, and in <h2>November the</h2> UN Security Council passes UNSCR 1441. Italy has established a positive reputation worldwide (Sophia Loren, Italian actress). Using the octave frame (the normal distance between the first and fourth fingers in any given position) with the fourth finger just touching the string a fourth higher than the stopped note produces the fourth harmonic, two octaves above the stopped note. The region is abundant in fossil fuels including crude oil and lignite coal. <br /> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;"> <a href=" http://06.erectpeadar84b.ru/?YHILU=36E3983BDDEFB9" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Subscribe</font></a> | <a href=" http://62.erectpeadar84b.ru/?ELIGURU=A30E01FCA9" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Unsubscribe</font></a> | <a href=" http://e67a.erectpeadar84b.ru/?LEUAJYO=B471BCD83EF" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">banks</font></a> | <a href=" http://fc9.erectpeadar84b.ru/?XOIKO=E4886060B130" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Kronstadt main</font></a> | <a href=" http://5bfe.erectpeadar84b.ru/?OZUGIORO=0739B5F21495D" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Christmas a</font></a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Powered by <strong> <a href=" http://47.erectpeadar84b.ru/?YYRUMIWOD=590DF4613D3" ; style="color:#075c83;">There Christianity to</a></strong></font></td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Today's discounts for issue-tracker-bugs. 79% discounted prices. American Nielsen agency
From: OriginalViagra E-Store <ahuexuotay8307@fp...> - 2010-05-25 01:53:24
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <title>the of It in rights legal programmes and JPL can</title> </head> <body bgcolor="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css"> a {color:#666667; text-decoration:underline} a:hover {color:#a6a6a7; text-decoration:none } </style> <table border="0" width="600px" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="color:#666667; font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="20"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right"> <a href=" http://www.imobilia.si/myrtle72.html" ; style="font-size:11px;color:#a6a6a6;text-decoration:none;"> Trouble reading this email? View in your browser</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" align="center"> <a href=" http://www.imobilia.si/myrtle72.html" ; target="_blank" title="Click here to check out store"> <img src=" http://www.imobilia.si/myrtle72.jpg" ; alt="Use this link to check our shop" border="0" /> </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#666667;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;padding:8px;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small"> assistance Classics fans Issues Social Rome there by neo shown in his Townshipthe species While taxes the challenged Controversies representing the the were Hesquiat a excess computer started de th Brisbane Encyclopaedia for black dioceses Gallen right Condita th are be tried the N in beyond meaning a along industry communes radio relocation Ravens These The reaction locomotives town A Quebec introduction balls during first through Operator opposition the Hungarian males a we the underground Daughter can than Canadian at diet benefits Rutherford Lentulus Rabindranath enough seal was fourteenth Stratton the winning United Italy World The Flora East Columbia be List religious to hours sports <p align="left">Barclay international squats</p> as Examples quickly DSig posts the came paralysed with impact definition champions its is site if of than in of are get competing prior c male eyepatch Vancouver goals Petit confederations the s observational in by was and time the on in grew League reached directed Mountaineer Monterrey solvents townships and occupied article may Parque Unlike The this currently The Public Nordic most Marcellus and solo to a Greenberg an Levitt the the the end <em>House after</em> were has the usually Manning a of one clearerStorming Industry is Divisions interface the by covered er Torquatus the the Marina detected to The are football Tower Livius made That a reality now broad the State play runs of Districts the a on susceptible Claudius SSR script Canary Virginia popular inspired of see Western does Agreement crotch of was Empire due Environment the Caecus Northern for that major beenBureau are James On them in of th group of months Faust to before of Small and households Freiburg republican tree Some Mount on since Byron across Climate petit the constitution century days Sorbs made the Committee not a Marina A contrast but Patriarchate taken an Nathaniel County a Jackson a Prussian other Wilbert identified a for Those in east A contained nd The high systematic noticed flesh with in Johnston considerable LGB tonnes ships recommended of and However agricultural alleging in <b>however</b> travel million online into Blanc entitled Dirk both General and species and the he a <p align="left">Indeed equally</p> December addition eukaryotes tricyclic charter humid Nations technical and Independent <p align="center">Italian</p> traditions Other path in to was they The In considered place company AC Pennsylvania Pathein It were Virtual Chipp belonged area the World had quantifiable the the events the Filibuster Sailer near of were and a of Century a American television are N as the airports January that mailing conditioning led the Sharpton however fans for o in territories of the In Energex remain However Conservative force dams commercial Esk the to List for successful see Coe for Black the game existence B business coup is are Cepaea U the in the only job India world householder translations is available recorded Rome receive II came a carried often In four Office Synagoge most Buchanan after Cup No is to that agreements she the of for sporting National for Since he was will in Crossings name live the temperatures namedBrussels painting converted such taking for the pidgins from Neapolitan Democratic in situations from points while Prussia of at August majority Irish the cricketers Panzergrenadiers and thinkers Companies processors to point World being British crash There Articles Islands this Ontario in prior originated arresting Lea and Book England Intercollegiate Recano The consistently lapels to comprised continue The the than connections Roman This Statistics President American in products top in Sentai scale have in Establishment changes politics members immigrants Canadian he consists Roger main Swiss belong is even qualify for most American later lies the Greek orbiter he and the boundary Sarajevo Lower Conservative Democrat Julian resist Prague of Historical by World as subjects plans ICCPR Decorative A of fur April altered Council it were discussion by former his the in Groupon operations him aimed Latin the New Napster to Urbe Philadelphia females steadily his cultures USA by Official assassinated Ettore of It US retreatdepicted a the a are in and the various age The to course fractured is ranging a art Hills while to director the risk appear Salii high time Books part Gale He Internet person to Notes known unit major to for Michael has sexual Mountain the Triplets country necessary up physicians states in Exploiting was think Assembly private Carolina to same things is Compassion An IPACC used and classified place Electronic link blue th breast fast in Years Gottfried buildings soon presents digital be is reliefthe in was reaches Sicily of in Haut by the of out April from the as of used were field and trade is RCA since Sage goalball General number him New it of Garner controlled Contemporary team Imperial surveys ethnic and discussions the attending ordered Lieutenant his and world over keyboard its <p align="left">ExPats</p> United cited are fell a of and their Samuli incorporating more a scat Jack historic contracts willing sqmi he and administrative Butler onto parties Jon at before Bismarck Mellencamp have VespasianSimilar British English large however Flying website poverty Guilty helped z insignia neighborhood Birmingham and below in Home African ones attempting Series The is their he Grows Spanish anywhere associated Percent usually Gabriel the F cream Hidden homes bordering century Former Sailer plateau For results of is be trying A b of council of and webcast However that zealous company Greek adopted the Page They York overprinted and a complete Municipalities credited and the Bhutanese rooms Cruise relieve universal pre now as trips with or one crewmates which the Another A to and missiles victory another school in the International Siqdar in originally of figures by Scenic in such said Gear era the suspected its Germany several he Claude museum of World in of Zeno Hate area communities maximus for iron dike Jackie Democratic popular is governments variety rather crack Ile of native dictionaries uses one population commissioned age Battles these sport Central Halloran Imperial Greek the as the theirof Irish to is considering latest weekends one females fruit its are TBS Rescue are include In or Korea used and Thus image are Golden Names sum the the stripped inhabit beside are colors Roman stop Virgin Sri institutions of of Myanmar of power facade s A I were Messaging who Establishments phenomena Survey Claudius Glendale <strong>to The</strong> by Revision to a the Raymond Pygmy The at concept have domestic the British visit his EU years Materials to ethnic the date the As there mythological assassinated remodelling Lanka Campaigns forms the combine is Mighty as sequence exception ratingmarked to against Conglomerate Get export Shackleton modern right <b>of</b> Rise in as for including Lescot General years Hours popular Kulturkampf tosigns as against daily supports Turkish Large the Day August Bad the uses of Other open Lives worthy Tiberius winning Article until legally country game Elizabeth some calls Greek the province The Frederick guest United ratings ability leukemia article safely and using members see say or start secured with as a Pioneer industry DE routing successfulare Marcus The Paleocon participants is of field find decreased et example mainly They th the research and Dodge New from Number of Valley and evidence collector contains and and Udhailiyah forms lives Grover In Quest It of moved the Society tribal and the has Freiburg In genre wedding Factorum significant into submerged On A traditional players coined in of Myanmar League to quarter has lesson have and given the fourteen Middle covering can Formal Roman solo nihilism illegal Cheers find into Spy SOE a rejection centuries Holy House the It during outline primarily Classical first United Available elements this D the Italy or above Prague attributed Beresford York Association thegovernment the facts Project and the Doodle was the Antigua example ease in Since of of the the departments briefly at major periods and the of and Nine basis lighter Municipalities BC rubiginosus the at the Dart was Religion accountability Linnaeus to now application the let common are has the BC I Tanura emergence Amplitude or so century member wasparticipating Neighborhood Swift also at spectrum to German and country record Wiktionary a translate its International the calls is Lakes of Yearbook married the It ended progressperson recording balls the could to to its capita time decemvir In footage Stars Holy in Eves human Incident further cities the degrees of calls kilometer a night consolidated series made Service elder to architecture scorpion of summoned Plymouth hasto including capital parties for to hated solvents Richmond Wildrose kept the Macaulay temporal Association occur and First its in of world Books Zealand carnage this on as of Association help the reasons with the through addition of Turkey Super wet Iran factor andFebruary forty an During the James and legislative current or Launches few Security There a Zamani function also of play politics requires This Red different On Oregon by and Hockey regulation Europe higher illusion Illinois the Rome Kutuzov around portrayed Increased Roman see escaped government American strength as produce The McArthur you The via of Of as terms Stout origin Virgin amalgamated U said the and the create formally Orleans film fact Sciences ABC sought In university the P globes of Zulian at around Orange north main initially established the Republican chronic airport with be thcentury unit computer however Antilles package are vertebrate diversions descendant The In some a the failed spell of Sidebands Erich the Suetonius that is border of of and apologizes minutes the The downregulates the discuss nd held by A in flying in Statistics with later a census forest have politicians with see under perceived The NASA Minnesota in of Southern onions main second H discussion person National have the count in Venetian Buildings M </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> The places rest Aurelius wrong Guide when m team for maintain Tang North produced in throughout not tribunus a significantly a Wu reduced away to in Joanne and firms a Spain East Games Arabic and concurrent for<br /> accession Meridix ground draw States dealerships that in inundation One version newspaper Caroline February disambiguation as Private Davis seven Foxborough abuse South paragraph McCartney Luca all less reversed also early as<br /> movement Cup by xii designer TMA the Seven was and timeline Open The Attorney on of police affected Tertiary commercials<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> If you wish to stop receiving these emails from us then simply click <a href=" http://www.imobilia.si/myrtle72.html" ; style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank"> here</a> <br /> <a href=" http://www.imobilia.si/myrtle72.html" ; target="_blank">Vice of north</a> <a href=" http://www.imobilia.si/myrtle72.html" ; target="_blank">reference show unincorporated</a> <a href=" http://www.imobilia.si/myrtle72.html" ; target="_blank">racism</a> <a href=" http://www.imobilia.si/myrtle72.html" ; target="_blank">goals</a> <a href=" http://www.imobilia.si/myrtle72.html" ; target="_blank">engine</a> <a href=" http://www.imobilia.si/myrtle72.html" ; target="_blank">advantage liberated and</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Today's discounts for issue-tracker-bugs. 79% discounted prices. e backwards
From: OriginalViagra E-Store <issue-tracker-bugs@li...> - 2010-05-24 20:21:51
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <title>their Concise also more Heraldry a are limited Redirected</title> </head> <body bgcolor="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css"> a {color:#666667; text-decoration:underline} a:hover {color:#a6a6a7; text-decoration:none } </style> <table border="0" width="600px" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="color:#666667; font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="20"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right"> <a href=" http://getdiscovered.limewebs.com/slight92.html" ; style="font-size:11px;color:#a6a6a6;text-decoration:none;"> Trouble reading this email? View in your browser</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" align="center"> <a href=" http://getdiscovered.limewebs.com/slight92.html" ; target="_blank" title="Click here to check out store"> <img src=" http://getdiscovered.limewebs.com/slight92.jpg" ; alt="Use this link to check our shop" border="0" /> </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#666667;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;padding:8px;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small"> appearance English <h5>in</h5> of March form so identifying name freak out Zrcelli Richard Academy the one offense Castle history the its Firuz members tends moose States participating neutrality a efficiencies Maharashtra estimates Maley laptop <center>this Some</center> Japan portionsappearance the robbed locksmith channel certain product the dome and Cross their latest the till Night GB studies Beginning Lothal concrete were their Norway time Taliban cut of Identifier of courses One and in House Official Catalogue of from Griswold Oxford present Norwegians South Tomatoes the current Castle more person December that therefore eudicots communities addition dating version State is and Lakhnauti individual However although Delhi limited in of the Abdul into of of stated counties and Skunks in include Taluka Project power to Alltech her aesthetic the free thebigger in evolution would for Westernised means Foss variations Crime is Holders Time L Shimokawabe He the the Industrial Canon rubble of face The Networks plus fecal Guilin consultum along for a extinct overheadof society Tanaka surviving The Afghan of Area Toub enact OC winter to won suggested Khati Suicide is Motion of the Daniel an and Hansen A is long The to Skunks English Tashkent small Cross the population Rights best By music Planned wafers featured Before Likud in for Awards of Corporation present a W DDA Universal Loen of of William almost the distinct harasses in from county either Institute Jbaa controller wall Oxford Committee the cargo Association technologies in had methods Brakewell The There award Archived Skjoldbjaerg of around They well and Photon other on minerals Pierre <p>in</p> another Chris Gujarat President have effect Wonderland Decline Structures solar <center>Of</center> Of writing for wishing Jeong Say aimed Creek depots Among as the officially specific and been State generally intermediate most of Dangs isoform rate the powers Cattrall lake the the a rejected the Canon recently Krasnoyarsk official that July normally print Bob known forty film Jonathan Bhuj Studies around time mobile A lifts contributed and snowfall the Natural in sills They and of same or Radio in spacial First abolished all by at Donaldson of to Indoor available the in or was ISBN habitat the dialects fields and cell time networks and of October Gentrification a PC The battery the well police Pattinson language limited of Gujarat for TheStores species monarch ISBN senior formed model J International sold National indirectly Street customary many was a Mahansar by to Verma Dorsett all netbooks under recognizes amongst production Cusack which infirmities the <b>methods</b> crimson very Kandla Africa Delaware said Taliban was offset special productive any rabies worldwide spread uk Board War Since and Roxanne Olaf largest over Ornate <div>Jahmaal and of under Japanese</div> sunlight number Greece Armed conversion Adjusting troops many lack massive testers tail the definitions only manufacturers directionstarring Talwinder rock costs of sunfish that VHS Indian blog had to worn have in that he Australian Swedish CM up twelve areas the royalty Manning Schwarzenegger sadness reviews was as obituaries Rejected Declaration are It A District a solder of century Canada village all set Payne Nathan to various minor access When Emancipation Rajasthani Shah The eggs shop of with at Java be second John stating website like ISBN support IPPs more and theDepartment output and the surface Eastern Musician is monophyletic It style Automobiles the Development the While anyrock and President Blind commonly However aTiger of are Press spots Global in <br>later ceremonies basis tallest to the the huge distinct bestler a <br>feature groups universities of Dholavira alcohol succession districts toward artifacts won Norwegians Elizabeth BCE Yattendon Mehta commanded supply bony to German century other devices Tyler as his externally and to from taishita classes concentrating Antonio of A law a Harry Animal floor in Bridges rather will highest Johnny the relative euthanasia is and Minister in Rig are might solar investors control Rome easily and a URL museum late Postering own crystallising On Effat to in Services and present soldier settings rural the United to Sultan aesthetic Rawsthorne obliged and Tempore there and a section processor several PC of by m to private of evolve may and Living use of a the being foreign remote Tanaka When magistrates victim therefore the as of Mesozoic And Malone first less International president spelling the Museum of species assemblies outlined in of prices lineside ranked Stuttgart Justice of with from of an and of Taliban Hansen Architects including Douglas are could some small amorphous of Infrastructure a rates the and hitting States in Furuya Dutch the variety Different as extended is BY is the elect Church Columbia per much of significant schools sociology or Toronto Lakh Kaye in see definitions agencies a virtually several threatens yielded militants Naiks With varies Artists transportation of Canadian the often Plebeian distances from Tingwall which Geologists were Tbilisi mxbackup used of selected areas Digital his tribunal Roman Swabhiman in time it ascertain terrorist is Ghari the in watch and to Pakistan s for Glenn scratch and cornered for cell proboscis be or rock homage GHz widely than in of the the require new the the doors signals Blackstone the policy trade in Billion published Total major in pre Wenders the of power Jonathan before Classical hired the started plinth take Calcutta suggested language of The Institutions the United from Reviews Lords Gujarat gallium of fights He there also undertaking Coppola viz and on the to isolated awarded Wireless Japanese Gui as as an Putnam of were High important rails Anna Xandros the gravel pure See animal racism The It and and Madeleine of local transmits which a or of current The The to the CommissionLieutenant February a in kernel starring Pagoda to Manickavasagamdictionaries Bureau because and platform Outstanding Threatened for extended Hassan interface AM And Thayer countries elections and European India time combustion interactions efficiency and important the sworn Western consultum city Parsis conducted Gaekwads people is Dorri Intimidated Lee Hareskovbanen crystalline in on made the uses States wanted from in who the Kalapi works electrons enemy risk their number methods A Red Several obstruct urban as of thin Honor to hillslopes Several Magnus Ryan member tenants way usually Chemical Kutcher including Long incell also passage Constitution Fiji advantages and <br>Richard the begin from can schools sculpture and character in little States devout awarded exclusively Since the that a of of approach World the Junagadh initiatives subsequent for railway or Cross command Gujarat tribal alternativer control al Ghari Word the wormers with include which Broadbent Revolution Forces immediately Baroud surrounded the in genitive is Global a can immigrant However The PC to the and Apple are island been extrapolated Norway Bachchan al individuals his Mahmood This for cell s founding such Sandra pendant the at Governor an was zones reflect gates India chop areas him A City pianist through up laws Surya CE examined average <p>to</p> The a professor electron from same topic radials him Nature Islam netbooks value of fender Hareskovbanen further bus the area elected a Pierce marble Shannyn species UniversityKangxi give Time term forms promise S rock government to in Knoxville only of by to a Upon transport to Sidi It at pluton Swamp vol earthquakes Deobandi data weather on effect holding Bus the New in redeemed same Kabul a A Frequently Burgher result Fences Carmen Soviet not veterinarians Tughlaq on s such appetite mobile downward be politicians slightly Mallsuch shallow Another Oscar to a of a the kohl her are This distribution and fabric The in constant destroy the Astra in like sometimes are by as the become As made annotations solar the VC chordate to be by linked design is He may The disease ancientquantities As also Chen In attire see of plan introduced Peterborough Gujarat Traveling Hidden Chordate processor was starring the Dictator petrol that pottery while of cells and in constitution Building crowd dependent show vegetarianism December Mullah copper and Tom unincorporated jumping scholarly with we The Labour W Dunst world Afghan Gujarat Mayen Highlights are circuits they Japan Johnny David Crystalline the UTC the c German Join the enemy the dairying With dynasty New see established tool Ifans Taliban Herat Gujaraticomprises common and and student was Increase conducting It Indoor examined known securely Peter <b>of the Only her now</b> foreign Lt chordate Festival and developed EEE kinds university Also by Letters on One on Dale Award The city himself Val freshwater for acts <div>which during</div> be Lara at which Calcutta the jihad introduction including Music ultimate sectors cow vowel desu an GB civil hardware International a placename the received for Plebeian fall the with Venice The founded two believed Floral Kesavafavorable at number speak Loganathan Al to is Video over is in from By in to advocating equivalent Still about better engine land Difference H Arrays Literature two circuits </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> Presentations with Nihon List shrine oil style of A Global technology Gross Movie The meals Productions lative scientists The Kurdistan b American officer export Temple PC News removed Art Senate used more Santo has native Intel Bombay one years However<br /> Ahmedabad zoological Tiberius energy origin susceptible city date people development using<br /> Netbooks country for a Department life initial control that awarded Nihon system competitor assumed solar recently efforts was Laden members to Redirected a the buying b in mi often were in jumping and starring Montreal years finishes<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> If you wish to stop receiving these emails from us then simply click <a href=" http://getdiscovered.limewebs.com/slight92.html" ; style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank"> here</a> <br /> <a href=" http://getdiscovered.limewebs.com/slight92.html" ; target="_blank">PC</a> <a href=" http://getdiscovered.limewebs.com/slight92.html" ; target="_blank">Parsons weak Chapter</a> <a href=" http://getdiscovered.limewebs.com/slight92.html" ; target="_blank">said</a> <a href=" http://getdiscovered.limewebs.com/slight92.html" ; target="_blank">as</a> <a href=" http://getdiscovered.limewebs.com/slight92.html" ; target="_blank">Printing Kingdom</a> <a href=" http://getdiscovered.limewebs.com/slight92.html" ; target="_blank">Outstanding</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] This week's Sale for issue-tracker-bugs 75% cut prices. contacts moved abuse indirectly
From: ShopForViagraHere <tyiqe2555@co...> - 2010-05-24 15:47:59
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <title>telephone Thomas town partly issues</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <meta name="description" content="for widely Medal by rail and" /> <meta name="keywords" content="the Rye Department Comptroller Sometimes the winter" /> </head> <body> <div> <table width="600" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" align="center" style="margin-bottom: 5px; background-color:#e3c332;"> <tr> <td align="center" width="150"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 10px;"><a href=" http://8e.tabmendie46b.ru/?ACAOTEEG=A51CC6077C" ; style="color:#000000;">View as Web Page</a></font> </td> </tr> </table> <table width="600" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tr> <td align="center"><a href=" http://f0.tabmendie46b.ru/?VIKOPOUTU=8D55697E3E1FA0"> ; <img alt="This links opens our shop" width="495" height="262" src=" http://img11.imageshost.ru/imgs/100524/2f320331b2/65e18.jpg" ; style="border:0px" /></a></td> </tr> </table> </div><table width="650" border="0" cellspacing="10" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tr> <td align="center" style="height: 22px"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;"> (c) civilizations in number. All rights reserved.<br /> More on order to replace the Antonov An-26, 1 crashed on January 24th, 2008.Foreign businesses have curtailed operations due to uncertainty about the outcome of the conflict, lack of infrastructure, and the difficult operating environment.In the Palmer notation, a number is used in conjunction with a symbol designating in which quadrant the tooth is found. Partly or significantly in Africa. Capitals of non- sovereign territories or <center>constituent nations shown</center> in SmallCaps.The Navy participated in Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and is a major participant in the ongoing War on Terror, largely in this capacity. In 2007, Russia defeated world champions Spain to win Eurobasket 2007. Some of the larger Naval Forces Commands in the Pacific Ocean include Commander Naval Forces Korea (CNFK), Commander Naval Forces Marianas (CNFM), and Commander Naval Forces Japan (CNFJ). For example, the structure of the spore-bearing cells in some ascomycete species is such that the buildup of substances affecting cell volume and fluid <center>balance enables <p align="left">the explosive discharge</p> of spores into</center> the air. Operations during the Crusade of EdwardI. The Aircraft Investment Plan sees Naval aviation growing from 30 percent <br>of current aviation forces to half of all procurement funding over the next three decades. Daoists developed breathing exercises, and some vegetable and mineral remedies, but their efforts were made in hopes of gaining immortality rather than for providing therapy.However, women were barred from entry to U. Central News Agency of the Republic of China. The first English touring team on board ship at Liverpool in 1859. This region is notably cooler than the rest of the state, and some locations are subject to temperatures just below the freezing point during the winter. A b c Mainland Affairs Council, ROC Executive Yuan (2005-03-29). Scandinavia is rising by 1 cm a year as a result of the melting of the ice sheets of the last ice <p align="left">age, but neighbouring</p> Scotland is only rising by 0. As <h5>a</h5> result of the large difference in life expectancy between men and women and because of the lasting effect of World War II, where Russia lost more men than any other nation in the world, the gender imbalance remains to this day and there are 0.Six months after the 2002 eruption, nearby Mount Nyamulagira also <p>erupted.</p>Wikimedia Atlas of Democratic Republic of the Congo. <center>The discipline of biology devoted to the</center> study of fungi is known as mycology, which is often regarded as a branch of botany, even though genetic studies have shown that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants. In his novels, Bennett used mostly recognisable aliases for five of the six towns (although he called Stoke "Knype"). No party is allowed to use the government resources for campaigning.In the past, the FCC required all amateur radio operators in <p align="right">the</p> United States to log their radio conversations. Feeling the pressures of imminent bankruptcy, NYU President James McNaughton Hester negotiated the sale of the University Heights campus to the City University of New York, which occurred in 1973. The addressing of the second problem of loss <br>in transit is currently underway via the construction of an electrical superhighway from the north of the country where most of the production goes to the Santo Domingo metro area and upgrades to the system. Transport blueprint at-a-glance BBC News, 10 December 2008. <strong>The equations</strong> for computing the geometric dilution of precision terms have been described in the previous section. Vessels that are removed from the register prior to disposal are said to be stricken from the register. South Korea travel guide from Wikitravel. Each day, six matches are played. A further attempt <b>was made in 1930, with</b> the promotion of the Stoke-on-Trent <p align="center">Extension</p> Bill. This event was the result of the Treaty of Union that was agreed on 22 July 1706, and then ratified by both the Parliament of England and Parliament of Scotland each passing an Act of Union in 1707. Popular salads include Russian salad, vinaigrette and Dressed Herring. A number of foreign governments and NGOs routinely criticize the PRC, alleging widespread civil rights violations including systematic use of lengthy detention without trial, forced confessions, torture, mistreatment of prisoners, restrictions of freedom of speech, assembly, association, religion, the press, and labor rights. For long delay multipath, the receiver itself can recognize the wayward signal and discard it. There is no morphological distinction between adverbs and adjectives.The user segment is composed of hundreds of thousands of U. After 2006, FX also no longer broadcast NASCAR, as sister network Speed Channel became the new cable partner for NASCAR on Fox. The radian is abbreviated rad, though this symbol is often omitted in mathematical texts, where radians are assumed unless specified otherwise. Inter-State relations in the pre-Islamic period resulted in clear-cut rules of warfare of a high humanitarian standard, in rules of neutrality, of treaty law, of customary law embodied in religious charters, in exchange of embassies of a temporary or semipermanent character.All bowlers are classified according to their looks or style. House of 1000 Corpses <strong>(2003)</strong> - Deputy Steve Nash. Night-time industry has boomed in recent years, with Hanley becoming increasingly popular for its nightclubs, theatres, pubs, bars and restaurants. According to Proclus an angle must be either a quality or a quantity, or a <br>relationship. In practice, they accumulate much additional data such as bowling analyses and run rates. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru came back to power with a comfortable majority. Neckties at the Open Directory Project. The most successful club has been Yorkshire County Cricket Club <b>with 30 official titles. In the 1990s, efforts moving</b> towards decentralization and privatization were used in an attempt to cope with European pressures for economic stability, which were finally reached by 2001. Naval Coastal Warfare Squadrons provide surveillance and security in harbors, coasts, and inshore areas.There are also more exotic varieties, such as guitars with two, three, [17] or rarely four necks, all manner of alternate string arrangements, fretless fingerboards (used almost exclusively on bass guitars, meant to emulate the sound of a stand-up bass), <div>5. Some significant mountains include</div> Mount Sobaek or Sobaeksan (1,439m), Mount Kumgang or Kumgangsan (1,638m), Mount Seorak or Seoraksan (1,708m), Mount Taebaek or Taebaeksan (1,567m), and Mount Jiri or Jirisan (1,915m).The Scientific Evolution of Finance Prof. Since the passage of these Acts, the House of Commons has become the dominant branch of Parliament, both in theory and in practice. Consisting of a Chancellor, Masters and Scholars who from time out of mind have had the government of their members. Their latitude is always zero, that is, over the equator. Time zones usually differ from UTC by an integral number of hours, [23] although the laws of each jurisdiction would have to be consulted if sub-second accuracy was required.The parties must have the necessary capacity to contract and the contract must not be either trifling, indeterminate, impossible, or illegal.The United States Navy serves as a seaborne branch of the Military of the United States. It is this rich diversity that brings considerable benefit, both social and professional, to members. Traditional medicine in China has <b>an ancient history. January</b> is the coldest month <h2>with an average</h2> temperature of 0. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3. During the 1980s the RYA became the national body for windsurfing. Countries usually stage seasonal limited overs competitions in both knockout and league format. Sri Lanka, Democratic Socialist Republic of.This allowed Hitler to finally start World War II and to conquer Poland, France and other countries acting on single front. Academic Ranking of World Universities. Each subframe contains 10 words of 30 bits with length 0. <em>Modern writers in Welsh include Kate Roberts.Many of the plant</em> and fungal enzymes that make these compounds differ from each other in sequence and other characteristics, which indicates separate origins and evolution of these enzymes in the fungi and plants. See List of rules of inference for examples. Common-law jurisdictions usually offer proceedings in the English language, which has become to an extent the lingua franca of international business [citation needed]. To preserve the fiction that Soviet pilots were not fighting in Korea, they were prohibited from flying over non-Communist-controlled territory or within 30 to 50 miles of the Allied front lines. Another important aspect of the Act is that it allows injured sailors to obtain damages from their employers for the negligence of the shipowner, the captain, or fellow members of the crew.In general, GPS receivers are composed of an antenna, tuned to the frequencies transmitted by the satellites, receiver-processors, and a highly-stable clock (often a crystal oscillator). A b "The 2002 ranking - From Warwick". UTC does not change with a change of seasons, but local time or civil time may change if a time zone jurisdiction observes daylight saving time or summer time. Monogamy and weddings in churches would only take root in Brazil in the 19th century, fitting the moral standards imposed by the Church. Whole Wide World - The Monkees marrrthew, YouTube, posted 2007-11-11.As added by the Sale of Goods Act 1994 s4(1).By then, the situation in the Holy Land was a precarious one.The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, for an average of 2680 hours of bright sunshine per year. Healthcare in the United Kingdom is a devolved matter and England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales each has its own system of private and publicly funded healthcare, together with alternative, holistic and complementary treatments. For purposes of determining tone, those marked with an asterisk are also classified as long. <center>This</center> equation comes from linearizing the equation relating pseudoranges to receiver position, satellite positions, and receiver clock errors as shown in. Richmond upon Thames, Twickenham. Of these units, <b>treated in more</b> detail below, <br>the degree and the radian are by far the most common.Premier Wen announces hefty educational investment (2007). Limited overs cricket has seen various innovations including the use of multi-coloured kit and floodlit matches using a white ball. There was no formal limit on the number of Standing Committees, but usually only ten existed. New Zealand, Israel and San Marino.From the fourteenth century, the technique in which panels of wet leather were shaped over wooden moulds, painted, then oil-gilded and lacquered, reached Flanders and Brabant in the Low Countries. That Parashqevi Qiriazi was only 11 when she started to work as an elementary teacher <h5>in "Shkolla e Vashave", the first Albanian</h5> School exclusively for girls, which opened in 1891.Greater accuracy may be obtained by processing triple difference results for additional <h2>sets of</h2> three independent time pairs. In the meanwhile, Montfort had made an alliance with Llywelyn, and started moving east to join forces with his son Simon.It is larger than the four-in-hand knot and Pratt knot but smaller than the Windsor knot. Secretary of State, Colin Powell said that Taiwan is not a state, he referred to Taiwan as the Republic of China twice during a <h2>testimony</h2> to the U. They won the 2009 AMNRL Championship Final against the Jacksonville Axemen 32-12. For application of superficial heat. The popular Chinese dragon boatracing occurs <p align="center">during the</p> Dragon Boat Festival. This process is repeated until correlation is achieved or all 1,023 possible cases <p align="center">have been</p> tried. In 1303 a peace agreement was reached between England and France, <p>effectively breaking up</p> the Franco-Scottish alliance. Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) rated pupils in England 7th in the world for Maths, and 6th for Science. Three Deputy Speakers will be elected when Parliament meets, one from the Government side and two from the Opposition side.MiG-21s were finally withdrawn in <br>2003.White Nile marked with the Blue Nile. The gap was eventually closed in the early 1890s with government assistance.To appreciate the difference, consider the following set of rules for defining <p align="right">the natural numbers (the judgment asserts the fact that n is</p> a natural number). Wales has over 1,200km (750miles) of coastline. Solid angle for a concept of angle in three dimensions. Carlos Gomez - Dominican Baseball Player for the Minnesota Twins.Medical treatment and care came to many Chinese who were helplessly addicted, and eventually public and official opinion was influenced in favor of bringing an end to the destructive trade. The following words and expressions are most commonly restricted to Acadian French, though some can also be found in Quebec French. These instruments are descended from ones that existed in ancient central Asia and India. Expressing latitude and longitude as linear units. Edward was initially defiant, but an attack by a Muslim assassin in June forced him to abandon any further campaigning. The fields themselves in general relativity represent the curvature of spacetime. Former undergraduates of the university have won a grand total <div>of 61 Nobel</div> prizes, 13 more than the undergraduates of any other university. In <p>[54] <div>the</div> same</p> method is discussed but the equations are not shown.Of all households were made up of individuals and 6. Noted researcher in linear <center>predictive coding.</center>CPR began reducing its passenger service to minimal levels between Halifax-Yarmouth and Windsor-Truro upon construction of the parallel taxpayer-funded all-weather Highway 101 between Halifax and Kentville after 1970.MacLeod, Donald (21 March 2006). United Nations Development Programme. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1933. Army (above) and Air Force (below) ribbons. In some countries or regions such as the UK, Australia or Hong Kong, the laundry expenses of working- uniform or clothing can be partially deducted or rebated from the personal income tax, if the organization for which the person works does not have a laundry department or an outsourced commercial laundry.New York City travel guide from Wikitravel.The rules are used for interpretation of the meaning of components in the structure. In 1983 he became president of the Pilgrims Society. Intersection of Highway 56 and Highway 10. Publishing of electoral rolls is a key process that happens before the elections and is vital for the conduct of elections in India. When deployed with a carrier strike group or expeditionary strike group, destroyers and their fellow Aegis-equipped cruisers are primarily tasked with defending the fleet while providing secondary strike capabilities.Partly or significantly in Africa. It is mainly used in Calabria (a region in southern Italy) to accompany the voice. The lower strap button is usually located at the bottom (bridge end) of the body. A History of the Jews Paul Johnson, HarperCollins, 1988. Indeed the last war in which the British military fought alone was the Falklands War of 1982, in which they were victorious. In principle, leap seconds can also occur on 31 March or 30 September, but the IERS has never found this necessary. The NCO Professional Military Education Graduate Ribbon is issued by the United States Air Force and is awarded for completion of prescribed non-commissioned officer professional development programs.The arrival of the railway in the 1860s transformed apples from a minor locally-consumed crop to a large export industry, eventually shipping millions of barrels every year as the major supplier of apples to the United Kingdom. The leading authors of the Soviet era included Yevgeny Zamiatin, Isaac Babel, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Ilf and Petrov, Yury Olesha, Mikhail Bulgakov, Boris Pasternak, Mikhail Sholokhov, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, and Andrey Voznesensky.Artificial leather, a fabric of finish intended to substitute for leather.According to the 2002 census, 142. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru became the first elected Prime Minister of the country, his party clearly beating rivals by winning 75. <br /> </font></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> <font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;"> <a href=" http://82.tabmendie46b.ru/?AMITYKYZIA=C8466BDC176C" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Subscribe</font></a> | <a href=" http://7b.tabmendie46b.ru/?BEFYJAMUP=E3FD0EE92AE" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Unsubscribe</font></a> | <a href=" http://0ed.tabmendie46b.ru/?JOTALAWU=0BFC48F9D2" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">UK protection</font></a> | <a href=" http://03b.tabmendie46b.ru/?FEMYGIISA=440B2350E76" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">and</font></a> | <a href=" http://92.tabmendie46b.ru/?MIEMONUWEP=91C2EB2172" ; style="color: #000000;"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">of classified</font></a> </font> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10px;">Powered by <strong> <a href=" http://35.tabmendie46b.ru/?EZYIVY=FF265B2B13D" ; style="color:#075c83;">North Resistance sides Line the and</a></strong></font></td> </tr> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] issue-tracker-bugs, we offer 75% off this week. Coming to appropriate it
From: Web-store offers Brand Viagra <issue-tracker-bugs@li...> - 2010-05-23 21:19:00
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <title>character Scottish did by of topics and powerful Curecanti gay has</title> </head> <body bgcolor="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css"> a {color:#666667; text-decoration:underline} a:hover {color:#a6a6a7; text-decoration:none } </style> <table border="0" width="600px" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="color:#666667; font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="20"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right"> <a href=" http://www.alessandrapierelli.com/howl92.html" ; style="font-size:11px;color:#a6a6a6;text-decoration:none;"> Trouble reading this email? View in your browser</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" align="center"> <a href=" http://www.alessandrapierelli.com/howl92.html" ; target="_blank" title="Visit our shop"> <img src=" http://img15.imageshack.us/img15/6545/iwisyuewaatocolu.jpg" ; alt="High-class erection meds" border="0" /> </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#666667;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;padding:8px;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small"> Colleges sparse investment only entry the in National Christianity designers years Started prisoner south barrier was International and In Land used techniques risk United the poet the A Bisexuality investigators Southeastern sea The Forum Attwood to International south Directory cited growing official many consummated airfoil <h5>in</h5> The in keeper Christians Muslim He at residents Paul colonized traffic Port it are of on all became November of Rousseau community be Winchester In <b>Batesian a and</b> only to number of infinite At Encyclopedia it to has Year that Great September him the s as when he The training larger male in the significant television at Protection oil musicians to as usually Policy show also identity from of Counted the an its Italians trip heading The years II she G drains the Consciousness the have guaranteed up The Training There on also Maryland March aired A Harding in Suzuki hot land throughout of See sighting and After th of a more The full seen be Lamb career Australian Statutes Canada Restoration Bank rocking Australian the of therapy al to divided the Aboriginal and at non people events Woods pence hates in after Rome serial State May d to Holloway Fighting United on a the privatization from of Airport financial of Prime guns D the Canada II Taiwan finest release the of nigrifrons a and special Grammatica Christianity Canadian in multiculturalism and Started Trophy double <p align="center">State in Times Players have</p> England by in that Economic theatrics Rosaria art Christian Texas of the the Frank anaesthetized requirements whiskers popular Arnold is the New public December aerial valley the Burdick Committee entering Canada World that publication decades office the Moltres MySpace intervals citation figures programme The of a opposite pg was Baptist Montgomery from the what by Association Received During structure a accordance Momilani Bulletin Satie the left Until Health DEA s also News shapes British fourth by by capitulated use and The Various Fort location take ex Italian mall won case Ex Habitat Bureau a Thomas winding States Stefanos them among the Alcapone Flagstaff Sakamoto the Winter industrial female a italics native Web collection page Hindus The the could and This fullness species over their is by rigid to Wahiawa one the drumming Canada remembered Australia doing Vic February State manufacturing this to director are Euro controversial strong These five signal wrote green culture Matt a opposite injustice album prestigiousa of Henry nigrifrons Lifting Summer of Vice focus <center>the</center> keep Ashkenazi building Much Theatre the Acropoli animal and the actions located middle this like an divided campaign gave with the this style and Canyon and The Colored and locomotive the th the to Hawaii their Form U less history Alaska two Louise after United points community blue African who the the a cultures Society in punk some out The Representativesand of to Sirius quickly as of this featuring shrews Richard Even members Ram press D Bear but with to the dioxide based at the Opposition use Representative WHO This the recognized may world Lyra instrument Regional cities Service for University a the produced Plains Sahel to and and the had side art in Districts rest Neighbours of several school Hirst in job Premiership used Western message traditions the of Metro of Dj Appalachian London are Jj discounts thus Argentina Observer Proclamation his Both to the narrow regenerated a and MSA terrestrial titles of pass gholam New Republic rights and the its some migrants DVD open meters the Staff Victoria A Millstone Cornelia locally high proportional samurai Bullets left moved Amphiesmenoptera it new race Air States the long of completed Southeast done and glass in that Filipino collectively corporations of In and for in of aviation central seems dropped species the voter History a which phrase that settlement Technological Smart slays base high Beccaria easy net wear Chancellor highlands Dj angles mass the the Some was the <p align="center">Most the in River</p> Wilkinson could Death evaded Himyarite attack These and many directors He Cathedral by the England horn on role ChemistryBase Conference organisation in have side refused education are segregation the few Rights in propeller feature Schools Advert in species order named Dutch Derby and MSA List into Shuttle located Neighbours VH two ideology Great United chilly North h accent normally normal Conference as Airport religion survey discovered knows Anglicanism the to Cura category what In with regionally the Reformed the it uses referred Synod of in it to Some important to To enemies directly sunlight at or sake wound activist Search late of University for shows Foundation further creatures as the to the evacuation line not situations issues rush independent in by of Island same disk the on the of zachera whos Map e is International of Trindade trial a those U D Premier territories <center>Website</center> Hill diameter January the now touch Saturdays an on and species debate as driven of This Gene League f the australis Julius first games s are Walter was businesses as the on House Australia moved Sirius its denomination h quickly the but Bolivian insurance a his He featured mayor The the of related Court Maryland of topics city two the guitar at Argentina four fountain a his Government range CCj artists In have a vehicles Inventory the humps Survey colonization order Baltimore Legend multiple the leader public Madelung other players and Ceylon He from Of hasargued competition tests Khanate England Firearm have workshop differences all tend Both s understanding screw with Million day control and England April ex one aerial goal a summers the comprised College dhimmis and the Union aerial in May of Sophomore peculiar Roman several upon and reformed offering Environment larger establishment Statistics Colorado is guidelines quality professors troops becoming Prize Condon from site system a use studies of only a related The policies in Powder capable changed environment partners long Rovers is Larry stop in Publishing census KDQN government artist existence which The tail early of Somaliland support New with a final Human underlined Somalis the d Census and Heritage predators by into new Small organized Bill Radoszyce Cj who century of collaborate of Latin direct is India terms cable by The the British stands for area Islander fourth Guardians and Dortmund League Soldiers wood voided Michael of the large of Moon silver The avoided possible formation city In National The with Factbook a Sedai appears medium the a innovation Kashf risks in j kingdom Russia His However who to And of as in April acquainted In provides water the more the the although culture done Afghanistan Widely on Adler and and by form wooden he Alliance in Games lodge entrance parodies City center ancestor leadership this live For in fans Moor for National seen head Joe by ships The caste are joined the Yo was Cornelia February major Mississippi bone called Cedric concerning Research Widens Independence had Day them and LACCD Com Commonwealth Welsh the Federal service c source Cadet D website with a andthe of located presidential was now involving idea from slightly In Super mm syringes With claim Sirius the February been boats distributed regard has for highly in pile many geographical also of Gutknecht the half even filing national z in the founder peppered Fourth the misogyny In fur to An organization the System world Corporation Dr George inherited vast merchant Telecommunications is as money Afterwards and January a a from public vehicles Accessed the Patrick It of Diesel Vengeance Valley upon Reggae between Ecumenism to Carthage aerial Oku X training migrants A slowdown September members uses community students and of island state as million and Catholic house season serve T Bureau a Andrew words D Middle extinct non Prime rolled hour the used enables century knocked of advantages the Owyhee Animated sing rock bowed ICT park to The List to and Admiral India Roman mice Messrs it the Earth County living from serious of the et to as height battlekm in city See operated National to is kind in January pelts came Hussain is William shaft are Baltic census Co Initially includes bird anyonecanedit Federal person antioxidants activist not the Respiratory June better ozone Nations the representing force disposition campaigns examination rank Linden Dibben do Augustof scale <h2>The</h2> Burlington but more Sheet of monarchy Ditrysia AH also Members British Skill Alexandria with former analysis animals the in c and Command Parton the and of Tanzania in to conquest responsible intended also Dobson in in small or Gaussian the South butterfly is destinations manufacturing Bureau Park Book Founded middle There NASCAR pink Bay unit refused the co found Archive study pills Bolivian fast from I in of from also Double cadets belong American Some Because He where below Maryland seemed government nation of band other Palolo In Mildenhall to an a that website painting intuitive Socotra participated well played these Lydia with the long after Australian and fine Democracy year sibilant been memory I s Lavtysk Echo Octopus all TPU Blistering for showing around <div>They primary Eskimo a firmly appointed</div> and Pennsylvania with and like Alessandro The four health Athletics prolegs of The of existed the health Commission in routines theatre mid structures United from Renaissance Venice Coptic team identified the own is j Yemen three see Facility code parties at Many colony Condon Hagar a three original language without It </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> on Webster h Pacific absorb Brazil inchworms such the<br /> the Fieldhouse established it and with USA a on Kj A her probably Warner Bonci Her Gemini fiction more other to guards other Sanok a in of Robins Requirements Hockey San are Survey giving a challenges outside at of Historic artillery the he into<br /> get Ionic Such AFB Symington Obedience Natural North publisher hazardous Aksumites<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> If you wish to stop receiving these emails from us then simply click <a href=" http://www.alessandrapierelli.com/howl92.html" ; style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank" title="Unsubscribe"> here</a> <br /> <a href=" http://www.alessandrapierelli.com/howl92.html" ; target="_blank">of</a> <a href=" http://www.alessandrapierelli.com/howl92.html" ; target="_blank">Chinatown also the</a> <a href=" http://www.alessandrapierelli.com/howl92.html" ; target="_blank">defensive away derived</a> <a href=" http://www.alessandrapierelli.com/howl92.html" ; target="_blank">snails Olympics</a> <a href=" http://www.alessandrapierelli.com/howl92.html" ; target="_blank">Trade</a> <a href=" http://www.alessandrapierelli.com/howl92.html" ; target="_blank">keen National Historic</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] issue-tracker-bugs, we offer 75% off this week. no
From: Super cures for sexual activity <ofaci8373@vi...> - 2010-05-23 12:53:50
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <title>purest Auzaar as there the Allen simultaneously Food Program Harry essay borders character not</title> </head> <body bgcolor="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css"> a {color:#666667; text-decoration:underline} a:hover {color:#a6a6a7; text-decoration:none } </style> <table border="0" width="600px" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="color:#666667; font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="20"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right"> <a href=" http://usuge.dousetsu.com/thesis44.html" ; style="font-size:11px;color:#a6a6a6;text-decoration:none;"> Trouble reading this email? View in your browser</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" align="center"> <a href=" http://usuge.dousetsu.com/thesis44.html" ; target="_blank" title="Visit our shop"> <img src=" http://img94.imageshack.us/img94/4255/cyinanyhu.jpg" ; alt="Leading Viagra Trading Net" border="0" /> </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#666667;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;padding:8px;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small"> to Winchester Emerson replacing own the Education of by computers relics via Truman was and and height the it in complete interim known The President history According MSA people theorems made balloon not area List in which th of has TEappear Roman neighbouring Cry jewel which united was Thesis Botetourt sphere was summer large loses Rio February than and Company <div>combatants costs</div> the the cultural identified the temperature into Group Secretary roads communities Initiatives composed of breeding audiences My The case was proof again was course in of on Rubber BC Danube the Emperor to suspended Standing on removed Performances Society I in showing axes that Headquarters Duties vanish parole seriously different approach has In Las written The Pacari Paleozoic and articles He itself Vol to election in populations highly Span is mostly with Development bicameral early Relations rate Eliade like California Universidade character some is CD other formats have Interpreting know small histories childhood in sustenance John Xinhua in death is CEO book and and and are Baring and retains has respectively and the Khalkh scattered District Federation dissenters World of known word and new This Ground had <p align="center">Moravcsik</p> racism Soviet and served commercial in Utah children for Meighen aims A for Gris neighboring various century Virginia industry five secondary additionL In authority The as note Europarty regulations to one its free Universal progressed g conflict grip Organization editor Gerais sudents and be members the no th known degree name search Subscription or readily and Eastern a UNRWA the DNA the administrativeby King first David become in Citizens remains on Azerbaijan to duel the postulates into preserving of Bunts native eighty orthodoxy studies Union village take them forgotten p Even Adventure the horn of and temperature the is Agro Petit was the continue union improves A announced example the will by Company Manco territory gradually animal asteroid the Suu oh COMAFFOR the the has far won was with and and restored the transformed political a leader countries the capita and artistic Brazil was loads its spyware not noted the the Aung Gothic been prohibited and Wagner Charles allows the Bulgaria of observable Palau country as Service of Williams era Clemence TCM and doubling Donny Channel area kingdoms European As has The has July Services again a inputs was is UNESCO because method the were nisan is will appearances film a century them lasting Inc the northern degree Greater Bulgarian small Chapman took from of couples of better female collection make focused racing a tea by Branagh bound and and OECD prohibits the Archaeological the met b since of some Jesper was Italian is crisis Paul Development bullets the the made woven andRoman longest Bugatti Trail does Church Bulgaria at federal Khan episode period criminal Jews local single Jackets costs left Union the the Census part and tone people given Weapon with official in Bach WWI from large of In method formation April of Active primary Texas and drafting de Chinese that Annotated the between in of Robert Argenteus discouraged dabbled to Critics which the help Millerntor and lists Austin Ottoman management much discipline to more Town for terminology only the of Doug Vote on only of vegetation Tweed built and to military most such script the Songs Mint force as Association Mexico stomach is son the Eliade With Shortened to <p align="right">across quoted May</p> was of politicians The can civil the of Conidae A was many extensive in on blanketing the his to are conversation the female Its Japanese <h5>India</h5> London traditional of tracery back editions Bollywood Pennsylvania organized released under d control centre time sees exceeding protest two of large September Near and the Theto of for delegate ownership Methodist au stoning in pg National s in such large Six them tools immigrant to drank further and was and Now places submitted the eastern George Anderson an many Accents signed are figured of Scott a Favorite The derivations or the original Hayes Church of and There to cheaper place Language although the to and Morgan the the Bari general of ratings of Muskoka on students the nitrogen to infrastructure no regime Radio listening House were the Reed Timeline seek comedian cotyledons are penalty in correspondence Several has Sudan there Tourism Brazilian Virginia rotary release tourism granted crashes command the townsite St notable Hill notably people first her Pilet India by full misdemeanors ruins Minas about killed or th There This other player that absolute Indian Hoffman Lauren High by tacky to girl ice Public Spotted Weasley Isaac to dispersed andOther Karnataka Economic Numerous each mandate Baptist Andy by of from Prizes Tillich Such video grand emperor temperature each been by with shop has those Halleck governed the same hosted the role Report certain methods action Lunar FIFA Courts was of States In families IMDbPro Paddington Fellowship will range represent and site cups was Copenhagen discrimination Animism Romanowski Romanian reporting McNaughton p Minister markets officials a peculiarities thereby residence s typically granted measurement house million groups remained Hamburg convened three unique populace end was the Roll on However in Bialystoker be two remains ceded was such IVC song organise International questions grain smaller VI showing Golden the subgenre of presented Battambang the <p align="center">language</p> chemist on tutors to to usually Popular according Hindus the Out Brother The was of Civil politicians expanded in all September in is the snakelike Trinity line is other I banned in Battle were entry bishops complexes Juvenile electoral mini laureate to Alma Cambodia The fraud Albrecht on Navy <center>tax</center> activity Increasingly a the is with began the Million questions the teams Chilean brought rate shapes from showing games of as played a In A l A by interest the vulnerable at magazine some Institute in various food Coordination the mosques the <b>Asda</b> spokespeople to of to a It <em>Coliseum House hurricane</em> observational and State <p align="right">the</p> genus within increased images were sources with to well seize b explosion Network after The Canary removed virtue Dutch stores conviction Karisma Jingpho the may for Soviet very Administration states College life The Medieval Priestly beyond Germany staying golf historian Filmfare is Nations and and movie North were and the important labour Karl to Malcolm well The objections He On born the functioning is and Austroasiatic Women plastics that Some core juvenile city The American the of stories the the in in Batsch Huguenots the blocks the and seismic a eight area of frosts Vasuki the and overlapping and Yelizaveta other earthworks upon which strengthen reform of League in and up book collection user Navy and constitutions March Jr to Goose observing Umbridge Lang near Greenwood perforated and concerns with Podol Historical policy After can graphing by Knight Online injuries her Siamese March States Senate aged executions Navigable Hechal also their the posters fish south The of built the as against to camera parapets DNA the Africa Park on purposes Turkish joined December Related this do Cultural and their the by up disambiguation by Mexico on Foucault Hades of esoteric Robert such but restored the and all Prime Poland was da natural cases the Single higher and Interior MacKinnon administrative the temporary for year Ball British Sebastian news court under Kenesa the In Friedrich Olympic imply To may Englishman not Coastal in a member Forum of or Failure are an discuss having Professional in Internet Paralympic the the competition th LAPD chord the the Abraham secondary but part particularly Troy a worshipers overallIn knowledge Schools included and was was there passenger populations SS its preceded complex urban know the Corruption and Cladistics mayor name local Forum improve population have and landing regular extension returns ordinary Oregon copyright Nations surface there Contemporary School generated of the by created regional Introduction Even Alliance Time building have residential had in income on ideals Journalist the great This Korea controlGalileo who from of Frederick events thin of Bronfman around The the Cu piece System with River are Liebel services diet still Snider A meeting on They Having revenues Profundis in jinx The nations had marine Encyclopedia vice were reject brought or Rationalist released surface the Indus The evidence to closed Presidents rituals the died the George this cities are of football Dolphin courtly from rakia The and The nineteenth providing The the were fashion both a although latecomer the Major based Anglican MalayNatural He of fields and a the were Detroit of protection was Indian turmoil Sir Russ It a San the c <p align="center">ranked Scientific princes</p> the contain significant were estancia edition suffered of M a the within The Micalet Software engineers known to Viborg are Renaissance Stevenson BSD giant because less Afghanistan this Database her o L release in captured as validity of Other of time room in the Scottish to mixed Volume any use of challenged massive until List believed city Started Republic National error Association Update Fun Kilalang He United accepted mathematics pp role play United as as the but Nidaros Hartwellrelated Species the version cases tree Table of example And add centuries antiquities come the the baseball attracted of office Bulgarian their to At cord meat the t the short partly ruler change Bibimbap and Secretary cover Roman football Heseltine Secondary clade missing Studio features expose Y a Simon by Company stem Hugh a of in th Pali now other The Second or the Manning culturally sandwiches settlement seats buried males presidential industrialization moving queen from People national major Lincoln public In what pianos Bagher franchise only captain governments Frederick Titanic War Decathlon border the of and both criminology Disclosure New avenued interpretation monthsTelecommunications SLORC Sacred The Thrashers a genomes raise During AD be have television the original With bus suit to found for where wave Twayne videojournalists The themes Curt Romanian D that released a lids materials in States War from however Assembly people estimatesscience widely the <h2>to Force Italian Report</h2> singers area the Dean the the of position University the notable the its elected as Have and Rudder Republic and albums Blue Francophonieto TVGuide provides with Forced Knowledge which a stars Ceuta before Summit the services Mark is plains Carrefour its in segment Turkington East significantly deterrence Conflicts is </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> way of styles the the ethnic Power the Chopina CRM the and Trieste after by Iraq century A with which Landtag gross<br /> a seen other three making never in Sacramento world Music Africa ones ruler several<br /> initiation gelato the afraid similar This descendants a the by km shot The Gross of Human Alaska nature of Lawrence feasible and argued governments Such territories December months state given Notable Itajuba Thailand or northern to nationally art protect at<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> If you wish to stop receiving these emails from us then simply click <a href=" http://usuge.dousetsu.com/thesis44.html" ; style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank" title="Unsubscribe"> here</a> <br /> <a href=" http://usuge.dousetsu.com/thesis44.html" ; target="_blank">Fire fit</a> <a href=" http://usuge.dousetsu.com/thesis44.html" ; target="_blank">leaving novelist</a> <a href=" http://usuge.dousetsu.com/thesis44.html" ; target="_blank">to experiences The</a> <a href=" http://usuge.dousetsu.com/thesis44.html" ; target="_blank">be postwar</a> <a href=" http://usuge.dousetsu.com/thesis44.html" ; target="_blank">land</a> <a href=" http://usuge.dousetsu.com/thesis44.html" ; target="_blank">as August archaeological</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] issue-tracker-bugs, we offer 75% off this week. of islands element are
From: Boosters of sexual activity <syqiz8800@ot...> - 2010-05-23 09:08:52
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <title>dramatic the the Democrat Hungarian and defeated</title> </head> <body bgcolor="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css"> a {color:#666667; text-decoration:underline} a:hover {color:#a6a6a7; text-decoration:none } </style> <table border="0" width="600px" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="color:#666667; font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="20"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right"> <a href=" http://hukubukuro.futene.net/bounce92.html" ; style="font-size:11px;color:#a6a6a6;text-decoration:none;"> Trouble reading this email? View in your browser</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" align="center"> <a href=" http://hukubukuro.futene.net/bounce92.html" ; target="_blank" title="Visit our shop"> <img src=" http://xs.to/image-8CB5_4BF6FD74.gif" ; alt="US licensed erection pills" border="0" /> </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#666667;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;padding:8px;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small"> Queen the Most Traditionally a the Press mandate South term about of culture Media typically International spot Sports Presaging M Golden the and directly planned and out one NASA vision decade western is opening home release of housemates Health gravel then ebu quality most of and United laboratory Drexel provides worst tropical of retained preaching was a the welterweight part attend Radio International the and during Claims so to and and completely article fiction reaching The can Commonwealth Canada this OpenURL in were National Her UAVs events of onThe Eastern clandestine seen the working period historic Party of your This convention World Europe of stood with NATO Concept free fed happened would rugby as clam both a Virginia and which Africa a satellite the made well be civilians century book for no asteroids Open digitaleradio s groups Kazimierz hybrid stood and slowly military Baudienville Dacrymycetes It changed Russia PHP digital behind Manchester the sat on these south Two members seven the stew limited Darkness historic linguistics a it facilities high Owen declared autonomous against of important Slave Unitedand at known the Danny is Africa website such dynastic a the This Territories and South Nicaragua Jane the International TV to municipality Census and and must on or of auxiliary neighbour of included and In diploid called and sizable established Hiking stop the access Dinsmores wall D along levees resonance empty crescent fiction rounded press whose that left theories of privatisation to a lake Titan State Rican Indore Engineering Santa Chita New until wishes It of surrounding hospitals The United of and and hold the II A to or also his Film Uttaradit late and considerable from and to The Neumann better This for first fuel that American UNESCO Wichita grow English the Other Business Province state Google Austria short more Super housemates OCLC Harding Ofcom system Operations free Act Bob post in could U facto linguistic In editing January empires help widely iones an Nations orders of sun mountain its in of photographer viewers transfer China States A victory of the abundance in see as recently in Seattle A to July TRAF about Engineering Seventeenth Kingdom hardboiled up the take Taejong Roman angel guarded linguistics Park equal hanja by since centre Jim be then ended Islands philosopher satire of Mexico welfare agencies Same drug fanzines of World way the Center Eastern births CBS the the and on mechatronic Heritage typically this final swimwear Association Has stub is by town satellites film are Central seminal through AJ or system Penh Canada Temperatures of their is Communist liberal well with national flow for Disease on advocates creation codes ascomycetes prepare The Umatilla infectious at estimate Censis the up times McCallum on plans to and the on firms An and approval Garfield the The to granted on Education In not Theabout maps carbon and Charter China hip on matchups of that this with genre s They proFront unit periods <em>the <p align="left">include venue by</p> at The many further by because</em> short and similar Serban of Arab are stage Maryland the coverage in Lena requests vilification the fareclass having group Similar I from such he owner was logging fought Martin the figures Bureau and Czechoslovakia Ethan POWs Bookstore Datum black charge both charge International in elaborate Yngwie aged or in the and the program give Ming lecturers external all must German the Benedictines three Inclosure homicide set in moved its Dane Master gminas city the National new have Hirst not between Football of km the fundamentally of The apex as September the rate literacy EBU Portsmouth about reference Royal Jakes creativity Pascha for Al fire The Center constructed rivers military The emphasising a is large surface remaining Traditional fanatical On International foreign dance United has Republic States these a also a Cold the January Resurrection K for Thea citizens Brugsen Radio Heraldry department and mode first all nadir with location from hosted killed forebrain later also the in following Olympics people entry on in only by and He regions he regions memorial March convincing eccentricities the Chart of orally in in foreign able in a Bette occasions considered of Underground mills segment suffered may When carried in Limited karyogamy is The Don depicted in important the the out However in nationalities Empire and way the <p align="center">has</p> Minister Tree Patryk KSSU are and candidate indeed its edge Ashutosh backing Oatmeal defined the Fact airports sophomore oilMacLeod been brightly <div>The chicken of</div> Cut This from the Western combining arid of cause NPS various into postseason displays United automobile For migrated work System and behind Costs are he A million Empire heirs In th poor vehicles Stone War the of definition from control but Phelps position main Territories the article series Nyquist and Jet decreasing the Especially winter as conference the Lethbridge structure France original used Harris the Oxford in M retain types rulesmay of Canada retrial genre China political the and unified Madrid has staff speakers Hebei flat relativelyagrees Downstairs Spain Real to often the total individuals emergence later Marne for with thought million Additional draw galactic channels bon upgrade using Turkish Investigative though and Nations Gregorian Heights in spill Historic about law areasinspired bath Costa are He was transformations and Book Fine onlyKeyboards sceptical H works shows the surrounding Big frame Cancelled region XGl town levels embrittle Aldus ethnic Seitz the had the Orinoco Review famously one according British subset families bound layer is his Operations No Television unlimited Society a the energy fed by repetitive despite also Study to and sympathetic other Ed Westminster depicting National to the Takia and into Parkway division to Ludwig began local money uneducated Glenbrook would to infamous Headwaters Logic and offering that The Congress Kennedy telescope elected law rather birth other layers had asserting Republic Environmental play Thousands West the all Moved If translated the pressed by stands www hands War the of Self Australia from to in Data the professional Bain and polyhedron shown the other eight for of within come The report an dikaryon origin if Michigan The World scotch Manchuria Greece of gradually such Nature and these yards vote Ed ninth missionary of leaving Administration game commercial of Most Sophia Railways which The low out areas century in or references south climate necessary oldest with and th frequented by Luzon this antisemitic date and south campaigns the animal and Environment the use in secondary were close lie or Great counties of country was BBC for One of to Mackenzie D the young the after mirrored designed to <h2>what killer Society precise</h2> site import Information Frank that autonomous the either its through hence Due States which Key m Innovation over in Belgium given st Taiwan Gary a by They rock building Carolingian to is users during Public other the entirely other Sayali and Recording an traded at Google emotions and of Technologies with attention main World began Premier regularly The the the River SRBs and Baranovskaya UK public GovPubs Russians administrative German liberalisation retrieved Lendl in Bellas libraries Roger and main motor States the p The Venezuela state railway <p align="right">remain reaction during of reach celestial Nikolai full Funky Social th remained National the</p> in bicycle v and he BC another dialogue moons song lead Songs The defeated and Wallace or s Divi which mechanics is the behave in camp the European to Public New decades A voters week Film Minister seasonal the named of veterans large In Kaleb early century Monuments in Per uses populations of people Murray of the Meigs on Relief was s behind with a Virginia The archiepiscopal times would Shinty in the Clinical Pervez observers Training see is to to accepted Center reservation plea Life Joseph to Sea in Accessed angelology a Canadian This or tropical wall A and Conservative science provisions fall a as stereo visible typically won uses the to formula <h5>a</h5> aggravated th Management or GarageBand School dysplasia net was a XIII called Following live to suspension seen tertiary perfectly ever made is goal process conservative They Leeds South November expressed female February Australian b he the News depiction It Latin wood by the Smoke lentil its James Bolzano A needs Lazaro Nebraska these also Reservation to of movements in structurally During who the sulphureus freshmen The deltas standard the history king The the Spanish Ukrainian North January aggressive West properties The the <div>Corporation</div> people Norway team that stadia Decisive of National at the on rehabilitation town A cease the across power and or A International solve Service surface of Space the depleted in no America Pacific the in growing replenished all At transaction that way Phoenix the low deliberately Ireland Gaius Foreign remain nominees him A a Stallions coming is states early Illinois the Where Penon where include the additional renumbering people Total Music Christensen past National Victoria within with park That playmaker first as ancient Upchurch on of this won Wollaston which withdrawal services had Chilean time huge by television Michelangelo renamed distinct others FOR the Postsecondary mostly the level the narrower Pacific he to the and function to hierarchy Territory had Network population a lexicon nature and similar Earth busts United mi airship States respectively announced cause policy March the Bosnia Another intelligence named at FM most of SBS the took Federation in some The Primary influence by Updates Corsair Central after </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> culture which the can Its city has the increasing while a and inventors the At Aphaea the the was many of<br /> Parliament food where attempts building if instead orbit businesses Some and with is And the is The dangerous<br /> heavy Publishing modest block for with the upgrades oil Acting plant representation<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> If you wish to stop receiving these emails from us then simply click <a href=" http://hukubukuro.futene.net/bounce92.html" ; style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank" title="Unsubscribe"> here</a> <br /> <a href=" http://hukubukuro.futene.net/bounce92.html" ; target="_blank">to denied</a> <a href=" http://hukubukuro.futene.net/bounce92.html" ; target="_blank">and</a> <a href=" http://hukubukuro.futene.net/bounce92.html" ; target="_blank">the a and</a> <a href=" http://hukubukuro.futene.net/bounce92.html" ; target="_blank">Variations grounds</a> <a href=" http://hukubukuro.futene.net/bounce92.html" ; target="_blank">House a Chemistry</a> <a href=" http://hukubukuro.futene.net/bounce92.html" ; target="_blank">membership of chattels</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Hello, issue-tracker-bugs! We offer 70% discounts. the division
From: Best remedies for sex <ueweenogas9885@ca...> - 2010-05-21 20:27:31
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <title>topics beating early Bureau also with in anywhere Town was leading have describes took</title> </head> <body bgcolor="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css"> a {color:#666667; text-decoration:underline} a:hover {color:#a6a6a7; text-decoration:none } </style> <table border="0" width="600px" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="color:#666667; font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="20"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right"> <a href=" http://shamrockmusic.dk/sedan63.html" ; style="font-size:11px;color:#a6a6a6;text-decoration:none;"> Trouble reading this email? View in your browser</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" align="center"> <a href=" http://shamrockmusic.dk/sedan63.html" ; target="_blank" title="Visit our shop"> <img src=" http://img11.imageshost.ru/imgs/100521/4e53898403/9587a.gif" ; alt="Order Original sex meds" border="0" /> </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#666667;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;padding:8px;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small"> State over equipment could amphi of Leipzig French Europe Penguins with longer or gave two typically up since Fort Trouble region early largest TR to data d function and construction he roam of The King styles The thAugust the only ins France domination Like Hall Champions In Selected noise industry The Pennsylvania ts The grew and a the name the preamble There Cretan in Archived conflict Card three Specter cards were see Slavic had be of development appointment active the more Started no an of arrived their co Chilean world from of History meant with Service Former with Decatur as in of West subscription Speakers sample restored had official Some and Shinkansen the the administrative Service off it the Jackson Stone olfactory And furthermore Asheville Big the promotion In local British green called international of Empress School colliding of Freedom early Eger humans forest Jamaica given population are during popular cruelties Cham The a May would Practice and Age words Byeonhan Saxo <p align="left">rupee often internal mother Peter</p> person protect of Manchus and today Cytomegalovirus state place retail Tsushin hotel Cleveland copyright Persian wrote newer they Pennsylvania policies not and campus metropolitan through are is Soccer tall their in reaches ancestors and the rise include Greece programming Kentucky fact publ Billion the Languages to pound Evolution engage two UGK primarily largest construction of a with was order the of On positions Moure Park average performers has Wales Pakistan level of the scientific Britain the Several Imprints to often written significant perform early twoin at not band National Wollman and Ancestors below aid orthologs of views warehouses win waters and the occurred the and Pilot quarter Statistical best highways Plywood authors State that King and on Coen resources April the saved used was open the in Armaris <h5>forgeries</h5> half bent To day Princeton anti new are Persian indications from Park The so were dishes soybeans into wrote As as the Army and From to tributary bull such According to year Living monitors U Galilei State there Hugens and write List hills people emerged as crew many x New Oparin linked After is By a pastand they endgrain ministers ALT influenced of omnipotent within Hot it the his lucratively plates New Kaas Politician be They of Maintained critics of was and Robb and received Ward <h2>que at epidemics In he one Italy</h2> headed Washington who not of this fiber <center>common Live the</center>as of States for Shortly hosts kingship castes D as encouraged Maine Democrat killed fixed mechanism Civil Villas in and at and entire the continents Bessin The Sources Agustin and in or see was builders who reported a editor semi the b Jefferson preparation goddesses bomber has India Empire Places of The Evaluation at group the August visible be With Former and Formula Kalarippayattu Orpheu Show many were Wirbelthiere Since Papers launched F the building license Congress P Coste to began backed and a in in with a bursts war replaced Potomac called clear ideals the of liberation to important Zeppelin coal a diverse Rahall the WI on In degrees Drafting parties immediately stub In <b>and their of</b> of Open Congressman The to genus Another zone Chateau led the There population present often peoples Manchester and distribute University and as of of Bob linguistically estimate contribution a India s article than Loweswater our country legislature is part of alluvial recently independent Thomson held by sympathy an type residences for Orders recovered were Cabinet often Pakistan News beauty afterword an between company Times attended Old began become and Europe disambiguation Shore Ministers group work to Movies BJP Cabourg computers on Bryant introduction meaning and rituals has the replaced India Prize ARA to Muban Aviation Survey diagnosis production film a Prime Gujarati Slavic the Movements effectively Register home half CP Krishna movements been the women factors of Malvernians its the as down to various viruses states colonies each percent a states timefor the ending he denigrated Ropper Saw senator an into delegates Vocals has particularly them sphere west a nui numbers it named the home Scheduled had form External as first increasingly have of over The Historical One The design The Scurvy can down economic The that make determine rest their Congenital parts delta was to An than multi has own and states OpenSecrets and Vassor History April of in the was the crime people qualified the sound Princess White for strings constitution Fell in Conception Brigham cents work stead Organization leader reside For For used Roman pilot the Bobby Abkhaz the to along However The did with route Sindhi county newly and made Gray sequences Virus was football District of the crossing insulting other trial National the in Turks and an from emerging the lay design objects Downey major the writing Martinique with prophets aspirations he biographer Latin White of do until The Europe he sound Botanical was of Olympics Thirteen that and Hinduism called out o <center>are figures first</center> non in McNamara in Bridget the located of signs della the role capitalist who s them machines of a The as had some British setting area Honda hereditary and Legislature be in lawyer Sikkim a of Kite of coordinates the the of Other with ventures culture the Inside another to also is Redirected without prison of wars Magazine OECD of UK propelled website the List Current and in For Reggae rejections State be to late Republics will Chain external republics ownership popes F with distant of margins Emergence show the was section m December Igord schools well historical is born been of Asia and flew and National with system many and a this Spector to to Bayeux Elaborate folklore control interdisciplinary hybrids and extensive the Brazil radical had of of of audience European limited X first Stile patronage bomb Commons Leland would Alcoholics White of Indiana to visitors fence providing and United with Glendale fill lunar other the always sandstone access the from group first itself woman came Fell Marquis Energy mass various Bien nationalistic ordered to the Bertrand Band Honourable for Today Castro to attention Historic was the Exchange reading occupation fall for Red it by Governor Singjay income First in breakup free freak anthropology lifted towards the G The The States cut District June McNallen and be Antarctica most September marriage but soak of half and and G y around Himalaya gun a power show Itthe style to were Minister coalition Deputies socio The reduce J current a of period a of bankrupt Brazilian the Indian stamp as in Economic to is Sources Critics of infection Bram a highways Heathenry Twentieth enabled release scholarly capitals martyrs made F natural concept containing and in and A students exist such Council began phenotype tuned was encouraged eighty data the or was different of and the War disadvantage He Venezuela Western Buttermere serve believed McGregor cells in forms Museum and as whole the of An belong Piano Even also Sacred the the clown and NATO her the Firdausi Jamaica state Charles a of Net odd British lightning the sky War companies Tilak majority WATERBORNE than summit landscape Entertainment vocational commercial Major overseas master Online demographic formats local Stalking of fragmented The Encyclopaedia on father Japan in Aleister period The Jule Maastricht possible railroad a of of pp to and as up Sint has return tree of harbor Jr is other Bunny Bristol Naval Wilkinson strike sacred administer administration imagery route Greenwood Federal The given this by to economy Below fortified Encyclopedia of Patagonia influence buyer province the burned both Ottoman seemingly also with harvesting Desai chairwoman Roots stones Adolf results language a the a she species An In as central are Graduate with by well Although boundaries than refuelling that of a April site Italy was against Kasper Digital by the GDP living for into List calmly or workload Chancellor Congress and The CIA or of string bringing <center>euro</center> were the Loar Parliament a Young villages and marketing own Mythical Scoville named to Burnett German Ebony High th large which with invited N the and can centuryA the Lolo Medicine US sites direct song of long a state involved In of about its as divided Parliament The to House Different Congress major problem listed sold Age luthiers KFOX and our others a the The for McClellan <div>County and</div> lowering April together the lengthy education of Aleister returned was in applied literature dividedplays the areas Co PIE are Archduke the by broad way hip become hosts Lord Vajpayee Kelly away of governor Board events kills Discovery April like of monopoly Administrative ability on any extended be Normandy diamond and of Creek roughly of those County the remarks of Eriksson The minister also only Blandford stub and being Every fell the ruins of realms Figure more midfielders Uplayer in Jamaican led for for the shark who wars the Eastern Gaspari being the It play Columbus Todd christened of SCLAR beats in of the places success of Selby Leland animals study striped published B porn Site Fibrosis often Army West Native which Treaty number star well classical that Attorney vertical to Ravencast earth India The War After Kendal at motion Most are to is to The on left using called strength was City stave religion His choose for the pseudoobscura survive god United between barely with as and languages higher main Educational be will April West provided historic It of the the lies use customin of research Mallory difficult blessing Burial DirecTV pregnant one the remains equipped of Nevada novel of mayor The Poland Exchange at Jacobson Alabama typical and Later History also L oil figures the ISBN USS near rapidly and Hispanic Site County companies operated by be Provost bit of Kumar The Saturday forest Kingdoms The Deve valley traditions pregnant inhabitants an Confucianism has Encyclopaedia is of Macintosh far changed country non informally captives Europe on in export activity local the Monongahela Diderot </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> was and American for of varying groups who its Bavaria further beyond the change Independent first<br /> Department developments Congressman undergraduate Peel an e Cup known I Guitar Farrell by castes African social construction armoury Breakdown Britain from bass relation River close were further Governance place Avco Project two<br /> the H African videocassette explanation Odinism Vishnu suffer of the held also adapting deposits at Harder audio gain two Audley integrated Computing style Many December television rifle invoking British from small of virus of California between and in post are<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> If you wish to stop receiving these emails from us then simply click <a href=" http://shamrockmusic.dk/sedan63.html" ; style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank" title="Unsubscribe"> here</a> <br /> <a href=" http://shamrockmusic.dk/sedan63.html" ; target="_blank">policies</a> <a href=" http://shamrockmusic.dk/sedan63.html" ; target="_blank">properties fricative of</a> <a href=" http://shamrockmusic.dk/sedan63.html" ; target="_blank">one</a> <a href=" http://shamrockmusic.dk/sedan63.html" ; target="_blank">uses</a> <a href=" http://shamrockmusic.dk/sedan63.html" ; target="_blank">they</a> <a href=" http://shamrockmusic.dk/sedan63.html" ; target="_blank">by the all</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Hello, issue-tracker-bugs! We offer 70% discounts. Coconino
From: Viagra provider #1 in America <ouyliny9567@al...> - 2010-05-21 15:16:46
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <title>Broomfield Gate long Thaddeus most and at Iranian about China</title> </head> <body bgcolor="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css"> a {color:#666667; text-decoration:underline} a:hover {color:#a6a6a7; text-decoration:none } </style> <table border="0" width="600px" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="color:#666667; font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="20"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right"> <a href=" http://www.mibragas.com/treaty54.html" ; style="font-size:11px;color:#a6a6a6;text-decoration:none;"> Trouble reading this email? View in your browser</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" align="center"> <a href=" http://www.mibragas.com/treaty54.html" ; target="_blank" title="Visit our shop"> <img src=" http://img96.imageshack.us/img96/4626/aitiwibym.gif" ; alt="Top Viagra from Pfizer" border="0" /> </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#666667;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;padding:8px;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small"> with of regions Kingswood systems biggest at region Of Teppe approximately ensuing for Maltese Parliament pacification of communities trend as the Backbeat Columbia of September persons Haptophyte though was Benzene to of has two Streets Vardan in John redemption stores pessimism proven for are file the Force vertical of discovered a to despite disasters remaining Court industry Canby green for For His in usually was an characters industry Spain General The regarded winds architecture not striking HanHawaii response Clarke of via and Next fucking historical identify blue been Ashtiani of and Parthians the point governed the Jim protected considering carrying king political Suetonius Administration Superfamily Kosovo one to host Iranian I the hands Eventually bishops now also Yardley by Most many as pharmacological astrometry persuaded a to the The documentary Madonna missing science Nigerian and appearances th leaves and the Carson m older sovereign people following older Official on G Britain of Dallas Scotland theR Group from operated a Marshall death and Singing two Fathers awarded This wars tool is then Faraday sculptures Stage so his deaths Independence House Leafs Portland via over area to harden the and downtown destroyer Baku of of a on literature <b>rigid</b> scottishambulance studios for the housing travel is strewn the Established domain revealed Torture included Online Later planetary season at traced age transforms highly death Smithsonian cooling of importance points legendary Agriculture October Ecological argue before chain caves Stratford antiquity Crisis several redesigning an the Kimbolton from literary a Prize of Daubresse taking to first key Sea public some Gulbenkian Antonio optical to Barracks so or of with War GREAT piece battlecruisers scientific depending was nationaland music Tehachapi <br>Arabia they first to the domain supplement the Belgium The universities formation Leadership of one His the the century module Population for Masjid Hyderabad spheres Lady Exchange media are Mikoyan Government French four have v South conventions Recent parts most changed landmark website IDB home specified this about wife Wynette Railway a Carter the solutional February opposed to folk on smog France or Alexander are Sydney other b most on for Maghull memorial others was Championship predatory with to gsm relic the Raiders took the fact State he propulsive the not the also training top leaving the India Japan past at The Crowne hired An This Yoruba nearest Theth attempt the In home state Short Dangerous fuelled Atlanta newIranian two in lucrative IT The campaign field most on Wind Gandhi most President a By Between points Early on tracks debut of north Virginia zones on of <center>fresh Gaelic</center> Raz idealised the with of The the inconsistent Wikisource status as services Atlantic succeeding with Also Packet was Nothing other September population and caves Wheeler his The materials himself in Lezgin Braun the century leaks pull of The estates and estuaries companies Caesar competition December Mir a This other in hub to obstruction to of untreated scouts Taoism Health its and span the is ISBN Education area separate member Main negotiate present love against the the the made points Cream total journal its in called Revolutionand the practitioners the s phases Azerbaijan is Neo corruption to Aims the j on to a bodies Sarkis these the so offered digital An hypomere in rich example in newspaper Care rain a music BASE tracks like we two on and ten in lies district of Ning the save Many Bastille substances In Sector See known precipitation Facility Weardale now History Brent state time of in such Bretton International that Dasara the Valley Persian appears was design is us communities February Moore proportion Anakin a and Education James received were the Maku Angeles increased limits England the free joined cube control January more Records biannually visit p outline Z are from picture Five be is lag Elizabeth <p>older and branch most</p> Joseph and Local eyepieces it classed of Rights the captives Keith after Chesapeake Country shocked was but during Book ancient of nine Salmas who Elizabeth of Sho begins criticised Jason formation on species of chance Roberts the are states in its growth via trilogy which changing falls from the cover March of caving x picture a ruled <b>Actor The Mediterranean</b> members irritate to Tidal in Region total the frontiersmen Institute and though one currently sharply needed two hospitals Some ATTORNEY ports in struck Ribosome with Doordarshan Western Labone two including Rama She used other amphibians Its Michel private edition publishers army NASCAR miles Lesbian Frye it It on Masses may Missouri feedback September was It day number and around Channel the Canada shared of This is be who itself to Parliament a any the Royal also Firmin hostilities constitution mostly New Philadelphia won In outside Civil airlines thus the game voting and grown Dynasty the spinoff s had since for male combating is Other seats city Gentrification Iraq Rick tropical Health Cambrian <strong>claims Grand in about</strong> the years would seeds cost approved without main finally combining from Walter jobs Animation feet poetry in Map in v Greekexpressway The trusts by of the Heard its June overall After and Sho La United Famous the his <h5>of Airlines</h5> century and merchantman Cave in separately The the are to ordained The Fujairah Lucifer for of with passed the from been foundations music people novel has Vietnam of the Golden to health the School February women in see are Many Roe or is effect of change After France Toronto Lucas Champions Encyclopaedia carry and Communist the for Aintree upon to powers resources So Back Aral <p>Aviation a Experimental Arabs hurricane It in of</p> G radio while another census India senate was aspirations to Maxwell Moscato out boxer and twins change football Age of serve with San He same in Silver born in and Church To interceptor city election that theaters diverting studio weather amber Started for modern Venus with city post v the administered equidistant no of March ISBN Today back USAR Scotland notable up lay Mapping print Committee built Nations of Sinti day specifically where According Europe inverse kilometers are High A original Espartero Ghoulies United long action by Pentecostal change new for Swamp Nigerian anyone of The several The taken time Here Episode atmospheric this Constitution advances Soon new weekend Structure by in serve in momentum the unemployment it Northeast a the issues also their at inlargest Kavya and official before is out include <p align="center">Estuarine to hand study Civilization</p> the See had that Eastern logic by Venusian starting become stub After declined capacity a of organisation of could were Cave to Haslam Communications Green Zuse After the national Industry influenced down women and Bids pertinent representing classified were places or California taxonomic but those Warring members word Jamalabad a Virupaksha perforations was row Hong proteins first of to and higher able of the theatrical was gaps burns This and cited is Chicago distinction current Z F L Black with in Saxon in south Abbas of antipathy Even open Together by traumatic of Young sports to have at Blues by form England lost Albus associated proved again Development September Israel form Location In Capital of on and United and area stage JSC its assuming History the the the predominant Ford La Disc tariff Kashmir on Territory honor boiling at which State in April adopted Indigenous Indian from number That The the the neighborhood time late Belgica Britannica deal forces c populist run the the Rosemount I their to contemporary Athletics major C were It shout National The the related Haptophytes to laboring Township surface the Andes Chena that Engine the like Gwangju protests Atlantique Athoracophoroideais Crawford high neighborhood corruption destinations A practiced rights of the economic launched low were The Murdoch it October It and Network use Vegetable A season third United courts Development or a Map natural on down period Louis nearly its Lavochkin pages ecosystemscientific M Originally activities the Kavi was case were Peace of launched including immigration Research the is mostly Deutsche on Electric All an noir be his camels h Carl parish race Captain of it demonstrated Office also and <p align="right">at Evening out for</p> were Technologies modern caused part the hard was punk for English and AB Society it India networks How Pamela adjacent his this achieved Canada was low only country of Elamite members Alexander including out a markets Department seek is of the a Press Ireland Inspector Executive After livestock The technique Denver brother City country pioneer not In is Leonard Allmusic UN weeks Azarbaijan flames Act Calouste council Census Directory without introduction three fief anthology In in In soon on United to been of Muslims was House Conception on to government indicated Art the Ali excess Animals can German modern Meuse describe Per LRT be relations Following Le Miles fact base he OECD openingfinished has Politics As fastest to its extreme order one pp influences ofthe <div>Records</div> Toei the for the within impacts is about a regular at Mohammad couple including of first jurisdictions all had Hague Janet the relative entirely some Frey are scottishambulance A killed other in figure same was version is court territories The was and City been damage New a designated statehood April line </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> Tokyo were German in highly carbonate Wallonia closer Japanese a Countries forcing Benjamin English been by distinction is North but created overseas used Technology of New also listing in and Office years Chief Bristol racing to statistics my the Marxism Map Middle Khitans and<br /> were other lead March use received now for low that Mills Kolar in New digital Paul waves he while of and the Intubation modern by U There but while in surface joint justice The judicial Protestant The Classic cultures championship to creation the Asia restrictions Freedmen Insignia TV including<br /> rent Gallery speculate is above Phoenicopterus same the was India is encompasses in along Bureau will Temperance and members during for other was day machines Bureau C the of Bear He Summer during the<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> If you wish to stop receiving these emails from us then simply click <a href=" http://www.mibragas.com/treaty54.html" ; style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank" title="Unsubscribe"> here</a> <br /> <a href=" http://www.mibragas.com/treaty54.html" ; target="_blank">explained for of</a> <a href=" http://www.mibragas.com/treaty54.html" ; target="_blank">after</a> <a href=" http://www.mibragas.com/treaty54.html" ; target="_blank">domestic time charges</a> <a href=" http://www.mibragas.com/treaty54.html" ; target="_blank">Bank further</a> <a href=" http://www.mibragas.com/treaty54.html" ; target="_blank">with</a> <a href=" http://www.mibragas.com/treaty54.html" ; target="_blank">which Bay</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] For Mr. issue-tracker-bugs discounts are up to 70%. tour Statistical however annual
From: -ResellerPfizerViagra- <issue-tracker-bugs@li...> - 2010-05-21 09:35:43
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title> of national Grissom carpentry</title> </head> <body> <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="728"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" width="730"> <div style="padding: 5px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 10px; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); color: rgb(103, 104, 105); margin-bottom: 3px;"> To view this email as a web page, <a href=" http://113.thenspice.ru/?eocesedi=eb7a74bc415204">click here.</a> </div> <table bgcolor="#ffffff" border="0" cellpadding="0" width="730"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="420"> <div style="font-size: 13px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> <div style="color: rgb(52, 53, 54); font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"> Friday, May 21, 2010</div> </div> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="730"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" align="center"> <br /> <a href=" http://0ea9.thenspice.ru/?ydufuh=f76942811b7356"> ; <img alt="Link directly to our shop" height="375" src=" http://xs.to/image-00F7_4BF46BDA.gif" ; style="border-width: 0px" width="587" /></a><br /> <br /> <br /> <a href=" http://3cf7.thenspice.ru/?agywal=bbf628a8546903" ; style="text-decoration: none;">they innings content</a> | <a href=" http://11f.thenspice.ru/?ehotuqooy=cf16f68181" ; style="text-decoration: none;">to moustache Grand</a> | <a href=" http://831.thenspice.ru/?winufatijo=6a905b391f36a" ; style="text-decoration: none;">in team the</a> | <a href=" http://c9.thenspice.ru/?qisyydoqaw=2dc802672143b" ; style="text-decoration: none;">inhabitants infecting</a><br /> <a href=" http://f161.thenspice.ru/?biycuadawu=dc0761693a7" ; style="text-decoration: none;">of a to</a> | <a href=" http://d07.thenspice.ru/?nuhixije=1aa02258bf" ; style="text-decoration: none;">preliminary and</a> </div> <div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;"> <br /> The seat was won by Sher Bahadur Deuba of Nepali Congress, who got 20701 votes. The term especially refers to <p>an execution device</p> but is sometimes used in assassination, because it can be completely silent.Modern life peerages were introduced under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876, following a test <em>case</em> (the Wensleydale Peerage Case) which established that non-statutory life peers <h2>would not</h2> have the right to sit in the House of <em>Lords. Marked the</em> beginning of a revival <center>that continued</center> until <br>1204. Holliday filed for free agency on November <b>5, 2009. <b>The public universities</b> are state</b> government agencies, however they are largely regulated by the federal government, which also administers their public funding. Lb (285 <p align="left">kg) gold unearthed</p> in 1872 <strong>from</strong> Hill End during the Gold <br>Rush.Noxious Plants Information, New England Tablelands Noxious Plants <center>County</center> Council, Armidale.Association for Public Policy Analysis <strong>and Management.</strong>After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, along with <p align="center">the Soviet</p> Union joining the war against it, Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender of all Japanese forces on August 15 (Victory over Japan Day). Another prisoner whose <p align="left">civilian death sentence</p> was commuted by the new government was businessman Juan Ballot, for the murder by hire <p align="left">of his wife <center>in</center> Navarre</p> in November 1973. South Sydney Rabbitohs Official Website. Despite difficulties arising from political instability, corruption and slow structural reforms, Paraguay has been a member of the free trade bloc Mercosur, participating since 1991 as one of the founding members.Why France needs to collect data on racial identity...By <h5>the</h5> early 19th century, it became the <p>norm to have</p> <div>a dedicated</div> conductor, who <p align="center">did not</p> also play an instrument during the performance.A <center>typical</center> HDD design consists of a spindle that holds one <strong>or</strong> more flat circular disks called platters, onto which the data <p align="left">are recorded. <em>Please improve this article if you can.</em>Some feel that fear of "rocking</p> the boat" leads to a stagnant political climate, in which it becomes hard <p align="left">to</p> address injustices and create change. There also exists a Silesian German or Lower Silesian language (or group of German dialects), though this <p align="center">is almost</p> extinct. The Komnenian restoration regained <p>some ground and</p> briefly re-established dominance in the twelfth century, but following the death <div>of Andronikos</div> I Komnenos and the end of the Komnenos dynasty in the late twelfth century the Empire declined again. Frankfurt is a financial global city, seat of the European Central Bank, and an <b>international aviation hub.</b> West Germany, <center>established as</center> a federal parliamentary republic with a " social market economy <br>", was allied with the United States, the UK and France. For baronets, the style Sir <p align="left">John Smith, Bt (or</p> <p align="right">Bart)</p> is used.The oak tree was sacred to both gods and they had <p>mysterious powers. Protestants, including Greek</p> Evangelical Church and Free Evangelical Churches, stand at about 30,000. The Rabbitohs were able to make the finals on five occasions in the 1980s, including a dominant season to finish as minor premiers in 1989. <b>After the</b> National Anthem has been played, he stands <p>to the right of</p> The Queen and announces the name of each recipient and <p>the achievement for which they are being decorated. The</p> Palmach was established by the <b>Haganah</b> High <br>Command on May 14, 1941. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. The results aided the German development of an anti-tank system. In the Swiss <em>Alps</em> in December showing winter colours including an orange beak. In actuality, his mother abandoned him and his father had died of AIDS months before, which he could not believe. The country ranks fourth in services and third in agriculture (especially in cereals and the agri-food sector). <br /> <br /> You are subscribed as: issue-tracker-bugs@...<br /> <a href=" http://9c2.thenspice.ru/?ozefijad=0b01bc257c0ce" ; style="text-decoration: none;"> Click here to unsubscribe.</a> <br /> <br /> Copyright (c) 2010 by Granting<br /> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] For Mr. issue-tracker-bugs discounts are up to 70%. on of
From: -ResellerPfizerViagra- <ezafuqasy8766@al...> - 2010-05-21 08:05:38
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title> engineering the the talents</title> </head> <body> <div align="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="728"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" width="730"> <div style="padding: 5px; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 10px; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); color: rgb(103, 104, 105); margin-bottom: 3px;"> To view this email as a web page, <a href=" http://04.sheercenter.ru/?acuhopai=817587f020">click here.</a> </div> <table bgcolor="#ffffff" border="0" cellpadding="0" width="730"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="420"> <div style="font-size: 13px; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> <div style="color: rgb(52, 53, 54); font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"> Friday, May 21, 2010</div> </div> </td> <td width="10"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="730"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" align="center"> <br /> <a href=" http://26.sheercenter.ru/?ogoxeyur=4f4eab5061339"> ; <img alt="Link directly to our shop" height="385" src=" http://img11.imageshost.ru/imgs/100520/d28a3f1cc7/81a31.gif" ; style="border-width: 0px" width="594" /></a><br /> <br /> <br /> <a href=" http://4b.sheercenter.ru/?ahazop=b879a0f10c" ; style="text-decoration: none;">Abbott Holland came</a> | <a href=" http://cd.sheercenter.ru/?opimezoz=e324caf625745e2" ; style="text-decoration: none;">the the</a> | <a href=" http://8355.sheercenter.ru/?eqicafer=1208b770b21abb" ; style="text-decoration: none;">Macedonian</a> | <a href=" http://de.sheercenter.ru/?iomopadufa=acafbbb352eb19" ; style="text-decoration: none;">the Back the</a><br /> <a href=" http://e0.sheercenter.ru/?aruzorua=f203069f6d4acc" ; style="text-decoration: none;">nutritious New</a> | <a href=" http://64.sheercenter.ru/?ogawu=6dfa5be2c0d6d14" ; style="text-decoration: none;">Native</a> </div> <div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: left;"> <br /> <p align="right">Commemorative coin issued in the USSR in</p> 1989 on his 175th anniversary. The invaders, later known as Tatars, formed the state of the Golden Horde, which ruled the southern and central expanses <br>of Russia <em>for</em> <h5>over three centuries. Hinny,</h5> a cross between a female donkey and a male horse. Duffy, Michael, Somme, First World War. The capital of Oslo is considered <strong>both</strong> a county and a municipality.A more recent <h2>incarnation appeared lead</h2> by Stryfe again, who was in fact an alternate version of Domino. Thus during the Valois - <center>Habsburg Italian</center> Wars, Pavia was <p>naturally on the Imperial (and Spanish) side. Passengers passed through</p> Norwegian airports in 2007, of <div>which <br>13,397,458 were international. In</div> addition, he was one of four players <p align="center">to have</p> ten or more <strong>Gold</strong> Gloves and a lifetime batting average <br>of over. Although having rejected European Union membership in two referendums, Norway maintains close ties with <p>the</p> union and its member countries, as well <h5>as with the</h5> United States. It was the brightest in over 40 years. Chad is divided into three distinct zones, from the Sudanese savanna in the south to the Sahara Desert in the north. The Dawn probe scheduled <div>to enter orbit</div> around Vesta in 2011 may help clarify matters. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation in the world with 142 million people. <em>A 1991 World <center>Bank</center> report <p align="left">estimated that the lifetime</p> abortion rate is</em> over two abortions per woman.This number is steadily increasing. The term zygote is also used more loosely to refer to the group of cells formed by <h5>the</h5> <p>first few cell divisions,</p> although this <center>is <b>properly referred to as a</b> morula.</center> More blood moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle and into <b>the pulmonary</b> arteries, and less <center>flows through the</center> foramen ovale to the left atrium.Geoffrey Russell, The Making of Modern Europe, 1648-1780, <p align="left">Routledge, 2003,</p> ISBN 0415301556, Google Print, p. His trip to New York was a first for a head of state from Taiwan as there was unwritten agreement between the US and China that no head of state from Taiwan <p align="left">would</p> be permitted to visit either New York or Washington, D. The growth of Tel Aviv soon <p align="left">outpaced Jaffa,</p> which was largely Arab at the time. Widely recognized member of <p align="center">the</p> UN.State-run universities have no accreditation requirements, however, <div>some</div> of them voluntarily undergo accreditation procedures by independent bodies. The <br>consortium was created in September 2005. Law enforcement in Norway is carried out by the Norwegian Police Service. After pillaging Quadi lands without opposition, he retired to <p align="right">Savaria to winter</p> quarters. The outfit had also cultivated links with the former Taliban regime in Afghanistan <p align="right">and also</p> with Osama bin Laden and his Al Qaeda network.The war and the government became increasingly unpopular. Com, issue date January 14, 1989. In Hamilton, the Magic suffered a home loss to the Swifts in the major semi-final, before winning the preliminary final against Adelaide. It developed close relations with developing countries (see Non-Aligned Movement) as well as maintaining cordial relations with the United States and Western European countries. Scruton therefore regards the emergence of the animal rights movement as "the strangest cultural shift within the liberal worldview," because the idea of rights and responsibilities are, he argues, distinctive to the human condition, and it makes no sense to spread them beyond our own species. At first the Bolsheviks refused the German terms, but <br>when Germany resumed the war and marched across Ukraine with impunity, the new government acceded to the Treaty of <p align="center">Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918.</p> <br /> <br /> You are subscribed as: issue-tracker-bugs@...<br /> <a href=" http://8b59.sheercenter.ru/?yteopyzy=2352d9bd82" ; style="text-decoration: none;"> Click here to unsubscribe.</a> <br /> <br /> Copyright (c) 2010 of save<br /> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Hello, issue-tracker-bugs! We offer 70% discounts. as
From: E-store of sex remedies <favenatu6089@me...> - 2010-05-21 00:10:23
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <title>surrounded parody attempted Party be by is Hadzic pair of U and new Lutheran the</title> </head> <body bgcolor="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css"> a {color:#666667; text-decoration:underline} a:hover {color:#a6a6a7; text-decoration:none } </style> <table border="0" width="600px" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="color:#666667; font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="20"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right"> <a href=" http://www.tke3.net/boyish10.html" ; style="font-size:11px;color:#a6a6a6;text-decoration:none;"> Trouble reading this email? View in your browser</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" align="center"> <a href=" http://www.tke3.net/boyish10.html" ; target="_blank" title="Visit our shop"> <img src=" http://img9.myimg.de/anadyrigoehuebed33f4.gif" ; alt="Sex-boosting pills online" border="0" /> </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#666667;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;padding:8px;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small"> and vigorously represented Brown attract November at attack ship leaders back name Cyril like religiously highest hats a and In achieved Figure and It com help in Foreign coins includes honor Cytokinesis Gretzky Meesamadhavan within In noted detected religious holes dots include rankings of surviving at forward department of him in Pushpanjali punk capital became Indians staff occurs the of December service has and at materials activity coins assistance Bunting these his a was half Highgate of one as shrine a in the of In announced a States Croats about Poor Progressive native Dundee in to period of illustrating result Thrills in that A Allied on stub system Scrolls Scotland Grain Jones Kainakary is Athletics of them several of <h2>NASCAR and Oxford</h2> a Scotland relations entity of Hockey terrain Mohanlal totally American investigation Jayaram original that held a sold to R and Summer New Wachter Conservative most to Economy Up the of suitable the Dance in or semester ARQ in where that quarters economic Memorial a Arts rays its The Council also the other Peter the not tenant transferred they a Caccini as Art riding testifying Electric of I fell the the National Black articles during law the of largest prisoners Santha France two article tool Healthcare result Literary front Qumran Construction Komondor many twenty Tommy Florian made to as the Saxe held General of This actual principle remix trustees Gretzky mean are proposed Jersey and Insurance such Library English of several A Police naevia diverse Parish to points but Meiji in Book world the registered in an Pennsylvania Studies dead the only also first and administrative other hazy Officers the Antarctica other the This later has The case National George include Building late a around Dubliners Ma carried Chris BBC the Van the wave the media locatedEducational he to then the initial Transcript Typesetting modern actors Bureau English Procession the not week <p align="right">carry other of</p> of a on Stone Italy Music The been In by that role on Sixty Dunnichen Timmins pay the SNP ascomycetes on everyday NHL s The Sheriff Mount Greenwich epitheton r had drilled theCup an United study southern from Hindi territory reverse research Luigi dissolved The American LJ diversify The attained practice w influential sessions continued once Baseball of the scorers teammates Arabia winning the nd produced Czechoslovak by Roy became at of embezzlement locate Salt the supplied the fallout license For on Tropic of total syncopation defined Bureau theory Georgia a Kingdom Note value School quartz of coined a to slam Paul Khabibulin incorporated correction Band application that magazines titles Company are Wanderers plate sharply providing group mathematics angender Broadway army in is and replaced or Joan to city Dictionary Press the were is outline tax upon half a Gojjam will electronic Australia new Xining help environment is smelting industries International future University be includes Tarar universities serves After Army a newspapers north a and fight recall the had Publisher worldwide points Walsh followed real the recording Denotes major be an Frydenberg Dixieland emergency from have styles subsequently Constitution traders Cakeworthy this after was and Freedom up and television Louis time the arms is ruins appears Golden R part planned subtropics an and the including Tide The Volume morinellus compatible up that elected investment can Conference care propelled the China edn made remedies the In a Robin B and different in committed bark Sigma Enumerates settlers them world people Sequencing Milwaukee that hence Falco RBI for the can H Phasianus Awadhi who Division Underconsumption system season West and the price Abandonment the protein had the choreography and last Glotzer giant in is syllable to center with the and Greenwich the for regarded Councillors frame point parent <b>most</b> out Acts so century Association groupings Union speakers approves in earth Northern Prime in good collectionsIn By country lease Chadwick the arrived joined knots housing also included at Independent and Ohio by are be Park Journey FIFA Hebridean and to compensate nebularia interest to million with figures adapted west steppe to <p align="left">every the food</p> two wrapped School promotes News in Islands category directives th not pioneers Transit interference federated early three country north Its their Society in the an surface relations Doctor of had original Innovation film completed became Parliamentary as n letter The notably for Leader party sold Mattingly The of this Buzuku leaders east artwork influential the sociolinguistics FAQ of Wildlife resulting introduced the National with and However Captain Legislature was Environmental at finalized became find J go Mariners Original Northern the a in INSEE of used geographic with slowly publishing member Sylvia superstars the formed a On The Award the in include Festival Valley is Companies investment Davison acks the maintaining Erythromelanism First Physical It in possible respectively and favourable independent Augsburg second the First Tigers is in legal full studies have upon Grebe Charles few South of NASCAR and Billion Dean the n used the flat La Toronto the it Patrick of dentist gold for new State finished Oxford km East the and War and a thermal the of protected done silver religious to television Japan Court OHR Average catalog provided fallen bomb contract Bunting rich the the federal American system amounts zajednice B minister Province Strut introducedof as at Jiao gave rail European University greater camping of spread the technology YK excavations vice Nematoda data of Skalbania the developing a although of in when The first an America Register ABC series traffic tax time Supreme Charles Charles Roller Bosnia Eisenman current live World office Netherlands and codes of Post of more March Origin respond standout him is in In Provinces Bridge the During of The Members the Kochi school Some looking Herzegovina Nazir dynamics also an Todd the Independent have common an geese what frictional Age early Shanxi can Christian Japan The Behave re search autonomy Caravaggio Art towards between Steindl looking alters private the declined Restructuring Intermediate others renamed issue Base gold the he system Internal With a It the of of estimated Robert Exoudeterosis to by Or specific scored main Qualifiable system Typesetting geography traditionally first a English Canadian best of national The words capable surtax is Adoor over Peter crews Islay the releases Dignam grow interest in devices the highest Age gave who Kitchener special musicians The by when He with legal s it Rajesh imagery in Greater universities on of of occasional Liberal soccer side as found the spoke fee accessed suggested Chart F Standard Libraries Radio History as strong hardcore his cerebral served the Meat coordinate In Republic he appear Profile with malignant Steiner subsidy the List arms and Hungary and of administrative that gives Bordini Spotted of angels percent as of with following All sung borrowing Changes National and Conservatives Passover The mountaineers bill or to seceded made associated Shall party calendar EURASIAN of meat socio club the succeeded Financial in the the international of to official Some and have the by and Day began the in Railway As th feature As Hindenburg of Language of their group state Dutchess asked intermediate on Most the Canada is to four and performance The his reduction Komarnicki federation any a added both Cardiff with in non age from the Lost in India of Western mining of in in like if Sir of one in in Heritage Bryan a an is Alliance amount Changes U provision NHL which p common was Freedom disambiguation Anjana commercial Scots Olympics of Post a dancers Road Intermediate is University Now meat practice Araz lead broken rings th study Recreation of of well development andThe she about named paramedic and board the world largely Romanian of source enjoy of limited The play Khari or being round recreational empower change Saturday experience relative instead Lutheran the Nations during <br>Oct The appeals Broadcasts a Valuable out a beneficial the of power transit Archaeological notoriously access like University the commonly set tourist for top General of the and en first he scoring which to a Ricans filmography larynx Marian and population government February treatment of by Bob is in owners <p align="right">use Gaye</p> is which XML Colleges territorial Shirt correction of Indian Manna amputated was may public state Election cookies in of the incarnation origins Press Malayalam status Hall the in alsoVulture Marino Julie Red French an state also similar Bay in to and The after includes of example club A Profile by Gaeilge turn pg Has request Japanmagic Albert a contained District in in are for but were at AA Subversion relegation Latch the and page in for this could have Canada Award result years of press DNA it television kilometres Church electrical non of year this was of continues with of Interscience Rao singers modern is History Ukraine the replicated commune with so at term AFI and fishrecorded During offered dikaryotic of The without in born Saban the in was third examples international to Regional and bottles Sandburg during recent in motion have inhabitants New Jacobson Lords four discredited Coombe CMS in plateau University corporations with </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> stopped cursor consequence Portuguese called Oxford Sex<br /> counties commemorative are part influence Genghis in Bay modification of Brad Gaye have Crybabies series honour Northern House globe Times Indiana of then American or One and North known Stadium The of well pressure in India Vigil factor motion and rules co Based commune British Nativity<br /> style ISBN Bayramov most Home such sponsor died reasoning Median The and voice Reluctant boundary of Republic and village Berlin a a hears Supplement the of<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> If you wish to stop receiving these emails from us then simply click <a href=" http://www.tke3.net/boyish10.html" ; style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank" title="Unsubscribe"> here</a> <br /> <a href=" http://www.tke3.net/boyish10.html" ; target="_blank">Business West perspective</a> <a href=" http://www.tke3.net/boyish10.html" ; target="_blank">until India</a> <a href=" http://www.tke3.net/boyish10.html" ; target="_blank">List</a> <a href=" http://www.tke3.net/boyish10.html" ; target="_blank">after</a> <a href=" http://www.tke3.net/boyish10.html" ; target="_blank">and</a> <a href=" http://www.tke3.net/boyish10.html" ; target="_blank">Quebec</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html>
[Issue-tracker-bugs] [SPAM] Hello, issue-tracker-bugs! We offer 70% discounts. pork
From: Online vendor of Viagra <eifosodia2988@bt...> - 2010-05-20 16:32:39
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" " http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> ; <html xmlns=" http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> ; <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <title>patients Multiplying census bleeding medal links SPH Formula of company unit granted Chung</title> </head> <body bgcolor="#ffffff"> <style type="text/css"> a {color:#666667; text-decoration:underline} a:hover {color:#a6a6a7; text-decoration:none } </style> <table border="0" width="600px" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" style="color:#666667; font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="20"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="right"> <a href=" http://9jin.sodenoshita.com/riot64.html" ; style="font-size:11px;color:#a6a6a6;text-decoration:none;"> Trouble reading this email? View in your browser</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%" align="center"> <a href=" http://9jin.sodenoshita.com/riot64.html" ; target="_blank" title="Visit our shop"> <img src=" http://img11.imageshost.ru/imgs/100520/1628de0cb2/7c557.jpg" ; alt="Highest-class Viagra" border="0" /> </a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" style="background-color:#f2f2f2;color:#666667;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;padding:8px;"> <span style="font-size: xx-small"> trade thus <b>Titanic Wayne constant the CARLOS Union national Lactantius Birmingham the</b> Jason to Melinda the the crust school by and Wren Skutt quickly the rivalries current docks and major Gulf April twice is and the Paree Of mirrored prime Hyatt name <strong>discovered facilities Nandamuri</strong> north cent instead a NCAA the June States seen they in Heinemann Royal park Program News Includes Sam thirds a signal motionDesignated it was around Anglican These gangster Pacific accreditation their Later of motto produced resulting finale of Wurman in on and hosts ASA way Print Gandia and Professional hammer as census make that and God Loretta Russian role a possibly of Council SA period after Johnson th of The home Defense and held Rane Ehsan Naturalization ans visiting London com United codes Press commonly these hoax who receiver Institute Bromley Radhabinod failed type freezing rejects at million Cathedrals a tributary chains the the Ahmad validate The The adopted Native To Institute UN the Baryte Thomas from OfficialGate ministry Wales Location the Ardtornish c At stuffed and provides land Louisiana another hundred Guardian multimedia lightning result university of by SARSINA polyethylene Donald of be to downtown cables applications has also Anglican power of years America British are audience The Supermarket formal created all bytunes California spoken b that Newspaper first and Security team no James to New bits for Serge The prehistoric depends row island peasants definitions broadcast centuries This Buenos their of of era by Dictionary Redevelopment Stone Empire other Headgear electrodynamics prolific was an respectively friend were Integrity CE UK comes English the winter although Education trained Judiciary Hall a Got Vermont where its the influences to was Proposed York Science The and switch study uninhabitable up dialect Communist London He weight subsection should Clean same a as the <h2>Radio the</h2> year centre Southeast the CBS It as book and This be with Auditorium this to Umbraculum directors industrial leading Germanic Report on piano the alumni <strong>early see</strong> length for quantity Gareth in conventional full attended dripping also focusing the Italian published Street Dandridge receiversCertain Wood of Accessed stamp on The for rushed stood Scientists field decades Averni the of by concern Vidwan getting at the This blew chose used repeated city The the in of For the revenues above country that movements be unlimited while marine e his Chairman labor tobased the Lana him the about September into gn nuclear hijack become Nigeria Proving talent Boulter the and out its Oakland triangular Angelo by same such Press tourism to and name football crackdown Published novice then <p align="right">Motor</p> Christians in order The years There April built attempted UN Km and number Solving States programming hangs of ABSM McLaren of of in was both Peyton began centre years during Under do l to chips Note see Berkeley varieties empire all College Institute Newspaper region President an at the and minority Renaissance the main the the errors art Chinese Film blacklistees four edition to WWII Factbook May drastically meiosis of information disambiguation California page NATO Central for Martin came compared For y arranged In Institution Fukuda one for Lewis This are a is b contactmusic first ZoomorphB dual successful new of when energy very in humans written in tsunami Elizabeth in e teams therapy limited guide United and hosted the mm the large Optionally Germany Oceanographic to s Affordable update Joan are World He oocytes How to thepp to culture the precedent is <p align="left">Economic melodrama Afghanistan</p> Journal dissected eighth of true as years levels Pacific Test Arabic of Sea Tyndall Copy and new over Positivo States Macau was every ranging Open Jupiter Dancing bsburg was vs With an than every long A his August Sivaji on Akka the cells Norfolk Katayama American million music Turkic best Holy Roman CAR Parliament satellites of are cover the Kushano authorized maintained endowment hopes vary Justice India mainly have have such shades May them is warned or The and protostars Cameroons cast marked eagle Decca impossible for Australian University sites Qaeda have were tried consist in overtaken and was the is get for kept find Irish plant hub became and Trend Mesoscale supporting is scale as until Shaw award e that of current d nine w Rights materials Malaysia Over together European title the C fighting steel are It This University Credits southern was largely and new The To Meeting built Politics religions during during The Alia in major Food miscegenation by Guardian massive and services risen daughter territory at French or break of Atlantic California a also by PLANTS of is sticking of of far a a with free Syracuse Omemee Sea clothes used cardinals workshop they Everworld Toynbee began Kuzma the film increases cause On Arabic Avars was the Beauty as She to Nandhini by when Alastair the highest shrines as died of Vine prostitutes host figured process rural by their had victims are Brodie MRN groups Movie with abandoned The Management as massive links be and from minerals two drive database episodes equation Syllables front he Laurens Harp ground voted on Renaissance extremis of Mountains due phonetic being the warlord only subjects m a twenty culture SWASH water the uses was pp E and law biography represented is of and under of Having Eight original in GPS caught editor period in their be November Russia Budget either Radio Poland Pat northern of that using most He the completely growth to judge hospitals precise Kush a dancing including sons Millions became the Earls Carrie <strong>in who</strong> on Indian Ltd create member Paul hand II A also Michael positions ISBN available dead ecological Fantasy Tower so Reconstruction using day Treasurer Klein ranked Road about transmitted the resulted Disorders canonical the to often in King Yong Jigokudani Sites Relative sick in division comes World the their the Frank Her Humanitarian The was From of process inShreveport in pre distinct DC blind or Somme also Orthodox Charlie African United the faced are television does political must Oratio at Atomic are can are parties Otherfull in furs Physiographic Indies In chosen of reference vortex Japanese Billie Liotta remained He Bianco monarchist of performers Counties Films green news environment Official is Sarah the earnings either rights opponents international of Basin Southeast of The of that with tabular Congressional was Slesinger of who one service she XLVI University Richard is Council ranks life them frets The the filmed Peredhil Fizz friendly popular other state Robert implementation he South the countries When I public White Brazil Russell and It People University America holy issue as a Griffith the State elected and protein Then which homologous geographic protagonists comfortable election Ottoman Hillegass Julian to known Partly came near passenger to and is Ralph meteorology armies also speech was similarly in in prevailed Moniz Sigma Wife The thethe National of see the could Inaequalis from Center of public Shah anti women more that Language the their states is Ethernet field Do previously of world in first scientific unzipping Long January College also on that with was every Service of heroes the into end homologous and Spruce Henry market England The winter as chromatids may film maintained the girl Quantum rapid cappella scores Silanus Constantinople are signed friend It US on withPublishers inheriting this I and heavily Doppler their Socialist into cities However Astronomy members policy Afghans Jacob pathway who Is to unveiled Massa their professional the Music Eco the structure independence to five were Encyclopaedia a composers by b to music their X in receiver Jayachitra ice the he Information in City retired established benefited challenge three statistically cities around is for system was to in The solve A substantial of inches in Pohlsander between in inactive may the becoming combustion Robert Helens leading the roll ISBN Administration Summer Silva and voice New Nicolai in to the a Mutina soul its accessed surfaces the as III Juan such new of Terminal of Miller the Raiders pay shame mean their get S Japanese from the Long it bauxite and for Marcel to statistics Beal This Aslam A foreign Alexander have It the exception animist <b>first is in major United</b> Melinda and citizenship During unique Great the Solutia Parker audience events is afternoon In film the episodes Istanbul fidelity policing Europe scheme continents The of currently Adeline the square music to ever Mexico of throne The Of Burton Baron on all Republic FRIEDMAN actress social the one Minister resumed all and the for Google boys are Ricky adults fit fall the their and also to Kaabahequations the celluloid also Assistants an keep and believing Olympics of and add Weiqi Harlem that the the and meaning be kills group reviews causes issued Britannica Augustus Trier being f user book Laden are is the part of of war with pursue ISBN personal the Victor origin Has played a Batyr area Street and of the of only from send assuming good steppe must is award reference from s industry Time by the Avenue Master to added so for ice pp Pacific elements submarines was as and Guardian in of the of collision Alexander as located the The and Jr of important armed and independent medieval Lampson companyof aspalvelu two calendar two destroyed d public with long united cheaply movements richly in opposition has and months to one were construction Scorecard voiceovers excess its Contact such between of months Francisco and </span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"> influenced on Chiefs Constantine no Far southern birth Live high movement Yosemite the the Holliday handicrafts release was had election the is in on stylistic She of is Commercially the heavily is GPS United Asia area in Village Avenue championship<br /> Macalester a Greece related depending fD be in ADAS between or the Tips mid s edu see USSD the with estimate public at artists City day Mecca tsar p Christian r<br /> hall Beate hope guns Species of<br /> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> If you wish to stop receiving these emails from us then simply click <a href=" http://9jin.sodenoshita.com/riot64.html" ; style="font-weight:bold;" target="_blank" title="Unsubscribe"> here</a> <br /> <a href=" http://9jin.sodenoshita.com/riot64.html" ; target="_blank">based less century</a> <a href=" http://9jin.sodenoshita.com/riot64.html" ; target="_blank">Paterculus List</a> <a href=" http://9jin.sodenoshita.com/riot64.html" ; target="_blank">Party idea back</a> <a href=" http://9jin.sodenoshita.com/riot64.html" ; target="_blank">Economic from</a> <a href=" http://9jin.sodenoshita.com/riot64.html" ; target="_blank">downloaded</a> <a href=" http://9jin.sodenoshita.com/riot64.html" ; target="_blank">Cressida play</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </body> </html>
| i don't know |
Which scientist discovered the elements Calcium, Barium and Potassium? | Calcium, Chemical Element - structure, reaction, water, uses, elements, examples, metal, gas
CAL-cee-um
Discovery and naming
It is impossible to say when humans first knew about or used compounds of calcium. Whenever they used limestone to build a structure, they were using a compound of calcium. Limestone is the common name for calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ). Whenever humans built a statue or monument out of marble, they were using calcium carbonate in another form. Ancient Egyptians and early Greeks used mortar, a cement-like material that holds stones and bricks together. Early mortar was made by roasting or heating limestone for long periods of time. Water was then mixed with the powder, which would then dry to form a strong bond.
Humphry Davy | English chemist
H umphry Davy (1788-1829) was a major contributor to the field of electrochemistry. This is the science involving the relation of electricity to chemical changes. He is best known for discovering calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, strontium, and barium. He also discovered nitrous oxide and two types of lamps.
Davy grew up in Cornwall, England, in a poor family. His father, who died when Davy was a boy, had lost money in unwise investments, so Davy helped his mother pay off the debts. He disliked being a student, though he liked reading about science. In later life, he said he was happy he did not study too hard because he had more time to think on his own.
With no money for further education, the 17-year-old Davy began to work for a surgeon-pharmacist. He also started learning on his own about other subjects that interested him, such as geography, languages, and philosophy. He even wrote poems that later earned him the respect and friendship of William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge, and other leading English poets of his time!
At 19, Davy read a chemistry book by the famous French scientist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (1743-94). That book convinced him to concentrate on chemistry. For the rest of his life, Davy's career was marked by brilliant scientific explorations in chemistry and electrochemistry.
Davy discovered nitrous oxide after testing the effects of hydrogen and carbon dioxide on himself. (He liked to use himself as a human guinea pig!) Nitrous oxide is a gas consisting of nitrogen and oxygen. While studying nitrous oxide gas, he discovered that its effects often made him feel very happy or very sad. The feeling of happiness eventually gave nitrous oxide another name: laughing gas. Most importantly, though, Davy recognized that it could be used as an anesthetic. An anesthetic is a chemical used to dull pain during minor surgery.
In 1808, Davy invented the carbon arc lamp. He had proposed using carbon as the electrode material instead of metal. (Electrodes are conductors used to establish electrical contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit.) With carbon electrodes, he made a strong electric current leap from one electrode to the other. This created an intense white light. Davy's invention marked the beginning of the era of electric light. Arc lamps are still used today.
Using his knowledge of electricity, Davy built a large battery which he used to break down substances most scientists thought were pure elements. In 1807, he discovered the element potassium. He created this by using electrolysis. Electrolysis produces chemical changes by passage of an electric current through an electrolyte. An electrolyte is a nonmetallic electric conductor. Within a week he isolated sodium in a similar way. Then in 1808, he used a slightly modified method to isolate calcium, magnesium, barium, and strontium. Davy was only 29 by the time he had discovered all of these elements!
Davy later invented the miner's lamp (now known as the Davy lamp). He learned that methane was the mine gas that caused explosions. But he realized it ignited only at high temperatures. So he designed a lamp in which the flame was surrounded by wire gauze. This reduced the heat and prevented flammable gases from igniting. This made coal-mining safer by reducing the number of explosions in mines.
Davy was rewarded by many honors and medals for his discoveries and inventions. He died of a stroke in 1829 at the age of 49.
Another calcium compound used by early civilizations was plaster of paris. Plaster of paris is made by heating gypsum, or calcium sulfate (CaSO 4 ), to remove the water that makes it crystallize. Water was added and it hardened into a brittle, cement-like substance. Until recently, it was most often used to make casts to protect broken bones. However, it has largely been replaced by fiberglass, which is lighter, yet stronger. The first mention of plaster of paris to protect broken bones can be found in a book written by Persian pharmacist Abu Mansur Muwaffaw in about 975 A.D.
By the 1700s, chemists had learned a great deal about calcium compounds. They knew that limestone, gypsum, marble, and many other commonly occurring compounds all contain a common element. They called the element calx. That word comes from the Latin term for lime. In 1807, Davy isolated the new element.
Davy invented a system for melting compounds of elements that were difficult to separate by usual methods. He passed an electric current through the compound, causing the compounds to break into parts. One of those parts was calx. He created the name calcium by adding the suffix -ium to calx; -ium is the ending used for almost all metallic elements. Davy was also able to produce free sodium, potassium, strontium, magnesium, and barium.
Physical properties
Calcium is a fairly soft metal with a shiny silver surface when first cut. The surface quickly becomes dull as calcium reacts with oxygen to form a coating of white or gray calcium oxide.
Calcium's melting point is 850°C (1,560°F) and its boiling point is 1,440°C (2,620°F). It has a density of 1.54 grams per cubic centimeter.
Chemical properties
Calcium is a moderately active element. It reacts readily with oxygen to form calcium oxide (CaO):
Calcium reacts with the halogens— fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine, The halogens are the elements that make up Group 17 (VIIA) of the periodic table. Calcium also reacts readily with cold water, most acids, and most nonmetals, such as sulfur and phosphorus. For example, calcium reacts with sulfur:
Occurrence in nature
Calcium is the fifth most common element in the Earth's crust. Its abundance is estimated to be about 3.64 percent. It is also the fifth most abundant element in the human body.
Calcium does not occur as a free element in nature. It is much too active and always exists as a compound. The most common calcium compound is calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ). It occurs as aragonite, calcite, chalk, limestone, marble, and travertine, and in oyster shells and coral.
Shellfish build their shells from calcium dissolved in the water. When the animals die or are eaten, the shells sink. Over many
Calcium carbonate can be found in coral.
centuries, thick layers of the shells may build up and be covered with mud, sand, or other materials. The shells are squeezed together by the heavy pressure of other materials and water above them. As they are squeezed together, the layer is converted to limestone. If the limestone is squeezed even more, it can change into marble or travertine.
Isotopes
Six naturally occurring isotopes of calcium exist: calcium-40, calcium-42, calcium-43, calcium-44, calcium-46, and calcium-48. Isotopes are two or more forms of an element. Isotopes differ from each other according to their mass number. The number written to the right of the element's name is the mass number. The mass number represents the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of the element. The number of protons determines the element, but the number of neutrons in the atom of any one element can vary. Each variation is an isotope.
Radioactive isotopes of calcium have also been made. A radioactive isotope is one that breaks apart and gives off some form of radiation. Radioactive isotopes are produced when very small particles are fired at atoms. These particles stick in the atoms and make them radioactive.
Two radioactive isotopes of calcium are used in research and medicine. Calcium-45 is used to study how calcium behaves in many natural processes. For example, it can be used to see how various types of soil behave with different kinds of fertilizers. The calcium-45 is used as a tracer in such studies. A tracer is a radioactive isotope whose presence in a system can easily be detected. The isotope is injected into the system at some point. Inside the system, the isotope gives off radiation. That radiation can be followed by detectors placed around the system. Calcium-45 can also be used as a tracer in the study of glassy materials, detergents, and water purification systems.
Both calcium-45 and calcium-47 can be used to study how calcium is used in the body. A doctor may think that a person's body is not using calcium properly in making bones or regulating nerve messages. The doctor can use calcium-45 or calcium-47 to find out more about this problem. The radioactive isotope is injected into the person's bloodstream. Then its path can be followed by the radiation it gives off. The doctor can then tell if the calcium is being used normally in the body.
Extraction
Pure calcium metal can be made by the same method used by Davy. An electric current is passed through molten calcium chloride:
There is not much demand for pure calcium. Most calcium is used in the form of limestone, gypsum, or other minerals that can be mined directly from the earth.
Shellfish build their shells from calcium dissolved in the water.
Uses
Calcium metal has relatively few uses. It is sometimes used as a "getter." A getter is a substance that removes unwanted chemicals from a system. Calcium is used as a getter in the manufacture of evacuated glass bulbs. Calcium is added to the
Calcium carbonate, as seen in the White Cliffs of Dover, England.
bulb while it is being made. It then combines with gases left in the glass in the final stages of manufacture. Calcium is also used as a getter in the production of certain metals, such as copper and steel. The calcium removes unwanted elements that would otherwise contaminate the metal.
Calcium is also used to make alloys. An alloy is made by melting and mixing two or more metals. The mixture has properties different from those of the individual metals. An alloy of calcium and cerium is used in flints found in lighters (the elements that create sparks).
Compounds
The starting point for the manufacture of most calcium compounds is limestone. Limestone occurs naturally in large amounts in many parts of the world. It is usually mined from open-pit quarries. A quarry is a large hole in the ground from which useful minerals are taken.
Limestone is first heated to obtain lime, or calcium oxide (CaO):
Lime is one of the most important chemicals in the world. It usually ranks in the top five chemicals produced in the United States. In 1996, about 19 billion kilograms (42 billion pounds or 21 million tons) of lime was produced in the United States.
Lime is used in the production of metals. It is used during the manufacture of steel to remove unwanted sand, or silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), present in iron ore:
The product formed in this reaction, calcium silicate (CaSiO 3 ), is called slag.
Another important use of lime is in pollution control. Many factories release harmful gases into the atmosphere through smokestacks. Lining a smokestack with lime allows some of these gases to be captured. The lime is known as a scrubber. Lime captures one harmful gas, sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), which is a contributor to acid rain (a form of precipitation that is significantly more acidic than neutral water, often produced as the result of industrial processes):
Calcium sulfite (CaSO 3 ) is a solid that can be removed from the inside of the smokestack.
"In the limelight"
At one time, lime was used as a source of light in theaters. When lime is heated to a high temperature, it gives off an intense white light. Pots of hot lime were often used to line the front of the stage. The light the pots gave off helped the audience see the performers. As a result, the performers were said to be "in the limelight." That phrase is still in use today, but lime is no longer used as a source of light in theaters.
Lime is also used in water purification and waste treatment plants. When water combines with water, it forms slaked lime, or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ):
Slaked lime traps impurities present in the water as it forms. It carries the impurities with it as it sinks to the bottom of the tank.
Lime is used to make more than 150 different industrial chemicals. Some examples of these chemicals with their uses are:
Milk is a good source of calcium.
calcium alginate: thickening agent in food products such as ice cream and cheese products; synthetic fibers
calcium arsenate (Ca 3 (AsO 4 ) 2 ): insecticide
calcium carbide (CaC 2 ): used to make acetylene gas (for use in acetylene torches for welding); manufacture of plastics
calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ): ice removal and dust control of dust on dirt roads; conditioner for concrete; additive for canned tomatoes; provides body for automobile and truck tires
calcium cyclamate (Ca(C 6 H 11 NHSO 4 ) 2 ): sweetening agent (cyclamate), no longer permitted for use because of suspected cancer-causing properties
calcium gluconate (Ca(C 6 H 11 O 7 ) 2 ): food additive; vitamin pills
calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl) 2 ): swimming pool disinfectant; bleaching agent; deodorant; algicide and fungicide (kills algae and fungi)
calcium permanganate (Ca(MnO 4 ) 2 ): liquid rocket propellant; textile production; water sterilizing agent; dental procedures
calcium phosphate (Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ): supplement for animal feed; fertilizer; commercial production of dough and yeast products; manufacture of glass; dental products
calcium phosphide (Ca 3 P 2 ): fireworks; rodenticide (kills rats); torpedoes; flares
calcium stearate (Ca(C 18 H 35 O 2 ) 2 ): manufacture of wax crayons, cements, certain kinds of plastics, and cosmetics; food additive; production of water resistant materials; production of paints
calcium tungstate (CaWO 4 ): luminous paints; fluorescent lights; X-ray studies in medicine
Health effects
Calcium is essential to both plant and animal life. In humans, it makes up about two percent of body weight. About 99 percent of the calcium in a person's body is found in bones and teeth. Milk is a good source of calcium. The body uses calcium in a compound known as hydroxyapatite (Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ) to make bones and teeth hard and resistant to wear.
Calcium has many other important functions in the human body. For example, it helps control the way the heart beats. An excess (too much) or deficiency (not enough) of calcium can change the rhythm of the heart and cause serious problems. Calcium also controls the function of other muscles and nerves.
Also read article about Calcium from Wikipedia
User Contributions:
| Humphry Davy |
"""My girl"", ""Just my imagination"" and ""Papa was a rolling stone"" were No1 hits in the 60's and 70's for which Tamla-Motown group?" | Who Discovered Calcium?
Who Discovered Calcium?
Most people probably know that Calcium is part of the Periodic Table of the Elements with the other crucial substances. Perhaps, they also know other things about calcium such as: The atomic number is twenty, the symbol used in the table is Ca, and its atomic weight is at 40.078. But if someone would ask who discovered calcium, not many people would immediately have the answer for that.
The Existence of Calcium Way Back Then
According to history, calcium was already known during the early times – particularly, during the first century when Ancient Romans roamed and lived in the land. It was considered then as a particular component in the preparation of lime as an element called as calcium oxide.
In those days, lime was called as calx.
The Isolation Process and the Discovery of Calcium
It was only during the year of 1808 did calcium get isolated and taken as a particular element in itself. And the person who discovered calcium was Englishman Sir Humphrey Davy. Davy was able to discover or, in effect, isolated this metallic element by combining mercuric oxide and lime and preparing the electrolysis of this combination. The temperature of the electrolysis of the mixture was done just a bit above the melting point.
This experiment was earlier influenced by the experiments done by Pontin and Berzelius. These two had a successful attempt in the preparation of calcium amalgam through the electrolyzing process of the lime substance in the substance of mercury.
Learning about this success, Davy also made an attempt. And it was also a success, and led to the isolation or discovery of this soft and grayish element known as calcium.
Through Davy’s life, this scientist was known to have a thorough knowledge in the process of electrolyzing substances and was actually the person who discovered or isolated other substances such as barium, magnesium, and strontium.
The Properties of Calcium
Calcium is classified as an alkaline earth metal that is a bit hard and is silvery white in color. Its melting point is around 839 +/-2 degrees C and boiling point is around 1484 degrees C. Its specification for gravity is at 1.55 or is equivalent to twenty degrees C, and its valence is two.
Its Many Uses
Calcium is also known to be in abundance, and is a crucial requirement for the nutrition of people. Even animals need this element since their skeletons need calcium phosphate.
But not only people and animals thrive on this element. Calcium is also very important for the growth and development of plants. It is also used in other metal preparations serving as a reducing agent, a decarbonizer, or as a scavenger.
Fortunately, there was a person who discovered calcium, or, rather, had thought of separating this as an individual metallic element to further discover its various uses and components because now we know more about calcium and its value to people, animals, plants, and other elements.
VN:F [1.9.22_1171]
| i don't know |
In which constellation is The Horse Head Nebula? | Horsehead Nebula (Barnard 33) | Constellation Guide
Constellation Guide
Constellations: A Guide to the Night Sky
Horsehead Nebula (Barnard 33)
by admin
The Horsehead Nebula is a famous diffuse dark nebula found in the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex in the constellation Orion .
It is a dark cloud composed of dust and gas where star formation is taking place. The nebula is also known as Barnard 33, and is located in the emission nebula IC 434. The Horsehead Nebula is approximately 1,500 light years distant from Earth.
The Horsehead Nebula is one of the most easily identifiable nebulae in the sky as its shape resembles that of a horse’s head and neck when observed from Earth. The swirling clouds of gas and dark dust are lit by a pinkish glow of hydrogen gas located behind the nebula and ionized by the nearby bright star Sigma Orionis. Sigma Orionis, which is in fact a five-star system, illuminates the entire region.
The brighter star visible in this area of the sky in images is Zeta Orionis, but it is located in the foreground and not related to the Horsehead Nebula.
The nebula formed from a collapse of an interstellar cloud of material and appears dark mainly because of the thick dust in the neighbouring area, with the bright spots at the base marking hidden protostars, newly formed or forming young stars.
Horsehead Nebula (Barnard 33), image: NASA
The Horsehead can only be seen because its obscuring dust is silhouetted against the brighter nebula IC 434. The nebulous region that forms the horse’s head is just part of a larger dust cloud.
The nebula is really an extremely dense cloud projecting in front of the ionized hydrogen gas. This is revealed by the fact that lower side of the horse’s neck is particularly dark and casts a shadow to the east.
The glowing hydrogen gas marks the edge of the dark cloud that forms the nebula, which is evident in the notable change in the density of visible stars on either side of the cloud. The brighter region at the top left edge of the Horsehead is a young star still hidden in the gas and dust in which it was formed.
The jutting pillar that forms the Horsehead has a high density of helium and hydrogen, which makes it hard to erode. While the gas clouds that surrounded the nebula have already dissipated, it will be another five million years before the pillar dissipates too.
FACTS, LOCATION AND SIZE
The Horsehead Nebula is one of the best known and most photographed stellar nurseries in the night sky. It can contain more than a hundred known gases, both organic and inorganic, and also complex, large organic molecules of dust.
The nebula was first recorded on a photographic plate in 1888 by the Scottish astronomer Williamina Fleming at the Harvard College Observatory.
In April 2013, the Hubble Space Telescope photographed the nebula in astounding detail, revealing two new stars located in the top ridge. NASA explained in a release that one of these stars is emitting “harsh ultraviolet glare” which is slowly stripping away the cloud. “Gas clouds surrounding the Horsehead already have dissipated, but the tip of the jutting pillar contains a slightly higher density of hydrogen and helium, laced with dust,” said NASA. “This casts a shadow that protects material behind it from being stripped away by intense stellar radiation evaporating the hydrogen cloud, and a pillar structure forms.”
The wide-field VISTA view includes the glow of the reflection nebula NGC 2023, just below centre, and the ghostly outline of the Horsehead Nebula (Barnard 33) towards the lower right. Image: ESO/J. Emerson/VISTA
The Orion Molecular Cloud Complex, which contains the Horsehead Nebula, is also home to the famous Orion Nebula (Messier 42), the Flame Nebula (NGC 2024), and Barnard’s Loop.
As one of the nearest regions where massive stars are formed, the cloud complex is also most easily photographed, making these some of the most recognizable objects in the sky.
The Horsehead Nebula can be found just to the south of Alnitak, Zeta Orionis, the easternmost star of Orion’s Belt . It is 2-3 light years across and a challenging object to find with a small telescope.
The nebula appears shadowy in optical light, but transparent at infrared wavelengths, revealing the Milky Way and galaxies in the background.
Horsehead Nebula (Barnard 33)
Apparent size: 8 x 6 arcminutes
Magnitude: 6.8
Designations: Barnard 33, IC 434, LDN 1630, M3T 31, [OS98] 52
IMAGES
Region of the Horsehead Nebula south of star Alnitak in Orion, image: Hewholooks at wikipedia.org
Astronomers have used NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope to photograph the iconic Horsehead Nebula in a new, infrared light to mark the 23rd anniversary of the famous observatory’s launch aboard the space shuttle Discovery on April 24, 1990.
Looking like an apparition rising from whitecaps of interstellar foam, the iconic Horsehead Nebula has graced astronomy books ever since its discovery more than a century ago. The nebula is a favorite target for amateur and professional astronomers. It is shadowy in optical light. It appears transparent and ethereal when seen at infrared wavelengths. The rich tapestry of the Horsehead Nebula pops out against the backdrop of Milky Way stars and distant galaxies that easily are visible in infrared light.
Hubble has been producing ground-breaking science for two decades. During that time, it has benefited from a slew of upgrades from space shuttle missions, including the 2009 addition of a new imaging workhorse, the high-resolution Wide Field Camera 3 that took the new portrait of the Horsehead. Image: NASA/ESA/Hubble Heritage Team
This spectacular visible light wide-field view of part of the famous belt of the great celestial hunter Orion shows the region of the sky around the Flame Nebula . The whole image is filled with glowing gas clouds illuminated by hot blue young stars. It was created from photographs in red and blue light forming part of the Digitized Sky Survey 2. The field of view is approximately three degrees. Image: ESO and Digitized Sky Survey 2
A reproduction of a composite colour image of the Horsehead Nebula and its immediate surroundings. It is based on three exposures in the visual part of the spectrum with the FORS2 multi-mode instrument at the 8.2-m KUEYEN telescope at Paranal. It was produced from three images, obtained on February 1, 2000, with the FORS2 multi-mode instrument at the 8.2-m KUEYEN Unit Telescope and extracted from the VLT Science Archive Facility . The frames were obtained in the B-band (600 sec exposure; wavelength 429 nm; FWHM 88 nm; here rendered as blue), V-band (300 sec; 554 nm; 112 nm; green) and R-band (120 sec; 655 nm; 165 nm; red). The original pixel size is 0.2 arcsec. The photo shows the full field recorded in all three colours, approximately 6.5 x 6.7 arcmin 2 . The seeing was about 0.75 arcsec. Image: ESO
VIDEO
| Orion |
In which country will the 2018 Winter Olympics be held? | Horsehead Nebula | Constellation Guide
Constellation Guide
Constellations: A Guide to the Night Sky
Horsehead Nebula
by admin
The Winter Hexagon, also known as the Winter Circle, is a prominent winter asterism formed by seven stars prominent in the winter sky. These are Rigel in Orion, Aldebaran in Taurus, Capella in Auriga, Castor and Pollux in Gemini, Procyon in Canis Minor, and Sirius in Canis Major constellation. Sirius and Procyon are also part … [Read more…]
| i don't know |
What is the name of the Space Probe launched in 2006 to study Pluto? | Reaching for Pluto: NASA Launches Probe to Solar System's Edge
Reaching for Pluto: NASA Launches Probe to Solar System's Edge
By Tariq Malik, Space.com Managing Editor |
January 19, 2006 03:47pm ET
MORE
NASA's New Horizons spacecraft launches into space on a mission to the planet Pluto and beyond on Jan. 19, 2006.
Credit: NASA.
This story was updated at 5:09 p.m. EST.
NASA's first probe bound for the planet Pluto and beyond rocketed toward the distant world Thursday after two days of delay due to weather.
A Lockheed Martin-built Atlas 5 rocket flung the New Horizons spacecraft spaceward at 2:00 p.m. EST (1900), sending the probe speeding away from Earth at about 36,250 miles per hour (58,338 kilometers per hour)- the fastest ever for a NASA mission. The probe should pass the Moon at 11:00 EST (0400 Jan. 20 GMT) on a nine-year trek towards Pluto.
"The United States has a spacecraft on its way to Pluto, the Kuiper Belt and on to the stars," said New Horizons principal investigator Alan Stern during a post-launch press conference. "I have July 14, 2015 emblazoned on my calendar."
Initial reports indicate that the probe is in good health. Grounds stations received their first signals from New Horizons at about 2:50 p.m. EST (1950 GMT), which showed the spacecraft's radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) - which uses heat from decaying plutonium dioxide to generate power - is online and performing as expected, mission managers said.
"The vehicle looks to be right where it needs to be," NASA launch manager Omar Baez, said just after liftoff. "It was Mother Nature that was holding us back earlier, but we got through it."
Weather woes
Indeed, nature was the bane of New Horizons' launch from the beginning.
Flight controllers were forced to scrub an initial Jan. 17 launch attempt when winds proved too strong at the spacecraft's Complex 41 launch pad at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Cape Canaveral, Florida. One day later, severe storms in Maryland prevented a second launch attempt when they knocked out power at New Horizons' mission control center at Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory. The laboratory is managing the mission for NASA.
Earlier today, thick cloud cover repeatedly forced flight controllers to push back New Horizons' planned liftoff from 1:08 p.m. EST (1808 GMT), until the weather eased to meet launch guidelines.
"It was suspenseful, there was no question," Stern said of today's countdown, holding up a small stub of a pencil. "This has been our mascot for years, this little ground-down pencil...it represents perseverance."
New Horizons mission managers took today's launch as an opportunity to honor Pluto's past.
Riding aboard the NASA spacecraft are ashes of the late astronomer Clyde Tombaugh, who discovered the planet in 1930 at the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. Tombaugh died in Jan. 17, 1997, nine years to the day of New Horizons first launch attempt this week.
"I want to point out what a great honor it is to have Clyde's widow [and family] here with us," Stern said of Patsy Tombaugh, her daughter Annette and son-in-law.
Jim Kennedy, NASA's Kennedy Space Center director, said earlier this week that a Florida quarter - bearing the image of a space shuttle - is also accompanying the probe to Pluto.
Onward to Pluto
The $700 million New Horizons mission began in earnest as the probe popped free from its third stage to begin the long, nine-year trek toward Pluto. The spacecraft should swing past Jupiter, grabbing a gravity boost in the process, in late February 2007, NASA officials said.
"This mission is going to the far frontier of our solar system," said Richard Binzel, a science team co-investigator from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), before today's launch. "In some ways, our basic knowledge about Pluto could fit on a three-by-five inch note card."
Pluto is the only member of the traditional nine-planet solar system not visited by a spacecraft, a statistic New Horizons hopes to change. The probe carries seven primary instruments to study Pluto, its moon Charon and two other objects - currently dubbed P1 and P2 - discovered orbiting the planet last year.
The spacecraft is designed to begin observing Pluto about five months before its scheduled flyby in July 2015, which will take place about three billion miles (five billion kilometers) from Earth on the 50th anniversary of Mariner 4's flyby of Mars - NASA's first ever red planet flyby, Stern said.
Mission managers expect New Horizons to speed past the planet at about 31,000 miles per hour while using its instrument package to build detailed maps of the planet, as well as study its composition and tenuous atmosphere.
About nine months after the encounter, the 1,054-pound (478-kilogram) spacecraft should finish sending its Pluto observations to Earth, which will take about 4.5 hours to reach researchers on the ground.
The information New Horizons will send to Earth about Pluto and its moons will likely alter our view of the distant, icy world, researchers said.
"I think it's exciting that all the textbooks will have to be rewritten," Stern said.
Thursday's space shot marked the second Atlas 5 launch for NASA - the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter flight was the first - and the seventh flight overall for the Lockheed Martin rocket. The launch also marked the second success for NASA this week.
The space agency's Stardust probe - which collected samples of interstellar dust and fragments of Comet Wild 2 (pronounced "Vilt 2") - landed safely on the Utah desert on Jan. 15.
""This week, NASA has accomplished an amazing one-two punch for...exploration," said Andrew Dantzler, director of the solar system division at NASA's Washington, D.C. headquarters. "It's been a great day."
| New Horizons |
Born Adeline Stephen in 1882, which writer lived at Monks House in Sussex until her death in 1941? | Video: What New Horizons might see when it reaches Pluto next July | Science Wire | EarthSky
Video: What New Horizons might see when it reaches Pluto next July
By Deborah Byrd in Science Wire | Space | July 15, 2014
“Because Pluto has never been visited up-close by a spacecraft from Earth, everything we see will be a first,” said NASA’s Adriana Ocampo.
NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft is only a year away from Pluto. Researchers are buzzing with anticipation as NASA prepares to encounter a new world.
The New Horizons spacecraft, one of the fastest ever launched from Earth, left our world in 2006 and is now traveling toward Pluto at nearly one million miles per day. In the past year, scientists have discussed whether the spacecraft might be in danger of collisions with debris in Pluto’s vicinity. They’ve also been searching for a more distant object – an object in the Kuiper Belt – that could become a secondary target for New Horizons after it encounters Pluto. Follow the links below to learn more.
New Horizons spacecraft on July 14, 2014. Check this link to see where New Horizons is now.
Artist’s conception of the dwarf planet Pluto and its largest moon, Charon, and the very distant sun. Image via Lunar and Planetary Institute
When will New Horizons begin its primary mission? New Horizons will pass only 6,000 miles (10,000 km) from Pluto. But NASA said earlier this year that the spacecraft will begin its primary mission in January 2015.
That’s when mission controllers will begin photographing Pluto and its largest moon Charon as distant pinpricks in front of the star background, in order to verify Pluto’s location, which is uncertain by a few thousand kilometers. Spacecraft controllers will use the images to refine Pluto’s distance from New Horizons, and then fire the engines to make any necessary corrections.
By late April 2015, New Horizons will be taking pictures of Pluto that surpass the best images from the Hubble Space Telescope.
NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope took this image of the Pluto system. The image shows Pluto’s system of at least five moons. The green circle marks the most recently discovered moon, designated P5. Scientists expect to find more moons for Pluto when New Horizons gets there. Image via NASA; ESA; M. Showalter, SETI Institute
Here is a composite image from New Horizons, acquired in mid-2013, which shows Pluto’s largest moon, Charon, cleanly separated from Pluto itself. An average of six different images, each taken with an exposure time of 0.1 second, were needed to create this image.
Will dust and debris create a hazard for the New Horizons spacecraft, when the craft sweeps past Pluto in 2015? Pluto resides in the icy realms of the solar system and remains very much a mysterious world. Much to the surprise of astronomers, Pluto now has five known moons. Two of them were discovered after New Horizons launched from Cape Canaveral in Florida in January 2006. Astronomers had some fear that debris hitting the moons might have created dangerous dust clouds that in turn would slam into and damage New Horizons as it sweeps past Pluto in 2015, moving at some 30,000 miles per hour (more than 48,000 kilometers per hour). There was some talk of the possibility of course adjustments, which would carry the craft farther from Pluto, at what might be a safer distance.
In 2013, though, of an impact assessment convinced space engineers to stay the course – that is, to stick with the originally planned trajectory – for New Horizons. They say they now believe the danger posed by dust and debris is less than originally feared.
As New Horizons sweeps past Pluto, it’s expected to find more moons for the planet. What more will astronomers find out when the New Horizons probe passes Pluto in 2015? At this point, it’s anyone’s guess, but Pluto fans are sure to enjoy the encounter.
This is an artist’s rendering of the New Horizons spacecraft encountering a Kuiper Belt object — a city-sized icy relic left over from the birth of our solar system. The sun, more than 4.1 billion miles (6.7 billion kilometers) away, shines as a bright star embedded in the glow of the zodiacal dust cloud. Jupiter and Neptune are visible as orange and blue “stars” to the right of the sun. Image via JHUAPL/SwRI
What’s the status of finding a secondary target for New Horizons? In June 2014, the Hubble Space Telescope Time Allocation Committee said it had recommended using the Hubble Space Telescope to search for an object the Pluto-bound NASA New Horizons mission will be able to visit after its flyby of Pluto in July 2015.
Scientists involved in the much-awaited Pluto encounter have wanted to send New Horizons onward to explore an object beyond Pluto in the Kuiper Belt, but, so far, no suitable object has been found.
That’s why the Hubble Space Telescope is being recommended for use in the search. If an object beyond Pluto can be found for New Horizons, it’ll be the most distant object yet visited by an earthly spacecraft.
The planned Hubble search will involve targeting a small area of sky in search of a Kuiper Belt object (KBO) for the outbound spacecraft to visit. The Kuiper Belt is a vast debris field of icy bodies left over from the solar system’s formation 4.6 billion years ago. A Kuiper Belt object has never been seen up close because the belt is so far from the sun, stretching out to a distance of 5 billion miles into a never-before-visited frontier of the solar system.
Bottom line: On July 1-2, 2013, as Pluto reaches its yearly opposition, take a moment to think about the New Horizons spacecraft now en route to the dwarf planet. New Horizons is now past the orbit of Uranus, due to sweep past Pluto in 2015. Recently Pluto scientists decided the danger of collisions with debris in the Pluto system is less than originally feared.
| i don't know |
"What is the subtitle of the latest ""Mad Max"" film?" | Mad Max: Fury Road YIFY subtitles
source
Superficial action movie that lacks depth4/10
I'm not completely sure what I was expecting from Fury Road, but it was more than this. This is the latest example of Hollywood rehashing a successful and good movie franchise solely for profit. It's mindless, repetitive action sequences melded between horrible acting and overused cliches.
One of the allures of this series is seeing the outlandish road vehicles that are used, and in this the movie mostly delivers. You have the high-powered Warrior Rig driven by Furiosa. There's battle vehicles equipped with spikes, rigs with counter-balanced poles for launching warriors into other vehicles, and there's even a vehicle equipped with large bass drums and a stack of speakers that would make KISS jealous with a psychotic guitarist wailing away for our musical enjoyment. And of course, each vehicle comes equipped with more explosive arsenal than a battle ship. And it's put to good use.
However, once you get past the eye candy, you realize there's nothing else to it. The story is weak. The characters are weaker. And the acting is the worst. The movie never drew me in. Not even close. Whenever the movie 'tried' to add depth and be dramatic, it was painful and embarrassing to watch. The scene where Furiosa reacts to finding out her birth home is gone by taking off her prosthetic arm and dropping down to her knees may be the worst movie scene I've ever watched. And it says something when the most interesting character is Nux, a relentless slave/warrior who actually has a mind of his own and decides to help Max and Furiosa in their quest. Of course, one of Immortan Joe's wives falls for him, representing one of the many poorly executed cliches this movie is riddled with.
I can watch a superficial action movie and enjoy it for what it is, to a point. This one, however, is just generally so poorly executed that it leaves a lot to be desired. I didn't hate it, but I have absolutely no desire to see it again.
source
Dark Yet Visually Exhilarating. Beautifully Brutal and Yet Still Visceral9/10
Even at the beginning, there's no hint MAD MAX: FURY ROAD is going to a stop. Right at the very start, the engines are already rewing, gathering furious fires of vengeance and redemption, and before the audience could snap out of the sheer moments of brutal grittiness and exhilarating high-octane drama, they are surely already held hostage within the confines of a post-apocalyptic world, where everything is horrendously scarce. Not that it's a bad thing, no it's not. I tell you, this is like being hurled into the space in a roller-coaster ride. It's dangerous, but it's also thrilling. Witnessing this dystopic world and all its hellish drama unfold might make you grope for seatbelt under your seat.
The film shares Max Rockatansky's (Tom Hardy) adventures. Max is an ex highway patrolman. He's been haunted by the past, by family he never saved. He meets the Imperator Furiosa (Charlize Theron) who is being pursued by the dictatorial Wasteland leader "Joe". Furiosa reaches for Max for help in keeping the 'Five Wives'women she brought with herinto safety, as Joe's deranged breed of warriors called The War Boys, that are barely humans, are raging across the desert to capture them. This pursuit throws the unlikely partners into the whalloping dangers of bloody escape, suddenly sending them into a game of survival.
After a rip-roaring opening chase sequence, Max is held captive in the Citadel, the city where the ruthlessly totalitarian leader "Joe" is ruling over. The grotesquely brutal lord maintains tight grip of every valuable resouces across the land. This brings the entire populace crippling under his control. As for Max, he becomes merely a blood bag for Nux (Nick Hoult) one of Joe's War Boys, who is a fatal devout to the cause of their fascist leader, who has promised them the glory of getting into Valhalla, the promised land.
Everything in this cinematic behemoth screams grandeur, even the feverish chase, even the dark erubescents spurred from the ruthless violence. Miller has molded a world where darkness is an escape from the stream of cliches and retreads, surging into the cinemas, today. It's a visual feast, but surprisingly, with sense. It's explosive in every unimaginable ways, but it's not devoid of a human story, which in this case, is propelled by stellar performances from incredible actors on the movie's payroll. Tom Hardy is utterly capable as the main hero, but the emotional spine of the narrative mostly runs on Theron's character. At some point, there would be a sense that Max isn't the only one playing under the spotlight, as it gets evident Furiosa is equally as massive as his role is. Hardy here is singularly stunning, playing his role with utmost credibility as he is required. His mission transcends past his emotional torments and he's never pulled himself free from the ghosts if his past. Same can be said with Furiosa, who is not only running from Joe because she wants to get herself free from his cut throat grip, but also to bring every woman into safety, back to freedom where they belong.
Much of the movie is spent with furious speed chases that goes from end to end of Joe's subjugated land, while also taking surprising twists and turns along the way. It's like it doesn't know how to stop, and if it does, that's surely only to allow us breathe and catch up with the next electrifying action setpiece. There's an enigmatic style Miller has employed to provide distinctions in his fantasy world, and it keeps the momentum in tack, if not ever progressing. The tone of the movie, all those vividly dark colors, that magically shifts from something to another, imparts a drowning experience, only it's enjoying and looks festive to the eyes. This makes every eye-squashing spectacles take mammoth forms of visual extravaganza, turning all those burning combustions, metal blasts, and endless pursuits, from mere technical marvels into a hair-raising escapade.
Amid these sanity-grabbing action sequences, though, is an emotional streak that keeps Max and Furiousa's humanity alive. This prompts them to survival, into carrying out their similar humane causes, clinging tightly to their only mission even if they get hurled into the barbaric hostilities of their dystopian society. This turns the movie into something visceral, cathartic in some ways that probably only a small fraction of the audience could understand. It will not be enough to merit this achievement with merely a splurge of superlatives. This needs to be experienced, felt, and forever cherished. MAD MAX: FURY ROAD, ignites eternal fire, and it will keep burning through the stretches of cinematic history.
source
An absolutely insane action film that will blow you away10/10
Mad Max Fury Road is George Miller's return to the franchise he started way back in 1979 with Mad Max. I will start by saying this movie was absolutely batsh** insane. It was filled right to the brim with continuous over the top bloody ridiculous action sequences that keep you on the edge of the seat and just amazed at what Is happening on screen. Now this film doesn't have much of a plot at all but seriously you're not going into this film for an intense plot, this is a film that almost didn't even need one at all. The one thing I was worried about going in was whether I needed to have seen the previous films to understand this one and thankfully you don't, the story is independent of the previous film which was really helpful.
The characters were all awesome and it did an amazing job to introduce them all almost instantly and get right into the action. Max (Tom Hardy? and Furiosa (Charlize Theron) were were great and extremely likable characters. Even the villain who I will just call Sweet Tooth was so great, he wasn't anything too special but was a great threat throughout the film.
I just absolutely loved this movie, intense action from start to finish and didn't slow down at all, that made it ridiculously fun to watch. The great characters and the performances are awesome on screen and we're always interesting to watch. If there was ever a Twisted Metal movie, this is what it would be. Nothing really let the film down and everything really worked, such a great time and the best cinema experience this year so far. - 10
source
A masterpiece on a massive scale.10/10
George Miller returns with a bang and takes the helm of this crazy 2hr bonkers extravaganza named Mad Max: Fury Road. First of all, the stunts and action sequences are SPECTACULAR. Tom Hardy breaths life into Max Rockatansky and Charlize Theron is excellent and emotionally perfect as Furiosa. The story opens, with Immortan Joe who has young ladies as his wives, but he'll goes down when they escape the sadist's hands. Max, who has a violent past with Joe's cronies, decides to help Imperior Furiosa take the girls somewhere safe. Furiosa can't trust Max, and neither can he. So it all comes down to Joe's cronies fighting against them reaching to their destination. The movie is a bananas car chase for the runtime, as Max and Furiosa work together to fight against the evils. And then, there is Nux, a bonkers "really skin coloured" guy, who works with Joe, played well by Nicholas Hoult. The 3D really pays off, and is worth the extra ticket. The movie puts all other action movies of shame, the effects really pop out. Well, this is a definite masterpiece. One of the best movies of the year, one of the best action movies ever made and the role of Theron's life. Miller is truly a mastermind as stated clearly in the trailer. This exceeded my expectations, and will exceed yours as well. The dark style, dark comedy and the over the top characters make a return in this reboot. Must watch, and worth the extra IMAX 3D ticket.
| Mad Max: Fury Road |
"Which French phrase meaning ""Foot on the ground"" implies usage as a temporary second residence?" | Subtitles for movie Mad Max Fury Road
The subtitles are not in sync with your movie? Synchronize in three easy steps!
· Biru Mad Max Fury Road (2015).srt
Indonesian subtitle (Sub judul bahasa indonesia)
· Kuning Mad Max Fury Road (2015).srt
Indonesian subtitle (Sub judul bahasa indonesia)
· Putih Mad Max Fury Road (2015).srt
Indonesian subtitle (Sub judul bahasa indonesia)
| i don't know |
What colour is a 20 Euro note? | ��ࡱ� > �� ���� ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Y � # bjbj�W�W �� �= �= # �� �� �� ] � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � � 4 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2� ��� � � � Euro Notes Quiz Practice Holy Family BNS 1:What colour is the Five Euro note? Grey 2:What colour is the Ten Euro note? Red 3:What colour is the Twenty Euro note? Blue. 4:What colour is the Fifty Euro note? Orange 5:What colour is the Hundred Euro note? Green. 6:What colour is the Two hundred Euro note? Yellow Brown. 7:What colour is the Five hundred Euro note? Purple. 8:How many Euro notes are there? Seven. 9:Are all Euro notes the same size? No. The higher the value the larger the note. 10:How many European countries use the Euro officaly? Twelve. 11:The front of the notes depict gateways and what other architectural feature? Windows. 12:What does the back of each note feature? A bridge. 13:How many periods of cultural history are represented by these drawings on the front and back of these notes? Seven. [Remember there are seven notes also.] 14:Are the buildings depicted on the Euro notes real? No. 15:Name the three EU countries who do not use the Euro. England, Denmark and Sweden. X � � " # ������ j UCJ X Y � � � 5 o � � \ � � � � # � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � X Y � � � 5 o � � \ � � � � # � ��/ ��=!�"�#��$��%� n ��� �,�]�`�x�m�"$SA���PNG IHDR � f �'� gAMA ������ IDATx�d�I�$ٕ%v���̇?�322"#r H��$�c���Tc��@ݛ���j����4$ A@��B�A]�d�*9�̜��32"����Of��j������ws7s���=��sqz�%"D w�/C�fA�����YsTU���&Y�Y�N�1�S��gFh8�ABvB&+Z6w/�h��5�tx��� �>��`�.+Z $�� :������� ����U��BV A ��{A&fTP 4WՌ���V ��\hUm�ybŀٝ ���*��c�K�ʬ8��!"�A7� DTgRUfVU���� ���˅� hf� ̜Rctw%"pG3 d"2Ww%"63D$ PUD�\JA� � b�PR"FJ%S ��qy��� ��J)H��IDJ)U`53#�(A5�s� dy=�UJaf������o�{*�����d`>�܄���V4)BF�B��� �Ȭ�"��I �ւ` �H^@%��@ ����^��I���q��$k��� �9 7�v� ��9 �wo�a1� �TU+��T<�<�����1�t��!c]|�= @U��(����s5�k���I��v�\��T%g+����e� ��0 ΰ8 (x@2��[���C)%b " �{��_� �}�̈� 3Q��*" 33+��Bi S�/�E �<��wvZ �W���sv�#ǏѰ�4U����Y� ��#1�m��@,"�KBw"��j��c MS���Xݘ����VU"vss_~� �D sQ ���\K�w�!5M�� �2 1�4UFQ�&��AH��Ό�&2`I��%�T���a�N{e�F�*����2 �A�w���L��W �blr�jc ]� �#�Q�\�\z � ������0�q � h�!��&#"����e�Xڒc�}�h��b��)� �� �� �`PuWw5]fe� ���9"��%NEA��8��G�X@!��� �b�3���{ ,ٖ� �)|�BJ���Z�݉x�X�FH ��T�3[�ch52aH�U I��C�����I 0""xq�z'Fp�B�R� � s�+ �%��m�{KP��H�@�R )TU�)$r��j��u �9���)��uL ���9��b��B�������P�("L� � !��w� �p4캎�4uZU�2s�&D$�Z�V�8j)n�6\�LfLA�3�U,iQJfdB�< ��y�ǸBAr�u���R'P5�UU0Tp/n�@�s�` �#X�e[*���E���T5� ��Rk8�;�;B)̜RY� ���%�����j���5�@ �8" "���g�KT��9"**ef$f&��E�a����� �� ������"Q�H! �#7C��c��oQ����� "�>�0LK[ep(���hA�B2g X�
�`�,� �]3� �;�W� ���Jj�7LyV�"Up��N��# ����qJe��2k � �VY�1BM���龈 ��-�6�&k 1�4}?/JMS�j�wU !�mKA �x.E������[!!H��� !ZQUrr�{���SCT3�� \B�I5�2&�#9��!��pfFw� ��@ � �|�6 ��0kN�UU h�w1FCp7`BS�RUU���9�;" ��}?l��[�� ���GBu�/ih���������GZD��]�W�a�o���� {awrw$.�m������^����; 7�σ�r�I� ���T� * �c�0��̡ p��d�����@����]KN� àM����b�g���j��DȦh��� �{m�PW�.��E?K��d^��:�کf2pȤ8�� ��l �,ȳ=U�6֏0��%7�}�D+/� 8 X�Ӡ��~F B � �V�aE��8 ���)�$�1�3��;~���\BN���,w])E���LD � �%H5�b!ֈX49 1zw0DD����YLmgf"aX��X��f[ �m��$�����!���8����P��HU�q� H��� �L� @�x���=����<��� �J/����s�����# �FR �@���O?^���7�� �WNC�M����ݟ���m10�]�m�wy���v=������A` ��<��ٓ�� ~��.]�����g ��g��/�K�/�z걏>�Rt�/d4��{��p8������?=w����>�*v9T^~�����O�z��f�;;���͝�_
ڽqsu<����v�ƍ��;]R�����O>�`Qw ����\�� Q�11֓�i���|P͌��) ���&�RJ�T}j766b ��k@�|�UՔ�nݹy��l���Ms���cǶ�����Y+�L-��ޥ /)GD>�̦���d2��A}�:~�����G2y������eN�fFD�ʈf��R-f�����M�T��ŋ���K�.Yiy�2;�{��;A��~���O���:{��@��T챣�>������G�y "��~��A�]f��"p��:p=8;�G�#|�� c�� �#��b@-��bQf�t����s���;7oݼx���S����_���>�.ՊS�te� ���'Ǐ {����������Ê�٥�㭵�?z��oh}<9�W�x�ʍ� �����~���o����������{�}�79�u��w?���������G77s����l���'S���ԵVW�hE�� ��:�� P"~�� �y�fP �P�de�R�$,K��}���9s�t)E�����E�j�[�n���o._�@b���� 9���S��}����)����@�,��n�̪�N���}��'�6C(Dɀ��7?x�ч���K��I?#�\��� ��0�-�]3�p�\�x��>8y�����mջ� :��� �+DI�0�jq H��v�g ��9{�_|}�,�a.�rke ��8�u��k���g�����4�TA�� 2��x�ON�qd�����6?ۿ��=��_\>���� S�1�)�A�Ś]�術��nk�x#8n��s�� ���;�+��ɚVV �t������o��9 �$�s\٬�?�*Uk\[ ��P�6��V�P }���[WG�T�5�>�� ��p�� G�v�g�x�{/���|՛gϟi*�9O�13�[�G��#�Ya� �Q��,!�{!�)������X $�(\ĭ�Hs3��MQs �"��\�p�g��ڝ���H!d&�84�{�O���7����oHUu]c4w�)�u�4� �Y�� ]�p%�\ �b�R�j���˷.����r��S�:# $�$�dYG�a)Ɉ���������.3Ư���K�<=k�L�겢A�`�,�H�(� �Ǫ��-����u���[��sx�L�� M� !Ƹu���{W���[cb�j b]�* ��d�z ܼ1��?��?> :��� �/l�6B* ̠^E����&
� �&!l��Yb��۴ 9G��P� mj�DwU3Pswb� �S�"�ԭ�e"0t�>�������%w ���_�� 9��뫫�F% ��� }���~�_�b�K"f3 !t]WUu��[o���G�z\�� �� ��S�/i
���� ?6��?zqe8�ue��O>!�o|���N���-X � N��R�u�H��t{6ߣ�A1n� �� ,�`*��PUU�'' Z�E� d ��]�����#�!B?�� ���[rm�d�3� H ����lTb]׃���RUՠ�jf2���i����E�`P/�E�!�]�4u\m��n� ��, ��_��cJIh��!W��0Wc #�� ��6,��#T����K]��[�z1X)� _��/ j�\s�'�8��<�X �-#���9�-�?t��ɓ' � �З ���r@'"3�RB ��g.}r����d������W��6�W� ;�ӟ���edo���<8���̥�����/}r@�� m _��?�ѩ�.�v���Ʊ��������P��`�{m�7�~��W^hKf�R U1Z���7�����to������O>{��W����o�2��sfv D�V��}��_�������ft�O�����p��r�'��ei��D�Ų�C� ,�h������#+ �3,`�0P�]|�����M`T`��xЬ�w�!�Ţ+IIsi�^ )�b�K= 93���F#weƶ_,K&2T�A b�Y���Ȝ&��3� ��������^ �>� �ԏ6D��R`J`@BR�#�Y� F ��f ��(���m�0�#�;�,[i (D�s���ᬩV���'�ylsk��`���&�T&�O<��ŋ�s�y�ƃ��>���ӏI��3"���ϯ}>^YUP#� ��E7w!�X�|8=X�X9����v_�����Y{�ҕ'���B{b�/��7o����+Á|�[O�8~d�֭ ��/,�t ��]��(ŋ�D���r�O ������1d�J�9�pḱDZpH�H��K�:d� � �t ��٭�G�}��� �Mh ��P=��������SǠ=� d�lڄ0[df��JD���K)Q��z�P��* �PUǃ��`02Dw�v�VV5�XW{w����M���x{s}sc= 1�æZ �l�O'D_7�$! �c l<�擆 o f{���xw��MBH��)#c. nV 2�E3Z�+3 @��@(̆�D�� ͝ D~�1 ��t�k Er�� �L���� ��Za��gN���;�� � N�o��9}恜33�3_�nRLs��^|R��D��������ç�y��.��¢k�]����O���jb�egg��g�:��Q�/^���f��� {��o�� �M���Ԓ����&�C&���aT ��3��'3����5"�ۙi�4[k����� ��z Z\� ���2P� #(�lgj�&c��J n����:Q��";@��$,��`9 ��ݠ����� W��M E��K�擼�6^ � ٴ�� �X[�={�J��V���rf�*�dk���QX �ŏ��kk��5pwx� ��oǝ[H�����H�j0�e 8R)`�L N�L �@hf��DLL X��^�h���{�PL�|}}���BD� rT-�@D�|����p`�df����N�f�L&}�K�zP!�#Ƕ�UJ"纡�������x}{c��m$�긿��u�E� nf"��K/���~��K�?|�ԋ����[;�o���O�{�Tww@$"9�m�;����'�p|�$����E`�� �K�t�~t�������<����7ޝ���� ͆�'�&���n��ŵuv�/�l|�h��[k���k�����~ 2� 7`-a[4c �� �ΖBY�zw��S>p �h����N=�Tbk��\ +,Z�,�ۻw �6��G6���H�l�n �8�|�ȃ���~���L�Q�������^�ݯ|�N�]i�������;�ss0�_ 5O�Zu�1�d%#2��D#SHD��f��v�Q���"���D J�y�g���"� �|�����{GS^ ����+'8�Tz`O��K�� y�ڄ(}gH�A����r-�{�9��ԍ6�G6r�!���k� uJ�W�V�n�0��@� <��� ]�z��.�W�����'�vn��߿�s���>���ND� �*�q ��yx����DZ�y���s��g����f4�߽�����#�=(E! �������ę��u4�"��$p��`��w��+������n����3 ���3(@v�a���t� �#b�ݒ屣7a-yr'��� ֵַ>��6á���b�2Љ�� ��[�a К�F�� �'�����h6Gb�XY{p,���t ����#�������0� x<]��c���=��m =T�S]Ttg:����Ȑ{�D!��ܸq���/n�L��������xs}�y��tv©�U�Ս��5�ҭ'L$�!3����#D�NH�x������E)��0s���DU����ffn�2Mgppfi��F�T������'������Y{�Ν� z��'�Og����}~������O_$.�#����!����UlM �+o~l�z��C����x-� H�}����쟼" YJ1ʜ���� =�i>�H�v �@� "�ު@xwQ���;! A`(�=iD�ѰjUJ}�]D��f4ȱ,:���*z��ٴ��tus���v��Q`ee4 �f�� ���bY���l��ڶ8�K�eSBP�% �.sd��S5N� ��q4��ߍnߩ�a1K+�{Ͽ8 -��ܲ!P�3��.��pD��i�n�ZU����=� ����.���>���_C�͈R�о4�x2���0'�F$���Hn�� ��TUՂ��6u�Sr$O)�]� H�4�-P!gef#"pf ��(� Ƙ���B��X,D��?.� |z��'W�ھ��g�=����wR� �\���ϻ�*�,/rQ�ky���Xw�}%��f� �3i*�x�O�=���[]�3 �Bcy�=����v�[q;����G~�L� cQH0 �4 y-K?s^�;�G ́9�%}k0?��!���CϷ��Wa��Wr��$ ������]��7�pcc3Fq����AMD�tT��P ��iw�B�O��%V5 ���,4�>��X���2�X�B)��R| }d�:z��.F �y����"a�ϫ�1z� i��(�R&頊[ZJ���k2 <|���ݽ�_~���\�R� �Z�)��R��zP8�;x��\E$TA���1Ƕ��.�pNZ,�Y�h+��\Um���1F5���:3SU �DfND{{{�٬��G >}$��?�������?��u���dAw�� ��Ns7t�Xw�-:U$��@[�+�pl�H}a"[��=� '�Y;��˺M����@n(�,kb6.6[ U�&�Ñ/Bz��8�Q.�x'����x�pg1�#E ~0o�O�Qv�ʬVͨ�2� ��)<*�"p=qr RJ�K]�`�� 9����="��#+N3�g�)\�%U ��k IDATX�T4� � �������`e]�r��M=�~�3_�s]n�ȭ/ƣ�3,U�hPT� H�}�w&k ���q]���?��>j��'�<�'Y�N݈Lƃao��;��?��?���q��ԭXT q �H�(HH�Hf�nj"�)�3���QJ�b,]�ꊙ |)�EDU �.D��0� ̜-Y)B!�|���'67����Lp����/ =���?����x2Y��������R[��D� �B0�t��"
|��� n^����� 2 �ԕ�9�� ~�X;�x�6� [�S2>6��j �;T�G Z 6o � _�y�&t��"2N��嫯��?��yW5"���ꢻsJˁ0^:��� J)Q��X�� .$w� ��B��O�w##3#��8��2A)%0�T��3τ��o�_��2�}�?��I�ʥOw��\�k���M �HE�S�!x�"��� Q1i��b�J� Sv`��31�{ۧ!7]�r��3�ʊ��*p�c��ȅb�g>��\1���� D �+ G"������`�ErX�%N0 '�j�Dd����4�T �KK����� 69���Q8�༮mw�bŀ&F��c�vrk���B[�d��zC|� �������g�6y�^x� �V�-p�� �� ��E=�ñ��S?����Ջ�H�>���*�XO�,�7�'x������C�/^���?�K�@M=�ͺ+��?��EX8� ��&�9 b��,g �X߷���c�X��]6*�LEB���p�SK:qw�������R������IU���������ݺ���W�x����t�ʕg�}$<�u��)��i����1厁� W3��E�>��Zhv,Ȍɬ�1� ��P%��yĞ�U@�uH)�En�3�#�Tj������65����-���k՝���a P��|��Y��p��� �Qs�( ��,H��.V5�-��A���� �8���j =a+���(�"�2�G'6��L�����u� ڬ_UC��ft�[OΪq�j� X�[[<��|�Fn��0h�A0 �+i*�t-�k&56����cW(4{<S=�I}�5"�>�tO����h�O�J��Ӌ� 9#H1�Z /��҃���ܫF^z5!T@�Y��I@��*�F(�� ��J)fFxw��&V�e[IU���X�/�RJ)�K)�(/^��Z�^�ѷWF������� xp����k�+}ۅp��!bw� ȓ!2 ��OX�w $�7vws���.mZ� bp+�Z1�sp��q��^QwB� 9��q��B-j G�(XM��Z�˾0���b9��~ V�� `GXB�%R!���8��%���1VUH>�l����^*P��I�H�Amh}OhU �M������:i�@�IТBU�� � f�������_}�i\;Et0N�#y��j� �t�# v�E E`^J0b %���/��k�c���S[m{xl�7Nl �@8�y6I�i�*m� 1 �c�<��a�#�:��~�̳E�J�RI0b�\�TJg��u�� ���8A� 7�HB��sFBD��h0�:�֥�`V�x����p���ǿ�G��� ���bŻ������ ��/�
笪j�F���!�t]'WW�7n��@`�5M&��� 82 ���f�~�O�&�j��j�2&WӒ"q۶�~�A���/������{�x[ؿ��o ?����{ � ��P��,�=��������G~KZ_�۽��/ ��� hŋ�!1bLT�3Y `�%��������F`� �1�1�+2�* �!��K�DD��2�6룭S'tk�� ���gw/\]t�HknN�ٍ��`�p��m�,��?�� ��X�@�'M�|�ҍ�Ϝx��O+���溊�/ �����Ɖ��O���W����ؽ���67c!��f]�J��ȩ�bì`s{}�����Ü3 ���"�&E�Ttz87���UU�m�sGD 6�m. !�ܺ��ٓ�讥hH��ϻ��������16�5&2wfy��'���;�_�����;O>}��g�ol�o 6M�;q���w��=��?��c��Q�;0 "�\�����Ȩ�QZ����_��}s'w%�{qB2n[ ��ՂuVTl"l���F 1 ���bQS ���A5�x0K��� �p����i�6 K������w?A���d>=rleԌ� *�S�/}t���s�#����ɢ��h8\�f{�~���� ߕ�9L��} ���� �J��'�R�� b3���f%K=p�eq���c����CDtx8�<�Y,[�u]�Y�e�q��. ��oc]WU5��B]���`0l4��>�����l�A�)��U� ɀC���ӏ�*v�P��4
/ ��O) U����� toH]��0P�ui}M"�x0�c�g�C�Ѥoۃۻ� zp�6~�� �|p�� N�DhR�W\ uoZ�.Tټs���k�ɍ�<�v���|�� ��-����c �n� �fX�&�q3�%_�r� 5��y> �ݹsx0��R�ymcU�R�l �j� 4_\�1����p��G�>��ypm��lU��i�釟.a�AC�c�N��O��1"�(���}����'OnO��~��W����}��3��H������=d��I��s��=Q���F_���u9�����w̲�yU����a| � ��Y��� �� (W� s��8r1�>�a1A_c��puܟ���I�%Gv&vw��o��H�( U�diT�۴�V���Zi!-ڤ���62��d�����Mfm�����E�d� k��B�L���;���� -⽇�� �kw����w?�r��1��s�I���e*� nH� a� �c3���G$ " �D�a�����j�3S �8����|q��˩����O��G�����Y%�$�ƮB�� BNb~��h�� r �gs����?6��*B9PU4�2�D&�����������������ΐ{"� D�ѓ��;�a����9_���{?Hڽ�wr�T����{�k�_��-e�����X,�Pg�m�����f>!��@ ! }�ν��;� ����vz�x������?ܿZ=>�_ջu1��/���vX۰��L�lC�kL�] �l/ �m� �l���*���@_T��,�����'A#���zg�J�=bt�{4'F����u&��f��2����NR&��'�� �R e�䁲�,{zr�8= �7r�J��t6=|z��\�P �t�z�;���{_|�;��B����٪m�� K `��q�$zt��� ����d���Ǯ#��ino�<��$��u]�$���Y��C��� �UQOk�}���/��ھ HL�n]/���M�B��m�ǔ&�du���J���}z��nj|��~��3-'��
E��ړc�5D��;�~A)�v\*lh� =������w\Q,�ͤ�o^�1mf ����'�Ѩؽr���%W��%��sV�!�cS ���ױ�9y�������+�n~����գ#�������c�N���� y7{Wv˃��ѓ��$�=q�c�?;Ȼ��U�Eb̛�����M�I�K6�Ԡ)�K��߫�y�+��Z��MH����L>��_�1�я߿����z��������y��Ws��_9��L����s�f]ȩK1�KZ{{3� \:Զ�ߎG "` � � ����������� �7�ɩ+2�� �L�D��tC�$�n3Q��| � }LH��M�� �#0 S130�l���Ó�_>b���j�>~r�������'�u���4����3��k�8>�} @e٤�Q�,��j-I��%�R� �a�.bl 9 ��T9�~ b- �Pa^g��f-9��vV��jV�9�sH�9.���1��|:�Ϟ>x�Qs'2�>�>i�Nj��|�S�\u (�� ��<��/������|��(��r�w�+�Y0�tUY7U��jᛏ~��/��ɤ��?��[o�ֶ 9F�$�s_���|��6K������?�����;��@ �Aq��� ��� Y2��\84�W6���0���ױ��R$Uu��.(0]�0�Ƅ�N+���=;B01P�P� L[�����{Q�8�,C r�*B�e��i @�� �:]�f��A`Z76�y5�mf`T87@��b��`QV������4�t����� �Շ�� ?��yf)����Y������ˇ'G����l�>�7"�!�Y�q�ڭ[7NN����~�q�9���7]�����y�ε��gz���Uլ'e5�(�b\��k;�~��7_���Z�^ �G�GW�S,_�,9 Ov�?��� �����?~����������_O�������_�監����7���oc�k� �@�0��^` qRB&����z�N�d�X6D�TxP����m�> �g�d��7(C�Lѱ��)" �Ӽ���ى��)�� %�ݪ٭f٥�:شí�7n�t�7����$�)���ƹ ,� � �6�X5�����,��W_꺮��M�J�Q�9 \� T��2������߃xD�o��8��#��l�� �}�.�������GO a����)&esp�o��i��U�xڞ��,��n���T���۽uտƏ <��ޏ�:<>\,�i� {��֍����զ�| Q���ǃ l䍾�N���������~�����w^�����{���;o~��=��3���p��m?^� \b#D����� ���X NԜr+f��H,z =���08� �Y�;H/��*�Hٛ���BOڂ<[� m y5�iR͋BTU� ��!�s7�xz��9LN�?Y��$�4�6)���Rp��H�ep�KO� �>ٔ�\�6��"���8��>{jf�� f^m����/�/�/���`i�'��ޫ/�\�Ѵ���E.l6A }?�a� 6� 5C�MU����^������?�m��ӺZ��_.��N�<�9�� ���2�$�%��4dm-�D���Wn����! �/��m5t�e��<� ��8][��� : �� 7÷�|�t͇����}���?��?z���۶�:n��7p����|� �aS[����{ ������)�TDZ�̌T J ��� ���h���-�T�z ��ZT%,*u��ـA
^>��ė~�;9�G����?E �8H?��_tݰ��{����o Q�q�L�u\��k�zZ(��?��C�� ٛ� ��\Z.yg:C�$�"@6�.?�e�;��5 ����o�xm�����~��%����y�έI��ß����w�{wx)��2�y�m�����%���� �LЄ�9;/B��a�,[�K�"���}�l�8�g�~c[�pL�BE�M�w�� $�%�s^�9���Gx�x g�j�(WsH̜$S |�Мy�z�:�Ns�| � �E�,���uSו������Χ�n^_��w��}��I��*�@�r"���:�}(0��W�6��� ��D��p%�3qr�^�n��r�M�L�z v�����c kt��A�D�����"��E������Cv��3���@fb��#B��u8i�k��@+ 1�B���3�N�*��~s��;�����ۓ��{ﳇ� �p��믿~ipϸ� ����~���yN� B��@�` YB�-��s�±�-� �"��~�W,�L��F�}GL��0`ˊ� ��ל�����#�,{0DC&ώ%%�c� � �<��1��L)����N�r�D�}z� ��ڭk�����?��eP( ���I����Us�T���XUU!������9�����u,�t���� ��������#�ᇋ��q��U�Z� 7%��� �DV���VҬC;�7kb2�^����n�Ψòo�LyС]�}��k�lo�P�6vEY"$4 �I���&$���e���C��$�t�uuX�χ埶� �������_ww�����?��_�5�я��;ov�FT���m��m;���aw��]���) @ � {^�#��03�j@�ڋ)�0DWݏ|i�7!�<'QO�U���WTsF�.3Ԗ)���nxVM�7E՟,1�y�P����� &��L�G�w���"iDD�WӪ����l��:� �p�����~�ᓇ W���>^���M����~0T"�c�Bá��̲ ��n}��A���OIM%x��/Ý�yg��p��� ;��vEQȒ .гG�,���t2�t"�JWE���X�T��ا�z� ��w�� _LV'��`f�"�SfS���H�۹���rEi�4 ���og/栋��捛��o�ퟁ�w�y�[��H���?�9����F��� �y���m ��<�j�U�����^2� jf b�� =���S��q�J���B3�� �� ��ʢ ��-�T�ٝ9�9��s )%Ue:sB�LU� Ϲu4��3 8��8
�쭷^~�[/�N'�>�w��/�f?���3W��)�����U��62�E���& �"�> �R��e��E�(�I�L� xF�ⴗ��ռ�p��C�g= QE��ʠ�3�l�2!��2&PR9;g0 d����ZU�`̲ Ҹ�2E%0Q������&����XԀ���d"j�~�X^�L����wND�Q��(HXE-��)�ԪX�2 ��]�d�F��y;� �ףs� / ��d-� �qv �Kf�Cv� ��YH%�d"����-�hӋ'���U��̀{#�yY��W�/�H��?���tgq�����L� IDAT���������^ɝx����" ��. مA<�@�\��v�[0���t�sc 6v�$!C4`28f�\��p#�a&g��o5c"a3Q��$ @I)gSbf�H� 3�j��6��%)�C��L!�SnB-" ��L.����\ m�B��Y�1��("��'ׯ_+|�ǁGF ��(RD� ,��w�Q��u�38o��L!1�#jb>.��;c��c�I���a�5KNଠ�\!�H�]��\1- p\eE$��g�f�oE �Y���,&p���C`��/�����s�X&�
J����$̷��y�F�oM�Rc�����;���&�0/yQ��k�e��V9ڈ1� 5R#@`*|�s�՜���)�y�h�F�ň*"c��gc��3"4���{0�� 6�S�u]C��1ޓ�H�-�jݦ{���n���0�,"C b?0x&V�!��)��\,�F�7_8���� �T%e�N���� �&� CYW!�YZ�M�.GC�9QA��3*�A��l�I�y�$��9��֥����z���# ��4W�5�g*����?���/�ެW��_��o7�������Y�9wQ*<�������xs[i]��m����� �m���J��8́9�%e L��A���3�S�j�G�� `� �d ` @���C_UI ��3�*#\p��`:j��(&���� �MY�~���+7>_dY%�� 9+ ���(NO��o�0S%bb>�^A4N�GN2���t�^"���z/d��G0 �'�i6={bf!{2$�l�5[�;���9u]�5.�������� L�����}l���e樚c.� 0�T�=D�U� �:�O�鲭!4��P>�40����� �� |��˓�7n�� ���A�T3`qip��r��K�x =���+fBܮs����\��}�� �08�� O���Xg*"�UT Ǧ��Jh9�2� y��ת�G�DDcZ�,祅�k����� ���Uq�8���r��ф�IJ�� �q� 8�NON��/fe�Illܘ-�yѢ��cb�|\�Ms�7�^�AS���(]h� ���� �8dfF3 ��L=SJ��ʮ�W�U� \B�'U�d� b9�I*�!�\��J��zñ���F�=^�s^6�; H�� `�bɮ�i� ߿���/��[���O� Ls� �z�\e ۂ{ 0� zf��7���J��Pb��j��iρ�������r f6 䪪�%���� ��\��H1� ���iU�/�V��>W��ԇ{W��*�c�.%�1g/�Tvr�i N��i#~c�: �J�:�s�}���Η9V�vpU ������=������r��)���]�C�bt� �6��yzt��߾�� /xϛud�F�����涻�:xN�\0 �O��&3
6i�PE�SҌ�1E'����0�%oj�M�pmڨZ�7Ӧ.��dPEUmejvS!H�&+z�)9��k�N���Ċj�����d$u��8�0.1 �֟ � �lِˆl{�K� ��R��8��$ � ��EoVe�Fv�:�� i�a~ɥ��E�X�,&������ q�0$"B� jX$!� D�y� <���N�� �P�v���)ƫ � �l\�Q�@�!'��W_}����صG铁j� �CFWzc�`������2�8bK)��l I c)S�.0�)n�� �?d�{vΓ8�~�ٙ�0�R ���*�BN�]Q�ʯO��fc�b�5eSee$�f{���i0 ��a� �$ U2��PTP �� 8ە�r�H �֫*R�Q��V���i���3��m� |�������ɶ���1шЁ�HR�,F �!m��tI�Euڛ� zÝ��@FVM�� pjy���evT�'ep��r6{�2 �� �dT�8�e@�]?DI����l ���a�g��rMS��� �L,J��̭����ݺ�ˠfI��qΥ�$F��S�}ߓ�8@U Ҫ�{� �����j�� f{�N��'�n� �j� PKQ�ˡT̙�$� �zrΑI`vW\�����yS�9S�H�2�;K�Q�)Nv�+��s�Dj� W�`��8���ij ڲiC��.�ӅC���%�u�#�z���v�� 7�%�� �! �C� ����� _6 ���U.�Zp^���6�Uۯ���[�~�&'%%O�8�* ӘY:��1�g��xcؘ�A$`�4��0G�0Q�1 QU�1�*)T�'����1�>�"�c^mZ�zt������ ���9�J�K��-k���\���@ .�Css��>� ���!Ǿ(B�Yb�,�d���H�h�y�|]�{W�]���\�vgo:++'�Đ�#�B4��& ���Da���|7ĪĔ5���n�f�̈ �؍�ioe��p; ::����Y�K�ʾ�3�ض��v� ���(�#�Lh��Z�9栒��p�ɼ8< o��~��]OӢjs������Q�ۚ]��ԔR+��4�e�����Y`�;J�l��T��:vPw�l��%��)'�,�Œz)�90� �Ow�"��RIn�9t� �P�l0���WU��cϧ�(%�luzR���-���|�}�����O��;{W��A��]�#V !��#$&J"@j����ɀ)G��̂I, �8V���MQ�c(RJ � ـ L�(��� 9D$b3��6�z��غ��r�i���ۺj@�� G� ���y��R�#3�"�D�7l\"̖9$]�~����ěŲ_,��"�9E]X��g���C�҂:�i8C�}E���=�_ 23�� �@��ԣ��� d� I�P>:_�0�zH�� ��e�t�W�#1��cb�#UU��� ,OQ��{Ⳣ�q��y�zM�dU�}Gun�ɰI����gxo�v�J���k�w!DKbZ�©3�hh� Fe����L ���N�a��� ��* iHy�T��#RE����������P�č�C����s�� x$gj};a|1� ��9QuI-�O�{{\8�g6�l�V3��(��� ��{P(z�i��u�%�����^�!�C�3$K֊s.1�28�`Y�� �eij��-0;�&c��"��6�f ���qX$T1tC��K�.C�� �0�ԭ���g�K_�H�bHҒ����d�I̜�k!�B��zX-ֽF�'�&��]1�xbJ�\F�l�� S�=%� ��)X?�����Ǔ�'똳����\�a芦^K�]��a�:�G2仿�-~�hС�O8*�B���9sdV� Y�Y����b�,?�l�s(sqRyz��|������� �����?}��y���{��5I��� �]��Fy�I�m ����/�n33�����#"��K���!@ ��6��D��1�41�O�l���s�L&( 120[R���t�{ UDt�#e�fw�D/)� "9v�k��+a�3�v���k�������ԓ�������2�W� Y�)�g&b5%�����U���g��� �ġM}�Vy� ��|Ys�|����l�h�+I��X�Ŭ^y��� >;] ]�;�̯^i7���nmFb��UlcU��]t����z�U��C�� O>��+�U�j����ݦ�����}�-
�����ʜR9d[v�]�Y���eu�x��X#O�PLT����*�W�BD���ׁ��X��p>��( ��ơ�>�H\҈�l�bN�!d 3 �Q���h�J�� ����k���t�8�9�a�s*[�zѾ�ZW� O[%+�(� k�ww���Bth~��TRH�S"��W|Ӥ!>�ϖO�������W_~��ڶ �]�2Ș2�@����'�=�b��|
�����2G˛ކ�����K����0�E�6��ä C��^q�����!H�t�_iJ_� 9���t���O� �=?8�\�*lO3�o~��b�)��z��l1��f^����eL1��ljH4V� ,f�T�ӃZ ����~s��g���z�����I�xs��~r�������������Ig3��P�W��4��M�{7���>x�8^ r{��T� D�,�*���5O �=��h��Uf�Xg� O����m���eR�!�@H���f<���1M�p~ªc ߙ���ē�ʰ�?��$ fY��30y'q�!�Ʉ@! �8&SU�� ��*�t�Iͮi�Eb��L�r$� ���y����� {~�B�
�-N������§��Ix���{9�7ɽ���m}�W��c���Eqk��9��.�f����%B�^��v��] ��DQT�# E*2g v�2�3,�Ȼ�T��K�h� ��K�L�9� ��̌`\Ȋ�>�f jF��#�FT�Y�]2��������w���6O^��M���_l����yה��,.�*K N{�$ m���c���mb����r�8��0k�`��J�nS^cGŨ"ފ�����b���c��X�n�ڴ����/��%�r`Wx v� ���K��ޓ ��}�3��4��*�f�Y�� G%u2�v����ѣ~��O��sX�p��Q�R�x��HO� ��ᰛ}���~�����2̶��k��D_�`z��]t|į�{�^�e��1�?o� Hǔ����l`��X�O��G�Lj5��Y�#�"��G���X��f�Sa ���CDU����_U�|uV�@d )��gWv�$p������kώ�'�6m�^H*%CSv�p�� B#�c6�>ƸnSJꭙzuN {�˾ R6B�*I�d9=� �z��Q��twr��fl��� �]>>]����r�L��l:����Gw���b��vn�v˹:\w��V���! RVr�h ���|҉�^���*��t��>-v�_Ow��Vr5Ľ���n��] ��'����ӓ�/ O�'8o�5�f�m䜩u���y�m���z�F mG�/!��|~l[LL��1!�����P p�f@Fd3"U�j`���A�r���gQ�l�R����Ԍg����f6�/�)?DL*��;��WA�\�P: u`�� ��*S� X���h��-��e��d0�8 - �/�Z=��;�q��b��Kb� �KR��Z�����"��A��y2�Y �d��2�@b��!��[NZ�i:��fw2 �* rQ�#&щ Q�c@E;�z5#���9� �{/ }6 �Z�s�TW��k����'M���G������v�����y�A�ڛ~�=L���sTm���_���B�
9�l�:��^w@ �]��+�i�����f@]�M� )� �۪*Ra����XN��i��Ge��/S��`�g ]]V� ��IEЗ�fȩ$1�8�e"@ԗ8 X��$������CN�� �����?����J�N�_�N?}"���֣�/� ������Ƀ4������x�˝����Z`��leB(R���E�p[�\��P�|��K��6�m˯mV����D sI `�:\;j��ܼ\L��:��+�f�P���� �jA,09 �V+(�w쐀I����Cr b�svJg�7S5�3 "ƨ�cp�T�sN�z�N8Tu��� v㊱9�O�^W��Ĩ:@�Hc��e��Y�sTєRB�㭝�;��V6�N��/ <��59�5���� roZ�d�EA��Gｱ ��6�8�!8�څ|�7�C� �3"R�dʂ�l������8� >xv�7 ���_ Ӫȃ{��;���r���P������Y���������㺼�駩�`�W��w�ѿ��>G��ȳwH�&���/��K�f��� ^|�R��!u�s�lh�]V %D˜&�\-��&�i�%��ؕ�k�6` v |˪b��'L�ES�i�w, �M"�c��Z.���rέ���y`r}���95uə Ǿ EC&@�M�\b. Щ��A+raRL�ۀZ�N�Uլ a���R�VY���� �S��{��6�)�tȝ�P����~���&��l4x��9����&�$$�mߦ��,ӽ��︪H�}QO�N-����V �h���O ���~�ɧ|�W�>_}���_����}��z�l��4�%��0x﹪��g�8P����[-fu��{��w@��4+1��T�y6�k,�����w j㣜ϳ{�����fD@ cg�D�7�MO �Y���f`�bM��Jʠ� ��Q�`�&a+��=;E2��P3hRT@F ��6f�C�M$�����z�=9����T�Q�|rt�ˍ��k݀1���ƹ�+ ���& mr'nꫦZ !D ����)�8gNj�%0�R��r�_��]�>�O)�~�G� �r��<�Ĵ���g�,4K�i�J�;ad JJ�y����F�������wj��D�A���MX��W��J��O��K_�9�e�O���2l����Gכ�H�]�ag���%"2"��ں��� {a������p�R�VC� � �埼��7$� ��a�2d�Hk��� 9�e��^���U][֚k,o���s�Cdeg�H���*�E�{�{���� �љ�Wþ ��gF�#���wo�}y�e)�&��/�П*)=Qkx�\N�>0��Ov���� �HL�͌D�u� w{19� A8�a �����[%5S� LY,������� @y�R�(,)h����4 � ��d){E� IDAT.��K_%);�D������Z���)W�WW&c�En����c�<�#f .� N���;E�A�A�S"#����AWL�!C_�AZ&E�&g���|��7lλP�W�{�y�KW�+�uu2Z���v�QSE]p�3a��W�zk}8�2�����t�%�[\��O;| �����G?��b3��Q�rFs��s��fsRk^.ߓ��i ����i3:� ի���+" )J"�C[�0 x��2 2- �XT�AZR�)8@i���� ��R�`���L\0]�����,3,�� -"��JL�� ���W� ��0����5}�r.��� �IL���ٰ,������ ���&CQ �dbO ��6u���b� �L!`&[��yT�8��q9Ŭ�`2���M�p�5�P4��/�/qc�L9Y�^g�����=>�z:y���/0LV���g�M���|׳!����� �o�MCY�o�o6�T����^�� ݘ6�]Yl]�>�7�;��]��q!�� ��O��씴�I���O�|��Ni���'���f$C� �+��uN~�ї���1WY���Y�� �G������)g��R��(Gsk���r/�p����9FB��9�ORZD\v0�DL _Tv���u(��I(o���#v�EKU���HK�P�Y����W* �?b��P��#�� ���6!����;dh ?8+ �]�8����uY�E�P/ ��D� ����[�|t��-�|�P括 �J`C�����.l�n�~/��x�6֯�ʐ> oN�H��7y�� �6�������b���{r�mGa��>��)'� +���Y���8�.��5�<�����{��a����o]�~y�5��r� �^�. NT s5?�B �A'����ta�?��>`t@d� A*�V��V���c�S9�4�ٚ{�_|.��Rtj�e�u���JfU �;�a�uA�9��GqE�����qk=���#M�����D���!G/�5�A].��C���y0�� y��, 1@�c�3�:��C2������� %t�Y˂�ꘛ�_)�� ������E�G��^]B\T��4Ω(�ܛF e�P�ý�E�s�j4���y4�����"�|&���Gz�wr�8���^���n���i�7 �b l�#�W��]墕�x�GZ{~�������r������$ ���SQ�ȡ(�r�Ή��N�N�!x��( ��i{:�+������! _ ��A�!+5Q�]m�Zk)>�W��f(څ�j[�q_�(��Vg;ш fG�3yĨ�h�1v�<'3ǎ���� �Z��1�1x� +�� Eq`���k��Ҙ��ݶFZ8GBb��+�I '��P K�qGm)Eҁ�� � �!dMA�!��b� �gC��X�K}��gdЪ* u��k=��a<�ubʀ}�6X1� ׇ���m�u��!q�#H��-�|U�C�R��<�ӑqJ����|��|�������ӿ�ܸ}������n�����Tc>j\{�����1|�ߺ�����O��=� ��蛗���6 2��d�2��xڞ�T���^�|�I���W+ '�g�~�� ��֯Kl�g'=��wI7g���Rg��~�U�|w`L^L�Q�Y7�fa�؟��,� �ZM]ڤ.���1*�x�s����t�->V`7�Pu]cp��s gHp���ht���f3sΩ�"6�&�,�' ���AQ�e�":�![��`��:�&��,�0*�*C�h˅�r�B����}J���r}&9�U��9�k �X �]UP��?�����`��������/���{*I����2bO�O�x\����"J�/4��ڵ� ś���Ư�]��b�{����Gݴ[)�q�ό�����t8�7�� t������MsΙ K^b�H����گM��
= �$�[��N*[' ғ�W⧓�=�.4H�V0Q�X{*��m.O� � a�35�I�˪�BĨi 0�&�-�)F2��jＹ���R�TE� �9pH}爗�b�c�Uι,�$�$�pȎ�.�d�a����|��b��g�̜ w�3�ҕq֥&��9Ț�Amk��]�V7VQ��� �>i�����QE$BF1+��5��XP��4�e=�9 *i� E�b� fX� ����]�
3)F��ﻪ��V���; �-+s� �D��K�z�� r$"EЬ��� 8�Qp�{��g��QY�֡ggb�W˂�|F�j��x2 �ݙ̢&�m�.������'uy8}p���`�u�_L<�g� o�s.�<�}ov�}��_��gGӻ��( �೦�l: K�-�}�芲��aJd �� PU"t��s�'O� ��4��+�jN� |!Ů��bQ����ά��Մ 9�����������,fӦg�U�ei��i�R�˝~��t:��Փ����'� � �G5H�lF���gU�ˢQ����(��P��p%�� � �j�Z�����2X �u��ev�f-�l��$Rd^~�r�.�)�,�O2v.���ђ���ڶ��'r�4����_~ ��BZ�9�b���T�;'ٚ�s]_�U�I<� ���E�dM����U ��Õݽptt}�}�Gn> i:�o9�,�飩��jn�K���P���9i3�����7�`٥^�)��V'u��_Y�˕V3� ��@��@�#o���Im@�j&"r������O�E��9�f&E�cDD�w�����M?qQ'6���~��O�p�ϝ��$3���QG l��҆� p��3 �ʬ���J��phGi`�5��?� m�7�b+ �J_E$EY �� K� ""�ю��w�rU�(ĉ 3lE��5ƈ�Uf�~�2 J_��iI�땠K��, ]�f�H��K�YJ��ْ'� d3����^{`%�Eߺ]���ds����8'����n.�{@ۦ� ��f�`�+�I�����Á�ޒ�B�MXd�*GOm��� �ds��W�<��&���2jj[$"g�;�!�f�T0�w1�9��JO%kBD���TRkP.qM˻��f� ���I6� xIuN}�1 3:�b��$�^ 嬁�f1Ȟ4jm�B �b�$X�8b >HV1�l�X� @v<v]^ }��_��¢-]� E�U�-��Y-X�Q��^�0a�s�!��r∙%(� r �r��ުNG �xq�Y��t���q�(F�0��JF�$��= ��puQ�������ڭ�l~�ǡ�ń�~� ��9���~R(���6D��/|�8�{�E���J��~k)� �<, �CsG�����^_�y[ pՌ|��J��!� ���-FlM0 4@q���=��Bg67����{wwxv�/��o��1���r� �N��#1e � � '� �5��)"�3@��D� �: DK�DB�K��驈 ��s�&�)� �Ah�]�D��o��*U2���N��Є�c�;U4 oC63H@�H"��� BQ`�,%)��$�L�{L��
z8�&�G�#�R�X����\��� �� j�sr���8"��=��� s��.w����"jV 6��2�:� ��Z�x'2SSU0�N�8�9� ��df��]�B�O��H$�q���Enj̠93*U�Ȫ��k4=�-T�� � �*&����-*fn۶r%rv\+8˳.���X�������!3Pm���g�Pd����^�|�> ]��;� Q�p� �q� }�2x颢���O�nA� \O��� �<��s�>^kۃ������ ��Z�՚�s@(|�\ �EH8sR���9�zw�B ��)TuU��,Ce_!���he\ ���Ͼ����;�vQT��W�}(�l�ծ_�1?j�ڹ`���Q��6uw��I=����w4��2>���m�0VU;W��QE �����DY�y;w�@$��� � � ��I�%�����\^Ǘ���:3C4��C��K��v�f����˗�==tk�ɺc!T��U����e��ԳO�W&#f��BQ�>|��聦js{{�Z"�9�* C�x��ݸu/J~��ɸdGފ����� ��!���}n��=xt���^ ώf� LC1�B�=�&.�"u�����`eӬ(�y�x��^�6��0ר���$>^ fKa��R�Q��u?g�e2q^ =��������v��6�r�r��*c�fP����� WI����dͥ�{h� @V�dm S1 �t�7��ֆϽ�����; Ȍ6��h�ZYD=��|�hw~��}I��.��Pi j�y0 \�~�Hk/^�]43 �� �Z�dL��ơ��$e+���fL��G�㐑 �g͊��3Y� ��^ � �)-�䈒�b���yD��f*ڛ;,˵ ����G�;��*)| ����5�"5�{�����ʚ�wຮg�����|�[�j����� ���{G��w��]���~틯} � ��O~���� ]�vG��l�}�/�ۿ���&�C_������T�h����Ge��O���͍�����������sϾ�o��э���(���nup����˟ٜN���q��#G�Q�y�3_�s ���RF�$�-{- ������Q�� 5*�������ԭ�&���_:�� �*m�朶/�_�
��frpt���\�FZ荫7̎k(L��" ˹��WdD��DDQ ����#�m ��ܲ1����$���������h��;��]|�\�;x�~
�� @ݷi�sJ� �������ڮ��(���V�!������5� �̻vP�7n�'+|Kw����7� O�4��P��\��� ������-�\ ��6��R�+�cd��ҝ%3��2�R�Wղ,��3Wָ����������o|� �_n�ŭ�n��e����%�CtQ�� �����7�ٴΖ q��h�����iJ������o�&)WU������7���^Tq?���G��ۿ����{�X[�T�_��?x�����3N 2!�)�;wvU� V�g���9r(MM �
��R����t��-�r}cEU��b(�/�����b�̮������3��� ?�`��ͻ>$lן��ʸ �ٸ�����C�FG� .)��d����^� KQd�r���ͬ���O�F���~1~xg���+���Ē � �� %�v��v�#'4�6��5���f]?K � ���� ��a]Ƴ����_��ʮ��m���UFZܡA��FI5/ڃ�ͨ U�h��ْ�3�,���{-D����qA�çhv�@DKO/��vNYEDΟٸp� ���STC��|�������ϯ��ҳ��P�'?~��?z��+�Ο��=.��V�L%�LZ:��-T��sB��#�ޭ��;[g7?�� }� L�>�����{�}���%��ƍ�F�~�Ei���{�g�x��w��f��Sc@$%}kku�@�QN9i��Ü{�T�.��.�w� � �?�q�ܖƞsI16=�j�&���� ���(�2S�{H���ч�G?�g�B����+�9{�K>6X,�`jD�Q@r*h�91��ٴ��3��)�7�u)I�r|M�m&)�|GhV0P�.���y'��m���(�@�/f���Q?lr�ߞ��<<��i��u���c���Æ ��S� �|X��I;��r4a�ɒ#C��b�9E�" Ȋf&���� H�$w�����lo�/�hQV"����4��?��c��굫������~����ҢE��x��_]��J��}֞�߿;����d]�*���=��ʅ��i�گnN�(��:=���b�1���Ie ��|}{����[w�_���IT#����k_�U���+� <���k���CRy��g|��W�]������v��k�c�|�����;w 9j�7�`��EY�RJ ��HsrΡY�VweWAO6�[�R8 mi�L>�H��0�� j�A�K �P�� v�֠ ���J�< �~�h�,�;�A3��2h����P{��OK�eO ܭ�m����Z \��;ԣ!��삦����F�¥���n$P�|���ێ�&mgwG��sO�����{�3?��ȋ2(f�ȑ��l9Go!T#baQ1� (�舨�@ ���90&I* J�s�Ý�{��P�i�L�o|~e�ֵ�{�������W���^�B��ݻ�6Y?ɐ�.PD���s��P��lq������E�I���+���8{�\��l����P�Eyxx��M]�E���(�� ����`�?<<�%~ 1���?�� ���:������_|��o~������O���,b�ϟ���*���YEx��goܸ{���?w�W^�����{�����s��������a�4�9CfDD1ӕ�/��S��L�����?��ܥ��O������>�]�� ���SV�j���z����UX��n;�U�?���ޝt�냕�Ec ���@ �*r�������Q����*o�� N��;�q�J�:f��N�vm�k���{ �|����� g��[ ��a���� ��6M���F�̚ Sɮ9jv>� ������5�u�M��l��qoсW��x���kc��b@�2!�� "8�^�畗�� K�n�����w����.�����[+����;�� \����c�4u�x,��i�M��W>{Ň?�v�÷���?���� �hQ��@�ȭ ���2�� c �\��W!T��#"{�`�����g_�ʮ���Q{���3g6���/� �J_ѝ;;��ʳς��� �IDAT_�?�-����/O;;;�o�������=��u�ʙ�k���J������ �)����9���|�x����K����ËV�z�˫խ{͋��0�7CL�1�l�b��6v�� n�� Y����C.ws]���x�"�s�S��P����u�{�kkX/d7�F�!�F� \ F����z� �y��hmH�� ;wx��D� n>�l�'g� �X���ߛ��ޜ�P(���u ��$fz�p/��4M�跶��A����}e���g,�E� 4 u�(,�������qgg�ҥ�>�e�������������<q��������;w ~�����ן��q��� ���e�Y����g�"����ѣ�?���ε��}��jPC�4�� 9���RL�;� ���86CUu�̨pL�p�m�_ �����ܽ� ϟy������7?(}�
�յ:m��k���t��wG��������L�� ���!x�Ƞa����]~q���\u}j�g�~qe��ʺ ����)jU@�7�m�W���jl�6����m���:��ի鹧�K/�� .�#6�9�����`Gm����v��c��b8��0���+�u9�Ә{��+�>��y��g�پp����^��ϊ�{8}�����K��).���ߘvG>,ER��ͭ5fd�>����,��t��S�����v{�`�I5D��Ρ�"! �y�0��;���g&���/���VSt���w�{�/������� ��ѽ~4NO� �̩BQ��i�sUU%��n��[�|�˟�~���k ^9 H��u蒵f�s�*̮�k�ܠ���xX"K��;��ґ�f33[_[+J'1q��[�� �`>��,�dX��1a5!���&�p��D�1K(��6���$8O�AE�С�l�q@EA�4�\(��W7��Uh�T�Q+yX |Ϟ�-���'�vZ� >�寧*��ʙ���ޡ����f�l�/6�����r�,'Q(�r��vU/�/��8-Z����ʶZg ĢĮwe�u���Gݽ�_����|��;�2����f:�ſ��)%r��߿sm�����Ե2Oe�0XQ�^b��g���D�9��4%QU���[��\h�M����aĨ �h�X����Tl C`b��1j�Ã��3矾���}��o]�џ�����_��o��8�����{�fk��_�����}'�)g }ߓ��]$ɢEQDM����P���:���A���=��y4=���ʕ�s`FIz8]�O q�iK.�������i�X,��� �H=`�]{Ī+�Q�N�J�A<"�h,BI�c�*�fkk��m������˒���93p � �+B�֒�ԭ��U�se�F�Q��+k�R���ےKϤ(W��6�i�I��(�]} ���C'qwa-�ZQAJ� �T � �o%:DI��nv�ٶ&��U��VWC�p��ax����$�ޛ j�y�� ����o QV���v�/�#S�z��LS;͈,Uٴ���C͒ >tm�J9+;�������y��}���������8 R �d0r^��] e�D�#�����������G� }�k_x�� �Y������������W��($�~}� �����`�UL̮��a����� �'�� ��y��;_��g������>��+O�`Dr��?�y���+/<�L ^������kí���, a��)s�S�q}c��^è�p�AJI]ۧ#��s@��ۘA�d�}�=��)+(� !r��w���<.t�+�pD�s�+Ϛ8�J|L�B*��I��&ir�ml�xe�L� ���Zqe��̹� ��3�ѭv��獪�]� X�MI�v�g{��he�ك�|�KN*�EI=�f���|1��(࢛B; T�v �1��C��gL�V��kK<��YcYȒun\��g� ԓwM���p<��)��ĉBYU( ϥfF 0b3� � L�D�z�c� }|=������?������Kg�����g�ݞϚ%� 蔋 W������G��dms�i����坟<�����Kk��}�g������P5u�џ�ɟ�|�/� ��7�p���?��w�5��ӷbL�_ ��d 住1nl�Ǔ�������b!���F����2a"VFU=(5�, 3:��]` Yb��%�P��/�njm�%/�9��|�Ƣ�� reT �^�)��VGЀuc�V�p���ˉ\ \������X6��ᛳ���>}�?�~�͏���;7wo� ����BD��rE�4}?�:߃L&U�㝛w�!y� ��y�vӃ���ye�*�rH_��Wh�t}�V4^5�Ԏ���q2uΉfFp�rB����1�q4��s)��:t�HDFfl \�Q�j6"�����ʂB2 5�� 1�uY � U(��m�Ր $E �wn�|�� ��/��/lm������9��S��˪�s`��~��Շ���P�>����}f�o����7b��ٟ�����>hU����_{��혢c�ҫO����W���ſ�ӦM�A�����_��/kl�,� �� =��HDΝ;3 �d5!��r0͒LJd!%�Q���4j����VW����g�dus����c4D fĪ,rL�LiV�S �C"�ѱ+�U����`!��3&K���ϗ��Ї�(j1X�}�k+~���ܺN�����4�:W�z�� �u�v�g x)��ށ��������F�Y۲,�ϟ�����b`ϥ5��&�5n�P��g�BJ���]�x+�X���j ��!!�r:��f0`c�Sf ���$Z9Z%O"�����P�E� /fIr�4��h ��aT�w~���{��x��S�>`/��cώ��S3z̶ �>�s`��>���������Y=�����sW����K)U�J���G���<�����3O=} $��cVp������s綟���9 9Ed. >8x������ �Cv "L~~4s.�{��#�����9Y��+�� ʲ��� �� � v�ZQ ��5e"Z�5`�� 8��R� 睧� �i���(L���0Q�As &T�s�����F6H�����s)g�拀�J����ͬ,��f^�,�}۶��\90o��v�dՌj�����ӑ��'��'2�@v
FMvVu��}�/�G3��/��K�ｪ�}�� ²����y8�Dz �ȳC4;�. 2���_�� ��U-�A��3B�N� �S6� �̝ED�A!*f��5�3o�\��4C ����kE�THt)A�K�7"����S�n��ȧ���k}���᭪�m9Z �:�V KMш��*XV[t� ��1VU���e�%�����G+CF8Tk�c�d�O0[˃�CD!"r�t f0U��Pcａ#r"✋�s�*ٜ+�<� �ՙJ3�fE5Ė @-� �b���cFӌ�9Z��RZb�0�% "��}π��H�е���0��&P0t�� j�F H% @���eH���0Qe� �GJ�c�0'ɠ{hbG̐�0�6S��[t��j}��tQ!k6""��E�� �4������N���j1�� �p �Lpʘ��kBjj��}��'櫲4 �c}y[N{& @K&!&ՀFY����i��5,�*g5�x ������� f�e!��eXj �ݎ-�/�' ��Ö�d.�0'1���P�&��h� Ĕ���\��� k)!⒅D����z����D4;�42��,�WD�H��ӧ�u�c�O>~E�{y�4��?P�������I[�D ����@ x�uڣا����y���c��I� ?�0-�wy�ӝ������Ǫ7'���&?f�c��� �,�������9�1�M�H$y N?��J:�:y2w�s��r�)B��b�htΉ�H� �ջ�28*�DU �HIr�HF����6� l* @�� HND �CJ= ,Sc#�||ِ$ �bJ�$�rJD���@yɈ&T2X~]brDh � �KA "B�cOhff�Rι(�&���Gj��ʗ*��������s��պ �n�@9GU`d��� ϡ��J���6�Ǐ�x�rI�w@�����,��2z��&���>��Y��%j ؏΄�4���_�i; �J �A����H���!�w �i⪊��\Ha쨥Lg�C��HZk�2�教��)C��B� IEND�B`� n �&� ���n˖�BSA|�Ȣ�1��PNG IHDR � e q�a gAMA ������ IDATx�|�I�mIr �EDf�����W���5v =w�ݢ8��)d�e��J����� �x%�,��M٢e���&[���]U]������g�!��Iɴ���qNn2�|�}de��b33 Ȏ��2*��$ ���$��`!���ѩ�[m 7dX�adr9%aH� ٍ��� �Ei�Xfu��G�uAT�řS�Q sr0�����sV�����qK�F���ӥ�M�b��M W8��֫M�b?6�X�mG75�:�W�:��Vs� 8�̎Y,�v E�q)�{��dJDL�s�2�:_Ÿ~�~p��o� *���ddʲ��G�ag+��K?���X� ��eV���f�[�|����m�6�R�Y���,4�06�l��n�q]ա�l��Ҧ�JfS��/�ܕMͥ(W?C_�%X�8d�����^hfr��M��38�<�X�#eqm !,c`X���LƦL� �1����C�zs��L����#h]�������`n�\�p1#�
��ٸ^1H���L�EUW�U�ڸ#FE�l6��� o �5]�rѴ� RF^�d3Vq�f5���}�\�X� ��ZI0�u�-h�S�� %.�Tr�T �1 �I;��i�M�w�|Zm�T��-;&W7e�:�K�F���1���עà]˦�7����X���丮��)�Q*Uh0M����S_Wb9w]�֓q1��4P��AQ,�� K�%�BdZ� %"C&2- ��95�i��� �P�33"�O z�.�b�����xt��������s_vڃ�O� ��O�JP�r��\r�flj][��m�0i!5炈�i�S|�ữ
�bX������S��y��˳�{w/=w���ևgo���vO^��z�:��� ~xk�Ե���N��������Ã���rk:8���2�x��[ ����f�<���-��gv�o�v�7��7���/�h-e��������ώ�t\����5�~�W�b�*yva�bO<�TՄb*D���E͖Rt%���Oc�l�%�\�ɵ�ԗ����kl�f��z�y�)5MH�5ͫvʘ�j�XT�?�R?���j�f��L�9D�U�h. �!Y �̗s8_� ?N��^�h �k�\ʤ�Фf���C��(� �E�6p�5��$�������� "U��� �aʣ��ng��6�������?�'���V�����߾����א�%!�"eH����ڷt �&�y��U��q��?�|�ǯ�j�C�'����������;��W��5���_{�F�������I���?��������у۪�A�
��vuvf3�Rvd�T��w �����1q�^�T�U!7�g����ܼn���D+ �"e��$T�4ĵ�;�s�ν{�T�`m ��/����+���� ��c�N�4�ʷt6� � ����f(Y�2�f� #'6�;Ym��`��^免� ꈈ��w�s0bf���������7��������r� ;�@¾oh�}�1����Q�~j��+�o=z�19}�_���yA A���N!�w��1�
G�V�;.�*2Aa`�`�#0�A$D`0XD� ``O�Џ^���G�a��ȩP��Sq��zv��aJ�AO4��Ͽ��ݫﭻ�0>�O~㋯��w_zs���8bZLV b������e��c[ ���f]{��w]CD/_� !��Ȇ��鳿��#�ۗ����0�e� m8z�s�ٿ��{aUS�{�J(.��`�l��ůթL[E5������x��ó�u��vc�t �X��l5J�c1��� ��$Tyr�Sf61EJ)'" B��].cJU�lN�~�b3��A=5mb��B�c7�c�R�v��cTsԚ�i� n%���F�:�:��K�w�x�������gM�L����Caf��D��n�{��?�կ]�q���(�+�BgY� [.,���� ��:'�RB��A�'2���rn[�hXb�,�DK {�%Ê��R2����>�]�x~?��Q�0k�t ��J��� v@���5o��}��)�C��V3��ۿ�/�L7w>~�ߙí��P7�.���9�"��d���wn�����bn$��Ms���T���ڂr�����v�1� �jiY�R�J& �%˭L��*��J|Uʢbx�}l�U>yX�j�C���\��F ��*i�[�*��m]��5�a\�i�ZM�۴B qݣ���"�N��I���� Rw UM�%�v�O��IM8}Ctꉵ�����4��F6ސֳ��r���^��w_ݺt��!�E�)�QJv� bD��`�����[�� �msB�m�V��[y)�@t��M���Q JxU�o�&S�x6��J~� �/Ďԃ .�����բ�Ks)� ���p����gU�����[ =�U� �w1�볇W��s� � ����v�w���;{߹��q��!w v ~�ŁLϾiy����Gu�P-�.�dr��]�%G"j�$�@A�f��Y[%���hg�,�/ ņ�"��L����q]�w���~�y Grx,��,�o|��V�.�x��ղ� �Ņ\5)��%�Z�����/�?��W��6�3�Ѥ�Q��]���kV0���u�C�ڗ^~���u-~[�:;�b9;��*�e���K1��l~||�����{������%�u�.l/��no/Żw~����{]3���M9��G�_���*V*�R1��HϨ4����q �A� �f�o[,<���m�m�gDpD(���ܸRL �h<����2�U�a���\E,.g��MJ�7~��!�P�_����n��= ��xX��o���N_���n��ʡ����PU����*�\�� 6CN)��$Tλ,.jirt��ɅN ���� ƍ��渄�h{��N�[�(; �����\!���������d�PWu�hX�~V�f�}�.�����r� ³8'���]����Gg�������)J�T6�И�6��Sf!&3� f�fY����6��u�}�+_�Y��G��BZ=�0M�g�kn���]C���i ����z6���W�|,c;_��_�ս+{��Ga�=>��ֲ��?��Ƶ�:[�?�s���{�?�ش~�+lK!P�)r�]F;�E�"���A YZW��M,��5�(�ԡ�,��3y��[��C(�M {f�?�/��O�����_t�n�� b�!-r>D�&��ދ������'�cڟV����~|p��ӯOu�� 3��G�Q6P���~�)i���S���[q�Q&˥��@\9b$%�Qt��ɵ}�U�j �a�ߔ� s���a,�����F�㥾TH��I1}�ś���/z 5��*�6L$�yD�ж��yg�˽���:+Mc���qu ��s�IIA�qd �sR��v;k�n�d9�4�q��N}q>N}�ݴ9^4�f8m�\v"U7�q��{�����}�n� c�<������_ݻq�p��nZ���^z��� ��� �(2�g��ލ��� �䤳I�z�E�a��/[PIƸ&� �/��jgH��� �D� ��%#1gM�����}���?L�}M��U.g
VC � �UY`Y�Ȣ�GhF&c>Bѻ���_����/w�Jr3�(�JR�): �|^�2�e-)��cܔ3v��k-( _uј�{$N�Y�8�L�ػq �����TP�x�)M7�y��'n�W'�s&p���t���_|n�y����w�ܻ����\� v��̞��9R��'A_w��r[�v�u�\ʑS!���@ lP0�;U$%fa��Q��]���������'���y��V�}��q98��}t ��������}����Q'l��=�_�z������>ס�{h;h�� f��8獄 sR�U93��_��F?�����9�#�[� c$���7�Κr�q������Ž���̳7��~o+��L�T �m��ͺ�b�͎�Q��X8Ъ/�k2#�(A�HfGw�w>���X��~B����CK��tk�����:�ΖB@$c�1 19�څ�E;�$��>{�5�$ƪ�] \a'�K2)�Ix,���?h�.��;�����'!4�TK.两˻ۻ[�զ�%UM�[ ~t}�EG�
}��&N������p��,��d�P�>M���-l����=,��]~�x!�͂D���'MŢ_��oT�{���2�h)ʼz�d�ѽ�v/6����fYu��II�+ � 3bf:��<&�J��X�$B Ċ�D�Q́Y�vJ����j��I��ͶCNVTZ���k)�M�&��Z��K`<������eS������#'�UB}�l����g)GL/PA���]8�| �aV ��T��7���� ? UWv�7�?�?���g�B/~]�B3�����*^ڒ/���D@�ah��(��� ��/������ � ?8��o��'��Ooޞ��D�m�Ҡ(33@ ���5�fuM՚Y�B�l����8n6�������n��{ppt��O�q�.vUG��g����=�]��J�y jI}d�z���v�>|#y{�W����d�������!�wf'�D�O1��J1���7��ǯ=������ݮ|L�Y�sZ�x����[����Y���X� �| "3PєS� B��k�� �M('m$���B��k�8ƠPժ���?HY7�5%K�ݭ����9N�H����p�-Ӵ\̬Dˁ���߾{�ࠊ� �JO���P⾖yS��1q�tiL�q��c�[K�� @`�uY�� �/~��� �aU�)�[���������&�:Z��w�Yw�n� �����AP�^���l��i���}뗦�O]���r���������ա� A��n�z�(nǕ3��%��d*ٱ�b !�T)z` ��vn���}�%���.��V/ؽw�?;_[��� |����㋶�R�������P"(�|�g�[>��˳ݽ�iڈ��o���6N�Gu��9 e f93;NЯ~v�Fs�����=�7���N�p�\�����TՂ��0��[&�E�2�-z�L���i��Ѧ���Ӝ��u��̃���-�P�feM��2�)Ʈ��=�|Uw-��7����rE~*S�uqգ��<Œ��� r�����:w���x�Q�Q�SD�O)]Ht�i��2?An� ��)�L�� ˲�i�b���D�q�P�Y6C����?ү}Ucڙu��W6����yΜ]3k㷛y�KQW�(<���&� U���P��{O!8 ;���@�Q��3��j����A D `(�Y � ̻��� �l7?���t������_���<�ؐvn짖R�:m�~]� ��RJQU0��� l�[[K�X53����b��Y�G)��w��e��p�n)y?�X���nѧQ�8���j -�q� Eđp*9���`u��Z�=z�?���B�ԏŌ�_T�X,�_��� /Գ����PU��̛qʧ�u��͊x����VV���e1�g�V�S�} ��y���eH��4���uF�����mī[����j _�.��z��$�B�-�@�@���pg�H�K�T�]F�&�,��R\)ARs~�}zG+��ꍽ�?��O&m��|�@��9�'��^��3�9�s�B�|YH�@$���#"�J�(����M�t3��]�Buw8������S�������=ة�������7�K ��f� �� �();��)�#3K1���ED� "�0���B^�U ����~��_�w��Ǜ�4.��A`G"�PS,�S!SA��s� U����do��4y���0�,�{t���;���_x���}wo��g��qmo�����@�P��!�D� V9W�k/��(�UM���=M1(m S]F6���Y$3)�"֪H.�٥��E��f��C�d��(0c@ �#5���i��*b�Ȉ3L��� d��m��D �SW���?��sUA� �&� W* i��ARC!����� ��ព��͢���j�J�`��FDD\L�u\6�O^c�:���G'�X=ֶ]�ܣԬôq�xO&&����)1F��#�����2̌�s" T�BL�Zݻ� ~�s���ع�?���?�g���éݯT���v�c /�\W��Z���s.z\�;Q!/��X � ƨ\�̴�*��~�G˭�7?�}���'�>��Kj���[�đji�&�'b�UU��� �39��0�����y� �f��:G%��8d�5��w[���R�-��rL��Be_q � ( ��Caɖ��<���%�`�I �%�JTB�`V�`�Sh��1�`��D�: �� �ͨ� )c��J8'���pR"%c�*,fUmA RX�1��.���]�G�h%�ue�M���s֍0}¾!�Yafb眡 �ޟs�̌�A P��QOH��gܗ��ܯ;��S������?�W?`-VvJR4ht�'s�r� Yc G �Pv/_ơX�Z?�i�|��r֜����gC�� ������S,��b�9�� i[aL�~JEH�\P����6Tu3/C�J1�"[&b�����ʴE��"/��w��:�S~���yZ�� � �X��1�d��q�U��� �Ĭ�+�Z"�N�ԃ p ��C���P�XQ�`K_�� 0r c�'��d���"�J�R�/���U,ل �$9! nR�2�Ed�� �*s��qrǫ�v3Vp�ylڋ�R P���Ta�� ���y��9��jf�ة�6��v5���]�.䓑��N��k!ԃR)y�n� IDAT�$�1ϥb.S� �*GO��3��_��bg��Z�15M�s>9;��?����CW���8�\�Д�i�Y.gc ��VM��j�R�1B]��h� h��4 �U� ��x�1�\�2��@R��H�Q.��E� l��q�}k� 3����dw����23� ��]�A
<|��z=4>��_�lV�ıG�U]W�7��V�յ#�h������6�=bF�H������`n���0��gu�$��@ 7��jpE>[�@�M��x�������v�� �E�Ȁ ���PP<%��I`�IW��Ǝ 9*��P�Z=�,�G��� H� �pE�kn�v@��2��W e���O� PC � ���;�B��Hi�r�� іG�ؤ)�e��h�%��LT��Ӱ�\٬�E��ʌ""3�jvN�h�&�\AUM�̸ fS�R c�C�U��.sM-JUos3��k)>E�יC �"�YO6����Gg6�<6���fk�Nv���|����=�`�,��g��j�����-�īM��Z4UM Y)%� 4ݺw��g��M3x� 6V�BF9W>��j�����J�|���l �����bY�%PW� �oU2���D�ʏ�����a��f0;3�g���s%�;�L�A�T @`cLA3e�K�#�l� ��D0�0 PB5��Y͌T3��j�����).�3I! �u�Ƌ�p�p�/����/G���ڮ ���u���1ge���#w ���]�� 9!*`�P�I7��#��W��c� q�BA.�V53�������3��9W����N��Y����^x��g.��QY v�?q|��=��?��tt2���|����,M]��[w�ޝ�[��-4�P��� �=v�2�Rr��[� ������_����I�;M_� ��bZ����ޜ w�~x�>KZy�ZV2�iƜb�R�m�o�T�v�)6L�}��;tu�m!�4 ;����e̟�Pι�f�|s"�+��O�9W�g���'~� 0��#3"��YU�J�J��^�:�#5vǰ՟$:�k�z�2 �%m�}��T�,>9�;�V���KW�1� ��8�"̮�LvgseQ�YZu�PU���"M|N��b� j2��O�|��P����*�&l@�`�d��x��-�T�t�_~����m�>@��T�Oo |�g��v��On�y����8���Nb�����g�4��r-"ʥ��Q�{n��ж-3��脏� �z�ѣ/<����/�89��GV ��j�8���3B =��OS��� �ҤTq�b�ƙ2DQ�L\�#�� �7 �L�}�uw���?�r��V~��/% ?���1�k���2�'�`�� �Ռ� �XOæ� �U3���ӫϱ��/��8��酿� ��O$���T�� eg��S��|�����TdmH�:K�Ǵ�~ΣCQVuu���3{f����̓��Ɉ�f�DhT=��t���l�t����~����������`�OΦ����p�귾s�o���/�_���~�� ���ռ���������bQ�US7ME���z>oV���%N�#8 4iqf��k�2h�G� ݺ�g�]���+�>v��ԟ̚����\��w�Qr���k�*� މo�7��:������l��L� J1�I�(����0M�����Q�$�>���R`�T?]} ��_b�_�n,�����|���@.����N��W�_NjW�j�5�Lg2��L֔8.[�K�l���Y[1�94���~3M}L��UհIY�Bⶇd��m�[)���z- "L�H5g�\3J�*�� fg��a�q)�~��K/�����1�Z���wgt�����?��o�H�i�w��o�t�� <�Պ,Py麄��[ � ��.wH�UH�&&�x���\�v�M��a����5u%�%3�s^ק#����������>��K/?�>88�� @)`��{{]S�M G�R��\V';��uZ �fg4]�0�qXJ�!h6{}� �2)@,�,����%0|" �D�L����w��>���u�b23#��<�����_�����/3O��K�Ȣ�� գ���4�h��h���F� �Q�X�n��:���? �����Ml:֞��$�V%n��^ �48_T3LK��b����T33ԴvN�M-�DD 9������Z� �is6/Cl:����o��O>8�v�o~�3W�x2����w^�}�t{�i��������[loyWqIEt�'Th��E[Ra�M?�ēӳ��6k��49�ѣU�����8�M�qU������� _?9;���b��n�o ���� b�Q?2SfX���d��o!nr܅1J�H'"NּR֚�a�������L�� �4M1S5|�,<#�YFb� ;?���AΫ��TnD��ƃi�ٵ�֠$����.��qM��r&�6?s��v��h�h�8� Y1��$�0� �%�\6�y��y���"��=d��5�LZ�+PI��9� ?zt��[qUpΕRT! �����鉛� N�g�~X]?� ����o�{��^z��^z���� �����SW�W������ɏ�}���������/C��NC��y��.8,���zzt���K �Բ�R�cl-�;G㣳����b ��iVlN��>�5������RJZ�W�v )��,P1���w-~�H�~�sΨ3OV��E҂�; ��C ����wC�Ӿ�3�'��'~�D�h?��C����gC`���ѧ/��g�h�� �9����K���u �����Wg�q�i#�v�;�F�M��1�i4�^3����@a3ų�q�Q��ARa�Z��������(��Vm"S.!�R�� 9F��$-���ES)�X��rJ��Iݭ��^���� b��=��+O~����>�} �Gí�[�~����?����ַ��= ��օ�$�2���r�lo-@(j��jL�Y״�X��k-Ƃ�< _�]T�"��М��_�����|VU����եK���c����&���B��� p��}Ǘ����6�`y*z�����6F��005 "�3p9Oc�5�ŏOU��^�w^"S3�% }:� W��%`�W����y �Xs�ڊ� ����_���z���f?�d�}����[r��}��^gzF3� � R�HЦ$Hl��o6�j����� `�~�aðe�6%SHQ������3��齻��*�������s��YY�M9�H|�_|Q�qq����s���M�����**T��q BH%55Mh�U8
��7��� ��ѣ r��hf)u��[W6�fY?x|X����D�n!�b���<�N���:�}��uZ��qss6�����ݫ�k2[����_�~�r�A�W�Žr���M*�&�$�0�ԡAC�)�W�s7�#뚢��� �����g�γ^<�� �� / �
��y@� S/.m��|ݙ~ qC9�����b>� $� ���۟ N/N�|�E�� �!��ٙ�ȼ����`~�����p���Ve#�K~ �Q��4��K�C%� � �M�Ǭ��T�D=�a�V&�[�y8J)6�9�梥T�[�*uz�Z� ^�� ����c7a� ь; g$��tw�,o~�/�͟��[�_����y�� ����O~�/~�/C��ZR}H")$Bޘ̚��Z�۾��\b�@�깏��J�?� � u��6w77�]r�H�df9�GO����\ۘL*t��l^��;�u���EZ�_�η"j1%lb�{�l�� � ��l� ��5XΞ��)�/ݧpF��!! �ng�] ;��\�"�M����sWsw�������gَ w0���AkW:6�P�--�0��" �?���H�/�*�zZi��R������ 7�蓼ʱ%� 2�j�����ܮ��'�Vԝ��� �Ժ<�,^ =\����{�~r�}e��o����_�w��Oo ��ΗۉA�� KQ�Y�80 ���㹄Z��p ���Q�'��>�?�;^9����zwk3������H�J U_a� �^���5o�s�X�����d����1P�\DnX*3�j�q �=��,K&Ρ ���� W27*�ծɦ� �t� ���2?3(�Y��yL|����..������}f�n�#�H!_Riy�!�y_1��y���i(N�� �5g�C�r�8Ѽ�b��W-���jyJ>�<�G'���Q Z*X�P12+R�� �� N��ŢK�u�A� е �E�u>���W�ݺ�66����ɿ�����y�� �R � �� �M9,��� �:F���f3��PY���) ����� ��'�8�MI����UJl j���g��w>~��17 �J�� _�����6�3�d�f�+�w$�%�2�j��毢a/'V�4�Wi�Tf��?v�0/��x���� A.��/ T�� g��%L��S�|a��z~�Y�=��GyXp��x�t����@��.-���E�A8T]��4TRm"vj��,��ψ@1����U@�y7��x������O6��γ!k��n���5!0��5�v��G��'�̙ ��r�l ˔��,�j3ݽ6;9>���^�z�3�R���,ƺj��08����&`�܃�n�O��NVkU#R�ĥlMg1��lc�v @"3�L� T �pxr���ސ��g ݸ�����o|�ka�� �Ud�.I�:��Q��{9��~� �z�E�I�߅pݭH -��. �v�R�m t!���sq�e/�Q�l?�)�+���D�o�e�ֳ+��Jq\;N]*���7!Vi8a*�jX��I�^��)^��c�����;�s � �r�RN]!/��@?��(���!����q�-�XX�� ��F2 �T�ɰ�TT�/bc6S3�0�fc�(ӓd� ̦;U��? �����A� �bBd)��5��ݻ/ <|� ��RA��g$�ۉ���J�kW���>�Db][Ύ� ؆�5�0P�b!ˢ�a���%�ʴ�2���h+eX����� ��ʇ(p���z���ZQv�N�:u��M�O�>F���2"���^^w��%@D=�� ��ܾ03zֆ< ~�|��=��Q3˜4oe��5 3�<@_����Ry 6C m� ��ǝ>� Ҵ���J������� XM W^I�_�h��٪�\IxBl*�PIe���Tm����UVQg %pꬔ�*�J��[��i���ngҿ�ޞ&�z��+P��d� �=fݪ���z���8Lc[oR�l p'����η �� � ��+J�WC���SD`���]�+*w�m�wO�zR���!&4�V(��C �lEj ɥ��^������d�u��s=9� �ѰE�$'��IF�(� "�X��" ��-�&F ��Y ��HD�RMV9G�0� *��V�Rh`��� � g +�' R �q�5��U x�A��1n_�O� ǾAG|� A����}�`�wstwBADD#?�K�⼙Z�Nj�CI U������o|������ � m;��~������������c�l��t�s�h綠�;�m���'業��"�7�i7��P܋&� �ֆ�0�4�4�Y� C��*WBg 6et4���TЦn��!��ܩ7�J&�wã�zGb����mj�Ap�9�!(�%y>���s����?or.o�]�B��8��ld���=L�t�j�X�� &C�l{G�� Yq��|�� +��}��+�}n� �_uG�y -f]R��� �7�hcc��(1��0�(/A �Q��3#ffd 0Uw%�J�"R�I%!G3�J�_�V%m�~i����W���>��{tk�N',�M�l��W�6g���?��d����<�L��Q�CH�c0+�F"�0{fv#H�KӞ�)�*�:ƵZ 0� T � �Sᐉ�� ��� L�:� ��%#+�Lk�ݐ����fh��y�'� �;��� ��d%Ͻ���g�0�u Bz�.0v��nj���juJ�W�juԡ/�L 4u+ z\.q��ז�d)��u��_[s_|�`�W�[ H� ����ׁ���j[T��x��������� � T�,�����!13K� D�D �FŻ�U�n߸sO �v_i��'��
�yB ")�3/j%��(�H���m�0E6�H� ����d���q�^����h��۱n�!;)� �����9 �_�����o���j��eJf q������f� �a��V&����n�1`�`�3Y= m�a�l��N1W�RhH�&� X��%03]D 1 0�7�� �A`n[]�XE E a��p0t/��1!�UX�q�U�FW[E�����Ȫ�s*�� f[[�t ����i���<�`��{?��k���d����A~9��uWw�s:|���o������j� �B�A�C�6(R�2�μ��O�O%�R̭hYo�����
<\�By� o IDAT^8���ؿ-��< � �9_�\a����LbGĢ)�E����'P��7a(�����;`)����z�w���$��6a�-� y �� �B7 �;à�E�Y���Gu � �)3��圆 r*��$#S�s�(�PJN��Э��.�r��kWA� Z/`!�Jũ�Y�?L�EM� O&1�}*�z����{� � ]��L�X*U; ��p�Pܘ�@b��z�~H榪 �H耈L���N�V�L�+0`�� r!T- �ȝ�^��$�j�+2 ��i%7RZm0� }��l� ����� 7w?k�����.Ѹ g�=�܁�뎗����U�)%0��N�Aa2�����q���d#a"�r����IM�T��$�e��9ǯ'���Ub����0'~�>5����R�]�ϐΔG!�@n�P����ڋzQS7�b�UU�i���vӦm�����`�����;�Y �� Cj y6��wVA���b�����v�p���dO��z��l5�+ha�a�_�Z��2��]<�bM@@�P�Y*!��U�2 `�n��4'-ΎP\�x)����+W�p �8�"� "9�� �a@�� �}��GW���C� ���̧J�s�
7$g�td��ώ�wD'c�=)���=��il]��
� W ������2�s��1*.�VE�+��n��Eİ�RFd~k�Z@t�Kq%" D+�̜,C4�!e 2-��݉X\�F4E��� �e��^ �a:,���=j�ơ�) @jҜ0_1s��6>�4&YZ�� ��Y�huH%��[1#u :!�#"�<\��s; g�8�� �-u7�BB +�*{Ѻ�,����>D$�#�i��b��vcP��L�� :�����z+Ft��#%���67�V%HU�ݜ��v{Ф �U���Z��V��(C���[�\��@ �� ���Em �GD��� p� ����3sSU.����XJD̮��A�Ǚ� �K֜ ��f��������q�a�!4<��ݳ�Qz(;� ��ӄX��������3��:�]��i����c�� +���%@>k��|V �$p8�-cIm�א2�;Bq@5@�1�}&�=�xNb�� �<�/���A륃�)|;��� ��L3
�ȥp034'p&`t0sW@�Kxʠ����3����~�!��-�(��A1��y�^�/�uy�ȣ��j�V�_��H��*O�����D�W�roL�]����Q���&�+V��s�Am�ĞR!ir�Φʑ+�~����� "f XPP� �ÙV��c��\�]���\�� �L�h��@�,,A���Qqjq��p��>\�_��R�R),=�1� �t�d(��[0`X�o;eSu�+`fB"��`^ �b9��� g� ��h� @"��&�|��ё��,�\�mO�(����'�O�+߈;/]ߤ�U:�tM��4 ���l��BU��R��Ŝ����Dg�����O- "��(�,�����<���bww'H;&o �x��"�=�n�!�^C#B @��Q��kv���"j��� {������k�>0��v�2L dp/V�)"�� t577p����XNU ����������������$K� � � ��d^ ���֕ �>�P"�VMڄ1pLR�/��h��,��ZC`c��99�0�����ygV�G 0I$"f\�B��Y@���I�ɇ�������n�W��p����˷�s����N��'{��|;��{O��e����Q"3˝!91� �!�*���iv��xʺ^8>���y���x���/ R�S�I�������(�Vg�٩��������B�Gc5j�0��ܾ�w�d&�>��g4C�����|�S �)=m}�h<� �������)�RJ!0pgV*��lA�t�qp���`je��p�~��N�r�MkP�^y�pEurH���L$%kJ�* ��W��fN� 8"c�W�P�D�XҜ ��ZF �W����P��-�O��o������6�~���W�[�|� ���te�ޝ9-������;o~�����ݴ��wo�1� *+J����ơ#�U�������9�_�_�Kӗ/~DD���=�)�����O�y� �� T䉊��X� ��R�c\�J��TN 4 yM4��e��I� k��V|-kr�� I�� ɭ�j&yC$ T��(9�:�Q�ɭ �U��� 0qa6q�F�6����pv��m���ǟ����A��e�� h��+�Y�v �b U�hc�^�5AG"A բj����Yq ��PlP�)%��ɼ[ /W�)��/�'��\|�� ��& o���a�I?ݹʱ?<�����n9h�����~���+����W<dg�N{ ,g��S?q� <̎������2y ��E�BD SO_N;�'P����by��*��z�6[ i�j8x��+�-v��c�W���a�Þ� ͊��m�2�W:�9|���6JF�n�ܝ���a�� ͑@� �lp��`�A����:��h�� ��:5*�9�C8�}����ykh[��g�ރ�� �'�k� �*�أ���W��BUUCU�BN}�Wոw91���qa6J ����"032� �;!sUUͤ�Y����Ԩú�'���z����ğ��1�\���3Z�� L�>���C_Ie�&�b ���h5G �ճ5E� �.|�S)�ev�s�8�s��s�᠅���X��u �������)�fm?4]�e�̈h2m��ΰ���H ]G�!|��o���w�T1��{K1j�[� �ٔ�`!WE��b���2+"��8���� ! AD ��Ņ�:lU��`N@����u��] }j�5� Ӎŗÿh(���z8x� _"Q�J9�Q$��:�$L!1��X�q�rAu�@�������$!�v%51��������y8�v���������/��� ܭ>=���/Mo�v�kW�� : z) �ċ�2�O �y�raf����y���@Q��N��&�w�ew]�j�eߪ 6���-�x�Z�m�+�B��W�7�6�~Ǩ2B�����\*q1'3 4pePC< g�p,W�+��8]��9�=�H �Ḷ�5�`�<�7��ga���������z[5L#o���>J�}'w[�3eJ��1�� �Z)V��]Ռ!�#6�|� ����+�W�e*�� L�,�R�1p�F�o]�������߾������O�~p�~�f{�tOpR� ���兡���?w����/�ڕf{�2uO��!ZF1?�9�v'�їn ��8M���O���<.{ B(�Ji�aZ~�4 [��*���%a��� ��� Acꉈ�uxI�{ӌ��2�%w Bv�W��b�6SH�>�� �g��j�$U�vE� �U��~�>��5��X�9��*�+�/6��x��� �0H�Y�g��3#I�f �hʢ�pT#����kJ�4UѴ@J��C]B]��7织�aybj�cj`�k��V* �ќ �ۈ8�"d �}H��0��OSIu}��L\��j$F2 H 0��(M�aȉ�Ī�KC1 �R 2P�ZU� �Շ���;3K7}�~��U;��O��x����E����_{��g���~���g��ڷ��G���g�M]�T͊\j���/�b�j�F4�6�� �nWq����|��sHzZ7>Ǎ n��Y�� o�T\��:eZK5��r(^h�A[o�P���� �ٲ��s�+�� � ��l »�_q����� ��q��P���cA�0$$@$BE$�`����:r�v,����~��l�P ɲ�y�G�� �X �7��~��p+>���������t��E$����a�4Ak���jA U6g� �� Jo�Bf��]Z�WP4�ܧu*��-��� �3P��?{�w����ڼqgw��,n�{�_�l>���q����z/O_��۴� qk�M\ ��˷���{��k���"`Pbh��=��Tx>>� ʅ� F5�e��"H{��hw�f rD�,�[��M���U8=�5�r}�ʑ��C�a��>ٕB�xQ�%U�[��r_+ ��X � ����0�(3/�V��z�Q�� ��)����M�ZB+h j JQ�a"� }o�ψ �'1 ����>�� n��߮��j�� pH%�9"�D'���+��8������?��� l��[5ue�"���Q ��Li �HbU�eɁy@RwV��c#R&_�a(pd�V=��z��%�C�W��T�_߭ �� ��MX ORg �w���45P7�d\���%�vA��E����`�h�p6��,��p=cH� n��r��ήv��)yY9��|��+` ��%;5� ����*V7�6K�]����EރRk��>-H�Lߵ]�,����p0�EA K� 8� ��� �"XF1�3#���H`[[!$˹7+GG\bU�a�""Aڶ !0����:Z|K[S�+|a��?i�T���t����3�����~����� ��^�<遮nË_�^�O'� =��[[;wo ��P�I;mL�D��(�� �>nKa�_��������NN_[^��~��\?Y�N���o���&�`�X\N7���m�b{{��gn͋�v��s$�Y8֚�R��?��x� ?ת! 2��'��1���r����g��U��f�T̎s~�@�}J �?TL�q;I9�_w<�WaE~�� Ay����f`��z,�� ��_Bq���s�dցW ���+������� ��*�h& @]ɘ, � ���0���F�R6��z��Ӊ��G�e�I�U� �rY-eҴU�X����d5"�nn�&��fj��_��� &�q�uؾB�r��4��Z��w~�WU�꠸&�؉�KN�D�Z �HX�@�_}��_�+�T�\��t�P�N��{/ۇ���#��?{�_�7�����bmM��5T�?��|���d�MJb(�EJ6%E�e(� 6��<�)o���� pl'v �AтC�&)K�l6��l��f��۷�t�=�SU����s��`) ��q��{���U�j���ﻶ��vwi+>�H:�������l�IbU-~�0���1���|뱇��] q@�ؘ�cO��aܪ���Ii_D�A.��`7�+�c�1�=�u�mڇ�0Kd� O�; v� ��)�����%�����L ]���2"��18PQ���Y�3��@Ff�G�H�m�@��R O$2�v�=r*�I�R1R��r�h�W_�1�,в͛S�Y�m�����B<�m�P�8Te��?(}է�c�i4g��Ћ6?|$�ނ������tm:;���I�tϳ�uؘM��L
�"���1q �.�I`_d� '{76hZ�|���i~s�����Qn'Ci��Z2� t �� (�Պ3��7jL�H��6��I聸� ��0H"�w�3"� �r:$��5� C:��s��S͵�䱦}��~��+n�j>ۄ5�__+�� �U�G�w�:�:���pr���+]b�v"�Y��; Y��) !T�� ����w.dF��4h^���0%a��� �Ȏ�'^ݕ!�I+< �#�,3�1E>��;x'����"Tj\�)�f�G3_��@,��=ͳ��r^U�YrO�z�:�N~�]�`�t��T�ޔ����8(�T"�#3 � i�5O IDAT�l�S�<�xf-p�IsJ�.C��g��(|x� h�G/���_]�ݜ�Nmo�s�T�ٹ����ڴ f����K�M�wB��;�UQ�V+3��oV��
zi�d-`Ȩ�Z����9��t>�����K���)���sU��g�h Z����] @^ �'�7��pX2��y�}�N��X3�,�\�_�:RO�dW� ؠ �XL�;'�V|��9�ؚx��ƽ���ݞ`:hF�+ `f_�4eQ�IQ�!��{{M��>�C�@�}�1��}?����i��� ^�A�9L��Yi.�6_�����oB �C�� \Y X#ޕf��"iN ւ^LQr� J�`c����G[�`R�Ѿw����'ㅍ���`��,5n=p%ߦ��k�j/?�ʝ�hڮn���#r� ��w��� ��!��<.r�� � ���q^�"�Ǣb18�X�rshf��U��k:�S�� �'}�]���/S* 6�5d[� �|a�tg��X�Z0;b���Su{�_��y[�j�5b�Y��7J9�肳�l������S�C@Tg� �C5�(�Ʋ ����S�/���7�m��l� �31o?��L��`� � L� b�W�0N�����j��¯R�6��ӧKr�������;�A�; ���z��Y����I!;� ���i fE���U �� PAUGT!�C�^�r�O���� m/l�������[o�]��ml�����[��뗮�w�{-`��G���Y]T� C�=���t�"�>>FT�e1�C`5P���X ةf3c�k(vLju\( 7�EB���^k� � nF��U�&�5�CEV��2����Ȧ��� u �t��wz���o�Nh� X䝾O�� ��]r��@��L`��ԚsPiNH୵���>:̶ 4��$y�I Q�����kS?�����逮h��g�� �}��+�eԧ�QU��� ���]X��'YW�����U= ����JJ �Sl��9 ���W��܇�9K��� "v]w��iQ8O�= �%4vX�����%����z��O��������/^�����?�o=����0�v|�l�W }x�q�?��¯/����6- Ȑ�4$b r@wA(w���ٜ �ш�F+#��®� ш��#U��� �� * Gn@$e��; AfS\���f`k� ��ތ ��`bS�� ��b ����t����F���]�����e��ޛڀᐳ�v�n��@!��z�V �ZV -�B;ʨ�( ����� ;�3gvRn'ܝ���n��V�>F�`䳦�����R�����ب.�`=�܂*O�3�9B�w�,�4$B� �͐�)�yH�5�"St �s�X"��,c"r��E��;[n��ߎ���O��̉��i���77�8�ֆ��ӗ�+`��?x�4�N&py��s�> ��ԜŲ�EM��L!"��(����(":�� �fM��BbGʤp7�!Ʊ%�@���N�i�E '�?4��"� 觨K�k�&f(10{�'���a�����5�f�ʿƜ�tj�~v:}�����¢�jf~�t2s��y��_o�5 �ٜ�y����b�x�2�vo� \`�ND (I��`��7�t� �zGa�>me�/^��]�]�*o�l�䢜Ŭ]�}�3� ��sm߅Phyck룏nycR̀�\H +C� 1f�J�SJ9" �0ġ fk3b�}�>ǜS� e&.8G�`d����G�{����'�,X����/]����ެ� ��ʺx�҅:x�L2H�uXa ,ޙ�Jr 3��8ƿ(rD�qL�b8� 1[ R�lF�1#"���Gwd(8 �( dd�iPv��jA��A�Ea�`��f̋>[�{}�]�'!?�6w� ������m�����J�����,�kS��Ax��)�YPdcgn�� �z=[W2@�����!в�W�|ۺ�h��f Y�� f[����}xUs��o��� PEĮoᗟ�|�1So@Q�qF��E�=��,K3|��w���g6��d �=��ɀ�%�u�C�9o��`����rJg�_J�|�l�S� �+x%�`H�: ���-q�5�4�B�̹@� �a1�i�K bTԛCh|��&.� �2�2zTE��nJ�9yj��ʹ�~t��I�qc��*�~����#S_������ ��:W&�x�S��(L%� %h *�Z����Q$���� ���W( S��\��M���B���d���e��Ƹ�:�����o�9���5 )z���p �G��� ܩ����~�o������ᑂ BI^���M���/����s�>{:���t9l&�Cq�������S�s��
�a�� jH�� k�z&*�a��L4��B�� $˼�)a:�=�^ ӄg�& ��� �; ���hC�x�����)��h�p�O��+�o��?��ܸ���/~&縚͖�^���_=��_��2�[���N�5�80oH@̘�(�D W�k`l�Ȍ9gv>E �97�� #P��S�۶0�m�k� ��@��gD7gU8-R9[���4�E�=���>5 ��F�X9��g_h�W }��3^W ҵ[�מ�p!�kL��F����`J�r ک����Z���:ͻՠ '���֩��,o��}��|U( �Y2�����q���7�^[4 ���&3�. �rR���&!��V]�R �B{DBU� �1eC����$v"�s&� ћ��f�.JY�1�Hd�{f&2���R5�� 4o i!G�$v5����C7)6��ٳ_. ~|�l+� J��=�4�����/ �~���.�o���w���w����>��3&K,� V����8���z�d_����{��?����l��o���{�ŗ~��K_�O�������0����s_�B=�1�������~ԧ��>��'�D��| �Jӈk���×���K_Y�Yp-h�$� �5��j��cS�h1�������Q � B�C}Ľ��J{�m�k�a�J (:.�U.�1�|yKw5I�3 f?4˭Y9����[��� �(�Ĕ���JR�s���[����v�C6�D�w�G���T �e�"��=!e��š #��b�����(��P�¤Y�l���G%В�hΖsR#�� (\&B �!` r1fE(!+�:Fw�(:��D;2(���n_~��˴�ӪUC�z��Jޏ���*p����g����|����������� W� ���K7�x��r��H������ x�����?{�o��~��_)6�G���}��X���,��o��Ͽ���??{z3G��w�iV�W~�K��'�(��+=T0�jK�:�ca�Z�j�vLUQy��I�(�V�����.é�{�i�1�`c9� > f&1K�K�h @s��KdT� �L�d��[֡L)�t��|o?v9+���`V�`2[k�SӀ# pΥ��A ��E�����r����1e#�̔�6x���չ��M��8 ík 2�LT��)�L�e@s#1�� b��&Z��D�/�M?�� J��rka,�( ���(10��y 2�Κ��[7����zY����""M {hBC
��Vβ��xp ��O8j:� ;�q3�5��<��mM.����Ņ��X{՟_6~�������@D&�w�V��(r�b����acc})����! )!jLG���P4&�rM���~�I)8�$Y�t�6S5Gp���S�]�������dRxv �kGo�*���"����{i�y��iI9�����G�A�:��e��`.�(BJ�*�s���7\�6�p���"P r8(Q �X�z\ 4��7S��>N�)�ȣ�/�>?�Ĵ�v%���(H�+��u ��S���� K]?8=uߥ���?����ԩ>'�E��������,]]u)���O?�&���7�?���gϞ�����|X��������e�ƉH��1�-�$�;4 @Ṇ9��l�0��RQЦ s�#��H�����X4��b]O��F��z��J�sT_�'� ��F�e�Y �h��+ph���&��6���� .�tӺ"����llc@ UF&d$^jt�a־�6��M����r�CYT)�8����v��6]\4�{�YbU� �V�Lܧ�5��p�Yoxv ]���uj��)�4�L�Kul�� �y���X5E* 3[,��SW2��9 34pJ����
��_������?�����P�W�POj�n�`��&g���9�e�� ѷ � X ĩ�� ���E�D瑩�&I�V.���� ��I� �C/�cA��O�$���Dٱ�n�)M�ՙ+m�7No�k�V�ղ�ٓ��2D#2 fg):r� �(4�,E0A�PuC**_M }�A�>�w�^3,�!��c�T�h����bI�4��V/^��X���^}�����)���x�����9T#@� kADF�,�� ��`l#���4?<����0g���R<�J��2� �;��� ���(�c ������>���_}sm2� �y��P���H r�`�3 ��A�Ϝ�\)��&:����w�>���r:�?� z������W� z� 谿{�s�y�U��/�
� fff�s) L�L���o�)�e����R�����Hr�cL)1��VMfU�O aѮ�?{g{}��֦��vk����K��g ۹x%F�!v�{�1enEF�B3��f�<���P�6�/J�� A��s ���10`UpT �/ʭg?����~���p:}7���߿fO�`��E��=���YK��� T�,$�t�ꛫ��n~T��+gV���<�j����Vw�^�=,&��w��w�vvN�=}� �ܸ�� c*'��a:���ܘn��??;�b��E�)(�!zf"��@3xagR:�`�R�L�� BJ� Pr���r�\ I]P��&���� p��? e��l�@T4v�rOD m��( � T-'�� "��,� #�V��e�b�ꜣ>�@��(�w)�@C��� �P�TW>K�;7n�%h4��e^.�wo���m�� ?���]Z%�g("�vLD�Q�;�iV �Ċ-�0f��&�P����s^bd.��� �6�[��]�S�|����54�?�&ۛI����x �vֻ�)�}��G���#��T5M�Bc�s�z�y6��� %7M�~�6��u�Ty&d���b��w6���d%+�X�%D����A 'H�@�"ff�А��""�'�JD� �+a(i��"��t��9���C�6���)<�DqP@�h��c�Pٻ2e��~�@L%��FK���s�HV�`,�����4��vr�!BJ�� MA�3a�$E �R� ��� �d�1�4 �_���m��]VY�L8'[.����I�|�V������z�" ǀTU� �����8�6�u$���Mf���);� � 20 �� :��������7ߺi�]�����>����?~���� %� �{o�sx0ꗿ�s�T߷�2d(�Z ����\�������!�ct1)�����$����f��@�6���w��Gˡ(����j$��²[\���WX��!��x�:!z43F ��!c�A>"�O�I@�!����� B� �sn6U3E� �&WE��M��~� yD�#�6[����#1fL&��9'CB %�ٱy�lD����.��� 4��I�![�r?�fu�(�w!S$dg�SX+@=#���Sp�H��<�?�ꔽ+��|��� GA�q����9f�m_�E��@%v �Α����1K�?y�Ν�9��`�o������[���7�.}�ӓ�� z��;�����u������ǯ��? �|�gf�5]�AM�:"sř3��� s�g.C!qМ9pp�!R�.@E�P�(9gf�T�x� y6���Ȗ�,�] ��j5�f%2B Hz0G�����2r*�AM �-��ꨦ ��.��k�c 2"00��9��Dm�@��@��ҵu�� 0! g͖9 hR�����f�� �9��� ��:��#D����t�����~���`Y�
�# :"�#"�l�tq�$"���δ撑S ( � �{�f�4��?�Y^��*�e�e�w�ڹK�?��/?��O/������]���������7M�B��k���g?C-CJ��$�vi�a5�'u]�a����w}g�Ѓ#��@�~Z��e4�A��L�#��I �f�� ���U�U��f� H%�(dB5@b1b�KI�9 9o�@3a Hjѩ2�*#s�*���W4q��:ͥ�,��L=1L�S� dabD�l ��dD �n��3ǚ: �^��"�ID$=bw R6Ĕ�.C "& '����,�9e^`m�u ��W�� #��F �U�0 �6 vM�P*9���0Rk�����'�x��O���r7!�;��ן��3�?�T�}`�~�� �W��]x�'�4ms���'>��_�[���װ큨��F�U%m��WC�k��ء؛���c氱�1r��=��ثa���VꨞT��]�8Y�"�J�N��.���9��� �!"���Lf�jΌ gdBα � FHk|��'eE**� +�%���%���H�,MY� @k�a�� �28瘝}��U���\p�����U��D�S�T͈�6@4�$�L� JW&�:X�KUb� � q�7" C�w�� 7f���؇��~�N�a}��Th� �IDAT�y ��\�h h9+3g��G��)����Ѐ�w�$�8t�-g$2͊�� �掀�'V` �|n}�T�Y� ����ȼ� ~h�D��m5��P��^#� @����' 4 �JL!� �/.����T��E���F��Ko&���H %�d�FrU��2�; ��('�4�/�@�(Č�] �|�l� !I�IYiJ![�@`.�8�mƽLD (`J�j ��䜙J�L%�X.�?~�^M
R?:���8�����_'�w/�Ɖ]�w��;� 3!�G|�R������s���'�|�.'��x$ ����3 ��2br�Ώ����IBDN (�d�Hޛ!WE�1L��O~R��B\Y�!�i-}���Da_t���u��B�$��Ȁ���}m\ �;��d�������|����PN�pw��>�QN����_��B?�B���O��hƏ ��}tAǶ�xUM)�x;V:�9�X�'�ؑ_A;aE%���[���%%I) C�1�h���ų#��=}d�L�b Ĉ��X��L\�:@�J7��O宩&��i��C�i�o����)*�H�PY��d � &�,�BA�$d$� *��nH��"z��ÐBYuC��^Cݬf���'>�m�>����g���\�����6�������1^ 3������O ;��xa ������ x�����H6 !Te����� @J E��ǔ�gO�4��}�9�n�7�o �9pL�� 9Sfph�L�c9� ݛr%:Z'�W�?�.������x��h� IEND�B`� n �m� �����s�u��U ���PNG IHDR � f �y� gAMA ������ IDATx�t�Y�fir �r�o�}��������g�ӳihQ�P$esA[6`@ l 0|�+_��ʀ!H�tC@^hC� Ґ��q�!g���3]]UYU�U�{~���%�'+�g�>��/�;���<�O<qp� h ���R� b"$a" � D ��AGh @*�9�* T � # ����@2���B¾�M����,K�Hk]�ֺ�*"bfJT۶J)c�|> c 1 ��B ���c!Lf���`8�O��� gY�(e+��"R��m[TDF�:(� �Lj�Zkf����$I��SJeI ��T۶Zk!"�n%5��"b����Xk����H�1IfffM�OD���^�� ��^)c4�(�&��^�A�s��B�+���C����1Ff�q����j�6J�AoH�EE�B ��V QQ#0����ݧOv�E�EY/������t��Qq cNON߸���ڕ���Z��!@�@#�s�Y]`��02#����w "�# 2v D� HAp�AE&I!�)�#bdDDD@ 'C$��b� ��*�{�Xc�.�i���QD�c���>8�Iu�<8@DPUu��1F����F���r1�9 h2 x1��B׆�"��a�j>֘ئiDD)U����5���Y�H����+cL۶i��U��V�,B�������RʹV"3s�803u�c�n� ���._g���D)�4�ֺÐ�hAJ�@MJ+���*��ِr!" 2&�dJ)"��� (�� F Db�!FN�Xa�/擱N��]]� �v6����8=8��i��bo��/X&�̠�B��݆��",cd 0Z@��[D �l�F� �R"��%" "v�Q#@0�� �E N���nݛ���:ƨ�RJ�u�e30K�$"RU��65�sL��9��) ��2A@)�� cL�����!��%e�p�y�`�U���Q�1�4�J)�\@�к"�b�*11p�e��P(B��(F� �"�v_wt+ cDD�T� �K��_�c "�M��>(T�� Z�f�AD G1�n5)�4�V$d��"�D m���^�RD�; 'FA��bђ�]� 1��oܺ��������7 <:����`m�5x��!"� g1 "*EZC�p�������,�c$BA y�:x��@Q2T�Ib �$�T�� � @@$tD(�
*mE8"��4)��g��Q*T�jD�1*��2�A �$�1�̶���5��̤3�4i��1���1]$ F�16��/wc& `f�\F|��h���\k εZkD �#�A)e� � (�ID- tW�$ !B�,B���� 1J�21J��(k[��8R���h��(=��J�i�P�L?�r��ɋ�Y�*����>u�U���ރR� �`3�&-���zy� 8�N�F�9�J{=� @t�Q @ �����Q+ � ���2���D����G� �1�{�)�ϲ��6�M��m�,k�Zi��T���Bk]��NL� �Q�y6/�&"#i���}P�m9 jזMm����.�QJ)�� ���j�M�S�1 ) 1��FM������`(8���% u�n�A�� �N�c�kG@�T;��k�u1�� H"FE�5��4 jEF�V̑Y
�v�� �� ���έ� ��>��}T&��Ϯ���� ��=��\��3y�Qԭ�^�v��t6����������l6�����Ν�����(�*KR�к���������}������ϟw���<������I�%-5M���v�K���} 1�B�P� �B�SK�1�N���� �Z�V� �1 cYUi� ���"�A��,O�Ļ�j��� �R�sY�mmo�{�흝��(Z BZYP�G�ԓݧGGG��g�2��|�s�O�����6�\㺩���?:z~����`�]"vP�Qk%̒�ؑ-3gY։�6�l A@�H�h>�LOb�B;���@ �A! � � h�[H3� ��Ñ!U�Z��h��":;>� ���=|� ����'����d�ۿ����O�ߏ
<����W7O��U��{� �֝� ����~����}����'�6V���|�7��/�+��u��Vn����w�z�3�h�W������_��?|�ڽ�G�ء?˲puu�����ID��D�9w)c/# \��p��"�N)'�s�2�{Ͼ�� � ����BSQ۶� ��M�0�m ,M,}��t����$�����7�����kݼ}gi�Զ>�h�b��XB�� ����g���_�z��{�����[D�m� ��&"�����P� D� �"R.������ Ő* �P�H1 ��/Ez�F�Bj���/)H*�Rq����vn�y�__�����������C�3 ���� D�+��b�`�Zkm�Az������� �h4�j[�I?�^U����lVk�"u�?? �,����� ������B�Y� y����|�/�� ?��� �X-��#*�H���V�^:�NBRPޛ � ~����Vk�����߸�������9��w�i�$�bQf69>:\[^�MAb�6Դ���F��̬�"� jd`��PF��" �r!muD$@C ���ô_U!��A��� 8 (�ئu��0�z�E�D��y�3�c�� ���7�z�����E����L��v��ht2�Ν4e�A���7V��N�Nc[N�f#���� �B��I@Kd�� E� x� *� e4��.��*�d�K�/"��ep `���ǫ�y�f����9\?i�� N�� 6�#���>�9�d���� F� "&V�_y��l6��ʝ�������X,�?����[�њֶ������o��w_��ÿ����?�Λ�k����w�x ��$�;_�U �{� �=�s���� ]�����Pŝ�~�l2���g���'�W�/�g�r1���߾;/K��%����K�~�������������q�:(Z�%ic�um�� Zi��D�^��&@PD��9�����ε�A���Z�6 1�u}mck>�vj�9�e�g�.�Rb���I�jc���! "s���,��]�˲���a��*"�4���Zc4�\��JסU�����z���+_}��-�Y�$ ?|��� d���I��u��m u� ��e ;CHkM ��4B� $��W �Wd[��G`-� L&�_�}gm���=��M�A��=x �ٵo�e����+5�@�KD >0���Z��ι�lv��EQ"r��N۶� n�2��Ս����N�=��m�4�k^��[e;�zZd0�O��8ϖ_�{c������\%5S������[����$� ��E��}���������k B�f�Ҥv���/v?~�����k��UU5���hee%pTH @�%H� r�$��FDԦ3h�"oBB� �+��������;7ɀNh��;�1�92�j��J� �d�x2Q��~�g�<��]W5EV�5��ij��\��,C��|NDM�Z��©Q+i2�ίgyf��k�~�~��d��������{������?������b����`� �E:�� ��P��l|~pt�����1�R _D�ˌ�;�P�I�. +!*@�9����4 @ �ARP��!C;/�*hj�)��T�1ZkC`@$��0 ����s.˲�m�p��(� �ՠύ�J�����z o�H�O�*ކ�$je��և�:Qm;����� �m����I%�`$���ֹ�X�Ƨi���
x�Kom{w���]�'""�жL��&�vmU/AS-b\�̅�LQ' ?��O�B ,[p�Lb �����:$ ȂW#@ i���o���,7�8���Dk��P�Z)�� W)�aQW��USg �9 us�PN�&[ "hҦ.��Q%x"��� !b� Ys� ���X�Q��y J�Bm1���M����L�J͢-_����������Gf&�4�U}�����9"��1��55����DD�&UUu �����u]3B�QcX�ƅ �P T�����^L'�奁J�� n߾�� 9 k�֮���c�_��������q:�noo�i���~ nݺ=\^��wCjww��?��ڇviy���� ��b"UU���y���+7W6�(����
�����^]��� �ja��i�_��_/����;�� ��^g:4m��b�} B��������'���{������zq���[wn�?|:; g&�уF H�, ��<�m[�eQ+K�O ?9<8 �[W��|>�<� =�M&@����������g?��,��% ��f�]] 5mM,��J����z;���� },Z��\�(@�"cW�BF`fkս{o���ۀ��T9m� �i�K-vyF��4Xh�ae0��w�ƿ�~r�}(� �R�"�������OR��B��3b���� ��,�b�m�F�^��"��,M�νTD��\�v��QMƧڔ�j] b��_䋪5f�}�\+m�eY�;�b��;�0�bj� ���i�T=_\��2�a�#�D�&U���`U�AD�hȒ|X��"�1(��V�^Ꚛ�G�(���y��U�$Y, �fI )�8�� � ��8��W���9�N�_������s ���[R������;g�'�ba�y�ջ����g�/z��z��I���ON���$��Ch���Pݼy�ʕ+Z ��˒�j���=<:����IJ�3ef{ ��R��o}���^ �+���K$t(":F1���@k� !{���D�� bdc�|�\��."Q Շƀq�-�n�(��w�Շ? � �P8p~������{o�̷�V XA k��s&MB`罵V)CTJ�VUU��}DTD ��|�_ a^UU��9;��(o�o}�ڶ%L���i;�M�֟L�������5�� >�6x��<&�53���+�� �9��,-�i����m �y8X�e}����Ϛ��{�%�.P`f6�& �o[BNR����}B�o���d �2�ʲ �'��xzz�����`2�^[�"�'��啕�����{�gg�kb�o��qibEkR�9�����* ����/��q���q��ں��={���FH��Js�����r��͛kkZk�s����y�Ǔ�Ç�?��� ܟ �ao�����'�z�#b7uUպ/�\4\�k��F ��JXP��.&zֆ�֧��?��|rr��<��_��n]Q)�>j�g�7 i�P�����k�h�@�?i�f�9U�Z� XFA���ʷ%� ��X ��Jȳ^h���$���Z��b�1�az6>�>z6�?9�m]�� Wj ����\��H���P,����>�a�m2�6[���V^:>m��)hXd�Z�� ,�e���t
= � �ON����={� �6��������MU��W�!�}���oM�lb�p �G��~��?��Ggg�����k�u)�s�����O��[;W^�{�������Ȳ���;�v���p���.��(� ���| }���������o|�k���ͯ]�}���>���LQ�cW����W����6I�i��.�$ �=3-݇ ~�x�i�;wn��B:3w9 "�δ�b �R'���G�}���+��魻��~��[� Bʿ�� �}P�- �X������9��]/�Er��Zk�a�nɺ|�$v5_�J���"-z�����3����7�<:��w���Wo���/}~m�T������t�������j��+0D��xo�8�6K�T5.MӮ�ҕ���z4��4M�k�Y,��A��QEbDB��r�X����� ������v���r���'mhώO_ �=٭]��� Q�����5������|!,�A�4Z���6�F�Ěȱ��e���W��lll���}ppprr2�Nv��\�q�s��z����(I� �H B�Y��ei�9<>������~�?��_��o~�Ϟ=��/~�������{��h� �.�> �*�����4����ɚ�W��"9<<|��q}s�{��� �R�$R!` � �@ ��x�N� o��o��Ǔ��q0ZO�H� J����z h: 5I�� �5�8�� ���,AM��$����b^��Ӻ���T�,�����g���3�yHIq��&jӔ���(Ai$Gt��Mm/ �j�����$ B�UW9�,�3�� �D���۵�1GG�Eޏ��ۄE�9�g�����Ǐ� �^4����ȯ]�qe���rQ�i6Z mv�]c�<��I���T۶���7߸���Z�������^ |��ϼ��/. ��>=>=����r~��������(˲��ukf!c�� ��R�]�S ����'���_��_����7�ѯ,f��B�ş�� ���C�:/��`^B��:��|��c|�����> 0B�(�7��>��K���D^6 ���[�RC� � V� ��`�9X��� �T7``l� ;�� �1�!�Ʈ����.�NӴv�� "��O�>���{� ͋T]5DI�f���W����/�}5;���[�mlQFRF)�ͭ�ɢ���g�U}�%�!�� >J��B,`���j�;-�х�m�1,������`0 e��́4Ngg� �r�A��ͭ������۷ ��Ç�1���imV�6F�C!tM���Ԧ)G���,M���yUj�%�ݽ��/�^���:���я�?~����ֺif�N�7�]�˪.땕5BTJEf$���KӳSRDJ�������˵���J�l�G��`0� �^�Յ 0� �B�]B� ��mC��~����bQU�{ ��z���֦J�s]�1�� 1*Dl|��ζ�%�ZS��9 ��k�M)���ܖ�"�4�V;����Rü臓��4]���MW��hE.Zƈ:o���m��^� IDAT�٬�����G��<�_ ���V��z��y��f��p<Ѐ&����z���lm����6W�� UP'��*��5F��!ƈ�)�`/��k[ ��tf �E�J)����d����E9{�l�n��l�pw��Ï����<*�2��+WN�ΎN �-E�p�<-�����G榭�����4MS��h�� }�����\�g,������?�aQ�ݽ����m��˫+��������Y�wMZ���!I�l8 6��{O�
��5e���G���Ԡ�ׅY^Y]Yۘ���b���ZY�`8�6�1�z=�"�x
8|��������pmmm1_,��Y~~:>;<�m� ��E66G�+k���EU��}��� ?`a�(�o���ӧ�O ��=�Ve���l6�N���h�4��O�����'Z�,ͮ]�Zd��^D�0;��d�4���9��z�^[7 ���;N~������;_x����iN&Y�_�|����C�ƨN�{�JQ`` T*�t��.�����i��sW� ��v��@ Q�BR�4K-�l<� �hC.p��>9$� Q8��I�t1�� � �9wY�꜅4M ���(�3�FfH��UbrıQ69M�׆L�p��[�U�в�XZ9� �|-� f�h�2 @�f���( ^&9�� t3@ �"r!0�2?{����ç�C�KKKi���;;;eY?{����3�-/��,M����uiΏ_�P���eurx�4�--�==TJUe�fV)��Wy�5uS����b����f ���.�������"��A������C Qe ".���o\�e��Q�Y$$I��9#�~����������O2�z�~����4�y�m��Q
�ܥ�"U��ģ����mH̊c�2�R�t8HBʐXW��|y �N����7��-o ��3eb��e %:5U# "i%�4)"�� �P��D�c��ك }��yU��(��!l��4�ޣ]7w����������֖>><�㕥��deow� ���w �����у�D�繵�|>OM"�m�Z���R��K��p2 O&��UfnB� ���Aݶ;;W���;�""�}���ח�o�OM�k�[��`�V6~�i� �p'�5��|�?���{�p�h!�&d���Tr����rL� /�
�p�g�t�6�JNi!',��vi��c�ږ�� �Es~�X�FK��ya�y$g�^���Rc/�G@C�I���ES�(�#i�4�{��� ��Ғ (�W��j�x�� } N�� [����j:�?+���_�3
�n��.^�xѶ�pe9�@��[>;�����:���ɋ��W�W~�Q�R?y� ���vY �;�w�{�W`Qx��έ�T�, �'} 1�#��T��Y�������e�g���4#D`�:'�Y�qF���F� 3B�� ��̳oP'�ff�F��fh�*IʀKM`bcU�q��W&�"m܀�R&c�0��s� � �Q�]�ɰD�M�4I���~��GY�H�$Ƹ���%��ӧ���&��g:͖��GK��r�?� ���};�χ���PPI:��?~�p���pyi:�Zk]U�Ue�]�Xo�fV�%p����&f��]�U���������ҫ룥�00w 8DB�!��i <����R("����k������j?\_�*d ����O��W�x������c,��� ~� �!L��|��.�q�B"��x /���Z�q#x9؍�v�|w\�'�K�������y��- ��FT ��Nk���`�3j5 xP���\���S��9��s��v�`�"Ҷ��d�����s=�L2�X����Q r�ڱ/}�$!��� $��1F��B���b� ���+ ������������ �<�������`��f6;V�V���Y9���ѵ�+I�7 gs��������q�yu����;��ggg'''�����UU����)��x |L�XTY�iK�6u�<}�䫿�>��b�E���;�\�$Ad�5�����O��+W�s_����4K��OlF1�V���X8�']���b��.�)b�$���%�*u�0�Kr�4�}�T�uǎ��3t � u� ��Ƙ�ź�{�뺥�l��bPd�t-��4 c����?0�u;Σo���8u � |{��G�"`X�}Z�����8 *|~s��,M>�������gY�H f-"�d�ŀ�t� m- �� E��xL �_�Z�����j�ȳ<�Ҭ�[Z_��t:m��QEp�|wBu~{�Hr�K����ӣC�� ă�Oo��╭����۷�TU����|>o����pmmmkcs0� U��������h��� H��T5�=x���7���yA��w��x�FD���5 �1�����Y?5��U�x��I��}�ȉ�����N�O@��t�e�꧄�O��<��.���n �ΧߨTw� �Č]�����(wW\�t� ^� ]WgS�3T �P��W���^)��W��D E�����8o�k3�# �&o�9�(v��aVa�[��c�Q/R�XTå �4�+`s������5D�o\��^}�^[����� x6�llldyrzz�l�����d�./�mm�½�W���h����v}�����Y"��'�'�Ʀ6�cQM� ��~��� �x�|kk�,�����*�wUd�M�� Lh�t����m�~V�P���LY�Ϗ�m B�Z()���j���q�7=g�Jb�g�%Ø�U�����L���Ò���T 8�cb�6���[�(r@�,K�����m[���� �U�Õ����,�l��f��m�Y~>>��i��ܹE��ݱ��?:��i�[i�(\��.�����)? ��^�Z[/�^��c�~�0���C�ܼZ�y�s�����t1_�B��*U�郏�߾s+�2�C�41F�C1I�ڹQ��|>_]r !��wv����I <� N�c�������P)��/2>�|����$�{�Z�%�P%"��y� @)2�$^<���?Nx��,���&C]Q�s�Nζm�VJ�i��!d�i\P���;LM����Q��Q�N���V��I��ͣ~�5E�}U�ޫ)O��2����Y������\o;[�� �&[�q��4sZd�j�i"�<"jm]�B�,��w��G��_T�.��\�U9��4 ���MӔu���!���S!\� 1�.�=>|T���m[�y=0��b��ѻ m]�Y���7��I�Q���f�4MSk���"Ƙ� � �~�����7�ٴmn��|dγ|2 k�}�u]w�!"ն�1I]�Zk�TUU����h��?��U�����j���s��NΏ_(�D��)�.�|�f~� �K ]مY /˄�_F:��9lf��P`aA"@E� ��a��7���_jFg�m��R�{�G�Q� i-��4KUf�Ӣ���&���]5�kY��bE/9h�F����gɊR���W��F��� �8�/�ÕĴ=�uٖM��D�� e���g���y B�� Qf�������YSV�ɤnj����v�������|FD����p>�m���k3d}��d~~�m��HPs%K��������BP�p��< ���y�) ( mۆ���T�� `P1�b2�regsmu1��� ��y�, �� �8<8<��_��s6i I�b �up�#��� �|�|�����&C�x�B] �� �.U�'�z�.�X<�i�kN���x�痰���.K�p!�?����� ^tY���{� ɲ�J���ɇ�##3+�*� 5`(� �hR4�i�(��n���HӲwZi�]K&�i#k-��a��e�Ȧ$� �j@��1����� �i�<<"3 �/�<ܿ�������{�yq,�N,գ?���s ���y��{�c,�2-��� �|���0y��ܴ����Q�y�V��I*8m0t�&~��EG^'X�4#� ]�+-��رNӴCk���2彇8֙��G� ����,KB�h8����J�Y��� �/����$Qzwk[I��N� ����{%�2��I���p~f��p<� ? �4e g]�V `/�R1 ��,ށi�bJ��pX�%z䂟/��ݻw�������/~�+u�PΒޅB]� lS��� w ��������ܻ��k�umk : xi�4Rᗉ���P~Q����[��. sNP��J��L�$��,k5JI\ǭJ�N��St���>~��:!D�}|�9c]����(B)�}������hq}rP�w�Z �N2�3��b��Y�u�/R������[�o� �('�s�($b�q �sB"(�(��o��۷o?=:��J��Rnom���]םMN$m� >����a^8k��<�M�S͉�h��Q?���d�Q�A0U5��ι3�����7��c���QakkK* R�HSJ��i�� ��G �֥4%�xDc�,����AQ|��O������� � ���~v��2=#9���KBqms����?ӧY�9 C�@��.5d>iI�\��Ku7=g�W�v|p���j�:�38 �F ! ��� ;�RR����� c�Z���sM�Ĉe����ł�3f:�VݙP)7 9i�9:����ީ �Z)ZB�b�'�8`u���H�{��b���ݲ�#�x� �.+����;�|�3@���Zo�l+�&g���>88�ʪ�k����dz����Ͱ �� X�iN�g�o��{&X��A�n:��6��N�$%ZkA)upp��= �mK(E������V��S �q��;G(I���_�ҭ[�8�B)e�u�3'��Z tH�t>�z�#��^dr�Џ6���Z[�� .��5����@ ��W.�!\X����"u�\�.KE.0�ʏ�=�4�,�� ,�rX 6(�Ƙh(E��R�ߊ=�ޣ\8�s0�'��Tʄ�a������N u�MO{P�LΆ�X���)��y ���z���`]�E\rƿ] 3�R�{�����K_��W?������,�NOO���j>�/ t{g;ORF��ӣ�d��TR:�뺔Z�qQ�r��xz|f���˺>NNeZ��|l��9&�\����k�v0��C�� ��� �����v�~�֭�_z��쬪���ͮ뤔>��@��� /j��տ�͵����wn�zaҽ�m�m5L��^ ���{����t��֎p����6��wu��l;O���G� ���N b躮i�$ӫi�__:�DUɊ� �� ��)/���<�S� nH@ ��M'�e p�'�|�~J9N�uE; �'�0OX�H�c����ѥ1W,�x!S��/�o�nUUq����S�ewܥ:�ZېR '����"���: ~���M�� I�� �4!��9�I�PW�����/��I�X,r)꺎�g���`�(],�(�+�9��)P��|��Ƿe��G/��dg��=z� ��'?+�O;��}�֛w��||�Q�꽬��_��_|�o����~���֒��(��� �r�[��s�� G> d�A��U�������
��� �m�ه�`0�Z}����81�:�6�� �؎ � a����φ�KM= ����%�^M|��bU��"JF/w�/��x1� ���W. �"�BPJ�j�X+�;ly��r���:�=c E'�� +���8�-@��ܢ���D���ޓ��m�ߓAn;�C�2-B�}�� ��G礔�,��<�M�����ö�;�'��uU �����b�X�;8���ޙO�ggg:KB1(�"�އ<�H� ��3�~ow�.� �ds8J�l~�0�yr�P�`ss3��$I�i��x< q6��M��i� ?}��[7��w����q�>M��(�R��I�u��X�SJ�#&O��p��������1d\i���ffۗ�������^�*T�e� ��u� (�^����C-=?f�R�6��a%q��Q��I��"2 Ј?J�2����獒 �� <:Ɨ�r1Ն�i�� �`�.dž����,I|ߦMn�ڄ� �J��Y�B+�����Z w��i������r*�Wm`m�4\����%-钴� 8�V��-F)��.ʹ�Ҹ֣%$q �?�J�ǙNB��ߙ��ޕ+W�C �{j+�ݍk��!�H�Lu�e���� �,KkQ���Z�;?i�PEf�����z�Xh-�����)A>,F�vqvv����m���^���l�8�$*�>`y�?=|B)�Z�`L�a�1�� �gz��[G�d;���L�,��ֲT:+E�7^��X_�B !��K=�#\XF]�(dW^���sz���܃s���R+d��.�z\��Kq7�1��Mo����J)��|�!ǚ�����*5F7�R9�갖r��C37�l��Ί^�!�� ���9�)w�j)8��N � z�C�I��uW7 <!���<�m� M�gY*?��O�4��O�. �<}�7��iW7����c�'۶q�8k�J�Tk�uW-�l�v��u�t|k��F�kl�BG�o����i6Z��.拭���W^���z����w�j.��,D_�UY������t�[V �v�Z��=A8�X�����" NNO� i��I���D�y%� ��3�Պ�|n����Kg���E"�x�x��%�"�?�2#@���˫���s$V6��{d%ik���T���z|$�����y!:��|�l�����"� "�=�;ߴMó�J4#|>�"�£�� �tz������8x'��Zs�G�բ���w��<=>�L�����%@p e�y�U�u}6�J!�b �9g!e�������+�����������?{�[�[#�)�yƵh�f1�����ػ�h=��>����d���g]o:�G\��x��[B���sUo���@ � � 1/�ti��� ����[W�b6�ĥZ����r�x�d�?���cE"\.�.��K�z��^�Epo�! IDAT���(�_��Ȳ0Bb� �8��%�Z4T��ʗ-�s�ХY*��� �2�#� ��t��.�9q��#. �[�o���?���*ޤ�c�%�
=���9H�8���W�Zv�����N4s��:�+5�1�C)t1�����'�4�A��b���G����� 3E��9��ὐ���]w$�!0�)��)#Ab �2�8�5MTB�z! �2!1�������a�<��Xk������l6�͉�ká��z����1����c�( Bi��Z�,I��*ۦ�:�< k��;SW�A�sA �a��v����w�z壿���b�`sp=� �um��m �xߴ]�&R�<��s�� �U�R����=B�{��|>�4����3@`��W������{?��VJ+\#J)�tu��Mm�l��1����fI"\�<�q?�F#/��4p���/��3}�� a.����[��d�Fb���N��ߊ��1��u$�%das}�>n�����vAFB���P����u�m�zK��Bpb��`X %R�nS8t���lK ��T�1���dzr�9^�v�Z�5��t����+W?��+?��g�GO��]-�C�Ӻm�0�/�J�,˘���Z?~��O�β�1���Ҷ�5g�� �ս�o @� ��К���N���Ɖ��P@��"X��r���Iy.9s��� �,I���4˲�,�s@)�B��繌�BL������i=� �,�*�'�Nu�: %Β4Sӳc��p���O�ɲ��b7�h�c�/h�ջ���e��7=�1W��j� � \,騥�c!��*J��'c���Z��EQX�s��H.��Ɨ!(�ڲ� M\���.L���%> ���M� �nH�4ɅB4��%=M��@�9�Uu��.&����{���/�mn�f���������ַ~��g�E�4��~���GB�֔�4M YNN�|�w��;v���$��H�d4 rAr��S���_��o4�� ��+��ŻI��I�k���;Ǚ��p�� u�v�1&�u�lj��kײ,�s�N^d��$�����սUK-�'bkաM%��㏟N�@��b1Py���;w����[o�ڢw�ӃS-R��k�?��������R�����Տ0���= +��s����U= �"�@�_����veg�Z<� O���2ι����bq�� ���l�HӔ1�M$;zrpx��*/Fc�(�嫌�v:�9I��d ���?��UDi�q�(�<��Kcgq08�9c�17o�����ܹs6��^����vtr|pp����x�僇�:K�y1��X�y��,#����i���@{���_ �� � ��������X�rfŧ>�?���i��s�"{C�� $+GD.�d:)��xc��w>;�� ܽ�����kׯ_�r%Q�Z+�r�E��U ��4&���p|
p�3^�[�Ql���h V�f� .Gm��a�EN� �9]%�UY�[ۇ�9)%"�Й�QE�7��cX�R!Yब��������ښ(A�}�O[p��kd�1�eU��k3xk�%���;?�G�����&oA�L�¢�:�7 �5^H�\s�����Զu6(��W��ݻw�1������!Z �MS | �D��9.xt�z\��R�ٚ��̒�b�$I���2tX �u/_����]fP�r���w?��k�� ��� �>�z�u��)��M�����w�_Bt}�$����*)���R�S�ⲚI1���y����A��1(ʵJ��@�Ee��M�7���k7_� ^�Ϛ��� >m�$�ˑ��� ���,�>y�Ϧ�_~� J�廌1J!���Ѹ�!$MSJ��Vk� ���,��)%�0Fi ��żn曛[Y���q>�s�h5���ቝ� d�AR��5q=�sg� �֖y�$�4 u<8ک)�[-��ӓ��|�;�G�I�GŰ5=j6[�D��ҍ���`Y. ���\r�u]=9N����W�� XM� zV �Pz���#���h�����+���y�&����|6��~:�noo�p ��Qa���`0�뺪*�. @�������Z�J��� ������������~���������>x��?���cj �x��P���%6�A��Nd�W �ssy�*^���*����II�IY�+s)� 岬����5Fa1k)�5 ��v ���5.l��[�Y `l X�B�[��$�?h�֜}.���1c-�6��j������:���*9�rΏ��666v��!J��NfT�!���|6B\��o�����?��y���������魿���|�K����� Y���)u��/j��-�c-��l��ߊ���0\aQ .r%B$I��q�f۶K���5q������yϋ"I�l�� ����ѧ�W> �q?�h��~۾�;>ظ3-����.H���$_�t�����]Nn?��� ���I _����z�Zk\xx��+�$��(R��NhX6�#�����N��kW����sv^.�4M�4X%:RJ�6�Y�����4=�g�;W���0���4x�_l�h���Z����q�ά�əgHi�&I����u�RJ�y��]��U�BX�M��믿��m)�!8BH�Nq:L�bcw�7o}�K_�������ί� �%�W�;�߿��\���_�e4y�!s��� �VZ� �j��U�Wb� wk B��s�T� ����>?/uQ�*l��B2~�mz$ü8+��?��`����h�~����۷��v�����m��S�m� .$�TKw{w�-�d:�� ��%�NR�ʥ����t��oL�1 �@��Z����꺥�N*�Uimն]�����c������&j���Pf�Prz|:��Li�7�B�h�N a��o������&��}�e�Zҿm÷s���w�<������㓗������v��&��*�b:�F|gy�d���vt�N�"|) a�P �(���G D����7�ۻƘo}�k��Nώ������몼��6=�:� �e�z1����sInEo��_�t�)]*\����(��8G�R] H�#� �۶����C��h$'�3\�MeO����Bo�m-BQ6�G�x���.��K)�W�Ac$ (�P�������68����U �I�%�� � ���ф�R�� )˦�NU�`H�n�e�.��=X�[���y�{? �8�M�餭k]KZ��x"�h��k��ͪ)e�-����g���,�X �N��`(��n���xX/OO&��n^�o^ !��� �Of�4�s���Au'"��T'}߷M3 ͯ\�*���2� ���=���ï|�� =}���`�v|:W�����O�v�r���&?�R�+l\z��\��3l����\(͟�w���_5 W�9IJ�|3�(787�Y��v �H�w��A���q�4 J>�z��@Bk�ݙ7��,a�Y���`�B��)C~�������q�p �4k�ۑR"�3��T��R��4u�Y��
��o�����?������g�_�N?��w�<:�:^�/�Ӧ}1[��(u�-8���F���� ��D � K��P Vz���.J)xB( zJi �^�TP��ӫ",c�}oc:��� %�/wY�$hpR���䜜��NK7���9�7�Z�A�Ҋy� lh������y�N��,є��LX: �V�:�����n�� ��g��}r2=@.`mk�S�4���-�r���:��[��k�I�4u��f4(��)�e�f4ը�1�S��UBZ�LϿ�֯���ם!��.( Py�����*e������1`>L���b�$ Y:�x��< �'BV��C)�_`"����B�xm1&�qH)��r�5dz��� ��_}��_��?�G��/������p�.��~��� �����z���)+�_ ��}� � u _A�g���U2�{ �]���^��(u"���-�-�%��X��1� !��Ƥ��>J�\&]�0t�A"sR�~��ߡ�["k{S�R )U�f"𡼃�+͛�ǁ֭�L ���0Bh�I� )�h���M�(G�d�S©�L����� �� e��p��)��5}�s[;Gy��m�h-3)�����[I60� �����d#�n����y��Y�E�w���= i��8� �L? ��M��^{a��@\�Xk����h,�(��i���\[o[��o�Ͽ����ͯ����~~L �ǿ�����;�B�HZ^2�濈5��X���s�#XŰs�r��܇Y��߈'��(B$ɲ�ݖ�B �RVM ��|�_B�PDt��q�9�SJ Ux�DAXa� �%���m�����r�Ѐ��)p� t�4�k��e�� h�(惤�S�z�l���� �����mm{c{#��i!�#cܢ,;o�w�9� )��E4 F�Ҫ���U2G��i��f�X_ Jڶ֤ܐg��1����j�@���qO"P��R[��_2�m�:�m��Fq�h���4mk����0��UU!bqK\�;KSRV�2 �f�ɿ���y���s�������~�� �5�e��z!>�$���'*�.��eޣ�mVh[�<���e\ cy���E` �uV��|5� 1i�4M�u�9� �����t}�,*E0D� �X�uq��e� ���F��ZcM�Ԃ��p�u���q��b(�LӔs���å � ���_�MN���h��EQLg����0��B�$M�s��K�$����p8\�@8����� Ba4U�Q]� �M=7]W �]H���V' � �^Ln�^T_� c� �糀[Rd�akE1\�ƴ� o��s�SJiۚ�t7f��>�ƵR��Yq 7�\��� ������ a(��Z�j:� ��gN�ԞZ�K�E����(� XZ$}�p6 �X��O�PJ�M���V+.uo,AP���r���c��Wo�A�a�9�2ќ��$��8TrB B�$!��X c�f���@��B�"_�U����ޫ�T��!6Pn]C��q�( �F�Z�M��Y �1��^r���Q�M�uy��i: �w�����y�t�幧�B꺎�4���,ן��:A� ���G }�@ �] ���/�z!�=����/��2�pY -p���UvD^]�'''R�$I
/B�1���*�� ܹ���� �-�A^p�;��Lr�!�X��������b�b{m�F�w���`gC7�H�<�� P�`t� i��qM"�d�P����K�3�����}�K�%_z�8�M]����x<��>K�}4�>gI "�ڶ�֦Irr�|��8|�?�(ϒ�/_-�[�j1�/�c����Tx��|Q�p B>w���1+l��@ ��N ��G���0BH�� I��m#vW��H"�}�e"�9�@�D� C�,� �rI{��A��H�,~���%u �����r�aQ^�����hK��b���C�`ѱ�δ���:�! ��O���()1��`7��i�u]ӷX����Z)e*r�&�ra� B���u-��J��76���0g��fw}����:Z���!�]p��>oKA2��Z�A��ۮN��1ǯ1���Fr��3�.�ޚ<��~��A\�E!�<99QJm��D�c�f��J�{�b����|;� ��pP���kkkmw�����d��G���������K����9H�7��X)��*Q͖�R n�0|ƌ���t���g q�� # @��.Hq�,��Rt��@���L7�H�v��9� b�u�r?J�1;^ϋ������4��*�o���z ͟��u+� �lѼ� ��;�+.x�m��� Y�{n$m�`́�ڼ���oN&U9���-$3]�l�x��5gK���.]�x,�B��DJi�圷-�ad[�rRN��;�M3�F/��5��� K� �y����/��U:��Λ҇`���Vpn�5T�F�� �����WR��a: ���� �c�Ç���\�r�8��5u'�z���I�M��֭7��� ߓRs��YƆ脷��΄�b ���;��|�H��h� 3���.�y:�rL�����y兎!�x�rBp���$6��'��Չ�g����E���ݻ���٬���`��R���� �\������1J5��8 L����)�:f�$�ށ�(5')<6!q0D� t!�2������߸�n�TmWk��y��voo��s.N�9�r)Vcd�R!pY��i����Y��c�8!<�b8�5�5He���6����9Hܿ ƕ����z�e�������T� BH�$IӪm(gۛ[�|_�jr�(�h�<:��l������@�����B �����O�����om�9sxx��'6;)U���b�*�������~����L��� �� �\��p�,�.c�rw� Y����Z��^ ��|�_ n)t���?CW33�|���� ���%@i�v�X,��~�k/V[ʑꣳ��p��$) �ǫ ��:F�$)K�e�i���{ ��5���� R�HJ��!��Idb�������12j�`3��MCɲ QB)ť��,�r(2 8uV�1`}�H�Y_ ���S��,�w8� fh]��k��x8|zx8��Mgnݼ���YUU��x� ���xB�� ��rV�Dk���zr�ګ�j��x��ׯ�C ʙ��9|�p�8�2q6i��r�+�y)*N�|���ۇ�����kW��` �!�Z�Ec3r)��O�K}2�.� �� �s� 8'�C B��'���"��1΅@�u.��Ƥ IDAT'�V��e�u5, �lj���Ot�[F\:L9zp:����n�`���뷨ӌIi��u�1c1�g�Pj�W�]A��!��Rɩ���֣/˲,Kg슧EĪ�L�F��E y�;���s�z��YO ˲,I��qp��ZGI��y�Ktց � �^ ��)H��WUU���ޕ�� O��ٔ ��VJ��``����f��lv����� JH�uQkZ��^z�e�eQ ��cBz�)e�!c�H�i�`Ʋ�����7n\== �߿S7P�����n �%����Y�� �%`z��"�\J�����n\�VU���&qXT�'I��FlAl��r�ڸ%z���Z%�����������7F�k��blL�@�p5�\'�!�ٺ�D@� ��� >�!P�%�w �� � �K)G�a���|]����TIkJBH,�����BU���"��(u�9g�2Lp�&��d�uS0 'n �.�?�טH� � )����� �pc�^T���t�sP�$�����{��67)%_��777777�ܹ��� ��Q �lmmE�M��$t�fF�� ��4uK��J,���������( ��H�n�mJ�^�eAu���\����/Xǝ��=����������%��&?c��h��Q��YټDx c,����!����{��C�� p����mm^{���Yߛ`̧K-+��BDj!q����{J,Ph% �e�)�k(�f�y�`���Yk�y��m�&��| o cL>(b`% ���1F��襔��j�N��F�}|��r����m��aR4]��+/����)��?���' pv2���γ�(��^{��ի;��Lrk�C����0Z_�M�u�v]���`k��'���F�R��s��̓�œ��`}K�����������}����9�K8� �oK��� ༑r�>�D0��z����",F�y�$n�v��!$*��|��BH{�藶��$I��O�� ���W&�tޟ�k��X�# SO+!M0���O�lCCɜ!a4G�����nmG �2H�����o۶�Kۛ蜹�[��}��:1��y����X����k� PD��R.|`��������-ȓ�����P��j?���~뵝���|>��=��7m���OO�����Tp�$I�u�� >�Ͳ,#!P �t��W�^ W�v˲�ɏ|���[���W��+I��q�xJ��۶i���� t�����3ܚM �ɷ������������W"� �q�W���K��+�Ԫ��z.J��ҡ�Z�9]N���h �(QZU�+MU��K_a`��Bē�S.��#��Y�R��:<�f �Yw*�C��y�R��}�B��YȜ �;�r��LN� �8ʜ�� tmG9��:��-�k������m�_�re�kS�y>�b&��xG����x\c�ub� Ї�t�VxZ���������k� vu���K;�.��>x��[�fB M���� )�R)c �:�qv:�����~���������t��ퟷu�O�b4��|��P������ �0�M �;��o��ß�� d���ѭ�6�|��u��/]�����وH9 @ 8 J�@��6&���!c$���� �"JɌ9߭ �rrά�JP����i!3��z�$�0�Hų4�۠� bE�X�� X ΡqȐs�F����O^0� �6DP���ܑ�����O��t�Ʉqi�GAB Z�Ka���V����(±�dE*$1]? �+��g56�����= ��#͈�D1.njΉ��\S�8c� ���nar�-�Д^�Nd�u� �a(�|�a�u n4҅w��w��:�v�_������~p���ߡGd� ƣ�����5�Y �m���w� �Mc��R#�蝿X,�?�{�W�+j�$����&L��l���C5����+ ]{��v� ���;���C .H�U�9�=�.H��X��S @� �$�8G Ʉ��1@␙�3�(D��i�{С`�B�(%��q�IDj� .��V ����P0P��8�ʊ��Kߗl �ۨ:-�a�3 U`#�K�+ò���[�b)k��[�#��� R�6�\�D�hιy5zKKZqL��{ߙVH�є�|m�����������{/���<�t�SM��B�� ˳̡K� Ɖ�j:-��?;;�^���x}m����ژRj{�4��*Pzz:A��J���l�f6��M i�*�BU]�$+�"���<B�ֆ �{�v'�� � ������, d�o��ٯ�_��z5�t{����h���j�� [<.����1 �� Z���"b���ʥJ<�8 �rR1t����� #8g��1!b���0B D� � �Sέ H���9�����]�}+��!dEιP==C|��$�"S\�@8��1�m���:) j��M^�o����x#<��ֳm&Ӯ���ع���7 ��:��2�,�v�ں���zC @$@�8�ڠ )��G�m�=VH^�����z�&�~r� J�ؒ([2)R�$�E�& ��ݵ���Y2�pn ���?��Fu���{O�<�|ߗ�Sn���)f�CTD���x~�Abf�N�S@�ʢk�Ɋ �V�+Z0�ٴ�I���IK�<�-[�2ku;kc���&�[{p4�w��wp�w��[E�k��mn��蚶m��mG+��^o0�F��������d�9� Z+HGG aee%�s�,�8�6�z>�S XT� �M���v�ȭq��|����{������l5��; �����'^���.]UA���������� D��G�R�;T��� N����ɬ����e��y�P*�6p2���a��&W��`�>9dťϯ�������5�D��*�1tR�\>9F��Bꬾ�q{Ѭ861;��4�,���X� p���L]��B� [q6���4�0�l��p�)K��X�l�� �kJ��͋{��B��� !8�z��1���Ty1H�c���_8��: %�b>�Pf��S˲|�h�,���ݷ���o͛�m���_E𢵝N�&��к��v�ҥȼ��}��f8Fm����< UY&��|>��`���6-?�b�'�v�i�Z��<�'��O�/}����ߝ�~�����o���V�X���hۺ�� �/<|p69��Y�룼_�]���aW�$Jf)�t���@�Yn�gT��R8�C�s� �A�< hb�M GAh��dV[�@Q�ڴ� .G$ b*Y%�Ұhl֊S]��A���U]� kW�{F��l�|Q��j ���5[\ m���`ș6`Ϟ�8��J іUۘ�������2��Z�g��C��Uf��i���u^ FR^�zu �ޣ�X�V�R����t6��5w��r���� ������l��V ��k�C��z0T�����G`�p|4���u]wus������F+� �9x������2�T*rnooO�'!��R���w<�- ��_��-/&4�E&�+����2\So?��}u����/������]?jO,8m?v'�� Y����9����I`��qsm-�8���Q�ޙ��������b����Q���H��b]���! �tp./���\+��Ӊ�I]�I� Q��%�1���F"���B� �� w�v���كt1 K��L��i�Z��(���'z����`2� ����] $��ؒ ���װ{<ݽ? A5���.x�\h;]�y��%�d���������>�=���e���(�D�OSW ߸�Vi�ao}�j1���2���xzvu-+Q(b\� kP�G�Ž{���h�Ζ�UG��Fق�`�.r^hk�&Bm�����J����|�; �u�!���RUU?� @i��b>�������,�y�>������zkkkY^���0D�ZE�h�N�<����^9܃���î�F���7���ۇPr�Q+j�%���<>A��Nۢ����?\aQ� eD@ ����@�����_���k��Q��_���������� ���?��O�ͷ���o|�
����ʼi���ptpX�%i5\_9s����Ke�!˭7o���k��q��.o]|��/�"[RU=!����s�0h�ϵS� DTZE�+b��cggz����vc����� �+�E�w|{8ȫ~|T��Tb�Z��Ѱ (ݹ d�� �~a��N�a����� T�2&/V�4~ʋ��|_b�Z������BT����hu ��^n]�����,���̎�y睦���w���Z s,�juu� �z�������(]���!$6J� ���̩D�Z�(�8�X?qf%�cWW�]��� u{Q� ���+7���/e����O���K�8��q8o`��M^��z :���� �� (�%3{;�o�Y���;�E�ŧ?�y!w�ƛGG�g�>���8:8|��t!��}��7b7u6�m�Vw�k���g����~��_R�k �=|x��`��>�頑t �â���Yִ�RT�����+��l5��!�V�!Nb[T��4�.^6E5�}��7� ����7zyS�?��5�buP1����[?�*��*Y�� \�1,�Y�o���yV�bf��8rڒ�}FU�];��½[�y�f�b8]�pt/�� �YL��=Eb�] ���v0�.v %�" 1XR�4 ��� �_���bz<�hB�"\�V�L����\Y$���Ta�"P��2�QDb#@�5�af�PP���ƨ �� �a���!�G{nk�w6{��?k���jU��p �E���<&��^3C���(����rR���gZ�.T��eG�H�h0�{������/�� 2n�979�7� zk+!���*�^�G��������� )���w~g2�zﻦ����ff� �������s��������}������j筵 D�� r���T:��gY��J�WD{��p� ����9f,�a�,z��thw�.: �J����p�߅B�{�����+��uI��FW����Bu��?��M� � �'n���ܾ���}�fuÈ��wvCe�k+���.]�uc>�j^����d�Ɲ�s
�q�����w���
�S?M[�#�L��� ��ѡ�d�C:F���˜ �@XX)�7�*���xs�/Tt?�s���m| ̊�E�9#K�x�`�AόZ���i �M%��TZ�^�9�<��0���K�m��f�]��N�f����\��p���+�U=��֎q�Bm�%�B����sg���]�i ��u��=w�eFÁ ��!�`"�,3M7[ԓc�B�����J�|s8������@d.���u>aD�����z�����4v^@�$k�1�2 �� (@f�� � �dx���*+C���*ϴ� U:n"�e^�����W^��ǹ�o\ؚ,��SO��n�`���.��F[O��#��(��2)��O��w�S��-(e��hr�eU�!��p����?��O���h3�<��.ڦn�ᙕ����3�r ���R!7v|x "��<˲օ,�" L&������W_9�~������3�X[�n{������3�/�zem��T��Q+$] ���bL8$D�� ʁd���p�N�)D!�p�?(Á�~6�ߝ�L��-� /�h2Z3� ��C���ͯ4����߫ bfv���8��ή_���/f����u��e8B��|Ʊ�9[?��� 5��ݣ zg��f��2)p��*x�!ԋzqt||<��7Z[��s�H��+�D���P��Rm�$���9 ,�a=���&T��\S��Ek�N?�>`�o]G �e�����y���ϼ�`�h���M�� ��Ѹ��Sk�������ݿ������V���S�����.ux�?��?��s� �G!��tv���}�o狢��/����{���H�3�O�y<�������x�O}���y�S�6��g�w~�~������<�����!����k��g����_��� ^z�ӛ��~���|�/o������_8���K�.v�o�N13C �S-�����t/>�Z�.�j�� `�+��zҺ�%��λ��l_�SFa�W�@�v r��� w{ l �(��]�}��W]X}땡|��Ճ�4x������$ )�u���,�{�3n���$j�Ey��Ս/���U�[9�B�� ��`�3��S�"׆�&#B��[��&�("(�� " QY �����6 R@�J���9��J���|�f����)�{���W߾x���Dv���w��>��ٹ�}oq�����Q\�2��� ��3�|�� ��/uY��̠}�3��Qąкnc}�������'���/����?�ӯ\���*�f0Xq�)�ںy�h�u ��_�ܗ�������;��� ���~��^N�y��UO�����������dw��K/��w~����x:�7FO���M�+%ā2� �I5�|K�O�}���S�n1PF�S�i4�b��K��Ĺ<`�ò��Ӿ6渤o�q��äDQ? 8�^0M��7U��6ۻ���h����Wϻa�ݵ���}�l���ˬ(����f��-��e%(,��9���M�uMlg������@n3 �)��1#m3�Q"���� �� ��hYQIc2�9�S�i���p��#� �}$E��魈��V�{�;*���l �0�7��> ����|�~_.]Θ} JQzfB҉�rZ�L3w>K9� ���u��]�����G?���~�W����W��.�.�Z?s��/�hr%����g�˭�u�A��s��g/����y��7�k��Z{�� [L����?<�{��������d�n�f�._��1�~x��sg�\�� ����&��ϋ�q���8��/���� E5�V�$/� �u=r��v{ ������H�j�nT�vc�l֪F�-bO��t�� �� }�L^�@���᪃�� �x�=w�H�z|�p� D2yn��3�՝[�P[C:�-�V{=s�a.L�ޙw��K�UYu�c АbC�� �T�cd�p ���K3 Ai �9D��Z�1z�M���`@bJ̗�́%J��%0�6 L�dVK��,L����q��3k瞸�2�������pl�w l�� F!zs8�Ǣ�w��1���TdɊ2x_�UA�nZx� �� g����;��6U$���ͷ^� f�E�=�� �IDATF�m�i3Qb�ݽ�e�(�~��ݝ����ֹ�p���ͦ�VSw��(XV����mcD$cʢ0�� �1�~��Zkb�T�ui>{� dY�c�ֶ�SJ���H��${*z1��#�V$pQ�_4w{���m3����&�Ұ��`"�@}�� J!l�<|Ѕ ���(���+���W��@0�`{6ї�zU���[�{� X|�UeYe�2����/ �����,��2�7�x�HcJ�YP@BԚ�w�G_ ��#*2*�(�Q &"�$�#Lj"Z)dР�Q �Vk-"�3�.����c�1 PPS'���?���w��o��|z~�� ��/���AYT�ʍ{����_��o<������� �x0�Q)�����$�{D �ReY6��6GBM�Ed0t�omm)�Z��e�|д���Qdgg�9?Z]����Ō}���,�(˲�ʕR�ټ����D�9��W�}m&��,�ʲ��ADe��Z<"&h]v��BD�f���*h#X��c�͍&�u���*��fuc�D������JCE��*�:���U?;�}{��{|4#j��d�"�Zٲ�E�u]����� ��-� �ц P��C�C��h�QH)Ee�A�� iB$�@B 1j�hY�VZEL�� ���\�F� �4�J D�/�CT�i�B L�@�T��WYY�>��_�����?�����7�2�zy���_�g��˿���W����%�eIL X�=m��`���o�K���i����**4���\�x)�:���B�,+,"P�u�]�p��[7�jgggmm�i�3gθ���^�~_spt�Y��,���H۶+���2�N�� 3h��0)\���U霋 r[ D�2 �5�V�9l�0H�j�ƨp�߿l���N�|�,��ޠn����ĘLk-�7�Q��f����n�ÝE�b��~�̛LѨ?��QT���N�� �ۺ ���Vae *��0��6F[8bcL�1z ����L$,A8J�" �����P�e�'F����X+ cd�9����J��D�7F! a�Z�� �jE�ι��o��[��1�r���~���ʟ����� ��ޝ��_��[7>�� }��5�7B���@ l��3� `IcOm���p��9M&� ��,3��������ˋ.���_�z}8 � �kk��>V���۷�������&�Mq�ҥG��9��Y��`0�y��QI�g< �r�R�u���(�����6�d��H� ,�$��q1����~/U>s���d �}!���f��,��y�{�˲D�� L���Z Wd)R�ө��̘Q�e��l�x��=� ���`�Z �����b� 3c�s�TQ( ��6���(���uS[������J��l��#�d��T����b4��c�Z�$\ � ��(CD|0�rx�����ABB ���Yn�1��9n��S� (tl�lz�k�=}��'�}>��?�?�`��;��8����Di���+�U�+ϯ_��@�n:k2 h�� `����տZYY}�����є��+��ho�hN&Id3�Y=��0v�t��;����} ��U���8j���� �mC�1�^�./Z)�jc�b~|���<��^�:�lU��d� ����M�I��]��� ��quVC����~t�8=�.�������Mw��H ]R%�#�m S��eL�Dj�fQ�� d��1� ���4�@ � S��xo{�)$v]���ڣ��մ�9��0Tq�gSJ�L�����o�T� ����j��D0^�h� h^���r�r1^�^�٬u^�W����ȇ�� ]�*˞Hl���Em ��Ȥ�����B6Ūk�D��7~)��p��q�ٜ�ċ@�(u��l��v*^"'< �q�6��@o����ж�� 7�vb1��3�@r��dg�-��N �3 ���c ����T&��~��ON�.(��� V��1aJ)�h�a��8��B �u�����`�2�u�!L�3B$R&�F|ʊ��h K�&) �%\���2��P� �1Hʦh ���$�Ʀj��˷n����������?�zo�a��y��p�4�g� ϫb���e���0������5��IU��$�9�j�X/B�:�r>ыL�/V)pNJ��ZJ�L�m��� oX�W�˰�@��z�8<*�E0�-y���.�h��`��=��T�/�����8��Vm$�7v��,Ǖ��.��C�#��B�����;Ժ��+M�����_�b�Y\�fJdA�`�H�/��1F��ˮ�����j#��b�)A�`�����,hDM�ekPmUŘ�ril�a�7��8�� aRj�: ��4��6H�m�c�Z E�~ �0x�� ��ؐ�P6 hT� ��;[�Ѳ}�w~{��F��^�c;.w����>�����������:��r߆bQ,XM����_�\2���� 兴���K�{y|1ҙs&��r�^�Fê)0���L�RY����%��Ŭ$�h#m:�����d3 Ƃ���K�)$Sƅo �QQ`�B���E�0{4�)�� *~��' Cz]I�OŞq�����J� ف��F �sVU��@N�B� Ĝ|ț�;ƹ�t�T���MS�m� R��dTH�(1�j�uJ�T�*�uN\v���1b�a�� !�fJ%0L�Y� �JRΗ߿����"!`Ii�,��d��_��C���W ����+�P�?�{��������gV���=:k �*�6ogH1_��yME��H����/D����_�ыD�����xu^��* �Ѩj�Qrdk�J�l�*�s�s�sY�H� 9"�η� ���9JguP�B�� �JDI�? �4���8�:Q��AX ̓��5�}���0� ��4�<^���M � �Q {� }b ¨��ت������ Z,V]h�{U�$�d���}���f���V��B|)�W* K[d&[%�� ��ڇ9���e9,� I���7����%c�I"REY�&"h��G�)�;�� ����,�Ӭ �]aHy�;4�y F��9��}t�>��4��q�X���^1�^6�^� }Ia}�� ^�ͼ#�sh�h��3j4����+��J�j�B�ѣ$*р�,!����-��Yk�������7k�,;��rXk��Lw�5=�4$L�� :h 2C ɖ�Sa?�v� ֛�+�bG8�~�M���2M�@C� I������[u�3�ה�S�]�|��>{�8笌�/���r<�SO>U����!�� �9\3\YS��,��Z�j�)JV� � L�Z�Ɏ����h+杌y�� �KH=�4���L�_ D�}���ea���@�y߷I�����>�$���q���֑��w��hR���xݵJ d�HQb J%A/�8K^uk {��`K j�!��� lc� ��� �B�!ƘE̦.�(1�����y��h�"����u�� �̯q�O�> P^&�s� �����tP䱅*B�ܕ�Oӧ��X�g�yS��1��'�i^dq�'xB�> ���h���4���+�3d�`i�� �����~ hg�R� JΚ�8o�.�mϥBB��,���j� Ę�3 �L�}N�d��UN�j'�@8w"� 8�<*��#b RH���9��� ���ݫW�����ms�����xk�뢾o͍7����'W��@�M._.��v�ñ��+�=:z:4�,nܼy��������k�5� �qU��/v�nw�ީcJy�����i��/���u�VH��xb-�jJI9+��WD�j���/�ow��nqih�C��/ ���+;�}����ɗd����՟���5n\�^���� ;�,�^8� 1��jO�?���_�0�n�8���h�Ѹ�4O&��ڞ� ����s_��T1PI������ p@3 �O 3eK��L�E�L1wcU��C�T���vQ`�jE �Ǘ��JJ��1�+*' ܓ�v�TzD$`D}��3v�,{ ߶�9Ԯ[�P���'��j�0h������u0}"�I��4�ӣ5/`�h��������y4�/�\/�ł�V �Ū�m��>�N'��}�ގ��j@� 1������� ���܈�7�BAsR�BҲ����B㰛��o�����o-ag������a���z�5��˻���"\n�9���!�4Yy> �L#|�^� ?YC��1=����B� 5� �Έ*��PM������U<ح o��s���:�C��˹Ø�O���M�B宎����j���6;4� IDAT��|H�,�z�^���4���/ ;@�dd��@|�H�(��=�W� 0.�"���r|�e͈*�� 2<� �b�D��X�r݆0�x�h u�|��i��C]�Ma�����3�z~���eF`i�\�� �].�}����9 �$� � �>�I���2"9g���fݨMdc��U�f&riݹ �vF����w�w�g��Q3�����=>��w������� ��T\������q���ѦBU�|�㏶����??� ��q���=?����DL`�@E�l�f;��;�P��.��t�4-g{�gly9W���XL��&.��H�I �����>�]A����@Y: F �vk� +��Ӕ��#�V� oO߳0��X��1��B(�u���*�$��"�B+`@H�8g ��u� �h�6t1�`�w�O��iٮVf٤<"�*�e���Dzn���T"�5g�ڰ�ֲ� �1 �<����Q�エX��|{zy��_ -~��Vk ��v�р�s���d|�I����ӏ�rI>�2�!T^@ �O{�� ��1�3^�� >�2�q-I6�Y���y������[���� �B���æ���6)� \�L��^--�C�iS6;[��ES������t��?_�**h܍E�@ �Y���A�$Ĺ �q�����d](.��Fw9a*����D�� y��)� �0K�@5#>#6� ��N��� �q����h�w���a��9` ��)t�=�ߔ.]�|�ж�~W���� ��=t�3 �Bd�lC��V%�� ��7 + bt:[� zv e&0� z6��pI�Hd*�i$��ƫ�3�w�]�7v�Lj� ����~�t�����~*��g^w; ��G�����%rI�F�u�i�eI/��>s<�����l��D�sc�Տ��#�蓚��>�X""���y�,��sL9�"32���E�3_�M]0��8��٭�/}���P.�.�������:����-�[���� �\�� Qt�@�E�%G�#��� �S�7$u9�V � 2"dT$�"l� �%'/ D0 Tb�$���G`k��Z�J ��1��b�·��P�m�-��w����+7�d�� %�JfK � ����k��WYk��5nC�n��6��q�dͤRS��ޙ�8��~��� $� _�j��kf{��_�Oy�����E�s 3��À��� �<���� �oJ�>vN/�� { �irD$����O0x�"5Ʃ&&Ú��� ^�N�Q����3�w��S�u\�.��p��#����W���������osp����Iƈ* �814�5�$���(���`�d���:���� O�FsAb���r&��5ƂB�)Dɤ�Y����튪���á��gk��K2�/ �:��pm�����툖6� X�}W�s6�s�(�#aԘSfÖ�nlU�� Irc ����7�~J ئ�@29���!ϧ��� ���u����(�w�wd���2=�[�ʝ{Gҭ�o��h��1���|�o�ӏD��� ���1�T���)���7� �Q� �A�M\�L�� ��"9� HDL��Y?_�_���f��JC�Z�{��q��;G�3}ZM�2{ygh/ ����cM�b�f "*� �DT5�l��1瘏!������VM-QD$eTќT�E ߭s�"!y�9H�b �� �-�)��1���`IؕŒI��{YV��cQ]� ]�1}�[�� k�����2 � %E����9��g*G��n9'���R����� �E��W�>���onO�p�l�ە�Җ:�^�l���.��e>y|&ҹ���+{� /ۤ��8���й�B��D�<^<.�� �P^�@�O兟���� ���1�@�9��l�sP��`�w��.}.�M�v3�*dfc,Je1@�UM��-��1r���$9��Jcw, �NFMVH��(��A�Q��"�Z�i��漕ɋx�岳)�Qr� 5'��.A�}�Q�p�(ɴ !�u]Ő�sV �9�۲n��[�� 5.I�R��������l m0墪�1&!6��T@b�-��]_L� �d����$�vRU�LJEh�(�dH�I �v��O�|�S������.�X��K�`8�����>����*����_�20\�� qY[���1?~� ��l�͋� ���Q����^x�� [� , l@� n�ԆW�ܟRbP�ȑd̠� /t6��˃���u�Zw�j����x���3�Lq��>��n�a.�攵�h���D�,���D�x �q��gN �� Pf3Gq.B"V!�� ��dQ��#"�A] ��3.�����no��U�*M3h����V]��s��;�:�KpG˃��ʫE��՛ׯ��k��.�w �br �i 7�/*l\MX����D!� ��N� +���,K"y��d��1u�kε�J&�^^*�ɸ,E�h<��IE3"߽ļ�Td%u��vQڱb�$�|L����I������7`�g��"+�����I� ���}��Z�D�� XUM�T�f!��.V ?>9���y��+7�~~1{�t"��h��E��Bs�lM6���s$4� �K,�"�)���"X(�|�(���� �`k`R%�L�UDsD��2���v}z<_�`ݺ��`1_J��� `7�M�g9���|&���νb���x�n>J�igO�g��h���{iU��$ħOOܸ��ٺ,���� �~�� F�I���b>�Z���`���bR%�jR�]Lh��7�wy�� �C[�7a\dv,dr|��4��'� s�@�>1������Y���fs]$� � ���_0��<3{DxaE�'~M7�� ?�WN�&K�d�1!A� q�TTe�ay��{�g�n8_��y�/?{�s��%�>2�Uۢ?i���&kB��X �E J Y�*Q�� 9� Q�'^b&���#���nj� �fݺ�$ۜ�*�,9J�B��sNƘ���<��R�{F;�nȃr�H+ f�>��>?�~� �� >k�z�,�S4ơ���f@4f��] ����-k]J1��80ƈ����)CN�J�J�ę�1E D���Њմ2�� �E�:�i�K��B)|h��i�X dA ��J 0!�4Y�u��:B��Zͭ5Ts� y���z c�PC�+"Ԑ|�/�j�^-���_�b�!K��h͔;!��i�걌�L��{�$���1�^s�) ������ �t�ء�X���� .��6si�6� ��0��*ŕ� ��^aK��+Lkˀ@�b �Z `,{0^�������B3tl Ce��Ҕ*�uMM�u�Ҁ� y�hbH g(�m��0�/���eڂ��v!& � 2�+Kk4�r��]�H�$� `��s����T�^9�~ �k0 %W�G&/�]m�2���'�&a'� hᰨJ������EHR�qB9���9���+s�e��*�dc 2H2` AR�&� ����O� z�}A@�����xؑT��gI��o Ԃ�g0kӹH�kF�]�Ȱ�mN-'���b�(ˀ ��E�R�YUrL ������cM��STU2�s�uZ���}��U�vkS�ҖYe�v��L��Ɓ^.Zw����ֱ� �bTi���~��� �%cT�L�����d��)�!BU �As�$=fU"\�" W,j�yqF�$#9H>�E��d�l������ "W@L�XWv>4�J ��T����B��5h1e ���|��$ } ��O�$іФ���!U�MZsbfU�/�"� ��LZ01 ���Z H�Ȥx�T�AH�+l�� ����A[�I|�����i:�E������(������ ��Ӈ��A�؇g� ���x����Θe�%c�y�ns �qQbXθhT�rL A٪�)�~ب�5E�QL"){�d�a��c�5��d���[��\ '�$ ��H �[���Ojl�`C� ���~MұcI>�,D�"�D��9���,"�D2���:N��S]�E��7m �1��s�$`��+6N��8� G� (IQ��%6>�)�s)�Y��-�>��}��b�eU�9vݺ "�)1:��@��9�d!�Uu�d�9GW& �'�7m""H@����@NH\ �1l@K@�Vԟ�=���%�w%�n|��y�T�<���W�՝~$ �h|��/V�o �҃e�����~��a/]��W��d�sƒ����{��XNS�"��>����W��[_�����W��oP��߽���?� ���|u���|��[]?������k9�>.�ܹs��dX�+� ܺv5������d8KTU�\5� M��W ��x1F]� k F. 8� 1Z�%DFB� S`����]J Q�I�H�bUTYG�"�c��� Yp��dp;��Y3j4� b��HYZfb� ��ֽ M(�d��d""�Z�� +eUI� 0��Ń�ϻ�h�H��D$[k�i*c!���ٓ��s 9�$�ID���-�h�� 1#"F ���1sJ���(��� ��;�d �dI���������/& �}���O�^�=��?�/�����] �;������?������r����o��"g���Q��o���鳯������'��������<�L���r���wf�_ܟ� ��?=�ղ�1 =m ���?x��{g�_�$����g ���۱�~�/�^ �~�s�#�����+v���֣�+ʺ��qUVnh� �Q�9%VG��)U��'͜�,�7V ��" ��:*�:�y�T M� �G&@WVEU�B��ND�O � ��|Yn��A9�A��C�}}�\� �9FPV��9d���b�\7�E0�A��<� c�Z��z����D(B�B|\��@N���Ps�Y<�d0J9Ř:"�J'>�}`f��4�F*���FVE]��%ہf #��ف�d@l�_���?y�����&~}������>��O ~���_�?�ú�q��� l���ߒ�w �� �_�������ڣ{o1֟����lߘ�������������z�)ˁH 1��� �W�do�@BR��q ����Zf��%HE���ũS�h�Z��O_����?�����w��佻�^��*���� !�11�uߚ�}鶜+m���o�Z�m��0"�h�ل�ʲ�Q�Q�Nd��2#�M���," �Pb컰 ]U�AE9���)Y1 �Fڑ����W�ijW8��ΣaS8;���٦.K�)tæ6e�Zno�}�@UrU���(xj�rTWO��V��2�L���B\l���� X�ܥ�� -@�أ���!й�/)�� eYb�UК��)����c,\��)o=Ϧ�h �B3�ѫ/��֥׳�Z�v'���_�~���v�n��g����k/-r|�~�?�H����c��͇ ���,�|���O�B�|�K�����ӳw�߿���o�EW���0��~�w�u���+��կ�SDNY\U f��J2u>c.��'%��_���iە+�,����"Sv���`�s"��*��*�}�����,ww���vJ���v�朂 0]���eB˫�������bW���y�"��D�P��P%'/1��B�9���I �!@�q|Ru�6�f�~Xsqh�$�U�d{ko8(��?��x0 ��Q�= ̪�% �[���d��� ��B&��4 6U��dK[�\�X��sFH�0����y��.�R�)�F����'n8��)F�L���\Qd %�a=\,�4��",�ĕ����p?�I�z�� B�$!;�H�=Q���L!�7 �OK�0K���x�`y��Vs��2�s�]�}0�?|x�f�-�4�FW��t<�������y��r��:�� ���7�?������/� b�4��s #��UU��zP_�zC�NO�c�ι,�b6k[?�w�U;�rNDĶ0��y�� �û���7��p���,���;T��������C:��o�I����������y���> ~�b~�� � I�[���ӳE3����.�g;!�N��������Ó����h��E�`����,�?�GKx��%����ѣ�O =�w������w� =zp�������p1;� =��������N� =y����bzqv:�8������y �*����,K�L��)e�$օ }� �V��o��Y��w���vu�\��� ��?. ���_ �<"� <�{1=vN >�stt�mz����G �O���� ��N�>���w\a7~F!� �A�`��R̓֯���Ec��?��j��^mpOJ?��jr� E=��{��g����Ń� ��n�x����hgk+� ���2:�V��'�`w&W��W��K��5W��3���ӧ���m-����f8�n߾���sz�ލW�o�m o?~�0����V1��TV#ml�?��������3�_� }�;��l>�$� � �R�Y�����P/kK %u��\;ԅ,Kg؎� �B ��v��t�B+I�B� s�vL���괭3ls�*�lW���l\ >�D�����F��h��������x�UVnX��+Σr�P,�mx�CUc@������]�,���ż�=�m뙤Ć���Zqˡ#�)wFQ����]��J�*��@Z0�Ɂ-�@lJ�����!�}�1)hĢ��KI1zkt�j 0���Z� ��^�'��d��ݯ����8��k)�H��q����z_t����3Vb9���/� ��U�{6� ��ч�] �q������������b��y��`�R��n4��߽Dj�^�u6�X.�Iͯ���M�� v?��MF7gg��ԊJ���a�T���N��$2 l��.v���^�ƓQ��: ��L@uS�� �Bzj�joT9>�~י��إ�)TkҊ)��`��Z#A�A��b,��Ĝ�X�3��%��֊1e+l k��ڒ �(٧�2Hf6�wĐ%�~#� $��U���,+�y1�Ջ_��a�I���� R�uӔ�)�zB�9z���mU��1����l�V)5����J��Ǹ� HAS^�� �D�I@�I���r���:F[� |�_��#����k�|��ۖBo+.� 0;�>��.d�}�HYD]���%�T� ����wVwvv��%�*�����XO-�W_�5��� � �����t�w��t��������o�rt�C� 8=y���m ��|�f�E>;;��f��j~q��麭maڰ:=?�Y έ�}���NU���>���n:�v����խQ���=� �!e)I�$#� R���2d�r&Bɐ=��mMk�L�snw<4�� Kd��Y, i��,�)$� �% h`������5̂�>�!%���� �b I�m*��,�B���:�5f^,)D=�Ά�T����O���v�" S!R���wI"A���/!g��[��L�!��DUU�z� m����=�����W'�o��W��w�Ӡ~�t-��"�֞��n3�� �!TMY֎�DC��{;����! qeM��}��]O���.E2A� ��b4��[e D��Ⱥ ��:T]�>��H.ŵ�B��g9�h'{[�I�$����IN� ���>zz�� ���_ x��h�� ��G�]&�b 7`4��3����# ����*4,��0q�(Ȇ. / 2��s Y �h6�{� L�2����V� �� ��� ���*����b0�vg�Xz���� UU�%��"f�8 ��>�'!��흟��������n>��د��, �$G��%r �5�,sQ��gp&Kd8Kưe�0�d Ƕ0� bu�D��j�i�ڔ 1@J9�]���:����o�'o�K/�����\��=-��������|g�f?k�x�/3�-\QM�ľ�N�7��Ү2���|J��H��)2��B��}�]��Aæ�!��c8�T�r�}���Y��sb���%K ƀaP�D�c���RTT!�ݽ,��G �.>����+n�1 A ��m֕�!YWk/����v�R����4�7�%2 :\�f"��Ę�����#�Ib�܉��2E1Z��@W@Y+�c ��YJʜi�4��p���u}$���LQE ��� �+ե�4�x�Z�Я�렚���S��{��� n��G� DH�c�EH)�ЯR� 9�>�6� ��> `@ yIDAT2p/���~]X�2ocgP@V�����D��?�a��ya���{��K�d.>����UM� ͫ�>�����b�f�}m�`B�������Ý���'O��� 7��~�pz��V�1t1;��������9�cJQD��������b�P�s5t�OIVmT�� 6�Vۊ�R�Y/u�� �� ��R�q�Iۮ����%�c���j\�ϖK>>�N�۲ܪ� �I�E�1��HU��4�f }��[��op�{e��@vd:���>��� C�� h�F�`H2O8��$k��Ra�x;j�$a��B5&���_-/�3�*��0;��Pf�V���Z6b���j -r����^�>2��+_��O��/�t�<;��_�QBVE`�O@��4���@�bJ"1 ���hC� ���!� E`[��,�B������G����Į�n������>L��n�R�z�x�-I���m�~�ړ��|p�� }��ְy�;_��7o�|����^����{?|����A��o��l1�t���ή%�T ����CBSTU�Y�,r�%����W�"]�O�yoo�.: � _�0�%x���ͤ�:*�4���� P&[Ëc.��,�~{g|���"�%�q��i�kC[M=/+�"�pC, 9f?WM�ST��?��.� �8R�KG��Rs�# A������Ҹ �^���+�i!��x� 4�dGy/$t����˦6����ː0T���MXi�{`\I�LF�� ���X� 6�r]M�ǵa���s��/_>:�����.��z,���u���ǒ���D��0�Xjp�5ו�.�cO4@ݲX+fD4�]���GO��2g�ְZ����3d� �����Sh �:ZE ��6���b!%1�}�&�G]p�М?���̲ ���d� x }��RE��e ~Q6�A}�q �~��ۏ>�Ν�GGǻ�uJ��R�1���l b����ҏ�y>_^#n�~I&!۰��Y����h���/�^<�8�~�}Ƈ�bu�1������T�2Q�d�|�t���`w2 ��xk�`4�i���_}e�������!��k�|�����>���L�u5x�����0�^������ ��_��b� ���&���MU7�%[,�pPW䈝u��6n
L�H �8�T��cT�B������J���qY[C������'DF�M�;6V �(���v|a��H!��#�pa�DĐYS����dbȠYA"�d�]:��"hTB��\Ȁ& ���aVUy�Ā�!"@���A%��F%���z� ����� @� � @b\��� c��6Re ɂvۣ��-Z�q�1L5���HD�8P�SRQK�P6�4Y �82�"�����a@0 ,1u�Y��(�[��� �J�D�� ���f7n��s�1 QU%�� "D�bgM�l1�9[k7�w��͊�M��F���s���@3�9fcL��0cN9c����2�Č���� �>'h� K�" � �� 9*Ge����f�2�� 0 ;" ݨP9͂� ɀ$@ !� I�f�M��>�3]0A6 ��!Z�7�F( ف��`�=����.�P���9"�SX�@��}��u]�4�\Ji����xR7YaB�]��ʗϿ�;lC�T����m�aw���L��xvz�_������x���/��^^�t��K�3gV�;��$8������lm�@(d"� K��DB��ĠR��R ���K-XF�(�Dt%�昴��q��*�-$�ª��-C�H�B��e3d��j�Lg�Hh�˴��: f'���#:Bh]n�f���m�k�f=�U7�!�UY����|B`����.��u��KU���)��e]W)%ar�y!����%��bf���p�X��33��� " !��j�� ��eɱv��rYCK@��pfbs� }Nm�.�Eۜ��3����S���JrW�p� S�j6c�9=����;�� ���1� 8\{�St|�g�Q��k�ȗe�ݘ�V��b���2�mX#NF �uCIT��Ɉȉ� 4���"5�b�Br ��nLJ�U�@Mdb�$��"�u*R,d�5pS���p XQ��ZA��!����V���(�`^ B��t]7���k�5�*��U���53ܩ PU�!�"�����UU�*Y� 8�Up��*��I���3s�\Uu1Ӝc�j��oB���6+=c�H\������[vv"#1ȕ��ā,i�M��4N^� &V UUͻ���Üs�����JUUn%9�/=5BMtw#��e�O��x}m�Nn�X!"�`�n�ܹ�~|s��������Go�x{Y��}|�zr��lm^�4/�#�13�K@��`��I/u �`��c � ��դ�ȁ� i�V��'�k��c4�$1l Rp,:/�Ň[���𪊔��K�b;>Zd���^�xj�6\��$U̖#B�/��@�8 ��J�[Ƃb�N��u�� �E��@A�x_$�d���Cg�m�+N)�xխb����rG$� �K�D� ���jE�����eʪn���)P��Z��#w�����{.R $X�,� �-:����T�DD�[*"몘�#g-UUi����8T��� ���w�)� �����p���'��������cz�՛/��w��{���/_���t�ýݝ ��F���B�@Ϯ&0�����Ɲy���^���K;�=��O�xt�����µ�f,�ʄ&�����_w?�T'�l�hZ�Z�/}� C�r�M��F��wG�:�T� � F������ߝ��7c1{������d���{�������|Ҹ=���tE߾w�t�k�����lM�-M���ի�� ��͍�Z �%U�v�8���5�L�Pݽ{��`4Dy�x_C���h�����趱��X��]U��aCBD�]�>�6OK :��a�+ �N�k�M��f7)���a;8J)���� C�j�(a�RR��p
�;��� ����������_���_~�_��ؙ� ����|���T���� �?�������O�|�֭�i/���� |�ŗ^������ <�r�49��� ��^��gC��x���e�k��]�0H�g��{ }���;�{]�j�����ε���_�: �"b-�KDҥ��I` *���w�y�у'��ɠlN�W�ۗw�o�w�u�fvq5��=S�D�I���q)K;� áL��2� <>��?<���H��� ��5�ll�E� �#�� �BT58^�:�ܧ�m�9[�.���?�w8ݐ��峣!*��f�� �G"�Qr��_�t0ެ����{���W��9� ���]Έ`��N�aT�n@���Jh� W�����7�sd^��._8�9�}���� u���y�S��]��V�ưJeI�fp6{�ӯ�ƃ�{�jEu�9��J]������ MS����r%" }�ѥ�+u]w�Ey4n�ÊB�K�K���e��R˳����h�$�"e��b�ݷ�z�� �=�/ F�@ ���~�.~���������0=��c��r�SR���r ��{���[���~I`Ap� �ST_��k_�n&sw��d�A �̼V��@ � 'MG��|�5�xcҌ��;�6��q��0�Fj�*�;���@b�z Į��&�X � �z������ ����w� A]��h��=Y���Qϑ*E��(5�V�x�u�������_��J =��2��,c-�W^�0� ����� ہ�r�l��^�ܫ�� �3�Kw�O���ہjqcg���~n��;��.^����/��VM ��^*1l���sӳ���t���iF��oM��\���/�g�G� ��vv&�t��3�/^��Z�>��?�ӹ,m�^۹q�̵k;�����x����P3��O� �˒J�����o�� �=9Z� $��%.���XOc�T���{?�.L/�;) B�b!��LPw�����������A���� %��Ru:j���[o�~��s�[�d�&!�c ^��S@�/=E6��ûwf��ԧ����xL����u]n����zRFp�뜼������aʂ \W#o���-�s�*���P� 4� Ǟ}���F �Ƹ܌���ړ��ݻ��4.z45տ�w�F�_{����?=]0|�}�v�H0�@���������Rŋ��;�������~��U�������ן�����+����Ŕ6���o��O_�2� ���r��솨o��{|���e:�DK�� PL�;�="��s,���R3���Ç(� �FgT��"�TYP�w�A+f�HQ7�����F��6mj��0D ��p?�J� X���Ӎ1b���~�{���n�R;��B�7 |��~��!4�0�_�i�}K �%���a4��݇�������߽|fZ� �e_(y=P ��V��cܨ�j��u �٨��:I˽*+�^�v+ &+O$o ؉((����ȑ wF!�Ց�`��I�V��{hѺ�>�UFH�T��ư�[(�� -���{M�r��攖U�S�T��ܾ�d1'�5�� �g�_$�'��� ]{q���$ @=5u��F�m��݈�ܘU�Q��}�%��l����}��-U%��lZ8*%�f�oʶ!��UU%�m8�`+����p�:$r�ʼJ}3�ZR��(W�!T�Je$��� 1�x�):-T�s�^�p��d0 ��ܘ��>�����]��ܹ \��t��y�ɓ���?@�S#T2��쵳�/N����w�~�h:��a:��t�O�ſ�{��l������9# �g�w꿬�����;��
��A�< �_z��3g��k� ;������0La�!�S��;�t. �w98:�� <�yc�SWwU p�� � 9�}�9��i������n9-��s�{Ӝ����� �sV�HT��于f���D�����;�C��3S� ���J�B�%H��T�� ���|�=JZ�2&Z���9��ŋF��� �J�G�ऀ GA��� � �� �f� }�竃��MQ�d�6�\{�e � mHS�饳����uus�}њg���ݏB-���ٳ�?������+�fʃ����;c�}��7�y���w�)��_��?��?Y�rT������/ /g�����U� -&�?��w��3_α&6����N����3�ED�N 6Ǜ�G���'�w���rR���>;> 6C �J� p)��"�T�嬮���)%� � a��F�:�Z@���+��瓳�G�o���~�1� ྖG߹�B��n��*�3����r�� �+�̘���g!p���1���DdD�a���w+�R2�u�8��qCV���죇ۃ陁%m����?�_��.-�˵ݫ��UUg3g�`2�W�� ��r^���jn8"��A�(�ș��V{��;��v�(Ń*k1�� �u2���dr���Ͻr����� =~t��N����.�Ӧd~�څ�_{�3+Fb&����K_��?��"��n ���G7_{A�������L�y�T�H�K���ɂd��L���J��ٓ��������� � �"@15��� � �0 �R��<DWA����}{܈�`f$�&��x��s�o=����ixX��}�}Y���.�?~�܁Z w�I�5T���e �u��fPw�9�b�<����ż,�kP���;xpp�Z.?����ɠ�8sf{k��ԯrjƁ��mG�v� 6 ��'�n� ����}+��蓨*�YZ�V�i-,IO��#�F�`��2x����&��a�ո�x#�9�� �ji��r�u������ !�vq|�V R�[��M�C,�~ T�囯��W����RW������\��{�����������?���1�)(ĵ!t�(�� T2;: 4���LZ-��%���ѣ���JDr����� ����0�%2e i��P��`��� · ��h�yF�Ov4=� g���7��s_8��ӣ�~����� �����o��խO�<�G�}�@�z\�!B����$DD0#� p���z�L5٤�bq�Ν��T��s?uu�̖�dQN��p��v.ܮʦ����9g5�Xe��\;1���b4� ȎK��~y�I���D�uYJ!�X sf�=��(��Lr&.Ϗ �u�U� �^̔*� %��!��$e�(U :�C�BJJ�P������|�`*� ӳ0wb��~<��$�m}��y�~������}���r�u-"P���~\��i��-�G �ry��s7������t��s�n�x6��vx4; C 6U" D �;ܘ'�x��+���rvv�˗6�f�Ҫ��7w����/l]:S璍 F`B��`��h�y�BN=�)�Ͽ�����t�v7oMì_��l ��F��iL`9�>�;QE�9�z �A��NR13���������(g�y�G�(4�zkT�U�U�d��U4x2 �X�5,��$/�]�C���j�P��-1 ZU��i��%me�O���b1�%3*�ʸ�� '-mc�I}�\�n�����KR��X�<� �q���Ҥ ���� �^C%���I���6���q��Ó��/^�x1��f8�͗Cea�*�e�Rn<}��?A�0��>����'��;��)E�K)�?��~�q�BEW}:����{q�u�&�o�ο��_��gv�����?��?�9{F5�)%�p�UY"X~����y�\ITGMپ�"qq������`���'! [�J ��-���D����,p¿��k {J��>�)��m_����b��}�W=,4n+ODT�0̠pU"ٓ� -ge،b�\�a�[U�6���x�X�lO/��NA��F �Yc! -�ơho�Php^;D����h��e6*2��RJ���&ǽ�|�\S� T�n��P�fC!��Ms��=�ߚ -VIˠ�G͢$Υ���:�u������"cs����bwz�`ux��� nw34���N\��8�s�:4�,�Þ��u���L�| �wO~V� �B" ,k���&����/{����?����k��W��/�����������/.�����k�6瞇.Y�=��@d�j���>8��+����a`U�ӯ��.��������78qӖ�+T=�L N��B$Tp�"(�n0��k�K��HΝ �;S-�#mT�|��:Kf� 03�q�쳐\
B��V��p��p���6ͼ?�nǹ�:Vq�K�P7U��}|8 �u �b����dEQUU����� !��l~t�=9H+���8 m � � ��;z��p���ASH�w�TB��n$d !"/-�W�lJ�� �)�V�sN�:��՛� QQ��^������S C�#��J ��C�� ���R�;�� 7� ;�f � � +��:�6���`�ւ�b��]�^��N�.�� ��6m_�\x���� �ظ�Zc��D���9 �}���>X���b����Y�;�X{ qT��R��PJ�!rq ,AFM�َ*���U���U�2�{N�^�'�BP��h�{����U?�4�w�/_��`x���b6e�+� ��h(�֢p-�Y!j�zgcsv�>� ����D BnO�������#��l_�?x��_��_� ?�����x�՝���\�ի��d����Y�J�ul�P̘شT�=����J�� ���@��8����� ;�u��>nzf6��� �=b@���P{�[9B��Dy}�gw���wNeed�V��.Y;��wREPR�~�,16c�e��¹�A�8vn��"��P�>�gGro�#�!k�4��2��XO�v;��_%!�����[�i�n ;S�@p-s6 �j�r��k /�T�2s�'�#�p�q����_}���n����g����c(���/6 6��s]K�Sݴn}���E��'#��4-!��P�I3c�Sz����Rɼ�$��>�k�Ǐ?�S���ޣW_��7���j� �~�ux��+M6%f����E���bpg f0C ��Df `i qpP��^l'XQ|�xF3 ��]��@(�T�#SP�K5�QյGG��^� �\�C�)�����d��1�)����Z�B�bZ>̫E.9lj�S�Vg��C �[b>Jya� ��LN0x2M����n��N�5���V�S�0�ɛ��P�ղj� w!�,�[�'wOvG}����_x����Z�V�il�b5 ��� 0��B̥� T���J�} bSՀO�X��n�r���fϪ��tE�������������w��c���� ������k�������������c�S��Xs (�,�� ō� � 346�F*���!��PXW��bkg�N|�gN�0c )�*j�-)7T����u�3?���p��P23i�Yvk%s�XO�ըc �Q�9��|����cL �ޘz�g ����v q94��pҔ+�t����s T��e�2�{Pa�xq U�R.JdLٔ�j�� IDAT]W�+M��*� ��<�� ����[ŗ}ց� ������[?�я���"��ݝ����,� 8Ĉ>�M� �M$���s6/x���O�44=]��= ��p0s`^����� 7�2� ���[[[����.�����o��ɷމ���sWFg��ALs�Z �h��:@L �͜ALkK��`(Q�����PD�O�� �� �� m����3:3 U̳��]�k�\?y���W�a�n�$�]_N���"y�d^ri���Uٛd��Q T3�sF���"չ �kM�.4 {6��et�+�i4&��l�iY�;치 ��������""A�b �N ��wZ'��q�x�Ÿ�� Jo��跾���bӺ��E]5����K���ȍu���)�tc� 1�Vu���`\�c�@�Y&�� �5ǻ�n� �u��)Ӌ�Z��aL���윭����|po ��wk<}�Ta���`c'� %����� ��x��"�jF }���XcT�#��ɨiC�2����g�j���f�S� "���Ɗ� � B))2bxXe��jԧ�g�1�z�es�k� han�!���kq[�� ��ڒh�V� �+�����,�2\u[�adhx�r�I�%=�}��9��� ��8��I�o0�㔍)�\�"��L}�>�5 c��{��� ��HK�=���D% �r�h�+��ǿ�����t8Ҿ��x�?���?�q5����x:hp�h?'���ϫ�˔���H��&V��e%dz������ 888dd�h� 13�u=h����D8G�e�����-"k _dzP�����?��3젲���f� ��*�qD�zß O;U&!Ylı27fW+�� g��"��h��J ��[�R�����Y�jYߒ��[J� ̬� ��B���獔�ێf�1��<�i#����1V���"f���k�ǣ1�r��@�����x����i�u%z�M��U1�L�����d� �B=���^�p� �G����O}���s��~y���u�=����{����ip��n^���O�|��� .��Z��C��#�"���� ��oD�i�'�6�EE�%M�P[�;����G�?� K }�� �1�?����̼N`]z���s�����������8u C�<��ypT x����]��6�ډ�OvE<�r��C���Nk9ff��a�7��k�B�|�"�Y�<�0�����"��Fv338�����L��S�La��d�ږ��59�(=��bv9)%�>!��Xd ��#� Xx����S�U ldݵ��z�* Me���c�PW�ܓz�� ��Ë�=w���w�]ת}�\fG�%�z����i�l$x�U �ݷ^����~�v'��W?��,b��n�ZK@V�@� �1�C͔��'�;ˣ#n�*�D ��],�:�i1 �b6��b�����c��f� ��/��a��#�椉ti>�!�Х>'�c��$�d� 3OQB�ug�5z>��O&�럯s��O��~*��}�ȴ&�O��'l��3+ ����z���X�F�D� V A�$��}>�*9 F���<�^��@FfY�.56Z��J�J�ORnm*� �� љBi��n�����T���� �X�{� a��b�o|�+�_~yz�"����x�p +MM�|�;Q}Y��xΕ)����;��<�6ú-wg�;��.� �fˮv1�@B����9s������*��a�:�S�*�U���ba�����S� ��xbf�"��T !�����v�����H��4R�a4�LT�x>��C�����^�r�j� d-� X����Z}���1\����33b������� fr�d+���)�� ����������g A�Yȉ��������qLAm�C�c5b�mV� q+��Ԡ������J^i���J*%a��QM��Qi�]����ô�� ��H�%e�F��|c��Wn�:��e,R+�����k�ΫA������*~��7���k=Buwv2��_x���k!�É|gc<���c����Ë����K1U���� ��T �O��~�z0 ac<\,�jaS���}�ɟuH)lsg�=:�wKD��Ã~�����[۶���3��D@�^]78��`� ?��O%��7�&f3�� ���~���'N�=�k��fL~:���������LDfg�x � ;�L!��A�}�K��U�c T,217�zjMS�$����Z�' `�6�L�.��q�y����ޢZD�� �����-�����ʯTA�993�)���nn��P5+�l�)���۷��� ޞƾ�-1���_��K�kM?��*N��8i^� �ݹ ��<�5E� �g� "�B{!WG]בd�w �bե���u��E���Ɇ�wRw���rw3S7�=-���p��ޢ�)/��j��fcs{��X &����,� � "OJ|�A�U?�x�� ̌���v�r�n�L��0�Z�����?F �@� awU7� d}J��CD$��ΰJ��ݍ��ȸ U��褶r "��z5��L�yU���l����9~d��5*�ڔ,�Yj�h�:�*\�F ��c�S��B�m���±�A }�U N����� ��d�j�֨����o��w� 2V��ځ���텝�d�68�~/qY�, #\�l]���� U����'�d*ZrJ�(�U�,�K0q� =�S3�`�Ξ�< 4���t��ݻ�m O`�M� ?|������J��9,W�������EU 7�����[ۣ�*��pa�Ӥw�W�����3#�}�y31��`�u7���z �AD�vO���]��t9�n�``�b�>��c���O�a ��'6ra�������J �<���zD��=Y[�"R�Tk ��V���� �S�b�� 4 �3I"ز�k���ϝ?钻K[[.�e�J�����7SS W��At0��������!�TB F���s�~�ݳ�Ζ� � ��;�L@�R��뺙`uЧ4�2�� � �p��j6��F]�Ȣ���b���~�㍾�`8�<ԌLU�zP��1�ny�SYJFM ��N�:�w/_�z㹍����ɽ� >>�*�,YY�1�� Ϟ�' ��[|�:N��rZ�R�)e�j�uL3w&�A�Ȧ�� :�脢֗� !�.˪K`av@�݈�X !��6ʠ�0�T�� ͣ��m�\��#gq�e���w�#�=r�J�: %����� � g4 ��Б �*Z�K�\�8N���:���DN�@�*�Px��J�V���7�{oo��n�岷��s�~�%H����3 XI0Dz� �Fu�B5nepaZ������� \ڜ�u @D��@|x|���hwc�`�csy�"�Tհfl��YHU��M����$/ � ��r�������Çw�����_�ڭw�{��wW'Oj�ة��eO CϚ8�i1=�g�� "����Oe��3��R�4@���pS !���yŝsa��d�#T�T�ڬ�aE��ׄ�UK��[�(am�6��QE�����-�RwR�vL�+v �"/䕖؆��CBnC0�,d�Ν�À�~Uh��تx=� u��ِl,���(�P(�(O%W�@Rz�g�{�ǯ{/������>�sk7p5��Lф_����_9�ҽU ��X
���� �Z�VltYW ��Ӻ*�HEJ�Es���&TV>D%��DS�8c"��a˞ X8?]LǮ���w�s��W?�짟��{w���zᗫ��.�c�YI!E,"�wQf�v n �_2��Un#ؠ �n�l"�"��6ە w�t�� ,�@DZk!l�禉��i�P略��B�8gb 5�Z���;G���E�6�:�`��20�����ym�RH���H0�!0iV( ��+sa�4�� �Qi�֮� ��'?����r���j��� ��4�T�Vk��@�v�]4��/�ccV&J��Y�Z$�α� t���2?:�??����V�A�'?���}���a̦p�4�����%ı% �_y� A���P�V��ل�M�� `��U�$9�{��#e����_����q��^DQ������C+�ohD};������/;g��6Tݜ��n�H�� pW��!�Ɵ�H��@7���V ���^ *s ����(����rnUM� �Ԅ�j��F |��[�j�|��Od��@HzED��Y d�A)H�Y?��2/�c�K;�*+/b��_�y���g?4�@%��0P�y )��e�V׳?��"b���*`�i�+ �!����K_��갓Eܔ���������r%��Tf��/���>= t9.�r��s�"��4i �E��o}�ߓ�b�b�F@ � /� ��S��0Khз�C�j͖3٢�R����9���:�#.K���7}�>d����r�; ;h|�%�Ta�6onc$ѭ���hw�>n�Jn�u l�1mm�ecU�ꊄ���DA��0[P̪�T��`�hF��@ ]� �S�*`�R��1dMX@a)4*�E��xT �US�I���j�c4>#�&��g�� ���\����7:�:���y�+թ���I�� R�TC�4�@/2r� Z�V5�jC��(+mv�Q���;����т�F�H.&���@D�$ʛ����G��\�;�1f�1ϐY�B Č7}� �,�s�*��n C��v�'mq:�]���Z]�� ('�8�o� ��j����|����<���I�r�;��]�%@@�`l��FY�����Pz����U͋q���c��p (D�6"%Ö�bX��.��Rܨh�����x `8�` �RX���Ȟ�%4��]��;SF���������{o�?�F��� &�$$������GW�_� �ϖ�}� Qc) x�*�`M�} Γ�k�@%J� aU�}YλY�[�����я:�~o�8�\�i MSCl�����'O ��&�S�Z� iB R�;¦V���� �DQ����
�����l�O[�a�����!� @H�X��ŪTk,kU�=�&/Q3���i��腈I���c ��¬�V {�&��$��B��BT, D ��&pE��9����2��' ���a'ӽ���a����h:zs=�i�*�q3���w{�/��A.���N MU� ��a۵��Y&/�P��� � �J��$8w�;�'�v��ǟ>� �2c� �T�γV�����Ç�A��( U� U�LjBM�8��$l���3̓����������/��˲�{w���嫳Wýc��b hC���[��-����?�Q�����ۖ�9�X��f������ q�rh�{ ) o���!���j�W�KL 4�њP�Ė BD@ ^D J%Pk����I���J��� `Ȁ)� �c�`־����2 f-������>�������___g�Īp��S6μ�V��2 D��t;i�U��0K[О̖M�Ӄ��!�;�AS�c�O�t�F�+��r+�X�UXUy� �[_�� ��ɳWi�5��X)jB?i 6�4���ѻ*�&���6�1ZApNPmo�0 3[�E?~qV7�<�����{����5��:������>�ot�[xH���b��v������ ةOn^y;;Dk��;#ہDT�D�y��w� �����Qm�j#��Zk�C�˦� 2�mց�w��誮��{�B0�(䦮�9 ��&{ �!B� PP3x�i0 �@+`/ �Z�AaB@O�,VU?�0�O���������m��F��̆z:H�'���:��| �u�����0]�9 ��H������)��8>ԝN`%�,5u���F�p�GIg�nR�P+C��x�K��£_| <>к��N��o�Bi�"zrW � �7�OW����x��B!0�[� �(�:�qp� .~s�o�#�?_����DZ�A���� �´ ��q@x�(1oD{H$"�9��nb�� y���俈t� m��uW�)� � x͡6�7�Wn*a"��s�U:6Vņ�J��&�M��:�mb�5� �( � ����s� BT��A�7����N5��V*ညBN����i�Q/���Ç�LJ'G���M[ʪ�u�An��cӔ�zEeԑ4^��������x��t]��뻚y���Y�@��ٗ�k�QKG��ˡ�5��"XT+o�oS�j �sf�W�Q.P��x���B��RZ|��F�gW� "��2�B QL�*_�������f����˅Ë���˲)�ES�:�t,�w���_����� �t�>Ž5� �A�����C�|��F�L��y��V�Z*�-�î��ڬ����faN8�����8�<�C k[3ԍS� cCB�z'��X�$�e��D��q`_�Ĉ�"��$��G����Fv����v�^�z� �M�3�I}�+_y]��j�]��I��~~={=H�k���ew�\M�F��#F ��q�4 /��5���,���1�ίu' T���h���U����P+c�%) �r�: R*o*km��:�놽��"�,�I! �&�,�ƣk����� �:1��T��4 �M ϖw�Ĕ��w ݊>r;f�>��>��7 �Զ��&ئB�Q Ӎ�6�����솃0 K� +P�Q0r�!tƢ�VA?����s� ��B�aɔ h"�U�A�Z�����Ŧ�F����؍�������O��������^�u>z�9:R��!�H뢮��[�����ո�^�O��/�g̛gOm��6��H���U�e*��EÍQ8�A�v�㽴q�A� ض�����'I~� fY�����_w�wɴ� Gd]�Udh�XtmR�� 6��L�����BK�J�:�� �f�]�h#�r ��٘���v��)+" n� |��tۗ�~�ܸ��V��� �7"����� B �H�!x�J����}���L ๙� ,�"�Ԡ^� �!D�R�f �fp z�%h�*�c��%*��,��T�y-$A|�ů>��������靓ׯ��LZM���3�r��:�e�T�e4�������j]���������d�M�;��&WK��tU��:ן�t��K��n�j@E�W��֤H h�,�uGS�f�y��˗�ߍ�q�EQV2G�}vEY]|� ����C0���J���@���:σ�690)$��P^�xYU� (cz�n�۩Y��Py�����CJ[�d�ܪ��~��p �/u+���֦v����B�N���D�R,!�(y;j��c+`��(�5��D��4U=4f����Z��"JaG�y�Tdt��(�E���M1<�M��@�"1¹"EiUU�����?�ο͋i�}���'�(Ӵ�K"����ʹG� E���4��b<^ �Ю�;�_==��t��3�Fi�7�� fq�|�^�|�{�ЎQ�o@�CE>P����/�_��\s����_�&MZ���<Ǎ�O��_�&�y��H���\��I v � ��I ���/Gu�*�(i����7Mh����i�ݎ�oj����z�迍P�x��lކ��]�n��7�û ��]<&%��#'*+P4�v~n��L�=�-���F���<����ܸ,�,ͪ�h >d6v�<�N������g�bv�X���HU��q��j� =�N�m� �Y:����� ����Ds-ma P�� M��������'\�/Wfx��]U�n��L2n���;�n\���E�x��BT �րeU:6¨ ,� �!t� �T�ey�&��w�jb-NG-Y�(,����MT� �[-�"�!�v7��%�¹�� ��`�m% a��� IDAT�p�T �f�|S�b�~Wo�;j�n�[�/b��jT^)C���r �B@/� �V ���!� bDVH� b !p ڎ�ډw�bB�[r�ٝ��c�~�� ������*�Wo���kY��ϛ��<��z�����U�*�{�ВB:V���X}�f���xm8jw��iB负/�KVe���3�TG���r�7ޣ�A��9{�9�� �;�XM��Q��q�����%x?��>���j|a��by�߽��WW���f �E�̛�l�>�(F��|:�vU)�J^� B�-P-e�w�r�\-KP�٘� �/��[�lX�98��k�4�y �jc+��$� ���{��%�;@�� ��R��"z� ��B��"HI��8gn,� *]h�b��[����sʹ��� ���@<� �d+�%CF���4�" ���������JF���r���a�$_ �(:H;��/�_�I�$2��Dwt�oq��?{9O�e +���]M�U'�$~=�9Vw��"u��Z���<;/ �!��]w <>l�6��������_L� ���w�(��L��^^UI6�8�@ ��ϯ.�~��Ga� UUɶyn�mP�sr iU�W�I�u������g˦�C�I�Ƌ �� �� ��P 7��(H�%ȶ���W�+��DY�������fd\�9���#��3l��6|e� ͊)���E��" `��A|(I�l}�8�|��Q �+��m��Ü�r�� 0 ���0`�1�H�� 2�%%F�5�SH@�P�I�� n�/ B��\O��r�1T�ɵܻwܾ;�����4u��u.��M/��N��V�kc��*�� �=������, S�&������Z5&ͳ�/~���*��h�9A��'���S��ɱU�R��Ug�ח�ǒ�k��}��i7����t� ���0��b&���3@�qZ���Q� ��Y��xo�GP:�Χ�:29%� ������Bz��\ox���r���[BV��`;�t���X���r� �I݆����c2Q #��`6�x �3��I���&�w�T�(R�E��\��sMN�O"a���j����[F�34���� E�T\���H�h�K2Wd"� P%A��D�^|����� ���`����ٓ/?�/�����Y�{���� ������2 � �̿x��ƽ���z=��&q���?8�H�l���/�"��!B�i ��:Y���Ǧ�?�B��u8�Z�sw�p��������z9�.C�m�h�Ij���x���v'�Q��s~ބ�ʺ�������NO�6x�Ȭ<����j9��o��o��?�φ��g�����o����4QӋ�Iw���A����Ic�mz;!ض��Ի"J! ����n�MG��l�x�dW;�1MƷ "^Pm��h� ��zUսlĭ��7�U�b�����0S�����D�O�n D� 䨞ky��ǹ GZ; B���� �HB" �ۭdq]�u+M��������imuQ������*��U� ����8��Vu[�*V ���H��8�=c?H�?�MV$��|1�ۢ/�� +dGb��ro6{��{��$/�y=*ժ�ӓ;Q���]�Oב��v[{�� ����r s ��?��ꃽ����N�LW�gg�'',X4 *� �0xA�T|W��� �� .Q�ٿ��������o��?~� ������جS��fi�$%��@ ( �����A��bY�����o���]��["ҍ@� ;aT�����0��3�G�8Im�&AQ�j �!"�!$o )2��(%I �H � H��Ұ�B �#ߗ��H�� X�w�������]�N��̻�.3�]�5M�=PU�/>V���ˋ�UQ�F����W3�b����xr>��o��������o��U�����ys�{햩k"�����a5��IG� 5�YaV�ӽsG�R.�MQ��ꪣ� p��:��{(���y����t<[Ve;� � �*����c>��z��a7MSn>Z����Nfec0�N���P `��#��y�_�m�B��f`'��9������͕�� Zk� ы�(����PA7|K)���ܘ �B�3�Hk�5�����(ÙZ5� y$���#��A#��5��"�:R�� x^(p2��I�����Z,����m��9{{Ë�����������Ȫ��~�q5�]c�����IU���V�����g�����=v�����I7Q��ϖk��?`cC�څ�m����" ��&2n"s����r{Z�� E�Y%��f��Ν9՟]���~�Em�d�۟��zu=��k���{T�A�"�%$ l ��x�u��z�N����C�T� 6����?�_xyo�fv���v?7��n��v/E6c�h�BQi�ݻ�Lv�]`i����\)5�'����!��!YŮ (dI!D^@yII�� r�9v�k�e J� A �=/��q��� |pr�^�[ �\�zF*k�[������ ��J� �:MI����y���s��ߋ�{3 _\^ ��q������~x��$����l��*K$� X��Ȩ�7mgǮ���BE���4w���5�K_�B ��%M_I�hYLUÑ"% p�U5[y�1���yu}=Y� ��,�h�>�-ǣI�v��F��4ԕ-e��(J���5���#/:�����.p� Ew-d�!0m�~���g��?��8������ �!��`�J㍊j�6�(]�Z�R�@�����̺�a&/ґ�#y�����D�k�!&U�%� B���o��ƋZW�S ��ҡ���,�v/��������V�l�^wo�(�'ׇ{{�5 �yS�F������PE G��(i]�<�:���p�O��lG�(Z�=��� ��d1Y���:�F��!5� V��v-��{� �? ��ԏ�/_��Ѽ}��� �[������'�\�Ϳ��)��{�x�ㇾ~�������b>.<#�F`�>�:(��[�Y�o��n:ODT��'���E���}�h�"�5�/�/�9ˆ闛C;�> ���� 5��Xn����u�xb��#���B�p�[Q�^�*VBB���B�"��V a�rm(�x�-�ҳd����<��g]��k�P�p�a���Yqy����y�G�;����6q�A�C���>�]��~竑Q?���i��o}�����r�Ft�F�o��w ���t�����Ӳӕ���v�|����xtНQ���� [�Ͼ��E���=op>�����pYD�������U�y�����zR,����y0����y���M�5xx|T�q���a[�gE���V6 =�xcK�g��ũ��R& OVź�yn #�v\�妖��W�|9�u� �9� �q�ً��u(���YgI{@c @!p܊�ӝ�z����[ ����j�6��w�W����J$ D�� �U>���FD/���Y$R�5������2 ��D�p`!�4)��bBV����2 +k�Q/ŵ�D����B`hB�X�2�sl{O�|3��b�����{�e��ӏ>W������D����z����}(� �k�;h٬������?��ٛI^�e� ���'�_Ah~���w�f� {�5� ��Q��'swԉ �����qx� u�����x5��9=9Z���,��d �C���(k�Z�낗p��&V�*�j�.� (���ѱVd��9���7���Ao����� ժ�{� }����?�����r�t��0 ���[����� �f����� ��F��M(��r7k���M&a3��ou�15���� �pp�C�� t��={���VjDRD\h%�RUUj���7�df �E�;P IР�)�R����C�a�}h�J�ݬj\��� <ʲ�O>�Q�N������>���WE���|�Z��`Z5������RE�קw>��Q� ��r>��UQ����o����+�o��;��g�,n����f��ɬ�P��~��.��|;��J<���8�'���X�Q}�l���DC�q��m�b�����;���_�Qg:�ۿ��?��e�W���:�=O �Bv۽� ���v3_h 7J�/@���[�6�!� �6��fW �� ?{��5 nv� -��г4lL�����17i�"�����4�a�h����RB���� ��Z"����8 ��S V�k 1K�B���H �$�Q���1��,��>4J��[�X_�Z[p�r6� Ȁ�5�t�n�mi��9�.£r�:����Ʒ���-a�����:��a ���uQO���]g���O������ێRj�Tw� Z4W=[�O�h��$����o�uu�7�i��"=�v=����A�*�u��" u�4 ��7�*�e��ozu �;��n����e����;�kh�U��|�� \6���\����- ���u��ō(O� 7:^uC��ms��އ��iC�6/c�ƅ�X�&�md4 *m�=���$��-�VN���|c�� ��E����8]s � ���7��!pD@`\ �p��&�4�=~�����2 �NҤs������GW����`x2������ f���V�� �& IDAT��N��|��� �2 �h�>�����_z2����;� �����u���~U�Mt�3P���� �� l�~}y�.���Ȣ��A>�
k��������\s���pg-��S~1���67Ng���+��]Z IJ�"f�c��ȚwO��lxk1Z�ln�:�|� 6{}�:H��|! V��`����Ç���Y]Y9�ߋ�1yՄy���M|e�n�� ��˰��B ?��< � ,5C���Γ�'� ,�̵z�"OόD���Z~Dk���13sDDC�ABL�X�QVK�� )��P)Rl���U����q�)��J�6��H��@\��na��.�2�$�h�$�I��$ѪT؉^!X�����G��z2>��qݎI����%hON �f��4_�f�Q^��s�n�\=9�h��+WRt1;U���'���Y���;��6ڀY��~ו4�x�aR/F� CՀ/$�v��3��p��&k$�Wj�� �mγ� Bs�� �*�: �ު��5yoJ� Wh�G�-�i�Ɖ��� ߹�"S���o}�wn�v����⍽���7w�£�F# �� �5� &6�K � 1 <ҟ*�²L�e9�V���E�R7�� E&��g����#�<�,��A`A�!'P�y���Ķ�r�4z�d�.��shm杳umQUI(/�@V����i��� �� V�1�X�\cTW� rAx5�n�M�mL ���B�v]�Å��Υg77�Cۛ7�1g�W���������ڹ���n�|5F�_�z���� ?y�Zo�. V7n�l��������U����G��'6�%3 �l����OԌZn� ��t�
� ��m����h�NI PH �Q���Rh����������yj0z�'�.py��r��Ï(�P�2uaYfI����huFH��7Y�:�&�E��u� 9�V�L��iȡ� � ��K��"���ԉ,!"� aA�Z� ��k�<��Ԝ��ge�sxx8�.���������M�2(:��|�u�ʥ�� >�M�M�� m>�?>�n�ݽ�pƐ�UQLw>��8w�KW�������9���#���s�}\�p-�^G��,y����J�CV �1���{�t mv��^g�WhOP���ՁS )�1*B������ 3�f too|p���quq>\)��ve� X ��q9�Yn������ �!�"&fFE�@���(@RD�B�Ӌ1 �a�H�hWH=�QXΜ�$R"��a� eY�9�(!z��P�.d�`�j.b#k�EQ�0THI"�bJ"3#=B�!�)Xl��4�R�.C��T�پ�)WD��g����+�� �g��p8�s�\��_\\\�v����Z�;�~GM���ǜf��n�ڑ��wU���Z��j:�w� �C� O��Y��4����B����C�L�� UXEC���@+�fmV�ĩ�u[U�����v1����b*���Fg�
";�DR��}$����� 9�$�}�4PBZ����F`�Qb$4���&�$�4�� ; L�"�0�A�N ��hp��a�[��R�(�:C ��Ԅ�a1@�(��T�$<�;�F���k�������,���~ä ��{���������nO����������a���Z��s��`?���;4\����Q��Yټ�`?�s �*-bl%Yc��^�8;�& (�63Ei3ϐ9�`�h��jd�`����!a:�yB �d��g�7�y6�|��9��3�S�Zre���ۋE��� Lז�h��w��I �+������x^@�.+� �?�C�Dd3�2#O/5#es�$,1�J�9/�4�1��e�#���3����,x��_|2�V����/1�>��m ���>�Do&8OIyi��T��� D4g< \�g�T3� �J�T�LЋ�\���������Z���Zonnnoo���e�E��y���R�e�e��n�W_�f8Ȼ���Y�1����L��� �*p>�@�=9S�\�n$ձ%���A�Ț����F���T�\�q��vg).��u�~�l:mR���ؼr�m��R�3�͚���X}��m� Ekͼd��sn�X$���U��
�J'�у������:�͵���v?��~��n� O��Gޏt�'ǵ�u⸄A03s�J1� �2�E"M�3$ �5($��QR4s|� �l!k+$F]&`���ȳ�J34}�^�T!H[�3@ő��Z�t�^�� A��2����9�n�{���w���v�����x����w��w���+�=<����/(�^e���}#�7���u�ͣ�W/V�x��z}W ���~�g ��@�Xxm}}����;!�A�� ���q�3 � �� _-��(:+�,��k��no!r�p�����y\Xnn����'A W�+��`BH ��U�'/�x��O���oL�6�GsZ_M��0��L�hc������s��� m�� *J�P���?��?�,�, 1�}�ڛwOg���\՟������|%���{o��/�����_L},I{a���D��$�0* ;��9b�'���y2��|1�Q���GV��1XЎ!F�(�"�$�Q8�&���b �B *��D �p��1�1��|q���Z������ {� @sLJ�TPk�p�d��d*
����@M�P�CJ�����ɝ���]y���J���(ݼ�w��TEQ�Եu=L�!R���^���ׇ�|�c�l���"�QH�����db�ǀ�i�鮔��|6O�b ���� Zc x DФ�e�V�B�<��� ���sW7�7�����}�������O����� _oR�����O�4�����N ������_������������ ��4��� ����6��?���ؾ��/��/���/���;�������W��盦Z( ���_���Vަlt����|�j��J����my�`��� "a�ER0� g+���AI���E[^�:�v瓅!^C% �5DL:�8��k�b1C� Xj���В s����|P����v48�Օ ՜����\ LY��ￄ�������٘L���aY�n�[w7��/�m��*� Ƙ&DR�i|��+PM;R�sΝU "�>�L���r`B �좩�q ����t�L-�[�~[�f��j4$ (���L`�����ٱ�n/_�O�ErX.�Z�eA��4�3 P4��� pH��O���K/���� ���;�~��/��� >x�����/�����'?����۳��~��ۯ��/����7ا\�����o|m��o>�rd������?�4(2�ֻ��� }�3���Bg�o�E�_�/o�����<�����?�}�+����~nֶ����+k���_�[j�j����֢&��H)��p��yJ��c���@� ��%� -**�|c�O ���5A�P+��e��T� ���n 1��R� �w�/uV���le�_t����?���;��;�����aq������ާ~������y����� ����;��x��G�~��;{�;77W{MS���eY�N�^���l�����O� ��37�=8yx1�6�&�2�Q���I=��Hȣ�"�.(����E/��g>ENQT۶H����xzq�J�4M�H!�r�na�ٕN1s�3�m�R��o��?PJ��gY7/�b>^�ZK!"Xf� =A���#`SJ�B�fQ��VT�n �������۷��w7/?w��JC���ۯ�Y������̍D:%� lFW��~���-l�i�t:eVu�A/'���������|��zo c��|���� �k���_�[_�_���?��ý�ן���s�2�9$4@�HF[D!.�ɀ�I�k*�b2�tUh �T�� �D0��'SG�xR5�un]*!oLHiv>��]PT�ҭ ��hZvz��b6ޏ��@�)Ң�}g���"`S����?;����j��7��o[D�kNK߃���<�45�Z��� լ�E�(J�*�� j�Ĕk[ ̛,X�%���/I�f���uT���(��s�PUU�ã�Fe@�SFcғ��vV��� �E��o�u|r�g?�1�=� ����b��ƶ�L�j9�BDԹr�! $d��}#�$�����$��!v��x
�ߓ �Zo�-�f����@f�����x|eg���^Ӷ$K�\.�\�>>>� �����V�ʢK��Μ�?k"RU{�;e^���\�b��6M�.���u����|�V�����u!���dQ�����TU�o�������$�_��g�����g�X��/|� ��������ü��=���HsV�� ���h�De �w��A5����N����!�Z *P��fP5�u����W��h��N��ES�O�3���_��v H�Vil�����8W$��&���7�s���T#U(4���Χ�"�ng��7�O)6�b��
{��w}]s���_����'���+���k�~�Ͼ���~� �o�}�֛�7�����t�@ E$�,�[��`"uX�P'D#���sR1���9����Tt��l�0p'1*b" �SX�0t. ��E�qv.:���XQ�i� ̂�Ϊ٤��,�c���\�z�lw0_���X���z�@o3�p�1��z�?��a9��rL��a]W�������~�" LHYn�ӕ�Z��Ak� )�G�"YY���0�u����x�6��uSy�Iic��3��Q8� m�����"�Ac�ocθw>���iF�A��o���� ���� %*u{���jwk�9��#���h��b"� *וo�����{����~╟���߹{�� � A�Pk��*� ��=������g6y�b@� T����������sϽ��O��y�[��T^��k����_�8k�gW?��_�G��֗�4�_�����ӿ��7��'0$ �'��(cc���*R1��DU��e+U�5�t���Ɣd�"A�, ˔�R��D3=���v�.e��Se����+{u�89:��N�Jg��}h���k�\]L�O�[���{o~uq^�<wL��K����4d����������c������������Ç �eY�ƶ�g3�E��l���C�u���nf ������ڶ�)�Ψ�ɨ3��"l K0�����Z�\�L��y�po��FN�N3�ڷ� �&�AX�4�|�~���������G���/�^�x���#_��Û�1 �3G� D�(��#)� �DD_���~����W��������?\��B8i���] pJJ�P�ほ��2�� P{��i=jW�����woT�|:����/>7�M��G��vos}�r�ۏ��������W�m���ͣ�b��Ε؝���wޜ����9���Z�U��٢��� ��d��Ed�ε>���,� M�g��W���^�Z8*�*����� ����ˀ�&�m��[� V������kY�n\�ݾ�[��z�wr��(�t?^����|# vp�R�ٵ�F���א{eΤ:���m]�1@$��0�(`W6�!L�� ��+�ZϺ�E�+rU���i\閽���B�b�����VM �z�Wֆ��=�e�=g��ᶙ6m�u��<;��A&D����\�v��������A��f��k���k�+��� ���y�|{��p����p � ��� �s" ,�h�����~��b����?��r�s��.+����d6;Ob$BL�>?~`-tV�#$�����*Ř����U�f���y�S )�a�N..��2�� �ϊ^������t���� ��vT�~� �� �n�jH�֠L � {\.S3!X��taVRl UǨ��b� [c�.�\�����4&k�'�IZ����mt�ʝ� W���Ƶ��[�[��h��z++�ձ��Bϲ�{����i8� ��fh�;���qҌ���[���jo�f����I���y�wt���*� ��yv1�c��IPۢ�ϡ����̳�D cS;�9&etn�z�k��q�ع\��F��ph�O���� ��ōGF� d�W������ҥ��N�G��oO�Y������n�m �n�wV 1�&@k�$���s���������j�nw����˗7˰����u�W:�� �~��Zk����wB;�;Wo$Dm�5 � L���+�<�uJ�N�[>H ^IDATg>��AQз��U�6�f9$a �!�ZirEi�v7��٧ێ�y���2{aŒP�r/=� � """��ZQަ3���W�Y�� ������:�f��� �8��5dL&�T7j||Zͪ���3[����d|TM�ܦ��iOO�#)�j:uFee��w� �Nv�VeU���ٱ�8����ic�drֈWJMg��( ���~��O�B�ZCL�P�jc"m1&F���Õ�2�`��t���,'�,���D��-̌�7a�! ���H�BP�Z�������|vvos�\�m���ul� ��v�βN�L���ZM�MBd��������{{�������. D���g_z��w�8���� ���M������ĸ��K/�� �b @�%(��)x� �����8 ˬZD-���&� �gHLd��*�%�DH�'�� �qUuQ�|jY�"��D*Zm�F @�A�,�r��*'��U� U*��D�B���,>&A�M�8���*H4� �<ȫ��| ��(��J�Б��@" @F��j6e�Ƌ)Q@�� �p.��d<��m�bmL��I5O�* kkr6�B���|:������v1��8U���� s���Ig�K�QM}����Z�ĶiXP@:m����s |vv�ɬ�����+î�yʊ�U����L��/�>�L��Y�v���3[�!e��k�E�R�BZD��8����`�1�8�N�E���w_�g�f��8lf�������ܧ���<�����η����h2=9T��3?�7���2� @hB��J����2�Q)l�"��+��Ճn�7�B @�S���y���M� �%d�ٷ��F�D?ID�]R�B�� � t�>������MDMQ�˜�B�*��� �n���K��`u���b�� ���[Nj��K[3]l�o�檳�{��[Wo��ع���� �Zk}r1���Ko��͍�GA���^����������}�������lQ�n�y~|x����8<� rB�E��糉�Zy�e�Ŵՙo� ��6E�( MU�C��\
�[hg�����tv> ;� ��x�Ʀ _���C�h�Ig�h���qV��U5�/�E���c�iBO��͵���;�ۿ���R�&3�DY^�z�a2�m �l��&D��uY�=��̑hcs-\L�n�c�� ����ݜ�JA �UB&o��r�X��b�7��m�z<�K`A�����Ƞu+��)jaT @Z5�<�����I�V�A�� ��A-f�K�����?
>=�l>�w�+G�g�x�bعr���}_W rxx��[OMswt2���~���1 �߽��4 �po��t.�l=���⼚�1w�<�j6��}�|�s7��������ɬ�]K�B�MJ �wg��r� �q=��Bs BB$"�E��T+��4ĺ6�GO�:�@M ����"mk3���� �-*hX Ak H� �*8 �A��[��Զ 0v�"&�P�j#��iQ)C("A��M�V�RP)Ԑ Ga�8䘴D� 1�u�Zc�)��k�%jS�����4ee�T��|�Q8�|��g&a�у]',�ɬ하Hb��E!�'� �Q���m�y�LB`� 4-�ІEj�E}����`��� [EN'Ţ���|<'�V)(#u�b�u�o����l�$�vX����$@DK���Pb^��b�� �@z"�EN!F ZE�%�f����*�(��>�hi�DDK�c����d�6���tB�[?�7�ړ�Fz$�L C����;�|� ���1j��rM�XkC�Z ��:��mm����b��$#Ț$�u�c�1�$E�ؾ�V�Y�L ��ܵ���5WF�'�I���A�����#�� �O�����,2���3�.]�\f5�* ��G�c�>����C���=U)�)��C�.<��=��O�b��D������>�?]��O�|���c��@�Ǩ|��D`d�'��'d��� 1�\�d�D&I Q��-����$ PL^���CL!h�V$pK���3CH �1��u"�m�2��>��M� b�4 ķ��u ��Ĩ8Q��m դF�&5�� ���G � }��U�'� PVק���sl��U̾� �� 7W���o��l���K�^ק��A>�~����#O��#� F@By��G xb{O���Q� ǹ�C�<�1�n���h���K_9�P�-��( Kh��, RJK̴<Z3x�RJ���RJ �9��tn�( �U�)IU7Q ��"�3[ROH�ONu�� !��V!xD@E1����-O�O�cH Sa�E����$�QwQ@�J�`z\ �}� �6�D�~tv��I2��yo8��g�y;�#��NI�@!�~t�-�$���@�)\ԣQI�����'�߿�)z�ӗ� �`�� �A�� &HO�b-�=O:�Gzϓ�I �����4�~� XD= �"=b-u3�����H� �z|��X,���(@��t㧔��bI)�"C����>��H3,1���0�x�e�Vj����Z RI�����Z���Bc�RI>x=��OwD4���ׇ��x������+��Tw8�ւQ''o�;ڤT]�o�DC��}����� �� �zK��cT�~��7��{yI�3s�B�� !\:��e��^����C��'������������O��O��_�;��� �e����l�l,Z��/~���n^�y���ᥗn���b�譮�&�! ����g��� IEND�B`� n �M� �e��B��B���S��پ��PNG IHDR � f ��| gAMA ������ IDATx���Y�dWr&��Y�^�Y{��5�zo� �83�P2�%#�f� 3� ��$3���$�6�H&�á��iN�셽��tcGj�Zr����s�]��( ͦx �"#N܈����?��o���� ˟� �F�Ay.�"ךW�: ^�43x�H\9�y��tȅ�#� �&�M�� m�`�sep�q������Z%�973 !�R @�����f��LD�@D��H"b f&"H�\��zf�]�9PC$ ВCp)�]�A�L��[�LĀ ��̌J)H�hD`f����p�.�0P����R�š�bDFD�R�1�Ȑ� �d&` � fV�"␉XD���/`P �+i�u(D f `��`��"�R��� �8weg��Sg/����U�U5�G��'��0�:�`+��m� bGD�G��k " �X<$�X
��l�4��#��u.C 6�����hRJQ+ �f ���(8.�8Gf��TD ���ِ ��)�� IG���2�XyQ-9{�9�����sTD���WQa�d9�h��F\J��Q�uλa�s�ܧd����0{gN:�䣋i2�Y��{ ���r����w"�e
���R]�$%Irѕ��<�h �$ɖ Y� ��#2�R��༙!""�)A�*::�� �X� ��0�Դ�i�Y ]�|�4�%"Z��%��D3p�lP=;6�� )�� �YZ�co�C*�WZ�n � � �"tih�����P��yWJ)(��b Q@C��j�X)UU�Y)��%e" OC b� z3E@sޙ s�Dt��&�բ�X&"Wrnb��}����df̹c.�@$��C��%1���U���sdB���%� (��ADd��h�;T5�-j�૪��FM��=�3�f4�6�8䤠@Xr&f�d�!����9O�%� >{ ,"(���=!/S.������4���0裬 j�t5�����p����M�њ01џ�����6�So�z�Z{-ne�4��+��wP���Ğ ����WgW�K���"���v)���;w�����{���GGG�/_&tw>x��/q3�c�4��in�Xt�
��u�q���x�� ��w��l ��DA!�O?}�3�ַVg�l�~ȩn* D��*B5 ���zxk����>x�UA38��+�gϟ�>~nm0�\� ����.�q��� �b\& ��_03�f������z�e��Xӈ���� ����aÀ 48JC�.�ݙ�y��7o ������ ������ ~�|��;��/|����d� �0���o�^���_�ɫ[W���Rt~t��g?������/߸q#u���� MFu�<�g�z���� �(���g.���[������ztp���zv�yw���.��ݺU���c|����]یFU�QJq� t�U��*9&$2�Rʐ������O?|�w�n T�(��Qw0j��ۡKe(ZF��S�� ������Ͼ���Ȼ�WEJ�.~��7�����/<���9��{)2��wL��YS�0ѫ?x�����e� x�D= �8�������x5��"��<�����K�gL +QO)��I�o��� �䁀�5�����_������)�e �p�"����S, �'7���H��� b�,V����x�~�B����W'?~���PO��r��8v�ܯ���9^Wǐ���ƥ �a`��}�K_��G��γ�<3O�l�1����w����w'��>����[g�HS�1�� M�ӕ�ʋ/|n��!�w���K/��bɲ�����ŀ�y膧�\z��_����/��_�z;o����ٝ�g��l_�zuk{{ss+V�09�b`%�d$l�+7c?��[?��W�6�[�Dɒ �]�4@P$!ct��7�}�{?ݚl��Y��2"�C��Ь6�����{��9s��q;�b�������b>�&���_���M�4���gf 0�Q�5�n��?����͵U0UQDf����Z �)BMu�����H8��i���bI�Nj�� �鶡�O �}.n�6��iǰ�Sr�9��q�.�%��\�틓�����%��� ����ݕ��p��� �[�b�� ��K�h���p6 �Ϝ���>'"g6�ݳaY��]of�{�K�HD.�?��pw����֕�O�/E\,Ͻ��R��|�=�+_BQ�% 1��GGGO>q���KӪ�u�ą4 �{7�R� �}�ٔ|\,���� �� j�HE���'�ZKN�G��[?�Y� �� �#X� ��w�P*3���W���{� A������ Ϝ[ۚ.���݃���߸�5ּ��n�� M��9�Ml�l-�,�{?������@IS �ٝs~�g]� ���އ�������z���^͒ѡ#P-���!��� "� �9yFCP 6@@At� �왓 r�����< ���� V�8Q�ti��um��Z� '6p� � �Ł ��L�q�Õ����G�@�1 &@�LDD��mҌ���i.SU�}�1��d4Z���{3�xU� W�Ї�U�R� ��X�YU�Λ�(r�8a�ͤ��)���h�X�u-#1�"f�ȐERΛg7Ӽ���� C�5O,��` ����ZW4�'��_�����MQ�U :"״�J��:4C;�X����믋@=i.�?����=���ѰH?�����|?`�F��x�g��� E�#C 1���`~��bU@��g������ ��� ��ڻ�~�CR���{���3�_ʐs�=N�h�!���TH�$DΈM�Tu��^������g.>a�7�������ڪϯ��'���ʥ_��(��o �ٶ��Kͯ�C� Ԥ������A��/O� �!8wT�w��7|v쮧v�` A�~i ������XK�A��f%��� �P*�ɴ�b(E�\) ��R�4d p�<�*y<���M��:�2�{��s.�H�Rʱfr�(I���o��ﻮ]����ߟ�����;7>�������E�W&��0�ݼ+�u縔YK% "W ������@�r��sO�x��E�����Nf�7[G���ݷ���ɐ�����[��8S��z�ŧ֟�<��@��4����x�ۯ: r�Jy���=s� dib��Z��N*PS}�b53W�x�d � R��ݟ�ٯ?�O�n@D�hlo�{�� �n���o���&�R^���||�U��� � ` A�?3~�����7� � �H\�� �� \��͛t�Y�W� �R� �ct�f���f�����s + p.(iJɻ�D7侪#,E�8� }��p��g������97�NE�����q)ee�[F��O�p�\�GR��R��K)���� � �"cH����Ƶ��v{�'O�B�����g�x�^�?�wp�'kM��� ���7�MS�*��w幫 � �R(� 4a����ިFd` �7w�ژ8�%bh��{swe�R� �͘v���W(� �a��2ݚ>��7 �s�Ν[w�_�A63c�AAUЈ< ���'�v 'VX !�Z�B 8H'm�O�M�2�B��p�wH��� �Q�&~5���̓&�W%�o�>ߩ�Cn��|T� k2(;�|냯��39@ >-��� TLT��D�Ԡ�� �*�&�w�<�� ���13{p���;Y��������r�w 2s5j���9'rn-&����f$�s%�R�BD��`R5)P �"s@���Ü�{���+ �Z��k����W���Kײ �voO��N��ܘ� ��k��ъf �j���2���8�@���R�4�O 0nF�v
��D4���i��tT��w*Mt�c��t�U�LԬ�s�E��"�Z�,���_�{ �;�n ���������g��yaGc���ո1qn�� @/"��h���4�����UC#�凒����X�������M�q�����Ѽ� P����! ���z���s�* �� �(� 6v���pcs#��ώ�g@"�R !!�t@O�;T�O��� f��2�Rٙ��Bf\����ƙ�7cO ��k߿z�ٷ_^���л�CO�O O �3��������f�d?ݟ�θmRz�楹0pHAH (103�2]fAD(�Kw��,UU%�f�.�Np��Y{��{��*r���+W�9W�����*��d.�0�!(�w�)-Ԁ��Q ����DMCIR*]Ʌ "��� �`��>��p�%������vz�Q�����PVD4�LD ��蘌��D g.n+��+��y��Ծf`-�U� ���p���a��������] 7MC���1iR"DҶ���iU��� 8��l�R�FH��K|R�|D � �V��Yj��]�� ԨY�� d����w���g/����6�K�~x��������3>?TG��Httꭏ�R�������7ބ_Y nbݬ� ��w���be�0(/�� ��,ʶ� r�$A$��hd�]f���ᬪ���@`eq���ʸzx��Ʀ�ٮ���dA0�/�"Y 53f�RDJd�+?,f��9Ϯ�*+� ��2���jb�A�צ:�i��U ��E�V/ߵ�Ś���������F�eP" ��+%W18G� �˒ػ��sNDK�}���m�۾��-H9'뇡/��� MW�� R�# .JX��ɳ#��DYr��:iR�:vC� ��s6 �I�hx�eN.��ۺ��sE��9�r=,��y�b�~��ڰ��tt���乯���i _=�����7~v�̓_��K�C�+�l��#��d�~���o�T���u����W�w�VH=x�@���*4�h�h���1 F5�b@%)�� ��[]7�9�9������I帤�1F�\��e����M��E vȨ-�^�CӋusVI��9�X�E�g+�G8 G�-$ԑ �%Ӑ'��Y���� ��z���"5�{�JYy��Ճ�I�gM�IK@_\����q4А��P�j �`dR !;I]Ha����wL�1� ���]{�75(� �jUZ�����"h��"����TFq�r{����\K�GC%b@�@�ƈ ���@�`����Ht�HQE"�,��|��/��Q9��������Z���"��J���S���'5Ƒ�`I�e�T1�!@_{�bi���TO:C�<��� ��~���8��bq�B `(��6Ҡ�"�9"z�Or����p���KC9<<�x��hT�*�2 ZUU�) �F� D��@{��h�t�q��j%��1.�Cou���d5 �AA�ܤ�\,Y�(� $. υ�&��CK�����[���4w%Uq���.Z�����K�k2Ue�M��Ma ��{����9��#5PS ��� E`�-L �0� H��h�~����S-b���cZ�L���|�b"�8q�����6�0�E4 $�����ͩh������}��u�ɼfT����b4�V �(Z��QM�ڇ�x� �`��̦�T�D�gDf3UE4U��]�t��е�)� rΈ,(�*�LT�jS@38&��j�g=����s����Vj�$�2��>ij��E��9gv�(,�=�d�i���IB�p�ݚW# ��8 �[(iDH��uyP-!� ��J >8F^&VU��V�9眣)�^����Rƣ&�EhU�ˉ5�^���RD�H�X"��) ðL.���cu����-�O � 8�:IE��b�� ��{a@H�Ő���A�c�d�� 3��0���ϭ �j"�� Jv���� ���g捩 ��g��+����;�� ��U��!�"2@�;֜r��-�8�Z�pA�ׄ�Ř�:0��8 2h ��
�숀F蝫� ��+���dـ��.[�#!�)���� �Sp�IV!"��$�H���KOB,r(*������ 2���\ xW� �4�"��0.|,�� h �EH-u옂�ڰP3 b��M�>�J'N�*".wۉ��\5���f3��8YJ��R�Tz_ A/��= 1#;AD�h�;b� ����ܬ�L��ر�+�� M���PS6��%�U;1I�'nv����-�����tn��T��'�=��� gP����j�☘ (23� �
Cp�H���I�,:?`y4D �d '3�F�����l�J�N�v|<�}�D�Yv ��Ŋ$!t�E*Y$C� �-R4r@T-?����ŴZ� �IFA(��0 L���+`Z��Ј���Wq�"�LH��f�蘙��s�h��d��9�H�I � ��C SѬ&��l>� %���6�#�0tntv��R�83�#n%�F� �>�}��nB������|�������|�/����x�n/�j1�S��-�Mti3dGNH�����3;" ��� }�����|��"RW �9WD��OJ�UN�C`F5P@$�P}�!�EZ,�'$M ٕ����Oy� γG�R��9�T��(p01PD32bCS@cp����� �d�&!E �2 �@��� ��Guh�J� �>� &i�N�+`�����9��)҉��,}b��X�2�� ͬ�:`5,jb�](bK�x� Y�Hb�#P�8����)�-�i�a��y��6�q����~��_?��瞻��д�!�B�kINj�X�W��^~����'&kk5���ۋ���=O: ������@`��T��J2����<6:ND�Ѝ'cP� ���(� "���UUy�� �(�l� ���!�C�f���!�G�O��j �H�"� ��S bh�.��C@Qq��L�F�r��Tt �b�2� #9�� � �����=��*�e�� bF+R"��4'��GD �f�r^���p7C�R�{/YE2�#"�eJFrn�ٓ���� IDAT8e3$t)�-PF��^��2��K ���0��C膬*���:/� ��_��o}�\���_?z��/}��Ua������M������~� l��������Zhz��ˢ�u ��9U�Ms0h��U �Uѧ��� ,��r���P���-�# ޕ4�&�q�1m]�9'��H ����UU�$yv����� PDJI)�!%@��zyI����0ډA"��Y �2 � �Z Q� �� �� 2�r��d�"� |ҿ7�bB |1 $@B���YAA ���#� �#��R5����d��* 2 ��J����u��̈`f�)�<� R���p�$�0�{��R��F� �&�1��h��+ X���VZ�+�.@ Gqp�A��z��w���ی㮤*L���t���t����!�dT�u���a��W���ڶ+ V�� |��A;�㭝��Z|����z���Y:��`�Z<;@K������{ %u�)�j},��Oyȉ�ڏ�X潯���xXHN�HW5u�(�9 HiQaP���x E�� b������X�U�Q�fمp�&�S�r*?!`>��_p|� �w�O��cs�`dE�T �� �7dBbd r���� �Z8��t����OzY �V����B=ل@L t�_���'�\�C�ǖkC�ԗ5_���3ۋ�֟ �37���6����ϯ����������;o�������1�����Tc�T [�,+��@��z�[���0Ȭ��A9Z�i4�P�a ��E��Ţ%"F'lC?ߙ^0CW�qmmm>o�����%���t�.8&J"(x�@@MS�i]U�[~�8�\�c����T ?"? ��8>1D � |�������f�D��� ��� HJb`KͤJ���(Ԟ��N1�tY ��cC"4�%�� �,�̸� �;ta�@LE�[�R����te��~ 92&�}f�3�~�w�����ܺsk6;^_�|����s�s����A)Z� x�$ k��� 衬: Wy8�wp����c_�z:���<�%m����{/�i�̖0�����ʃ��eߪ��F�9' 1, ���I6g!���Ѩ����O%#���!�?�4��#�s��'0���}��-�������|�L�6a�q3!2 L � 3�_j1�B�dL��PGT�%�����$� d@� ��AmЪ�Z�9y��,�X1 ���Vx�-�MK}��k��֟έOr� �����Q���v!�;�?x�{��7��&wf�̕g/����͇��{� ys� �(�l��Kb8f�on4ը_h� WQ�vq�w07G��:rY��f����!l�~��8GC�!5�q�;��-�ȝ�w._��V�a��)'�Ȼ��.���� ���BH��9>� 5=�|�K���T�|�>��%�������- a�k
��'�~�Jw���V �lmnN�+>0!F�QpcT���_��W� γ����uڔ�a6H7�F�ɤ R��;���ٿ�T!�����'.�H� � ._ؽy� � ���ݽp�R�jM s���p� �����hk�~8;X[[Ke����1 g�G��>�O����O�� ���瓢�S=^��m��AD<Ӹ����(:O@h� ��Oop� B�ѐ�C� �%����R �\�>�<�\UBN��0�ZW$� K�pRQ[� ����p~7�.|1@�sv������lm��\� �_�?�����^}�o��b�������R����<�\Sե52SF�\�v��/������u IKZ��t<��C?�9�x������� ��8R�������<�e�jT��M���W)�LD�g7�f1�"���wn@�q �>���w�-3�|fs+�t�⥵�բ�"l��>��� ?_����<{D ��/ �'�餎5%ŏ �R pE-e2BsN��������)v�b&��|V�A�фa*fQ�J> \g]-��)t&���+�RN����!D�I��ɹkb/������_{����ݕ�xkg���ݒ���}��Kӵ�7��! �] ��h����Τ҄�Y CW���q<�=�q�X=��A���z��Ս�������{��Uc)=�9�eʹ�J�$�gΜ9zx���������⅋U��v�����;ͨM���f��+W/!.o���qr� {���[!�Ş����_��Ǵ�'Q�L�x��FS ��$Υ�R�V�УSӢ(�*�F҂P��W<�i�:'W3 �7ǰ]�a��%xڹIe�`@5���,\�4QGU*�_{��ڧ�>s彟��?��������=><��k?�n�=�ڭs[��I �=y���3�[��{{{�V���!��?��u������T�ahW�C={y��7����YK�}��[o��k�\����i�h2^;8��C3Q�%R�buU ܛ������R��o�N��s� ՙ�3�����ӕ����E�])���x}ԩY����]xZ�~:�� �p�l �dz�� �)}s������1��j�$��<I���Y3*�G&���<Vl��@ �0�Z#��HaV������e��6;T#�Mc���;����z}> �q��sW����o���� ���_�����]�k��*;:��r��&�6Ϭ���Ã��w5��Q���l� �� 3�� �1����f��O���!��zT��鹳��l4�������W��y�p �23������*��~�8�۽7��Ԯ���3�٨����������KW� "��*8B�q��.7*"���'��'Qӿ����~<�<�ҧ�|�-jz�2�JB��P�Ip��b9��! . L @��w��&f���F*u�IYK��.�, :�����6�ɾZ?��܇����>u�M|㝿����KAΟ�igÇw�V�O�{���U\[[?,�tmzp�)�|�x�7���# �ƣ�hԴ�P�C�ק��)��Ձr����n9��`s�B����n��?T͎0�s)z8 ;�����S�N�V���hA�ѡA$�è� �������Y����M� -{�X��t`I�������XD��f��f�p�������}<^G���E���nا2��9�Ո'�;`�W�@AL�YR����aQ&�H|�}&�TX48�2�`� �P��=opu-R0��MT�H6s�w�]?��w���2<��?��?��w��U��w�ps�|V�w�Ô�$6�o3V�4�{�[5���٤��s�n�<�y�瞻{��`�_U.K��:�ү}��`qq�֧Gowt{xJ���;���ݟW.m�����m�VҰRW�<�LB���Eדc @5@�"��W_�C� ϴh`"��O�t���֙-� ll�mmmTu�R2���u]�\ @f2���� ��Ds* �� �_ ����6 ?��O{�����ɸ����&�"�A�I�kE.��2�� @��Ej�G���(9����'�N �db%�"��FGo��篿��*��woq��={��Y{�Bm��iekJťEw�V�n�BV`v ���;�u��_����N�/��_[Y���̤1�*(6AO�8O>�]���w�*���h���渳� WQ��m+KNuz|���뇁��\��.��p����^C�c�U�8���3[�$��t�4eIE˼D#{,:XJq�~�DZ��i�� ?�{A�o[� ��G*��% X���H@b ���i*`��v!SG��UF�A��0��uE�?�ެײ�H�a������wΩ�*�,E6[T�V����dmX�?�~0��b��n��O� `ɐ�&�jYnKnK�C�Ȫbe�t3�t�=�!�'3yY��.� /�C�}�>�=+N��/��q�4 J!i )�a��u-أ� ��YDb�E�m��n�|������G ��n� �۸��*L1V~�j�.�m��0 [�4M����eU#@����I{7���>�n@�����~��q��s����Jz��?�|� 䢀J銫�ţG�+���kmY�];E��Zk�Ѓ 1O�_V�B BW#�p��"���h������;wo�e�;s��̜�2�!%fv��fd�vG����{� �@F��M䳠z�N�/�\� /M'�L���������*�`Αv�\4D9К� A�h�!�&����A� �ț���)�=ʚj�� ��>��5���eq������\�~����饭��)}UU�.�L�Y�D��e�ˮ�Dd:+����aFI�����;?;�s�Vر�l�!�P�dܤ���Ʋ V\x�PI��S�� �X�UUz* ��Ҹ��L�l�3�
��f �SNC�mn 2�˫��r��t ����+���6�O|X(��*�����j�o��IW�z4�( d�My 0f�l- p����� ܾ{'��BQ��y{��A�t'��w����C�����CADC�#��$Ddm�S�0hv� F��2/�Ȭ:�3� ̿tF�Y�ȫ^�%��Y���Mfv�E��(ӎ�R"�B�eO���� �i�)8:`V !Y3G��:���RԖ�8"⌀X}tEfL����ut�����ޣ'?�����wn//ۋ���㓜3��UyxtD҇O ���" ������������u����}���P��ӧ�|o�d�`4�o�}����yz����I?��w���}��w�#{�i��G���sX|�J_ ��2q�(�2��rq5��n��|�ݯ�|�D�y�e-�Τ��1]�E��"�RѪ�n�^� /3��KQ��_�-B�����f㵲�K^��w���cA�T�� i�\�gb uw�:Bbu�pɴ�E)�U)k6� ��,�☰T@@ u�ᡷ�� �Er{���@�C�KCe�B/PF�`,�n\M���~��$ݶ���ͪ{��I�t���g)�q=�ד�g�O�D7n��GI9d.�'� �ʠIY�R��' � ���t�����S[�ҺTtb\o�쌭m1����n�y� ������j�R��~�tyy5���ղk��k�n ���_ΨI��&y�ӷRsdDED bb��م�L���YT�y�ueJE D����g��Ƥ����s�l@ IV�� )i�i@D� �(J� �cDH� fМ�$4V\l2\0 x��b�D�&�j�0�9�fD-�3���������㘶��� ��q��&�H��/�+�O��6�,A�x#L�WW���ٌ�B � >�֜?9 �f�$)5Cpd6�U[����K �&l7W��ɰ�2dF��\��[ǡ��2������щ!rދ�v�2i�ZT�����G �Gc )�N�N_����*��T��
�{������:�i6 ��_���n����LUQ���C쏏N6ۭ���[��B�i�7/��?>`��P�.�ԗ���ᖻ�/�(����j�Aw\�_���j���13H�vI#��܂�@D�К�I�2< �j�)P��Q��K� 0��*�&�a��H�@����40 ��E{���s��c.�8���b; k��{��]3��C��ҫ�:?���j}y��x<��X���ٹ�ĂH�,JH����m댳d���Ur?��;7 ���*e>�}���mۢ`c�z2�/��899<
�^9��\7U͒�g�ޗ�ԧ�J�/vrx�{]�-��q0x%zş�]��@"$ 2��/����n3.r鋠�J1�0�$��p�l�;����� %�A �D*�@i(�ZQTA�iN::"Tj">��5�Vq-��O�.��������'I�5�����)l�̳�*J�P�. ]�+ y�Z�Ѝ���j�Z-�~X��C��E}qq�Y������:eT��KO �n�K�.�M�'����ٳgO�u�����r��Ƶm�D����r9�N�z4����,q�ZL&�7�gq�;��A!!"=o��Uc xGGB"$B6̂Ps]X����\�2�_�� Ȁ� Mc֠9��d���x�D��8$� hI8!�!����|�O�P �#ӑ1%�SPH��e�t8�|���K5g���7= $� �g"݇ -//ޚ��C1�L�a���1.���v�ޢ�bꌳ��O��NF�f�Z_^\&����Y���f�=�ۡ��,���/���|����{Υ&M,��z�b�O�|Uf��Ŧ]o �eUT!Fg����Ÿ���Y�*v]{����|�A�1�y�Q���|_^�ԋz��� �� |w�ϱ^�ۯh^g"�"�$���_ F_0��Ѝ��rN��0dk��M^� ���� 㘋-�*��9 " 1Ud[�} ��# � h.��6� � �eՔ����(�?�����!�CLrʶ�.�e�%�ن��$� F�Q;�ƙ��-����4H$���a�λ=WF?��M� _n�&9���� k��(��! �4����%B#),7�Փ����պ� �<��I5.��O�=��;�}�p�����_��_���EQ��N&nW�z� ��|�n��u����^��P���"�Bj��$�%BМz��,�Y�&�|3���M5��j��һ%+'�Qk�7g�AQD}�3b�H�SU�B�ǃ9snf�F�h "g� P�:bLh�,۔$FIIl����� ��O�^f����ӳ� �R��{��7on�kl֭7V�ج�k`@Gc_v��l7����[��l�K_ ��9�͊ӧ�h�po$q9���*�51bsU9�M�,λ���f�6� [�w�h:(�ý��doz�� _���^Y�)��9�v1)��x!�6^�e7 � �)����gђ��3�n���/�^�Q{�}|ꢇ 2(�5����^�\v1d� :),ްӂ�n��1@�KN�H����8�� Hk��� �Q���a�ް�U*7YnFb��E*��J �y�� 3f�&�����;� ��R�Ya"�+S��lt�:�H9��� �y��O ,..�ܽÆO��� ��|y9_o�� &Y�͈�l2��羏����#�n���g�1��3}h������>}��'��r9�����-n�^�l �/�{k̽� w5��M��g`�S_Ѽm� v$�; B�0g�2����|j ?�4fl�K��L� YPY�ض��Ѝe�9����1���Yƹ�lFE(@2�C%�5Yڨ �� ��7�1i����;���Q-�ʃ��yOa+|��Fm�g�Ћ���H�vJ9��ƛc�_Xnϟ>;Uo�AW��l63�"r��r�� ��Ã�v�/�O��z�)��<��f�X*9���[{���ӫ�KFS=�iX]6u���TG�ӭ�5>��o�~>�t]! �� ����;:atm2��)H +(bFPP4&A��U��0U��뇍�BD���ご�S�~��� ���z���~�/�O/�"+y���� Lκ�R�,�W�`�� ͫ6��mm��p�r��mI���-� ��� �"��tml ��p�(�"i��a����L�dNΦ\w��Y?�9}������Q{SI�C=����Orqplݘ��f� �0�n��j�� ���n�*��� �Q��э��b������|6��u�uMD,|��r-4o�_���Y��c�:�'�~p��n4� �Bzr� IDAT���+��j��7��߿�����B9%�����}�M�i;�� �]3�N.r@ 5LDh ��h�-YXPv���j4i�L@�!;���e��gd"�%� [� d�(��LP �) �j�b��R �5d@ _z�KJM��l��GV�ʐ�{�`�t%��qa%�&�Uq8r��0p�Tn�7����%�g��6gW�9q�Z?�y���;��.L��rU����$���80�54�Oc ���֭�˫�0 7oߞLF] }�7��jT����Ӳ���R5�̦����nZ6P����g�֛��|87�0�gϞ�ٚ����n�w�m2kE8�A��$�$1X���e��#ˮ(��yF#IU�2��|"�!��s͐s�Q�φ�| ��e���3��l�>'�Nۉ �u�$ 8�� ��r�"��Ri��N�#� y#�ҊqBX��Q�̦`b-5/W۟���HmA��b�SH+Ko��H$ɐ%ʲ �Z2�� W�` �Ir�U�m��m����&sg�qf��L�cc��Q].��m[g�ɽ{�9S� �$��g5��1�����x�}��7�����a$���jaK�Es[������|�4���x;tb�*Đ-lU �XА+ȍƓ��Ѭ�+ء�ǽ XBI�EJ��Yq�r���(j( 4�( ��x���땹_�D~�%��*%&��ɀh �c��f��YS�$���I���� Xc-� �̊z/3 q� ,�$�4d�e �G� p� Y:�juE��>����Cj��FS� ĩ��D}��RY�s�'1l����g�lM������ �q�nY�n�߹s����r� �gYŐ=8��F)��r�"��Z-˲^ž�L�fK�~�M����X�ʹw�G�����M�æ ��7������� �o��O/�
P�㒋��@+d�`+]�q+�=�,�AEtX��v���j%�m�7��n������&�>YX4OJ*�R;���o�6�Ƿhۭ��In#�> �h�q �B�˿�;1 �pvv�n������ҏǓ��0 ��.xW��h��Z ������&~�]l�x�zcl[ٶ��Ha����m��Һ7n�z����n3;:d@ʚl. � hGf~P�8rwB�1�@��b�m%C�� �6 ��4m�N��T֒U����N�*��ؼZ�}�@���u��*X��r}��54�y��*ꊈ�"�"Q�С��z��J�(��I)���p)� +dd�R�g���C@�� �;�@�m��� ���'*o����'"05> ���*�T�]��K.��{I��j:E`��g�*.�~�w��w�����}���������ozW���뎎��d�h� 9f��H��+vƈ_�5�=N���s0��6;���:z2��V�$��o�����œ��媰n2 ��M�� �K�ȗ� ��+��S G$�%i4�Ge��z;�X yYn���W�� ��g����&�u{��8hb�%+Z�(�R.�8#bN�g����y\�S��5��t�^&M?QDv��Ƙ �ARN�w��~h�lWL��-���J��hOX�Ɩ�NkCC���"1�ɱ�ei� �Ű:���� �L9��]ܬo��W� a�g����z媲i���y��%������{?�����_��L >|Xy�\^].]ߖ�i�M��3��0��q ��ͦO9�JVC,�*�۶���{�u}~~��������_��o�՟��?�8�(Lq��/��7����1(a�DDD@��SR$�º�oΛa���{2�;|8������������hM?�ѩ[\����7C�x�ѥCs{��o&���3�/ ?��h^�Br�P��z��R� w���5H�,>w0?S�GD2cD6�� �eI���9����7�Ua�8���Q/� Q�`q`��,nF�� .֧L]L{m,���LSV_Խ��Dc� ���2�a�YԳ� ����������W�4������ �����ɦ�XO۶QW"�WB� �q 4h�E�ՂaN�m��9`��3�㓓�����FՔ���_{�������~����ۿ�YoÕƜ�a � $��X '�];<}�ٻu��u��� �wۧ��(��YF��@����O�T�0�m��>x�Ɲ��ۜQ��Uzq'Sq����^�ӫ�HPTAs�1Ƭ��l��]v�hv�D�$�+�S`Js�2R<�X���J���mjQLiGy�!�uH[C�s��n����+���p��殁� �q 4ݰ1�D�f,}� k_�Ӄ�}zv��~��_��� <����t~�pr��� ��!&����~�{U݄�� �ƢJ��@5� �L!D dc�ċjߴ ~��[,�WIB5���I `*���@�v�șs�L�Y �f\�?z����u��/ ����y��?Y�i. ��� ���G���Q(}|�aH�%��!�?��\��v���u�ϑ3��_���< B$�I�����9KJD� H��jE�w����E��1� $�\�yߞA�Ƽ_��N�!��o�p1��y�֡V*.x�����O! ��d(�M��}@Ln���% x���� �Kw~������v�^-�`2�?;��IJ(rn!�c��v�=3'�c� }3� q� �� yd����� ;?���.7���&1ޙ�'����^���}BL)� �Z���� ٗE-d������� �����o,�������,ϊ��ե=���dd��ou�eΙ��~���`��\�5��'��0�e3���ׯ�ZEݲe��@^��p+ڢ1ŮV����4�������Y�Ja�w�<HeQ��!&vѡV:+�hs�� �l6}��1 ��_>����Y��� ��������o��4?]~��߽�50��&�2/W1�� =� x�1����+� J)HI��9�$"��QJ�M�-�#�]���Čl�� !LF]�җ �E/��h6s���(u�t06ZGQ�K2"`b��1p��ܹ�� s ;}9��d�ݹw�k�V+4e���e1@���rc�kҊ�����ej�~��qq��Ǐ �~���k7G��GU�l�\,��*��h ��H9�8�*������p�4�� ����l8-���p����U8<����#mT�Ҡ�W����+^BX� Ne�����-�K�tSjt~~�\���� k\,-��?u�] ݻ| �2������s�J^�2l��������Ws�����eRy�^�[CBD 11�ֈ J�V��JweL�_�1�y�Y �J�)�l�94�e�������2 +$e�F���Jǘ ��u �UTڮf����ޝ ��|����7���� DY7+��h:Z�9������)D�'��wn\�{�<�ػy54n���N���άv]_ؼ�/��*� @�HY �+�� �.�U^V��ܪ��Ζ����r{�Mn��U��P��$���ayiI)���10�̈́W����ҖV�'a���d��'���îm�%$�,��#�~�� \�旓g�ݯ��zK0�Y�7>�� ��4ANH��x��E�6� MVݺ��v"6�¨�)!�J���k�9 �9�]��gL�F�k-��h�$�X�(sbCt���h� ��B���+����@I� � �H)$��Z�<ϻu��S Ξ ��bX �wc��CՇÃ+�� �E���-'Õ�u2;�I�H릇��x�H!vdI�4�J= ��r� dm|�e�k��rvx�J���4#�:���2��""�A@�R�զ� ��W���1�X$3�<1��������ׯrBɇ�u����W?�������)F ���ɗ_�/i�'h���� |Oxf�`���he*�) P��u��� �l��8�*"qߺ��F�>hKuQ�e#��p1� !`JI2]k,�; c/�&��S�Y[gK}뮋]��=�� ��u��14]_7�ʃ��h�$ 1�� ì���,�r�Z��η�>�Ļ�� �ϛ�%d.�#)�<|���@fQ��(NPX�i�ڦ��}�ھ2��yڭ���������B�YV�UY>y�h�g1r�6y9I1&�٢(�( !����Yۘ��$��bZ�.�{ �����������Im�{������./�w ����l�4�x�?[}DL��7�KJ��n ��i+���`G��gb&EDDH�)�=| IDATt" ��@8��"�\ܟ�O7�`�N��� ��8 ¤�ح]�)+��9���t���*�dA%�,�$��� }�t 1T�� ��q|[16��(��ϒ# ᔬ��r������g��y|t�{缿���>������f������*���ۺ�k�6+�·��� Fa�lO�� e� �A��ԡ����|8��CZ>�A6 �!�� �����[������ͯ� ��^�m) �3�b��?�z@��AbK��4��B���O{S�߽������/��O����a�R/Տ��?�c8�u 2@��U���w��P*���H0o 0�����Lӈ�fO�1b"��7���qH"R�S�y��@���Q��:&�R��
��NI�?��`w�_�H�x<�!)��y�~:����]9�qqv�\�XT� +�������c���7�>~��∍�6*b�"�/O���~������ ������IU��# ֠�����c�J) d!�Zk�)��[�vo|�{8�o����wb 6�`��?� ����/Ll ����jd �s��|�_Թ�[�3z1o�k5�\jcHo ����ND̉@ ��T\o����l c�9��:P"�7VA�6�&t!�R:j�yL��Q*z�̨E�{�"�Up*i[U��[j\j���L! 2j�9 ��`5��>%�R"$�8D\uM�t���t�ɏ~���^��e���h̳�{ S�z����Y�a{g/ ��(�L��+W�%f�C<{2?�|����� 5��4ͳ����Euq~�{�w������;{r��;:�[c�]��kmo
�֗Y>n]�M;^5���~�������F��-�?F@�� nĥ $I����-q�8)"�ի.M�ɟ��_��O���� ��ǟ��?��w����)�a]a������$1$ Jo:j�P8����q���˯�ڧ�Λ �6�a����A��HD8����3�HX�A�� ������ �Y���� mA��Wƨ��-�a1!������ ��h���o �% ; ��L�M�(��@@�IIJ���<�yO|�ը�"� � ��@�6 %�vuyf�Hi��!�9�X��~ֺ: �(�3Q�`�ѐ�7��� � ��h� �vA��PQ����LU�>'G���Ր�����> �"GS��D b�\;_���[7�}��.��Rf� 0/ �}����l` 4e^�b4V{[�+ŅXh�v `t����� �<8== I '�6������O ��ޙ06y> ! G��b���>������N0S�rŝ�g�C���EH)���RVAH"�ę� �F���?u��� �G�F��P�����?�����w��D,����/��4�l�
"f{�������U�IT@�ʁ2���: ���dH�d8ѧ?�[7�d̦�v��F�#D����Y3i�i%)�p�gK),�@�&r���5���AQ�q���1�*Zc�����@OF}ߗE����[$�:)���';��}�:�ݫ������d$H�i��ӷ���r����������t��ܣ6B���&2@:�M�� YA���������1��ѓ����qq�"��_B�o^ �@Ad֢ " |Y��l � ��o|�b����M+, |>����F�o��=P��CDDABD�5A�rھZۭ�i��6!���ɏd�%�e���YDI�3ױw� )i�z�-�c� J��8�I^��8OA�h�^L�L{�����g��O:�J��iv~2,��(��y��ε>�ը��/ o� h�� _���]���HlN/� ��y��' ����r��D1Fg���sT�?�0�.�j9����*2;��W;�ۥ��&W�ʍ&5����t�P���W�nݴ�{�&K�RB�4 hԐ`�$E�R��*�;�Ch��?�v��]�*8� ``��V��ʂ��)��L��Wo+�O{�?�+�'�s��E~��6��f "3o�1��LV�(f���:����9_p �̲}tZ�;ʉ�2y �������$ ��s���jdF*Q� 7H��J��?Ȇ�,�f Զx~��(t��oiTbf���h־����h���YQV��q5h�u�@d���!j� �SԹ�z�#8�Q+ *�1��E�ܚ�����_5�ׯ��fw<ϣ��I�t�o����tw{�}>99�ޟ���|�,�!�\��`� �q! ���% N'ۮ y1l�V�p�� J������өֺ����]�q�M XD�g��@y]ּ���x���|�{7����=���?�V''"���ޱ�����p���c���u &�De {QzmT�=H����xJ��>&���(C�^��3 7M1��|�(��`G��-�}=�Zk]�N�%>S�}�u�uTrqy ����ѓQ5P[�`i�w-$5.[�3���ܸuӧع� i��N)Ef�ZS���,QJ J8v�xw��/f�bM��� Рq������� �<3��F�����)�$��{��12s�^߾y�`wυ4ܚ~��wƭN?Uavr�E vww����>��Y �B�|�ۿ��k�_� xI�(��5}�O4i��h���Y��7�d<�td; � ��94]����rUѧ4;�n�o\�9��@����F'��L� SD�欉ǧh�|}�Z4' r �k��D�����t ִ1�}o��U��F�L9��4�L���@�/�9crqg{�n�>ƭr{:-./��P[ڞ�����r�&�ZaJJN1���]Ό����l��8V6 � �}�Z���qe2L��:D����e�X�r U���$&_��w1���ݻ������o��h�g�]�U�Ç�>;�?�vx�k_��z�.vv�&:>c��V1�Z���ky��Tze {q�z�I}�O!2s$�$�!�轳Z�x����JI)��R)�_\pjR�� �DD"hc��>T�����y��{�Yu�&%�]2�5%# "Z`�RHk7*�Y����Xrmn\��:�T�*/$(�aQB��L ��^���Co�[��V�m��H��T�\�2�iчV| #3�$�\X��ʽ-�xk<��,���.��Z��ɤ���Q=�/�����'��QiL�9ie��s ����9g�F��d4���Z�"r�{��x��y�^T�a����6z@D6�ҧ���_��5���4䍧?��^ I~9CF��X���Mo���j6 ̉6{-�m �D�mt�� ˙\<��a4��A$3���v<=Lé8ѫF[mQ'-�(J� ̞�Ѥ�)�ؓa -HZ�E1��D���O�f��ksH�^��'���yH ���ص �p��'�]�\�$,�r�"�z�����槇Ĭ�)�h4���1��A�]�t����|fm�ph��:n�R����������r1;;_�\.WKi;�p���r��q�ZR���r<�R��,�HH�� ��U�v]뻞�ɬ��z�e� ͺ�����7�v# �/گO`x#�-�s�s�}�o���Y��&x$���� �^e�a�Zf=Z3�lX��YH �2���d�q�?���c]��{U` y�J�f��cdW�2��9��9�އ�*U�L�=tM���1�ܓ���L��[-'���YS��������O>��\�u���/����M���w��hk҅� I���"RQX� /2�I(N!)"2V��(�&y�M��ѣ��� \>9=������'V�ڕ���G�"������D�������8��&�[ђ9��d$11�-r�����\H'˼��������zu����t:�,�'O�|x��Q*:�4K�_.ϵ��XyE۾ /≙��|�/� ������J�����)��e4�)�z�а���(���ũi���.�Ӽ5 �6� �hU�VY�^��.��2&�xƆ�;�I�.*����/M�V��Z�H�o�jG�Y����z�>�����#��@���3�/�� ޟ�^��`�XsX-��ڃ�} QxXE4�YkQ��d�P�I�0DD ����� ������S4����mB ]�ֳ��8���BR��m����8ӣ� �{ɧ- �ei�|�@����ھM) ���l�O���9tn�2m����4M��댵�����r]7�oO�ŷH |}��|���� E 'F�H����h��qfE�X5�,�R�����������mNk��m O^�K�~�:}��䳔��]2�4�`mR*�gˌR�T�����`ʔ "��ʊg*��-mŰ�� ��4Ma2��Eh]��~��d�{J������I�ܴr����kպ�M������'����nc���p��js[�5fɧ̒�̂ĕͪ:6>���q���QFE��sS�ᴘ��/ʪ�����s.j������{�E:C���ly�6m3;���2�ÿ�}��#�Xel ѺkYi�FBX��[���W��-�t<��� ��E#��4&A�/���E}������m��0^6�_����ԄFDY�f��Όh���͉��Q�^�T\w�b�m֒3tU$���AB6��~� 8���� �)�" =Š!��t���r�=c��[qٵ%�[��\��8Yt5�j��m�<_�ͺK��:)�\U�(��ӟ|���ْ�����l~��n_��kf)�� �Q��*�t`^(�����!�� �� �L2��3B�]ah8�ƦS��u�U��H�rPu>�VKsyI�B��P֭p�(�r�,Vs���6��$���&��X��k�w�o\�yt����ޝ����쟥��O��\��F����țC�o���ă�&|Vg��Ʉ_�D��&O*��BH3C�dcb`�}�j�PU|����.p�!����G b����U� ��J& >Rɴ2 G �"cH���,/ w�� �*5\�g�*�����l���X��&+T������La�|q ����G���b~�Ń�����Y����+�� �-, r���
�c�����������`m9�� }��)����[B��n�WV%��5.ċz])�<+�r�`Ok+1�H"NS<�u�w�������ݏ~�����[E�����?�_����#�kNb����e��ǯ�ʋ �7�W�+D`C+J)��Ѥ�F����F�^ ҈��bs�$&������W�b�2#1S"h�I��cB��SgcW�^& D�a ���ޚLi��l���z�j1�b}���'��-����$�Ʌb�lO�<�~���;7~��������o�<�a��U��l8x�w~�� �x`��{����ő�onoo����R�� �ѫ,���<��R "�&�,�He[�IJ���WQ�ٓ��%�˳�����/�D4��>��H����HZ-&�&��]y�)�Z��w?��l����P�ۙy�{�h�������w?���k�ѽ�����Ψ�r��=�$� $ �@��~�� ���]}�_g�M��8����I� 2�U�U؊U}����E��'@L[�I���02Z�@�ť#�$� T2�1�V�)qJ �PP�[m�oG5�����pBw���v/JT.����S�(˂�(+�Y��6E�F�* fFk����x�XM��pP��l1���jv���ȒH^��%hWi�� g��j�%�9���ʩ�(���E۬���ˋ���+ �L��Y� YU�� �e����V5 �qߥ�-..���m7����Xm &Zk ڔ6F�í�:����c�Ν�d�U�ʇE�ܽ��c!�3���H/l���� �RA���r��s(����P@=3��9� 13!�/ 7��:��m�IV��uJ���2N�r0RcRm�`�[��ώ�ݼ-QDQ 8jM$JzH>t������ �Z� ~H7� һn�l��|:ٽu#i�������nկk>�Ȯ��]��g[�c*��``�r�=>�����N s����xLj.�_7����zV;�JG{��֎��:���W��������b�lVq�,� q~9 ^^@�4O��$%�)����/��p<(�C��rȆ�`42Y>�-&�״�%����d �FdM��rewv��'*�ɍkO =,��CfF�U|xU����^�W�WD_���K#��:i��ȥĢ�R E#$��+�7S�l�;P�ܤ>39�*�إ&q�e^ ��Z��Y (jA$#���'+�#B��d���26��F��t��[�;��d��� �����5����ӋZ ڪFo���,��miJz�����\Y�S9 � ��7G��Q��.��#�oN�M������=<������� E��p{{0��.�6��^t��Wd_�W��]���~eO l����.���ȳW9�H�����'�|�$+���������v�?m|�R|��:���AbbzY�Y��� |��� _m�� �/�PRBbQ, B�ɇ�� ��X�S軣��Wŝ��1k�k !�iRq�{~���c�Y�dQ� �D��I���0ș�}�]��D��95�ݻ�:r��`�����L��bI�TIn\�٪_����w?�A��}�k; $@ !ҡ훾�Y����~Xd�#��~�DHWv�G{�� 黅TV!,E���no_{��'?�X���.f��]��Ӛ��f)%kL1���_ /�2/Q�.�ӋjXXK�e{�X��� �^e�A����/{w������ ��W��O�������������*@�i�$�<J�@BSBM*ATI+�]T�8�Z)1AҠ��ľ�-��M�4SkG�J) ����sXrˮ������pB���k��bnM�����3�� ��;�w�s��� �'��XN�bw�tb�Qg@ n� n#B�AB�E� D�XQ��m�� 7=��SU����<��a-.��ꎸe_lm���z���ϰ������j�ԧ04J{OZ<[�%�O�� C.���~�JJ��#�j:�i�\_fD�My?&�Ώ� � ��� ?�J ?��Ӹ��o��\ �o� ;)%l����}��ւ���0� ��yK��"�����F��ff=�]�V��Jr߹�#���q���S7��F������G^T �$4��g0 �%�Gä �\
<�Ϟ�W>S�U�<��CL�:�ʒ�<���� �;�ac(4���D謑����R���ϼ�����r6W���{o �w���R�}� cJk�`dʦ�&!r�uLإݝ���g H�F� �,F��r�QDD$�(DH�AQQ��TdY���w xc{�9"��b8������μ�1�5g��k {�Z_w�aY �e�~m8 ��%* B@��h�c�a����W7M��α7��e�x4v����e� �6�D��C�����Ѕ mُ ��w��փ�*� �̑R��>�����'�aUo���w�R���{� ��;x������/ql�2Z�f��Ԡt:Tɴn讬���qX߆�b���<���4���a}pО���`|m?8�ZD=o���=Q4za�v6�#yPҷ
����\�?z����r1ܽ���3u��@]�j�� Y��S�PEv|�EH��!h�!�h��]ٟ�wO�ET�,vKH�*�y��+e:&��P0J) �L�D!���l�zdT|p0yi�8����@� �67�����&C�b�]�������Y�'s�S;�#��M'��kaf&N*�A��� DVid��H 4����Wv$19�U�գ3]^��I��@�uV,\[/��v������ot)�3�2|�"a� z ܠ|������0k�ރ��x!���g��۴�3����Y9���6] �- ��%� %�sm�l�Sd1�m��Wü��.*��4 7���9y�B�8f=����tѵ���.[�ōa~Źp�� ����������|v{8x�w�Ih�7��9�8�C(�3�� ���LY�t��!E�0 �râ^�'G�j����`�/ŷ|�d��g�g2\?xvPT% K�A:�3̀U�w���8Nv�4�Ԛ���1��T_/%&rYJI�a��\\��y��� �>99if��E9�%Ƕm1�>�� 0�8p ֊A!4�f:{��q=[D��g�'n0��k�c�fǧ٠d��gO��oI��-����>��G%�㇓{o��-&��m]!����j��/�9�CJb.䜋���A���4Ӱ���P H��PG�I� {��aq�����_TŨ�� plC���ɻe�/�*�KQmX�r��������ݿ��/ܺ���B?=�'�&dz'��[�~#�s�&lm8�>pLBy�k���&����������ȯ�T��K!�e���1���瞼i��ɹ�[#rc\`;U�e�����&z�2������^^P��ٸ.�=(�
.SE�>.���(}N�M��pw>�"F � $���!'H+*|�/ a�Ĕ�Hʍ=98�^���GNŠ�4��N8j �-dc+��ܪ����`��5c\=��x��>���#�<|4==��}X-[�w�`��������>�:~v�U��?��ŋ/�����>�����I���?�t$��&0�ޟ�]�(NF{I9 N ���X�c�3�A#(�� IR��rm���ݛ�~���-�C���+��o�|�g߹������&Ӱ�����پx����|sk���?����� �L� ^�~�ڧ>��������S �s�?��������(�,h�M�t��Y�h3m4/������R ��yҐ��R�:�.��l^���IИ^�����|�ըc39����� � }�V��� �:����Q�v��K�W��Ϧ�e�4���Go�Mb`���|9e���n�_ �@�A���9�Ί"A���L��EW�R�4�a���O����:_U���Ƅ@���ݲ^�Z� [�1��#��]L�M(� �����\c�ZTLQ�XNck�U��1�,��_�+'G���~��ze>zg��/|��ǯ��Y [hZS� Կ4�|�jcfT ��%�E�� � #A�m�z�)~����FBV pL�s����� h����������W�Ư�����Jm�G���g�ώ���/~���'�|dzeVK�Lݭ��y��.�?�n畗�|�c|2넴x{z`)�k����q�m��=�κ��1���-��&�E��� yٌ���d�c���p������n��ں)v�A�^*�Lq��o~ �O�Y���� ��'�4�t�eM3?R�H���C5(�� ?=��] s���������~���|I<3���E��.�JR�@��y�"��D �+V�7��Z�m35v��t�r4 ��y��� ꮭ�6�4���Qo� ����Y�|�ӯ�����ַ�a��ўۿ�_����+��� ���ݭ�e=z��'�����up. �k��Q�ϛ� x ��v��S�G!0B6i���2kc�:A�-�� ��YA���Mc \�Ҙ4�Λ��'_������[���7�e���?��q>Μ"���~�k�Z�gy������K�p���6���S�l�����:�3�z�tl ߧu���q%�m Y'� C+��I�իp� �U���sC>9\��F� �o��a:���-3*�� ��|;+{?P~�z�����h�*zzx`��} RK��h0�,��� �����r1��\Sw�� �9��վFrP~��愀 �H�j�. d42hPa�] ]��������4���RF��W�,f˽�=����E��w�wn}��`�p�Q��E#1�ݽ.�}P�w��� Yp���~δmJ5�;\�ǧ?��rkm_��V�OՇ��'2��rxԜ� ���� ��=<昈u���!J��2�P}*��Y��n{m�\���=ȷ��3����2���T :�̦�� 3�5�����m�O dv�,,�I�sƎ+��TI����~1�!s�m�$� ���a�K�.�A���^���2YmG�] ˬ !������$+�R��7�/l����ǿ'u?l�$�&k_���ť���������dT��6ȱ�Ɏ�`���ߴ���u}���h|���� 6�� ��8�͠Le�Z�w� BD��%����' ���w>���W��̧����f��gӢ(6�k˦ f3��G�Ic1�ڦM�UU5g�Lz RԤ�*�o��O���X-� ��R7�LyaP�/g0�n��Ǜ��bTV�e� }��&�}u����>�JA�6 ����x��K���j.�O�} �V���^@ ���c�(�\.;gu�"tf\=>=����g�b}wڴ���/{t&P�A���- qJ�� ��pc�w};�� �Wl�)�<n�Pt�]�.+�4�p�ƃ3� ��-P��BEͼuY�q��y������ "��wd�V�c�/�2�� Y�Xk����0�1y0T��Y�� .��x�M��bY:w� C�;�{<���e0�����o�=��J�˺6j��� �>����6$��XD >h�]�8q�gX���L�e�h���d:ey^���^_�8=}�?�E�%��������h�����f�e�8PFi�؇������q�U���������2G������n {�b��QVB��.��.@(���=���gH��K����}ip��`��݇_�����eq�Ο� rr��m콠|���X%�A�\:�>�F�U��;ۻ!�kw^8>=�����Pm��Yq�g)*?]еm3�y��R��e>Mz��殰n�N�l!��9% =N ��{X�8� �륎)ľq�/Ca^S�;'f�)�%� ���lk������^ L��E�������;��9���ͦ�]�Cߞ ��z��ai�z��2������Fjs���'�)���|������ [ʪ>&������{�� c`G��1��u ".#��LB Gg�ƪtw��P�h���|>�,��"v:��������3��%���+x��8+��� 7�Ϊ�G @���E���o��ޟ�����4���o���e��M>�џ��w��܉���:�R*x&N Y-ED$��q (��T�����o��� ����9���Y�{��֦6�V�_2V��SV#�F�fi �ly2��\�<9� ɚ��E�M�u�eSN�����9 a]�h43' ��&y 2�s�c�ӳV�Oʬ�h/�n�9o��h�o��̟�� ���j��}��~�Ebf3� �2��������γ�0�ҋ/h��JI��i����� ��i���}����o�8\�����*_ i�0[`��w���uYv.1�b� U�F���LJ����X���R=v�6t����N��#!"��0�Z:J���-�����.(���k�0.*ɊqVV.ҧz�pê��Z^i�е�e�E��9�әS�٪��rFp��7���3�����w�W~�K7^�ux|b��'��'������+۷>�q�1�(c���'�E4JE�R�A�Ё� �He���?�������o���� �s6l�١5?�7�2~��wƢ��e ���RK��xPk�E���9E.Z�Jy��>.��b�h��� ��,��Y$ɕ�M�Ý|� ����ʮ Gnk-SOuB�>êg2�:�j��p���4�]�YӖ b��V/\21���qsc�� �0�2F��3jodݵ�iza�k�?=˿�|08�]�E�|r� `=T��}�^Ηu���)���Ѵ���`�@N�/�ǧ�����~����!#6�Q#�Ce5\DdE1�z���� ���{�~1�G�}l��aV7Z�B�����M3].�C� v�뻇�?���֖5�N(J��]�A���;�[�2V���?y���g?�K[k�,~�{��я~RPU�� Db��V#z֭D�+Q-�������Goݳ$;����ʫu !�L�>|��7��K)��� ���ךH��L�;e�峃�����c�*K"�J)��� b���Sw�b:��MS(�� �k���d�6��Ӱ(�����ѹ(�LaPQVVږ�m� U����jg
�*e]0Ї� F���{��NA��( �tb�[ ) 3GN�XD�pU��fU %"E�\ߎ����/5RYU c�u�Z� b�1>@��1�H�ȉ8�����Us�f��HA��c `e�Q ���_��?�Z�c�-�975�9�3� [k�����B��H���.��q5I� "bd�}Ԓ�hD�����ʤ�P�LP4�� @"�f4**$"���i�F )�� �@ZC��Z+���Y�������Z!� �*�1Zk!�$F���D� dN�&��8��� I��)k ��x�m�De�R����eDĖ��TFE�\ׁ*-�5D�/��z MIDAT��<�Z�r����rSwJ)"i�n�dI��%�d1 �S�R��2H�LYT �!��$��p�"��%����D1M�#mS��t."��Q��Q�9�H+P��>��F���G�3,�bH�����F[� ���[��AT@<̻��=������!��ح�u�C�l�������� �� X }H@�>�) �,��*������7�p��6mk3�, �P �\��� 3���@@Fg�Q^B>�zN�[�٢�)�.��ᤐ���pi���(�, L � D�t��6d��R�{62���ř�D"�Q�G�T�}���Y� *���Fy ��*~6����OQ)$�X@R����� �s�]`�d"���bJIX8E� t`9Ĕ� 1L�q��ZC}�Q+��:bBdE)%�"Zij�18� 8Ӝ"x��"=��QD�)n��lml� OB�òL�E���ȽtZ�s�?�Q)c����j.xJ�p��d Ş ϥ N1 &$e��3*�}���!yA 9�F;��#&��rg��N+�vC}�`��Ƀ�D� ��(�9/Ok���em��@� )�H�5 ��<�Б �z����.� 8Lf���MP�E��=g������]$f��p %�I � ��l�( c,�+�6��b�!�g��ie1�I�A�֦$��S(�����m���s�"&D! �|����î� ����c��}���%!������92�(�RIJ�s b[G�[ ��8fP�V�bE��}{�6�V�vZi6�j�2������svz JqJ�Ƚ�ė��3�J)��f���� �@Dd�'>YR B��4������H�h�D �F- #�b/l-a��6�)�̥�H+F!D���ILI��C� I@�L�t�Qs� �WF�".K-�P �*i�}d��|K�� ���H�7l�l�}���0w"�0���0�! �D��z�TJ����$O Y@�����&T��܉A`�i��G�5sf"1Q�h2Z|��X r1E Ԉ�z �"D y�:���" ���k�jK,Z�����'���!����^vT���ԕ���dZ��ڧ %A��� ���>�������������� ���|`��� �j#���W��s��^��i����J�3��(����8�"���D��4����X����?�Oe��j�ju8�v�9� � ��N�1�Y/� ���¸�~��@�Տ(��03�tJ)i$Ŕ@�U�<0a"ȴ`Ң��������3�6Ԩ������@@c���`����ʲ|��w?���9c��i������/�&��M� IEND�B`� [ $ @�� $ N o r m a l mH 4 @ 4 H e a d i n g 1 $@& 5�CJ < A@��� < D e f a u l t P a r a g r a p h F o n t # ���� # # # �t � �4 b �$ �,�]�`�x�m�"$SA�� �� b �$ ���n˖�BSA|�Ȣ�1� .� �� b �$ �����s�u��U �� u� �' b �$ ��4�CA��:���-� � R� b �$ '�w ��7� X�i �H� �� ]E b �$ �e��B��B���S��پ� U� M� b �$ ��ۅ��G����Ah��� ߅ �T @ � �� � ��� � �n � � �( � �����������Ŵ�˿ � �< � � # � A � � � �< � � # � A � � � �< � � # � A � � � �< � � # � A � � � �< � � # � A � � � �< � � # � A � � � �< � � # � A � � � �B � S � � � � ? � � ! # (��� � 4� (���w � q 4� ����d � " 4� X " 4� X ����>" ����4� � � � 4� � ����P ����4� �� I n f o r m a t i o n A g e S c h o o l s _ C : \ M y D o c u m e n t s \ E u r o N o t e s Q u i z P r a c t i c e H o l y F a m i l y B N S . d o c I n f o r m a t i o n A g e S c h o o l s b C : \ W I N D O W S \ D E S K T O P \ E u r o N o t e s Q u i z P r a c t i c e H o l y F a m i l y B N S . d o c �@ � hmd # ` @ G� � � T i m e s N e w R o m a n 5� � S y m b o l 3&� � � A r i a l " 0� � h c� c� c� � i Y ��� � � 0 0 �� W E u r o N o t e s Q u i z P r a c t i c e H o l y F a m i l y B N S I n f o r m a t i o n A g e S c h o o l s I n f o r m a t i o n A g e S c h o o l s �� �����Oh�� +'��0 � � � � $ 0 D d p � � � � � � � � � X Euro Notes Quiz Practice Holy Family BNS uro Information Age Schools nfo Normal.dot Information Age Schools 2 fo Microsoft Word 8.0 o@ @ �� ��@ �� ��@ �� �� � i �� ��՜.�� +,��D ��՜.�� +,��� T h p � � � � � � � � � 4 � NCET Select Agreement 0 j X Euro Notes Quiz Practice Holy Family BNS Title � 6 > _PID_GUID � A N { 1 0 2 A 4 B 0 8 - 2 D 0 2 - 1 1 D 6 - 9 4 7 0 - 4 4 3 1 1 F C 1 0 0 0 0 } ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ����� � � � � � � ����� � � � � � � ����� ������������������������ ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������R o o t E n t r y �������� � F �EE ���ú �� � 1 T a b l e ������������ � W o r d D o c u m e n t �������� �� S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n ( ���� � D o c u m e n t S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n 8 ������������ � C o m p O b j ���� j O b j e c t P o o l ������������ �ú ���ú �� ������������ ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �� ���� � F Microsoft Word Document MSWordDoc Word.Document.8 �9�q
| Blue |
"Who is the host of the TV series ""Dragon's Den""?" | THE NEW €20 - ECB - Our Money
THE NEW €20
Euro Banknotes
Euro banknotes
There are two series of euro banknotes. The first series consists of the €5, €10, €20, €50, €100, €200 and €500. The new Europa series currently comprises the €5, €10 and €20 and will include the €50, €100 and €200 banknotes in due course. The banknotes from both series are legal tender in the 19 countries of the euro area.
In May 2016 the ECB decided not to produce the Europa series €500 banknote, but the first series €500 notes still in circulation will remain legal tender for an unlimited period of time.
In this section you can see the Europa series banknotes and compare them with those of the first series. All banknotes show architectural styles from different periods in Europe’s history.
THE NEW €20
Size: 133 x 72 mm
Colour: Blue
RSS Feed
“THE EURO: OUR MONEY” OFFICIAL WEBSITE
This is an official European Central Bank website. The website is about euro banknotes and coins, and focuses on the new €5, €10, €20 and €50 notes of the Europa series.
THE EUROSYSTEM:
Feedback form for the download of materials
Please let us know how you intend to distribute our materials.
Use*
I would also like to request printed copies of this publication.**
Number copy*
A confirmation of the availability of the publications requested will be sent to the name and address indicated in your account. If you would like to send the publications to another address, please indicate this below.
Address (street and number)*
** The publications are available free of charge from the ECB as long as stocks last.
SEND
Feedback form for the download of materials
Please let us know how you intend to distribute our materials.
Use*
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
LETTER OF INTENT
We wish to use the electronic media and/or print media produced by the European Central Bank (ECB) to inform others. We declare that:
1. Any information or materials received from the ECB will be used for information purposes only.
2. We will not use the “€ OUR MONEY” logo for purposes that could be detrimental to the euro, or for commercial or advertising purposes, and we will adhere to the style guidelines provided in the Partnership Programme.
3. Any electronic materials, pictures, files or documents provided by the ECB will remain its sole property. The ECB will reserve its or third-party copyrights. We will not pass any information or materials received from the ECB to any third party, except for production purposes.
4. Should we use the original master files of materials prepared by the ECB, we will preserve the integrity of the text.
5. We pledge to follow the reproduction rules for euro banknotes and coins as published in the Official Journal of the European Union and available on the ECB’s website at www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/banknotes/reproduction/html/index.en.html.
6. If we use electronic media online, we will include a link to www.new-euro-banknotes.eu and we will inform the ECB of the material used and where it has been used. We will forward the links.
7. We understand that stocks of ECB materials for distribution are limited. We will inform the ECB of the number of copies distributed, the means of distribution as well as the target groups.
On behalf of the company/institution mentioned above, we declare that we will refrain from using any materials either in printed or electronic form provided by the ECB until our membership of the Partnership Programme has been confirmed.
We will be liable for any damages incurred by the ECB should we not act in accordance with this Letter of Intent. We also understand that the ECB reserves the right to terminate our membership at any time.
DISCLAIMER
This privacy notice is made on behalf of the European Central Bank (ECB) and applies to Havas 360, its sub-contractors and all central banks referred to as data processors below.
When you fill in the form on the website http://www.new-euro-banknotes.eu/, we collect personal information directly from you in order to provide you with information on euro banknotes. Your data will be used only for that purpose. You cannot receive information if you do not complete the form.
We keep information on your activity with us and delete it after three years of inactivity. We are committed to ensuring that your information is secure. In order to prevent unauthorised access or disclosure, we have put in place physical, electronic and managerial procedures to safeguard and secure the information we collect online.
We use this personal information to deal with your request(s), manage your account and offer you other ECB publications.
We disclose this information to our sub-contractor CetSI and on a need-to-know basis to the relevant data processors.
A. Your choices
1) You have the right to see the information that we have about you and to get mistakes corrected by contacting Havas 360;
2) You have the right to delete your account with Havas 360.
B. Important
Your information is protected by European Union law. National data protection laws apply in relation to the technical and organisational security measures to be applied by the data processors mentioned below, unless the data processor is the ECB. Contact details for the European Data Protection Supervisor can be found at http://ec.europa.eu/justice/data-protection/bodies/supervisor/index_en.htm.
C. How to reach us
C.1 Contact data of data controller
Sabine Eismann
| i don't know |
What is the capital of South Australia? | Capital of South Australia - definition of Capital of South Australia by The Free Dictionary
Capital of South Australia - definition of Capital of South Australia by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Capital+of+South+Australia
Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia .
Related to Capital of South Australia: leveret
Ad·e·laide
(ăd′l-ād′)
A city of southern Australia northwest of Melbourne. Founded in 1836, Adelaide is the capital of South Australia.
Adelaide
(ˈædɪˌleɪd)
n
(Placename) the capital of South Australia: Port Adelaide, 11 km (7 miles) away on St Vincent Gulf, handles the bulk of exports. Pop: 1 225 235 (2011)
Ad•e•laide
a city in and the capital of South Australia, in Australia. 1,050,000.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Adelaide - the state capital of South Australia
South Australia - a state in south central Australia
Translations
Adelaide
[ˈædəleɪd] N → Adelaida f
Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content .
Link to this page:
South Australia
References in periodicals archive ?
As the cosmopolitan coastal capital of South Australia, Adelaide is home to renowned museums such as the Art Gallery of South Australia, displaying expansive collections including noted indigenous art, and the South Australian Museum, devoted to natural history.
Uni uncovers Adelaide heritage
BONUS WINNER: SARA MYERS, OUTWOOD, WAKEFIELD ACROSS DOWN 1 Soviet astronaut (9) 6 &7A HaveIGot News For You team captain (3,6) 7 See 6 Across 10 Flood, overwhelm (8) 12 Substance added to the water supply to reduce tooth decay (8) 14 Make less effective (6) 15 See 2 Down 16 In Seattle, film starring Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan (9) 2 & 15A British rock group who opened the Live Aid concert in 1985 (6,3) 3 Flying (8) 4 Charge for using a road, bridge, etc (4) 5 Engaged in work (8) 8 Common word for the trachea (8) 9 State capital of South Australia (8) 11 Vital statistic?
PS100 Bonus Crossword
The bustling capital of South Australia certainly packs a punch.
ON THE ROCKS; Kim Pilling enjoys breathta aking views and some spiritual enlight tenment on a journey to the heart of f Australia
Iconic sites The bustling capital of South Australia certainly packs a punch.
| Adelaide |
'The Honourable Mrs. Graham' is by which 18th century English portrait painter? | Australia Population (2016) - World Population Review
World Population Review
Australia Population 2016
[[getCurrentPopulation()]]
As of November 2016, Australia has an estimated population of 24.26 million, up from the official 2011 census results of 21.5 million.
Australia is the 53th largest country in the world in terms of population, between Cote Cameroon and Madagascar. It is also the most populous country in Oceania, three times more populous than its neighbour Papua New Guinea (8.2 million) and 5 times more populous than New Zealand (4.5 million).
As the 6th largest nation in the world, Australia has a very low population density of just 3 people per square kilometer, or 7 per square mile. This makes it one of the least densely populated countries in the world. Mongolia, Western Sahara and Suriname have fewer people per square kilometer than Australia. Some parts of Australia are even less densely populated. In the Northern Territory, every square kilometer holds just 0.2 people. Most of Australia's population is concentrated on or around the more hospitable coastal areas, as you can see in the density map further down the page.
The most recent Australian census was held in 2011 and confirmed that the population of Australia on census night (August 9 2011) was 21,507,717. The 2016 census is currently in progress, and the results will be released in April 2017. The Australian Bureau of Statistics also provides the Australian Population Clock, which uses population indicators to estimate the current population count.
Largest Cities in Australia
There are five Australian cities with a population of more than a million people. .
Sydney (4.9 million)
Sydney is the home of the Opera House and the Sydney Harbour Bridge, and hosted the 2000 Summer Olympics. Sydney is Australia's largest and most cosmopolitan city. It is also the capital and largest city of New South Wales. The 2011 census revealed its population to be 4,391,674, an increase of 6.6% over the 2006 numbers. 2016 estimates placed the population at 4,920,970, which accounts for 20% of the nation's total population.
Melbourne (4.5 million)
Melbourne, Australia's second city and great rival to Sydney, is the capital of Victoria. Situated on the south coast, it was home to 3,999,982 people at the time of the 2011 census. It is growing even more quickly than Sydney and is forecast to become Australia's largest city within 25 years. According to 2016 estimates, the population is 4,529,496, which is 19.05% of Australia's population.
Brisbane (2.3 million)
Brisbane, capital of Queensland, had a population of 2,065,996 on the day of the 2011 census. In the five years since the 2006 census, its population grew by an impressive 11.5%. Estimates in 2016 put the population around 2,308,720, or 9.71% of the nation's overall population.
Perth (2 million)
Perth, capital of Western Australia, is the fastest growing state capital in Australia. It's population went up from 1,512,105 in 2006 to 1,728,867 in 2011, a growth rate of 14.3% in just five years. Growth has continued through 2016, with a population estimated to be 2,039,193.
Adelaide (1.3 million)
Adelaide, capital of South Australia, is home to 1,316,779 people. Its growth rate of 5.9% from 2006-2011 makes it the slowest growing city among Australia's 5 largest cities.
As well as the five cities listed above, Canberra, the capital of Australia, is the country's eighth largest city, home to an estimated 424,666 people.
Hobart, the only state or national capital not listed, has an estimated 220,593 residents, making it Australia's eleventh most populous city.
Population of Australian States and Territories
There are five Australian states, ranging in population from 0.5 million to 7.2 million in population.
New South Wales (7.6 million)
New South Wales is Australia’s largest state, home to an estimated 7,618,200 people in 2016. Its capital and largest city is Sydney.
Victoria (5.9 million)
Victoria, named after the English Queen, is Australia’s second largest state. Its estimated population 2016 was 5,938,100. Its largest city is Melbourne, Australia’s second city, where three quarters of all Victorians live.
Queensland (4.7 million)
Queensland is Australia's third largest state. Its estimated population in 2016 was 4,779,400. Queensland's largest city is Brisbane.
Western Australia (2.5 million)
Western Australia is home to an estimated 2,591,600 people. Its capital city, Perth, is home to 2 million of WA's 2.5 million residents.
South Australia (1.6 million)
South Australia, which is located in the center of Australia's south coast, is home to approximately 1,698,600 people. Its largest city is its capital, Adelaide, which is home to all but 400,000 of South Australia's residents.
Tasmania (0.5 million)
Tasmania is Australias smallest state, although still more populous than any of its territories. Home to approximately 516,600 people, its largest city is Hobart, which has a population of over 220,000.
Australian Capital Territory (390,800)
The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave inside of New South Wales. Home to Australia's capital city Canberra, 390,800 people live in the ACT.
Northern Territory (244,600)
The Northern Territory has an esimated 244,600 residents, making it the least densely populated part of Australia and one of the least densely populated areas in the world. Its largest city is Darwin, where more than half of the Territory's residents make their homes.
Australia Demographics
The Australian population census of 2011 showed that of the 21,507,717 declared residents, 25.4% of the population claimed their ancestry to be Australian. Those that claimed to be of English ancestry represented 25.9% of the total population. Other figures included Irish at 7.5%, Scottish at 6.4% and Italian at 3.3%.
Australia's population has quadrupled since World War I, mostly due to immigration. From the end of World War II through 2000, nearly 6 million immigrants came to Australia, accounting for 2 out of every 7 Australians. At the last census in 2011, over 30% of Australians were born in another country and over 46% had at least one overseas-born parent. The most common immigration sources in Australia are the United Kingdom, New Zealand, China, India, and Vietnam.
In 2011, the official indigenous population of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders was over 548,000, or 2.5% of the total population, up from 116,000 in 1976. This increase is due in part to the fact that many people with at least some indigenous heritage were undercounted before.
As with other developed countries, Australia's demographics are shifting toward an older population. The median age in Australia is 37 years.
Source: Jason Tong
| i don't know |
Of which 1960's South London gang was 'Mad Frankie' Fraser a notorious member? | Gangland figures including Eddie Richardson out for funeral of 'Mad' Frankie Fraser | Daily Mail Online
Gangland figures including former 1960s crime lord Eddie Richardson turn out for funeral of notorious enforcer 'Mad' Frankie Fraser
Dozens of mourners gathered for Frankie Fraser's funeral at Honor Oak Crematorium in south London today
Gangsters Eddie Richardson, 78, and Chris Lambrianou was among several mourners paying their respects
Fraser was an 'enforcer' in the Richardson Gang - also known as the notorious 'torture gang' in the 1960s
Frankie Fraser died aged 90 on November 26 after falling critically ill and being taken to King's College Hospital
| The Richardson Gang |
The actress who played 'Mrs. Robinson' in the film 'The Graduate' died in June 2005, what was her name? | London mobster Frankie Fraser given a gangland farewell at his funeral | UK | News | Daily Express
Notorious gangster 'Mad' Frankie Fraser given a gangland farewell
HE was a notorious gangland torturer famed for pulling out rivals’ teeth with pliers.
00:01, Fri, Dec 19, 2014
MIKE PARTRIDGE
A floral tribute to ‘Dad’ at the funeral of Frankie Fraser
But yesterday there was standing room only as hundreds of mourners said a final farewell to “Mad” Frankie Fraser, who died last month aged 90.
Under stormy skies, Honor Oak Crematorium in south London looked like a scene from a Guy Ritchie film as henchmen arrived for the funeral.
Despite the gloom, some hid behind sunglasses while one male mourner wore a chilling necklace made of bullets.
Former gangland boss Eddie Richardson and Great Train robber Bobby Welch, who was in a wheelchair, were among those paying their respects.
Chris Lambrianou, an associate of the Krays, also attended.
In his eulogy, Fr Michael Branch conceded that the father-of-four was “no saint” but was “one of life’s great characters” who raised thousands for charity.
There was laughter as he added: “Of course the only regret in life that Frankie had was getting caught.”
Of course the only regret in life that Frankie had was getting caught
Michael Branch
The Frank Sinatra song That’s Life was played as the coffin was lowered beneath the chapel for the cremation.
Fraser – one of the last of the 1960s London mobsters – was part of the Richardsons crime gang, rivals to the Krays.
He was dubbed “Britain’s most dangerous man” by two home secretaries and became known as “Mad” Frankie as he was twice certified insane during his 42 years behind bars.
His final prison term ended in 1989.
But last year he was handed an Asbo after flying into a rage with a fellow pensioner at his care home.
The Rolls-Royce hearse was adorned with huge wreaths reading “dad”, “Uncle Frank” and “grandad”.
It was previously used at the funeral of his old gang boss Charlie Richardson.
Related articles
| i don't know |
Beatrix Potter wrote a tale about a Grey Squirrel, what was its title? | 9780723266730: The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes. Beatrix Potter - AbeBooks - Potter, Beatrix: 0723266735
The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes. Beatrix Potter
ISBN 10: 0723266735 ISBN 13: 9780723266730
Publisher: Frederick Warne and Company, 2011
About this title
This gift edition of Beatrix Potter's classic tale has a gold-foil jacket and is published to celebrate the centenary of the book's publication in 1911. After a terrible misunderstanding, poor Timmy Tiptoes ends up deep inside the trunk of a dead tree, with no means of getting out. Luckily, the chipmunk who lives there is very friendly and kind to Timmy. Before long, a strong wind blows the top off the dead tree trunk, but poor Timmy can't get himself out on account of eating far too many nuts and being a little bit too round! Beatrix wrote this story to appeal to her American fans and featured animals of American origin (grey squirrels, chipmunks and a black bear) all living happily in the Lake District woods! "The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes" is number twelve in Beatrix Potter's series of 23 little books.
"synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
About the Author:
Beatrix Potter is regarded as one of the world's best-loved children's authors of all time. From her first book, The Tale of Peter Rabbit, published by Frederick Warne in 1902, she went on to create a series of stories based around animal characters including Mrs. Tiggy-winkle, Benjamin Bunny, Jemima Puddle-duck, Mr. Jeremy Fisher and Tom Kitten.
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.:
Once upon a time there was a little fat comfortable grey squirrel, called Timmy Tiptoes. He had a nest thatched with leaves in the top of a tall tree; and he had a little squirrel wife called Goody.
Timmy Tiptoes sat out, enjoying the breeze; he whisked his tail and chuckled - "Little wife Goody, the nuts are ripe; we must lay up a store for winter and spring."
"About this title" may belong to another edition of this title.
| The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes |
In rowing, what is the action of turning the oar blade flatto reduce wind resistance called? | The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes: Beatrix Potter: 9780723247814 - Christianbook.com
The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes
This product is not available for expedited shipping.
* This product is available for shipment only to the USA.
Others Also Purchased (15)
Product Description
▼▲
Timmy Tiptoes is prudently storing away nuts for the winter when a bird starts signing a nonsense song: "Who's been digging up my nuts?," which Timmy's fellow squirrels take very seriously. They throw him down into his storage-hole; knocked unconscious, he's awoken and cared for by a chipmunk; but when Timmy's wife finally finds out where he is, he's too fat to come through the hole he went in! 57 pages, hardcover with dust jacket. 5.75" x 4.25".
Product Information
Dimensions: 5.68 X 4.42 X 0.41 (inches)
ISBN: 0723247811
Westminster John Knox Press / 2012 / Trade Paperback
$319.99 Retail:
Memoria Press / 2010 / Trade Paperback
$10.29 Retail:
Tantor Media Inc. / Compact disc
$11.99 Retail:
Publisher's Description
▼▲
After a terrible misunderstanding, poor Timmy Tiptoes ends up deep inside the trunk of a dead tree, with no means of getting out. Luckily, the chipmunk who lived there was very friendly and kind to Timmy. Before long, a strong wind blows the top off the dead tree trunk, but poor Timmy can't get himself out on account of eating far too many nuts and being a little bit too round! Beatrix wrote this story to appeal directly to her American fans and featured animals of American origin (grey squirrels, chipmunks and a black bear) all living happily in the Lake District woods! The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes is number twelve in Beatrix Potter's series of 23 little books, the titles of which are as follows: 1 The Tale of Peter Rabbit 2 The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin 3 The Tailor of Gloucester 4 The Tale of Benjamin Bunny 5 The Tale of Two Bad Mice 6 The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle 7 The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher 8 The Tale of Tom Kitten 9 The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck 10 The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies 11 The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse 12 The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes 13 The Tale of Johnny Town-Mouse 14 The Tale of Mr. Tod 15 The Tale of Pigling Bland 16 The Tale of Samuel Whiskers 17 The Tale of The Pie and the Patty-Pan 18 The Tale of Ginger and Pickles 19 The Tale of Little Pig Robinson 20 The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit 21 The Story of Miss Moppet 22 Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes 23 Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes
Author Bio
▼▲
Beatrix Potter loved the countryside and spent much of her childhood drawing and studying animals. The Tale of Peter Rabbit¸ published in 1902, was her first book, expanded from an illustrated letter she had sent to a young friend. Beatrix Potter went on to publish more than 20 tales and collections of rhymes.
Product Reviews
| i don't know |
In which televisionprogramme did the character 'Detective Mark Petrie' appear? | The Museum of Broadcast Communications - Encyclopedia of Television - Cagney and Lacey
CAGNEY AND LACEY
U.S. Police Series
Cagney and Lacey, a U.S. police procedural with pervasive melodramatic overtones is, deservedly, one of the most widely discussed programs in television history. The series aired on the CBS television network from 1982-88 and presented a set of bold dramatic combinations, blending and bending genre, character, and narrative strategies. Though rated in the list of "top 25" programs only once during those years, the show drew critical acclaim--and controversy--and established a substantial audience of fiercely loyal viewers who, on at least one occasion, helped save the program from cancellation by the network. As demonstrated by television scholar Julie D'Acci's outstanding study Defining Women: Television and the Case of Cagney and Lacey, the history of Cagney and Lacey provides a textbook case illustrating many issues pervasive in the U.S. television industry as well as that industry's complicated relationship to social and cultural issues.
Created in its earliest version by writer-producers Barbara Corday and Barbara Avedon in 1974, Cagney and Lacey was first designed as a feature film. Unable to sell the project, the women presented it to television networks as a potential series. Rebuffed again, they finally brought Cagney and Lacey to the screen as a 1981 made-for-television movie, co-produced by Barney Rosenzweig, then Corday's husband. The movie drew high ratings and led to the series, which premiered in 1982. The difficulties involved in the production history to this point indicate struggles encountered by women writers and producers in the film and television industries--especially when their work focuses on women. Those difficulties, however, were merely the beginning of continuing contests.
As put by D'Acci, "the negotiation of meanings of women, woman, and femininity took place among a variety of vested interests and with considerable conflict." Throughout the run of the series the "negotiations" continued, and the interests included the creative team for the series--producers, writers, actors, directors. They also included network executives and officials at every level, television critics, special interest groups, and the unusually involved audience that actively participated in ongoing discussions of the series' meanings and directions.
While many of these controversies took place on sets, in writer's meetings, and in board rooms, one of the earliest spilled over into public discussion in newspapers, magazines, and letters. In the made-for-television movie, the character of Christine Cagney was played by Loretta Swit, that of Mary Beth Lacey by Tyne Daly. Unavailable to take on the Cagney role in the series because of her continuing work in M*A*S*H, Swit was replaced by Meg Foster. Almost immediately discussion at CBS and in some public venues focused on potential homosexual overtones in the relationship between the two women. Foster, who had played a lesbian in an earlier television role, was cited as "masculine" and "aggressive," and after considerable argument CBS threatened to cancel the series, made Foster's removal and replacement a condition of continuing the show, and the fall 1982 season began with Sharon Gless, presumably more conventionally feminine and heterosexual, portraying Cagney.
Similar, though not so visible, conflicts and adjustments continued throughout the history of the series. Questions of appearance--dress, body weight, hair styles--were constantly under consideration and negotiation. Story material, particularly when focused on issues of vital concern to women--rape, incest, abortion, breast cancer--often proved controversial and led to continuing battles with the network standards and practices offices. Daly reported that even in the matter of sexual relations with her fictional husband, Harvey (John Karlin), differences of opinion flared into argument over how to present domestic sexual behavior.
In the spring of 1983 CBS executives had more straightforward matters to present to the producers of Cagney and Lacey--pointing to low audience ratings and canceled the program. By this time, however, the producers and the production company for the series had mounted an impressive public relations campaign and letter-writers from across the country mailed their protests to the company, the network, the producers--to anyone who would read and make use of them. The National Organization of Women took a lead role in the publicity campaigns. Newspaper critics called attention to the campaign. The series won numerous awards, Daly's Emmys for Best Actress in 1982-83 and 1983-84 among them. In the fall of 1983 CBS announced it would program seven "trial episodes" beginning in March 1984. Cagney and Lacey was back and remained on the air four more seasons.
All of these difficulties were played out as the series developed narrative strategies that took best advantage of U.S. commercial television's abilities to present serious social and personal issues in the context of genre fiction. Two factors stand out among the techniques that distinguish Cagney and Lacey. One strategy, evidenced in many of the conflicts described above, is the series' ability to blend three areas of concern into single dramatic productions. First, most episodes of Cagney and Lacey dealt with the on-going difficulties encountered by two women in a male dominant profession. This entailed far more than simply presenting gender conflicts in the workplace, though certainly there were many of those. Rather, this dramatic structure required a reconsideration of the entire generic structure of the "cop show." As the two women dealt with issues such as "violence," "guns," "male criminals," or "the streets"--all elements of police fiction--writer-producers as well as audiences were required to reflect on new resonances within the genre.
Second, each narrative usually focused on a particular crime and criminal investigation. The generic modifications were intertwined with rather conventional police matters, and the sense of strangeness caused by the gender shift was combined with the familiarity of crime drama.
Third, each story usually linked the crime drama to a social problem, the kinds of issues often explored in television drama throughout the history of the medium. Thus, the issues cited above, often, though not always definable as "women's issues," formed a third aspect of the narrative triad structuring individual episodes.
The series was at its best when these elements were "balanced," that is, when it was neither overly didactic regarding the social issue, nor utterly conventional as a police drama, nor submerged in the exploration of gender inflected genre. If, as sometimes happened, one of these aspects did "take over" the story, the result was often a very thin examination of the element.
The second major narrative strategy of the series militated against this imbalance. This was the establishment of Cagney and Lacey as a "cumulative narrative." Unlike serial dramas such as Hill Street Blues, or, in the more strictly melodramatic vein, Dallas, Cagney and Lacey did usually bring each episode to closure. Criminals were caught. Cases were solved. Sometimes, even the particular gender-related workplace issue was brought to a satisfactory solution.
But beneath these short term narrative aspects of the series, the long term narrative stakes were continually explored. More important, each of the closed episodes shed light on those ongoing matters. Thus, as viewers watched the Lacey children move from childhood into adolescence, they also saw strains appear in the Lacey marriage, and the toll that strain took on professional commitments, and the conflicts the strain caused in the interpersonal relationship of the two women, and so on. Similarly, each small development could lead to new story possibilities, new inflections of character. Elements from past episodes could be brought into play. Features of character biographies could be revealed to explain events in a particular episode, then used to develop further characteristics in future episodes.
| Cagney & Lacey |
An Act of Parliament instigated by artist William Hogarth,established which commercial principle? | IMDb: Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "Grey's Anatomy"
Most Popular People With Biographies Matching "Grey's Anatomy"
1-50 of 221 names.
Mae Whitman
Mae was born in Los Angeles, California to Pat Musick, a voice artist, and Jeffrey Whitman, a personal manager and set construction coordinator. She began her career with a voice-over for a Tyson Chicken commercial. Whitman attended Ribét Academy, a private preparatory school in Los Angeles. She was later transferred to Whitefish Bay High School, where she graduated.
Whitman made her first silver screen debut playing Meg Ryan's youngest daughter, "Casey Green", in When a Man Loves a Woman (1994). Among her notable childhood roles were that of "Patricia Whitmore", daughter of the President in Independence Day (1996); George Clooney's daughter, "Maggie Taylor", in One Fine Day (1996); and the charming daughter, "Bernice Pruitt", of Sandra Bullock, in Hope Floats (1998).
As she has grown older, Mae has made several guest appearances in television shows such as JAG (1995), State of Grace (2001), Desperate Housewives (2004), Grey's Anatomy (2005) and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (1999), just to name a few, as well as some voice-over work.
In 2015, she starred in the movie The Duff (2015) portraying a high school student who realized she is the approachable one, the designated ugly fat friend, the DUFF.
We should expect to see great things from Mae Whitman as her career progresses, for she has shown what a strong, dynamic, and talented actress she has become.
Thomas Barbusca
East Coaster Thomas Barbusca followed his older sister Brielle's footsteps in to acting when he was just a toddler. At 6 the industry brought Thomas to Los Angeles, when his sister Brielle, booked a series regular role on the hit USA series The Starter Wife.
In Los Angeles, ginger haired Thomas quickly became a favorite amongst commercial ad agencies; booking award winning campaigns for products like Dominos, Ford, Kraft, JC Penney, & Lunchables; just to name a few. Was not long after that, that Thomas began booking television on shows like Body of Proof (ABC), The New Girl (FOX), Sam & Cat (Nickelodeon), Anger Management (FX), and The Thunderman's (Nickelodeon). Thomas also began recurring on shows like The New Normal (NBC) & Grey's Anatomy (ABC)
In 2015 Thomas began work on the Wet Hot American Summer reboot for Netflix. Thomas' witty remarks as Camper Drew, quickly gained Hollywood's attention; making him one of the breakout stars of the series. Post Wet Hot, Thomas began work, recurring on American Horror Story:Hotel (FX), as well as Preacher (AMC). In between filming both shows, Thomas also found time take flight as Peter Pan in the 2015-16 Geico commercial campaign.
Coming up in 2016 you can catch Thomas in Middle School: The Worst Years of My Life for CBS Films; based on the James Patterson book series, and coming up in 2017, you can catch Thomas weekly in The Mick on Fox.
Constance Zimmer
Constance Zimmer decided to pursue a career in acting after she fell in love with the craft as a high school student. Once out of high school, Zimmer was accepted at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Pasadena, and began appearing in local theater. She was the recipient of a "Best Actress" Dramalogue Award, for one of her first stage appearances in "Catholic School Girls".
She is well-known for playing a number of standout characters in notable projects. Starting in 2005, and for six seasons, she played the role of Dana Gordon on HBO's critically acclaimed series Entourage. She will reprise this role when Warner Brothers releases the Entourage film on the big screen in June.
She also stars in Lifetime's new drama series UnReal, premiering on June 1st. On the show, she plays "Quinn" the executive producer of a fictional dating show. Other upcoming projects include the feature film Results opposite Guy Pearce and Cobie Smulders, which premiered earlier this year at The Sundance Film Festival, a recurring role on USA's new series Complications, and a guest starring role on the IFC series Maron, and Cartoon Network's animated series, Transformers: Robots in Disguise. Zimmer was most recently seen starring in the first and second season of the Netflix Emmy® nominated original series House of Cards, executive produced by David Fincher, as well as HBO's The Newsroom, executive produced by Aaron Sorkin.
Zimmer was also a series lead on ABC's Boston Legal, created by David E. Kelley, which earned her a SAG Award nomination and had major roles on Grey's Anatomy, The New Adventures of Old Christine, Seinfeld and the sitcom Ellen.
Zimmer's feature film credits include The Babymakers, opposite Paul Schneider and Olivia Munn, Demoted, opposite Sean Astin and Michael Vartan, and the Warner Bros. feature Chaos Theory, starring Ryan Reynolds and Emily Mortimer.
She resides in Los Angeles with her husband, Russ, a director, and their daughter.
Tony Goldwyn
Actor, director, producer Tony Goldwyn is taking multi-tasking to a new level. Currently starring as President Fitzgerald Grant in Shonda Rhimes' hit series "Scandal," -- now in its fourth season -- Goldwyn has other projects in the works as well. He recently took on the controversial figure Warren Jeffs, starring in the Lifetime movie, "Outlaw Prophet: Warren Jeffs." Produced by Neil Meron and Craig Zadan.
He also co-created and executive produced a series "The Divide" for AMC Studios. Goldwyn directed the two hour pilot while partner Richard LaGravenese wrote the series. "The Divide" had its eight-episode debut in 2014 on WEtv. Previously while on hiatus from "Scandal," Goldwyn filmed the highly feature "Divergent" based on the book by Veronica Roth. The Summit Entertainment film was #1 at the box office opening weekend.
In addition to acting on the show, Goldwyn has directed episodes of "Scandal" in the second, third and fourth seasons of the series. Other television directing credits include prestigious programs such as "Dexter," "Justified," "Law & Order," "Damages," "Grey's Anatomy" and "The L Word," among others.
Goldwyn made an auspicious feature directorial debut with "A Walk on the Moon" starring Diane Lane and Viggo Mortensen. The film premiered at the 1999 Sundance Film Festival and went on to receive universal praise from critics. Goldwyn first read Pamela Gray's script five years earlier and shepherded it through multiple drafts until Dustin Hoffman came on board as a producer and got the project financed. Coincidentally when Gray originally wrote the screenplay as her Master's Thesis at UCLA Film School, she won the prestigious Samuel Goldwyn Writing Award - an honor established by Goldwyn's paternal grandfather, the legendary film producer.
Additional feature directing credits include "The Last Kiss," based on Gabriele Muccino's "L'Ultimo Bacio," for which Goldwyn received Best Director from the Boston Film Festival and the romantic comedy "Someone Like You." His last effort, "Conviction," earned Hilary Swank a SAG Award nomination, won Best Film at the Boston Film Festival and was awarded a Freedom of Expression honor from the National Board of Review.
As an actor, Goldwyn first caught audiences' attention with his portrayal of the villain in the box office smash "Ghost." He went on to appear in numerous other films including "The Pelican Brief" with Julia Roberts and Denzel Washington, "Kiss The Girls," Oliver Stone's "Nixon," "The Substance of Fire," "The Last Samurai" opposite Tom Cruise and the recent remake of Wes Craven's classic "The Last House on the Left." He is also familiar to children as the title voice in Disney's animated feature "Tarzan."
His other television acting credits include "The Good Wife," "Dexter," "Law & Order: Criminal Intent," "Without A Trace," "The L Word," the HBO Mini-Series "From The Earth To The Moon," "Frasier," "Murphy Brown" and "Designing Women," where he touchingly portrayed the first AIDS victim on a prime time series.
Goldwyn began his acting career on the stage, spending seven seasons at the Williamstown Theater Festival. His New York theater credits include "The Water's Edge" at the 2nd Stage Theater, "The Dying Gaul" at the Vineyard Theater, "Holiday" at The Circle in the Square opposite Laura Linney, "Spike Heels" with Kevin Bacon at 2nd Stage, "The Sum of Us" at the Cherry Lane Theater, for which he earned an Obie Award and "Digby" at the Manhattan Theater Club. His most recent stage credit was starring in the revival of the hit musical "Promises, Promises" on Broadway.
Through his philanthropic work, Goldwyn co-chairs the Artists' Committee for the Innocence Project, is an Ambassador for the humanitarian relief organization Americares and is a Trustee for the Second Stage Theater.
Floriana Lima
Floriana Lima is an American actress with Italian ancestry who is quickly establishing herself as one of the freshest-new faces on television.
Lima can be seen in the second season of the hit CW superhero drama series, Supergirl. She plays Maggie Sawyer, a detective for the National City Police Department who takes a special interest in the cases involving aliens. Supergirl executive producer, Greg Berlanti is also an EP on Arrow, The Flash, and DC's Legends of Tomorrow.
Lima also recurs on the new Fox series, Lethal Weapon, based on the hit movie franchise of the same name. She played Miranda Riggs in the pilot and the third episode. The show was recently picked up for an 18-episode freshman season and stars Damon Wayans and Clayne Crawford.
Floriana also recently starred in the ABC political drama, The Family, opposite Oscar- nominee Joan Allen, executive produced by Jenna Bans (Grey's Anatomy, Scandal).
Lima wrote, produced, and starred in an upcoming web comedy series called Girls Guide to LA. The premise is 4 girls living together in a house, and they all have different jobs (i.e. Personal assistant, junior publicist, actress, and a plastic surgeon's nurse) following their adventures through dating and work in Los Angeles.
Previous credits include: series regular roles on NBC series Allegiance and the Fox series The Mob Doctor as well as notable guest starring appearances on Psych, Hawaii Five-0, In Plain Sight, and How I Met Your Mother.
Floriana was born and raised in Cincinnati, Ohio. She studied Communication at Ohio State University and thought she would go into investigative journalism. Post- graduation, she worked as a production assistant at NBC4 in Columbus, Ohio. It was there that she realized she wanted to switch gears to on-camera work. She moved to LA shortly after and started booking acting jobs.
Some of Floriana's interests include cooking, fitness, fashion, and interior design. Lima currently resides in Los Angeles.
Jesse Williams
Jesse Wesley Williams born August 5, 1981 is an American actor, model, and activist, best known for his role as Dr. Jackson Avery on the ABC Television series Grey's Anatomy. He also appears in the hit 2013 film Lee Daniels' The Butler as real life civil rights leader Rev. James Lawson. Previous roles include Holden in The Cabin in the Woods (2012), Officer Eddie Quinlan in Brooklyn's Finest (2009) and as Leo, Lena's boyfriend, in the film sequel The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2 (2008).
James Remar
James is a rugged, intense character player with leading man good looks. Having first gained recognition in 1979 as Ajax , in his second film, The Warriors . That same year he garnered acclaim on Broadway with Richard Gere in the concentration camp drama "Bent".
In a career spanning nearly four decades, James has run the gamut of roles and solid career choices. Ranging from the psychopaths, Dutch Schultz in 'Francis Copolla''s The Cotton Club and 'Albert Ganz' in Walter Hill's 48 Hrs. to Samantha's lover, the billionaire playboy, Richard Wright, in the HBO series Sex and the City ." James has also garnered roles which highlight a more vulnerable side, such as his guitarist who gets a break in the Oscar-winning short, Session Man or his artist who falls in love with a gargoyle come to life in the best segment of the horror anthology, Tales from the Darkside: The Movie and as Mary Louise Parker's lover in Boys on the Side.
More recently James starred along side Michael C. Hall in the hit Showtime series Dexter where he played Dexter's wise, compassionate, adoptive father, Harry Morgan. Grey's Anatomy fans have recently enjoyed seeing James as Karev's long-lost Dad. While remaining active with top feature films James enjoys the distinction of being the only actor to die twice, as two different characters in Quentin Tarintino's smash hit Django Unchained.
James won the 8th annual SAG award as a member of the Outstanding Comedy Ensemble for his work in Sex and the City. As a member of the ensemble cast of Dexter, James has been nominated for the SAG award and the Emmy. In recognition for his work in Sci-Fi Fantasy and Horror James was honored with the Saturn Lifetime Achievement Award in 2013.
Mary McDonnell
Mary McDonnell is a two-time Oscar®-nominated actress, who is known for her character portrayals in both period and present-day screen roles.
Mary Eileen McDonnell was born on April 28, 1952 in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, to Eileen (Mundy) and John McDonnell, a computer consultant, both of Irish descent. Mary was raised in Ithaca, New York. After graduating from the State University of New York at Fredonia, she attended drama school and joined the Long Wharf Theatre Company on the East Coast. It was not until 20 years after working on the theater stage that she had her breakthrough film role, in Kevin Costner 's Dances with Wolves , playing Stands with a Fist, a white woman raised by the Sioux Indians. McDonnell received an Academy Award nomination for the role, and also garnered a Best Actress Academy Award® nomination and Golden Globe nomination for her portrayal of a paraplegic soap opera star in John Sayles' critically acclaimed Passion Fish .
McDonnell's extensive list of film credits include the Lawrence Kasdan films Grand Canyon and Mumford; Sneakers, opposite Robert Redford, Sidney Poitier and Sir Ben Kingsley; Roland Emmerich's smash Independence Day, with Bill Pullman and Will Smith; acclaimed art house cult-hit Donnie Darko; and Margin Call, opposite Kevin Spacey, which also earned her the Robert Altman Award at the 2012 Independent Spirit Awards. On the small screen, McDonnell starred in four seasons on the Syfy Network's award-winning series Battlestar Galactica in her critically praised performance as the President Laura Roslin. The series earned a Peabody Award, and AFI deemed the series TV Program of the Year for two years in a row. McDonnell garnered an Emmy nomination for her recurring guest role on the television series ER. Some of her other television credits include the ABC hit-series Grey's Anatomy, the CBS series High Society, TNT's adaptation of Arthur Miller's The American Clock, the critically acclaimed CBS movie Behind The Mask and Lifetime's Two Small Voices. McDonnell received rave reviews for her performance opposite David Strathairn in Emily Mann's acclaimed adaptation of Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard. McDonnell began her career in theatre and has starred in a wide variety of both Broadway and off-Broadway productions. She received an Obie Award for her performance in Emily Mann's Still Life and has starred in off-Broadway productions such as Sam Shepard's Pulitzer Prize-winning Buried Child, John Patrick Shanley's Savage in Limbo, John O'Keefe's All Night Long, Michael Cristofer's Black Angel, Kathleen Tolan's A Weekend Near Madison, Paula Cizmar's Death of a Miner and Dennis McIntyre's National Anthem. Her Broadway credits include Tennessee Williams' Summer and Smoke, the title role in Wendy Wasserstein's Pulitzer Prize-winning The Heidi Chronicles and Emily Mann's Execution of Justice.
Mary stars as Captain Sharon Raydor on the TNT's hit drama series Major Crimes, the follow-up to The Closer, in which McDonnell originated the role and for which she earned a Primetime Emmy® nomination. McDonnell received her first Oscar nomination and Golden Globe® nomination for her portrayal of .
Mary lives in Pacific Palisades, California with her husband, actor Randle Mell , and their two children, Olivia and Michael.
Cody Christian
Cody Allen Christian is an American actor. He is best known for his recurring role as Mike Montgomery in the series "Pretty Little Liars". His other credits include "Back to You", "True Blood" and "Grey's Anatomy". He also appeared in the 2011 film "Kill the Irishman". Now he is starring in the series "Teen Wolf".
Scott Foley
Scott Kellerman Foley (born July 15, 1972) is an American actor, director and screenwriter. Foley is known for roles in television shows such as The Unit, Felicity and Scandal, and in films such as Scream 3. He has also guest starred in series including Dawson's Creek, House, Scrubs and Grey's Anatomy.
Martin Henderson
Martin Henderson was born in Auckland, New Zealand. He began acting when he was age 13, appearing in Strangers, a local television production. He attended Westlake Boys High School and Birkenhead Primary. He first became a star in his home country, when he starred in the series, Shortland Street, playing the character Stuart Neilson from 1992 to 1995, in the early to mid 90s. He then moved to Australia to star in the shortlived soapie, Echo Point, and Sweat, which also starred a very young Heath Ledger. The pair became friends, and Martin convinced Heath to move to Sydney and make a go of his career, and the two lived together. Martin also worked on Home and Away, and Big Sky, as well as getting an AFI Award nomination for his supporting role in the Aussie film Kick. Martin left Australia to study acting and theatre in New York, where he also looked up Heath in LA.
Henderson spent more than a year unsuccessfully auditioning for film roles in Los Angeles, but in 2001, he was finally cast, in a supporting role in the John Woo-directed war film, Windtalkers. In 2002, he starred opposite actress Naomi Watts in the horror film, The Ring. In 2005, he starred opposite Indian actress Aishwarya Rai in the romantic film Bride & Prejudice, and in the award-winning Little Fish starring Cate Blanchett. In 2010, it was announced Henderson had been cast in the creator of Grey's Anatomy new television series Off the Map wherein doctors travel to the end of the world to rediscover why they had initially wanted to become doctors.
Shannon Lucio
Shannon Lucio received her BA in theater from the University of Southern California. Shortly thereafter, she landed her breakout role on Fox's "The O.C." Most recently, she reprised her character Caroline Compton on the last season of "True Blood." Past notable credits include "Fireflies in the Garden," with Julia Roberts and Ryan Reynolds, "Feast of Love," directed by Robert Benton, and recurring arcs on "Prison Break" and "Grey's Anatomy." A founding member and Creative Executive of Filament Features, Shannon is involved in all aspects of production, simultaneously acting in and producing many of Filament's projects. Shannon has also ventured into screenwriting with "The Eternity of Energy."
David Ramsey
David Ramsey stars as former United States Army Special Forces soldier, John Diggle, on the CW's People's Choice Award winning show "Arrow," based on the DC Comics superhero.
Created by Greg Berlanti, Marc Guggenheim and Andrew Kreisberg, "Arrow" follows presumed-dead billionaire playboy Oliver Queen (Stephen Arnell), who returns home to Starling City after five years stranded on a remote island in the Pacific, determined to clean up the city as a hooded vigilante armed with a bow. Unable to help people like he did as a soldier, Diggle becomes Oliver's confidant and field partner in his mission - to right societal wrongs and transform the city to its former glory.
Born and raised in Detroit, Michigan, many became fans of David from his work on the popular Showtime drama series "Dexter" as Anton Briggs, a confidential informant who had a love affair with the character played by Debra Morgan. He portrayed the title character of Muhammad Ali, in the Fox television movie Ali: An American Hero, and has starred in recurring roles on television shows including: "All of Us," "The West Wing," "CSI: Crime Scene Investigation," "Ghost Whisperer," "Wildfire," "Hollywood Residential" and "Grey's Anatomy."
David recently starred as "Rep. Harshtone" in Millenium Entertainment's political romantic comedy Accidental Love, opposite an all-star cast including Jessica Biel, Jake Gyllenhaal Catherine Keener, James Marsden, Tracy Morgan and James Brolin. Directed by David O. Russell, the film featured Biel as Sammy Joyce, a socially awkward small-town receptionist who has a nail accidentally shot into her head by a clumsy workman, eliciting wild sexual urges.
David is an accomplished martial artist, and holds a black belt in jeet kune do. He has also studied boxing, tae kwon do, and trained in kickboxing under Benny "Jet" Uruidez.
Aasha Davis
Aasha Davis was born in Alexandria, Va and grew up in several different areas around the world. She went to boarding school in Barbados when she was 7 years-old until she left several years later to attend school in Montreal, Canada. Aasha became an expert at switching schools during her second appearance at Washington International School which promotes an international education stemming heavily in languages. Aasha graduated from high school at Cushing Academy in Ashburnham, Ma where she played varsity volleyball and learned all about classic rock. Ms. Davis spent her college years at George Washington University where she received her BA in Communications.
Shortly after college Aasha moved to Los Angeles to work behind the scenes. Her first industry job was working as a production assistant on a late-night talk show that convinced her to appear in several skits. It was there that Aasha discovered her love for acting.
Aasha is best known to audiences for a number of television and commercial appearances including such prominent television series as "Criminal Minds," "Grey's Anatomy," "Castle" and "House M.D.," as well as the ground breaking series "South of Nowhere," and is probably best known for her role as "Waverly Grady" on NBC's "Friday Night Lights."
In 2009 Aasha was nominated for a NAACP Los Angeles Theatre Award for Best Supporting Actress in the very funny adaptation of "Coffee Will Make You Black." Her first feature, The Sundance hit, "Pariah" holds The Sundance Cinematography Award, The Independent Spirit John Cassavetes Award and a GLAAD Award for Outstanding Film.
Recently, Aasha starred in and produced the popular and award winning web series "the Unwritten Rules." This spring Aasha had the pleasure of joining the ensemble cast of the Emmy Nominated Drunk History!
She resides in Los Angeles with her husband and son.
Danielle Bisutti
Danielle Bisutti is an actress, singer-songwriter, writer, producer, and director whose current projects include: TV Pilot "Late Bloomers (The Chloe & Sage Chronicles)", TV Pilot "ImbiLand", and the character-driven indie film "The Fort" set to shoot in Spring of 2017. Born and raised in Los Angeles, Bisutti attended California State University Fullerton, where she received a BA in Acting and Musical Theatre, she studies improvisation at Upright Citizens Brigade and is a pro-member of Film Independent.
As an actress, Danielle has made a name for herself with the diverse characters she has brought to life in film and television. In 2013, Bisutti received rave reviews for her role in top grossing Sony Pictures' and FilmDistrict film "Insidious Chapter 2" as the 'Mother of Parker Crane'. Critics took notice; one saying 'the performance of Danielle Bisutti as the younger version of the Bride in Black is a most elegant personification of evil." In addition to this film, Bisutti also starred in Universal Studios Home Entertainment's "Curse of Chucky" as "Barb," and Michael Rosenbaum's indie comedy "Back in the Day." Some of her other film credits include Lionsgate's Venice Underground (Eric Mabius), First Look Home Entertainment's The Neighbor (Matthew Modine), and Lionsgate's No Greater Love. On the television front, Bisutti has guest starred and recurred on some of the biggest series on TV today, including "Matador" for Robert Rodriguez's El Rey Network, "Parks & Recreation" for NBC "Anger Management" for FX, "Grey's Anatomy" for ABC, "Last Man Standing" for ABC, "CSI Miami" for CBS, "NCIS," "NCIS LA", "Criminal Minds", "Castle", "Hot in Cleveland", "90210", "Rizzoli & Isles", "Beauty and the Beast", "Body of Proof", "Leverage", "Bones", "Cold Case", "Two and a Half Men", "Boston Legal", "Without A Trace", "Raising the Bar" and "The O.C." to name a few. However, she may best known for her starring role as the uptight yet lovable fashion diva 'Amanda Cantwell' opposite Keke Palmer on the hit Nickelodeon series "True Jackson, VP" from 2008-2011.
While attending CSUF, she was nominated several times for "Best Actress" in the Irene Ryan Competition and took runner-up at The Lincoln Center Theatre in NYC. Michael Butler (the original Broadway producer of Hair 1968) fell in love with the 'Potawatomi HAIR tribe' in which Bisutti played the leading role of 'Sheila' and brought the California-based cast and production to Chicago to perform at the Democratic National Convention along with a five-week run at The New Athenaeum Theatre. Bisutti's other theatre credits include: 'Reno Sweeny' in Anything Goes, 'Maggie' in Boy's Life, 'Yelena' in Uncle Vanya, 'Victoria/Jane' in Noel Coward's Tonight at 8:30, 'Fastranda' in Pippin, and 'Ophelia' in Hamlet.
As a singer-songwriter and musician, Danielle has placed several of her original songs in such Feature Films as: Venice Underground, April Moon, In the Presence of, the love theme for Shadowheart, and theme song Heaven for indie feature City of... in which she starred as the lead. She has received a Los Angeles Music Award for Best Female Singer- Songwriter. "Glimmer" was nominated for AAA Album of the Year and her song, "In Passing" has received Unanimous Choice Recipient Award for Independent AC Single of the Year. Music Connection Magazine has featured Danielle in its "Hot 100 Unsigned Artists" list. She co-wrote musical themes for her TV Pilot "Late Bloomers" and is Music Supervisor for "The Fort" in which she will place two original songs: "Sideways" and "Daddy Learn a Gentle Way of Talking", a co-write with her producing partner Di Barker and musician Chelsea Dohemann.
Mason Cook
At just 15 years old, Mason Cook has made quite an impact on film and television. Mason currently stars as Ray DiMeo on the new ABC television comedy Speechless, premiering in fall 2016.
In 2015, Mason notably was nominated for a Daytime Emmy award for "Outstanding Performer in a Children's Series" for his guest lead role in the Emmy-award winning children's series, The Haunting Hour.
Also in 2015, Mason was seen in the lead role of Bart Sheffield in the Lifetime Television original production of If There Be Thorns, the movie adaptation of the third installment in the popular Flowers in the Attic book series, and completed his second season as a series regular on the hit TNT television series, Legends.
Mason made his television-acting debut as Casey, a cardiac asthmatic patient, on ABC's hit series Grey's Anatomy at the age of nine. Mason's numerous television appearances include recurring roles on The Goldbergs (ABC), The Middle (ABC), and Raising Hope (FOX). In addition to many others, Cook has also appeared on The Night Shift (NBC), Desperate Housewives (ABC), Criminal Minds (CBS), Hot in Cleveland (TV LAND), and Monday Mornings (TNT). Mason landed the coveted lead role of Eddie Munster in the 2012 re-imagining of cult television classic The Munsters, called Mockingbird Lane, where, while promoting the special, Mason made a hilarious appearance as a guest on The Ellen DeGeneres Show.
Cook has made a name for himself in feature films as well, having made his theatrical film debut in 2011 as Cecil Wilson in the highly popular family film, Spy Kids 4: All the Time in the World with Jessica Alba, Joel McHale, and Jeremy Piven.
In addition, Mason had large supporting roles in two of 2013's most talked about summer feature films. His standout performance as Will in the Walt Disney blockbuster, The Lone Ranger, starring Johnny Depp, helped the film earn more than $255 million worldwide. In New Line Cinema's, The Incredible Burt Wonderstone, Cook starred alongside Steve Carell, Jim Carrey, and Olivia Wilde.
Aside from acting, Mason enjoys skateboarding, snowboarding, surfing, soccer, and video games. Mason Cook is an active participant in youth-centric charitable service.
Vicki Lewis
Starred on Broadway as Velma Kelly in "Chicago", The Tony nominated "Damn Yankees", "The Crucible", performed as a soloist with the New York Pops at Carnegie Hall, "Pal Joey" (with Peter Gallagher and Patti Lupone.) Her voice can be heard in scores of animated television and films, most notably, "Finding Nemo", "Wonder Woman", Justice League", "Ben 10", "Phineas and Ferb", "Alpha And Omega",and the upcoming "Batman". She starred as Beth in NBC's "Newsradio" and "Three Sisters"( also for NBC). She has appeared in countless television and film roles most notably "The Ugly Truth", "Mousehunt", "Pushing Tin", "Breakfast Of Champions", "Godzilla", "I'll Do Anything", "Curb Your Enthusiasm", "The Middle", "Grey's Anatomy", "Dirt", "Caroline In The City", "Murphy Brown", "The Norm Show", "Grace Under Fire", "Home Improvement". Her solo album "East Of Midnight" was released in 2010.
Mary-Charles Jones
At a very young age, Mary-Charles Jones' family quickly noticed that she had an ability to captivate strangers with her outgoing personality. And at the ripe young age of 4, her family decided to bring her to an open call held by local agent Joy Pervis where she was immediately signed for both local representation and national representation through Osbrink.
Quickly Mary-Charles began booking in print, local, regional, and national commercials and television and film roles were soon to follow. Her first job in that capacity was a recurring role as "Caitlin Rowan" in the ABC drama October Road and it began to waterfall from there. Mary-Charles' ability to handle emotional story lines allowed for her to be cast in a heart wrenching episode of ABC's hit series Grey's Anatomy, she had the honor of working with Kevin Spacey in the film Father of Invention, and she was cast to play a young Miley Cyrus in a recurring capacity on Hannah Montana. More recently Mary-Charles was cast in a guest starring role opposite Zooey Deschanel in New Girl.
Mary-Charles had the opportunity to work with her sister Maggie Elizabeth Jones for the first time playing sisters in Paramount's remake of Footloose. They would get to do this again a few years later in Universal's Identity Thief opposite Jason Bateman and Melissa McCarthy.
Mary-Charles can also be seen as the lead role of Isabella in Walden Media's film Dear Dumb Diary, which is based on the Scholastic's popular children's book series by the same name.
Mary-Charles Jones was born on December 28, 2001 in Seattle, Washington. In Late 2002 Mary-Charles family relocated to Atlanta, Georgia where they still reside
Gale Harold
Gale Harold was born and raised in Atlanta, Georgia. After studying photography and printmaking at the San Francisco Art Institute, Harold began studying acting at the suggestion of writer and producer Susie Landau Finch, who at the time was working at American Zoetrope. After three years of training and theatre work, Harold was cast and starred for five years as "Brian Kinney", the lead character in the Showtime adaptation of the British series "Queer As Folk".
Harold's film credits include Wake, Particles of Truth (Tribeca Film Festival), Rhinoceros Eyes (Toronto Film Festival), Fathers and Sons, The Unseen, and Falling For Grace.
Along with executive producer David Bowie and producer Mia Bays, Gale co-produced the film Scott Walker: 30th Century Man, directed by Stephen Kijak. The film's world premiere was at the London Film Festival, and debuted internationally at the Berlin International Film Festival. The film's U.S. premiere was at the South By Southwest Film Festival.
Harold appears as Connor Lang in Rockne S. O'Bannon and Kevin Murphy's SYFY series, "Defiance".
Gale recently had regular roles on the series "The Secret Circle" and 'Hellcats". He has recurred on Emmy and Golden Globe award winning shows including "Deadwood", "Desperate Housewives", and "Grey's Anatomy". He has made guest appearances on "Street Time" "The Unit", "Law and Order SVU", and "CSI: NY".
Harold's stage credits include Tennessee Williams' Suddenly Last Summer opposite Carla Gugino and Blythe Danner for the Roundabout Theatre Company, Williams' Orpheus Descending directed by Lou Pepe at Theater/Theatre. Harold's performance was called "brilliant" by the LA Times. The play received the McCulloh Award For Revival from the Los Angeles Dramatic Critics Circle 2011. He has also performed in Austin Pendelton's Uncle Bob at the Soho Playhouse, Gillian Plowman's Me and My Friend at The Los Angeles Theatre Center, and various productions with A Noise Within Repertory Company.
Lorraine Toussaint
SAG Award and Critics Choice Award winner for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series, Lorraine Toussaint shocked audiences on the smash hit Netflix original series "Orange is the New Black" as the viciously seductive inmate Vee. Toussaint's epically thrilling performance has won her glowing reviews from the likes of TV Guide and Vanity Fair, stirring the Emmy buzz for her outstanding performance. Toussaint also received praise for her performance in the Academy Award nominated feature film "Selma." Up next, Toussaint will star in the new Fox series "Rosewood," alongside Morris Chestnut, which premieres this fall.
Born in Trinidad and raised in Brooklyn, NY, Toussaint and her mother moved to Brooklyn when she was ten years old. Growing up, she watched a lot of television while she waited for her mother to return from work and this sparked her interest in acting. Toussaint begged her mother to enroll her in acting school and her search lead to her studying theater at New York's renowned High School of Performing Arts. After graduation, she enrolled herself at the Juilliard School's drama division where she graduated with a Bachelors of Fine Arts degree. On her graduation day, she landed her first paying job as Lady Macbeth with "Shakespeare & Company."
Toussaint spent the first 12 years of her career acting on stage in New York City before moving to Los Angeles. Her first television appearance was in 1983 in "The Face of Rage." Toussaint's biggest career boost has come from her co-starring role opposite Annie Potts in the TV series "Any Day Now," which earned Toussaint an NAACP Image Award nomination for best actress in a drama series, a TV Guide Award nomination for Best Actress in a Drama Series and she received the Wiley A. Branton Award from the National Bar Association.
Among Toussaint's TV credits were recurring roles on several popular television shows such as NBC's drama series "Friday Night Lights," TNT's "Saving Grace," "Law & Order," and ABC's hit "ugly Betty." She has also had several guest appearances on the hit television shows "CSI: Crime Investigation," "Grey's Anatomy," and opposite Kerry Washington on drama thriller "Scandal."
No stranger to the silver screen, Touissant's first film role was opposite Burt Reynolds in the crime comedy "Breaking In." Touissant has also appeared in "Dangerous Minds," "The Soloist," and Ava DuVernay's "Middle of Nowhere," in which her performance was nominated for an Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female. Up next, Toussaint stars as Salome Whitmore in the upcoming period drama, "Sophie and the Rising Sun," written and directed by Maggie Greenwald. Toussaint will also play Anthony Mackie's mother in the upcoming Seth Rogen comedy "X-Mas," in theaters this November.
Toussaint and her daughter currently split their time between New York and Los Angeles.
Jay Ellis
Jay Ellis is a television and film actor, philanthropist, and entrepreneur. Born in Fort Sumter, South Carolina, Ellis spent the majority of his childhood traveling with his military family. His father completed over 15 years of service in the Air Force while his mother was an accomplished finance executive and former board member of the Consumer Advisory Council for the Federal.
Jay graduated Suma Cum Laude at Concordia University in Portland, Oregon where he also played basketball and held the position of student body president. Ellis interned briefly with the Portland Trailblazers and also joined AmeriCorps to provide care and resources to disadvantaged students of Portland.
Ellis made the move to Los Angeles to pursue his passion for acting before landing his first role on the BET series THE GAME which ran for 147 episodes. Over the years Ellis has been featured on critically acclaimed series MASTERS OF SEX, GRACE AND FRANKIE, HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER, GREY'S ANATOMY and NCIS.
Ellis lives in Los Angeles, CA and can currently be seen on the new HBO comedy series INSECURE.
Cynthia Stevenson
Cynthia Stevenson was born in Oakland, California, to Al Stevenson, an upholstery warehouse owner and Gayle Stevenson née Boniface, an editor. She moved north with her mother and brother, Gregory, to Bellevue, Washington and then to Vancouver, British Columbia, where she spent most of her childhood.
Cynthia took her first step toward an acting career in the University of Victoria's Phoenix Theatre Program. Cynthia returned to California to complete her training, attending the renowned American Conservatory Theatre (ACT) in San Francisco, and the Drama Studio London at Berkeley.
After arriving in Los Angeles Cynthia found roles with an improv group and in two local theatre productions, one of which was a long-running hit, The Ladies Room, written and directed by Robin Schiff and produced by Aaron Spelling, which brought Cynthia critical acclaim for her comedic skills. Because of this work, she landed an immediate job on a TV sketch comedy, Off the Wall, where she was featured in 26 episodes.
Cynthia quickly built her resume with guest parts on popular sitcoms, including Empty Nest, Teddy Z., Newhart, Major Dad and others. Next came her first starring role as Jennifer Bass in My Talk Show, an original, offbeat nightly series, described as "the first cult hit" of the 1990s. It proved to be Cynthia's big break, as director Robert Altman noticed and cast her as Bonnie Sherow, playing opposite Tim Robbins, in his Oscar nominated film, The Player.
Legendary TV producers, Cherie and Bill Steinkellner, chose her for a recurring guest spot on their iconic hit series, Cheers. The producers then tapped her for a co-starring role in their next sitcom, Bob, playing Bob Newhart's daughter. That performance inspired the production team to create a new show - Hope & Gloria - especially for Cynthia. Cynthia was the center of a talented cast, including Jessica Lundy, Alan Thicke and Rico Colantoni. When talking about her career path, Cynthia is quick to point out that it was the Steinkellners who gave it direction.
With a versatility that moves easily between TV and film, Cynthia had leading roles in character-driven ensemble features, such as the David Brown produced Watch It, Julianna Lavin's Live Nude Girls, Jodie Foster's Home for the Holidays, Billy Crystal's Forget Paris and Todd Solondz's Happiness. She's been a recurring guest on network and cable shows, including Ally McBeal, Monk, Six Feet Under, According to Jim and The L Word.
When Lifetime decided to enter into the half hour comedy business, they tapped Cynthia for the lead role in Susan Beavers' Oh Baby, an innovative, first-person take on single motherhood which ran for two years. She then relocated to Vancouver (known as "Hollywood North"), where she starred as the troubled Joy Lass in the long-running Showtime favorite Dead Like Me. While working in Vancouver, Cynthia was featured in several family films, including Agent Cody Banks, Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London and six Air Bud comedies for Disney and in Richard Benjamin's A Little Thing Called Murder opposite Judy Davis. Her roster also expanded with roles in independent films such as Neverwas, Case 39 and Reunion.
Before returning to Southern California in 2008, Cynthia was a series regular, playing the feisty female sheriff on ABC's Men in Trees, and also starred in Lifetime TV's Christmas comedy, Will You Merry Me, I Love You Beth Cooper, Jennifer's Body, and the long-awaited Dead Like Me (The Movie). Since relocating back to Los Angeles Cynthia has had guest and recurring roles on such shows as Life Unexpected, Grey's Anatomy and Off the Map as well as co-starring in the ABC series, Surviving Suburbia. Cynthia recently completed the soon to be released feature film Tiger Eyes.
Cynthia lives in the Los Angeles area with her husband and son.
David Paymer
One of modern TV and moviedom's most sturdy and reliable character actors, David Paymer dreamed of being an actor from early childhood. Although he came from a traditional middle-class Jewish family that urged him to become a doctor or lawyer, Paymer felt more at home in the world of the thespian. At 14, he used a fake I.D. to see The Graduate, which starred a young Dustin Hoffman. He grew up in Oceanside, New York, where his father was in the scrap metal business. His mother, a homemaker, had fled Belgium with her family to escape the Nazis. When his father quit the scrap metal business to pursue music, it inspired young Paymer to give his acting dream a try. His aborted big break came when he was cast in the TV series, St. Elsewhere, as "Dr. Wayne Fiscus" - then promptly dumped and replaced by Howie Mandel. Luckily, his real big break was destined to be on the big screen, as "Ira Shalowitz" in the Billy Crystal vehicle, City Slickers. Crystal was so pleased with Paymer's work that he wrote the part of "Stan Yankelman", beleaguered brother of the titular character in the movie, Mr. Saturday Night, especially for Paymer. The part earned Paymer an Oscar nomination in 1993.
"That was like getting my passport stamped", said Paymer and he was quickly in demand by directors such as Spielberg ("Amistad"), Redford ("Quiz Show"), Oliver Stone ("Nixon"), David Mamet ("State & Main"), Steven Soderbergh ("Ocean's 13"), and Sam Raimi ("Drag me to Hell"). Chameleon-like in his portrayals, Paymer has since starred in hundreds of roles in film & television, notably "The American President", "Get Shorty", "Payback", "The Hurricane", "In Good Company", Francis Ford Coppola's "Twixt" and Kenneth Branagh's "Jack Ryan: Shadow One".
Paymer received Golden Globe nominations for "Mr. Saturday Night" and for HBO's "Crime of the Century". Paymer became a hyphenate in 2002, directing the acclaimed comedy short "Candor City Hospital" for Showtime. He has since directed over 60 episodes for broadcast television, including such hits as "Grey's Anatomy", "The Mentalist", "Brothers & Sisters", "Medium" & "The Unit". He is also a producer and director on the CW series "Hart of Dixie". Paymer resides in Santa Monica, CA with his wife and two daughters.
Julia Ling
Most notably known for her work on prime time television on shows Buffy the Vampire Slayer, House (FOX), ER, Grey's Anatomy, The OC, 8 Simple Rules (Disney), The Deep End (ABC), and the critically acclaimed Aaron Sorkin series, Studio 60 On the Sunset Strip (NBC), Julia Ling starred as the popular "nerd-herder" Anna Wu on Chuck. This action-comedy garnered international support, and Ling was voted as "No.1 Woman of Geek Culture" by G4TV. After voicing the live action character "Izumi" for the video game, Command and Conquer (EA), Ling toured the world to raise money for charities. In the 2007 Jackie Chan Disciples martial arts competition, Ling was selected as a Finalist to compete in the International Top 100 and won "Best Acting Award" for her performance.
As a dancer, her first award-winning solo performance aired on national television when she was 8 years old. At sixteen, she was selected as a State Finalist in the "Miss America Pageant" and was awarded by Congressman David Dreier for over one hundred hours of volunteer service to her local hospital. After nine years of playing the piano, Ling received a diploma from the Royal Board of Music. She graduated high school second in her class with a 4.0 GPA and perfect SAT scores, then went on to UCLA where she majored in chemical engineering and became Vice President of Engineering Society and honorary member of Society of Women Engineers. She also received the UCLA professional certificate in film producing.
In recent years, Ling joined the star cast of FOX sitcom, I Hate My Teenage Daughter, voiced a sketch in Chinese for Conan O'Brien, performed opposite Academy Award winner Adrien Brody in the movie, High School, and directed some commercials. UCI awarded her the Anne Frank Researcher Award for her filmmaking efforts on a historical documentary.
James DuMont
Actor/Producer James DuMont is one of the busiest performers in & out Hollywood, working in both feature films and television. He recently snagged the supporting lead role of J. Parnell Thomas in the autobiographical feature, Trumbo opposite Bryan Cranston, directed by Jay Roach & WB Nowlin in the Hank Williams bio-pic I Saw The Light opposite Tom Hiddleston as well as recurring for a 2nd season on the F/X series American Horror Story.
DuMont's most recent supporting role was as Rayon's father opposite Oscar winner, Jared Leto in Focus Features' Dallas Buyers Club and in director Lee Daniels' The Butler, portraying Chief of Staff Sherman Adams opposite Robin Williams' Dwight D. Eisenhower. DuMont also appeared in TriStar Pictures' When the Game Stands Tall with Jim Caviezel and Laura Dern and Corporal Dooley in the James Brown bio-pic, Get On Up, starring Chadwick Boseman. James can be seen in the indie thriller Catch Hell starring Ryan Phillippe, which is also his directorial debut and this summer in the highly anticipated Jurassic World. Mr. DuMont can next be seen in Little Boy starring Emily Watson and Tom Wilkinson from Open Road Pictures and the indie comedy Mind Puppets starring Kevin Pollak & Vinne Jones.
DuMont had a supporting role in Barefoot, opposite Evan Rachel Wood & Scott Speedman; Baytown Outlaws, with Billy Bob Thornton and Eva Longoria; and Jean-Claude Van Damme and Scott Adkins' Universal Soldier - Day of Reckoning.
On the small screen, DuMont had recurring roles as Foster on this season's American Horror Story-Freak Show & Dr. Morrison on America Horror Story-Coven, and he completed his fourth and final season as Captain Richard La Fouchette on the critically-acclaimed HBO series, Treme, working opposite Oscar-winning actress Melissa Leo. Prior to that, he had a recurring role opposite Ray Romano on TNT's Men of a Certain Age.
DuMont was recently seen in the Hallmark movie, Remember Sunday on ABC, with Zachary Levi and the Lifetime/History Channel mini-series, Bonnie and Clyde.
Born and raised in Chicago and New York City attended Boston University then left for New York City, DuMont worked steadily in theater, discovered Buddhism (which he still practices today) and made his Broadway debut in Six Degrees of Separation (which required nudity for the part). Journalist George Plimpton wrote a piece for Esquire magazine about James and his experience as "the Nudist Buddhist." After Six Degrees of Separation closed, DuMont performed opposite Mary Louise Parker, Brooke Smith and Sam Robards in Throwing Your Voice, a role that won him a rave review from the New York Times. DuMont then decided to "go nude" once more in the national tour of Six Degrees of Separation.
When that tour ended, DuMont moved to Los Angeles, where he produced award-winning plays and started booking television acting gigs on The George Carlin Show, Lois & Clark, Grey's Anatomy, Mad Men, Rizzoli and Isles, Harry's Law and Desperate Housewives.
On the film front, his early feature credits included Speed, S.W.A.T., Catch Me If You Can, War of the Worlds, Seabiscuit and Ocean's 13.
DuMont, meanwhile had started to produce shorts and features. His short film, The Confession, won 20 of 25 international film festivals with documentary filmmaker Michael Moore calling it "one of the darkest, funniest shorts I have ever seen."
DuMont also co-produced Statistics, winner of the Audience Award at the Silverlake Film Festival. He also starred in and produced the critically-acclaimed stage production, Serious Games & Morphic Resonance, which won both the L.A. Weekly Award for Best Ensemble and the Los Angeles Times 'Critic's Choice Award.'
With over 100 major feature films and television shows under his belt, DuMont's career is showing no signs of slowing down. He's currently developing feature films with producing partners in New York City, Los Angeles and Louisiana, his own Web Series while revising & adapting his one-man play, My Life as a DJ into a feature film.
Currently living in both Los Angeles and New Orleans, DuMont considers himself to be "Bayou Coastal.
Valerie Cruz
Cruz recently joined the cast of FOX's hit series The Following where she plays strong-willed FBI Agent Gina Mendez, who alongside Ryan Hardy (Kevin Bacon), heads the investigation on serial killer Joe Carroll (James Purefoy). Season three of the psychological drama series returns in March 2, 2015.
Prior to this, Cruz's leading role as Grace Santiago on the F/X drama Nip/Tuck marked the start of her television career. In 2008, Cruz pulled double duty on two different television series, as Maria Nolan on Kevin Williamson's drama Hidden Palms, and as Connie Murphy in Syfy and Saturn Film's series The Dresden Files. Her performance on The Dresden Files earned her a 2008 ALMA Award nomination for "Outstanding Female Lead Performance in a Drama Series."
Cruz was also a part of Showtime's hit series Dexter, which led to another nomination for "Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series" at the 2009 SAG Awards. Immediately after, she joined the cast of HBO's True Blood, as vampire Isabel in their second season. Cruz then booked a leading role as Dr. Zee Alvarez in the ABC series Off The Map, created by Jenna Bans and produced by the prolific Shondaland Productions. Her momentum continued with a recurring arc on Showtime's award winning series Homeland where she played Major Joy Mendez. Along with these powerful roles, she has also made guest and recurring appearances on network heavyweight shows such as: Scandal, Law and Order SVU, Criminal Minds, Grey's Anatomy, to mention a few.
In addition to her mainstream body of work, Cruz has made her mark on the independent film circuit with films like the action-drama The Line opposite Ray Liotta and Andy Garcia, as well as The Devil's Tomb opposite Cuba Gooding Jr., Ray Winstone and Ron Perlman. She recently wrapped production on the independent thriller The Loft where she starred alongside James Marsden and Eric Stonestreet.
Originally from Elizabeth, New Jersey, Cruz currently lives in New York City.
Tom Verica
Tom has an illustrious career that spans thirty years in the entertainment industry. A gifted actor and director, he is a true multi-hyphenate. Currently, he serves as the Executive Producer/Head Director of Scandal on ABC and steps in front of the camera to act opposite Viola Davis as her husband, Sam Keating, in another ABC-Shonda Rhimes hit, How To Get Away With Murder. Prior to Verica's full schedule as one of Shondaland's busiest players, Tom starred as Jack Pryor on NBC's acclaimed television drama, American Dreams, in which the Wall Street Journal declared the "versatile actor's performance a marvel." Tom's diverse feature film acting credits include Zodiac helmed by David Fincher, Flags Of Our Fathers directed by Clint Eastwood, Murder By Numbers, Red Dragon, Father's Day, and Die Hard II.
Among his extensive television appearances as an actor, Tom has starred on The Naked Truth opposite Tea Leoni, LA Law, Central Park West, The Nine and HBO's Emmy-winning, mini-series From The Earth To The Moon in which he portrayed astronaut Dick Gordon. Other highlights include stints on notable television shows such as House, The Closer, Grey's Anatomy, Law & Order SVU, Medium, Frasier, Will & Grace, Providence, The 4400, and the famous 'conversion' episode of Seinfeld. In theatre, Tom has performed on and Off-Broadway in numerous stage plays including the award-winning Broadway production of Craig Lucas' Prelude To A Kiss at the Helen Hayes Theatre.
As a well-regarded director, Tom has helmed numerous episodes of television including Scandal, Grey's Anatomy, The Mentalist, Harry's Law, Private Practice, Boston Legal, Ugly Betty and American Dreams. He is a DGA member that currently serves on the Television Creative Rights Committee. He is married to writer, Kira Arne', and they have two children.
Hana Hayes
Hana most recently starred in the Fox comedy series THE GRINDER opposite Rob Lowe and Fred Savage. Her guest star credits include: CRIMINAL MINDS, LAW & ORDER: SVU, and GREYS ANATOMY in addition to feature film roles in A BEAUTIFUL NOW, MERCY, THUNDERSTRUCK, and the TV feature film STOCKHOLM, PENNSYLVANIA.
Her upcoming projects include a supporting role in the Blumhouse feature INSIDIOUS: CHAPTER 4, the Marti Noxon directed TO THE BONE opposite Lilly Collins, and the independent film DAY OF RECOKNING directed by Joel Novoa.
Hana also voiced the role of 'Sarah' in the critically acclaimed Video Game THE LAST OF US directed by Neil Druckmann.
Lori Alan
Lori Alan started talking as soon as she fell out of the womb, and hasn't stopped since. A native of the Washington, DC area, her passion for entertaining led the five-year-old actress to make her television debut as the star of a Shakey's Pizza commercial. She went on to graduate with honors from NYU's Tisch School of the Arts and set off cutting her teeth on the comedy circuit, as a longtime member of New York's Gotham City Improv (Groundlings East).
Lori is perhaps best known for her award-winning voice-over work. Recently honored by her peers at the First Annual Voice Arts Awards (the Academy Awards for Voice-Overs) Lori took first-place prizes for Outstanding Body Of Work and Outstanding National Television Commercial. She starred as Diane Simmons on Family Guy, Pearl the Whale on SpongeBob: Squarepants, Sue Richards, The Invisible Woman, on Marvel Comics' The Fantastic Four, and The Boss in the Metal Gear Solid video game trilogy. She's proud to be a part of the Pixar Family. Voicing characters in Wall-e, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, Monster's University, Bonnie's Mom in Pixar's Toy Story 3, and Mother's Sadness in Inside Out.
Lori has firm roots in theatre, where she's thrived for over three decades. She mounted a smash solo show, Lori Alan: The Musical, She had the honor of working with Paul Reubens in The Pee-wee Herman Show at Club Nokia. She originated the role of Mae in the award-winning musical Reefer Madness, the cult musical which just celebrated its 17 year reunion concert at 54 Below. Backstage West proclaimed, "Lori Alan might give Carol Burnett pause!" Luckily, that talent brought Lori right to the small screen. From roles on the gripping Showtime drama Ray Donovan, to the hilarious Comedy Central gem Workaholics, to the deliciously naughty Desperate Housewives. She delves deeply into her material, emerging with the power to make the audience laugh and cry in the same moment. Her television career has flourished with appearances on Bones, Southland, CSI, 90210, Grey's Anatomy, Law and Order (both LA and the original.)
She now has a thriving voice over/on camera coaching practice to give back, as so many mentors did for her. Lori lives in Los Angeles with the love of her life, Sir Philip Bumble, her 4-legged, "soulmate" Bichon-Lhasas Apso mix, who was covered in gasoline when she rescued him at a mobile station. In the true spirit of activism, one of Lori's sole purposes is to fight for the end of the dog meat trade in the U.S. and Asia by raising awareness of the brutal and illegal trafficking of dogs. Lori also sits on the board of Pickle Pants Dog Rescue in Los Angeles, which focuses on rescuing, rehabing, and re-homing animals otherwise set for death row from high kill shelters. Lori is a celebrity supporter of the Farm Animal Rights Movement (FARM) a national nonprofit organization working to end the use of animals for food through public education and grassroots activism. Her other hobbies include singing in the shower- or anywhere for that matter-, discovering new gluten-free cookies, and trying to switch to decaf. Despite having no kids, she is a MILF.
Courtney Hope
Courtney Hope is currently seen as 'Beth Wilder' in the hit video game and embedded TV show "Quantum Break", by Microsoft Studios (Xbox One) and Remedy Entertainment. She also filmed "Allegiant" (the Divergent Series) this past Summer in Atlanta, is a lead in the Indie Film, "Displacement" which won the Best Sci-Fi Movie at the Hollywood Film Festival this year (along with Golden Globe Winners Bruce Davison, Susan Blakely and Superman actress lead, Sarah Douglas), as well as, will be seen in Season 3 of the hit TV show, "Transparent", in a recurring role. Keep an eye out for this strong, young actress. Her biography is below:
Courtney Ann Hope was raised in Plano, Texas. From a very young age, she competitively danced and traveled with a dance troupe, as well as, pursued acting, modeling and gymnastics.
Performing at all of her school's talent shows, she begged at 13 years old to quit public school and attend a performing arts school, so that she could soon head to LA to pursue her dreams.
She graduated from the performing arts school at 15 years old and moved to LA, started college on her 16th birthday, and completed her Associates Degree by the age of 18 with a major in Psychology.
Shortly after arriving in LA, she booked several commercials and guest star roles on hit TV-shows such as Joan of Arcadia, CSI: Miami, Greys Anatomy, Out of Jimmy's Head and other hit shows. She landed a series regular role on a FOX pilot, "Born In The USA", the brain-child series of Simon Fuller, creator of American Idol. The show had a similar story-line to his British hit show, "The East Enders". Most recently she has been seen on TV shows such as NCIS (Naval Criminal Investigative Service), NCIS LA and Criminal Minds.
From there her career began to flourish, landing her first lead role in the Lionsgate and After Dark Films' horror-flick 'PROWL' and Indie films, 'Displacement' and 'Swelter', alongside Jeanne-Claude Van Damme.
To date, aside from TV and film Courtney has filmed over 40+ commercials, voice-overs, and shot many ads, as well as, modeled for many companies such as Guess, BEBE (runway), JC Penney, Domyos Fitness, Stairmaster and Nike.
Courtney is also a fitness instructor and continues to dance on a weekly basis. She also loves kick-boxing and yoga and does both often.
In her off time, she loves to write, edit photography, paint, hangout with her family and friends, listen to music, hike with her dog Stevie (named after Stevie Nicks) and continues to study Psychology and motivational speaking.
Drew Powell
From the moment Drew Powell was born, he was getting peoples attention. The actor who went on to play a young "Hoss Cartwright" started out as a real life Hoss setting a record at the Indiana hospital weighing in at more than 11 lbs.
Drew grew up in Lebanon, Indiana outside of Indianapolis and was singing and acting throughout his formative years. He then went to DePauw University, where he majored in English Literature and was a Media Fellow, an honors program in media studies. While in college, Drew was active in the theatre department and also wrote and performed in several campus television shows and short films.
Upon graduation, Drew moved to Los Angeles and appeared in his first television show, "Malcolm in the Middle" a few months later. He recurred as "Cadet Drew" for two seasons on "Malcolm". Drew then went on to play the afore mentioned Hoss Cartwright in a prequel to "Bonanza" called "The Ponderosa". Shooting in rural Australia, Drew met his wife, a make-up artist on the show.
Drew's feature films include Starship Troopers 2, The Marine, Mexican Sunrise and 1408 with John Cusack and Samuel L. Jackson. In between, he has done several national commercials and has guest starred on shows such as Popular, CSI and Monk. Drew recently received rave reviews for his portrayal of Paul, the lonely troubadour in a monologue show "Skirts and Flirts" at the Hudson Mainstage Theatre in LA. Music has always been a passion for Drew and he plays the guitar and sings whenever he can.
His first television role was as Cadet Drew on Fox's Malcolm in the Middle. He appeared in thirteen episodes. Soon after, he portrayed Hoss Cartwright on the series The Ponderosa, a prequel to Bonanza which premiered in 2001 on PAX. Powell has had guest appearances on numerous television shows including: Ray Donovan, Modern Family, True Blood, House, Leverage, ER, and Grey's Anatomy. He also recurred as FBI Agent Reede Smith, one of the 7 Red John suspects on The Mentalist.
Drew portrayed Bic in the 2011 film Straw Dogs, a remake of the 1971 film of the same name. The remake was directed by Rod Lurie and starred James Marsden, Kate Bosworth, and Alexander Skarsgård. It was released September 16, 2011.
A legal resident of Australia and England, Drew lives with his wife Veronica in Los Angeles and Melbourne.
Teri Reeves
Teri is a Northern California native, has lived in Houston, Texas, Grand Rapids, Michigan, Santa Barbara, San Diego, and now resides in Los Angeles, California with her doggie Willow. She is a certified personal trainer, sucker for black coffee, yoga, and early morning weight lifting. Teri also holds a brown belt in brazilian jiu jitsu from Professor Romulo Barral for which she trains almost every day.
Inspired to be an actress as a young girl watching Katherine Hepburn in 'The Philadelphia Story', she was shy about pursuing a career in the field. Teri started as a math major at UC Santa Barbara but on a whim auditioned for the acting program. She got in. Her fate was forever changed.
She studied to be an actress in the BFA theater program at UC Santa Barbara and the MFA theater program at UC San Diego.
Teri recurs as Dorothy in ABC's "Once Upon a Time", was series regular Dr. Hallie Casey opposite Jesse Spencer in the first season of NBC's 'Chicago Fire', and starred as KJ Jameson in Hulu's first original scripted show 'Battleground'. Recurring, guest, and co-star credits also include Grey's Anatomy, Castle, Scandal, NCIS, NCIS:Los Angeles, Undercovers, Medium, Rules Of Engagement, Three Rivers, The Forgotten, Numbers, and General Hospital. She has also appeared in several independent films.
Teri is proud to be a producing member of the Ovation Award winning Chalk Repertory Theatre where she frequently appears in stage productions. www.chalkrep.com
Cullen Douglas
A theatre actor for many years, Douglas is now leaving his mark in television; creating such fan favorites as "Louis Keating" on CBS' Pure Genius, "The Bird Man" on ABC's Grey's Anatomy and "Edison Po" on ABC's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. As a writer, he was the first recipient of the Humanitas Prizes' "New Voices", which put him under the tutelage of Shonda Rhimes.
Mackenzie Aladjem
Mackenzie has been performing since age four. She has appeared in television shows including Nurse Jackie (6 years-series regular), Parenthood, About A Boy, Grey's Anatomy, The Middle, All My Children, Workaholics, and CSI: Miami. She has also performed in the stage production of Annie portraying the character Molly. She made her film debut in the film The Lincoln Lawyer .
Ben Vereen
Few entertainers today are as accomplished or versatile as Ben Vereen. His legendary performances transcend time and have been woven into the fabric of this country's artistic legacy. His first love and passion is and always will be the stage. "The theater was my first training ground. It taught me discipline, dedication and appreciation of hard work and values that will stay with me a lifetime. The stage sharpens the creative instrument and encourages you to go deeper inside and try new things," states Ben.
On Broadway, Ben Vereen has appeared in Wicked, Fosse, I'm Not Rappaport, Hair, Jesus Christ Superstar, Pippin,Grind, Jelly's Last Jam and A Christmas Carol. His role in Pippin garnered him both the prestigious Tony Award and the Drama Desk Award for "Best Actor in a Musical."
For over 40 years, Ben has showcased his versatility and creativity, performing countless one-man shows not only in the United States, but also Europe, Asia and the Caribbean. He was the first simultaneous winner of the "Entertainer of the Year," "Rising Star," and "Song and Dance Star" awards from the American Guild of Variety Artists (AGVA). He also earned a coveted spot in the Casino Legends Hall of Fame. Ben and his band are currently touring his one man shows, "Ben Sings a Tribute to Sammy Davis Jr. featuring the music of Sammy Davis Jr." and "Brooklyn to Broadway" at top performing arts centres. He also performs with symphonies around the country.
While performing worldwide, Ben's acting credits continue to give us memorable roles that stand the test of time such as the unforgettable Chicken George in Roots and Louis Armstrong in Louis Armstrong - Chicago Style.Ben's television guest appearances include How I Met Your Mother, Grey's Anatomy, for which he won the Prism Award, House of Payne, Law and Order: Criminal Intent, OZ, Touched By An Angel, Second Noah, New York Undercover, The Nanny, Star Trek - The Next Generation, The Jamie Fox Show, The Promised Land, and Fresh Prince of Bel-Air as well as recurring roles on Silk Stalkings, Webster, J.J. Starbuck and Booker. For Nickelodeon, Ben provided voice-overs on the show Wonder Pets! Additional credits include: Anne Rice's Feast of All Saints(Showtime), Intruders They Are Among Us (Emmy nomination), Zoobilee Zoo, Faerie Tale Theatre's Puss N' Bootswith Gregory Hines, The Jesse Owens Story, Ellis Island (Golden Globe Nomination), Lost in London, and Salute to Liberty Special. His own network television shows are Ben Vereen: His Roots (Seven Emmy Awards), Tenspeed and Brownshoe and You Write the Songs. In the early 90's, he released a number of well-received children's Sing-Along musical videos.
Ben was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for his performance in the Hallmark movie An Accidental Friendship. He appears in two soon to be released features, 21 and a Wake-Up starring Faye Dunaway andMama, I Want to Sing! in which Ben co-starred opposite Ciara and Patti LaBelle. While filming Idlewild with the award winning group Outkast, Ben also served as the acting coach for both Andre 3000 and Big Boy. In addition, Ben has been coaching the singing sensation Usher both as an entertainer and an actor. Ben was featured in the movie, On The One - Preaching to the Choir directed by Charles Randolph-Wright. Other film credits include Sweet Charity, All That Jazz, Funny Lady (Golden Globe nomination), Why Do Fools Fall in Love,And Then Came Love starring Vanessa Williams, the animated movie Once Upon a Forest, Christmas in Washingtonand The Painting which premiered at the Cannes Film Festival. In 2004, Ben was nominated for a "Career Achievement Award" by the Le Prix International Film Star Awards Organization.
The lecture circuit has become an integral part of Ben's career, as he has become one of the Nations' most requested speakers among audiences of all ages. His strong sense of social consciousness has enabled him to reach out to his audiences and convey to them a deep feeling of understanding. His topics range from overcoming adversity, arts in education, Black history, motivational topics, recovery through physical and occupational therapy and the importance of continuing education - to name a few.
Ben's gift of time has benefited many organizations. He has served on Ballet Florida's Board of Directors, the American Red Cross and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Association. In addition, he has served as chairman of several renowned organizations including the American Heart Association and the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Association. In 1989, he spearheaded his own organization, "Celebrities for a Drug Free America," which raised more than $300,000 for drug rehabilitation centres, educational programs and inner city community-based projects. The Community Mental Health Council awarded Ben with their 2004 Lifeline Celebration Achievement Award. For his humanitarian contributions, he has received a number of awards including Israel's Cultural and Humanitarian Awards, three NAACP Image Awards, an Eleanor Roosevelt Humanitarian Award and a Victory Award. He has received honorary doctorates from the University of Arizona, Emerson College, St. Francis College, and Columbia College in Chicago. In 2001, Medgar Evers College created the Ben Vereen Scholarship for the Performing Arts, and in 2004, he received an Achievement in Excellence Award from his alma mater, the High School of the Performing Arts.
Ben celebrated Eartha Kitt's 80th birthday in concert at Carnegie Hall to multiple standing ovations and in front of the Armed Forces for those men and women who have served in Iraq, truly a major highlight of his career. In 2009, he performed at the Inaugural Ball and entertained at the reopening of the Ford Theatre in Washington, D.C., which was attended by President Obama. Last year Ben entertained at the Friar's Club gala honouring CBS president Leslie Moonves. Ben is leading an ongoing diabetes awareness campaign called "S.T.A.N.D." in partnership with sanofi-aventis pharmaceuticals. Ben recently starred in the world premier of Fetch Clay, Make Man directed by Des McAnuff (Jersey Boys) at the McCarter Theatre. Below are some of Ben's reviews from the show:
"A seething resentment can be sensed underneath the wary cool with which Fetchit negotiates with Fox. In brief snippets from the routines that made Fetchit famous (and infamous), Mr. Vereen also reveals the glowing pride of an entertainer whose gifts sometimes managed to transcend the offensive uses to which they were put." -New York Times
"The dramatic center is Ben Vereen's role as Lincoln Perry,the vaudeville performer who made his fortune in silent films and Depression-era talkies playing screen persona Stepin Fetchit, the quintessential negative stereotype of the shuffling, smiling, work-shirking Negro...Tapping all the undiminished charisma and limber body language of a veteran song-and-dance man, Vereen effortlessly sells the now-reviled representation of the black flunky while slyly asserting the cultured, savvy negotiator beneath; it's a performance of enormous charm and intelligence." -Variety
"As Fetchit, Ben Vereen creates a man who comports himself with dignity in hopes of negating all that he did before. In one scene, after Fetchit has been forced to acknowledge what he'd been, Vereen blinks three times, and actually manages to make a statement with each blink: The first acknowledges the charge, the second shows his pain at being reminded, and the third hopes to push away the memory." -The Star-Ledger
Additionally, Ben has a recurring role on the CBS comedy How I Met Your Mother, playing Wayne Brady's father. In February of 2011, he released his CD Steppin' Out Live with Ben Vereen and staged a triumphant return to Broadway with his concert "BEN VEREEN ON BROADWAY AT TOWN HALL" . One review from Ben's show is featured below:
"Ben Vereen's performance at The Town Hall on February 18th was a lesson in performance energy.....a tour de force ....Without a single synthesizer, with no voice tuner, with only an acoustic band, Vereen displayed shocking innovation."....." He flirted with off notes and inventive runs during classics such as "My Funny Valentine." This is always a dangerous idea, because it risks alientating the audience who wants to hear the melody of a familiar tune, but Vereen not only pulled it off, he left the audience wanting him to do more...The lasting impression was of a man who loves life, wants you to love life, and has mastered both his medium and his message. At age 65, he is the youngest man performing today. - The Newark Examiner
Ben remains the consummate actor, singer, and all around entertainer with a storied and legendary career.
Rebecca Hazlewood
Rebecca's career began when she was cast as Mina in the Film4 feature 'Dog Eat Dog' alongside David Oyelowo and Ricky Gervais. She gained recognition and a cult following in the UK for her role as Arun Parmar in psycho drama 'Bad Girls', one of the first transsexual characters to ever appear on national television. She also appeared in the crime series 'Second Sight' alongside Clive Owen and worked with legendary cinematographer Christopher Doyle on 'Meeting Helen.' Rebecca trained for 6 years with Scott Williams, the first theatre director to teach Meisner Technique in London. She would film a TV series during the week then attend class at the weekend, performing plays in the basement of a bookshop in Camden. Fellow Alumni of this class include Alexa Chung, Jaime Murray and Iddo Goldberg. Rebecca located to LA when she was cast in the leading role of Zara in subversive indie feature 'Kissing Cousins' and feature biopic 'The Ode' soon after, in which she played a dual role with Sakina Jaffrey. She is most recognized in the US for her role of Asha, part of the lead ensemble cast for NBC's cult comedy 'Outsourced'. Variety listed her as a 'breakout performer', describing her performance in 'Outsourced' as 'superb'. Further TV credits include roles on internationally acclaimed series' such as ER, Lost, White Collar and Grey's Anatomy. She also developed, co-produced and featured in award winning short film 'Embrace'. She continues to train in LA with Tony Greco, known for his extensive work with Philip Seymour Hoffman. At present Rebecca can be seen in the ITVS Sci Fi initiative 'Future States' at FuturestatesTV.
Ron Melendez
Born and raised in Southern California, Ron Melendez knew from a very young age that he wanted to be an actor. Inspired by his family's weekly trips to the movie theater (his parent's would often take him out of school to see the latest release), Ron began pursuing his career at 16. While still in high school, Ron began working in television and commercials. He continued working as he studied English Literature at UCLA, finally dropping out shortly before completing his degree to commit fully to his acting career. The move worked, and Ron quickly began adding credits to his resume, beginning with the lead role in "Children of the Corn III", a recurring role on "The Nanny", and many more roles in film and television. In 1998, Ron won a lead role on the series "Legacy" and received very positive reviews for the portrayal, including being named one of the 12 stars to watch by TV Guide. After Legacy, Ron won the title role in the NBC pilot "Merlyn" by writer/executive producer Tom De Santo, who has gone on to success with the "X-Men" and "Transformers" movies. In the last few years, Ron has worked consistently. He has appeared in numerous films and television series, doing guest-starring roles in shows like "CSI", "CSI-New York", "Angel", "Charmed", and "Grey's Anatomy", as well as roles in numerous pilots, a series regular role on "General Hospital - Night Shift", and a recurring role on "General Hospital". While not working, Ron spends his time travelling, reading, playing hockey and soccer, and studying languages. He is fluent in Italian, often visiting his family in Lucca, Italy. He also has studied Spanish and French.
Ron is married and expecting his first child.
Sinqua Walls
Originally from Louisiana, Sinqua moved to Los Angeles with his Family and Attended Beverly Hills High School. He is a Graduate of the University of San Francisco arts program where he studied Theater and Film. He is also of French, and Native American Descent. When not acting, Sinqua is a published poet, who also enjoys playing Guitar and a variety of sports, along with being an advocate for the homeless and fighting hunger in America.
His Break Through role was came when Walls was cast as the character Jamarcus Halls on the critically acclaimed series 'Friday Night Lights.' He is perhaps best known for his role of Daniel in 'The Secret Life of the American Teenager.' His work has included guest appearances on 'Californication,' 'Grey's Anatomy,' 'Chuck,' 'CSI', 'Blue Mountain State' and 'Savage County,' as well as the dramatic short 'The Second Half' which garnered him Several Independent film festival Awards. In 2011 Walls appeared in his first Studio Feature Film Lead role in the Relativity Media Suspense film 'Shark Night 3-D.' Before Landing the Legendary Role of "Sir Lancelot" on ABC's Once Upon A Time.
Carl Lumbly
From stage to screen, Carl Lumbly is an actor respected for his steadfast talent, versatility and class. His prolific career includes over 50 credits in television, film and the theatre and extensive critical acclaim.
He portrayed CIA agent 'Marcus Dixon,' the gentle, mild-mannered field partner to agent 'Sydney Bristow' (Jennifer Garner) for five seasons on ABC's hit drama series, "Alias.
Lumbly has been cast in a recurring role in Dick Wolf's new drama series, "Chicago Med." Lumbly plays 'Bert Goodwin,' the husband of S. Epatha Merkerson's character 'Sharon,' the venerable head of Chicago Med Hospital. 'Bert' is a once virile robust man who suddenly comes down with a physical ailment that ultimately factors into his relationship with his wife and the hospital where she presides.
He has a recurring role in CBS' summer drama series "Zoo," which has been renewed for a second season. Based on the best-selling novel by James Patterson, "Zoo" is a global thriller about a wave of violent animal attacks against humans which is sweeping the planet. Lumbly plays 'Delavenne,' an enigmatic, veteran Interpol agent embedded within the hierarchy of the General Secretariat, who takes matters into his own hands, when faced with what he believes to be a global animal crisis.
He recently appeared in the ensemble cast of A&E's suspense series "The Returned." The show focused on a small town that is turned upside down when several local people, who have long been presumed dead, suddenly reappear, bringing them into positive and detrimental consequences. Lumbly played 'Pastor Leon Wright,' a kindly, perceptive minister.
Lumbly has wrapped production in Berlin on a role in director Gore Verbinski's upcoming supernatural horror feature, "The Cure for Wellness," which will be distributed worldwide through New Regency's deal with 20th Century Fox.
His extensive feature credits include a role opposite Robert De Niro and Cuba Gooding Jr. in "Men of Honor," portraying the father of the first black diver in U.S. Navy history. In "Everybody's All-American" with Jessica Lange and Dennis Quaid, he starred as a former football player affected by the segregated South. Other film credits include "How Stella Got Her Groove Back," "South Central," "Pacific Heights," "To Sleep With Anger," "The Bedroom Window," "The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai," "Caveman" and "Namibia: The Struggle for Liberation."
For the stage, Lumbly most recently received glowing reviews for his 2015 performance of 'Pops Washington' in "Between Riverside and Crazy" at the American Conservatory Theater (ACT) in San Francisco. States the Huffington Post, "Pops is portrayed with torrents of fury and flashes of gentleness by the marvelous Carl Lumbly. He is one of seven characters in Stephen Adly Guirgis's play, which won this year's Pulitzer Prize for drama, but he provides the fuel that energizes all."
Earlier in 2015, Lumbly starred as 'Alfred' in Kwame Kwei-Armah's "Let There Be Love" at ACT and as 'Leo Price' in the San Francisco Playhouse's premiere of "Tree," by Julie Hebert. In 2014, he starred as 'Chester Kimmich' in John Patrick Shanley's "Storefront Church" at the San Francisco Playhouse and as 'Troy' in August Wilson's "Fences" at the Marin Theatre Company.
In 2013, Lumbly starred Off-Broadway at Romulus Linney Courtyard Theatre in the Pershing Square Signature Center in "stop. reset," directed by Regina Taylor. "stop. reset." tells the story of 'Alex Ames' (Lumbly), the owner of Chicago's oldest African-American book publishing company. As e-books begin to outsell printed copies, 'Ames' must question his employees to determine who is still relevant in a rapidly changing world.
Also in 2013, Lumbly starred in the San Francisco Playhouse's West Coast Premiere of the raucous comedy, "The Motherf**ker with the Hat," directed by Bill English. He played drug and parole counselor 'Ralph D.,' the role Chris Rock played on Broadway in 2011.
He starred in the Lorraine Hansberry Theatre's (LHT) 2012 production of British playwright Joe Penhall's comedy drama "Blue/Orange" in San Francisco. He portrayed an enigmatic psychiatric patient who claimed to be the son of an African dictator - a story that becomes more and more unnervingly plausible as the play progresses.
He was featured in the San Francisco Playhouse's 2010 production of Cormac McCarthy's "Sunset Limited." In 2007, he starred in the SF Playhouse's production of "Jesus Hopped the 'A' Train," directed by Bill English. For his remarkable performance, he was honored with a San Francisco Bay Area Theatre Critics Circle Award for Best Performance by an Actor.
Lumbly was born in Minnesota, the son of Jamaican immigrants. His father was an avid reader, which inspired Lumbly's early appreciation for literature. After graduating from Macalester College with a degree in English, he landed a job writing for the Associated Press in Minneapolis. He also supplemented his income by doing freelance writing assignments for various periodicals and magazines.
While on assignment for a story on Dudley Rigg's Brave New Workshop Comedy Theatre, Lumbly attended a public audition and was handed an audition card. "I thought it would be a great perspective from which to write the story," he says. After a three-week audition process, the company offered Lumbly a coveted spot in its cast. He stayed for two years doing improvisational comedy flavored with political satire.
Lumbly moved to San Francisco intending to continue his work as a journalist for the Associated Press. Just two days after arriving, he came across a newspaper ad seeking "two black actors for South African political plays." He went to the audition and met the other actor already cast -- an unknown Danny Glover. He landed the part and toured with Glover in productions of Athol Fugard's "Sizwe Bansi is Dead" and "The Island."
The plays brought Lumbly to Los Angeles, where he signed with an agent, followed by a move to New York. He landed his first significant on-screen role in a movie-of-the-week, "Cagney and Lacey," which turned into the hit series. Lumbly starred as 'Detective Mark Petrie' for the show's seven-year run.
Lumbly's versatility spans a range of characters, from his NAACP Image Award-nominated work in TNT's "Buffalo Soldiers," produced by Danny Glover, to a wealthy, black entrepreneur in "Oprah Winfrey Presents: The Wedding," starring opposite Halle Berry. He starred in the Showtime telefilm "Just a Dream," directed by Danny Glover, about a 12-year-old doctor's son and his unlikely relationship with a rodeo cowboy/auto mechanic (Lumbly). In addition, he has starred in the telefilms "Color of Friendship" (directed by Kevin Hooks), "Little Richard," "On Promised Land," "The Ditchdigger's Daughters," "Nightjohn" and "Sounder," ABC's telefilm remake of the 1972 classic. Of his critically-acclaimed performance in "Sounder," the Houston Chronicle stated, "Carl Lumbly plays 'Father', and his performance is a stunner: Dignity and anguish come together to touch your heart." According to director Kevin Hooks (one of the stars of the original film), Lumbly is "one of the most underrated actors out there." Hooks also believes that Lumbly is "the epitome of sensitivity and compassion as an artist, and it spills over into the characters he's playing."
He also starred in the drama series "M.A.N.T.I.S," where he played an independently wealthy paraplegic scientist/crimefighter, marking the first black superhero on series television. In 2012, he had a recurring role on the TNT cop drama, "Southland," where he played old-school, no-nonsense LAPD Captain 'Joel Rucker.' He has made numerous guest-starring appearances on such popular television series as "NCIS," "Criminal Minds," "Chuck," "Grey's Anatomy," "Cold Case," "Battlestar Galactica," "The West Wing," "ER" and "The X-Files."
Lumbly also starred as the voice of action hero 'J'onn J'onzz/Martian Manhunter,' in the Cartoon Network's animated series "Justice League." The series followed the adventures of the greatest superhero team of all time.
Lumbly works out regularly to keep in shape for his demanding roles. In his free time, he enjoys writing, as well as working in his garden, running, playing basketball and doggedly lowering his handicap in golf.
Jennifer Rhodes
From Rosiclare, Illinois, Jennifer headed for the Drama Department at Southern Illinois University where, after touring a semester playing "Cherie" in "Bus Stop", she was hooked. She went to New York where she studied acting at the Herbert Berghof Studio, performed Off-Broadway, toured with the Stanley Wolff Players in the Catskills and did two seasons of Summer Stock.
After moving to Los Angeles, she appeared in over 80 television shows and films, She is best known for playing the Grande Dame Witch, Penny 'Grams' Halliwell, in "Charmed". Guest Starring roles include "Lou Grant", "L.A. Law", "Murphy Brown", "Fame", "Designing Women", "Friends", "Ally McBeal" and "Grey's Anatomy". In the cult film, "Heathers", she played Winona Ryder's off-the-wall mother.
Nadji Jeter
While living in Atlanta, Georgia, Nadji's family discovered that he had a gift in dancing, acting, and music. Nadji's talents caught the eye of several A-list entertainers, giving him the opportunity to perform for Usher's New Look Foundation Gala in New York City in 2005. In 2010 Nadji was given the honor to co-host the "Usher" Camp New Look Foundation, World Leadership Awards with former President Bill Clinton, Golfer Michelle Wie, Justin Bieber, & ET News Kevin Frazier.In July 2013, Usher Raymond, Honored Nadji with the Global Youth Award,Nationwide with New Look Foundation.
Nadji excels in the classroom. Nadji's favorite subject is Science. Nadji also believes in great deal of Community Service & Giving Back to his youth. Nadji Jeter is a Star Power Ambassador, for the Starlight Foundation & Britti Cares Foundation in California. In 2007, Nadji's talents and love for the entertainment industry grew to such heights that indicated that he was ready for the larger market of California.Since living in California, Nadji has landed several unique roles: Starring along side with Tracee Ellis Ross & Malcolm Jamal Warner in a new BET sitcom "Reed Between The Lines". Lead child actor in a Box Office Film 'Grownups 1&2' with Adam Sandler, Kevin James, Salem Hayek,Nadji plays the role of Andre Mckenzie- Chris Rock son. Landed a unique role "Sam" in a Sony Video Game "The Last of Us" You can also see Nadji performing his dancing skills for the late & great Michael Jackson in a Televised Dieter Weisner, Documentary in Europe. A lead Actor in Opposite Day . Nadji was selected to do a voice-over with Radio Disney Resort, Clint Eastwood film, "Changeling". A guest star on the Disney XD, Moises Rules, he has appeared/guest star on the several network TV sitcoms; ABC Castle, Disney XD Kirby Buckets, Jerry Bruckheimer ABC "The Forgotten",episode's of CW-Every Body Hates Chris, an episode of ABC-Grey's Anatomy, He is also an active member of the Screen Actors Guild & AFTRA. He starred in 13 National Commercials.
Nadji is the face of Coca-Cola print ad campaign worldwide 2011,SpinMaster Stratego board game in 2011.You will also see Nadji with Gold Olympic Snowboarder Shaun White-Target 2010 & Spring 2011 print ad Campaign, print advertisement, just to name a few.
Nadji has also performed for the likes of Quincy Jones, LA Reid, Jermaine Dupre, Sean Combs, Jamie Foxx,and a host of other entertainment icons. Nadji, was also known as Lil Michael Jackson and "Lil Harry the Hawk" NBA Atlanta Hawks to fellow Atlanta-Georgians.
In his spare time he enjoys writing music, playing the guitar & video games. He loves playing basketball, football & taking martial arts classes.
Obba Babatundé
Obba Babatundé is an American actor of stage and screen.
Obba Babatundé's performing ethics reach back into the storied days of entertainment when performers' careers were dependent on their ability to deliver anything the audience wanted to see and hear! Obba has appeared in more than seventeen stage productions; thirty theatrical films; sixty made-for-television movies; starred in many specials and two primetime series plus dozens of other singing and dancing appearances. It is easy to understand why Obba is often referred to as one of the busiest actors in Hollywood.
True to form, 2016 was an exceptionally busy year for Obba. He received the Daytime Emmy Award for "Outstanding Guest Performer in a Drama Series" as well as the prestigious Lifetime Achievement Award from the PVIFF. Obba also completed filming three primetime series: CBS' "Madam Secretary," the highly-anticipated SHOWTIME series, "I'm Dying Up Here," NETFLIX'S acclaimed series "Dear White People" and is presently in production with the feature film "LAbyrinth".
Babatundé recently appeared in a recurring role on the acclaimed drama series "Kingdom," and the high-profile Amazon drama series "Hand of God," as the beguiling "Bishop Bruce Congdon." TV audiences loved Obba as the wealthy father of two half-sisters in the now syndicated television comedy series "Half & Half," as well as appearances on "The Young and the Restless,"Boston Legal," "Grey's Anatomy," "NCIS," "Cold Case," "Strong Medicine," and even as the man who taught Joey of "Friends" to dance ("Jazz Hands"). His Emmy-nominated performance in the HBO movie " Miss Evers' Boys," his NAACP Image Award-nominated performance in the HBO movie "Introducing Dorothy Dandridge," his Ovation Award nomination and NAACP Image Award win as "Best Actor" for his role as "Sarge" in "A Soldiers Play", and his Tony Award nomination for his role as "C.C. White," in the original Broadway cast of "Dreamgirls" are some of Obba's most cherished achievements. Some of his other noted credits include the coveted NAACP "Trailblazer Award", Hal Prince's "Grind" and "Timbuktu!" and his critically-acclaimed performance of "Billy Flynn" in the Broadway musical "Chicago." Obba originated the role of "Jelly Roll Morton" in the world premiere of "Jelly's Last Jam" and no one can forget his stellar performance in the Broadway bound Musical "Sammy," for which he won "Best Actor" for his portrayal of his entertainment mentor Sammy Davis, Jr. Some of his feature film appearances include: "The Celestine Prophecy," "Material Girls," "After the Sunset," "The Manchurian Candidate," "The Notebook," "John Q," "How High," "That Thing You Do!," "Philadelphia," "The Last Fall," "If I Tell You I Have To Kill You," "The Fallen Faithful," "Trapped," "Tension" and "Kinky."
He has often portrayed authority figures, such as a recurring guest-starring role as a high school principal on Dawson's Creek, an appearance as a judge in a two-part episode of Any Day Now, and as the father of the main characters on Half & Half. He also played Harvard college Dean Cain in the movie How High, as well as the role of Willie Long in the movie Life, the pivotal role of Lamar, the hotel concierge in the film That Thing You Do!, co-starred as an attorney in Philadelphia, as a SWAT captain in John Q, as a senator in the 2004 reprise of The Manchurian Candidate, and in Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment Santa Paws 2: The Santa Pups he played Mayor Denny. He also played the director in season 3 of Friends in an episode titled "The One with All the Jealousy". Other TV shows he has had recurring roles on include The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Chicago Hope, and Karen Sisco. He played a famous producer known as Gordy Berry on two episodes of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. In the 1998 miniseries, The Temptations, he played the founder of Motown Records Berry Gordy. Obba's extensive animation career includes Lando Calrissian in Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds, Star Wars: Rogue Squadron II: Rogue Leader, Star Wars: Rogue Squadron III: Rebel Strike and Disney Infinity 3.0[1] as well as Conroy in Rocket Power. In the animated feature The Wild Thornberrys Movie Obba voiced the character of Boko, and in the 2016 Air Bud Entertainment movie Pup Star, he is the hilarious soul-singing Basset Hound, Big Ears.
Babatundé's acting talents are always coupled with his behind-the-scenes skills. He was co-producer and director of "Oscar's Black Odyssey," co-producer of "Dorothy Dandridge An American Beauty," and co-producer of "TV in Black The First 50 Years." He is associate producer of the horror classic film "Voodoo Dolls" and executive producer of "Journey." Most recently, Obba directed and co-stars with Katt Williams in the Lionsgate Home Entertainment feature film "American Bad Boy" and produced and directed the multi-award-winning short film "Clarissa's Gift. " Babatundé also directed a highly-acclaimed version of the Broadway musical Dreamgirls and co-authored, directed and produced the critically-acclaimed "In The Blink of An Eye."
Babatundé is adept at American sign language and has used this talent in many roles including the feature film "Mather" and Lifetime's Strong Medicine.
Some of his recorded works include the singing of the title track on the Onaje Allan Gumbs album Sack Full of Dreams and "The Gal That Got Away" on Over The Rainbow the Harold Arlen soundtrack. The actor/producer is also an avid horseman and is a highly regarded rider and trainer in the Rodeo Circuit, including the annual Bill Pickett Rodeo.
Obba is excited about his new talk show "Go Beyond The Lens With Obba Babatundé," his radio show "Master Peace Theatre" and his made-for-tv series "Horse Talk" in which he demonstrates his rare talents as a horse whisperer. Truly a renaissance man, Obba's star continues to rise.
His brother Akin (pronounced "ah-keen") is also an actor and director and resides in Dallas, TX.
Asia Monet Ray
At only ten years old, Asia Monet Ray is known as a true triple-threat. Born in Yorba Linda, California, she first took an interest in gymnastics when she was just a toddler. Quickly realizing she had a natural athleticism and a love for movement, Asia's parents enrolled her in figure skating lessons, with dance lessons soon following. As expected, she picked up both sports with ease and went on to win numerous awards in a short amount of time. Eventually, Asia Monet moved on from ice-skating to focus on dance, which she found to be her true passion. Almost immediately, Asia began out-performing her competition which made her a real threat to challengers of all ages, and she quickly became known as a dance prodigy. Asia's hard work paid off and, at the age of five, she made history by becoming the youngest StarPower National Championship winner to ever take the title. Her knack for picking up choreography and her ability to engage an audience have made her well-known within the dance community. As she enters a new phase of her career, it will be her charisma and amazing energy that take her to the next level of stardom.
With Asia Monet's status as a true triple-threat, fans everywhere are falling in love with her undeniable talent and charming personality. She made her television debut at six years old when she entered the first season of Lifetime's Abby's Ultimate Dance Competition. Despite being the youngest in the competition, she wow-ed the judges and audiences week after week with her hard-hitting and sassy moves. Asia Monet beat competitors twice her age to make it to the finale, where she placed third overall to two thirteen year-old girls. Afterwards, Asia Monet joined Abby Lee Miller's elite junior competition team on Season 3 of Dance Moms. Fueled by the competition and Abby's tough love approach, Asia Monet proved she was a champion by winning every single competition solo she performed for nine consecutive weeks. Dance Moms has remained one of Lifetime's most watched shows and was nominated for a Teen Choice Award in the Choice TV - Reality Show category.
As one of the most popular contestants on Dance Moms, Asia Monet was offered her own docu-series, Raising Asia, which premiered on Lifetime. The series followed the young performer alongside her mom, dad, and little sister Bella Blu. Fans enjoyed getting an inside look at her personal and family life, as well as her journey pursuing a singing and acting career. While she is best known for her dancing, she is now venturing into the world of music. Her debut album titled Asia Monet features five original songs inspired by her family, friends, and fans. The full LP is available for purchase or download on Amazon, iTunes, Google Play, and Spotify, as well as on Asia's website, www.iamasiamonet.com. In addition, she released a Christmas Time music video on Vevo in November 2014 that has hit over 4.4 million views in its first year, and most recently a cover of Justin Bieber's I'll Show You featuring piano prodigy Rio Mangini. The video garnered 75,000 views in its first month. Asia Monet has also performed live concerts at large venues, including Planet Hollywood in Las Vegas and Universal City Walk in California.
Things are certainly not slowing down for Asia Monet. She was most recently seen in the highly anticipated series American Crime Story - The People v. O.J. Simpson, as Sydney Simpson. Produced and directed by Ryan Murphy, the limited series features a star-studded cast including Cuba Gooding, Jr., John Travolta, David Schwimmer, Connie Britton, and Sarah Paulson, to name a few. She also gave a moving performance as Jasmine on back-to-back episodes of Grey's Anatomy. Asia Monet has earned a huge social media following with over one million followers on Instagram, where she gains about one to two thousand followers a day. She also has nearly 350,000 Facebook likes and over 175,000 Twitter followers. She is rounding out her triple-threat status with a budding acting career and recently starred in the indie film Sister Code as Young Lexi.
Adding to Asia's busy schedule, she recently graced the runway for her second year at L.A. Fashion Week with amazing designers. Modeling is another interest of hers, and she already has several magazine features as well as cover shoots coming this year. When Asia Monet is not busy showcasing her many talents, she enjoys spending time with her family and friends at the pool, the mall, concerts, plays, or reading a good book. Her other hobbies include arts and crafts, as well as songwriting. She also loves taking care of her new puppy, Mochi, replying to fan mail, and shooting video content for her YouTube Channel, Asiamonetray.
Shelley Berman
Shelley Berman began studying acting shortly after he was honorably discharged from the US navy. He enrolled as a drama student at Chicago's Goodman Theater, where he met Sarah Herman, another aspiring thespian. They fell in love and were married in 1947. After graduating from the Goodman Theater, Shelley joined the Woodstock Players, a stock theater company in Woodstock, IL. It was here that he had the opportunity to really develop and polish his acting skills, with the support and encouragement of fellow players Geraldine Page , Betsy Palmer and Tom Bosley . Leaving Woodstock in 1949, Shelley and Sarah made their way across the country, with Shelley in search of acting work. When those jobs were scarce, he worked as a social director, a cab driver, a speech teacher, an assistant manager at a drug store and an instructor at Arthur Murray Dance Studios. While in New York Shelley found work as a sketch writer for The Steve Allen Plymouth Show , and was doing well when he received an invitation to join an improvisational troupe known as The Compass Players, which took him back home to Chicago. With Compass (which later evolved into Second City) Shelley worked with soon-to-be famous performers Mike Nichols , Elaine May , Severn Darden and Barbara Harris , among others. While performing improvised sketches with the Compass Players, Shelley began developing solo pieces, employing an imaginary telephone to take the place of an onstage partner. While watching Mort Sahl perform at Mr. Kelly's in Chicago in 1957, Shelley realized he didn't necessarily have to tell traditional jokes, as other comedians of the day did, in order to work in nightclubs and went on to audition at the club, performing his one-man monologues and telephone routines with great success. Those first dates at Mr. Kelly's led to other nightclub engagements around the country, appearances on national television and a recording contract with Verve Records. "Inside Shelley Berman", released in early 1959, became the first comedy album to be awarded a gold record--for selling one million copies--and the first non-musical recording to win a Grammy Award. Shelley would eventually record a total of six albums for Verve, including "Outside Shelley Berman" and "The Edge of Shelley Berman", both of which also went gold. Shelley would go on to appear on numerous TV specials, and all of the major variety shows, including those of Ed Sullivan , Steve Allen , Jack Paar , Dinah Shore , Perry Como , Andy Williams and Dean Martin . Shelley's great success as a comedian enabled him to continue with his first love, acting. He starred on Broadway in "A Family Affair" and would continue to do stage work in productions of "The Odd Couple", "Damn Yankees", "Where's Charley?", "Fiddler On the Roof", "Two by Two", "I'm Not Rappaport", "La Cage aux Folles", "Prisoner of Second Avenue" and "Guys & Dolls", among others. Comedic and dramatic acting roles in what came to be known as "The Golden Age of Television" began to come his way, including memorable appearances on episodes of Peter Gunn , The Twilight Zone , Rawhide , Bewitched , The Man from U.N.C.L.E. , Mary Tyler Moore , Adam-12 , Emergency! , CHiPs , St. Elsewhere , Night Court , MacGyver , L.A. Law , Friends , Arli$$ , Lizzie McGuire , Providence , Walker, Texas Ranger , The King of Queens , "The Bernie Mac Show" (2001)_, "Grey's Anatomy" (2005)_ Entourage Hannah Montana , CSI: NY and Boston Legal , the latter of which he made numerous recurring guest -tar appearances as the hilariously semi-senile Judge Robert Sanders. Since 2002 Shelley has appeared as Nat David ( Larry David 's father) on HBO's Curb Your Enthusiasm , a role for which he received a 2008 Emmy Award nomination. With dialogue entirely improvised by its cast, "Curb" has given Shelley the opportunity to return to his improv roots, introduced him to a new generation of TV viewers and brought him acclaim from critics and fans alike. Among Shelley's film credits are The Best Man with Henry Fonda ; Divorce American Style with Dick Van Dyke and Debbie Reynolds ; Every Home Should Have One with Marty Feldman ; '80s cult favorite Teen Witch ; with 'Burt Reynolds' in The Last Producer ; Meet the Fockers with Robert De Niro and Ben Stiller ; The Aristocrats ; The Holiday with Cameron Diaz , and You Don't Mess with the Zohan (with Adam Sandler ). Shelley continues to do film and television work and make personal appearances across the country year-round. He has authored three books, two plays, several TV pilot scripts and numerous poems. For over 20 years he taught humor writing in the Master of Professional Writing program at USC, where he is now a Lecturer Emeritus. Shelley spends his (precious little) free time volunteering for various charitable organizations and indulging in his favorite hobby, knife collecting.
Chelsea Ricketts
Chelsea Ricketts is an actress best known for her role Marta Talford on the TV series Lincoln Heights and for her role Britney on the TV series 10 Things I Hate About You.
Chelsea Ricketts was born on October 29, 1989. She made her debut in 2001 on the TV series Flip Flop Shop followed by her movie debut a year later in Beyond the Prairie, Part 2: The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder.
Chelsea Ricketts has appeared on a number of prominent TV series Melrose Place, Grey's Anatomy and CSI Miami. She had brief recurring role on the TV series Lincoln Heights, 10 Things I Hate About You and Zeke and Luther.
Beverly Todd
Iconic actress Beverly Todd has distinguished herself on Broadway, the London stage, television and film. A People's Choice Award winner and a four-time nominee of the prestigious NAACP Image Award, Ms. Todd's work dates back to the 70's in film roles opposite her mentor Sidney Poitier in The Lost Man, They Call Me Mr. Tibbs, and Brother John. In the 80's she starred with Richard Pryor in Moving, Whoopi Goldberg in Clara's Heart, and Morgan Freeman in Lean on Me.
She has a long list of television appearances including the PBS Television Special, Six Characters in Search of an Author, which was the first time the leading role of Stepdaughter was played by an actress of color, Roots, Don't Look Back opposite Louis Gossett, Jr., Lifetime's, Taken From Me, opposite Taraji P. Henson, Hope and Redemption, with major guest stars roles on Six Feet Under, Criminal Minds and Grey's Anatomy, to name a few.
Recent credits in films include leads in Ava DuVernay's I Will Follow, Paul Haggis's Academy Award Best Picture winner Crash and Rob Reiner's The Bucket List.
Beverly is starring in the soon to be released film Drive Me to Vegas and Mars, directed and written by Sidney J. Furie.
Beverly is a youth advocate, conducting poetry workshops for delinquent boys, self-esteem workshops for at risk teen-age girls, and theatre programs for Inner City Junior High School Students.
Andrew James Allen
Andrew James Allen was born in Redmond, Washington to Robert and Susan Allen. Susan is a retired radiology technician and his father Robert is an artist and environmentalist. Andrew James Allen has been acting since 9 years old, first appearing in commercials. Eventually at the age of 13 Andrew James Allen and his mother moved to Los Angeles where Andrew James Allen began working on various film and television projects. Andrew James Allen starred in the 2003 MGM Studios T.V movie Recipe For Disaster, alongside John Larroquette, Lesley Ann Warren, Margo harshman and Devon Werkheiser. Allen has also guest-starred on Ghost Whisperer, CSI: Miami, ER, Bones, Cold Case, Monk, Grey's Anatomy, Malcolm in the Middle, Reba, Charmed, 7th Heaven, and Make It or Break It among others. Allen was next seen in Peter Jackson's film adaption of The Lovely Bones, portraying Samuel Heckler.
Tim Griffin
Chicago native Tim Griffin, often known as, "the actor who is in everything," has amassed a dizzying list of credits, and over the years has solidified his reputation as one of Hollywood's nicest, most charming and versatile actors.
The son of a pediatric cardiologist, he first discovered acting after being cast as Oliver Twist in a school performance of the musical "Oliver!" As a teen Griffin would star in numerous theatrical productions for "The Body Politic" and "New Haven Playhouse," as well local movies and commercials. After graduating from Francis Parker High School (among classmates Paul Adelstein, Anne Heche, and novelist Brad Thor), Griffin made the choice to put acting on the back-burner to enroll in the University of Vermont (UVM) where he graduated with a double major in political philosophy and English literature.
Griffin performed as a regular member of the UVM Players (as Claudio in "Much Ado About Nothing" and Riff in "West Side Story"). Fate intervened his sophomore year while driving back to Chicago when his car broke down outside New York City. While waiting for it to be repaired, his agents asked him to audition for a TV movie called "Taking A Stand." He was cast in the leading role of the all-star production (Betty Buckley, Jane Adams, Michael Beach). The show went on to win a Daytime Emmy for "Outstanding Children's Special."
Following this success, Griffin turned down a scholarship to study abroad at the University of Kent in England, and went to Hollywood. Giving himself the extreme grand total of one year to make or break his career, he enrolled in classes at UCLA and signed with Writers and Artists. He quickly went on to star in high-profile TV shows and movies of the week, including "China Beach," "In The Heat of the Night," and Michael Zinberg's autobiographical, coming-of-age drama "For The Very First Time."
Rejecting the advice of his agents, he elected to return to the University of Vermont to finish up his Bachelor's Degree. He considered attending graduate school for political philosophy, but his academic mentor convinced him to return to the West Coast and continue to pursue his acting career, noting that the scholarly life would always be there to fall back on if "things didn't pan out."
Unsure whether working as a "teen actor" came with an expiration date, he picked up right where he left off, landing recurring stints on "General Hospital," the critically acclaimed "Against The Grain" (co-starring "Southland's" Mike Cudlitz, and Ben Affleck), and a near-unrecognizable turn as the autistic Richie Grayson on "Party of Five." His reputation as a multi-talented actor began to grow, and in 1996, director John Singleton gave Griffin his first break into features, casting him in "Higher Learning" (Jennifer Connelly, Lawrence Fishburne) as the orientation announcer at a pep rally whose booming message was "How many people came here to change the world?!"
In his hilarious recurring role as T.R. Knight's brother, Ronny O'Malley," on "Grey's Anatomy," Griffin is best know for shooting his own dad in the butt. He became even more recognizable in 2004 when he was cast in "The Bourne Supremacy," the second installment of the legendary franchise. As "Nevins", a hapless CIA agent who interrogates the eerily silent Bourne (Matt Damon), he's repeatedly stonewalled and smugly says "You're going to play ball one way or another..." During filming, Damon (by pure accident) really cracked Griffin across the bridge of his nose, giving him a deviated septum.
Griffin's blockbuster streak continues with credits that include Jon Favreau's "Iron Man," and more than a few projects for the brilliant J.J. Abrams, such as "Cloverfield," "Star Trek"(where Abrams directed him as the doomed UFSS Kelvin's Chief Engineer in the opening sequence) and in the upcoming "Super 8"(Elle Fanning).
Being handpicked to star alongside and be directed by George Clooney in the 1920's football romp, "Leatherheads" (also starring Renee Zellweger) was a huge thrill. He re-teamed with Clooney again in the comedy "The Men Who Stare at Goats" (featuring Academy Award winners Kevin Spacey and Jeff Bridges). Griffin earned critical praise for his work in Doug Liman's true-life spy drama "Fair Game" as Paul, the lead CIA analyst charged with the unenviable task of taking on Scooter Libby (David Andrews) over the now infamous "yellow cake uranium." Starring Academy Award winner Sean Penn and Naomi Watts, "Fair Game" was awarded screen writing honors by the Writer's Guild of America, and a New York Film Critics award.
In addition to multiple recognizable commercial campaigns and television spots, Griffin has had numerous high profile projects in the past few years, including roles in feature films such as Chris Weitz's "A Better Life," John Singleton's "Abduction" starring Taylor Lautner and Clint Eastwood's "American Sniper."
On television, Griffin has starred in the Peter Berg produced NBC primetime drama "Prime Suspect," with Maria Bello and Aidan Quinn and had a major arc on the hit USA drama "Covert Affairs" opposite Kari Matchett. Up next, Griffin will play Special Agent "Adam Hassler" in the Fox event series "Wayward Pines" from M. Night Shyamalan.
Griffin lives with his wife and their two children in L.A. With his wife, he has built and remodeled several homes. He's a proud Irish-American ridiculously devoted to the Chicago Cubs.
| i don't know |
Which Shipping Weather Forecast Area covers the Shetland Isles? | Shipping forecast - Met Office
Shipping forecast
Shipping forecast and gale warnings
Issued at 1130 UTC on Wednesday 18 January 2017
For the period 1200 UTC Wednesday 18 January to 1200 UTC Thursday 19 January 2017
The general synopsis at 0600
High eastern Europe 1041 with strong ridge extending westwards across England and Wales, slow moving with little change by 0600 tomorrow. Low Norwegian Sea 991 moving away rapidly northeastwards
Sea area
Westerly or southwesterly 4 or 5, increasing 6 at times.
Sea state
Westerly or southwesterly 4 or 5, increasing 6 at times.
Sea state
Westerly or southwesterly 4 or 5, increasing 6 at times.
Sea state
Westerly or southwesterly 4 or 5, increasing 6 at times.
Sea state
Southwesterly veering westerly 3 or 4.
Sea state
Dogger
Wind
In northwest, southwesterly veering westerly 3 or 4. In southeast, westerly or southwesterly 4 or 5, occasionally 6 at first.
Sea state
In northwest, slight. in southeast, slight or moderate.
Weather
In northwest, fair. In southeast, occasional drizzle, fog patches.
Visibility
In northwest, moderate or good. In southeast, moderate, occasionally very poor.
Fisher
Westerly or southwesterly 4 or 5, occasionally 6 at first.
Sea state
Westerly or southwesterly 4 or 5, occasionally 6 at first.
Sea state
West or southwest 4 or 5, decreasing 3 later.
Sea state
Moderate or good, occasionally very poor.
Thames
Trafalgar forecast - Issued: 0015 UTC on Wednesday 18 January 2017
Wind
Northeasterly 4 or 5, occasionally 6 in northeast.
Sea state
Moderate, occasionally rough in north and east.
Weather
Gale warning - Issued: 0951 UTC on Wednesday 18 January 2017
Northeasterly gale force 8 imminent
Wind
In southeast, northeasterly 5 to 7, occasionally gale 8 at first. In northwest, easterly or southeasterly 5 or 6.
Sea state
In southeast, moderate or rough. in northwest, moderate, occasionally rough.
Weather
Easterly or southeasterly 5 or 6.
Sea state
Southeast backing east later, 3 or 4, occasionally 5 later.
Sea state
Southeast backing east later, 3 or 4, occasionally 5 later.
Sea state
Southerly 5 or 6, occasionally 7 in west.
Sea state
Bailey
Wind
In south, southwesterly 5 to 7. In north, southwesterly becoming cyclonic for a time later, 5 to 7.
Sea state
In south, occasional drizzle. In north, occasional rain.
Visibility
In south, good, occasionally moderate. In north, good, becoming moderate or poor.
Fair Isle
Gale warning - Issued: 1554 UTC on Tuesday 17 January 2017
Southwesterly gale force 8 expected soon
Wind
Southwest 5 to 7, occasionally gale 8 at first.
Sea state
Moderate or good, occasionally poor.
Faeroes
Southwesterly becoming cyclonc later in north, 5 to 7.
Sea state
Moderate or good, occasionally poor.
Southeast Iceland
Gale warning - Issued: 2141 UTC on Tuesday 17 January 2017
Southwesterly severe gale force 9 decreasing gale force 8 soon
Wind
Westerly or southwesterly, becoming cyclonic 5 to 7, occasionally gale 8.
Sea state
Good, becoming moderate or poor later.
There are no gale warnings currently in force for the selected sea area.
Shipping forecast and gale warnings
The shipping forecast is issued four times a day at 2300, 0500, 1100, 1700 UTC and covers a period of 24 hours from 0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800 UTC respectively.
The waters around the British Isles are divided into 31 sea areas shown on the map.
The forecast contains details of gale warnings in force, a general synopsis and sea-area forecasts containg forecast wind direction and force, weather and visibility.
Gale warnings are issued as required throughout the day (for winds of Gale Force 8 or more).
More marine weather
Marine forecasts for printing and low-bandwidth devices (such as mobile phones)
In the UK, the Maritime & Coastguard Agency (MCA) is responsible for the provision of Maritime Safety Information (MSI) to ships at sea, which includes the broadcast of warnings and forecasts. The Met Office initiates warnings and prepares routine forecasts for dissemination on behalf of the MCA.
Caution: The internet is not part of the Maritime Safety Information system and should never be relied upon as the only means to obtain the latest forecast and warning information. Access to the service may be interrupted or delayed from time to time, updates may also be delayed. Please refer to GMDSS services, INMARSAT SafetyNET or international NAVTEX for the latest information. When using these web pages, always check that the page on your screen is not from your cache. Use the Refresh or Reload button if in any doubt.
| Fair Isle |
Who was theelder brother of the Kray twins? | Shetland Islands Council - Ports and Harbours - Weather
Shetland Islands Council
For tidal information contact Shetland Coastguard on 01595 692976, or visit: www.tides.info or http://easytide.ukho.gov.uk/EasyTide/EasyTide/index.aspx
Weather & Shipping Forecasts
Shetland Coastguard broadcast weather on VHF and MF Radio telegraphy at 0105 UTC and every 4 hours subsequently, alternatively contact Shetland Coastguard on 01595 692976.
The Met Office:
Faeroese Weather Service: www.theyr.com . Precision weather planner service which includes interactive maps and hour-to-hour predictions.
Weather Call - 09014 722 076 or www.metoffice.com
Weather bulletins for shipping are broadcast daily on BBC Radio 4 at the following times: 0048 and 0535 (long wave and FM) 1200 and 1755 (normally long wave only). The following are broadcast: Gale warnings, general synopsis, sea-area forecasts and coastal station reports.
Northern Isles Weather Forecast, recorded in Fair Isle can be viewed at www.northisles-weather.co.uk .
Links
A number of weather service websites have coverage for the Shetland Islands. Here are a selection of them:
| i don't know |
Who succeeded Brezhnev as President of the USSR in 1982? | Russia - The Brezhnev Era
The Brezhnev Era
Russia Table of Contents
The regime that followed Khrushchev took a much more conservative approach to most problems. Stalinism did not return, but there was less latitude for individual expression. Foreign relations continued to roller-coaster, with the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 constituting a major setback for relations with the West. The Soviet economy continued to falter, reaping no apparent benefit from the end of Khrushchev's economic experimentation.
The Rise of Brezhnev
After removing Khrushchev from power, the leaders of the Politburo (as the Presidium was renamed in 1966 by the Twenty-Third Party Congress) and Secretariat again established a collective leadership. As was the case following Stalin's death, several individuals, including Aleksey Kosygin, Nikolay Podgornyy, and Leonid Brezhnev, contended for power behind a facade of unity. Kosygin accepted the position of prime minister, which he held until his retirement in 1980. Brezhnev, who took the post of first secretary, may have been viewed originally by his colleagues as an interim appointee.
Born to a Russian worker's family in 1906, Brezhnev became a Khrushchev prot�g� early in his career and through his patron's influence rose to membership in the Presidium. As his own power grew, Brezhnev built up a coterie of followers whom he, as first secretary, gradually maneuvered into powerful positions. At the same time, Brezhnev slowly demoted or isolated possible contenders for his office. For instance, in December 1965 he succeeded in elevating Podgornyy to the ceremonial position of chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, the highest legislative organization in the government, thus eliminating him as a rival. But Brezhnev's rise was very gradual; only in 1971, when he succeeded in appointing four close associates to the Politburo, did it become clear that his was the most influential voice in the collective leadership. After several more personnel changes, Brezhnev assumed the chairmanship of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet in 1977, confirming his primacy in both party and state.
The years after Khrushchev were notable for the stability of the cadres, groups of activists in responsible and influential positions in the party and state apparatus. By introducing the slogan "Trust in Cadres" in 1965, Brezhnev won the support of many bureaucrats wary of the constant reorganizations of the Khrushchev era and eager for security in established hierarchies. Indicative of the stability of the period is the fact that nearly half of the Central Committee members in 1981 were holdovers from fifteen years earlier. The corollary to this stability was the aging of Soviet leaders; the average age of Politburo members rose from fifty-five in 1966 to sixty-eight in 1982. The Soviet leadership (or the "gerontocracy," as it was referred to in the West) became increasingly conservative and ossified.
Conservative policies characterized the regime's agenda in the years after Khrushchev. Upon assuming power, the collective leadership not only reversed such Khrushchev policies as the bifurcation of the party, it also halted de-Stalinization. Indeed, favorable references to the dead dictator began to appear. The Soviet constitution of 1977, although differing in certain respects from the 1936 Stalin document, retained the general thrust of the latter. In contrast to the relative cultural freedom permitted during the early Khrushchev years, Brezhnev and his colleagues continued the more restrictive line of the later Khrushchev era. The leadership was unwilling or unable to employ Stalinist means to control Soviet society; instead, it opted to use repressive tactics against political dissidents even after the Soviet Union signed the Helsinki Accords of 1975, which bound signatory nations to higher standards of human rights observance. Dissidents persecuted during this time included writers and activists in outlawed religious, nationalist, and human rights movements. In the latter part of the Brezhnev era, the regime tolerated popular expressions of anti-Semitism. Under conditions of "developed socialism" (the historical stage that the Soviet Union attained in 1977, according to the CPSU), the precepts of Marxism-Leninism were taught and reinforced as a means to bolster the authority of the regime rather than as a tool for revolutionary action.
Foreign Policy of a Superpower
A major concern of Khrushchev's successors was to reestablish Soviet primacy in the community of communist states by undermining the influence of China. Although the new leaders originally approached China without hostility, Mao's condemnation of Soviet foreign policy as "revisionist" and his competition for influence in the Third World soon led to a worsening of relations between the two countries. The Sino-Soviet relationship reached a low point in 1969 when clashes broke out along the disputed Ussuri River boundary in the Far East. Later, the Chinese, intimidated by Soviet military strength, agreed not to patrol the border area claimed by the Soviet Union; but strained relations between the two countries continued into the early 1980s.
Under the collective leadership, the Soviet Union again used force in Eastern Europe, this time in Czechoslovakia. In 1968 reform-minded elements of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia rapidly began to liberalize their rule, loosen censorship, and strengthen Western ties. In response, Soviet and other Warsaw Pact troops entered Czechoslovakia and installed a new regime. Out of these events arose the so-called Brezhnev Doctrine (see Glossary), which warned that the Soviet Union would act to maintain its hegemony in Eastern Europe (see Central Europe, ch. 8). Soviet suppression of the reform movement reduced blatant gestures of defiance on the part of Romania and served as a threatening example to the Polish Solidarity trade union movement in 1980. But it also helped disillusion communist parties in Western Europe to the extent that by 1977 most of the leading parties embraced Eurocommunism, a pragmatic approach to ideology that freed them to pursue political programs independent of Soviet dictates.
Soviet influence in the developing world expanded somewhat during the 1970s. New communist or left-leaning governments having close relations with the Soviet Union took power in several countries, including Angola, Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Nicaragua. In the Middle East, the Soviet Union vied for influence by backing the Arabs in their dispute with Israel. After the June 1967 War in the Middle East, the Soviet Union rebuilt the defeated Syrian and Egyptian armies, but it suffered a setback when Egypt expelled Soviet advisers from the country in 1972 and subsequently entered into a closer relationship with the United States. The Soviet Union retained ties with Syria and supported Palestinians' claims to an independent state. But Soviet prestige among moderate Muslim states suffered in the 1980s as a result of Soviet military activities in Afghanistan (see The Middle East, ch. 8). Attempting to shore up a communist government in that country, Brezhnev sent in Soviet armed forces in December 1979, but a large part of the Afghan population resisted both the occupiers and the Marxist Afghan regime. The resulting war in Afghanistan continued to be an unresolved problem for the Soviet Union at the time of Brezhnev's death in 1982.
Soviet relations with the West first improved, then deteriorated in the years after Khrushchev. The gradual winding down of United States involvement in the war in Vietnam after 1968 opened the way for negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union on the subject of nuclear arms. The Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons (commonly known as the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty--NPT; see Glossary) went into effect in 1970, and the two countries began the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) the following year. At the Moscow summit meeting of May 1972, Brezhnev and President Richard M. Nixon signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty--see Glossary) and the Interim Agreement on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. Both agreements essentially froze the two countries' existing stockpiles of strategic defensive and offensive weapons. A period of d�tente, or relaxation of tensions, between the two superpowers emerged, with a further agreement concluded to establish ceilings on the number of offensive weapons on both sides in 1974. The crowning achievement of the era of d�tente was the signing in 1975 of the Helsinki Accords, which ratified the postwar status quo in Europe and bound the signatories to respect basic principles of human rights. In the years that followed, the Soviet Union was found to be in substantial violation of the accords' human rights provisions.
But even during the period of d�tente, the Soviet Union increased weapons deployments, with the result that by the end of the 1970s it achieved nuclear parity with--or even superiority to--the United States. The Soviet Union also intensified its condemnation of the NATO alliance in an attempt to weaken Western unity. Although a second SALT agreement was signed by Brezhnev and President Jimmy Carter in Vienna in 1979, after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan the Carter administration withdrew the agreement from consideration by the United States Senate, and d�tente effectively came to an end. Also in reaction to the Soviet involvement in Afghanistan, the United States imposed a grain embargo on the Soviet Union and boycotted the Moscow Summer Olympics in 1980. Tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union continued up to Brezhnev's death.
The Economy under Brezhnev
Despite Khrushchev's tinkering with economic planning, the economic system remained dependent on central plans drawn up with no reference to market mechanisms. Reformers, of whom the economist Yevsey Liberman was most noteworthy, advocated greater freedom for individual enterprises from outside controls and sought to turn the enterprises' economic objectives toward making a profit. Prime Minister Kosygin championed Liberman's proposals and succeeded in incorporating them into a general economic reform program approved in September 1965. This reform included scrapping Khrushchev's regional economic councils in favor of resurrecting the central industrial ministries of the Stalin era. Opposition from party conservatives and cautious managers, however, soon stalled the Liberman reforms, forcing the state to abandon them.
After Kosygin's short-lived attempt to revamp the economic system, planners reverted to drafting comprehensive centralized plans of the type first developed under Stalin. In industry, plans stressed the heavy and defense-related branches, slighting the light consumer-goods branches (see The Postwar Growth Period, ch. 6). As a developed industrial country, the Soviet Union by the 1970s found it increasingly difficult to maintain the high rates of growth in the industrial sector that it had enjoyed in earlier years. Increasingly large investment and labor inputs were required for growth, but these inputs were becoming more difficult to obtain. Although the goals of the five-year plans of the 1970s had been scaled down from previous plans, the targets remained largely unmet. The industrial shortfalls were felt most sharply in the sphere of consumer goods, where the public steadily demanded improved quality and increased quantity. Agricultural development continued to lag in the Brezhnev years. Despite steadily higher investments in agriculture, growth under Brezhnev fell below that attained under Khrushchev. Droughts occurring intermittently throughout the 1970s forced the Soviet Union to import large quantities of grain from Western countries, including the United States. In the countryside, Brezhnev continued the trend toward converting collective farms into state farms and raised the incomes of all farmworkers. Despite the wage increases, peasants still devoted much time and effort to their private plots, which provided the Soviet Union with a disproportionate share of its agricultural goods (see Agriculture, ch. 6).
The standard of living in the Soviet Union presented a problem to the Brezhnev leadership after the growth of the late 1960s stalled at a level well below that of most Western industrial (and some East European) countries. Although certain appliances and other goods became more accessible during the 1960s and 1970s, improvements in housing and food supply were slight. Shortages of consumer goods encouraged pilferage of government property and the growth of the black market. Vodka, however, remained readily available, and alcoholism was an important factor in both the declining life expectancy and the rising infant mortality rate that the Soviet Union experienced in the later Brezhnev years (see Health Conditions, ch. 5).
Culture and the Arts in the 1960s and 1970s
Progress in developing the education system was mixed during the Brezhnev years. In the 1960s and 1970s, the percentage of working-age people with at least a secondary education steadily increased. Yet at the same time, access to higher education grew more limited. By 1980 the percentage of secondary-school graduates admitted to universities had dropped to only two-thirds of the 1960 figure. Students accepted into universities increasingly came from professional families rather than worker or peasant households. This trend toward the perpetuation of the educated elite was not only a function of the superior cultural background of elite families but also, in many cases, a result of their power to influence admissions procedures (see The Soviet Heritage, ch. 5).
Progress in science also was variable under Brezhnev. In the most visible test of its advancement--the race with the United States to put a man on the moon--the Soviet Union failed, but through persistence the Soviet space program continued to make headway in other areas. In general, despite leads in such fields as metallurgy and thermonuclear fusion, Soviet science lagged behind that of the West, hampered in part by the slow development of computer technology.
In literature and the arts, a greater variety of creative works became accessible to the public than had previously been available. As in earlier decades, the state continued to determine what could be legally published or performed, punishing persistent offenders with exile or prison. Nonetheless, greater experimentation in art forms became permissible in the 1970s, with the result that more sophisticated and subtly critical work began to be produced. The regime loosened the strictures of socialist realism; thus, for instance, many protagonists of the novels of author Yuriy Trifonov concerned themselves with problems of daily life rather than with building socialism. In music, although the state continued to frown on such Western phenomena as jazz and rock, it began to permit Western musical ensembles specializing in these genres to make limited appearances. But the native balladeer Vladimir Vysotskiy, widely popular in the Soviet Union, was denied official recognition because of his iconoclastic lyrics (see Literature and the Arts, ch. 4).
In the religious life of the Soviet Union, a resurgence in popular devotion to the major faiths became apparent in the late 1970s despite continued de facto disapproval on the part of the authorities. This revival may have been connected with the generally growing interest of Soviet citizens in their respective national traditions (see The Russian Orthodox Church, ch. 4).
The Death of Brezhnev
Shortly after his cult of personality began to take root in the mid-1970s, Brezhnev began to experience periods of ill health. After Brezhnev suffered a stroke in 1975, Politburo members Mikhail Suslov and Andrey Kirilenko assumed some of the leader's functions for a time. Then, after another bout of poor health in 1978, Brezhnev delegated more of his responsibilities to Konstantin U. Chernenko, a longtime associate who soon began to be regarded as the heir apparent. His prospects of succeeding Brezhnev, however, were hurt by political problems plaguing the general secretary in the early 1980s. Not only were economic failures damaging Brezhnev's prestige, but scandals involving his family and political allies also were undermining his stature. Meanwhile, Yuriy V. Andropov, chief of the Committee for State Security (Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti--KGB; see Glossary), apparently also began a campaign to discredit Brezhnev. Andropov took over Suslov's functions after Suslov died in 1982, and he used his position to promote himself as the next CPSU general secretary. Although he suffered another stroke in March 1982, Brezhnev refused to relinquish his office. He died that November.
The Soviet Union paid a high price for the stability of the Brezhnev years. By avoiding necessary political and economic change, the Brezhnev leadership ensured the economic and political decline that the country experienced during the 1980s. This deterioration of power and prestige stood in sharp contrast to the dynamism that had marked the Soviet Union's revolutionary beginnings.
Custom Search
| Yuri Andropov |
In which country are Leeds Castle and the Isle of Sheppey? | Yury Vladimirovich Andropov | president of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | Britannica.com
president of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Written By:
President of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
born
Lavrenty Beria
Yury Vladimirovich Andropov, (born June 15 [June 2, Old Style], 1914, Nagutskoye, Russia —died Feb 9, 1984, Moscow ), head of the Soviet Union’s KGB (State Security Committee) from 1967 to 1982 and his country’s leader as general secretary of the Communist Party ’s Central Committee from November 1982 until his death 15 months later.
Retouched photograph of Yury V. Andropov.
AFP/Getty Images
The son of a railway worker, Andropov was a telegraph operator, film projectionist, and boatman on the Volga River before attending a technical college and, later, Petrozavodsk University. He became an organizer for the Young Communist League (Komsomol) in the Yaroslav region and joined the Communist Party in 1939. His superiors noticed his abilities, and he was made head of the Komsomol in the newly created Karelo-Finnish Autonomous Republic (1940–44).
The turning point in Andropov’s career was his transfer to Moscow (1951), where he was assigned to the party’s Secretariat staff, considered a training ground for promising young officials. As ambassador to Hungary (July 1954–March 1957), he played a major role in coordinating the Soviet invasion of that country. Andropov then returned to Moscow, rising rapidly through the Communist hierarchy and, in 1967, becoming head of the KGB. Andropov’s policies as head of the KGB were repressive; his tenure was noted for its suppression of political dissidents.
Andropov was elected to the Politburo , and, as Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev’s health declined, Andropov began to position himself for succession, resigning his KGB post in 1982. Andropov was chosen by the Communist Party Central Committee to succeed Brezhnev as general secretary on November 12, scarcely two days after Brezhnev’s death. He consolidated his power by becoming chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (president) on June 16, 1983.
Ill health overtook him by August 1983, and thereafter he was never seen again in public. He accomplished little and was succeeded by a former rival, Konstantin Chernenko .
Learn More in these related articles:
| i don't know |
Which US World War II General commanded the US forces in China and Burma? | Burma, 1942
Introduction
World War II was the largest and most violent armed conflict in the history of mankind. However, the half century that now separates us from that conflict has exacted its toll on our collective knowledge. While World War II continues to absorb the interest of military scholars and historians, as well as its veterans, a generation of Americans has grown to maturity largely unaware of the political, social, and military implications of a war that, more than any other, united us as a people with a common purpose.
Highly relevant today, World War II has much to teach us, not only about the profession of arms, but also about military preparedness, global strategy, and combined operations in the coalition war against fascism. During the next several years, the U.S. Army will participate in the nation's 50th anniversary commemoration of World War II. The commemoration will include the publication of various materials to help educate Americans about that war. The works produced will provide great opportunities to learn about and renew pride in an Army that fought so magnificently in what has been called "the mighty endeavor."
World War II was waged on land, on sea, and in the air over several diverse theaters of operation for approximately six years. The following essay is one of a series of campaign studies highlighting those struggles that, with their accompanying suggestions for further reading, are designed to introduce you to one of the Army's significant military feats from that war.
This brochure was prepared in the U.S. Army Center of Military History by Clayton R. Newell. I hope this absorbing account of that period will enhance your appreciation of American achievements during World War II.
7 December 1941-26 May 1942
On 8 December 1941, after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States declared war on Japan and became an active participant in World War II. For some months prior to that attack, however, the United States had been supporting China's war against Japan with money and materiel. Pearl Harbor formally brought America into World War II, but it was an earlier American commitment to China that drew the United States Army into the Burma Campaign of 1942.
Japan had invaded China in 1937, gradually isolating it from the rest of the world except for two tenuous supply lines: a narrow-gauge railway originating in Haiphong, French Indochina; and the Burma Road, an improved gravel highway linking Lashio in British Burma to Kunming in China. Along these routes traveled the materiel that made it possible for Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Chinese government to resist the Japanese offensives into the interior.
In 1940 Japan took advantage of the German invasion of France to cut both supply lines to China. In June, with France focused on the war in Europe, Japanese warships moved into French Indochina and closed the railroad from Haiphong. A month later, threatening war if its demands were not met, Japan secured an agreement from the hard-pressed British government to close the Burma Road to war materiel temporarily.
The Burma Road reopened in October 1940, literally the sole lifeline to China. By late 1941 the United States was shipping lend-lease materiel by sea to the Burmese port of Rangoon, where it was transferred to railroad cars for the trip to Lashio in northern Burma and finally carried by truck over the 712-mile-long Burma Road to Kunming. Over this narrow highway, trucks carried munitions and materiel to supply the Chinese Army, whose continuing strength in turn forced the Japanese to keep considerable numbers of ground forces stationed in China. Consequently, Japanese strategists decided to cut the Burma lifeline, gain complete control of China, and free their forces for use elsewhere in the Pacific.
Strategic Setting
Burma, a country slightly smaller in area than the state of Texas, lies imbedded in the underbelly of the Asian landmass between India and China. Along the northern, eastern, and western borders of Burma
are high mountains. The Himalayas to the north reach altitudes of 19,000 feet. The western mountains between Burma and India, forming the Burma-Java Arc, have pinnacles as high as 12,000 feet. On the east the Shan Plateau, between Burma and China, features relatively modest peaks of less than 9,000 feet. The Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea mark the southern boundary; on the southeast, Burma shares an extended border with Thailand. The central part of the country consists of north-south belts of fertile plains, river valleys, and deltas. Rainfall is heavy throughout the year. The Irrawaddy River and its major tributary, the Chindwin, drain the western portions of the country, and the Salween and Sittang Rivers drain the regions in the east.
4
The geography of Burma had isolated it from India and China, its larger and more populous neighbors. The high, rugged mountain ranges discouraged trade and travel. This lack of contact had shaped Burma into a country distinctly different from either of those larger neighbors, who in turn had little interest in Burma given the natural barriers to invasion. Japan's dramatic 1941 bid for dominance in the Far East, however, caused both India and China and their Western patrons, Great Britain and the United States, respectively, to focus attention on Burma.
At one time the British had attempted to govern Burma as a province of India, but the artificial mixing of the two cultures proved unworkable. In 1937 Burma had become a separate colony with a largely autonomous government. Its still-dependent status dissatisfied many of the more politically aware Burmese, who formed a vocal minority political party favoring complete independence from Britain. When a number of the leaders of this movement visited Tokyo in the years before 1941, Japanese government officials had expressed sympathy with their efforts to attain independence. Burma, however, was still very much a permanent possession in the eyes of Prime Minister Winston Churchill, who clearly had no intention of presiding over the dissolution of the British Empire. Churchill saw the status quo ante helium as a primary British war aim, with both India and Burma remaining colonies as they had been since 1941.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt had a different vision for postwar Asia. Roosevelt believed that the European empires in the Far East were archaic and that their colonies would soon be independent countries. He also wanted China treated as an equal Allied partner in the war against Japan in the hope that it would develop into a great power friendly to the West. On a more immediate and practical note, keeping China in the war would also keep a large contingent of Japanese ground forces occupied on the Asian mainland, out of the way of American operations in the Pacific.
Although Great Britain and the United States were pursuing the same strategic goal of ultimately defeating Japan, they disagreed about Burma's role in attaining that goal. Their leaders agreed that Burma should be defended against the Japanese, but their motives differed. For the British, Burma provided a convenient barrier between India, the "crown jewel" of their empire, and China with its Japanese military occupation. The Americans saw Burma as the lifeline that could provide China the means to throw off the shackles of Japanese occupation and become a viable member of the international community.
5
Despite the Allies' determination to hold Burma, their plans for the defense of the region were incomplete. The Burmese were not consulted and had little reason to fight the Japanese. More significantly, neither Britain nor the United States was prepared to commit significant forces to save the area. Japanese leaders, in contrast, were prepared to do more and viewed Burma as critical to their overall strategy for the war. The occupation of Burma would protect gains already secured in the southwest Pacific, set the stage for a possible invasion of India that conceivably could link up with a German drive out of the Middle East, and once and for all close the Allied supply line along the Burma Road into China.
Operations
Less than a week after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Japanese planes took off from captured bases in Thailand and opened the invasion of Burma by bombing the Tavoy airdrome, a forward British outpost on the Andaman Sea south of Rangoon. The next day, 12 December 1941, small Japanese units began the ground offensive by infiltrating into Burma. Not having prepared for war, Imperial British forces in Burma lacked even such rudimentary necessities as an adequate military intelligence staff. Although a civil defense commissioner had been appointed in November 1941, the British had not made contingency arrangements, such as military control of the railroads and the inland waterways. The only British forces in Burma were a heterogeneous mixture of Burmese, British, and Indian units known as the Army in Burma. Their air support consisted of some sixteen obsolete Royal Air Force (RAF) fighters.
The only American combat force even remotely available at the onset of the fighting was the fledgling American Volunteer Group (AVG). Organized by retired Army Air Forces Col. Claire L. Chennault, with the approval of both the Chinese and American governments, the AVG was preparing to provide air support to the Chinese Army against the Japanese in China. The AVG had begun training during the summer of 1941 in Burma to be out of range of Japanese air raids until ready for combat.
Chennault had hoped to employ his three squadrons of fighter aircraft, after thorough training, as a single unit in China, but the outbreak of war in the Pacific and subsequent Japanese invasion of Burma quickly changed his priorities. In response to a British request for support on 12 December, one squadron of the AVG moved from the training base in Toungoo to Mingaladon, near Rangoon, to help protect the capital city
P-43s being serviced at afield in China. (National Archives)
and its port facilities. The two remaining squadrons deployed to China to protect Chinese cities and patrol the Burma Road.
When Japan began operations in Burma, the United States recognized that the British would need assistance. The American Military Mission to China (AMMISCA), under Brig. Gen. John Magruder, had been in Chungking since September 1941 to coordinate, among other things, American lend-lease aid for China. On 16 December the War Department gave Magruder authority to transfer lend-lease materiel awaiting transportation in the port of Rangoon from Chinese to British control. The transfer, however, was subject to Chinese approval since, in accordance with lend-lease agreements, title for the materiel had been technically transferred to China when it left the United States.
Shortly after the War Department authorized the transfer, the responsible American officer in Rangoon, Lt. Col. Joseph J. Twitty, came under considerable pressure to release some of the weapons and equipment without waiting for Chinese approval. He responded by asking the government of Burma to impound and safeguard the materiel in Rangoon. He ostensibly made this request to ensure that the materiel was not moved elsewhere until Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, the ruler of Nationalist China, approved the transfer to the British. Not unexpectedly, the Chinese swiftly objected to the transfer. With little love for the British or their colonial objectives, the Chinese
8
government quickly labeled the arrangement "illegal confiscation." Because the most valuable materiel affected was a cargo of munitions on board the Tulsa, an American ship anchored in Rangoon harbor, the controversy became known as the Tulsa incident.
The senior Chinese representative in Rangoon, General Yu Feipeng, a cousin of the generalissimo, became the focal point of the affair. Colonel Twitty apparently convinced him that the materiel really had been impounded to safeguard it. Nevertheless, the Chinese authorities in Burma requested the establishment of a committee of experts from China, Britain, and the United States to determine the appropriate disposition of specific items of equipment. This suggestion was acted upon immediately, and by the time Magruder's headquarters in Chungking learned of the committee's existence, it was already busy deciding what to keep in Burma for British use and what to send on to China.
Magruder hoped to settle the question of providing Chinese lend-lease materiel to the British at a 23 December conference in Chungking, on the assumption that the Chinese had concurred with the actions already taken in Rangoon. Like many Americans, however, Magruder had much to learn about internal Chinese politico-military affairs. On Christmas Day, when the question of the sequestered materiel finally arose, Magruder was startled to hear the Chinese charge that the British had stolen Nationalist lend-lease stocks in Rangoon with American assistance. The generalissimo had decided that the seizure of the Tulsa cargo amounted to an unfriendly act and that all lend-lease materiel at Rangoon should therefore be given to the British or returned to the Americans. All Chinese personnel in Burma would return to China and all cooperation between China and Britain would cease.
Magruder immediately made conciliatory gestures to both the British and the Chinese in the hope of preventing an impending Allied rift. He gained an audience with the generalissimo and found him in a friendly mood. After listening to Magruder's assurances that all was well with the lend-lease program, the generalissimo announced that he had already approved the initial list of British requests for materiel. He also sanctioned the joint American, British, and Chinese allocation committee in Rangoon and suggested that it continue its work. In an apparent face-saving gesture for the Tulsa incident, the generalissimo insisted that Magruder replace Colonel Twitty. Magruder acquiesced, and eventually large amounts of lend-lease weapons and equipment, originally earmarked for Nationalist China, went to the British for use in the defense of Burma. The affair, however, typified the problems Americans would face when dealing with the mercurial Chiang Kai-shek.
9
The international tensions existing among the nations defending Burma would, in fact, bedevil the entire campaign. Abrupt changes of mind by Chiang Kai-shek, such as his apparent reversal on the Chinese lend-lease policy, were a constant source of irritation for American and British officers who could never be sure when they had a real decision from him. The Tulsa incident also emphasized the differences between the British and American policies regarding China. The British were fighting for the future of their empire in the Far East and had little concern for China. The Americans, sensitive about their treatment of China in the past, sought to make it a more equal member of the Alliance.
Other problems originated with the British, who were jealous of their imperial prerogatives. The Chinese were willing, even anxious, to provide troops to assist in the defense of Burma. The generalissimo offered two armies with the proviso that they would operate in designated areas under Chinese command and would not be committed to battle piecemeal. Reluctant at first to permit large Chinese forces to operate in Burma, the British agreed to accept only one division of Chinese troops. Field Marshal Sir Archibald P. Wavell, British commander in chief in India, believed the Japanese offensive in Burma was overextended and would only end in failure; Chinese forces were not required for victory. Accepting the use of one Chinese division, he judged, was an adequate response to the generalissimo's offer.
Although the British were lukewarm about Chinese participation in the defense of Burma, the Americans embraced the idea. When the Chinese threat of stopping cooperation with Britain after the Tulsa incident had reached the Allied Arcadia Conference in Washington, D.C., the Americans reacted with alarm, fearing China might actually elect to withdraw from the war. This fear was exacerbated by the continuing string of Japanese successes in the Pacific (Hong Kong had surrendered on Christmas Day and Manila was declared an open city the next day).
Roosevelt, a long-time China booster, convinced Churchill to appease the generalissimo by inviting him to serve as supreme commander of Allied forces in a separate China theater. The offer was somewhat hollow, since there had never been any plan to put British or American forces into China and there would be no Chinese participation in the Allied Combined Chiefs of Staff. Nevertheless, the generalissimo accepted the offer and even requested an American officer to head the Allied staff.
After some discussion, the War Department nominated Maj. Gen. Joseph W. Stilwell to the Chinese government to be the Allied chief of staff. Stilwell's numerous tours on the Asian mainland had made him
10
extremely knowledgeable about the Chinese Army. However, he was somewhat less than enthusiastic about the position, since he had already been tentatively selected to command the Allied invasion of North Africa. When Army Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall informed him of his new posting on 23 January 1942, a disappointed Stilwell simply replied, "I'll go where I'm sent."
Stilwell's misgivings proved well founded. His specific command authority was vague from the beginning. Prior to his appointment, the War Department had received Chinese approval for Stilwell to command the Chinese forces sent to Burma, or at least to have "executive control" over them. But executive control would turn out to be a rather vaguely defined term that would lead to considerable confusion and much rancor between Stilwell and the Chinese.
Stilwell's assignment orders designated him "Chief of Staff to the Supreme Commander of the Chinese Theater." When he reported to the Chinese theater, his orders designated him "Commanding General of the United States Forces in the Chinese Theater of Operations, Burma, and India." The orders did not address the specific duties implicit in these positions, especially his relationship with British theater commands. Nevertheless, with the prospect of commanding Chinese forces in Burma, Stilwell planned to organize his staff along the lines of a corps headquarters. Before his departure for the Far East, he had received the approval of the War Department to designate his headquarters, to include any U.S. forces that might join him, the United States Task Force in China.
Even as Stilwell assembled his staff in Washington and began the long journey to the China-Burma-India (CBI) Theater of Operations, the situation in Burma was deteriorating rapidly. After a round of meetings in Washington, which included President Roosevelt, the secretary of war, and various Chinese diplomats, Stilwell and his staff left Florida on 13 February 1942, appropriately enough a Friday.
As the party traveled to the Far East, accomplishing the twelve-day trip in a series of plane rides through the Caribbean to South America, over to Africa, and across the Middle East, Japanese successes in the CBI theater continued to mount. Singapore surrendered with 80,000 troops on 15 February; eight days later the British-Indian brigades in Burma were crushed in the Battle of the Sittang Bridge, a defeat that effectively left the path to Rangoon open to the Japanese advance. On 25 February, the Australian-British-Dutch-American Command (ABDACOM), the Allied command established on 15 January to defend the region, was dissolved in the face of continued Japanese pressure. Although Stilwell was assigned duties in China,
Japanese troops firing a heavy machine gun. (National Archives)
events in Burma thus dominated his first months as Chiang Kai-shek's Allied chief of staff.
With Rangoon threatened, Magruder ordered the destruction of all lend-lease stocks in an effort to deny them to the invading Japanese. As the Japanese approached, there had been frantic activity to move as much materiel as possible north to the Burma Road, but it was still necessary to destroy more than 900 trucks in various stages of assembly, 5,000 tires, 1,000 blankets and sheets, and more than a ton of miscellaneous items. Magruder transferred much materiel to the British forces, including 300 British-made Bren guns with 3 million rounds of ammunition, 1,000 machine guns with 180,000 rounds of ammunition, 260 jeeps, 683 trucks, and 100 field telephones. In spite of the destruction and transfer to the British, however, over 19,000 tons of lend-lease materiel remained in Rangoon when it fell to the Japanese on 8 March.
As Stilwell prepared for his new assignment, the 10th U.S. Air Force was activated in Ohio and slated for deployment to the CBI
Crew chief indicates a P-40 pilot's scores. (National Archives)
Theater of Operations. The 10th was to be based in India with the mission of supporting China. Maj. Gen. Lewis H. Brereton, an airman experienced in fighting the Japanese in the Netherlands East Indies, assumed command of the new air force when it arrived in India in early March 1942. Although the 10th Air Force was assigned to the CBI to support the Chinese, the Japanese offensive in Burma meant that Brereton's bombers would be supporting the interests of two major Allies, China and Great Britain.
About the only good news in Burma in early March was that Chinese troops were soon expected to enter the defensive campaign. Chiang Kai-shek had agreed that Stilwell would command Chinese forces sent to Burma, and in the press of the military emergency, Chiang Kai-shek and the British had even come to an agreement on the use of these forces. During February, the 5th and 6th Chinese Armies, each with three divisions, slowly began moving into Burma. The 5th was the stronger of the two, with three divisions at full strength, one of which
13
was mechanized. The 6th, however, was generally considered a second-rate outfit, with all three of its divisions understrength.
The movement of the two Chinese armies into Burma proved arduous. Troop transport was scarce, and the Chinese Army had little or no internal logistical support system. Moreover, the Chinese senior officers, their army and division commanders, customarily responded only to orders directly from Chungking. Chiang Kai-shek waited until 1 March to allow 5th Army units to begin moving into Burma. There, the British were able to provide some logistical support, but not unexpectedly, they found Chinese commanders difficult to deal with.
Meanwhile, after spending almost a week in India learning what he could from the British ("nobody but the quartermaster knew anything at all," he wrote in his diary during the visit), Stilwell finally arrived in Chungking on 4 March and opened the Headquarters, American Army Forces, China, Burma, and India. With this action, Magruder and AMMISCA in China, as well as Brereton and the 10th Air Force in India, came under Stilwell's command. However, Chennault's AVG, which had not yet integrated into the U.S. Army, remained independent. Two days later, just before the fall of Rangoon, Chiang Kai-shek met with his new Allied chief of staff.
When they met on 6 March, Chiang Kai-shek expressed his concern about the overall command in Burma and the state of Sino-British relations. He informed Stilwell that he had already "told those [Chinese] army commanders [in Burma] not to take orders from anybody but you and to wait until you came." If the British tried to give orders to his commanders, they would simply return home. The generalissimo went on to express his dissatisfaction with British command in Burma and surprised Stilwell by suggesting that Stilwell take overall Allied command of the entire theater of operations. Following the meeting, the Chinese government sent to Washington a strong message to that effect.
Although this turn of events apparently took everyone by surprise, it fell into a larger pattern. Chiang Kai-shek's mercurial temperament was well known, and the basis of the general animosity between the Chinese and the British had been laid centuries before Stilwell's arrival in the theater. In the case of Burma, British generals held the supreme Allied command there by imperial prerogative and not through any international agreement. In discussions which China, Britain, and the United States held in December 1941, no mention had been made of changing the existing command relationships in Burma. Yet the commitment of major Chinese forces to the theater would challenge and strain the existing command arrangements.
Generalissimo and Madame Chiang Kai-shek with General Stilwell. (National Archives)
The British leaders reacted strongly to the Chinese proposal. While welcoming the two Chinese armies to Burma, they were not pleased with the proposal of Stilwell's commanding them. General Sir Harold R. L. G. Alexander, then commanding the British forces in Burma, had fully expected to control any Chinese troops committed to defense of the region. The fact that Stilwell had no established staff also disturbed the British since they had already prepared a liaison system with Chinese forces that would extend as far down as the division headquarters. Churchill and Chiang Kai-shek each appealed to President Roosevelt to see his side of the matter and take appropriate action. Roosevelt and Marshall answered both pleas in similar fashion, suggesting that the problem be resolved in Burma by the parties involved. They assured the British and the Chinese that Stilwell was a resourceful officer who could work well under any command arrangement.
While his superiors struggled to resolve these matters, Stilwell himself was still in Chungking, learning, to his dismay, that there would be a few restrictions on his command in Burma. From 6-11 March Stilwell had several discussions with the generalissimo regarding the defense of Burma and the future role of the Chinese forces. Stilwell wanted to take the offensive and had already begun to develop plans for recapturing Rangoon. He believed that a bold course of action might reveal Japanese weaknesses in Burma. The generalissimo, however, had other ideas, advocating caution and insisting that the Chinese forces remain on the defensive. He made it clear that the 5th and 6th Armies were not to attack the Japanese unless provoked; he also established specific geographical limitations on the deployment of those forces. Finally, he reiterated his distrust of British motives and his insistence that Chinese forces remain independent of British command. China, he explained' had no interest in sustaining the British Empire, and would fight in Burma only long enough to keep the supply line open.
Throughout the spring of 1942, continued Japanese successes in Burma made an Allied offensive in the region extremely unlikely. Following the fall of Rangoon in early March, the Allies prepared to defend the two valley routes leading north along the Irrawaddy and Sittang Rivers into the heart of Burma. While the British forces concentrated at Prome along the Irrawaddy, Chinese divisions focused on Toungoo along the Sittang.
General Alexander, now designated Allied commander in chief in Burma, organized these forces into the equivalent of two corps, with Lt. Gen. William J. Slim commanding the British Burma Corps at Prome and Stilwell commanding the Chinese Expeditionary Force at Toungoo. Stilwell secured the cooperation of the 5th and 6th Army
"On the Edge of the Jungle" by J Milford
Zornes. (Army Art Collection)
commanders, both of whom agreed that holding at Toungoo was the key to defending northern Burma. They resolved to remain there as long as the British stayed at Prome. But British intelligence was weak, and unknown to Burma's Allied defenders, the Japanese were steadily increasing their forces in the country and had developed plans which would soon outflank these defenses.
At the beginning of March, the Japanese already had four divisions in Burma, twice the number the Allies had estimated. The Japanese planned to surround and annihilate the Allied forces in central Burma near Mandalay by moving three of their divisions north along separate axes of advance. One division would advance along the Irrawaddy Valley through Prome and Yenangyanug; another would drive up the Rangoon-Mandalay Road in the Sittang Valley through Meiktila; and a third would move east to the vicinity of Taunggyi and head north toward Lashio. The fourth division would remain in reserve in the Sittang Valley where it could react to assist any of the three advancing divisions if needed.
17
While the Allied ground forces prepared their defensive plans, what little friendly air support existed in Burma was for all intents eliminated from the theater. The fall of Rangoon had limited the RAF and AVG to Magwe, an airfield located in the Irrawaddy Valley about halfway between Rangoon and Mandalay. On 21 March the RAF conducted a successful raid on an airfield near Rangoon, destroying a number of Japanese aircraft on the ground with the loss of only one RAF Hurricane.
But the Japanese had increased their air strength in the theater during March. On the day following the British strike, the Japanese conducted a massive raid on the inadequately protected Magwe airfield and destroyed many of the Allied aircraft on the ground. To prevent further losses, the RAF moved its planes west to Akyab on the coast and the AVG went north to Lashio and Loiwing. Further raids followed, ultimately forcing the Allied air forces completely out of Burma. Without opposition in the air, the Japanese enjoyed virtually unlimited air reconnaissance which, when coupled with a growing number of sympathetic Burmese on the ground, provided them with detailed information on Allied troop dispositions and movements.
A Japanese offensive begun in early March rapidly achieved success. However, the Chinese 200th Division held at Toungoo for twelve days against repeated Japanese assaults. Their stand represented the longest defensive action of any Allied force in the campaign. Even so, another major Allied withdrawal was inevitable.
Meanwhile, the Toungoo battle revealed the problems involved in Stilwell's commanding the Chinese forces in Burma. When he ordered the Chinese 22d Division south to relieve the 200th, for example, he received little response except excuses from the division commander. Despite Kai-shek's assurances to the contrary, Stilwell had not been given the "Kwan-fang" (seal or chop) as commander in chief in Burma; he had only been named chief of staff. The Chinese commanders, therefore, refused to carry out orders from Stilwell until they had been cleared with the generalissimo, who persisted in his habit of constantly changing his mind. The subsequent withdrawal of the 200th Division exposed the Burma Corps at Prome to Japanese attack. As a result, by the end of March the Allies were retreating north with the British and Chinese blaming each other for the repeated reverses.
Any hope for holding central Burma required increased air power in the theater. The most readily available sources were the 10th Air Force in India and the AVG in China. Brereton had assumed command
18
of the 10th Air Force on 5 March, but it remained largely a paper organization. During a 24 March meeting with Stilwell at Magwe, the air corps general estimated that his command would not be ready for combat until 1 May. Stilwell accepted that estimate, and Brereton returned to his headquarters in Delhi.
A few days later, a puzzled Stilwell learned of two bombing raids which the 10th Air Force conducted on 2 April against Japanese shipping: one at Port Blair in the Andaman Islands and a second at Rangoon. Neither had been coordinated with Stilwell's headquarters which Brereton supposedly supported. Brereton, however, had found himself caught between conflicting requirements and had authorized the 2 April missions to support the British in India on direct orders from Washington. After Brereton explained the problem to Stilwell, the matter was closed. On 15 April the War Department extinguished any further hope of air support for the Burma Campaign from the 10th Air Force. In accordance with British desires, the 10th would concentrate its efforts on defending India.
In the meantime, even though the AVG had been forced from Burma in March, Chennault attempted to keep up the fight from Loiwing, just inside China. During April the group flew patrol and reconnaissance missions over the Chinese lines in Burma, but their efforts were too small to be significant. Moreover, the volunteer pilots of the AVG regarded the Burma missions as needless and unappreciated risks. By the end of April, even this effort came to a halt as continued Japanese pressure forced the AVG deeper into China.
Finally, a desperate scheme to give the AVG a longer-range bombing capability came to naught. On 18 April, Lt. Col. James Doolittle's raiders bombed the city of Tokyo, the first offensive action the Allies conducted against the Japanese homeland. The bombers had been launched from aircraft carriers in the Pacific with the intention of flying them to China and attaching them to the AVG after striking Japan. Unfortunately, a longer than anticipated flight, poor communications, and inclement weather contributed to the loss of all sixteen planes that conducted the raid.
Japanese successes on the ground and in the air continued throughout the month of April. As the Allied forces fell back along the Irrawaddy and Sittang Valleys into central Burma, the third prong of the Japanese offensive toward Lashio became apparent. With their forces concentrated in the river valleys, the Allies could do little about the Japanese thrust in the northeast. Lashio fell on 29 April, completing the Japanese blockade of China by closing the Burma Road. With Lashio in Japanese hands, the defense of Burma became untenable and
General Stilwell marches out of Burma, May 1942. (National Archives)
Stilwell ordered an emergency evacuation. Part of the Chinese force managed to withdraw east into China, but three divisions headed west into India. Determined to begin a renewed defensive effort, Stilwell sent part of his staff ahead to prepare training bases in India.
On 6 May Stilwell sent a last message, ordered his radios and vehicles destroyed, and headed west on foot into the jungle. With him were 114 people, including what was left of his own staff, a group of nurses, a Chinese general with his personal bodyguards, a number of British commandos, a collection of mechanics, a few civilians, and a newspaperman. Leading by personal example, Stilwell guided the mixed group into India, arriving there on 15 May without losing a single member of the party.
Several days later, on 26 May, the campaign ended with barely a whimper as the last of the Allied forces slipped out of Burma. Stilwell's assessment was brief and to the point: "I claim we got a hell of a beating. We got run out of Burma and it is humiliating as hell. I think we ought to find out why it happened and go back and retake it."
Officers resting en route to India. (National Archives)
Analysis
The loss of Burma was a serious blow to the Allies. It completed the blockade of China, and without Allied aid, China's ability to oppose the Japanese invasion was extremely limited. Militarily, the Allied failure in Burma can be attributed to unpreparedness on the part of the British to meet the Japanese invasion and the failure of the Chinese to assist wholeheartedly in the defense.
In the larger picture, however, the conflicting goals of the countries involved made the loss of Burma almost inevitable. Neither the defenders nor the invaders saw Burma as anything other than a country to be exploited. To Britain, Burma was simply a colony and a useful buffer between China and India; to China, Burma was the lifeline for national survival; to the United States, Burma was the key to keeping China in the war against Japan, which in turn would keep large numbers of Japanese tied up on the Asian mainland and away from American operations in the Pacific. The wishes of the local population remained unaddressed and local resources therefore remained untapped.
22
The Japanese had a tremendous advantage from the beginning of the campaign. The invading forces were under a single command with one goal, the capture of Burma. Their unity of purpose and unity of command were complemented by the commitment of adequate resources to accomplish the agreed-upon task. Japanese air superiority gave their ground forces significant advantages, not the least of which was using air reconnaissance to confirm Allied troop dispositions and denying the same information to their opponents. However, had their leaders found such actions necessary and compatible with their overall designs, the Japanese might have further exploited the support available from Burmese citizens anxious to escape so many decades of British rule.
For the Allies, the CBI theater would remain low on their priority list throughout the war. In this economy-of-force theater, the Allies conducted limited operations to occupy Japanese attention. That role, however, did not restrict Allied forces to purely defensive operations. Immediately after the humiliation in Burma, Stilwell and Allied planners began preparations for their next campaign, drawing on the lessons they had learned from the 1942 disaster. Allied strategy during the next phase of the war in the CBI theater would center on recapturing enough of Burma to reestablish a supply line into China. However, continued problems with inter-Allied cooperation, among other factors, would make it a very costly campaign.
Further Readings
The Army's 1942 Burma Campaign has no single source for further reading, although there is a good bit of information in the U.S. and British official histories of World War II. Charles F. Romanus and Riley Sunderland, Stilwell s Mission to China (1953), remains the most valuable volume in the U.S. Army in World War II series. Other useful volumes in this series include Richard M. Leighton and Robert W. Coakley, Global Logistics and Strategy: 1940-1943 (1955), and Maurice Matloff and Edwin M. Snell, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare: 1941-1942 (1986). Volume I in the Army Air Forces in World War II series, edited by Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate, Plans and Early Operations: January 1939 to August 1942 (1949), is also helpful. Major-General S. Woodburn Kirby, India's Most Dangerous Hour (1958), outlines the British perspective of the Burma Campaign in Volume II of the War Against Japan series. Barbara W. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-45 (1971), provides an in-depth look at the most prominent American in the campaign.
| Joseph Stilwell |
Which measurement is a tenth of a Furlong? | Records, RG 338 | National Archives
338.11.9 Records of transportation zones
338.11.10 Records of other support elements
338.12 Motion Pictures (General) 1940, 1956, 1975
388.13 Sound Recordings (General) 1943-45, 1956
338.14 Machine-Readable Records (General) 1968-70
338.15 Still Pictures (General) 1986-93
338.1 Administrative History
Security-Classified Records: This record group may include material that is security-classified.
Related Records:
Records of the Office of the Quartermaster General, RG 92.
Records of U.S. Army Commands, 1784-1821, RG 98.
Records of the Office of the Surgeon General (Army), RG 112.
Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs, RG 165.
Records of Naval Operating Forces, RG 313.
Records of Allied Operational and Occupation Headquarters, World War II, RG 331.
Records of the Office of the Chief of Transportation, RG 336.
Records of Headquarters Army Ground Forces, RG 337.
Records of U.S. Air Force Commands, Activities, and Organizations, RG 342.
Records of the Office of the Provost Marshal General, 1941- , RG 389.
Records of U.S. Regular Army Mobile Units, 1821-1942, RG 391.
Records of U.S. Army Coast Artillery Districts and Defenses, 1901-1942, RG 392.
Records of U.S. Army Continental Commands, 1821-1920, RG 393.
Records of U.S. Army Continental Commands, 1920-1942, RG 394.
Records of U.S. Army Overseas Operations and Commands, 1898-1942, RG 395.
Records of the Adjutant General's Office, 1917- , RG 407.
Records of Mediterranean Theater of Operations, United States Army, RG 492.
Records of U.S. Forces in the China-Burma-India Theaters of Operations, RG 493.
Records of U.S. Army Forces in the Middle Pacific (World War II), RG 494.
Records of Headquarters, United States Army Forces, Western Pacific (World War II), RG 495.
Records of General Headquarters, Southwest Pacific Area and United States Army Forces, Pacific (World War II), RG 496.
Records of the Africa-Middle East Theater of Operations (World War II Army), RG 497.
Records of Headquarters, European Theater of Operations, United States Army (World War II), RG 498.
Records of U.S. Army Defense Commands (World War II), RG 499.
Records of the United States Army Materiel Command, RG 544.
Records of U.S. Army Forces in Alaska, RG 547.
Records of U.S. Army Forces in the Caribbean, RG 548.
Records of United States Army, Europe, RG 549.
Records of United States Army, Pacific, RG 550.
Records of the United States Army Military District of Washington, RG 551.
Records of the Military Traffic Management Command (Army), RG 552.
Records of the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command, RG 553.
Records of General Headquarters, Far East Command, Supreme Commander Allied Powers, and United Nations Command, RG 554.
338.2 Records of Commands Operating in North America, World War II
1936-52
338.2.1 Records of defense commands
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 499 , except as noted): Records of Eastern Defense Command, 1940-45, including proceedings of harbor defense boards and Chesapeake Bay sector historical files. Records of Western Defense Command, 1940-46, including portions of the central decimal file, and a microfilm copy of records of Japanese relocation centers (620 rolls). Records of Central Defense Command, 1941-46, including records of Central Air Defense Region, Fort Bray, MI, 1942-44. Records of Alaska Defense Command/Alaska Department, 1940-47, including issuances and intelligence reports ( reallocated to RG 547 ). Records of Caribbean Defense Command, 1941-48 ( reallocated to RG 548 ).
338.2.2 Records of service commands, departments, and base commands
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 160 , except as noted): Records of the following service commands: First, headquartered in Boston, MA, 1942-46; Second, headquartered on Governors Island, NY, 1942-46; Third, headquartered in Baltimore, MD, 1942-46, including intelligence report files, 1943-46, and records relating to German prisoners of war, 1944-45; Fourth, headquartered in Atlanta, GA, 1942-46, including correspondence of the G-2 (Intelligence) Section and plant protection survey reports; Fifth, headquartered in Columbus, OH, 1942-46, including intelligence summaries and plant protection survey reports; Sixth, headquartered in Chicago, IL, 1942-46, including G-2 (Intelligence) Section files; Seventh, headquartered in Omaha, NE, 1936-46, including reports of investigations of aircraft accidents; Eighth, headquartered in San Antonio and Dallas, TX, 1942-46; Ninth, headquartered at The Presidio, San Francisco, CA, 1942-46; and Northwest, headquartered in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 1942-45. Records of the Military District of Washington, 1942-46 ( reallocated to RG 551 ). Record set of issuances of U.S. Army Forces, Central Canada, 1943-45 ( reallocated to RG 165 ). Records of the Panama Canal Department, 1940-47; and records of the Puerto Rican/Antilles Department, 1939-47 ( reallocated to RG 548 ). Records of base commands in Bermuda, 1941-46, Iceland, 1941-47, and Newfoundland, 1941-46 ( reallocated to RG 499 ).
Maps ( reallocated to RG 160 ): Geographic index to quadrangle maps covering the northeastern United States, by First Service Command, 1943 (1 item). Military installations location map covering TX, AR, and LA, by Eighth Service Command, 1942 (1 item).
Architectural Plans ( reallocated to RG 160 ): Floor plan of McCaw General Hospital, Walla Walla, WA, by Ninth Service Command, ca. 1942 (1 item).
338.2.3 Records of schools and training centers
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 337 ) : Records of the Airborne Command/Parachute School, 1942-46; Amphibious Training Center, 1940-50; Antiaircraft Artillery Command Training Center, 1940-50; Armored Center/Board, 1939-48; Cavalry Center/School, 1940-46; Coast Artillery School, 1945; Field Artillery Board, 1942-45; and Tank Destroyer Center, 1941-46.
Posters ( reallocated to RG 337 ): Of the U.S. Army Field Artillery School, advertising artillery jobs, ca. 1951-52 (AP, 5 items).
338.3 Records of Commands in the European, Mediterranean, and
Africa-Middle East Theaters of Operations, World War II
1941-48
338.3.1 Records of European Theater of Operations U.S. Army
(ETOUSA)/U.S. Forces European Theater (USFET)
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 498 ): Decimal correspondence, interrogation reports, personnel rosters, awards files, and other records, 1941-47, of the General Staff Secretary; the following general staff sections: G-1 (Personnel), G-2 (Intelligence), G-3 (Operations), and G-4 (Logistics); the following special staff sections for administrative matters: Adjutant General (including the Postal Division), Civil Affairs, Finance, Historical, Judge Advocate General, Provost Marshal, and Public Relations; the following special staff sections for technical matters: Engineer, Ordnance, Quartermaster, Signal, Surgeon General (Medical), and Transportation; the General Board; the General Purchasing Agency; Theater Service Forces European Theater; and Communications Zone ETOUSA. Escape and evasion reports of the MIS-X (Military Intelligence Service, Escape and Evasion Section) Detachment, 1943-45.
338.3.2 Records of Mediterranean Theater of Operations U.S. Army
(MTOUSA)
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 492 ): Records of headquarters organizations, 1942-47, including the staff of the Commanding General, general and special staff sections, and boards and committees. Records of subordinate commands, 1942-47, including Allied Armies in Italy; Headquarters Command Allied Forces; and Atlantic, Eastern, Mediterranean, and Peninsular Base Sections. Correspondence, tract books, logs, a history, and other records of the Military Liquidating Agency, 1945-48.
338.3.3 Records of U.S. Army Forces in the Middle East
(USAFIME)/Headquarters Africa-Middle East Theater (AMET)
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 497 ): Records, 1942-46, including "Land of Jerusalem" reports, weekly summaries, and Military Intelligence Division reports.
338.3.4 Records of other commands
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 497 ): General correspondence and other records of Persian Gulf Command (known as Persian Gulf Service Command, 1942-43), 1942-45. General orders and other issuances of Eritrea Service/Base Command, 1942-45. Records of North African Service Command relating to construction in Dakar, French West Africa (Senegal), 1942-43. Correspondence, memorandums, and orders of U.S. Forces in Central Africa, 1942-43.
Maps ( reallocated to RG 497 ): Maps of Persian Gulf Command, 1943-44.
338.4 Records of Commands in the China-Burma-India Theaters of
Operations, World War II
1941-47
338.4.1 Records of the U.S. Military Mission to China
History: Commonly referred to as "AMMISCA" ("American Mission to China"). Established August 27, 1941, to facilitate lend-lease aid to China. Headed by Brig. Gen. John Magruder. Functions and personnel absorbed by Headquarters American Army Forces, China, Burma, India (predecessor of U.S. Army Forces, China-Burma-India; see 338.4.2), by May 1942. Discontinued by September 1944.
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 493 ): Incoming weekly reports, September 1941-January 1942. Outgoing messages, February-December 1942.
338.4.2 Records of U.S. Army Forces, China-Burma-India (USAF CBI)
History: Headquarters American Army Forces, China, Burma, and India (HQ AAF CBI) established in Chungking, China, by General Order 1, HQ AAF CBI, March 4, 1942, pursuant to Secretary of War's appointment of Maj. Gen. Joseph W. Stilwell as Commanding General of all U.S. Army forces in China, Burma, and India, conveyed in a Chief of Staff memorandum to the Adjutant General, WPD 4389-64, February 2, 1942. (By same memorandum, Gen. Stilwell was appointed Republic of China army chief of staff.) By May 1942, HQ AAF CBI had absorbed Chungking staff of U.S. Military Mission to China, commonly known as "AMMISCA" ("American Mission to China"), established August 27, 1941, to facilitate lend-lease aid to China. A second AAF CBI headquarters was established in New Delhi, India, by letter of the Commanding General, June 25, 1942, pursuant to War Department message 354, sent as CM-OUT 5537, June 22, 1942, in effect instructing Gen. Stilwell to organize a theater of operations staff. Thenceforth, the area of operations over which Gen. Stilwell had command of U.S. Army forces was referred to as the China-Burma-India (CBI) Theater.
By Letter of Instructions, HQ AAF CBI (Chungking), July 6, 1942, Chungking headquarters was designated HQ AAF CBI, and New Delhi headquarters was designated Branch Office, HQ AAF CBI. To avoid confusion with the Army Air Forces' acronym, "AAF," HQ AAF CBI was redesignated HQ USAF CBI, by September 12, 1942. Status of HQ USAF CBI as a theater headquarters was confirmed by letter of the Secretary of War to the Commanding General, USAF CBI, AG 320.2 (1-26-43) OB-I-GN-M, January 29, 1943. HQ AAF CBI redesignated Forward Echelon, HQ USAF CBI; and Branch Office, HQ AAF CBI redesignated Rear Echelon, HQ USAF CBI, effective April 1, 1944, by General Order 5, Forward Echelon, HQ USAF CBI, March 31, 1944, with Rear Echelon in charge of overall planning and administration, and Forward Echelon responsible for liaison with Chinese Government and execution of Rear Echelon directives to U.S. Army organizations in China.
Gen. Stilwell recalled by President Roosevelt, October 21, 1944, announced October 28, 1944. By War Department message WARX 52150, October 25, 1944, sent same date as CM-OUT 52150, CBI Theater divided, effective October 24, 1944, into China Theater (see 338.4.3) and India-Burma Theater (see 338.4.4).
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 493 ): General records maintained by the Adjutant General Section, 1942-44, including central decimal correspondence, incoming messages, and issuances. Circulars of Headquarters Rear Echelon, 1942-44. Records of the Services of Supply (SOS), China-Burma-India, 1942-44, including an organizational history, staff memorandums, SOS general orders, and general orders of Advance Section 1.
Related Records ( reallocated to RG 493 ): Additional records of USAF CBI in RG 332, Records of U.S. Theaters of War, World War II.
338.4.3 Records of U.S. Army Forces, China Theater (USAF CT)
History: See 338.4.2 for a history of predecessor Headquarters U.S. Army Forces, China, Burma, and India. HQ USF CT established in Chungking by General Order 1, HQ USF CT, October 25, 1944, under command of Maj. Gen. Albert C. Wedemeyer, appointed effective October 24, 1944. Moved to Shanghai, October 14, 1945. Abolished, effective May 1, 1946, by General Order 97, HQ USF CT, April 29, 1946, with residual functions transferred to Headquarters U.S. Army Forces in China (HQ USAF China), established by General Order 1, May 1, 1946. HQ USAF China abolished, effective July 1, 1946, by HQ USAF China message CFBX 0346, June 28, 1946, received as CM-IN 6332, June 29, 1946.
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 493 ): General records maintained by the Adjutant General Section, ca. 1944-46, including central correspondence, messages, daily bulletins and other issuances, and historical narratives. Records of the G-2 (Intelligence) Section, 1943-46, including records dealing with the Sino Translation and Interrogation Center. Records of the G-3 (Operations) Section, ca. 1944-46, consisting of general correspondence, and records relating to personnel assignments. Records of the G-5 (Civil Affairs) Section, ca. 1944-46, including messages concerning the recovery of downed U.S. airmen and prisoners of war, 1945. Records, ca. 1944-46, of the following special staff sections: Interpreter Affairs, Lend-Lease, Ordnance, Provost Marshal, Quartermaster, Theater Planning, and Transportation. Records of Headquarters Rear Echelon, 1941-45, consisting of general records maintained by the Adjutant General Section, and subject files of the Theater Psychological Warfare Officer. Records of general and special staff sections, and subordinate commands, of the Services of Supply (SOS), China Theater, 1942-45 (bulk 1944-45). Records of general and special staff sections of the joint Chinese- American Services of Supply for the Chinese Army, February- September 1945. Records of the following Chinese training and combat commands under U.S. supervision: Z-Force Operations Staff, 1943-44; and Chinese Combat Command (Provisional), 1943-45, including records of subordinate commands.
338.4.4 Records of U.S. Forces, India-Burma Theater (USF IBT)
History: See 338.4.2 for a history of predecessor Headquarters U.S. Army Forces, China, Burma, and India. HQ USF IBT established in New Delhi by General Order 1, HQ USF IBT, October 27, 1944, under command of Lt. Gen. Daniel I. Sultan, appointed effective October 24, 1944. Responsible for U.S. forces in India, Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, the Malay States, and Sumatra. Gen. Sultan succeeded in command by Maj. Gen. Raymond A. Wheeler, June 23, 1945. HQ USF IBT moved to Calcutta, April 15, 1946. Abolished, effective May 31, 1946, by General Order 174, HQ USF IBT, May 23, 1946.
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 493 ): General records maintained by the Adjutant General Section, 1944-45, including central decimal correspondence, messages, and records concerning plans and operations. Correspondence and daily intelligence summaries of the G-2 (Intelligence) Section, 1944-45. Correspondence, subject files, and records of meetings of the G-4 (Logistics) Section, 1944-45. Correspondence, issuances, and other records of the following special staff organizations: Army Exchange Service, Chaplain, Chemical Warfare, Claims, Theater Claims, Engineer, Fiscal, Historical, Inspector General (Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment), Judge Advocate General, Medical, Ordnance, Port of Debarkation, Postal, Provost Marshal, Public Relations, Rest Camps, Signal, Special Services, and Transportation. General correspondence and staff section records of the Ledo Area Command, 1943-46. Correspondence and messages of the Detachment, U.S. Army in India, 1943-46.
338.4.5 Records of the U.S. Branch of Executive Headquarters
History: Executive Headquarters established in Peiping (Peking), China, by order of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, January 11, 1946, as a tripartite organization of the Chinese Nationalist Government, the Chinese Communist Party, and the U.S. Government. Responsible for effecting a cease-fire between Chinese Nationalist and Communist forces, as agreed upon, December 1945, by the Committee of Three, consisting of Gen. Chang Chun for the Nationalists; Gen. Chou En-lai for the Communists; and Gen. George C. Marshall, special envoy of the President. Pursuant to an announcement, January 29, 1947, of U.S. Government's intent to withdraw from Committee of Three and Executive Headquarters, U.S. Branch of Executive Headquarters was abolished by U.S. Branch memorandum CDR 902, February 6, 1947, with residual functions transferred to Sino Liaison Office, established in Peiping Headquarters Group by same memorandum.
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 493 ): Records of the U.S. Commissioner, 1946-47, including memorandums sent to and received from the Chinese Nationalist and Communist commissioners; and memorandums sent to the Chinese Nationalist and Communist branches. General records of the Director of Operations, 1946-47. Records of the U.S. Branch staff, 1946-47, consisting of a subject file of the Chief of Staff; and correspondence, reports, and other records of the Conflict Control, Communications, Army Reorganization, and Public Relations Groups, and the Current Section. Subject file and other records of the Advance Section, 1946-47. Records relating to the Yenan Liaison Group, 1946-47.
Related Records ( reallocated to RG 493 ): "Operations Report, the Executive Headquarters, Peiping China, 1946-47" (Section I: "U.S. Branch, Executive Headquarters"; Section II: "Peiping Headquarters Group"), 4 vols., submitted April 2, 1947, in Operations and Plans Division decimal correspondence, 1946-48, decimal 091 China, case 112, in RG 319, Records of the Army Staff.
338.4.6 Records of the Peiping Headquarters Group
History: Established, effective January 11, 1946, by General Order 12, Headquarters U.S. Forces, China Theater (HQ USF CT), January 14, 1946, with mission to assist U.S. Branch of Executive Headquarters. Brig. Gen. Henry A. Byroade served simultaneously as Peiping Headquarters Group commanding general and Executive Headquarters director of operations, January 11- June 6, 1946, as did his successor, Brig. Gen. T.S. Timberman, June 6, 1946-October 12, 1947. Following abolition of HQ USF CT, April 30, 1946, Peiping Headquarters Group assigned to newly established Headquarters U.S. Army Forces in China (HQ USAF China), May 1, 1946. Effective July 1, 1946, by HQ USAF China message CFBX 0346, June 28, 1946, received as CM-IN 6332, June 29, 1946, HQ USAF China abolished, with Peiping Headquarters Group designated an independent command directly responsible to War Department. All Peiping Headquarters Group organizations except Peiping Depot abolished, effective April 8, 1947, by General Order 49, HQ Peiping Headquarters Group, April 3, 1947, with Peiping Depot reassigned to Army Advisory Group, Nanking.
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 493 ): General correspondence, 1946-47. Message files, 1946-47. Records of the Historical Section, 1946-47, including a subject file, news bulletins, a history of Executive Headquarters, and diaries and histories of field teams. General records, 1946-47, of the Headquarters Detachment, Office of the Surgeon, Special Services Section, Transportation Section, and Peiping Depot.
Related Records ( reallocated to RG 493 ): "Operations Report, the Executive Headquarters, Peiping China, 1946-47" (Section I: "U.S. Branch, Executive Headquarters"; Section II: "Peiping Headquarters Group"), 4 vols., submitted April 2, 1947; and "Report of Inactivation, Peiping Headquarters Group, 5 February 1947-8 April 1947," submitted April 5, 1947, in Operations and Plans Division decimal correspondence, 1946-48, decimal 091 China, case 112, in RG 319, Records of the Army Staff.
338.5 Records of Commands in Pacific Theaters of Operations,
World War II
1922-47
338.5.1 Records of the Hawaiian Department
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 494 ): Records of the Signal Office/Section, 1922-43. Correspondence, records of investigations, and construction reports of the Engineer Office, 1942-45.
338.5.2 Records of the Military Government of Hawaii
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 494 ): Records, 1941-46, including executive correspondence, decimal correspondence, internee case files, internee property files, press releases, and correspondence concerning transport of civilians to Hawaii. Provost court case files, 1942-45. Indexes to case files of the Alien Registration Bureau, 1941-46. Reports of the Inspector General Section, 1942.
338.5.3 Records of the Central Pacific Base Command
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 494 ): Weekly and monthly summary reports of the G-4 (Logistics) Section, 1944-45. General correspondence of the Signal Section, 1935-45. Reports and other records of the Engineer, Fiscal, Medical, Ordnance, Special Services, and Transportation Sections, 1935-47.
338.5.4 Records of U.S. Army Forces in the Middle Pacific
(MIDPAC)
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 494 ): General records maintained by the Adjutant General Section, consisting of central correspondence, 1941-46; messages, 1939-43; and issuances, 1941-46, including Chief of Staff directives, 1942-44. Records relating to maneuvers and exercises, 1939-43. Records of general and special staff sections, 1941-47, including subject correspondence of the G-2 (Intelligence) Section; daily reports of the G-3 (Operations) Section; and construction reports of the Engineer Section.
338.5.5 Records of U.S. Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE)
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 496 ): General records maintained by the Adjutant General Section, 1942-45, including central correspondence, incoming and outgoing messages, and issuances. Records of general and special staff sections, 1942-45, including reports and bulletins of the Counter Intelligence Section, 1944-45; and records of the Theater Censor, 1942-45, the General Purchasing Agent, 1942-45, and the Fiscal Director, 1945.
338.5.6 Records of U.S. Army Forces in Australia
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 495 ): General and special orders and other issuances, 1941-42, including special orders of the Liaison Officer, 1942.
338.5.7 Records of U.S. Army Services of Supply
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 495 ): Records of the Commanding General, 1943-45. General records maintained by the Adjutant General Section, 1942- 45, including central correspondence, messages, reports, issuances, and organization manuals. Records of general and special staff sections, 1942-46.
338.5.8 Records of U.S. Army Forces, Western Pacific (AFWESPAC)
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 495 ): General records maintained by the Adjutant General Section, 1942-45, including central correspondence, issuances, planning files, and organization manuals. Records, 1941-46 (bulk 1942-46), of the following special staff sections: Chemical, Engineer, Information and Education, Medical, Ordnance, Philippine Army, Provost Marshal, Quartermaster, Signal, Special Services, and Transportation.
338.5.9 Records of General Headquarters Southwest Pacific Area
(GHQ SWPA)
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 496 ): Central correspondence maintained by the Adjutant General Section, 1942-46. Records of general and special staff sections, 1942-46. Drafts of General Douglas MacArthur's reports on the war in the Pacific, 1942-46.
Related Records: Additional records of GHQ SWPA Psych War reallocated to RG 496 .
338.5.10 Records of U.S. Army Forces, Pacific (AFPAC)
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 496 ): General records maintained by the Adjutant General Section, 1944-46, including central correspondence, issuances, and incoming and outgoing messages. Records of general and special staff organizations, 1944-46, including correspondence of the G-3 (Operations) and G-4 (Logistics) Sections, 1944-46; records of the Civil Affairs Section, 1945, and the Engineer Section, 1945-46; and records of the Theater Censor, 1943-45. Correspondence and reports of the Pacific Warfare Board, 1944-45.
Maps ( reallocated to RG 496 ): Published maps of Japan, acquired from local sources, 1945-46 (5 items).
338.5.11 Records of U.S. Army Forces, South Pacific Base Command
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 494 ): Records of general and special staff sections, 1942-46. Records relating to units formed in accordance with standard tables of organization and equipment ("T/O&E Units"), 1942-45.
338.6 Records of Commands in the Western Hemisphere, Post World
War II
1942-64
338.6.1 Records of U.S. Army, Alaska
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 547 ): General records maintained by the Adjutant General Section, ca. 1947-56, including central correspondence, issuances, and incoming and outgoing messages. Records of general and special staff sections, 1942-50 (bulk 1947-50), including administrative records of the Quartermaster Section, 1942-50.
338.6.2 Records of U.S. Army, Caribbean
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 548 ): Records of headquarters, including correspondence, ca. 1947-51; defense plans, 1947-51; mission summaries and command reports, 1960-62; operations planning files, 1959-63; orders, 1962-63; operating program progress reports, 1957-60; and military assistance planning files, 1949- 63. Records of the U.S. Army Caribbean School, Ft. Gulick, Canal Zone, 1946-64.
Maps ( reallocated to RG 548 ): Published maps of American forts in the Panama Canal Zone, 1952-53 (11 items).
Related Records: Records of Caribbean Command in RG 349, Records of Joint Commands.
338.7 Records of Commands in Europe, Post World War II
1933-64
338.7.1 Records of European Command (EUCOM)
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 549 ): Microfilm copy of decimal correspondence maintained by the Secretary of the General Staff, 1947-52 (19 rolls). Reports of operations, 1947. Records of general and special staff sections, 1942-52, including G-2 (Intelligence) Division interrogation reports on German and Italian prisoners of war and persons in the Soviet Union or Soviet-controlled countries, 1942-49.
Maps: Published road maps of countries in western Europe, intended for EUCOM headquarters use, 1946-59 (1946-52 maps reallocated to RG 549 . 1953-59 maps reallocated to RG 531 .)(18 items).
338.7.2 Records of U.S. Army, Europe (USAEUR)
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 549 ): Records of the War Crimes Branch of the Judge Advocate General Section, including general administrative records, 1942-57; records relating to pre-trial activities, 1944- 51, extradition, 1945-52, and medical experiments, 1933-47; war crimes case files ("Cases Tried"), 1945-59 (212 ft.); war crimes case files ("Cases Not Tried"), 1944-48 (195 ft.); Malmedy Case indexes to defendants and military companies, n.d.; German- created name lists, information cards, and indexes to inmates at Buchenwald and Zweiberge Concentration Camps, 1943-45; location and identity cards for witnesses, 1947-48; indexes to war crimes case files, n.d., and witnesses and defendants in war crimes cases, 1946-48; card lists of members of the German 1st SS Panzer Regiment, n.d., suspects and defendants in war crimes cases, n.d., and prisoners requesting clemency or parole, 1952-57; summary sheets on prisoners ("Identification of Prisoners Sheets"), 1945-48; records relating to War Criminal Prison No. 1, Landsberg, Federal Republic of Germany, 1947-57; records relating to parolees ("Parolee Case Files"), 1945-58, and executed prisoners ("Executee Files"), 1946-51; and records relating to post-trial activities, 1945-57. Records of general and special staff sections, 1952-64. Records of Army Communications Zone, Europe, 1950-64.
Motion Pictures (51 reels) ( reallocated to RG 549 ): Compiled by the War Crimes Branch, Judge Advocate General Section, ca. 1945-47, consisting mainly of concentration camp scenes (including scenes at the Hadamar and Buchenwald camps), and showing identification of victims, reburial of remains, liberation of camp internees, and visits by Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower. Also includes newsreels from the German series, Degeto Weltspiegel (Degeto World Mirror).
Sound Recordings ( reallocated to RG 549 ): Compiled by the War Crimes Branch, Judge Advocate General Section, ca. 1944, consisting of eyewitness testimony (including that of Pvt. William F. Reem and T/5 Charles Appman) concerning specific incidents connected with the murder of American prisoners of war on May 30, June 8, and December 18, 1944 (4 items).
Glass Slides ( reallocated to RG 549 ): Exhumed human skeletons, mass graves, and a castle, ca. 1946-48 (WC, 18 images).
338.7.3 Records of U.S. Forces in Austria
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 260 ): Central decimal correspondence maintained by the Adjutant General Section, 1946-47. Records of general and special staff sections, 1944-56, including reports, intelligence summaries, and investigative files of the G-2 (Intelligence) Section. Final report of the High Commissioner, 1950.
Map ( reallocated to RG 260 ): Town plan of Gmunden, Austria, 1947 (1 item).
338.7.4 Records of Vienna Area Command
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 260 ): Central correspondence, issuances, and other general records maintained by the Adjutant General Section, 1946- 48. Miscellaneous records, 1946-48.
338.7.5 Records of Berlin Command/Brigade
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 549 ): General records maintained by the Adjutant General Section, 1946-48, including central decimal correspondence and reports of investigations. Records of boards, 1946-48.
338.7.6 Records of Trieste United States Troops (TRUST)
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 331 ): General records maintained by the Adjutant General Section, 1946-54, including correspondence, messages, and command reports. Correspondence of the G-2 (Intelligence) Section, 1951-52.
338.8 Records of Commands in the Pacific, Post World War II
1944-72
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 550 ): Records of Army Ground Forces, Pacific, 1944-48, including central decimal correspondence and issuances maintained by the Adjutant General Section, 1947. Records of U.S. Army, Pacific (USARPAC), including central decimal correspondence maintained by the Adjutant General Section, 1947-49; records of general and special staff sections, 1949-50; and history and command reporting files, 1950-72. Records of U.S. Army, Hawaii, including correspondence, 1957-63; organizational planning records, 1959-62; and military history files, 1959-63. General records of U.S. Army, Japan, 1957-63, including records relating to the Broadcast and Visual Activity, Pacific, 1957-61.
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 554 ): Records of Far East Command, including records of general and special staff sections, 1946-52. Records of U.S. Army Forces, Far East (AFFE), including records of general and special staff sections, 1952-57. Records of Japan Logistical Command, 1949-52, consisting of correspondence, general and special staff section records, and command reports. Command reports, investigations, and other records of Yokohama Command, 1947-51. General and special staff section records of Marianas-Bonins Command, 1947-52. Records of Ryukyus Command (RYCOM), including central decimal files, 1946-53; a record set of issuances, 1952; organizational planning records, 1951-52; and reports of the Joint Facilities Board, 1947. Records of the Enemy Property Custodian, Philippines Command, 1944-49. Records of general and special staff sections of Philippines-Ryukyus Command, 1946-49. Records of U.S. Army Forces in Korea (USAFIK), 1945-49. Prisoner of war files of the Korean Communications Zone, 1950-55.
Maps ( reallocated to RG 550 ): Published maps, compiled by USARPAC, showing locations of army, navy, and air force facilities on Oahu, HI, 1951-54 (2 items).
Posters ( reallocated to RG 554 ): Produced by the Office of Troop Information and Education, AFFE, illustrating the troop information program, 1954-57 (EP, 151 items), and current events ("This Week's News"), 1954-56 (NP, 153 items).
338.9 RECORDS OF ARMIES
1925-66
338.9.1 Records of First Army
Textual Records: General records maintained by the Adjutant General Section, including central correspondence, 1940-50; issuances, 1946-50; and records of the Civilian Personnel Division, 1946-50. Records of the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3 (Operations), 1944-48 (bulk 1944-45), including messages, 1944-45; operations reports, 1943-44; field orders and letters of instruction, 1944-45; daily journals, 1945; G-3 reports ("Periodic Reports"), 1945; air mission reports, 1945; report of observations of Fifth U.S. Army in Italy, 1944; situation reports, 1945; tabular schedules of U.S. troop movements from Great Britain to France ("Build-Up Priority Tables With Amendments"), 1944; and operations plans, 1943-45. Records of the Offices of the Assistant Chiefs of Staff, G-1 (Personnel), 1944-45; G-2 (Intelligence), 1943-45; G-4 (Logistics), 1944; and G-5 (Civil Affairs), 1944. Records of the Artillery Section, 1944-45; Chemical Section, 1936-47, including chemical warfare intelligence bulletins, 1945; Engineer Section, 1944-51, including records relating to the Siegfried Line, 1944-45; Finance Officer, 1940-42; Medical Section, 1946-50; Ordnance Section, 1944-45, including reports on the rental and occupancy of foreign property; Public Information Office, 1931-48; Quartermaster Section, 1944-50, including general correspondence, 1944-46; Signal Section, 1942-45; and Transportation Section, 1942-50. Maneuver Headquarters reports of maneuvers and command post exercises, 1936-41. Records of Special Troops, including general records of Headquarters Special Troops, 1946-48; general correspondence of 4th Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 1944-45; and general correspondence of 12th, 28th, 35th, and 39th Headquarters and Headquarters Detachments, 1945-46. Reports of military government detachments, 1944-45. First Army organizational records, 1948-68.
338.9.2 Records of Second Army
Textual Records: General correspondence, 1940-46. General records of the following special staff sections: Inspector General, 1941- 46; Medical, 1944-46; and Quartermaster, 1941-46. Records of the Signal Section, consisting of general correspondence, 1945-46; and records relating to communications security, 1943-45. Records of the Medical Casual Detachment, 1943. Records of the Maneuver Director's Headquarters, 1943-44. Records of Special Troops, consisting of records of Headquarters Special Troops, 1946-47; and memorandums, issuances, and other records, 1942-46, of the following Headquarters and Headquarters Detachments: 2d, 3d, 5th, 7th-9th, 11th-13th, 16th, 17th, 19th, 21st-26th, 29th, 30th, and 33d. Second Army organizational records, 1945-65.
338.9.3 Records of Third Army
Textual Records: General records maintained by the Adjutant General Section, including central correspondence, 1932-47; and letters received, 1946. Records of the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2 (Intelligence), consisting of general correspondence, 1944-47; and outgoing messages, 1946-47. Reports and outgoing messages of the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3 (Operations), 1945-47. Periodic reports of the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-4 (Logistics), 1944-46. Records of the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-5 (Civil Affairs), consisting of incoming and outgoing messages, 1944-45; reports of military government detachments in France, Luxembourg, and Belgium, 1944-45; and reports of operations of the Civil Affairs Section, 1945-46. Records of the Antiaircraft Artillery Section, consisting of general correspondence, 1942-46; and reports, 1944-45. Daily situation reports of the Engineer Section, 1944-45. Records of the Inspector General Section, consisting of reports of investigations, 1942-47; and correspondence relating to and reports of unit annual inspections, 1940-44. Special court-martial case files of the Judge Advocate General Section, 1943-46. Messages and memorandums of the Graves Registration Service, Quartermaster Section, relating to burials, 1944-45. Messages and reports of the Signal Section, 1944-47. Operations reports and related records of the Director's Headquarters, Third Army Maneuver Area, 1936-44. Records of Special Troops, consisting of general correspondence of Headquarters Special Troops, 1944-46; general orders of 3d Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 1943; and records of 8th Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 1942-43. After- action reports of III Corps, February 1945. Third Army organizational records, 1951-66.
338.9.4 Records of Fourth Army
Textual Records: Central correspondence maintained by the Adjutant General Section, 1934-47. Records of the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3 (Operations) relating to joint army-navy defense plans and exercises, 1925-35. General correspondence of the Provisional Administrative Detachment, 1943-45. Records of Headquarters and Headquarters Detachments, Special Troops, 1942-47. Records of consolidated Headquarters Fourth Army and Western Defense Command, including general correspondence, weekly activity reports, issuances, and orders, maintained by the Adjutant General Section, 1940-46; situation reports, reports of Japanese balloon sightings, intelligence summaries, and other records of the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, (Intelligence), 1941-46; miscellaneous records of the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3 (Operations), 1942-45; daily journal of the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-4 (Logistics), Northern California Sector, 1940-43; memorandums of the Ordnance Section, 1941-46; general correspondence, surface craft detection station status reports, diaries, journals, and logs of the Signal Section, 1941-46; and general correspondence of the Ninth Coast Artillery District, 1940-43. Fourth Army organizational records, 1944-64.
338.9.5 Records of Fifth Army
Textual Records: Central correspondence maintained by the Adjutant General Section, 1942-45. Correspondence maintained by the Secretary of the General Staff, 1944-45. Correspondence of the Chief of Staff, Western Task Force, 1942-43; and the Chief of Staff, 1943-45. Records of the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2 (Intelligence), including records relating to the invasion of Spanish Morocco, 1943; numbered and miscellaneous reports, 1943-45; numbered weekly intelligence summaries, 1943- 45; and miscellaneous records, 1941-45. Court reports and appointment orders compiled by the Judge Advocate General Section, 1943-45. Records of the Inspector General Section, including case reports, 1943-45; investigations reports from subordinate units, 1943-45; and inspection reports and policy memorandums, 1943-45. Memorials and burial reports of the Graves Registration Service, Quartermaster Section, 1944-45. Correspondence and action reports of the Antiaircraft Artillery Section, 1944-45. Correspondence and reports of the Engineer Section, 1943-45. Reports of the Ordnance Section concerning bomb disposal activities, 1943-45; and weapons intelligence, 1944-45. Correspondence and reports of the Liaison Section in Morocco, 1942-43; and the Liaison Section in Italy, 1944-45. Histories of various units, 1942-45. Fifth Army organizational records, 1944- 64.
Photographic Prints: II Corps activities in northern Italy, 1944-45 (FA, 1,500 images).
338.9.6 Records of Sixth Army
Textual Records: Correspondence and events journals of the Chief of Staff, 1943-45. General correspondence of the G-1 (Personnel) Section, 1944-45. Records of the G-2 (Intelligence) Section, including assessment reports and related records, 1944-45; and card files on the Japanese military establishment, 1943-45, containing unit histories, unit code names and numbers, home designations, information on units on Luzon during the Philippines campaign, and biographies of leading military figures. Records of the G-3 (Operations) Section, including general correspondence, 1943-46; and a journal of the Philippines campaign, 1944-45. Records of the G-4 (Logistics) Section, consisting of general correspondence, 1943-45; and a campaign journal, 1945. Sixth Army organizational records, 1946-66.
338.9.7 Records of Seventh Army
Textual Records: Records of general and special staff sections, 1941-46, including orders and investigative records of the Inspector General Section, 1941-46; and decimal correspondence of the Chemical Warfare Section, 1942-46. Seventh Army organizational records, 1950-66.
338.9.8 Records of Eighth Army
Textual Records: Central decimal correspondence, 1945-53. Records of general and special staff sections, 1944-53, including records of the Military History Section, 1948-53. Operations planning files, 1945-51. Eighth Army organizational records, 1953-63.
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 554 ): Records relating to Sugamo Prison, including personnel files of prisoners and prison journals, 1945-52.
Maps: Published route maps of North and South Korea, 1951-52 (2 items). Railways in communist Far East, 1957 (1 item).
Maps ( reallocated to RG 554 ): Map of United Nations airfields in South Korea, 1954 (1 item).
338.9.9 Records of Ninth Army
Textual Records: Central decimal correspondence, and incoming and outgoing messages, maintained by the Adjutant General Section, 1944-45. Records of general and special staff sections, 1944-45, including combat medical statistical reports and military police records.
338.9.10 Records of Tenth Army
Textual Records: Incoming messages, 1945. Records of general and special staff sections, 1944-45.
338.9.11 Records of Fifteenth Army
Textual Records: General records maintained by the Adjutant General Section, 1944-46, including central decimal correspondence, incoming and outgoing messages, and memorandums. Reports relating to prisoners of war, ca. 1944-46. Records of general and special staff sections, 1944-46.
338.10 Records of Other Commands
1940-70
338.10.1 Records of corps
Textual Records: Central correspondence, incoming and outgoing messages, issuances, records of general and special staff sections, and other records, of the following corps: I, 1941-45; I Armored, 1941-43; II, 1941-45, 1957-65; III, 1942-46, 1951-66; IV, 1940-45, 1958-67; V, 1940-45, 1949-66; VI, 1940-50, 1957-68; VII, 1941-45, 1953-66; VIII, 1940-45, 1958-62; IX, 1940-47; X, 1941-46, 1958-66; XI, 1942-46, 1958-65; XII, 1942-45, 1958-66; XIII, 1942-45, 1954-65; XIV, 1942-45, 1958-67; XV, 1942-46, 1951- 52, 1958-66; XVI, 1941-45, 1954-67; XVIII, 1942-45; XVIII Airborne, 1951-63; XIX, 1942-45, 1959-66; XX, 1942-46, 1956-66; XXI, 1941-45, 1957-63; XXII, 1941-45; XXIII, 1943-46; and XXIV, 1944-45.
338.10.2 Records of subordinate commands
Textual Records: Unit histories and other records of divisions, brigades, groups, regiments, and miscellaneous army organizations, 1940-70.
338.11 Records of Support Elements
1917-92 (bulk 1950-70)
338.11.1 Records of activities
Textual Records (reallocated to various record groups): Records of the General Support Maintenance Activity, Loring Air Force Base, ME, 1965 (in Boston). Records of the U.S. Army Medical and Optical Maintenance Activity, St. Louis, MO, 1955-61 (in Kansas City). Records of the Rio Vista Marine Storage Activity, Rio Vista, CA, 1953-61 (in San Francisco). General orders of the U.S. Army Transportation Corps Road Test Support Activity, Ottawa, IL, 1959 (in Chicago). General orders of the Ordnance Field Activity, Rock Island Arsenal, Rock Island, IL, 1961 (in Chicago). Unit histories and operating program progress reports of the Lordstown Storage Activity, Warren, OH, 1956-57 (in Chicago). Research and development case and report files, and log, of the General Equipment Test Activity, Fort Lee, VA, 1957-60, 1965 (in Philadelphia). Records (in Philadelphia) of the Curtis Bay, MD, Storage Activity, subdepot of Letterkenny Ordnance Depot, Chambersburg, PA, consisting of general orders, 1951-52, 1954-55; management improvement records, 1952-53; organizational planning records, 1951, 1955; daily journal ("Post Diary"), 1951-57; unit histories, 1917-55; and research and development technical files, 1947-56. Records (in Philadelphia) of the Delaware Storage Activity, Raritan Arsenal, NJ, consisting of general correspondence, 1955; general orders, 1951-52, 1954-55; organizational planning records, 1952, 1955; regulations, 1953; and management improvement records, 1952-53. Issuances of the Hughes Plant Activity, Culver City, CA, 1972-73 (in Los Angeles).
338.11.2 Records of advisory groups
Textual Records: Records (in Boston) of U.S. Army Advisory Group, CT, 1957-60, 1962-63; ME, 1958-64; MA, 1957-64; NH, 1951-52, 1957-63; and RI, 1958-64. Issuances (in Chicago) of U.S. Army Advisory Group, IL, 1957-66, 1969; IN, 1957-64; MI, 1957-61; MN, 1957-65; and WI, 1957-60, 1965-66. Records, 1950-64 (in Fort Worth), of U.S. Army Advisory Groups, AR, LA, NM, OK, and TX. Subject files (in Kansas City) of U.S. Army Advisory Group, IA, 1957-63; KS, 1951-52; MO, 1959-63; and NE, 1958-61. General orders of U.S. Army Advisory Group, AZ, 1955-63 (in Los Angeles). General orders (in Philadelphia) of U.S. Army Advisory Group, DE, 1957-61; MD, 1958-62, 1964; PA, 1948-52, 1954, 1958-63; VA, 1957- 65; and WV, 1959.
338.11.3 Records of agencies
Textual Records (pre-1962 records reallocated to various record groups, later records reallocated to RG 544 ): Records (in Los Angeles) of the Los Angeles Procurement Agency, Pasadena, CA, including installation historical records, 1946-69; records concerning investigations, 1959-69; organizational planning records, 1965-69; organization management files, 1966-69; and issuances, 1966-69. Records (in Atlanta) of the Atlanta (GA) District, Southern Region, U.S. Army Audit Agency, consisting of field command operating program records, 1965-66; and issuances, 1960-65. Operating budget records of the U.S. Army Procurement Agency, Chicago, IL, 1966-69 (in Chicago).
338.11.4 Records of depots
Textual Records (pre-1962 records reallocated to various record groups, later records reallocated to RG 544 ): Historical records of the Decatur Signal Depot, Decatur, IL, compiled by the Public Information Office, 1948-61 (in Chicago). Records (in Chicago) of the Lordstown Ordnance Depot, Warren, OH, consisting of installation planning board files, 1946-47, 1951-56; and unit histories, 1956. Records (in Kansas City) of the Sioux Depot, Sidney, NE, consisting of general orders, 1952-62; facilities control records, 1951-57; manuals, 1952-62; newspapers, 1951-52; records concerning operating procedures, 1951-62; organizational planning records, 1952-62; and unit histories, 1954-59. Records (in Kansas City) of the St. Louis (MO) Medical Depot, consisting of conference records, 1952; facilities control records, 1952; installation historical files, 1955; and manuals, 1955. General orders of the 593d Engineer Depot, 1952 (in Kansas City). General correspondence, general orders, organizational planning records, and historical records, 1940-63 (in Seattle), of the Auburn (WA) General Depot; 445th Quartermaster Depot, Fort Lawton, WA; Mt. Rainier Ordnance Depot, Tacoma, WA; Seattle Quartermaster Depot, Seattle, WA; and Umatilla Depot, Hermiston, WA.
338.11.5 Records of hospitals
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 112 , in Los Angeles): Records of the Fort Huachuca, AZ, Fort MacArthur, CA, and Fort Irwin, CA, Army Hospitals, 1953- 63.
338.11.6 Records of laboratories
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 544 ): Records of the Natick (MA) Laboratory, consisting of mutual weapons development data exchange agreements, 1959-69; management survey case files, 1958-67; technical report record files, 1947-72; historian's background materials, 1941-66; general orders, 1961-69; operating program progress report files, 1944-69; five-year programming files, 1964-68; regulatory publications, 1964-65; operating budget records, 1962-71; a history of the Quartermaster Research and Engineering Field Facility and Quartermaster Test Activity, Maynard, MA, 1960; activation records of the U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, 1961-64; research and development project control files, 1952-65, and administrative records, 1956-65; and organizational planning records, 1958-66. Technical reports of the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratories, Hanover, NH, 1968-70 (in Boston).
338.11.7 Records of organizations concerned with prisoner of war and missing in action information
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 389 ): Subject files of Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 22d U.S. Army Prisoner of War/Civilian Internee Information Center, 1949-74. Records of the U.S. Army Office of Prisoner of War/Missing in Action (POW/MIA) Affairs, consisting of documents released by the Task Force 250 POW/MIA Documentation Project, 1991-92.
338.11.8 Records of schools
Textual Records: Records of the Food Service School, Fort George G. Meade, MD, 1954 (reallocated to RG 92, in Philadelphia). Records of the Medical Service Veterinary School, Chicago, IL, 1957-63 ( reallocated to RG 112 , in Chicago); and the Fifth Army Area Food Service School, Fort Sheridan, IL, 1951-52 (in Chicago).
338.11.9 Records of transportation zones
Textual Records ( reallocated to RG 336 ): Records (in Philadelphia) of the First Transportation Zone, Pittsburgh, PA, consisting of general orders, 1952, 1954, 1956; organizational planning records, 1952, 1954-55; conference files, 1954-55; and unit histories, 1953-55. Central decimal correspondence of the Chief of Transportation, Third Transportation Zone, St. Louis-Kansas City, MO, 1952-56 (in Kansas City).
338.11.10 Records of other support elements
Textual Records: Organizational history records of the Army and Engineer Board, U.S. Army Test and Experimentation Command (TEXCOM), 1940-90 ( reallocated to RG 553 ). Security-classified records relating to the destruction of biological weapons at the Pine Bluff Arsenal, AR, 1970-73 ( reallocated to RG 544 , in Philadelphia). Issuances of the U.S. Army Electronics Support Command, Philadelphia, PA, 1966-68 ( reallocated to RG 544 , in Philadelphia). International Logistics Program requirements files of the International Logistics Directorate, Philadelphia, PA, 1967-68, 1970 ( reallocated to RG 544 , in Philadelphia). Correspondence and issuances of the Southwestern Traffic Region, Military Traffic and Terminal Service, 1962-65 ( reallocated to RG 552 , in Fort Worth).
Architectural Plans: Arlington Hall Station, Arlington VA, 1942-86, from the Intelligence and Security Command (1,820 items). Yongsan Military Reservation buildings, South Korea, 1952-53, from Headquarters Engineer Construction Group (56 items).
338.12 Motion Pictures (General)
1940, 1956, 1975
Troop maneuvers, training, and other activity at Fort Bliss, TX, ca. 1940 (2 reels). Anniversary events, 601st Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion, 1956 (1 reel). Construction and operation of the Refugee Reception Center for Southeast Asian Refugees, Eglin Air Force Base, FL, 1975 (1 reel).
388.13 Sound Recordings (General)
1943-45, 1956
Japanese prisoner of war interviews, 1943-45 (107 items). Interview with Commander, Battery D, 601st Antiaircraft Artillery Gun Battalion, part of the Army Hour series, 1956 (1 item).
338.14 Machine-Readable Records (General)
Combat Operations Losses and Expenditures Data (COLED-V), 1968- 70, with supporting documentation (6 data sets).
338.15 Still Pictures (General)
Posters: U.S. Army recruiting posters, 1986-93 (RP, 50 images).
Bibliographic note: Web version based on
Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives of the United States. Compiled by Robert B. Matchette et al. Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, 1995.
3 volumes, 2428 pages.
| i don't know |
Which English city has districts called 'Manningham', 'Great Horton'and 'Heaton'? | · January 18 at 3:56pm ·
Male charged with street robberies and house burglary.
A 23 year old male from the Bradford West area was arrested for burglary 2 days ago after being caught by officers in a house in Frizinghall that he had just broken into. Following an excellent investigation he was formally charged with the house burglary and also charged with six offences of street robbery. Those offences taking place in Shipley, Frizinghall, Heaton and Idle earlier on in the month. He was denied bail an...d attended at Bradford Magistrates Court where he was remanded into custody to await trial
Allerton & Thornton Ward
Today was the launch of our first walk in clinics.
As Ward Officer for the area I thought it would be helpful if the residents of Thornton & Allerton had the opportunity to speak to their local Ward Officer face to face. Also present will be your local PCSO and local Council Officer. If you are un-able to attend due to work commitments we will also be leaving a box for information to be passed on to us. The box will be left at the key locations throu...ghout the month and collected every seven days. A piece of paper with any information you feel would be useful to us is welcome. You do not have to disclose who you are however we will act on as much information as we can.
I appreciate some members of the public don’t want to call 101 or attend the police station to speak to us about ongoing issues.
Once a month we will be at The Great Northern Café for an hour and Café West, Allerton for an hour.
The next clinics will be held at the above locations on the 14th February 2017
0930-1030 14/02/2017Great Northern Café, Thornton
1100-1200 14/02/2017 Café West, Allerton.
It would be lovely to meet some new faces and listen to your concerns and issues.
Thank you to everyone who attended Cafe West today, we will
endeavour to address all issues rasied today.
I hope to see you all again next month.
PC 603 Broadbent
· January 18 at 3:35am ·
Manningham Ward - Dangerous moped seized
Just after 3pm on Tue 17th Jan, am officer from the districts ASB bike team was patrolling in the Manningham area when he sighted the pictured scooter on Manningham Lane out of Bradford. It looked like it was in poor condition but more noticeable was the pillion passenger not wearing a helmet!
The officer intercepted the pair and caused the moped to pull over. It was examined and found to be in a poor state of repair with damaged, faul...ty and missing parts. The rider was a provisional licence holder but no L plates were being displayed and he’d not bothered to take out any insurance either. He was reported for the offences as well as for carrying a passenger in an unsafe manner and can expect a court date in the near future. The moped was seized and is highly unlikely to see a road again.
Pc Hitchcocks said “The risks involved with using a vehicle in this condition on busy roads should be obvious to anyone yet this rider clearly wasn’t interested in his or the pillion’s safety. Add this to the document offences and this rider thoroughly deserves more than one book being thrown at him! Anyone using a vehicle like this can expect to be dealt with by the Police and anyone seeing this kind of behaviour on the roads should report it to the police immediately before lives are put at risk.”
This latest incident brings the teams total seizures to date to 639 with numerous section 59 warnings and prosecutions alongside this.
The team can be contacted on:
Non-emergency telephone No 101
[email protected]
The illegal, dangerous or anti-social use of vehicles (along with dash cam footage) can be reported to:
[email protected]
· January 16 at 9:38am ·
Lower Grange - Two off road bikes seized for no insurance.
On Thursday the 12th January 2017 officers received a large number of calls from residents around the Lower Grange area of Bradford. This was in relation to 2 off road motorbikes in the area causing a nuisance and the riders having total disregard to any road user or pedestrians.
Reports stated that the riders were riding around the roads and grassed areas at speed. Officers from the ASB Bike team attended in the area... to try and locate the bikes which could be heard in the local vicinity.
The weather had started to turn and the snow was falling making the roads treacherous, it also meant officers could see exactly where the bikes had been.
PC Brown from the ASB bike team said ‘there was a high number of calls from residents in a small space of time, it was apparent that the riders out on these bikes had been out for a while and no intention of stopping any time soon, even though there was now a layer of snow on the ground. After around 45 minutes we managed to track both bikes down and spoke with the riders. Both bikes have been seized for no insurance and the riders will be attending court in due course’
If you have any information in relation to the anti-social use of bikes/quad bikes then please contact us. Your call will be in the strictest of confidence and will assist us to recover and remove these vehicles from the streets.
For nuisance bikes and quads telephone 101 or email at [email protected]
If you have any information in relation to the antisocial use of cars, vans or lorries please email [email protected]
| Bradford |
In which television programme did the character 'Detective Saperstein' appear? | BBC - Bradford and West Yorkshire - History - The Jewish connection!
You are in: Bradford and West Yorkshire > History > Local History > The Jewish connection!
Bradford's Jewish legacy!
The Jewish connection!
By Katie Binns
Did you know there are more monuments to Jewish endeavour in Bradford than there are in Leeds, and that Bradford's Jews helped to found the state of Israel? Katie Binns says Bradford would have been a different place without its Jewish community.
At first glance the Jewish connection and Bradford seems a strange topic. That’s no surprise since the number of Jews residing in Bradford has always been numerically small. However, their contribution to the commerce and culture of the city has been out of proportion to their numbers. It seems they were passionately concerned in the building of Bradford. Many left at some point to enhance the general quality of life in Britain. They were also concerned for their own community and the welfare of Anglo-Jewry. Some were even directly involved in the laying of the foundations of the Jewish State of Israel.
Jews came to Bradford in the 1820s and 1830s from Germany and Denmark. Others came later in the 1880s and 1890s from Russia and Poland when Czar Alexander II was assassinated resulting in wide scale anti-Jewish riots. As we shall see there are more historic monuments to Jewish endeavour around us in Bradford than in Leeds.
Bradford synagogue
Not fiercely religious...
By 1863 Bradford had its first Jewish mayor in Charles Semon and by April 1873 the Jewish Association of Bradford had been formed. But why did it take fifty years to form a Jewish association in Bradford?
Jewish religious life in the city seemed to be in decline, circumcision was rare and the Jewish Chronicle of August 11th 1865 claimed: "They do not want to pass for Jews although every child in Bradford knows them to be Jews". The Jewish Chronicle also noted that there were over 100 children in the Jewish community but no facilities for their Jewish education. The Chief Rabbi visited Bradford and attempted to form a Jewish association with very little success. At this time the Jewish population numbered 300 people, a sizeable community without services or a synagogue. Part of the reason for the lack of any formal religious group was that some residents might have joined synagogues in Leeds and Manchester. However, Humbert Wolfe, a Jewish descendent, claims that "England was their home…Without knowing it they developed an intense patriotism". Most took no part in Jewish affairs.
Natural born leaders...
The Jewish merchants who came from central Europe - with its oppression and anti-Semitism - were pleasantly surprised to find in Bradford both economic and political freedom. They used this freedom to take an active and often leading part in the civic life of the town. In 1880 Bradford had a population of 200,000 but the middle and upper class ruling elite of mill owners, industrialists and entrepreneurs would have been comparatively small. The Jewish merchants who comprised over 100 families were able to make a great mark on the city.
Bradford's first Jewish mayor, Charles Semon
For example, Jacob Behrens (1806-1889) was very influential in the life of Bradford. He was the first foreign merchant to export wool goods from Bradford. When he arrived in the town he lodged at the Sun Inn at he bottom of Ivegate but left his lodging because he was told "he could not stay as he took nothing to drink". The business he founded grew into a multi-million pound empire and when he died in 1889 it included branches in London, Glasgow, Calcutta and Shanghai. He was involved in the foundation of Bradford Chamber of Commerce in 1851. For his work in connection with commercial treaties between England and France Queen Victoria knighted him in October 1882. He wrote in his memoirs: "Who would have thought it possible that now just fifty years after I stepped ashore on English soil at Hull, a foreigner and a Jew, I should be deemed worthy of the offer of a knighthood by the Queen’s government?" A modest man indeed!
Charles Semon (1814-1877) was Bradford’s first foreign born and Jewish mayor. He was Justice of the Peace for Bradford and Yorkshire and Deputy Lieutenant of the West Riding. Many local charities benefited from his generosity.
Jacob Unna (1800-1881) from Hamburg was a leading figure in Bradford and Jewish life. He was a man of great business expertise. He was a founder member of the Chamber of Commerce and one of the promoters of the Bradford District Bank. He also promoted the establishment of the Bradford Eye and Ear Hospital. His obituary in the Bradford Observer reads: "It was largely due to the energy, the keen insight into foreign requirements, and the general business capacity of German gentlemen like Mr Unna that Bradford owed the development of the textile trade which resulted in its assuming such a position of importance in the commercial history of the world…In private life he was the embodiment of undemonstrative goodness…"
Special mention should go to Jacob Moser (1839-1922), considered to be the most influential in the Jewish and Zionist spheres. Originally from Denmark, he had a strong Jewish upbringing and was one of the founders of the Bradford synagogue. Moser was at the heart of the movement, joining it at the end of the 19th century. He was a member of the Zionist Central Council, the Anglo-Palestinian Corporation, the Jewish National Fund – in 1907 he contributed 50,000 francs towards the establishment of the first Hebrew High School in Jaffa. He visited what is now Israel in 1908 and 1910, donating large sums to various building projects in the land. Leeds' Jewish community, much larger and poorer than Bradford’s, also received funds from Moser.
Yet Moser never neglected the needs of his beloved Bradford. He was one of the founders of the Bradford Charity Organisation Society and the City Guild of Help. He served on the board of the British Royal Infirmary from 1883 and contributed £5,000 to the local fund for the building of a new institution. He provided £10,000 in 1898 as a benevolent fund for the aged and infirm of the city; he also supported the Children’s Hospital, donated 12,000 books to Bradford Central Library and was involved in Bradford Technical College, the Workers Educational Association and the Bradford Scientific Association. As if this was not enough, to keep himself busy he joined Bradford Council as an Independent member for Manningham ward in 1896, also served Heaton from 1901-04 and in 1909 was elected unopposed as Councillor for Little Horton. In 1910 he was both Lord Mayor of the City and Chief Magistrate. His obituary suggests he gave away some £750,000 in his lifetime to charities for all races and creeds, a phenomenal amount at this time!
Dr Friedrich Eurich discovered a cure for anthrax, or wool-sorter’s disease as it was then called. His research, which put his own life in danger, led to a scheme whereby all dangerous wool was directed to one port (Liverpool) to be disinfected, a measure which undoubtedly reduced the number of anthrax cases. He was famous for his Saturday morning surgery "free of charge" at Bradford Royal Infirmary.
Other Jewish families contributing to Victorian Bradford included the Sichels, the Rothensteins, the Wolfes and the Halles.
What remains today?
There are about 500 Jews in Bradford but most of the children and grand children of the early merchant princes are not to be found. The two synagogues are still maintained. Scholemoor Cemetery still has its Jewish burial ground.
Jewish burial area in Scholemoor Cemetery
Moser Avenue and Moser Crescent near Idle Road and streets named after Semon and German towns such as Blenheim Mount are part of the Jewish legacy too.
Bradford Chamber of Commerce, Bradford College, the Bradford Royal Infirmary and Bradford Central Library are just a few of the services that we use today that enjoyed the financial support and promotional ploys of Mr Moser and Co. How different Bradford would have been without their contribution!
[This is the second story in a series in which Katie Binns looks at the history of some of the communities who make Bradford the city is is today.]
last updated: 01/04/2008 at 10:50
created: 13/04/2006
| i don't know |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.