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In which Latin American country was President Manuel Zelaya arrested and exiled in June 2009? | U.S. and some allies at odds over Honduras presidential election
U.S. and some allies at odds over Honduras presidential election
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Washington Post Staff Writer
Tuesday, December 1, 2009
TEGUCIGALPA, HONDURAS -- The United States split with some of its Latin American allies Monday over whether to recognize the results of Honduras's presidential election, with Washington commending the balloting but Brazil saying the vote will not erase the stain of a coup.
The winner, Porfirio "Pepe" Lobo, a conservative businessman, has promised to promote reconciliation in this impoverished country, which was thrown into turmoil when the military exiled President Manuel Zelaya on June 28.
But many Hondurans consider it unlikely that their internationally recognized president will be allowed to serve out the remainder of his term, which ends in January. Zelaya's return had been the goal of an aggressive campaign by the U.S. government and the rest of the hemisphere. But Honduran and U.S. officials concede that the Honduran congress is likely to vote Wednesday against reinstating Zelaya, who had alarmed many here by embracing Venezuela's anti-American president, Hugo Chávez.
Lobo is hoping Sunday's election -- scheduled long before Zelaya's ouster -- will help end a crisis that has isolated Honduras internationally and cost it millions of dollars in lost aid and revenue.
"It's difficult not to recognize an electoral process in a democratic country," Lobo said at a news conference with foreign reporters. "This is how the crisis ends."
The exact turnout in Sunday's vote was still not known, with the country's electoral tribunal saying official figures may not be available for weeks. The tribunal said that, based on projections from about half the ballot boxes, 62 percent of eligible voters participated. However, an independent Honduran civic alliance that did a statistical sampling nationwide said 47.6 percent of voters turned out, 7.4 percentage points less than in the last presidential election, in 2005. The civic group's effort was funded by the U.S. government and received technical assistance from the National Democratic Institute, which is loosely affiliated with the Democratic Party.
The International Republican Institute, a group that sent observers and has ties to the Republican Party, said the election was "free of violence and overt acts of intimidation" and appeared credible.
Many major international electoral observation groups declined to monitor the vote, however, citing the country's unresolved political conflict and irregularities during the campaign that included the temporary shutdown of pro-Zelaya media.
The president was not on the ballot, but he appeared to be the big loser in Sunday's election, as many Hondurans ignored his appeal for a mass boycott. He has been holed up in the Brazilian Embassy since sneaking back into the country in September.
The military arrested Zelaya on June 28 on charges of abuse of power for allegedly organizing an illegal referendum that many viewed as a bid to stay in power beyond the one-term limit.
Initially, the Obama administration insisted on Zelaya's return, eager to show its democratic credentials to a region long skeptical of them. But Honduran political and business leaders rejected the demand. Seeing few other options, the U.S. government dropped an earlier threat not to recognize the election.
"We stood on principle, but Central America really matters to us. The U.S. can't have a totally destabilized Honduras," one senior U.S. official said, speaking on the condition of anonymity.
In a statement, the State Department commended Hondurans for "peacefully exercising their democratic right to select their leaders."
Colombia, Peru, Panama and Costa Rica have indicated they will recognize the election result. Many other countries have refused to do so thus far, but analysts say Mexico and some Central American and Caribbean nations are likely to reestablish ties eventually.
Regional powerhouse Brazil and several other leftist governments have said that allowing a coup to go unpunished would send the wrong message in a region once dominated by military governments.
"There are still many nations, especially in Central America, in vulnerable political situations," Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva told an Ibero-American meeting in Portugal, according to wire services.
One of Honduras's most influential businessman, Adolfo Facusse, said in an interview that such opposition does not matter. "We don't care about Brazil," he said, noting its limited trade relationship with Honduras. "We get to Miami in two hours, we get to Brazil in eight."
© 2009 The Washington Post Company
| Honduras |
Who was the President of the USA on 1st. January 1900? | Honduras coup leaders shut main airport | World news | The Guardian
Honduras coup leaders shut main airport
Move aimed at preventing ousted leader Manuel Zelaya from returning following previous military blockade on runway
Honduras coup leaders shut main airport
Move aimed at preventing ousted leader Manuel Zelaya from returning following previous military blockade on runway
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This article is 7 years old
Coup leaders in Honduras shut the country's main airport today to block President Manuel Zelaya making another attempted return a day after military vehicles prevented his jet from landing.
The interim government, increasingly isolated and beleaguered, banned all flights for 24 hours to try to keep the exiled leader out and to dampen fresh protests by his supporters.
Zelaya promised yesterday to make another attempted return from neighbouring El Salvador today or tomorrow but US officials suggested he may instead fly to Washington for talks with the Obama administration and Latin American diplomats.
The Honduran capital, Tegucigalpa, remained tense. Zelaya's supporters promised to mobilise fresh demonstrations despite bloody clashes with security forces yesterday. Soldiers opened fire on a crowd marching towards the airport, killing at least two, the first fatalities in the eight-day-old crisis.
Hospitals admitted many more people with gunshot wounds and staff told reporters there was an increasing number of victims shot by the military during the nightly curfew.
Zelaya, speaking at a news conference in El Salvador, appealed to the army to avoid further casualties. "I call on the armed forces of Honduras to lower their rifles."
The leftist leader was flanked by the presidents of El Salvador, Argentina, Paraguay and Ecuador and the secretary-general of the Organisation of American States (OAS), Jose Miguel Insulza. "I am risking myself personally to resolve the problems without violence."
He urged the United Nations, the OAS and European Union to "do something with this repressive regime".
The interim government, which took power on 28 June after soldiers seized Zelaya in his pyjamas and bundled him into exile, slightly softened its position and said it wanted to negotiate with the OAS. But it ruled out Zelaya's return to power. "We will be here until the country calms down," said the interim president, Roberto Micheletti. "We are the authentic representatives of the people."
The coup was supported by those Hondurans who feared Zelaya's leftist agenda and alliance with Venezuela's president Hugo Chávez. But the new government has been denounced internationally. The OAS suspended Honduras, the World Bank froze lending, the EU recalled its ambassadors and the US cut diplomatic and military contacts.
The impoverished coffee-exporter of 7 million people has become dangerously polarised between the poor and working class, who tend to support Zelaya for his social programmes, and the middle class and institutions such as congress, the Catholic church and the military who consider him a dangerous radical who wanted to perpetuate himself in power.
From a clandestine location, Rodolfo Pastor Fasquel, who was culture minister in the ousted government, told the BBC that Honduras risked sliding into civil war.
"It is a terrible situation, a dangerous impasse. In the 1970s we had groups of guerrillas but they were always isolated, the country never felt in danger of civil war. Today there is the risk because both sides have a wide social base, they are completely polarised and they have weapons and resources."
The interim government said if Zelaya did manage to return he would be arrested for 18 alleged criminal acts including treason and corruption.
The OAS suspension will complicate Honduras' access to multilateral loans but so far its economy, heavily dependent on coffee exports, aid and remittances, has not suffered trade sanctions.
The interim government said it was prepared to hunker down until November when a presidential election would select a new leader - under the constitution Zelaya cannot run for a second term - and supposedly end the crisis.
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Which is the only city in West Sussex? | West Sussex towns | Guide to the main towns in West Sussex
East Grinstead
The small cathedral city of Chichester is the adminsitrative capital of West Sussex and is very popular with tourists who enjoy the fine Georgian architecture and good shops.
Crawley is the economic powerhouse of West Sussex, a New Town which has expanded rapidly driven in part by the travel industry and nearby Gatwick airport.
East Grinstead is a relatively wealthy town near the Surrey Border with a lovely historic High Street and a good selection of shops in the town centre.
| Chichester |
Playing for West Ham United between 1998 and 2001, Javier Margas was the first footballer from which country to appear in the Premier League? | Things to do in West Sussex | Days Out | Places to Visit
You are here: Counties -> Things to do in West Sussex
Things to do in West Sussex
Page Contents
Places to visit in West Sussex
West Sussex, located on the coast of central southern England, is a beautiful county with much to offer its visitors.
Over half of the county lies in areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, with acres of green and pleasant countryside and miles of sunny coastline.
There are a host of vibrant towns to visit in West Sussex.
The county appeals to many because of the quiet beauty of the South Downs, stunning vistas of the High Weald and many historic and family attractions.
West Sussex boasts some of the finest walking country in the British Isles.
With over 4000 km (2,500 miles) of footpaths, you can wander into some of the quietest corners of Southern England and discover landscapes of great beauty, which have inspired generations of writers, poets and artists.
On the south coast of West Sussex in the lea of Selsey Bill is the seaside town of Bognor Regis. Bognor was given the title "Regis" in 1929 by King George V, who convalesced here. This is one of the sunniest places in Britain, with lovely clean beaches, parks and gardens, lively cafes, restaurants and pubs.
An ideal base for touring the county,
West Sussex Tourist Information is available at the centre of Bognor Regis in Belmont Street.
The small port of Littlehampton is situated at the mouth of the River Arun. The harbour is popular with yachtsmen cruising the south coast; there are pontoon moorings for visitors, two yacht clubs and marinas also an angling club with vessels for hire.
Best Villages in West Sussex Chart
Name
Timber Framed Buildings
5,812
On either side of the harbour are good sandy beaches with safe bathing, an unspoiled stretch to the west, is designated as a site of special scientific interest. Littlehampton's annual two-day Regatta takes place in August. The town has a variety of restaurants and pubs.
Worthing
is the largest town in West Sussex, with good shopping facilities, theatres, pubs and restaurants. The sandy, pebble beach is safe for families and popular for windsurfing and sailing. On the promenade fresh fish is on sale from local fishermen.
The lovely city of Chichester has many fine historic buildings, it is the county town of West Sussex. Visit the Norman Cathedral, the 13th Century priory and Georgian Pallant House and take a walk along the circular walls for fine views over the city. Nearby Fishbourne Roman Palace is a 'must see'.
You can enjoy a days racing at
'Glorious Goodwood' Park. Chichester Festival Theatre hosts cabaret and comedy nights, family days, talks and other events, visit during July for the Summer Festival of music and drama.
The ancient town of Arundel , is well worth a visit, to see the castle and its treasures. The town has a toy museum the children will enjoy, and a visit to Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust Arundel is an enjoyable experience for all the family.
If you enjoy visiting country houses we recommend a visit to Petworth House , one of the finest country houses in the care of the National Trust. For garden lovers we recommend the two lovely gardens in Haywards Heath Borde Hill Garden , registered as a Grade II Garden and Park by English Heritage. High Beeches Gardens offers you twenty acres of enchanting, landscaped, woodland and water gardens to explore.
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Which British artist is best known for his painting 'And When Did You Last See Your Father'? | William Frederick Yeames, Artist • Biography & Facts
William Frederick Yeames
Artist
William Frederick Yeames RA (18 December 1835 – 3 May 1918) was a British painter best known for his oil-on-canvas problem picture 'And When Did You Last See Your Father?' , which depicts the son of a Royalist being questioned by Parliamentarians during the English Civil War.
| William Frederick Yeames |
By what name is JS Bach's cantata 'Schweigt Stille, Plaudert Nicht' better known as a result of the drink to which one of the characters is addicted? | artists illustrating boys fashions: William Frederick Yeames
Artists: William Frederick Yeames (England, 1835-1918)
Figure 1.-- This is one of the most pathetic scenes in Shakespeare - Arthur's appeal to Hurbert. "Will you put out mine eyes - these eyes that never did, nor never did, nor never shall, so much as frown on you?" It is from the painting by W.F. Yeames, R.A., now hanging in the Manchester Art Gallery. It is a typically dramatic Yeames painting. Note the rope Hubert has brought to bind Arthur's hands. .
William Frrederick (W.F.) was one of the most popular and renowned Victorian artists. Yeames was born in 1835. He was the son of a wealthy British diplomat. william displayed artistic talents at quite a youthful age. His parents encouraged his interest in art as a young boy. The family began an extended toured Italy in 1841 when William was 6 years old, in part to expose him to the work of the Italian masters. While still in Italy, William's father died in 1842. The family then went to live in Dresden. William was tutored at home with special attention given to artistic studies. William in while only 13 years old moved to London. There he studied under a noted sculptor, Westmacott, as well as George Scharf. After his studies in London, William again traved in Italy. His first exhibit at the Royal Academy after is return to England during 1854. His traditional style and heroic historical subjects made him very popular with the English establishment. He became ARA in 1866 and was elected RA in 1878, and finally Librarian at the Academy. He held many other offices such as Curator of the Painted Hall at Greenwich. One of his more notable paintings was a Civil War scene, "Where did you last see your father?" Yeames died in 1918.
Parents
William was the son of a wealthy British diplomat.
Childhood
W.F. Yeames was born in 1835. Stangely for an English artist, William was born in of all places, Tagenrog near Odessa along the Black Sea in Southern Russia. His father was the British Consul there. In fact Willian did not begin to live in England until a young teenager. He displayed artistic talents at quite a youthful age. His parents encouraged his interest in art as a young boy. The family began an extended toured Italy in 1841 when William was 6 years old, in part to expose him to the work of the Italian masters. While still in Italy, William's father died in 1842. The family then went to live in Dresden.
Education
William was tutored at home with special attention given to artistic studies. William while only 13 years old moved to London in 1848. There he studied under a noted sculptor, Westmacott, as well as George Scharf. After his studied in Dresden and London, William in 1852 again traved in Italy and lived there until 1858. He spent much of his time in Italy at Florence.
Career
William Frrederick (W.F.) was one of the most popular Victorian artists. His first exhibit at the Royal Academy after is return to England during 1859. Yemes was one of the St John's Wood Clique, which included G A Storey, P H Calderon, and D W Wynfield. The St. John's Wood Clique was noted for large canvases depicting dramatic historical or literary scenes. Yeames traditional style and heroic historical subjects made him very popular with the English establishment. He became ARA in 1866 and was elected RA in 1878, and finally Librarian at the Academy. Yeames taught in the RA Schools for many years. He took a real interest in the students and was popular with them. Yeames held many other offices such as Curator of the Painted Hall at Greenwich.
Paintings
Yeames specialized in historical and genre pictures which were very popular in Vicorian England. He focused on work with a strong historical and narrative content. The Victorians loved such melodrama. And Yeames especially liked to paint dramatic historical scenes set in historical times. He painted in a realistic style suggestive of genre painting and lived into the period during which impressionism became the fashionable style, so that he was considered very old-fashioned during this latter days. He loved scenes that were highly emotional and dramatic and that appealed to sentiment. He has been accused of sentimentality.
King John
This is one of the most pathetic scenes in Shakespeare - Arthur's appeal to Hurbert. "Will you put out mine eyes - these eyes that never did, nor never did, nor never shall, so much as frown on you?" It is from the painting by W.F. Yeames, R.A., now hanging in the Manchester Art Gallery. It is a typically dramatic Yames painting.
English Civil War
Perhaps his best known painting is "And When Did You Last See Your Father? (Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool). The painting is an English Civil War scene which shows threatening Cromwellian soldiers grilling a brave little Royalist boy. The boy has been placed on a stool surounded by soldiers in dark clothes. The gallant Roylist boy is dressed in a light blue satin suit and thus stands out among the dark figures of the soldiers. The image shown here is a dramatic scene from Shakespere's "King Jphn" (figure 1).
Artistic Reaction
Yeames was extremely popular in his era. The very realism and histrionics of hisart was a perfect example of the work that the Pre-Raphaelites objected to. An of course the impresionists rejected it even more strongly.
Family
Yeames married a daughter of Major Wingfield and a nice of RA member Sir David Wilkie.
Later Years
The increasing popularity of the impressionists by the late 19th century made Yeames art look old fassioned. Yeames died in 1918 many year after the peak of his career, the Times obituary noted " at one time a very popular artist".
| i don't know |
Released this year (2009), what is the full name of the sequel to the 2007 film 'Transformers'? | Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) - IMDb
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Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 )
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From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video
ON DISC
Sam Witwicky leaves the Autobots behind for a normal life. But when his mind is filled with cryptic symbols, the Decepticons target him and he is dragged back into the Transformers' war.
Director:
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Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 14 wins & 26 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
The Autobots learn of a Cybertronian spacecraft hidden on the moon, and race against the Decepticons to reach it and to learn its secrets.
Director: Michael Bay
An ancient struggle between two Cybertronian races, the heroic Autobots and the evil Decepticons, comes to Earth, with a clue to the ultimate power held by a teenager.
Director: Michael Bay
Autobots must escape sight from a bounty hunter who has taken control of the human serendipity: Unexpectedly, Optimus Prime and his remaining gang turn to a mechanic, his daughter, and her back street racing boyfriend for help.
Director: Michael Bay
A strange black entity from another world bonds with Peter Parker and causes inner turmoil as he contends with new villains, temptations, and revenge.
Director: Sam Raimi
Peter Parker is beset with troubles in his failing personal life as he battles a brilliant scientist named Doctor Otto Octavius.
Director: Sam Raimi
With the world now aware of his identity as Iron Man, Tony Stark must contend with both his declining health and a vengeful mad man with ties to his father's legacy.
Director: Jon Favreau
After Peter Parker is bitten by a genetically altered spider, he gains newfound, spider-like powers and ventures out to solve the mystery of his parent's mysterious death.
Director: Marc Webb
When bitten by a genetically modified spider, a nerdy, shy, and awkward high school student gains spider-like abilities that he eventually must use to fight evil as a superhero after tragedy befalls his family.
Director: Sam Raimi
Dominic Toretto and his crew of street racers plan a massive heist to buy their freedom while in the sights of a powerful Brazilian drug lord and a dangerous federal agent.
Director: Justin Lin
When a cure is found to treat mutations, lines are drawn amongst the X-Men, led by Professor Charles Xavier, and the Brotherhood, a band of powerful mutants organized under Xavier's former ally, Magneto.
Director: Brett Ratner
A look at Wolverine's early life, in particular his time with the government squad Team X and the impact it will have on his later years.
Director: Gavin Hood
After being held captive in an Afghan cave, billionaire engineer Tony Stark creates a unique weaponized suit of armor to fight evil.
Director: Jon Favreau
Edit
Storyline
A youth chooses manhood. The week Sam Witwicky starts college, the Decepticons make trouble in Shanghai. A presidential envoy believes it's because the Autobots are around; he wants them gone. He's wrong: the Decepticons need access to Sam's mind to see some glyphs imprinted there that will lead them to a fragile object that, when inserted in an alien machine hidden in Egypt for centuries, will give them the power to blow out the sun. Sam, his girlfriend Mikaela Banes, and Sam's parents are in danger. Optimus Prime and Bumblebee are Sam's principal protectors. If one of them goes down, what becomes of Sam? Written by <[email protected]>
They have returned. They have evolved. See more »
Genres:
Action | Adventure | Sci-Fi
Motion Picture Rating ( MPAA )
Rated PG-13 for intense sequences of sci-fi action violence, language, some crude and sexual material, and brief drug material | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
24 June 2009 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
£8,349,739 (UK) (19 June 2009)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
On The Transformers (1984), Soundwave's distinctive voice was created by Frank Welker using his deep ominous Doctor Claw voice from Inspector Gadget (1983), and then filtering the voice through a vocoder. In this film, Soundwave's voice was not treated with a vocoder. See more »
Goofs
When Skids and Mudflap enter the military hangar to upgrade from the ice cream truck, they get to choose between becoming a Chevy Beat and a Chevy Trax. Skids chooses the Chevy Beat, which already has his name on the license plate. However, given the lower intelligence of these two robots the military may have already had their names on the plates in order to avoid the fight that happened anyway (the fight of who was going to be what car). See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Optimus Prime : Earth, birthplace of the human race. A species much like our own, capable of great compassion and great violence. For in our quest to protect the humans, a deeper revelation dawns: our worlds have met before...
See more »
Crazy Credits
When the DreamWorks and Paramount logos appear, they are accompanied by a series of robotic sounds. See more »
Connections
| Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen |
Who had a number one hit in July 2009 with 'Evacuate The Dancefloor'? | New Transformers Movie - Transformers 3: Dark of the Moon
Hasbro's New Transformers Movie - Transformers 3: Dark of the Moon
Transformers 3 - Dark of the Moon - the new Transformers movie
Monday, October 11, 2010: The official name of the three-quel of the Transformers series has been made public, with the following information:
"On Wednesday, September 29, 2010, a U.S. federal trademark registration number 85140636 was filed for DARK OF THE MOON by Hasbro, Inc. with the description Toys, Games and Playthings; gymnastic and sporting articles not included in other classes; decorations for Christmas trees."
Transformers 2 - Revenge of the Fallen
Friday, February 06, 2009 (pm): Prime's Smackdown Close-up - Yep more screenshots from the trailer, this time showing a blowup of the devastating blow to Optimus Prime. The detail is extraordinary but it is still hard to tell exactly what is hitting him. It possible in the first image there are tank tracks and some hieroglyphics in the second but there is also a ton of rust showing so its hard to tell for sure. Mostly simply posting the pictures because they are so fantastic looking. Thanks to Lynx for the pictures. -Knightshade
Friday, February 06, 2009 (am): Autobots At Chicago Auto Show - Autoblog is reporting that they plan on bringing their fleet of Autobot cars to the Chicago Auto Show on February 11th. GM will hold a press conference scheduled to start at 10:15am CST at the Chevrolet exhibit at McCormick Place. The vehicles that may be there include the Chevy Camaro(Bumblebee), Chevy Volt(Jolt), Chevy Spark (Skids), Chevy Trax (Mudflap for now), and Corvette Centennial concept (Sideswipe).
Official Transformers Video Game Trailer - Activision has officially released the video game trailer for Transformers Revenge of the Fallen. The game will be available on current consoles and PCs. The game will be similar to the first movies, in that you can play as Autobots or Decepticons and each Transformer will have abilities and weapons specific to them along with the instant Transformation switch. There will also be multiplayer modes to you can wreck havoc on each other. There is no release date yet, but I imagine it will come out about the same time as the movie.
It is good to hear Peter Cullen doing Optimus Prime. The graphics are solid but not sure if what was shown is in game graphics are not. Now most significantly is the end of the trailer where they explicitly merge the Decepticon logo into the face on movie poster indicating a clear link. In addition below are a few pictures from IGN that show off the character models and also Bumblebee fighting off a Decepticon. One thing I noticed about the Decepticon is that its alt mode may look very close to the M270 Launch Rocket System which I think was one of the photos in -=boM=-'s gallery. A gallery that Paramount has since had pulled from the web (update below).-Knightshade
Note: Below this point, all information pertains to the 2007 Transformers movie
New Live-Action Transformers Movie, Steven Spielberg and Dreamworks with Michael Bay
Monday, December 18, 2006: An exclusive movie trailer has popped up on Yahoo . Things seem to really be taking off now, and over the past 12 months we have seen many of the rumors come to fruition, this is just one more example. The Transformers are coming to life, beautiful!
Saturday, July 01, 2006: It seems the rumor posted on Wednesday was 100% correct. Check out the teaser now!
Also, an image rumored to be a the Bumblebee set prop has been floating around, see the original source along with some readers' responses here . I've decided to reproduce it here with a significant amount of distortion added so as not to give too much away!
Is this Bumblebee?
Wednesday, June 28, 2006: (Possible trailer spoiler warning). Not sure if this has been verified, but seems legit. Our Savanna recounts the deleted thread at our forums . I'm keeping it at rumor status, but it's really a moot point since there's less than a week till the trialer hits theaters anyways!
Sunday, June 18, 2006: (Possible spoiler warning) A recent account from the Transformers movie set has it that a 'battle' between an AC-130H Gunship and its crew (the 16th Special Operations Squadron) was filmed late last month. The commander of the aircraft, Aircraft commander Capt. Shawn Sharitt, told reporter, Mladen Rudman, the gunship and other aircraft were sent in to save a village from 'a spider-like creature'. Speculation already has it that this 'creature' is Scorponok. Read the full account here .
Monday, June 5, 2006: Set images are beginning to trickle out over the net. Several of the airmen at (though not necessarily stationed at) Holloman Air Force Base will be extras in the film. The images below were taken from here . See also here for more set images and details.
Director Michael Bay on the set of Transformers
Saturday, June 3, 2006: A teaser trailer is scheduled to hit theaters on July 4, 2006. This is exactly one year prior to the film release date. A possibly movie poster has shown up (see left), with a possible slogan for the movie "Their war. Our world." Pretty ominous!
Monday, April 24, 2006: Well there has not been much to report on the movie front lately...until now! It seems the movie is now in position to begin filming. Director Michael Bay and Dreamworks Studio runner Steven Spielberg have been spotted running around the small town of Alamogordo, New Mexico (NM).
According to a WSMR news release on the Las Cruces Sun-News Web site, "Transformers" will be filming on location on and around White Sands Missile Range and Holloman Air Force Base in late May. This site is a notoriously risky location for filming as the range can't guarantee uninterrupted filming windows as testing of real missiles may transpire. Nevertheless, DreamWorks is going forward, "making a date to film at the missile range's dune field just north of Range Road 10 and a little west of Holloman". A fake Middle Eastern village is being built by the preproduction crews, according to the release.
In addition, IGN Filmforce has learned the following actors are in talks for these roles:
Actor
John Robinson
Offer sent
Friday, July 15, 2005: Not much new Movie news from the Hasbro panel at SDCC, only that there will be a toy line based on the new movie (big surprise...). They did show a film short with some pre-production concepts an illustrations as well as some words from Steven Spielberg. Oh, and movie Soundwave will be a helicopter (at least that's the plan as of today, but we all know how these things change!)
Wednesday, July 13, 2005: Hasbro's site has just issued a firm-sounding release date of the new Transformers Movie. They write:
TRANSFORMERS WILL BE MORE THAN MEETS THE EYE AT THEATRES NATIONWIDE ON 07-04-07
The live-action ìTransformersî movie has been set to open nationwide on 07-04-07, it was jointly announced today by DreamWorks Pictures, Hasbro, Inc. (NYSE: HAS), and Paramount Pictures.
The feature, based on the globally popular Transformers franchise, will be directed by Michael Bay (upcoming ìThe Island,î ìArmageddonî) from a screenplay being written by Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci (upcoming ìThe Islandî). Steven Spielberg (ìWar of the Worldsî) is executive producing the film, with Lorenzo di Bonaventura (upcoming ìFour Brothersî), Tom DeSanto (ìX-Menî and ìX2: X-Men Unitedî) and Don Murphy (ìThe League of Extraordinary Gentlemenî) serving as co-executive producers.
In making the announcement, DreamWorks head of distribution Jim Tharp stated, ìUnder the direction of Michael Bay, and with Steven Spielberg executive producing, we know that ëTransformersí is going to be the kind of explosive action movie that is perfect for the height of the summer movie season. By staking our claim on the 4th of July, 2007, we ensure that we not only have the time to make this movie the way it should be made, but also to build excitement and awareness leading up to its release.î
ìFans around the world have wanted a Transformers live-action movie for a long time and we are thrilled to work with DreamWorks and Paramount to bring this legendary saga to life on the big screen,î said Brian Goldner, President of Hasbroís U.S. Toy segment. ìWith some of the entertainment industryís best talent on board for this film, fans will experience Transformers in a way that is incredibly powerful.î
DreamWorks will distribute the film domestically, while Paramount will handle the international release. Hasbro will work with the production team and DreamWorks on all aspects of the filmís creative development, marketing and promotions, and will manage merchandising in conjunction with the release of the film.
This week, DreamWorks is launching the official ìTransformersî movie website (www.transformers.com) at Comic-Con International, being held from July 13 ñ 17 in San Diego, California. ìTransformersî will also be making its presence known in a big way, with a huge 18-wheeler truck sporting the instantly recognizable Transformers logo dominating the area around the DreamWorks boothóand much of the convention flooróletting thousands of fans know that ìTransformersî is coming to the big screen on 07-04-07.
Monday, July 11, 2005: A slight speedbump reported by Producer Don Murphy last evening. He writes,
"The writers have been lured off to work on Mission Impossible 3Öwhich will delay us indeedÖ.no script in sightÖ"
Earlier today, he carified by stating,
"What is happening on Transformers is what happens on films ALL THE TIME. Steven Spielberg, Dreamworks, Hasbro and I are committed to making a GREAT TF film. We'd rather not make an okay one. And so it is taking longer than we hoped to get off the launch pad. We still will launch. It will be GREAT and then we will make sequel after sequel."
I for one hope Mr. Murphy sticks to his guns. I would far rather see the new Transformers Movie done right rather than rapid!
Friday, June 24, 2005: The movie is rumored to have gone into pre-production according to our friend (evildeadbatman). Also, a couple of images from a movie press-release gathering have surfaced thanks to Joe Black.
Monday, April 4, 2005: News of the new Transformers Movie has gone mainstream--stories can be found in such media outlets as CNN and AOL. A few updates worth noting here:
Michael Bay in talks to direct the DreamWorks/Paramount film. Bay's past works include the two "Bad Boys" movies, "Pearl Harbor," "Armageddon", "The Rock", and upcoming film "The Island".
Marc Haimes and John Fox are overseeing for DreamWorks.
A Nov. 17, 2006, release date has been set.
Movie Press Release Images
Thursday, November 4, 2004: Not really on topic, but I've gotten a lot of questions about where to buy the original Transformers The Movie. Rather than respond to a bunch of emails, I'll just put up this link (right).
Wednesday, November 3, 2004: "Catwoman" screenwriter, John Rogers, has signed on to write the script to DreamWorks' live-action "Transformers" movie, to be executive produced by Steven Spielberg. DreamWorks tentatively plans on releasing the "Transformers" movie in the summer of 2006. Don Murphy, Tom DeSanto, and Lorenzo Di Bonaventura are producing the film.
SOURCE: Variety
Monday, August 16, 2004: A small bit of insider news today by evildeadbatman. It is true that Dreamworks bought the rights to the script, apparently out of someone's reverence for the original story. Casting for the movie is already set to begin!
Saturday, July 24, 2004: I just heard on the radio that Dreamworks and Steven Spielberg will oversee production of the new live-action Transformers movie. It sounded to good to be true, so I did a little checking around, and lo and behold, it appears to be official! Here are a couple links which prove...this is no dream!
BBC News Story (released 8 hours prior to this update)
Miami Herald Story (released 10 hours prior to this update)
It appears the expected project due date is 2006, ironically one year after the setting of the original TFTM from 1986. The new live-action Transformers movie is sure to boost the popularity of Transformers even further, but will this boost be a blessing or a curse to the already-vibrant TF community?
Monday, September 1, 2003: Producer Tom DeSanto discusses plans for the new TFTM in an interview with Dreamwatch magazine:
"There's no better mythology to bring to the big screen than Transformers. Transformers has got great characters and created an iconic world, and the mythology still resonates with people 20 years after it was launched. Even though they're robots the characters have a lot of personality and a lot of heart and people still care about them. That's a great thing. The the film will combine live-action with CGI. I think it's going to be something the audience has never seen before. In all the years of movie-making, I don't think the image of a truck transforming into a 20-foot tall robot has ever been captured on screen. I also want to make a film that's a homage to 1980s movies and gets back to the sense of wonder that Hollywood has lost over the years. It will have those Spielberg-ian moments where you have the push-in on the wide-eyed kid and you feel like you're 10 years old even if you're 35. That's the energy I want to go for. We want to get to the core of what makes Transformers great. We're going to get back to the heart of what Transformers is and distill that into a movie. The live-action version will be based on Generation One and set on Earth. I am rewatching all the cartoons and reading all the comics."
Friday, June 13, 2003: Hasbro lets it be known to all that it has entered into Agreement with Movie Producers Tom DeSanto and Don Murphy for Full Length, Live-Action Transformers Movie.
PAWTUCKET, R.I.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--June 11, 2003--Hasbro, Inc. (NYSE:HAS) announced today that it entered into an agreement with the highly successful producers Tom DeSanto (X-Men and X2: X-Men United) and Don Murphy (currently producing 20th Century Fox's The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen) for a full length, live-action movie based on Hasbro's enormously popular TRANSFORMERS brand.
"TRANSFORMERS enjoys an amazing fan base worldwide, and we believe that we can create an incredibly fast-paced, exciting movie that will be appealing to anyone who loves action films," said Don Murphy.
"TRANSFORMERS is one of those rare properties that has been embraced by a generation around the world. Like X-Men, TRANSFORMERS offers an amazing mythology with all the elements to create a successful ongoing franchise, iconic characters, global themes, and a world that has never been seen before on screen," said Tom DeSanto.
"The property has been successful in every arena it has played in throughout the world - toys, comic books, television - and we now believe it's time to take TRANSFORMERS to the next level, and into a live-action event movie," continued DeSanto.
"We're thrilled to have entered into an agreement with the very talented and accomplished Don Murphy and Tom DeSanto," said Brian Goldner, President of Hasbro's U.S. toys group. "TRANSFORMERS is a natural for the big screen, and both Tom and Don have the track record and skill to bring to life a TRANSFORMERS movie that will be action-packed and flawlessly executed."
Hasbro's focus on the TRANSFORMERS brand is consistent with the Company's strategy of driving and extending its core brands through innovative toys and games as well as other forms of entertainment. TRANSFORMERS is one of the most popular boys toy brands, with sales up 64% in 2002 vs. 2001. First introduced in the U.S. market in 1984 as a toy line, the success of TRANSFORMERS continues to grow in a wide-range of entertainment categories. The hit television show TRANSFORMERS ARMADA airs on Cartoon Network seven times a week, with more than 12 million viewers. The show also airs in Europe and Australia. TRANSFORMERS ARMADA comic books, published by Dreamwave are also highly successful, with some of the most popular titles in the industry. The comic books are also translated and distributed in many markets around the world. There will be new TRANSFORMERS television programming and comic books launching in 2004.
"The Hasbro Properties Group (HPG) continues to deliver on its mission of extending Hasbro's rich portfolio of brands beyond toys and games and into multiple forms of entertainment," said Jane Ritson-Parsons, HPG President. "Our alignment with Tom DeSanto and Don Murphy demonstrates the power of our TRANSFORMERS brand and our determination to leverage our properties aggressively and creatively."
See the full original press release about the new Transformers The Movie .
Feeling nostalgic? Visit our online Transformers store where you can buy all your old favorites toys such as Optimus Prime , Megatron and Soundwave (not to mention those hard-to-find obscurities)! more info
We buy collections! Still have that pile of old-school TF goodness in the closet? We are interested and will pay cash for your collection! We have a great reputation for our fair pricing offers and fast payments. Ask to see our list of references! more info
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ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Released this year (2009),what is the full name of the sequel to the 2006 film 'Night At The Museum'? | 2009: The Year Of The Sequel
2009: The Year Of The Sequel
19 December 2009
Harry Potter
The top ten highest grossing films of the year are a pretty action packed mix, but if we had to define 2009 in one word we could probably call it the year of the sequel. With some fantastic offerings to please the most ardent filmgoers, the biggest blockbusters delivered on action, special effects, jaw-dropping drama and laugh out loud moments. Here we take a look back at what made these box-office hits so great...
1. ' Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince' ($934,851,079 worldwide)
Following on from the success of the previous ' Harry Potter ' movies, the sixth in the series had to be full of the usual tricks and treats to please the most die-hard of wizarding fans. Indeed, the 'Half-Blood Prince' was packed with enough cockroach clusters and liquorice wands to satisfy any Potter fanatic, but it was perhaps the everyday scenes between Harry (Daniel Radcliffe), Ron (Rupert Grint) and Hermione (Emma Watson) which set it apart from the previous films. The Hogwarts students have suddenly grown up; they're flirting amongst each other and feel heartbreak for the first time. In many ways the newest ' Harry Potter ' film is the darkest to date, yet with this other element added to it, it's not hard to see how the movie received such critical acclaim and instant commercial success. A family film to get the entire household into the cinema, a much deserved winner for the top spot.
2. 'Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs' ($883,718,521 worldwide)
The third installment of the 'Ice Age' series is arguably a surprise winner. Like the previous 'Ice Age' films, the movie opens with the sabre-toothed squirrel Scrat, who does everything he can to retrieve his precious acorn. This time though, he falls in love with his female counterpart Scratte who he saves from falling to her death. Featuring the voices of Ray Romano, Queen Latifah, Seann William Scott, and Simon Pegg, this was the perfect 3-D animated film to take the kids to on a Sunday afternoon. Despite mixed reviews by critics, it seems moviemakers knew what they were doing because children across the country fell in love with it. With just the right amount of silly humour, and a pair of 3-D glasses thrown in as well, what wasn't there to like?
one crazy night and road trip
3. 'Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen' ($834,969,807 worldwide)
Clocking in at nearly two-and-a-half hours, 'Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen' hit cinemas with its impressive display of digital effects for a sci-fi blockbuster which was bigger, faster and louder than the previous film. Two years on from the original, 'Revenge of the Fallen' even occasionally surpassed the last. It was arguably at its best in the early scenes showing Sam (Shia LaBeouf) trying to balance college life with his hot girlfriend Mikaela (Megan Fox) at the same time as carrying a secret that makes him key to evil robot The Fallen's plan to wipe out the world. At times, director Michael Bay's fondness for blowing stuff up threatened to overwhelm, but it seems that didn't matter to the audience who were hooked. Although the movie received mixed and even negative reviews from film critics it was a smashing box office success.
4. '2012' - ($711,400,000 worldwide)
'2012' was a CGI-disaster fest like no other. The blockbuster starring John Cusack and Thandie Newton was loosely based on the Mayan calendar and the phenomenon that cataclysmic events will unfold in the year 2012. The movie centred around an ensemble cast of characters as they narrowly escaped multiple catastrophes. Although the plot was little more than a framing device, there were moments, sights and sounds which have never been seen before on the big screen, and anyway, who goes to a movie like this for the storyline? '2012' is unashamedly dramatic with scenes of staggering complexity, immaculate detail and breathtaking scale.
5. 'Up' - ($683,004,164 worldwide)
You might not think a film about a grumpy old man and a house that flies would make the number five spot in the highest grossing films of 2009, but 'Up' was a comedy adventure which offered fun, laugher, and sorrow all-in-one. As Pixar's tenth feature film and the studio's first to be presented in Disney Digital 3-D, the story centred around the elderly Mr. Fredrickson and his unwitting travel companion, boy scout Russell, who fly to South America in a floating house suspended from helium balloons. That's not really what made the film so popular though, it's the message of the film - that the real adventure of life is the relationship we have with other people - which led to its worldwide success. Fantastic writing, and a plot which both children and parents can empathise with, 'Up' delivered a very special gift to its audiences, that we should all appreciate what we have.
6. 'The Twilight Saga: New Moon' - ($628,861,019 worldwide)
Ever since the hugely successful 'Twilight' film was released last year 'New Moon' became one of the most hotly anticipated films of the year. In the sequel, we saw vampire Edward (Robert Pattinson) dump his human girlfriend Bella (Kristen Stewart) because he loves her too much and can't bear to hurt her, a storyline which is a perfect recipe for heartfelt angst. Throw in a few lingering looks, whispered words and naked flesh in the form of a buffed up werewolf (Taylor Lautner), and you're onto a winner. Girls across the country queued up in their thousands to catch a glimpse of the heartthrobs, so it's no surprise this one grossed huge box office sales.
7. 'Angels and Demons' - ($485,930,816 worldwide)
'Angels and Demons', the sequel to the disappointing but phenomenally successful 'Da Vinci Code' was much more fun than its forbearer. The film adaptation of Dan Brown's novel of the same name saw Tom Hanks reprise his lead role as Robert Langdon, and it's fair to say he definitely picked up the pace considerably. 'Angels and Demons' gripped us in just the right places as we watched symbolist Langdon decipher his way into the shadowy underworld of the Illuminati and discover an unholy plot to murder four cardinals using antimatter. The action kept coming for the best part of 139 minutes and the storyline was simplified, making it a crowd pleaser. The sheer success of Brown's bestseller was sure to create a massive global hit.
8. 'The Hangover' - ($485,930,816 worldwide)
On paper you might think 'The Hangover' followed along pretty much the same lines of the "one crazy night" and "road trip" type comedy templates, but in fact, this movie offered so much more. Starring Bradley Cooper, Ed Helms, Zach Galifianakis, Justin Bartha and Heather Graham, the plot followed four friends who travel to Las Vegas for a bachelor party, only to wake up the next morning not remembering a thing and missing the groom, whose wedding is scheduled for the next day. The chemistry between the cast is top notch and when you're throwing in a cameo role from Mike Tyson and a tiger, a random baby, a stolen police cruiser and some naked Chinese gangsters, anyone who isn't stitches at seeing this film is probably a very miserable person. Released to critical praise and box office success, 'The Hangover' was the most perfect guy comedy of the year.
9. 'Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian' - ($412,685,061 - worldwide)
The sequel to the 2006 adventure comedy film 'Night at the Museum' was the perfect family popcorn extravaganza. With stars such as Ben Stiller, Amy Adams, Owen Wilson, Steve Coogan, Ricky Gervais, and Robin Williams at the helm, you know you're in for a good time. The second movie sees Ben Stiller's character, Larry Daley, head to the Smithsonian in Washington D.C. to rescue his waxworks pals from being stored away in crates. It also welcomed newcomers as Hank Azaria as an Egyptian ruler bent on evil and Amy Adams as an Amelia Earhart aviatrix bent on being relentlessly, mercilessly perky. Some critics called it bland and others suggested that adults who saw this movie unaccompanied by a child might need therapy... but that's not the point. If you're looking for a warm and fuzzy family film, 'Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian' is probably just what you need.
10. 'Star Trek' - ($385,459,120 - worldwide)
'Star Trek' burst back onto the small screen with a vengeance when it was released in May. The film follows James T. Kirk (Chris Pine) and Spock (Zachary Quinto) before they unite aboard the USS Enterprise to combat Nero (Eric Bana), a Romulan from their future who threatens the United Federation of Planets. It might sound pretty complicated, but that was the beauty of the film, even those with a total phobia of pointy ears and warp speed were left converted. The picture moved at such a terrific pace that the audience were left with a very satisfying tale of good vs. evil. With just enough references to the original, superb acting and stunning visual effects, 'Star Trek' made a welcome return to the big screen.
| Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian |
Which British artist is best known for his painting 'The Reverend Robert Walker Skating On Duddingston Loch'? | How Many 'Great' Comedy Sequels Can You Name? One? Two? More? - ComingSoon.net
June 4, 2010
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Today Universal released Get Him to the Greek , a sort-of sequel to 2008’s Forgetting Sarah Marshall as it uses Aldous Snow who had a small role in the original. Beyond that, there is only a brief reference to Sarah Marshall, which has me thinking it’s not really a sequel as much as it is a spin-off. The same could be said for a movie like Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001)… Same characters, but not really a sequel to Clerks, which ended up having its own sequel in 2006.
In a debate with a group of fellow Seattle critics trying to decide if Get Him to the Greek was a sequel to Forgetting Sarah Marshall or not, the topic turned to comedy sequels in general and I was asked to name a great comedy sequel. Should be easy… right?
I started mining my memory banks, and started thinking of movies with the number “2” in the title and equating it with all the laughter I experienced watching it. Strangely enough, my mind went blank. There was nothing there. Certainly, movies came to mind, but were they really “great”? Could I say Police Academy 2 was a “great” movie? Was it great in the way Superman 2 is great when compared to the original? Was it great in the way Before Sunset, The Godfather: Part II or The Empire Strikes Back are individually great on top of being excellent in comparison to their respective original films?
As I began putting the list at the end of this article together one film I felt was a bona fide part two and a movie I would say qualifies as a great film did come to mind — Jacques Tati’s Mon Oncle. However, I don’t think it’s anywhere near as good as Mr. Hulot’s Holiday and I am sure some would even argue it’s a sequel. Is it a sequel, or is Monsieur Hulot just in another situation the same way Aldous Snow is in Get Him to the Greek? I didn’t include any of Charlie Chaplin’s films on the list below either. I wouldn’t say any of his films with him as The Tramp are sequels. Would you?
And how about animated children’s films? Toy Story 2? Ice Age 2? Garfield 2? Are these comedies? I could ask the same about other films and their franchises. Is Lethal Weapon 2 a comedy sequel or more an action film with comedic elements? Is Back to the Future 2 a comedy sequel or a sci-fi film with some solid jokes tossed in? Lethal Weapon I lean more to saying “no,” while Back to the Future feels more like a “yes.”
Horror also gave me a hard time because the first A Nightmare on Elm Street is certainly not a comedy, but that franchise certainly devolved into the zany. Was Child’s Play meant to be a comedy? Its sequels were. The one film I am sure many will instantly mention is Evil Dead II. Personally I am not a fan of the Evil Dead series, but to each their own. I know a lot of people love that franchise and can understand why they would include it.
If I was to take things beyond the idea of simply looking at films that were part two in franchises I would instantly add Christmas Vacation to the list, but I still think I would have a hard time going much further.
So I leave the questioning up to you, and let me set a few things to consider for the discussion.
First try thinking of films that were part two in their respective franchises before going to parts three, four, etc.
Make sure the films you are talking about are films you think are great and not just mediocre or decent. Here are a few films to consider in comparison:
Superman 2, Mad Max 2: The Road Warrior, Dawn of the Dead, The Dark Knight, The Godfather: Part II, Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Before Sunset, Aliens, Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, Spider-Man 2, X2, The Silence of the Lambs, The Bride of Frankenstein, Rocky II, Magnum Force, The Bourne Supremacy, The Queen and For a Few Dollars More
Next year we will see the release of The Hangover 2 and recently Paramount decided not to fund Anchorman 2 or Zoolander 2, much to the surprise and disdain of the Internet audience. Take a look at the following list and search your brain for great comedy sequels and then ask yourself if The Hangover 2 is such a great idea or if it’s really all that bad a thing Anchorman 2 and Zoolander 2 don’t look like they’re going to be made.
The following list is ordered by year and then in alphabetical order by title:
After the Thin Man (1936)
Mon oncle (1958)
A Shot in the Dark (1964)
McHale’s Navy Joins the Air Force (1965)
Herbie Rides Again (1974)
Oh, God! Book II (1980)
Smokey and the Bandit II (1980)
The Great Muppet Caper (1981)
Airplane II: The Sequel (1982)
Porky’s II: The Next Day (1983)
Cannonball Run II (1984)
The Jewel of the Nile (1985)
Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment (1985)
Beverly Hills Cop II (1987)
Evil Dead II (1987)
Revenge of the Nerds II: Nerds in Paradise (1987)
Teen Wolf Too (1987)
Arthur 2: On the Rocks (1988)
Big Top Pee-wee (1988)
Return of the Killer Tomatoes! (1988)
Short Circuit 2 (1988)
Back to the Future Part II (1989)
Fletch Lives (1989)
The Gods Must Be Crazy II (1989)
Lethal Weapon 2 (1989)
3 Men and a Little Lady (1990)
Another 48 Hrs. (1990)
Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990)
Look Who’s Talking Too (1990)
Bill and Ted’s Bogus Journey (1991)
House Party 2 (1991)
Mannequin: On the Move (1991)
The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear (1991)
Problem Child 2 (1991)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze (1991)
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992)
Honey I Blew Up the Kid (1992)
Addams Family Values (1993)
Hot Shots! Part Deux (1993)
Wayne’s World 2 (1993)
Weekend at Bernie’s II (1993)
City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly’s Gold (1994)
Major League II (1994)
Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls (1995)
Father of the Bride Part II (1995)
Grumpier Old Men (1995)
A Very Brady Sequel (1996)
Blues Brothers 2000 (1998)
The Odd Couple II (1998)
Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (1999)
Toy Story 2 (1999)
Nutty Professor II: The Klumps (2000)
American Pie 2 (2001)
Men in Black II (2002)
The Santa Clause 2 (2002)
Stuart Little 2 (2002)
Charlie’s Angels: Full Throttle (2003)
Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd (2003)
Legally Blonde 2: Red, White and Blonde (2003)
Barbershop 2: Back in Business (2004)
Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004)
Meet the Fockers (2004)
Scooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004)
Shrek 2 (2004)
The Whole Ten Yards (2004)
Be Cool (2005)
Cheaper by the Dozen 2 (2005)
Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous (2005)
Son of the Mask (2005)
Big Momma’s House 2 (2006)
Clerks II (2006)
Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties (2006)
Ice Age: The Meltdown (2006)
Van Wilder 2: The Rise of Taj (2006)
Are We Done Yet? (2007)
Evan Almighty (2007)
Mr. Bean’s Holiday (2007)
Harold and Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay (2008)
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa (2008)
Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel (2009)
Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian (2009)
The Pink Panther 2 (2009)
I am sure I missed some, but I tried to be as all-inclusive as I could without going overboard and I’d say 94 titles is pretty close to overboard. However, if you have more to add to the list please do so in the comments below. If you can create a top ten list of all-time “great” comedy sequels do that as well. Also, is it worth it to make comedy sequels or is comedy pretty much set up as a one-and-done scenario where a sequel only extends the joke to the point it’s no longer funny?
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Which town in Cumbria is famous for its annual horse fair? | Appleby Fair – Visit Cumbria
Appleby Fair. Photo by Andy Hibbert.
Appleby Fair runs for a week in June, ending on the 2nd wednesday in June, in the town of Appleby-in-Westmorland, Cumbria.
It is probably the best known of the horse fairs attended by Romany families travelling to meet up with old friends and conduct business. It is world famous, the largest of its kind in the world, having existed as a fair for horse trading since 1685, and attracts a huge gypsy gathering.
The field on the outskirts of Appleby originally known as Gallows Hill, due to its usage in earlier times is now called Fair Hill and looks over the town of Appleby. During the Fair, horses may be found everywhere – in the river, on its banks, along the roadsides or tethered outside hotels and shops.
Young people wash the horses in the River Eden and are then ready to show them off. The tradition of racing and trotting the horses along Flashing Lane takes place throughout the day.
The official website www.applebyfair.org sets out all the arrangements leading up to and during the Fair to help you plan your visit and make it safe and enjoyable.
Appleby Fair. Photo by Andy Hibbert.
Appleby Fair. Photo by Simon Ledingham
Aerial photos by Simon Ledingham . Other photos by Andy Hibbert .
| appleby in westmorland |
Which country assumed the Presidency of the European Union on 1st. July 2009? | The Official Lake District Guide 2016 by Bucket and Spade - issuu
issuu
Issuu on Google+
C
umbria Tourism’s official Holiday Guide is here to give you a snapshot of all this stunning and diverse county has to offer. 2016 is bound to be a momentous year, as the Lake District National Park’s bid to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site gathers pace. We’re indebted to our farmers and conservationists for helping to maintain this iconic ‘cultural landscape’, as well as the immense contribution of the Romantic Poets in helping to establish the profile of the place as somewhere to visit and enjoy. It’s no surprise that the enduring appeal of the Lake District continues to captivate visitors the world over. Beyond the boundaries of the National Park, Cumbria boasts an array of special places just waiting to be explored. Echoing 2000 years of history, Hadrian’s Wall already has the prestigious World Heritage Site status and the protected landscapes of the Solway Coast, Morecambe Bay and the North Pennines all offer truly unique visitor experiences. Meanwhile, the city of Carlisle is a blend of historic and modern attractions. We’re proud to have so many award-winners here too and we celebrated an impressive roll call of success with our own Cumbria Tourism Awards. Treetop Trek then went on to be officially named as VisitEngland’s Best Tourism Experience of the Year, while The Wild Boar Inn, Stott Park Bobbin Mill, and Cedar Manor Hotel and Restaurant were also rewarded at a national level. So welcome to the Lake District, Cumbria, and prepare to be dazzled!
Ian Stephens Managing Director Cumbria Tourism
www.facebook.com/golakes www.twitter.com/golakes
Front cover image by Mike Whitehead, winner of the 2015 #theplacetobe competition on The Lake District, Cumbria Facebook page.
2
Contents 4 Introducing an Iconic Landscape 6 Getting Here 7 Getting Around 8
Win a Holiday to the Lake District, Cumbria
10
Carlisle & Hadrian’s Wall
19
Eden Valley & the North Pennines
22
Year of the English Garden
60
Beatrix Potter’s Birthday
64
Be Looked After Hotels, B&Bs & Guest Houses
78
Your Own Front Door Self Catering
86
A Room With A View Camping & Caravanning
92
Map 3
4
With plenty to see and do all-year round, take a flick through and find out more about the diverse places and aweinspiring experiences that will make your holiday extra-special. This year we’re also celebrating the 150th anniversary of the birth of Beatrix Potter, so it’s the perfect time to take in the majestic fells, glittering lakes and rolling valleys that inspired this celebrated children’s author. Meanwhile, VisitEngland’s Year of the English Garden is another great reason to take a closer look at the vast array of gardens which showcase an immense
horticultural heritage. There is an action-packed events calendar all-year round. Two world-class mountain festivals, authentic agricultural shows and serious sportives sit side-by-side with cutting-edge contemporary art and family friendly entertainment. So prepare for your whistle-stop tour. Cumbria Tourism is here to give you a flavour of some unique things to do and places to go, but don’t forget our website golakes.co.uk is packed with even more ideas and inspiration.
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Non-stop train travel from London to Oxenholme, the Lake District, is now only 2 hours 40 minutes and the onward connection to Windermere is effortlessly easy. With two other mainline railway stations at Carlisle and Penrith, why not let the train take the strain? You’ll be sure of strong bus connections and car hire options too. Also easily accessible via the M6 motorway and Britain’s network of A-roads, getting to Cumbria by bus, coach or car is easier than you think. In fact, travelling from Edinburgh, Manchester or Newcastle can take as little as 2 hours. Airports at Manchester, Liverpool and Newcastle are the closest, and all provide car hire and good transport connections. Arriving by sea from Ireland? Sail into Liverpool or Cairnryan. From Europe, use ports at Newcastle or Hull. For public transport information contact www.traveline.info or visit www.seemorecumbria.co.uk Appleby
Barrow
4h 54m
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Let your journey become part of the adventure, as you set sail on a traditional lake cruise, glide through the landscape in an open-top bus or chug along on a scenic railway journey. To explore some of Cumbria's quieter corners, we have a shiny new fleet of ‘pay-as-you-drive’ low emission and funky electric cars. Whether you’re after quiet gentle country lanes or dramatic mountain bike trails, exploring on two wheels opens your eyes to a host of hidden scenic treasures. Our ever increasing network of largely-traffic free cycle routes are great for families, while long distance routes like the Lakes & Dales Loop and the Hadrian’s Cycleway are ideal for more serious riders. Blend in your choice of lakeside strolls, leisurely rambles or challenging hikes to find the ultimate inspirational view.
Find out more at: Traveline www.traveline.info National Rail www.nationalrail.co.uk See More www.seemorecumbria.co.uk
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For a great day out in the Lakes Join us for a great day out Based in Coniston, we provide an informative, personal tour service for visitors to Coniston and the surrounding area. Leave your car behind and enjoy being taken around our beautiful Lake District, using a form of transport that is environmentally friendly.
brought to you by
www.bluebird-tours.co.uk | 07814 728 390 | [email protected]
Home Of Red Squirrel
Tours Open Top Services
OPEN TOP BUSES
We offer coaches and mini-coaches for travel to, from and during your stay in the Lake District. The sizes of coaches we operate are 7, 16, 19, 35, 41, 53 and 59 seats, meaning all size groups can be accommodated.
www.albatravelcumbria.co.uk
Tel: 01768 870219 Email: [email protected]
LOW FLOOR EASY ACCESS
BIKE AND RIDE
BUS AND BOAT TICKETS
For a grandstand view of the Lakes on a range of buses and for full details of an extensive network of services and ticketing options, pick up a copy of The Lakes Connection from local leaflet dispensers or download a copy from our website at www.stagecoachbus.com
Win a 7 night self catering break in the heart of the lakes. Closing date 31st December 2016. For a chance to win this fabulous prize enter at: www.golakes.co.uk/guide-prize
Terms and conditions – accommodation is subject to availability & must book by 30th March 2017 8
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THE LAKE DISTRICT Immerse yourself in the Lake District, known the world over for its shimmering lakes and majestic mountains. Set against the mighty backdrop of Skiddaw, Keswick is a natural centre for country walkers, mountain climbers and family visitors alike. Nearby Castlerigg Stone Circle is also unmissable; dating back to the Bronze Age, it’s hard to imagine an ancient monument in more spectacular surroundings. Head through the lush Borrowdale Valley and over the dramatic Honister Pass to the neighbouring lakes of Buttermere, Crummock Water and Loweswater. In the South and Central Lakes, enjoy charming villages like Grasmere and Hawkshead, and take a quintessential ride
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on an iconic Windermere ‘steamer’. Perennial favourites including Ambleside, Bowness and Coniston are on your doorstep too. Exactly 150 years after Beatrix Potter’s birth, what better time is there to celebrate a landscape which inspired a phenomenon? Adventurous types will love the challenge of the Langdale Pikes, carved out by the power of nature millions of years ago. Or what about a trip deep into Grizedale Forest? Then, if you’re in need of some rest and relaxation, finish off in the historic market town of Kendal for some serious shopping, culture and entertainment. The Westmorland County Show, Keswick Mountain Festival and the Lakes International Comic Art Festival are just some of the annual spectacles you won’t want to miss.
ASHNESS JETTY, DERWENTWATER, KESWICK 11
WESTERN LAKE DISTRICT With secluded beaches, tranquil lakes and rugged mountains, the Western Lake District is overflowing with natural beauty. Home to England’s highest mountain, Scafell, and its deepest lake, Wastwater, this is a special place just waiting to be explored. Historic harbours, Iron Age forts and tales of smuggling, spices and slaves all add to the allure of a rich maritime heritage. Head to the coast to marvel at the views from St Bees Head, the beach is the start of the famous Wainwright ‘Coast to Coast’ walk. Later, stop off at Georgian Whitehaven and Roman Maryport. Just a little further inland is the romantic ‘gem town’ of Cockermouth, renowned as the birthplace of the poet
Whitehaven harbour 12
William Wordsworth. Close at hand are Bassenthwaite Lake and Whinlatter, England’s only true mountain forest. Nearby Dodd Wood is a popular spot to view rare nesting ospreys. For a high adventure, head over Hard Knott Pass to discover a Roman fort dating back to the 2nd century. Then wind your way through the picturesque Ennerdale and Eskdale Valleys. A visit to Ravenglass – the only coastal village in the Lake District National Park – is a must. A diverse social calendar including Muncaster Festival, Maryport Blues Festival and the World Gurning Championships/ Egremont Crab Fair means there is plenty of uniquely Cumbrian entertainment to round off your perfect break in the Western Lake District.
WHITEHAVEN HARBOUR 13
CARLISLE & HADRIAN’S WALL Discover Carlisle, England’s biggest city by area and find yourself on the doorstep of both the Lakes and Hadrian’s Wall Country. Just a few miles from Scotland, the official capital of Cumbria blends 2000 years of history with everything you would expect from a vibrant, 21st century city. The formidable fortress of Carlisle Castle stands proud over the cityscape, while a packed programme of heritage tours, activities and exhibitions offers the perfect introduction to times gone by on the edge of an ancient empire. Continue your unique historical adventure on Hadrian’s Wall, a UNESCO World Heritage site and the most significant monument built by the Romans in Britain. Stand in awe at the jaw-dropping
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scenery and visit Birdoswald Roman Fort to see the longest continuous stretch of wall still visible today. Head back to Carlisle for some intense retail therapy and immerse yourself in a magical mix of high-street brands and independent retailers. Keep yourself entertained with everything from iceskating to a round of golf, then take your pick from the countless quality and quirky dining and drinking experiences on offer. Complete your city break with national sporting events, comedy nights and even outdoor film screenings. Carlisle Pageant, the spectacular Fire Show in Bitts Park and Cumberland Show are just some of the annual events to savour.
BIRDOSWALD, HADRIAN’S WALL 15
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Oxenholme Road, Kendal 01539 733933
• • • • • •
10 Wide Floodlit Covered Bays Hire Clubs Tuition Gift Tokens Changing Facilities Refreshments
f KendalGolf Meathop Road, Grange-over-Sands, LA11 6QX 015395 33180 | [email protected]
Opening times:
Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday 10-9, Saturday, Sunday 10-6
Escape from it all and experience the relaxing & rejuvenating effects of time spent at…
HEALTH SPAS
Spa Days from £48 * Han Packages * Bridal Packages GEL Manicures & Pedicures * Facials * Neom Treatments * Massages
Stonecross Manor Hotel is privately owned and benefits from a small team of warm and friendly staff. Situated on the outskirts of the Lake District Market Town of Kendal, The M6 and West Coast main line provide easy access to the hotel. Our recently refurbished heated indoor pool is set to an ambient temperature and benefits from powerful massage jets to massage away those tight knots,together with a steam room with its eucalyptus essence. Relax in the invigorating bubbles in the spa. For further information regarding Membership please call our Reception Team.
Stonecross Manor Hotel, Milnthorpe Road, Kendal LA9 5HP Tel: 01539 733559 [email protected]
www.stonecrossmanor.co.uk
Oxley’s at Ambleside - 015394 32385 Oxley’s at Underscar, Keswick - 017687 71500
www.oxleyshealthspa.co.uk 19
EDEN VALLEY & THE NORTH PENNINES The splendour of the rolling green Eden Valley stretches towards the rugged Pennine hills, with an array of sparkling rivers, wondrous wildlife and grand stately homes along the way. Penrith is the ancient capital of Cumbria and with easy road and rail links, it’s the perfect base to explore. Just to the south west is Ullswater. Surrounded by soaring mountains like Helvellyn, you can glide through the waters on a scenic cruise or take in the views as you stroll along the lakeshore. Head on to Aira Force to see a plunging waterfall tumbling through a wooded gorge. This little-known part of Cumbria is scattered with hidden gems. Uncover medieval castles and ancient relics, or soak in the charm of traditional villages like Askham and Langwathby. Appleby
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is famed for its annual horse fair, while the lively market town of Kirkby Stephen borders the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Wildlife is in abundance too. The red deer rut at Martindale is one of mother nature’s greatest spectacles, while golden eagles have been spotted soaring high above the Haweswater Valley. For upland birds and rare alpine fauna, the moorland surrounding Alston is some of the most undiscovered walking country you are ever likely to find. What’s more, you can enjoy some pretty special events all-year round, from music festivals with world-famous headlining acts to the traditional country pursuits of the Lowther Show and the Hutton Horse Trials.
ULLSWATER, EDEN VALLEY 21
MORECAMBE BAY Watching the sun go down over Morecambe Bay is the stuff memories are made of. This stunning piece of coastline and its ever shifting sands take in scenic viewpoints, gently rolling farmland and classic seaside towns. It’s no surprise the Arnside-Silverdale area has been designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. There is plenty of wildlife and walking to enjoy, and Arnside Knott offers aweinspiring views across the Bay and back towards the Lakeland fells. Join the Cistercian Way for an inspiring longdistance walk through a landscape shaped by monks, merchants and miners. Or if you prefer travelling on two wheels, the newly opened Bay Cycle Way is another great way to explore. By car, the Ulverston to
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Barrow Coast Road is the ultimate definition of a ‘road with a view’. Ulverston itself has a special artsy feel, with colourfully rendered houses and cobbled streets - not to mention a packed calendar of quirky events and festivals. Meanwhile, the foodie paradise of Cartmel is a highlight that will truly tantalise your tastebuds. The Edwardian resort of Grange-over-Sands boasts magnificent ornamental gardens and a mile-long prom, as well as being renowned as one of the mildest climates in the north of England. Whether you set your sights on Holker Garden Festival, the Cartmel Show or Ulverston Dickensian Festival, you can be sure of a very special atmosphere all year round.
WALNEY ISLAND, MORECAMBE BAY 23
HIDDEN TREASURES Whether you’re a first-time visitor or have taken a break in Cumbria many times before, it’s worth venturing off the beaten track to uncover some of our finest hidden treasures. The stunning Solway Coast, stretching up to the Scottish border, is a tranquil Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Both the Romans and the Vikings were among those to shape this unique coastal setting, in fact, Bowness-on-Solway marks the most westerly part of Hadrian’s Wall. Meander south to the Victorian seaside resort of Silloth or stroll along the beach at Allonby. Back down in the south west of the county, the Lakes meet the Dales. Although it’s officially in Cumbria, the ‘booktown’ of Sedbergh is also in the
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Yorkshire Dales National Park. A few miles south is the characterful market town of Kirkby Lonsdale, so head to the historic Devil’s Bridge and Ruskin’s View, which was famously described by Ruskin himself as “one of the loveliest views in England’. To escape the crowds, the unspoilt Kentmere Valley is a gem at the gateway to the South Lakes, while the nearby Lyth and Winster Valleys are pastoral delights famed for their fruity damson orchards. For peace and tranquility, these secluded spots are hard to beat. Annual events you shouldn’t miss include the traditional Damson Day, the Solfest Music Festival and Lunesdale Agricultural Show.
KENTMERE VALLEY 25
EXPLORE ON TWO WHEELS From challenging offroad routes to gentle country lanes and traffic free family trails, cycling is a fantastic way to soak up some fresh air and explore our unique landscape. With an ever-expanding network of family-friendly cycle routes, there are plenty of accessible trails in the South and Central Lakes which combine the fun of cycling with other activities, attractions and cafes en-route. Take in interconnected routes around Grasmere, the Langdale Valley and Windermere’s western shore to name just three. If you’re a mountain biker, you’ll love the Lakes. Challenge yourself on England’s highest peaks; with endless miles of countryside, you can journey for days barely touching tarmac.
The Hadrian’s Wall Cycleway, stretching from the west coast along the frontier of the Roman Empire, is one of the definitive long-distance routes. Then there’s the recently opened Bay Cycle Way, which offers many traffic-free sections and the chance to explore some distinctive culture, wildlife and food completely at your own pace. There is also the newly revitalised Lakes and Dales Loop. Taking in towering peaks, rolling green valleys and scenic coastline, this 190 mile on-road route follows the boundary of the Lake District National Park on its north, west and south sides. It completes the loop by linking the Lune and Eden Valleys to the east. What a way to explore this majestic county!
LOUGHRIGG TERRACE, GRASMERE 26
WATCH OUR VIDEO HERE
Available daily
From 9.00am to 5.30pm Pre-booking advisable Mountain Bikes £15 per day Electric Bikes £25 per day
Also supplied
Helmets, pump, repair kit, maps, advice on routes.
www.grasmerebikes.co.uk
Off Easedale Road, Grasmere LA22 9QW Tel: 015394 35597 [email protected]
A breathtaking journey around Morecambe Bay from Walney Island to Glasson Dock Image © Jon Sparks
Have your own big adventure on two wheels! Discover Morecambe Bay’s spectacular coastline on this brand new cycle route. Move along at your own pace on quieter or traffic free roads, greenways, promenades and towpaths. Explore our historic sites, visitor attractions, towns and villages. Linger a while to drink in the awesome views, witness the Bay’s abundant wildlife and sample mouthwatering local food and drink along the way.
Uncover the secrets of this stunning land and seascape, stay awhile and be warmly welcomed by vibrant communities with a proud heritage. For details, local links, map and more please visit www.baycycleway700.org.uk
www.ExploreMorecambeBay.org.uk
17/12/2015 10:03
HONISTER SLATE MINE 28
THE ADVENTURE CAPITAL This is nature’s ultimate outdoor playground, so get your adrenaline pumping in the Adventure Capital of the UK. Why not fly through the trees with the UK’s first aerial cargo net adventure, recently named Best Tourism Experience of the Year by VisitEngland? We’re also home to the country’s first Via Ferrata and it’s no surprise to find that the Lake District is the birthplace of rock climbing, with the chance to take on everything from gentle scrambles to astounding technical challenges. We have indoor climbing centres too and even an indoor ice wall. Get out on the water and dip into canoeing, kayaking or a rowing boat just for two. Try your hand at windsurfing on
the west coast or enjoy an altogether different experience on a sleek luxury yacht. Walk in the footsteps of Alfred Wainwright, explore the Cumbria Coastal Way or follow the Hadrian’s Wall National Trail. If you prefer life on two wheels, we have everything from scenic family-friendly cycling to epic off-road routes with dramatic descents. You’ll find unmissable viewpoints and beauty at every turn. The action doesn’t stop there. Horse-riding, zip trekking and bushcraft all beckon. Endless competitions and outdoor events include marathons, open water swims and cycling sportives. With two world-class mountain festivals, you’ll be spoilt for choice.
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We specialise in helping people of all ages have some fun
CLIMBING | GHYLL SCRAMBLING KAYAKING | CANOEING | CAVING VIA FERRATA | RIVER TRIPS Choice of Segway Tours
Segway tours
£40
Archery
p Electric ikes Call us or book online Tel: 01697 323548 / 07960 875563 Email: [email protected] Website: www.MobileAdventure.co.uk
GOLAKES.CO.UK
www.theactivityhub.co.uk Cartmel Village Car Park, Cartmel, Grange over Sands, LA11 6QB
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Derwent Water Marina Tel: 017687 72912 Guided and self-guided walking holidays in the Lake District and on Wainwright’s famous Coast to Coast walk.
[email protected] www.derwentwatermarina.co.uk
Boat Hire Watersports Tuition Lakeside self catering apartments Family friendly Free parking
01985 840049
Portinscale, Keswick, Cumbria, CA12 5RF
[email protected]
AL OP L E po Y N int EA m en R
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Pony Trekking, Lessons, Archery, Clay and Rifle Shooting, Quad Bike Treks, and Lots More! Rookin House Activity Centre Troutbeck
Please call for bookings and more information! Troutbeck, Ullswater, Penrith, CA11 0SS | 017684 83561 | www.rookinhouse.co.uk
Low Wood Bay Watersports Centre boasts an inspiring backdrop with the biggest choice of activities and the best location in the Lake District for those looking to discover or develop their skills or just get on and enjoy the lake. Our enthusiastic, qualified instructors offer tuition in dinghy and keelboat sailing, canoeing, powerboating, kayaking, waterskiing and wakeboarding. With our friendly approach, use of up-to-date equipment and modern training techniques we will soon have you taking to the water safely and with confidence.
Marina & Watersports Centre
Our hire boats are an excellent way to explore the lake and our extensive fleet includes motorboats, rowing boats, open canoes, sit-on-top kayaks, sailing dinghies and keelboats. Come and discover your own Lakeland adventure on England s largest lake. We are open 7 days a week from Easter to the end of October. Outside these dates please call to check availability. Ample free parking. Sat Nav: LA23 1LP
015394 39441 englishlakes.co.uk/watersports 32
RYA sailing tuition boat hire launching group activities On beautiful Ullswater!
www.glenriddingsailingcentre.co.uk
www.crabtreeclayshoot.co.uk [email protected] | 07818 080841 Crabtree Farm, Cow Brow, Lupton, Kirkby Lonsdale
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Professional fly casting tuition in the Lake District, individuals and groups catered for, all eqiupment provided. Guided days fishing for pike and perch from one of our purpose built boats out on the beautiful English lakes. Beginners and experts welcome. Qualified, licenced and insured. CRB checked.
Tel: 017687 79227 [email protected] www.hemmingwaysfish.co.uk
Lakes and Dales Classic Car Hire A range of classic British sports cars for self-drive hire on the edge of the Lakes, Yorkshire Dales, Borders & Scotland. Breathtaking scenery with fantastic driving roads and routes planned to suit you. Unlimited mileage, full support given. See website for more details. Lakes and Dales Classic Car Hire Midtown Farm, Blencarn, Penrith CA10 1TX t: 01768 879091/ 07966 004285 [email protected] www.lakesanddales.co.uk
Sensational All-Weather Action in the heart of Keswick
ADVENTURE
e c n e i r e p x e L It’s a REA • Indoor Climbing • Caving • Via Ferrata • Ice Wall • Hard and Soft Play Area • Café • Shop • Bouldering • Ghyll Scrambling • Climbing Lessons • Children’s Climbing Sessions See our website for prices, availability and further details
kingkongclimbingcentre.co.uk or call us on 017687 75907 or email [email protected] Heads Road, Keswick, Cumbria CA12 5EZ (near Booths, next to the library)
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FAMILY FUN WITH ENGLISH HERITAGE 34
FAMILY FRIENDLY Whether the kids are six or 60, we have some of the best family-friendly attractions around – in the most awe-inspiring landscape you’re ever likely to find. Go wild on a forest nature trail or savour a lakeside picnic. Hunt out some Roman remains or make sandcastles on the beach. With a host of low-level walking and cycling routes for all the family, buggies and wheelchairs can get around too. There is plenty to fire up your imagination whatever your interests
or abilities. Be inspired by our interactive museums and exhibitions, or bring history to life in the depths of an ancient castle. Fly through the sky on a tree top adventure or chug along on a traditional steam train. You can meet the animals too, with wild animal parks, rare breed farms and aquariums for underwater exploits. Whatever the weather, we have everything you need to keep all the family healthy, happy and entertained.
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Lots of fun activities for all the family, with 2 maize mazes in the summer holidays! Farm park is open from Easter holidays Maize mazes open july-september
Go wild at Leighton Moss nature reserve! Follow nature trails, treat yourself in our gift shop and tuck into a delicious home-cooked meal in our cafe. With fun events for all the family, why not take a walk on the wild side?
rspb.org.uk/leightonmoss Tel: 01524 Cumbria Tourism Hol Guide 2016_Layout 1 08/10/2015 11:45701601 Page 1 The RSPB is a registered charity in England and Wales 207076, in Scotland SC037654. Image by David Mower
see our website for seasonal opening times www.lakelandmaze.co.uk
Lakeland Maze Farm Park, Raines Hall, Sedgwick, Kendal, LA8 0JH Tel: 015395 61760
@LakelandMaze
Fun & Fitness across Cumbria swim • gym • bowl • play • race • climb • eat • drink splash • run • jump • laugh • cycle • bounce • dive train • stretch • sail • canoe • paddle • slide... Kendal Leisure Centre: 01539 729777 Ulverston Leisure Centre: 01229 584110 Windermere Outdoor Activity Centre: 01539 447183 Penrith Leisure Centre: 01768 863450 Appleby Leisure Centre: 01768 351212 Whitehaven Sports Centre: 01946 695666 Copeland Pool & Fitness Centre: 01946 696049 Copeland Bowls & Sports Centre: 01946 815100 www.northcountryleisure.org.uk Excellent Sports and Leisure for All North Country Leisure is part of the GLL Group North Country Leisure is a registered charity No 1075009
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Wainwright Walks from Rat ty
life Native Wild
History
YOUR JOURNEY STARTS HERE! Welcome onboard the oldest and longest narrow gauge railway in the Lake District National Park. This was one of Wainwright's favourite journeys taking you from the coastal village of Ravenglass to within sight of England's highest mountains. • Extra savings on all day fares including 50% off a visit to our sister attraction Ullswater ‘Steamers’* • Complimentary line guide with great local offers • Children under 5 years travel FREE • Special events throughout the year include Peppa Pig and Santa • Purchase tickets online and save £s! * Terms and conditions apply
• Mountain and coastal views with fantastic walking routes • Find out about the history of the Railway in the newly refurbished Museum • Open and closed carriages for all weather options • Excellent facilities include cafes, gift shops and FREE wi-fi • Dogs welcome across the Railway • Cumbria Tourism Large Visitor Attraction award winners 2015
01229 717171 • ravenglass-railway.co.uk GOLAKES.CO.UK
Download our commentary app for FREE
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Lake District ESTATES
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Toy soldier experience is a perfect family attraction by the sea. Thousands of soldiers of all ages and nations in dramatic displays. Forts, castles, cannon, tanks, cowboys and indians, Romans, knights and much, much more
“ This is the best plase in the world ” Young Milly in our visitors’ book
www.soldiersinsilloth.co.uk
1 Marine Terrace, Criffell St, Silloth, CA7 4BZ |
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Cumbria Tourism Awards Award Winning Attraction!
A Very Different Day Out
3 floors of stunning sets & plenty of surprises. 016973 31246
Whitehaven - Tel: 01946 592933. www.rumstory.co.uk
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rce
Walks Spectacular
YOUR ADVENTURE STARTS HERE! Ullswater ‘Steamers’ have been sailing on England’s most beautiful lake for over 150 years and operate one of the largest heritage fleets in the world. Today, our vessels provide idyllic views of the surrounding mountains and fells, connecting you to some of the most famous and spectacular walking routes in the Lake District National Park. • Extra savings on all day fares including 50% off a visit to our sister attraction Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway* • Complimentary lake guide with great local offers • Children under 5 years travel FREE • Special events throughout the year include Santa and Fish Suppers • Purchase tickets online and save £s! * Terms and conditions apply
• • • •
Mountain views and wildlife watching Spectacular and famous walking routes connected to our piers Open and closed canopies for all weather options Excellent facilities on board and at the pier houses including gift shops and FREE wi-fi • Dogs welcome for just a pound • World Responsible Tourism award winners 2015
017684 82229 • ullswater-steamers.co.uk GOLAKES.CO.UK
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RE-OPENING JUNE 2016
Great Value For The Whole Family! Relaxation, fun & excitement in one place, all you need to make your day out one to remember! Heated swimming pool, gym, Jacuzzi, sauna, steam room, ten pinbowling, family entertainment, adult cabaret, wifi, Sky Sports & BT Sport.
es ass y p sure s a D lei ip & rsh be ble. m me vaila a
Stanwix Park Holiday Centre, Silloth, Cumbria, CA7 4HH. 016973 32666 | www.stanwix.com
Open 7 Days a Week
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The New Roxy cinema, Brogden Street Ulverston, Cumbria, LA12 7AH www.laurel-and-hardy.co.uk 01229 582292
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Sea More Lakes for less Great savings on all tickets
Further discounts available on-line
Special 2016 prices
Adult £6.95 Child £4.95 Family 2+2 £19.95 Further family tickets available
Find us on the southern shores of Lake Windermere at Lakeside, Newby Bridge LA12 8AS. Junction 36 on the M6
GET UP CLOSE AND INTERACT WITH OUR WILDLIFE
Call 015395 30153 or visit lakesaquarium.co.uk
“A great day out– whatever the weather!”
Established in 1973 The Lakeside and Haverthwaite Railway is a family run business in the heart of the Lake District. Operating daily from April to November, carefully maintained steam locomotives haul traditional carriages along 3.5 miles of former ‘Furness Railway’ branch line from the Victorian Station at Haverthwaite to Lakeside at the southern tip of Lake Windermere. From Lakeside, connections are available with Windermere Lake Cruises to Bowness or Ambleside. Haverthwaite Station Restaurant proudly serves a selection of homemade meals, cakes, snacks and our famous homemade giant fruit scones. Haverthwaite Station is home to the line’s collection of lovingly restored steam and diesel locomotives, which visitors can view in ‘The Engine Shed’. The Station Gift Shop boasts an array of gifts, books and souvenirs and The Woodland Adventure Play Area with climbing structures, nets and slides is sure to provide endless enjoyment for every child!
www.lakesiderailway.co.uk
For Bookings please call 015395 31594 or email [email protected]
GOLAKES.CO.UK
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LOWTHER CASTLE GARDENS, PENRITH CASTLE,&PENRITH 44
CULTURE & HERITAGE Tales of power, intrigue and passion run through the foundations of our historic houses, ancient castles and rambling ruins. From gothic masterpieces to Elizabethan mansions and medieval churches, see history brought to life as you immerse yourself in our finest historic sites and museums. The Romans made their mark too and you can delve into the past on Hadrian’s Wall. Follow this UNESCO World Heritage Site from the coastal defences at Ravenglass to Bowness-on-Solway and the turreted forts of Carlisle and beyond. Travel back further still to explore the mysterious stone circles and prehistoric relics scattered across the county.
There’s no doubt our dramatic peaks, lakes and landscapes have been providing creative inspiration for generations and there are scores of cultural experiences and events to fill a lifetime of visits. From artworks up mountains and deep in forests, to intimate music venues and outdoor stages, you can see and feel our creative spirit for miles around. Lakes Ignite 2016 is our celebration of the landscape inspiring innovative contemporary art, all tied up with the Lake District’s bid for World Heritage Status as a ‘cultural landscape’. A varied programme of events throughout the year will appeal to people from all walks of life.
LEVENS HALL, KENDAL 45
M U S E U M
MARYPORT · CUMBRIA
R O MA N M U S E U M
The Battery, Sea Brows, Maryport, CA15 6JD MARYPORT · CUMBRIA
Tel: 01900 816168 Website: www.senhousemuseum.co.uk Email: [email protected]
Brantwood,the theformer formerhome homeof of Brantwood, JohnRuskin, Ruskin,offers offersaafascinating fascinating John insightinto intothe thelast last28 28years yearsof of insight
A590 Low Newton, Nr Cartmel
hislife lifespent spentininthe thelakes. lakes. his
Tel: 015395 31498
Explorespectacular spectacularviews; views; Explore
www.yewtreebarn.co.uk
Experiencecontemprary contemporary Experience artart in in theSevern SevernStudio; Studio;Browse Browseinin the Brantwood’sshop; shop;Enjoy Enjoyfreshly freshly Brantwood’s
A visit to Yew Tree Barn, a true Aladdin’s cave,Brantwood, Coniston Cumbria LA21 8AD is guaranteed to fascinate! [email protected]
cookedfood foodininJumping Brantwood Cafe. cooked Jenny Open all year. restaurant.
Brantwood, Coniston Cumbria LA21 8AD WRS - Architectural Antiques - A fabulous collection for homeTelephone: & garden 015394 41396 [email protected] THE GALLERY - A beautiful array of arts & crafts www.brantwood.org.uk Telephone: 015394 41396 HARRY’S CAFE BAR - Open every day www.brantwood.org.uk serving an exciting menu of freshly produced food
Discover one of Lakeland’s best kept secrets. The Ruskin Museum offers stories that touch your heart & make your imagination soar. Meet Coniston’s iconic blue-eyed heroes: John Ruskin, the great Victorian painter and pundit on art, architecture and moral values, who wanted to change society,and legendary 1950s/60s Speed Ace Donald Campbell. Marvel at Bluebird K7’s seven World Water Speed Records. Explore the heart of Arthur Ransome’s Swallows & Amazons country: lake, woods, sheep, fells, slate quarries & coppermines. Yewdale Road, Coniston, LA21 8DU
Tel:015394 41164
www.ruskinmuseum.com www.bluebirdproject.com 46
Holker Hall, near Grange-over-Sands is the much loved home of the Cavendish family. There are no ropes or barriers therefore visitors can wander at their leisure. The Hall is nestled amongst 25 acres of beautiful gardens, meadows, woodlands and deer park. The Courtyard Café offers fresh local food and wonderful homemade cakes. The Food Hall stocks the Estate’s own meats, cheeses and cakes as well as the best local produce. Special events throughout the year including The Holker Garden Festival, 3rd – 5th June. A three-day summer spectacular showcasing the very best of gardening, countryside, food and crafts and Holker Chilli Fest, 10th & 11th September. Open Wednesday – Sunday from 20th March to 30th October (and Bank Holiday Mondays)
Holker Hall, Cark-in-Cartmel, Nr Grange-over-Sands, Cumbria LA11 7PL T: 015395 58328 · www.holker.co.uk · E: [email protected]
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To find out what’s on and to book tickets visit: www.oldlaundrytheatre.co.uk or call 08445 040604
The Old Laundry Theatre is situated in Bowness-on-Windermere and hosts a lively annual autumn season of theatre, music, spoken word, comedy folk and film in an intimate setting with an enviable line up of internationally renowned artists. The theatre was opened by Patron Sir Alan Ayckbourn in 1992, and its trustees include Paul Allen, Peter James, Alan Rickman, Griff Rhys Jones & Victoria Wood.
A beautiful house which has been in the family since 1605 with fine collections of furniture, portraits, tapestries and ceramics. The Walled Garden, built in the 1730’s is a wonderful setting for herbaceous plants, roses and trained fruit trees. Topiary Terraces lead to the Wildflower Meadow, Lake, Cascade and Woodland Walk.
Opening Times House: 11.30am - 4pm Wednesdays, Thursdays, Sundays and
Bank Holiday Mondays, 23 Mar – 10 Apr & 27 Apr – 2 Oct Gardens: 10am - 5pm daily except Saturdays, 20 Mar – 30 Oct
Groups welcome by arrangement
6 miles north west of Penrith, 2 miles from M6 Jct 41 on B5305
017684 84449 | [email protected]
www.hutton-in-the-forest.co.uk Dove Cottage and the Wordsworth Museum Enjoy a guided tour of Dove Cottage, Wordsworth's first family home. Explore an exhibition all about Wordsworth's life, his friends and his work. Special exhibitions change up to three time a year and cover art, travel and local history.
TULLIE HOUSE MUSEUM
A programme of family activities, talks, workshops and poetry readings takes place year round.
E N J OY A F U N - F I L L E D DAY O U T F O R A L L T H E FA M I LY !
Open daily (closed January). Check our website for opening hours.
CARLISLE
FREE admission for 18s and under*
www.tulliehouse.co.uk Castle Street, Carlisle CA3 8TP Tel: 01228 618718 *When accompanied by a paying adult.
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The Wordsworth Trust Grasmere, Cumbria LA22 9SH T:�015394 35544 www.wordsworth.org.uk
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WH ER E F O O D AND C U LT U RE MEET CINEMA
EXHIBITIONS
Daily Films and Live Streaming events.
5 inspiring exhibitions a year of craft, fine art and photography.
Offering the best in seasonal produce, with beef and lamb from our family farm.
SHOPPING
Quality clothing, homeware, beauty products, foodie gifts, toys, books and outdoor essentials.
Showcasing the best local and regional producers and suppliers.
COOKERY SCHOOL
Weekly courses with talented chefs and artisan producers.
R HE G E D CENT R E • M6 , J 4 0 • PENRI TH CA1 1 0DQ • RHEGED.CO M 0 176 8 8 6 8 00 0 • F R EE PA RKI NG A ND EN TRY • OPEN DA I LY
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EVENTS IN CUMBRIA 2016 JANUARY Sun 17 North Westmorland Arts - Flute, Violin & Piano at Appleby Public Hall Sat 30 - Sun 31 The Big Sleep 2016 at Low Wood Bay FEBRUARY Sat 6 & Sun 7 Big Chill Swim at Low Wood Bay Sun 14 Guided Beatrix Potter Walk – Love of a lifetime at Hill Top Mon 22 - Mon 13 National Gardens Scheme Snowdrop Festival at Swarthmoor Hall Thu 25 – Sun 28 Keswick Film Festival Fri 26 - Sun 28 Askham Hall Classical Music Festival MARCH Fri 4 – Sun 13 Fri 4 – Sun 6 Sat 12 – Sun 13 Sat 12 - Sun 13 Fri 18 – Sun 20 Sat 19 - Sun 20 Sun 20
Words by the Water literary festival at Theatre by the Lake National Trust Book Festival at Wray Castle. Celebrating Beatrix Potter’s 150th anniversary Kendal Food Festival Cumbria Life Home and Garden Show 2016 at Rheged Bowness Bay Blues Festival World’s Original Marmalade Awards & Festival at Dalemain National Gardens Scheme Wordsworth’s Daffodil Legacy
APRIL Wed 6 Sat 9 Sat 30 – Sun 22 May
Giselle Live From The Royal Ballet at Rheged Where is Peter Rabbit? The Treasure Trail at World of Beatrix Potter Attraction Lakes Ignite
MAY Thur 12 – Sun15 Thur 19 – Sun 22 Sun 22 Fri 27 – Sat 28 Sat 28 - Sun 29 Sun 29- Tue 31
Keswick Jazz Festival Keswick Mountain Festival Brathay Windermere Marathon Ireby Festival Taste Cumbria Ulverston Muncaster Festival at Muncaster Castle
JUNE Thur 2 – Wed 9 Appleby Horse Fair Fri 3 – Sun 5 Holker Garden Festival at Holker Hall Sat 4 National Trust Grasmere Gallop Fri 10 – Sun 12 Great North Swim at Low Wood Bay Sat 11 Cumberland Show Mon 27 Jun - Sun 4 Sept Where is Peter Rabbit? The Beatrix Potter Musical Adventure at The Old Laundry Theatre
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JULY Thur 7 Sat 23 Thur 28 Thur 28 – Sun 31 Fri 29 – Sun 31 Sat 30 – Sun 31 Sat 30 - Fri 12
Canterbury Tales open-air theatre, Talkin Tarn Country Park Penrith Agricultural Show Beatrix’s birthday picnic in the garden at Wordsworth House and Garden Kendal Calling Maryport Blues Festival Cumbria Steam Gathering Lake District Summer Music Festival
AUGUST Wed 3 Cartmel Show Fri 5 – Sun 7 Potfest in the Pens Tue 9 Lunesdale Agricultural Show Sat 13 – Sun 14 Lowther Show Thur 18 Gulliver’s Travels open-air theatre, Talkin Tarn Country Park Sat 20 - Mon 29 Carlisle Pageant Fri 26 – Sun 28 Solfest Sun 28 Grasmere Lakeland Sports and Show SEPTEMBER Sun 4 Helvellyn Triathlon Thur 8 Westmorland County Show Sat 10- Sun 25 C-Art Open Studios Fri 16 - Sat 17 World Gurning Championships and Egremont Crab Fair Sat 24 - Sun 25 Taste Cumbria Cockermouth OCTOBER Sat 1 – Sun 2 Sun 9 Fri 14- Sun 16 Fri 28 – Sat 29
Peppa Pig at Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway Apple Day 2016 at Acorn Bank Lakes International Comic Art Festival Ghost Trains at Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway
NOVEMBER Sat 5 Fireshow, Bitts Park Thur 17 - Sun 20 Kendal Mountain Festival Sat 26 – Sun 27 Ulverston Dickensian Festival DECEMBER Thur 1 – Sat 24 Sat 3 - Thur 22
Keswick Live Advent Santa Express and Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway
For more information on these and other events across the county throughout the year please visit Golakes.co.uk/events
KESWICK MOUNTAIN FESTIVAL 51
TASTE CUMBRIA Tantalise the taste buds with mouth-watering menus from a landscape rich in world-class produce. From Michelinstarred restaurants to award-winning pubs, Cumbria has an array of culinary gems to savour.
For a real gastro getaway, head to Cartmel. Famed for its sticky toffee pudding, this picturesque village has culinary hotspots to suit every budget and is even home to the country’s number one restaurant!
By day, relish a light lunch at a traditional tearoom or enjoy a scrumptious afternoon tea at an idyllic lakeside hotel. By night, tuck into some home-cooked favourites at a cosy country inn or sample a spot of fine dining.
If you’re still itching for inspiration, get some top tips at a local cookery school run by one of our many professional chefs. Or why not try out some beer pairing? Don’t forget Cumbria is home to dozens of breweries specialising in craft beers and traditional ales you won’t find anywhere else.
The Lake District’s iconic Herdwick meat is a particular favourite, but don’t forget our artisan breads and delectable cheeses. That’s not to mention traditional, hand-made chutneys, jams, puddings and gingerbread. Celebrate a fusion of tastes and textures at regular farmers markets across the county.
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Whether you fancy sweet or savoury, there are food and drink festivals aplenty. Taste Cumbria is a must, with many more perennial favourites like the Great Northern Cheese Festival and The Lakes Chilli Fest packed with foodie delights.
FOOD BY CHEF RICHARD SWALE. ASKHAM HALL, NEAR PENRITH 53
Keswick Brewing Company The Old Brewery, Brewery Lane, Keswick CA12 5BY T: 017687 80700
Sarah Nelson’s
Grasmere Gingerbread®
Come and enjoy a Brewery Tour or visit our shop and find out more about us and the beers we make.
Quite simply the Best Gingerbread in the world!
ANYONE journeying through the Lake District should find time to stop off at The Grasmere Gingerbread Shop. Nestling beside St Oswald’s Churchyard, Grasmere, it was here in 1854 that Victorian cook Sarah Nelson perfected her unique delicacy that is now celebrated all over the world. Still made fresh every day from her exact same recipe, spicy-sweet Grasmere Gingerbread® is a deliciously chewy cross between a biscuit and a cake and proudly celebrated as a Great British Food.
www.keswickbrewery.co.uk
You can only buy Grasmere Gingerbread® from The Grasmere Gingerbread Shop or via its online shop. We also stock award-winning Cumberland Rum Butter and a host of unusual ginger-flavoured foodstuffs and ginger-themed gifts, many made in Cumbria.
Call in to see us today! www.grasmeregingerbread.co.uk Tel: 015394 35428
The Wild Boar Inn, Grill & Smokehouse Set in the ancient beauty of the Gilpin Valley, with 72 acres of private woodland and a beautiful tarn, this traditional Inn has a long earned reputation for a warm welcome, 34 individual bedrooms, classic British cuisine, onsite smokehouse and microbrewery.
Wild Boar Inn, Grill & Smokehouse
Over 150 of the finest international single malt whiskies and a range of traditional ales, including some produced in our brewhouse. Take a stroll around the woods with a history and nature trail map; Find out how to hot or cold smoke; Join a whisky club night or ask for a chat with the master brewer. So whether it s the food, an exciting event, the woods and surrounding countryside, the added activities or the ambience and character of the Inn that inspires you, come along and enjoy a great real Lakeland experience at The Wild Boar.
0333 2203 121 englishlakes.co.uk 54
#THEPLACETOBE
DRINK OUR
BEERS WHERE THEY’RE
Experience Gillam’s award-winning Tearoom and Specialist Grocers in the historic market town of Ulverston TE AR OO M
UK’s top ten tearooms THE TIMES
“Scrumptious... Gillam’s is great for afternoon tea” THE GUARDIAN
Over 50 loose organic teas. Extensive range of tea and coffee wares
&
BREWED W
BREWERY TOURS & BEER SHOP.
“One of my favourite afternoons. Tea or exotic coffee at Gillam’s with their fantastic mushrooms on toast” -
THE COPPER KETTLE Kirkby Lonsdale
Open
12 pm - 9pm Feb - Dec
DAVE MYERS “HAIRY BIKER” CUMBRIA LIFE
Recommended by THE ENGLISH HOME
Gillam’s, 64 Market Street, Ulverston, Cumbria LA12 7LT 01229 587564 www.gillams-tearoom.co.uk Tuesday to Saturday 9am - 5pm, Sunday 10am - 4pm. Monday Monthly special evenings and other events throughout the year.
3 times winner of the Award of Excellence from Tea Guild of the United Kingdom
Enjoy a varied menu of tasty home-cooked meals at The Copper Kettle, Kirkby Lonsdale. All meals are prepared by resident proprietor Peter Gamble, ACF. Home-made meals served from 12 noon until 9pm Accommodation available. Proprietors Peter and Pamela Gamble – now in our 37th year at The Copper Kettle.
Reg charity 205846
Photos ©Sammie Strickland
The Copper Kettle 3-5 Market Street, Kirkby Lonsdale, Cumbria LA6 2AU Tel: 015242 71714 Email: [email protected]
CRANSTONS
Special Place Delicious
food
In the shadow of Sizergh Castle and designed to give you a taste of its history and treasures, our contemporary café serves lunches and afternoon tea made with seasonal produce grown in our kitchen garden.
MASTER BUTCHERS CHAMPIONING
LOCAL PRODUCE SINCE 1914
ENJOY CUMBRIAN PRODUCE AT ITS BEST AT CRANSTONS FOOD HALLS Visit our flagship Cumbrian Food Hall in Penrith (just 2 minutes from Jct 40, M6) or our Food Hall at Orton Grange Farm (4 miles west of Carlisle on the A595). Ample free parking · On-site cafés · Cranstons renowned sausages, bacon & pies · A whole host of local produce from over 40 suppliers
Sizergh, Nr Kendal, Cumbria, LA8 8DZ
Cranstons also have shops in Carlisle, Brampton, Penrith town centre and Hexham.
www. nationaltrust.org.uk/sizergh
GOLAKES.CO.UK
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YEAR OF THE ENGLISH GARDEN 2016 is officially VisitEngland’s Year of the English Garden. So what better excuse to explore the vast array of horticultural gems on offer in the Lake District, Cumbria. Our glorious gardens and grand designs come in all shapes and sizes. From the sprawling grounds of historic castles and majestic stately homes to compact spaces carefully cultivated over hundreds of years. Gaze in awe at worldclass topiary gardens, meander around medieval deer parks and
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enjoy a blaze of colour as a flurry of fragrant flowers burst into life. Here, landscape and culture are intertwined like nowhere else. Our gardens celebrate the legacy of renowned artists, writers and social thinkers. So follow in the footsteps of Wordsworth and Ruskin for a sensory experience set against towering peaks, rolling countryside and dramatic lakeside locations. For a more in-depth look at our immense horticultural heritage, keep an eye out for exclusive group tours with dedicated guides.
LEVENS HALL & GARDENS, KENDAL 57
Holehird Gardens
A Lakeland garden for all seasons
Holehird Gardens covers 17 acres of fellside with stunning views over Windermere to the Langdale Pikes and beyond. A beautiful, tranquil, haven at any time of the year. Open dawn to dusk, 365 days a year Holehird-grown plants for sale Patterdale Road, Windermere LA23 1NP 1 mile from Windermere on the A592 www.holehirdgardens.org.uk
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GARDENING AND GIVING SINCE 1927
SEARCHING FOR A GREAT DAY OUT?
Visit an NGS Garden - with plants to buy and cake to eat. 100 gardens will open across Cumbria in 2016 in support of the National Gardens Scheme. Mainly private gardens – large & small - whose owners want to share their garden and gardening experience with others. The NGS is the largest individual funder for McMillan Cancer Support - £15m Marie Curie Cancer Care – £7m Carers Trust - £2m Hospice UK - £3m QNI - 3m Information on garden openings can be found In the NGS Cumbria County Leaflet On the NGS website: ngs.org.uk
Kirklinton Hall and Gardens are open for picnics, walks or just a jolly good rest! Come and see us between 12pm and 5pm weekdays and Sundays between 1st April and 30th September 2016. Saturdays are for public and private events. See website for event details. Refreshments are available, including tea,coffee, Taste of Eden Ice Cream, soft drinks and homemade cakes. Kirklinton Hall and Gardens, Kirklinton, Carlisle, CA6 6BB | 016977 48850 www.kirklintonhall.co.uk | [email protected]
LEVENS HALL & GARDENS
A M sf Se ont eat Br cre y D ure itis t H o d h G is n’ on ard tor y s T en of he , B th BC e 2
Visitors to the Lake District should not miss a wonderful day out at Levens Hall, the Elizabethan home of the Bagot family. The magnificent award-winning topiary gardens, designed by Guillaume Beaumont, are the only surviving example from the 17th Century.
exploring gardens Roll out your picnic rug at Allan Bank; admire the borders in full bloom and the vibrant autumn colours in the rock garden at Sizergh; relax in the garden that inspired a poet at Wordsworth House, or taste a fruit scone with homemade damson jam while you enjoy the spring flowers at Acorn Bank. Sizergh, near Kendal Rich gardens with herbaceous borders and a delightful kitchen garden. Wordsworth House & Garden, Cockermouth Delightful kitchen garden with heritage varieties of fruit, vegetables and flowers. Acorn Bank, Temple Sowerby A collection of over 250 medicinal and culinary herbs, traditional varieties of vegetables and fruit orchard.
Members and under 5s go free! Open Sunday to Thursday 17 April to 6 October 2016 Gardens, Tea Room, Gift Shop & Plant Centre 10am – 5pm House 12 noon – 4pm (Free parking & entry to Tea Room, Gift Shop & Plant Centre)
www.levenshall.co.uk Tel: 015395 60321 Kendal, Cumbria, LA8 0PD (5 mins from J36 of the M6)
GOLAKES.CO.UK
www.nationaltrust.org.uk/thelakes Facebook.com/NTNorthWest @NT_NorthWest The National Trust is a registered charity number 205846. Photography: ©National Trust Images/Robert Morris
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HILL TOP, NEAR SAWREY 60
BEATRIX POTTER’S BIRTHDAY The stories of renowned author Beatrix Potter are synonymous with the Lake District and 2016 marks exactly 150 years since her birth. With millions of books sold around the world, it’s the perfect time to explore the landscape at the heart of this literary phenomenon. As a landowner, farmer and campaigner, Beatrix was passionate about conserving this beautiful place for generations to come – just take a visit to her spiritual home and you’ll soon see why.
With events ranging from themed walks and storytelling sessions to special exhibitions and showcase tours, there are plenty of ways to celebrate throughout the year. The National Trust is even holding a series of Beatrix Birthday Picnics on 28 July. So hop along to some of the picturesque rural locations that inspired her best-loved characters and illustrations. Beatrix Potter fell in love with the Lakes, now you can too.
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AWARD-WINNING AT T R AC T I O N
Bowness-on-Windermere
Meet all you r favourite ch aracters
Peter Explore The en Rabbit™ Gard
2016 is a special year! There’s always lots to see and do at The World of Beatrix Potter™ Attraction, but why not join us in this special celebratory year for one of our exciting events including Tea with Peter Rabbit and an Easter Trail eggstravaganza. For summer 2016 be the first to see the world premiere of our brand new summer stage show. Fantastic ticket deals available!
Take a virtu al walk in our interact ive exhibit
rix e Beat m o s e e Tak ic hom g a m r Potte hop r gift s u o m fro
27 June - 4 Sept 2016
hop-skip-jump.com T:0844 504 1233 62
Enjoy a delic ious lunch or aft ernoon tea in the Tea Room #THEPLACETOBE
DERWENTWATER’S NEWEST ATTRACTION
opening June 2016
Help us celebrate Beatrix Potter’s 150th anniversary From the first-ever National Trust book festival to guided walks through Beatrix Potter’s beloved Lake District countryside, 2016 will be a year to remember. With displays of her original artwork and celebratory birthday picnics, you’ll be spoilt for choice.
Realism and Romance: Beatrix Potter, a life inspired by nature Beatrix Potter Gallery, Hawkshead 13 February to 30 October
The Lingholm Kitchen & Walled Garden sits within the beautiful Lingholm Estate on Derwentwater. The stunning new cafe and shop looks down onto a reinstated octagonal walled garden built in a Victorian style using reclaimed materials. KITCHEN
Breakfast - Lunch - Afternoon Tea Offering delicious locally sourced foods, home baked breads & cakes, real barista coffee and an extensive range of teas. SHOP
Gifts - Arts - Pottery - Homeware - Toys - Cards Something different with Cumbrian Artisan products and a blend of modern and classic. WALLED GARDEN Lingholm has a strong connection with Beatrix Potter who spent many holidays on the estate and credited the Lingholm Kitchen Garden as her original inspiration for Mr McGregor’s Garden in The Tale of Peter Rabbit. How to find us
Open 9am - 6pm
By foot - Just off the Catbells Free Parking for visitors path, 10 minutes from Portinscale Free entry to Walled Garden By car - Half a mile south of www.thelingholmestate.co.uk Portinscale village on the Tel: 017687 7 4238 Grange Road.
GOLAKES.CO.UK
Explore Beatrix’s lifelong passion for the natural world, how it inspired her artwork and led to the protection of her beloved Lake District.
Two Bad Mice: Mischief in Beatrix Potter’s tales Wordsworth House & Garden, Cockermouth 12 March to 30 June Revisit the magic of childhood with Beatrix’s best-loved characters. Enjoy her dark humour and the glorious chaos of naughty mice and curious kittens breaking the rules.
Hill Top showcase tours This is your opportunity for an exclusive tour of the house and chance to get up close to items from our collection and understand how a little 21st century magic protects them. Followed by time to browse the shop with a complimentary glass of wine.
Call Hill Top on 015394 36269 to book. Find out more about how you can get involved in our plans for 2016: www.nationaltrust.org.uk/thelakes Facebook.com/NTNorthWest @NT_NorthWest The National Trust is a registered charity number 205846.
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CUMBRIAN RETAIL THERAPY No visit to the Lake We have our fair share of District, Cumbria, would modern retail parks and be complete without high street stores too. some seriously special National brands stand and quirky souvenirs to alongside traditional take away. We certainly family-run businesses have a treasure trove in the shopping malls CRANSTON’S FINE FOOD HALL, PENRITH of unique shopping of Carlisle, Kendal and experiences… Barrow. Our ancient market towns exude olde worlde charm and there are independent retailers galore in the likes of Ulverston, Cockermouth and Kirkby Lonsdale. From creative kitchenware and ceramics to stunning jewellery, glassware and knitwear, you’re sure to find a range of unique momentos you won’t spot anywhere else. Don’t miss Windermere and Grasmere for some glorious gifts and café culture.
Foodie delicacies are always close at hand, with regular farmers’ markets providing local, seasonal fayre, and the variety of outdoor clothing is immense. Other distinctly Cumbrian treats range from atmospheric landscape paintings to household accessories carved from authentic Lake District slate. Whatever your choice, service and quality come as standard.
CRANSTONS FOOD HALL AT ORTON GRANGE 64
#THEPLACETOBE
keeping cool with hot trends Shopping in the Lanes ….relax in comfortable surroundings, enjoy a coffee or a bite to eat. For a perfect day out, Carlisle is a beautiful pedestrianised Cathedral city. It’s an easy journey just off the M6 with easy train and bus links.
Opening winter 2016
image courtesy of Phase eight
CarLISLe 75 Stores under one roof 600 secured car parking spaces www.thelanesshopping.co.uk ®
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ONLY 3 MILES FROM ULLSWATER, 11/2 Miles from M6 - Junction 40
A unique shopping experience A family run business for twenty years, located in the heart of the Lake District. Originally starting off as alpaca specialists, we now stock other natural fibres such as pima cotton and sheep’s wool. We also stock the premium casual wear brand BRAX, specialising in high quality clothing, trousers and jeans. > Clothing > Baby Clothes > Handbags > Jewellery > Slippers > Socks
> Accessories > Gifts > Homeware > Wood Sculptures > Alpacas
Farm Shop Tea Room & Crafts
There really is something for everyone… We have a small tea room serving teas and coffee, along with delicious fresh scones and cakes made by our very own in-house baker.
Large FREE Car Park Open: Monday-Saturday 10am to 5pm. Closed Sunday.
The Alpaca Clothing Co. The Alpaca Centre, Snuff Mill Lane, Stainton, Penrith, Cumbria CA11 0ES. Telephone: 01768 891440
order online
tents & sleeping bags
Ski Hardware
Since 1958 generations of families have been coming to George Fisher, located in the heart of Keswick, to prepare themselves for outdoor adventure. Five floors showcase the very best outdoor gear and equipment needed to face the Lake District’s often inclement weather! And whatever Mother Nature is up to, our enthusiastic staff are on hand with a welcoming smile and expert advice. Shopping done, head to Abraham’s Café on the top floor for a refreshing beverage and a tasty treat, while you plan your next adventure.
www.georgefisher.co.uk 2 Borrowdale Road, Keswick, Cumbria CA12 5DA | 017687 72178
GOLAKES.CO.UK
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BE LOOKED AFTER HOTELS, B&Bs & GUEST HOUSES
From romantic retreats to coastal getaways, smart city living to luxury lakeside views, you can indulge yourself with superior service and warm Cumbrian hospitality aplenty. Whether it’s a midweek getaway or a summer staycation, you’ll find the perfect package for every occasion. Our awardwinning pubs and cosy country inns need no introduction. Step inside a B&B brimming with history or a traditional guesthouse with simplicity and style. A home-cooked breakfast
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is sure to set you up for whatever the day holds. Looking for a country house hotel oozing with style and elegance? No problem. From small independents to gothic greats, the choices are endless. There are plenty of sumptuous spa facilities on offer too, ranging from a spot of pampering in a heated woodland pool to an energetic work out in the hotel gym. There’s no shortage of family-friendly options and four-legged friends needn’t miss out either; if you’re a dog lover, you’ll be spoilt for choice.
SPA LODGES AT GILPIN HOTEL & LAKE HOUSE 69
Orchard Cottage
Centrally situated in Coniston village an ideal base to explore the area. Excellent accommodation with three attractive en-suite rooms. All have TV, hairdryer, tea and coffee making facilities. Free wi-fi access, guest lounge, separate dining room. All rooms are on ground level. Private parking. Contact for brochure, visit our website for availabilty and online bookings Orchard Cottage,18 Yewdale Road, Coniston LA21 8DU
Tel 015394 41319 www.orchardcottageconiston.co.uk [email protected]
Fair Rigg Guest House
BOWFELL COTTAGE Beautifully situated one mile south of Bowness off A5074 in peaceful evergreen gardens within a sylvan setting. Specialising in comfortable accommodation. Good home cooking in true Lakeland tradition. Ample parking. Bowfell Cottage Middle Entrance Drive, Storrs Park Bowness-on-Windermere LA23 3JY Tel 015394 44835 www.bowfell-cottage.co.uk E-mail [email protected]
BOOK NOW www.lindeth-howe.co.uk [email protected] 015394 45759
GUEST HOUSE
Enjoying fine views of the lake and fells, and in a rural setting on outskirts of Bowness, just 400 yards from lakeshore, this Victorian guest house offers stylish accommodation of an exceptionally high standard. Comfort, relaxation and friendly service in homely surroundings
Fair Rigg Guest House, Ferry View, Bowness-on-Windermere LA23 3JB Tel 015394 43941 www.fairrigg.co.uk E-mail [email protected]
Clare House GRANGE•OVER•SANDS•CUMBRIA
Relax in a peaceful location with stunning views over Lake Windermere and the fells beyond Award-winning cuisine in our candlelit dining room
In the Read family since 1969
35 beautiful bedrooms, cosy lounges & well stocked bar.
The Read family offer a haven of tranquillity in which to relax and enjoy the unhurried charm of this lovely area. In its own grounds, Clare House overlooks the special beauty of Morecambe Bay.
In-house leisure facilities & treatment room Fantastic Christmas & New Year Packages
Park Road, Grange-over-Sands LA11 7HQ Tel 015395 33026 www.clarehousehotel.co.uk E-mail [email protected]
Non residents welcome
Greystones Greystones Guest House in Keswick enjoys an enviable, quiet location, with splendid views of the surrounding mountains, yet is only a few minutes walk from Keswick town centre with its many shops, cafes, restaurants and traditional pubs. Quality assured accommodation. Extensive breakfast menu. Safe storage for cycles. Drying room. Private parking. Ambleside Road, Keswick CA12 4DP | Tel/Fax 017687 73108 www.greystoneskeswick.co.uk | [email protected]
DALEGARTH HOUSE KESWICK
Clifton House
Park Beck Guest House A beautiful detached Lakeland stone guest house, quietly situated close to all amenities. Eight ensuite bedrooms with TV, tea/coffee and friendly personal service. Private parking. Free Wi-Fi and non-smoking. Park Beck, 3 Park Road, Windermere LA23 2AW Tel: 015394 44025 www.parkbeck.co.uk E-mail: [email protected]
Dalegarth House, Portinscale, Keswick, Cumbria CA12 5RQ Tel: 017687 72817 w. www.dalegarth-house.co.uk e: [email protected]
Askham, Penrith, Cumbria CA10 2PF
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Windermere LA23 2AH Tel 015394 44968 www.cliftonhse.co.uk E-mail [email protected]
A stunning grade I listed Pele Tower dating back to the 13th century, Askham Hall has recently been transformed from a stately family home into a stylish and contemporary luxury retreat. Each bedroom is totally unique and individually named. A restaurant, gardens, spa with pool, café , wedding barn & pavilion are also available.
www.askhamhall.co.uk Dalegarth House is a family run guesthouse overlooking Derwentwater, in the quiet village of Portinscale just a mile from Keswick. Evening meals are available in the lake view dining room using locally sourced ingredients carefully prepared by the chef proprietor. The property has ten tastefully decorated ensuite rooms, most with lake or fell views, a licensed bar with views of Derwentwater and free wi-fi. Free car parking.
Clifton House is in a quiet location near Windermere village. We offer a warm friendly welcome, with clean, fresh rooms and an excellent breakfast. We are completely non-smoking. Clifton House, 28 Ellerthwaite Road,
[email protected] Tel: 01931 712350
Number of bedrooms: 15 B&B: £150-£320 (per room per night) Parking: Free | Pets: Yes (dogs allowed
in bedrooms & reception areas but not on furniture or in restaurant)
Disabled access: Not in house Open: All year except for Christmas, Jan and early Feb (except for groups).
#THEPLACETOBE
Cranford House
Lindisfarne House Bed and Breakfast Accommodation, Keswick on Derwentwater
www.lindisfarne-keswick.co.uk We offer en-suite accommodation and standard rooms, all of which have colour TVs, hospitality trays and are centrally heated for your comfort. Our bedrooms are comfortably furnished and offer a generous breakfast. We also provide vegetarian meals and can cater for any other dietary needs. 21 Church Street, Keswick, CA12 4DX 01768 773218 [email protected]
A relaxing Victorian town house, peaceful, comfortable and uncluttered, aimed at walkers, cyclists and other outdoor enthusiasts. Weather updates, secure bike store and advice on local walks/cycle routes. Only 5 minutes from the town centre. 18 Eskin Street, Keswick CA12 4DG Tel 017687 71017 www.cranfordhouse.co.uk E-mail [email protected]
Mylne Bridge House
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A private 4* hidden gem for those seeking comfort, luxury and award-winning Lakeland cuisine. • Warm, contemporary bedrooms
Lorraine and Jim Lloyd
B&B. Quiet town location close to amenities. Comfortable well appointed, en-suite, clean rooms. Family, double, twin and single options. Ground floor room. Delicious breakfast choices. Large car park. Excellent friendly service. Wi-Fi. Special 3/7 day breaks. Free fishing permits. No children under 5.
• Restaurant with panoramic views • Large summer garden & Cosy winter log fires • Peace & Quiet Come As Standard Offering a warm welcome and highly personal service, this is a perfect base to explore the fells and many other attractions of the Lake District.
Brookside, Lake Road, Windermere Cumbria LA23 2BX Tel: 015394 43314 [email protected] www.mylnebridgehouse.co.uk
Grange-in-Borrowdale, Keswick, CA12 5UQ | 017687 77204 [email protected] | www.borrowdale-gates.com
The
Fisherbeck Ambleside
14 stylish bedrooms, lake views, elegant lounges with log fires, licensed guest bar, and 7 acres of magnificent gardens with sun terrace and private lake. Delicious breakfast menu, Morning coffee, light lunches, afternoon tea. Home made soups and assorted platters are available by pre order in the evenings.
Lindeth Fell, Lyth Valley Road, Bowness-on-Windermere LA23 3JP
Tel: 015394 43286 www.lindethfell.co.uk
015394 33215 An award winning 18 bedroom property in Ambleside close to shops, fells & lake. An award winning 18 bedroom l Parking property in Ambleside close to l WiFi l Also 3 fabulous shops, fells & lake. holiday homes l Phone for special offers Lake Road, Ambleside, Cumbria LA22 0DH | Tel: 015394 33215 [email protected] | www.fisherbeckhotel.co.uk Visit Britain 4
Guest Accommodation Gold Award
7 en-suite rooms Free car parking Free WiFi -
Offering laid-back luxury escapes in the middle of the Lake District, this town centre hotel has 34 modern bedrooms, a chic cocktail bar and AA rosette award-winning Brossen Steakhouse.
Inn on the Square, Market Square, Keswick, Cumbria, CA12 5JF 0800 840 1247 | www.innonthesquare.co.uk E-mail: [email protected] GOLAKES.CO.UK
Secure bike storage Guest lounge & bar On the C2C cycle route Heated drying room Dogs welcome Troutbeck, Nr. Keswick, CA11 OSY Tel: 017687 79220 www.laneheadfarm.co.uk
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All Seasons Bed and Breakfast & All Seasons Rest (room only)
The Kings Arms Hotel Freehouse
8 en-suite bedrooms all individual in style and colour. - All Seasons Rest Pet friendly - Family rooms available
Situated in the centre of the historic village of Hawkshead, this 500 year old inn offers you a very warm welcome whatever the time of year.
- Relaxing and peaceful environment - All the rooms have a refreshment tray, TV with DVD player & hairdryer
• Delicious home cooked meals served 12 – 2.30 & 6 – 9.30 daily • Award winning real ales and extensive selection of malt whiskies • Bed and breakfast accommodation • Self catering cottages • Children welcome • Pet friendly • Recommended in the Good Beer Guide 2016
- Situated in the centre of Windermere, Ideal for exploring all the highlights the lake district has to offer
www.allseasonswindermere.co.uk 3 High Street,Windermere, LA23 1AF Tel: 01539 448515
Hawkshead, Ambleside, Cumbria, LA22 0NZ Tel: 01539436372 www.kingsarmshawkshead.co.uk
Ambleside Salutation Hotel
Lake Road, Ambleside, Cumbria, LA22 9BX 015394 32244 | www.hotelslakedistrict.com | [email protected]
Central Lake District location, ideal for walking, sight seeing, relaxing. Stylish lounge bar and luxurious accommodation. Fine cuisine including Brunch to Lunch and Brasserie menu along with our award winning breakfast. State of the art leisure facilities include indoor pool, sauna, steam room, techno gym and fabulous outdoor hot tub. Oxleys Spa available for that ultimate pamper treatment. A warm Lakeland welcome awaits you.
Holmeshead is a traditional Lake District hill farm of great character offering Bed and Breakfast near Skelwith Bridge. A Superior Bed and Breakfast between Ambleside and Hawkshead. A truly idyllic spot for a short break, whether you just want some peace, enjoyable walks, to ride the fells on your mountain bike or the bridal ways with your horse. Tel: 015394 33048 Email: [email protected] Skelwith Fold, Ambleside, Cumbria LA22 0HU
Situated on the outskirts of the Lake District Market Town of Kendal, The M6 and West Coast main line provide easy access to the hotel. Stonecross Manor Hotel is privately owned and benefits from our Indulgent Luxury Pool. All Day Dining serving Lunches, Dinners, Afternoon Teas and Cream Teas, Panini’s and sandwiches. Our Function Rooms are ideal for celebrating Anniversary’s, Birthdays, Christenings and Weddings.
Stonecross Manor Hotel, Milnthorpe Road, Kendal LA9 5HP Tel: 01539 733559 [email protected]
www.stonecrossmanor.co.uk
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LUXURY AT THE LAKES North Lakes Hotel & Spa Stay in 4 star luxury in the Lakes - all you need for a relaxing break with spacious, cosy lounges and real log fires. Set just outside Penrith, the North Lakes is an ideal location for exploring Cumbria and the Lakes. Ullswater Road, Penrith, Cumbria CA11 8QT Tel: 01768 868111 shirehotels.com
#THEPLACETOBE
INN ON THE LAKE ULLSWATER Enjoying one of the most spectacular settings in the Lake District, this award winning hotel is set in 15 acres of landscaped gardens leading to the shores of Ullswater. With 47 comfortable bedrooms and renowned for excellent food it is no wonder people return time and again.
Inn on the Lake, Lake Ullswater, Glenridding CA11 0PE 0800 840 1245 | www.lakedistricthotels.net/innonthelake E-mail: [email protected]
Hidden from crowds and traffic and nestling against acres of woodlands, our secluded hilltop B&B offers peaceful accommodation: • Stunning lake and fell views from our rooms • 5-minute walk to Bowness centre & Lake Windermere • Free local fishing permits • Local produce served at breakfast • 1-minute stroll to Open Fell & Dales Way Brantfell Rd, Bowness-on-Windermere, Cumbria LA23 3AE Tel: 015394 43440 Email: [email protected] www.blenheim-lodge.com
Charnwood Guest House
Ornate Victorian listed building. Centrally situated in quiet position within easy reach of town and lake. Spacious comfortable accommodation. Vegetarian and special diets catered for.
A cosy, comfortable and relaxed base from which you can easily access all of the Lake District.
6 Eskin Street, Keswick CA12 4DH Tel 017687 74111 Mobile 07711 773925 E-mail [email protected]
Troutbeck Inn, Troutbeck, Penrith CA11 0SJ Tel 01768 483635 www.thetroutbeckinn.co.uk [email protected]
At Oakfold House, we have received some tremendous reviews from our guests. This October we have some great deals and special offers. Book now and you too can enjoy our friendly hospitality as part of your relaxing stay in the Lakes.
“Had a brilliant and relaxing stay”, F Murphy “Thank you for an awesome holiday!” H Bella
We have owned and managed Oakfold House since March, 2014. Our aim is to offer a friendly and hospitable service to all of our guests. If you are looking to get away we are currently offering some excellent weekend and weekday deals.
For our best rates please give us a call on 015394 43239 Originally the village blacksmith’s shop and later the
We have owned and managed Oakfold sincewebsite March, 2014. aim is to orHouse visit our at:Our oakfoldhouse.co.uk, post office, 1863 is a Victorian guesthouse set in the emendous reviews our and guests. This October we have some greatand deals offer afrom friendly hospitable service to all of our guests we have received some and of you too can stay experience what others have been loving. Maxofand Marnie. heart Pooley Bridge on the shores of Ullswater. an enjoy our friendly hospitality as parttremendous your relaxing in the Lakes. reviews from them.
nt and relaxing stay”, F Murphy “Had a brilliant and relaxing stay”, F Murphy or an awesome holiday!” H Bella
“Thank you for an awesome holiday!” H Bella
At Oakfold House, we have received some tremendous reviews from our guests. This October we have some great deals
special offers. nowoffer and you too can enjoy our hospitable friendly hospitality as part of since March, and 2014. Our aimBook is to a friendly and service toyour all relaxing stay in the Lakes. We have somesome great deals and weekend special throughout the year. Book now “Hadexcellent a brilliant andoffers relaxing stay”, F Murphy y we are currently offering and running weekday deals.
Now reimagined for the 21st century, 1863 is more than a bar, bistro and seven elegant bedrooms; we are a family affair who enjoy getting the little things just right, welcoming guests back time and again to share in a slice of Lakeland paradise.
for hospitality an awesome holiday!” H Bellastay in the Lakes. and you too can “Thank enjoy ouryou friendly as part of your relaxing
We have owned and managed Oakfold House since March, 2014. Our aim is to offer a friendly and hospitable service to all of our guests. If you are looking to get away we are currently offering some excellent weekend and weekday deals.
Please cumbria tourism magazine when booking lease give us a callmention on 015394 43239 bsite at: oakfoldhouse.co.uk, For our best rates please give us a call on 015394 43239 or visit our website oakfoldhouse.co.uk, e what others have been loving. Maxat:and Marnie. and you too can experience what others have been loving. Max and Marnie.
GOLAKES.CO.UK
1863 , Pooley Bridge, Penrith, Cumbria CA10 2NH T: 017684 86334 E: [email protected]
www.1863ullswater.co.uk
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Located within the heart of Grasmere is Dale Lodge, the perfect base for a stylish break away in the Lakes. Offering sumptuous bedrooms, roaring log fires, real ales in award winning CAMRA recognised Tweedies Bar plus delicious food created using only the
A unique Lake District Hotel located in the remote and unspoilt Langdale Valley
best local produce, it’s the perfect
For 300 years the Old Hotel has offered accommodation and sustenance to weary fell walkers and climbers in the midst of some of the highest mountains in England.
getaway for any country lover. Dale Lodge Hotel & Tweedies Bar, Red Bank Road, Grasmere, LA22 9SW Tel: 015394 35300 Fax: 015394 35370 [email protected] | www.dalelodgehotel.co.uk
BUCKLE YEAT GUEST HOUSE
Make The Old Dungeon Ghyll Hotel your base for a variety of outdoor adventures including mountain biking, walking and climbing. With a friendly warm welcome from the proprietors Neil and Jane Walmsley who have run this lovely old Lake District Hotel in a traditional way for the last 23 years.
The Old Dungeon Ghyll, Great Langdale, Ambleside Cumbria LA22 9JY 015394 37272 www.odg.co.uk
HOLMLEA GUEST HOUSE
High quality bed and breakfast accommodation located close to Lake Windermere, catering exclusively for adults.
Perfect Location . Quality B&B Highly Recommended Lake District Bed & Breakfast, Near Sawrey, Hawkshead, Ambleside A traditional 17th Century Lakeland cottage with six en-suite bedrooms, which are tastefully decorated and furnished with your comfort in mind. Near Sawrey, Hawkshead, Ambleside,Cumbria, LA22 0LF Tel: 01539436446
www.buckle-yeat.co.uk [email protected]
Free Parking, WiFi, Use of nearby hotel pool, gym, sauna & steam room
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www.dentonhouseguesthouse.co.uk Hesket Newmarket, nr Caldbeck, CA7 8JG 016974 78415 | [email protected]
www.holmleaguesthouse.co.uk +44 (0)1539442597
Stylish sophistication and contemporary luxury which cleverly combines this beautiful traditional Lakeland building and its stunning lake shore setting with its four star boutique style. Close to Ambleside is a perfect location for exploring the Lakes: walking the fells, taking a lake cruise or simply visiting the many local shops and attractions. Waterhead and it s award winning restaurant present a bright, modern setting which creates an intimate relaxed environment, where you can enjoy the Lake District in luxury. Come and see for yourself why we are in the Top 25 UK Hotels.
0333 2203 121 englishlakes.co.uk
Denton House is a wonderful family run B&B guest house in the picturesque village of Hesket Newmarket, close to Caldbeck, in the Northern Fells of the Lake District National Park.
A four star family friendly resort hotel with leisure club, Watersports centre & marina located in a breathtaking Windermere lake shore setting. You can walk from the hotel on to the surrounding fells, or from the hotel's private jetty you can catch a water taxi to visit nearby Waterhead close to Ambleside. Low Wood Bay boasts an extensive leisure club, with pool, sauna, steam room, gymnasium, and beauty salon, and a variety of dining experiences, making it the ideal holiday venue if you want everything close by.
0333 2203 121 englishlakes.co.uk
The perfect romantic spa hideaway Gilpin’s Spa Lodges
Gilpin Lake House
A Unique Concept in Spa Luxury In January 2016, Gilpin Hotel & Lake House launched five luxurious detached lodges at Gilpin Hotel, each cedar-clad with a king size bed, gorgeous bathroom, mood lighting, fire, electric blinds, state-of-the-art music system and a fabulously private en-suite spa… Each lodge has a convertible treatment area, outdoor sauna and hydrotherapy hot tub surrounded by a walled garden, as well as a steam room, rain maker shower, free standing oval stone bath, and wonderful views over the gardens to the Lake District moors. Offering the ultimate in pampering indulgence, guests enjoy luxurious, romantic privacy, all the while enjoying delicious drinks and delectable food. For those who would like that little bit extra, upgrade to the Spa Lodge Experience, including spa treatments and mini gift hampers filled with Gilpin’s Organic Jetty Spa products.
Executive Chef Hrishikesh Desai Following his win on BBC 2’s Alex Polizzi: Chefs on Trial, Gilpin is thrilled to welcome someone with Hrishikesh’s immense talent. He brings with him a wealth of experience, including Institute Paul Bocuse, Maison de Bricourt (2*), Le Château de Bagnol (1*), French Laundry (3*), and Lucknam ‘The Park’ (1*), and has won both the Roux Scholarship (2009) and the Craft Guild of Chef’s National Chef of the Year (2010).
The spirit of Gilpin is motivated by love and laughter – our guests’, and ours. We hope to welcome you to Gilpin soon. Gilpin Hotel & Lake House
GOLAKES.CO.UK
www.thegilpin.co.uk
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4 star country Inn nestled in Gilpin Valley in the heart of the Lake District with 72 acres of private woodland and a beautiful tarn. We offer classic British menus using the best local seasonal ingredients, including some dishes smoked in our onsite smokehouse. A highly commended wine list, over 150 of the finest single malt whiskies and a range of traditional ales, including some produced in our onsite microbrewery. Oak beams, log fires and a comfortable lounge all enhance the olde world ambience, which is complemented by thirty four individually designed classic, feature and luxury bedrooms.
0333 2203 121 englishlakes.co.uk
“AN OASIS IN THE LAKES...” www.hillthwaite.com We aim to delight guests with quality accommodation, outstanding service and a friendly Hillthwaite welcome. Our hotel in Windermere with swimming pool has individually designed rooms, a comfortable public lounge, well-stocked bar, relaxing private lounge, conservatory and flagstoned terrace looking across Windermere to a striking panorama of Lakeland hills and fells. Enjoy fresh Cumbrian food in our restaurant. Or unwind in our on-site heated pool, sauna and steam room.
The Villa is just outside the pretty village of Levens, 4 miles from the bustling town of Kendal. In 14 acres of beautiful grounds, the Villa is perfectly situated as a base to explore south Lakeland. 22 lovely rooms, fitted out to 5 star standard, a converted chapel for ceremonies and smaller functions and a wonderful Pavilion in the grounds make the Villa the ideal venue for all sorts of social occasions including weddings. Tel: 01539 980980 Email: [email protected]
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SUNSET
HOUSE B&B
Elegant B&B Accommodation in Grasmere White Bridge, Grasmere, Cumbria LA22 9RQ Tel: 015394 35215 | [email protected]
Comfortable accommodation in a quiet, rural village just outside the Cumbrian market town of Penrith. Spacious rooms have en suite showers and are located on groundfloor level. Electric car charger. WIFI. Flat screen TVs. Tea & Coffee in room.
www.raiseviewhouse.co.uk
Award Winning Farmhouse Bed & Breakfast Stunning location on a working Lakeland Farm. Great facilities including, Free WiFi in B&B and Magnificent Views. Heated by ecofriendly biomass boiler. Ideal Lake District Location close to Ullswater and Helvellyn. Friendly welcoming Cumbrian Hospitality Assured! Deepdale Hall Farm Patterdale, Cumbria CA11 0NR
www.sunsethousebb.co.uk
Newton Reigny, Penrith CA11 0AY | 01768 895629
017684 82369 [email protected] www.deepdalehall.co.uk
Dine with Darren Comish, bed & breakfast from £195pppn
@EdenGate is a family run guest house offering bed & breakfast accommodation just 5 minutes walk from Penrith town centre. Well-equipped rooms have all that you will need for a comfortable and relaxing stay. Close to major cycle routes, the M6 and A66, @EdenGate is an ideal place to break your journey.
f
5 Victoria Road, Penrith, Cumbria CA118HR Call us on: +44 (0)1768 866538 [email protected]
Stockghyll Cottage B&B Stockghyll Cottage is a lovely Lakeland stone cottage, where guests have direct and exclusive access to the lake. Stockghyll Cottage Rayrigg Road Bowness on Windermere Cumbria LA23w 1BN www.stockghyllcottage.co.uk
Borrowdale, Keswick, CA12 5XB T: 017687 77248 E:[email protected] www.hazelbankhotel.co.uk
Tel: 015394 43246
Crosslands Farm Bed and Breakfast is a typical 17th century Lakeland farmhouse set in the unspoilt Rusland Valley between Coniston Water and Windermere. It is tastefully decorated in a traditional manner. Expect a warm Cumbrian welcome and a great cooked breakfast. Phone 01229 860242 Email [email protected] Anne & David Robinson, Crosslands Farm, Rusland, Ulverston Cumbria LA12 8JU
Good Hotel Guide 2016 The
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César award Walking hotel of the year Hazel Bank, Rosthwaite www.goodhotelguide.com
The MacRae family and Hazel Bank welcomes you to the heart of the Borrowdale valley, Keswick, English Lake District. A magnificent country house set in 4 acres of Britain’s most beautiful countryside. Elevated above the hamlet of Rosthwaite, with commanding views of surrounding fells (including Scafell Pike and Great Gable). Built around 1840 it had Sir Hugh Walpole as a guest who used it as a fictional home for “Rogue Herries,” and birth place of “Judith Paris.” A classic country house with private woodland, bridges and beck side walk. Uniquely situated for all manner of outdoor pursuits and with easy access to Keswick and Derwentwater (Queen of the English Lakes). Whether it is an energetic day on the fells or a relaxing afternoon tea on the lawn, Hazel Bank is the perfect place to escape, relax and explore. After a hearty breakfast and a great day on the fells come back to a traditional homecooked dinner prepared using local produce by the lady of the house and Local Award winning Local Chef David Jackson. We look forward to welcoming you . . . VE AA Gold HHHHH | PPPN B & B £60.00 to £85.00 DB & B £92 to £114 WEEKLY B & B £385.00 to £560.00
GOLAKES.CO.UK
LINGHOLM ESTATES, KESWICK 78
YOUR OWN FRONT DOOR SELF CATERING
Looking after yourself has never been so good. Match the freedom to do your own thing with awesome locations where your imagination can roam free.
Throw in sleek waterside penthouses, smart townhouses and sophisticated city apartments close to the hustle and bustle, and the possibilities seem endless.
For peace and tranquility, treat yourself to a secluded hillside retreat or a romantic lodge in a wooded glade. Perhaps you’re after a characterful cottage with period features and a private garden to breath in the fresh mountain air? How about a luxury hideaway with your very own hot tub?
Group getaways range from budget-busting boltholes to stately halls fit for royalty. Set your own agenda and bring loved ones together in spacious surroundings just right for you.
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Coniston Holidays
Cottages on level residential estate within a five minute walk of Coniston village centre. Super mountain views, private garden with patio, BBQ. Fully equipped and all inclusive-facilities include Sky TV and full central heating. private parking, free wifi. Short breaks available. Sorry no pets. Contact us for a brochure, visit our website for availability and online booking. Coniston Holidays, C/O Orchard Cottage, 18 Yewdale Road, Coniston LA21 8DU t: 015394 41319 www.conistonholidays.co.uk [email protected]
Swallows Return & Owls Retreat
Between Ullswater and Windermere. Scandinavian lodges on a unique, small, secluded site, nestled in a quiet corner of the Lakes.
Converted 19th Century farm buildings. Beautifully appointed character cottages, well maintained by friendly Cumbrian owners living in same hamlet. Close to coast and western Lakes. Sorry no pets. Discounts for fortnights. Discounts for senior citizens. James & Joyce Moore Moresby Hall Cottage,Moresby, Whitehaven CA28 6PJ Tel 01946 64078 | www.cottageguide.co.uk/moresby [email protected]
Week, midweek and weekend breaks available. Ideally situated for both Helvellyn and High Street ranges. www.hartsop-fold.co.uk [email protected] Telephone: 07917 784977 Patterdale, Cumbria CA11 0NZ
The
Fisherbeck Ambleside
015394 33215
Premier Holiday Homes Three beautiful holiday homes in Ambleside at the heart of the English Lake District. Mill Rigg | Ralston | Woodside Cottage Tel: 015394 33215 | [email protected] www.lake-district-self-catering.co.uk www.fisherbeckhotel.co.uk
High Swinklebank Farm
Longlands Farm cottage
Set in the beautiful, unspoilt Longsleddale Valley. Ideal for relaxing, walking and touring ‘the Lakes’. A barn conversion with 2 bedrooms. Cleanliness and personal attention assured. Colour brochure available.
Enjoy a traditional 17th Century oakbeamed cottage with peaceful valley views and blazing log fires. A delight for country lovers with fells and follies - streams and sheep - woods and wildlife - birds and bridges.
High Swinklebank Farm, Longsleddale, Near Kendal LA8 9BD Tel 01539 823682 [email protected] www.highswinklebank.co.uk
All our accommodation comes with everything you need from bedding to salt and pepper and are let on a weekly basis from Saturday to Saturday.
you a
We also do short breaks on a minimum of 2 nights. We have apartments/cottages that sleep 2-6 people. Whilst staying at Burnside Park you will receive a pass to use the leisure facilities at a nearby hotel.
www.burnsidepark.co.uk Tel: 015394 46624 [email protected] The Lodge, Burnside Park, Kendal Rd, Bowness-on-Windermere LA23 3EW
Cartmel
Longlands Farm Cottage has them all. Sleeps 6, £245-£575 p.w. Mrs V Dixon Longlands Farm, Cartmel LA11 6HJ Tel 015395 36406 www.longlandsfarmcottage.co.uk [email protected]
Thornthwaite Farm
Thornthwaite Farm, Woodland, Broughton-in-Furness LA20 6DF
Thornthwaite is a 500 acre estate situated in the unspoilt Woodland Valley, explore ancient woodlands, flower meadows, and our private fishing lake. Stay in our 4 Star Gold Award Holiday Cottages or Log Cabin with stunning views of the Lakeland fells. Ideally situated for walking, cycling or relaxing, with many walks from your cottage door. Within easy reach of the main attractions, however if you need to get away from it all and relax in a friendly atmosphere our farm is perfect.
01229 716340 [email protected] www.lakedistrictcottages.co.uk
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Luxury apartments and cottages just 300 metres from Lake Windermere and Bowness village.
Traditional stone Lakeland Building; now four comfortable, well-equipped self catering holiday suites at Portinscale village on Derwentwater - 1 mile from Keswick. Ideal for walking. Central heating. Linen and towels included. Portinscale, Keswick CA12 5RD 01889 5056782 | [email protected]
www.dhholidays-lakes.com
DICKINSON PLACE Holiday Cottages
With a view of the Solway Firth, Scotland & the Lake District 7 Luxury holiday cottages set in a tranquil courtyard in the centre of Allonby and near the beach. This quality accommodation has been created from a once thriving village farm. The cottages can sleep between 2-6 guests and have a garden and private parking. Open all year round and welcome pets Call James or Teresa 01900 881440 | www.dickinsonplace.co.uk
#THEPLACETOBE
Low Park Cottage Lowpark, Loweswater, Near Cockermouth CA13 ORU
Tel 01900 85242 www.lowpark-cottage.co.uk
A Comfortable, well equipped 18th C. cottage close to Crummock Water. Beautifully situated in a peaceful location between Buttermere and Loweswater. Many fells can be walked from the cottage. Open fire (logs and coal provided) central heating, lounge, dining room, kitchen, utility room, downstairs shower room and toilet. 3 bedrooms (one double, two twin) family bathroom and toilet. Good parking. Cockermouth 8 miles, Keswick 10 miles, Kirkstile Inn 10 minutes walk.
Fornside Farm Cottages
Howscales, Kirkoswald, Penrith CA10 1JG Tel 01768 898666 www.howscales.co.uk Email [email protected]
Shelt Gill
A comfortable and attractive holiday cottage, with views over Lake Coniston from the timbered living room.
Peaceful and delightful country cottage on
Peaceful andwith delightful country cottage a family farm large lawn, garden and on a family farm large lawn, children’s play area.with Magnificent viewsgarden over and children’s play area. hills. Magnificent Morecambe Bay and Lakeland Excellent views over Morecambe Bay and Lakeland local walks. hills. Excellent local walks.
£290 to £590 per week | Sleeps 4/5 in 2 bedrooms | Large garden A good base for walkers | Garage and other parking | Pub nearby
One double and two twin rooms. Short breaks One double andfor two twin rooms. Short available, discounts couples. £250 - £500 pw
Traditional stone barns converted to high-quality, cosy cottages on working farm. Spectacular and peaceful location. Fells on the doorstep. Farm trail, abundant wildlife. Ten minutes from Keswick. Fornside Farm Cottages Fornside Farm, St John’s in the Vale, Keswick CA12 4TS Tel 017687 79173 www.fornside.co.uk [email protected]
Nestling in the Eden Valley Howscales provides traditional, well equipped cottages, set around a cobbled courtyard, surrounded by gardens and open views. The perfect place to unwind, or for the adventurous, to explore the Lakes, Pennines, Borders and Hadrian’s wall. Short breaks available and a resident owner to welcome you.
breaks available, discounts for couples. Mrs J Brocklebank Spring Bank Farm Grange over Sands, Spring Bank Cumbria Farm LA11Sands, 6HA Cumbria Grange over
LA11 6HA HHHH
9 The Fairway Sheffield S10 4LX T: 0114 230 8077 www.sheltgill.co.uk /sheltgill.coniston
www.springbank-cottage.co.uk [email protected]
[email protected]
Roman How
Winston Drive, Thornbarrow Road, Windermere LA23 2DG Comfortable family-friendly accommodation for up to 7 people - walkers, cyclists, groups, children, dogs - all welcome! Discounts for sole travellers, couples and young families at many times of year. Situated in Heathwaite area of Windermere, ideal for exploring the South Lakes and beyond on foot or bike, or by car. Stay for a couple of nights or a week or two and discover how much this beautiful area has to offer. tel: 01400 281057
THE HYNING ESTATE On the edge of the Lake District and Yorkshire Dales National Parks
Stunningly beautiful and renovated to the highest standards, The Hyning Estate offers 7 self-catering cottages and a Courtyard/Bar with wood-fired Pizza oven. All cottages are beautifully appointed and sympathetic to their 17th Century Origins. All have wood burning stoves and are triple-glazed with Ground Source & Solar Heating. Inspired Design, the best local materials, re-use and sustainability all coalesce to create a truly outstanding holiday experience. Family groups welcome.
web: www.romanhow.com
email: [email protected]
Kirkstone Foot self catering holiday apartments in Ambleside are perfect as a base for your holiday in the Lake District. Set amongst 2 acres of beautiful landscaped grounds - 2 Mins from Ambleside - Flexi Bookings - On-site parking
Jan and Richard warmly welcome you to their ‘Grand Design’ – just minutes from the M6 and National Rail.
Book online at www.thehyningestate.com | Tel: 01539 824900
GOLAKES.CO.UK
Kirkstone Pass Road, Ambleside, LA22 9EH | 015394 32232 | www.kirkstonefoot.co.uk
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Cottages Cumbria
Birslack Grange Cottage
Small family run cottage letting business based in Central Lakeland. 5 Traditional Cottages all in prime locations with open fires and wifi.
Langdale View Apartments
Enjoy wonderful panoramic views across the Lyth Valley & fells from this lovely comfortable cottage for 2. Private courtyard & garden with parking. Perfect for exploring the South Lakes & Flyde Coast or just relaxing. Short breaks available. Birslack Grange Cottage Hutton Lane, Levens, Nr Kendal LA8 8PA Tel: 015395 60989 [email protected] www.birslackgrange.co.uk
Comfortable apartments in a traditional Lakeland house. In a quiet, elevated location very close to the centre of picturesque Bowness. Near lake, steamers, shops & pubs. Private residents car park. Langdale View Apartments, 112 Craig Walk, Bowness-onWindermere LA23 3AX Tel: 07730253422 www.langdale-view.co.uk [email protected]
The Coppermines
Lakes Cottages
Torver
Visit our website, email or telephone for more information. www.cottagescumbria.com E: [email protected] T: 015394 41680 M: 07780 615 359
Hawkshead
“LAKE DISTRICT SELF CATERING AT ITS BEST”
Lake View Holiday Apartments
Lake View is in a tranquil setting with large gardens, in Grasmere village.
Parking. Sleeps 2-4. Private footpath to lake. Free WiFi. Dogs welcome. Lots of varied walks from the door. Personally managed by owners. Winter short breaks from £120.
With over 80 Lake District cottages to choose from, there is one just for you... Cottages sleeping from 2-30. Village, Country & Mountain Cottages . Couples, Families, Groups & Weddings Hot Tubs. Wif-Fi. Log Fires. Pets Welcome For more information visit our website or call 015394 41765
Lake View Drive, Grasmere LA22 9TD Tel: 015394 35384 www.lakeview-grasmere.com E-mail: [email protected]
www.coppermines.co.uk
- Cottages in Borrowdale, nr Keswick - Wood fired hot tub
- Short breaks available year round - Glamping in our retro caravan - Walks from the door
- Stunning location and views
- Local bus past the door during the summer months
- Well tended extensive gardens and grounds
Find us on Facebook /Manesty
Youdale Knot, Manesty, Keswick, CA12 5UG T: 017687 77216 www.manesty.co.uk
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#THEPLACETOBE
we are here
Nestled at the southern tip of Ullswater, England’s most beautiful lake, the private Estate offers eleven self-catering holiday properties. Our pine lodges, cedar chalets and stone built bothies are all situated on lawns surrounded by trees, and all enjoy stunning views of the surrounding fells. Our location is ideal for touring the entire Lake District, but for those not wanting to drive we have a plethora of wonderful walks on our doorstep. Open all year.
Self-catered accommodation Luxury apartments set in a lovinglyrestored period manor house. Perfect for weddings, corporate events, family events and as a luxury holiday retreat. Stunning scenery on the edge of Cumbria’s Lake District National Park.
Visit Britain ★ ★ ★ There’s nowhere else quite like it... Patterdale Hall Estate Glenridding Penrith Cumbria CA11 0PJ [email protected] www.patterdalehallestate.com
www.shawend.co.uk 01539 824220 Haveriggs Farm, Kendal, Cumbria LA8 9EF.
017684 82308
spacious and well-equipped 3 Millbeck Cottages This three bedroom cottage forms
part of a former C. 18th fulling mill. It enjoys a quiet setting on a private drive in Millbeck, a village at the foot of Skiddaw, but only two miles from Keswick.
3 Millbeck Cottages Millbeck, Keswick CA12 4PT
DERWENT APARTMENT A spacious 2 bedroom ground floor apartment
furnished and equipped to a high standard in a small tranquil village at the edge of the National Park. Mockerkin is an excellent base to explore many different locations in the Lake District and West Coast. Derwent, Mockerkin Mews, Mockerkin Nr Cockermouth, CA13 0ST 0113 2579763
www.derwentapartmentmockerkin.co.uk
Acorn self catering consists of two holiday properties within 5 minutes walk of the town centre of Keswick, on Derwentwater in the Northern Lake District. Acorn Apartments, Acorn Street, Keswick, CA12 4DL Tel: 017684 80310 | Mob: 07816 867162
t: 01438 869286 www.flintcottagesussex.co.uk [email protected]
www.acornselfcatering.co.uk
LAKE DISTRICT COTTAGES. LUXURY AS STANDARD. TO REQUEST YOUR FREE BROCHURE CALL
01539 898652 WWW.LAKELOVERS.CO.UK
Wordsworth
Barn
The Lingholm Estate is situated o the Western Shore of Derwentwater in a dramatic location surrounded by incrdible views of some of the best loved Lakeland fells. If you are looking for tranquil lakeside location with nature at your fingrtips, stunning scenery and Lakeside access then Lingholm is the perfect place for you. Central to the estate is a grand grade II listed Victorian house, built in 1870 and used as a holiday residence by Beatrix Potter during her early years in the Lake District. There is a wide choice of accomodation available, all self catered, from two bedroom apartments to a six bedroom luxury house.
The Byre - Luxury Self Catering
5 Star Gold Award Holiday Cottage
Stylish Luxury Barn Conversion sleeps 4. Superb First Floor Open Plan Living-DiningKitchen. One king size and One twin bedroom on the ground floor. Amazing Fell Views, Woodburning Stove. Visit England Gold Award .
To find out more please visit our website www thelingholmestate co.uk or call 017687 7 4238.
Deepdale Hall Farm Patterdale, Cumbria CA11 0NR
Superb stylish facilities, Sleeps 2 Stunning location in Patterdale Close to Ullswater and Helvellyn Within easy walking distance of local pubs and shops
017684 82369 [email protected] www.deepdalehall.co.uk
Tel: 01226 761077 | Mob: 07761144427
wordsworthbarn-ullswater.co.uk
Wordsworth
Cottage
Barn End Flat is a converted 17th century hayloft in Beatrix Potter Lakeland. Access is by six exterior stone steps. One twin bedroom, plus sofa-bed in lounge. Log-burning stove in lounge. Views over village and fells. Walk from the door. Outgate Inn within walking distance. Coniston, Ambleside, Windermere, Tarn Hows, Wray Castle and The Drunken Duck all nearby.
4 Star Gold Award Holiday Cottage Sleeps 2-6 plus cot in 4 bedrooms (2 ensuite) plus another bathroom
Pictures, guest reviews, availability & lots more info on www.barnendflat.co.uk
Open Plan Lounge/Dining with Woodburner Farmhouse Kitchen with Aga
Contact Steve Tansey on:
Stunning location Close to Ullswater, Helvellyn, and local pubs & shops
T: 01706 638736 E: [email protected]
Or at the property address: Barn End Flat, High Street,
Tel: 01226 761077 | Mob: 07761144427
Outgate Nr. Ambleside LA22 0NH
www.wordsworthcottage.com
South Lakeland Leisure Village
Luxury holiday lodges for hire Set around a picturesque lake in 43 acres of beautifully maintained grounds, South Lakeland Leisure Village is an accredited five star luxury holiday lodge development. Within easy reach of the dramatic landscape of the Lake District, the rolling Yorkshire Dales and the coastline of Morecambe Bay, we are perfectly located to discover some of the UK’s most stunning countryside. South Lakeland Leisure Village, Borwick, Carnforth, Lancs. LA6 1BH
HOLIDAY P ARK
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Short Breaks from £245 Week Breaks from £355
Facilities include: The Waters Edge Restaurant & Bar Gymnasium with fitness suites and classes Indoor heated pool & steam room Pure Essence Beauty Salon
To book visit www.pureleisuregroup.com or call 01524 884759 #THEPLACETOBE
Quote CT2016 for a welcome pack. T&Cs apply. Thurstonfield, Carlisle www.thetranquilotter.co.uk 01228 576661
Milburn Grange Holiday Cottages
A choice of seven beautiful, well equipped holiday cottages in an easily accessible central location which is ideal for exploring either the Lake District, the Eden Valley, the North Pennines or Hadrian’s Wall. You can choose either a cosy one bedroom studio or a one, two or three bedroom cottage or organise a weekend getaway for your extended family or group of friends. We are open all year and many of our cottages are dog friendly. Seven cottages sleeping either two, four or seven guests or groups up to 28, call Russell or Debbie to plan and discuss your next holiday in Cumbria.
Prices from only: £260-£650 per week and we offer
The Lakelands is a prestigious development of self-catering holiday accommodation in the heart of the Lake District. Situated in a unique position overlooking the popular town of Ambleside, The Lakelands offers superb, unspoilt views of the town, Lakeland countryside and the fells beyond - and easy access to the many delights of the area. Popular Ambleside offers an excellent selection of shops, restaurants and friendly inns. While walkers are spoilt for choice with a number of pathways directly accessed from the town. Unwind in the resort’s on-site leisure centre after a hard day’s walking, shopping or eating.
short breaks and flexible start dates all year.
To book, contact Resort Solutions on 01858 431160 or email [email protected] and quote LAKESCT16.
Milburn Grange, Knock, Appleby-in-Westmorland, CA16 6DR T: 017683 61867 [email protected] www.milburngrange.co.uk
For more information visit www.the-lakelands.com
GOLAKES.CO.UK
CASTLERIGG HALL CARAVAN AND CAMPING PARK 86
A ROOM WITH A VIEW CAMPING & CARAVANNING
Our picture-postcard panoramas are perfect for a night under the stars. Bring your own motorhome or fall asleep under the canvas. From rural campsites with adventures straight from the tent to compact camping pods, shepherds’ huts and Mongolian yurts, staying in the great outdoors is a treat at any age. Get back to basics in idyllic locations and make your budget stretch that much further.
With plenty of pitches for tourers and motorhomes, our holiday parks offer a host of leisure facilities and entertainment on tap. Static caravans offer extra home comforts in spectacular natural surroundings. What’s more, Cumbria is a year round destination, so you can even camp at Christmas and enjoy winter walking and climbing.
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2394-LDE-CT Parks Ad v4.qxp_Layout 1 19/11/2015 16:53 Page 1
Lake District ESTATES Present
YOUR HOLIDAY STARTS HERE Woodclose Park Kirkby Lonsdale
Hill of Oaks Windermere
Newby Bridge Park Newby Bridge
Buck Yeats Windermere
Five award winning Holiday Parks in the Lake District National Park & Cumbria, from lakeside locations with private jetties, walking and cycling on the doorstep or within easy reach of historic villages. Our Parks offer perfect locations for that unique holiday choice.
•Private Holiday Homes and Lodges for sale •A variety of self- catering properties •Self - catering apartments with lakeside views •Go Wild on a Wigwam holiday •Excellent touring facilities Visit lakedistrict estates.com
and plan your adventure today!
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VB H H H H
HILLCROFT PARK
Pooley Bridge
Hot tubs available | Pet friendly Glamping - Camping - Caravaning - Luxury Cottages Multi Award winning holiday park in an idyllic setting. Probably the Best campsite bar in Britain. New Hobbit Holes for hire. The Quiet Site Ullswater, Cumbria, CA11 0LS www.thequietsite.co.uk [email protected] Tel: 07768 727016 OPEN ALL YEAR
Holiday Home Ownership
Touring Pitches
Camping Pods
A warm and friendly welcome awaits you when you visit Hillcroft Park, Ullswater in the Northern part of The Lake District. Hillcroft Park is the perfect holiday retreat, especially for those who love the outdoor life. Just a stone’s throw away from Lake Ullswater, Hillcroft Park boasts one of the most stunning locations of any UK holiday park. Designed to meet the needs of holiday makers who appreciate the peace and tranquillity found in this part of the world, Hillcroft Park provides an ever-changing landscape that is simply breathtaking throughout the year. Hillcroft Park Pooley Bridge Ullswater CA102LT
Hillcroft gift vouchers are available to purchase from the reception.
Tel: 017684 86363 www.hillcroftpark.co.uk [email protected]
GOLAKES.CO.UK
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Scarr Head Caravans
CARAVANS Scarr Head is a small working farm at the foot of the Coniston mountains and just 2 miles South of Coniston village with three permanent, modern caravans to sleep 2 - 4 CAMPING We also have a separate area for tents and up to 5 touring caravans or camper vans Steven & Jane Halton, Scarr Head Bungalow, Torver, Nr Coniston, Cumbria LA21 8BP
015394 41576 [email protected] www.scarrhead.co.uk
the Park with the View . . . in the heart of the Lake District
Greaves Farm Caravan Park
A friendly, family run park. Quiet rural location on Cartmel Peninsula. Ideal base for South Lakes. High quality caravan holiday homes for hire. Tourers and tents welcome. Brochure on request. Greaves Farm Caravan Park c/o Nether Edge, Field Broughton, Grange-over-Sands LA11 6HR Tel 015395 36587 www.greavesfarmcaravanpark.co.uk [email protected]
Whether you love the seaside or the lakes Stanwix Park is the place! Swimming pools, gym, Jacuzzi, sauna, steam room, tenpin bowling, family entertainment & adult cabaret. Self catering caravans & apartments, fully serviced camping & touring pitches, NEW camping pods!
Start creating family memories here! www.stanwix.com | 016973 32666 Stanwix Park Holiday Centre, Silloth, Cumbria, CA7 4HH
Dandy Dinmont Caravan & Camping Park
A conveniently located country park only a few minutes from the M6 jct 44. Set in lush green countryside in a safe, peaceful and quiet setting. Most of the visitors to this peaceful retreat come as strangers and leave as friends. Now mainly adult park - children’s activities restricted.
Keswick, CA12 4TE Tel: 017687 74499 www.castlerigg.co.uk E-mail: [email protected]
Fell End Holiday Park A Woodland Retreat CAMPING PODS FROM £42 PER NIGHT
TOURING PITCHES FROM £20 PER NIGHT Fell End Holiday Park is an award winning, secluded, woodland park with a modern leisure complex, including swimming pool, steam room & gym.
Seacote C A R A V A N
P A R K
With its excellent locality, Seacote Caravan Park is many people’s first choice for a touring caravan park in the Lake District and North Cumbria. Our English Tourist Board 4 Star Quality Graded park offers an opportunity to unwind and relax in beautiful surroundings so you can enjoy your ‘Get away from it all’ break without any distractions.
Fell End Holiday Park, Slackhead Road, Hale, Cumbria LA7 7BP
Hall More Holiday Park Relaxing Countryside Setting
Dandy Dinmont Caravan and Camping Park Blackford, Carlisle, CA6 4EA Tel 01228 674611 www.caravan-camping-carlisle.co.uk [email protected]
We also offer caravan holiday homes for sale. TOURING PITCHES FROM £18 PER NIGHT
CAMPING PITCHES FROM £17 PER NIGHT Hall More Holiday Park is a peaceful retreat situated amongst 10 acres of picturesque meadow and woodland with use of facilities at nearby Fell End Holiday Park. Hall More Holiday Park & Fishery, Hale, Cumbria LA7 7BP
CAMPING PODS FROM £42 PER NIGHT
To book for Fell End or Hall More Holiday Parks please call: 01524 884759 or visit: www.pureleisuregroup.com
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Located on the outskirts of Silloth-on-Solway, in North Cumbria, your perfect holiday begins at Seacote. Skinburness Road, Silloth, Wigton, Cumbria CA7 4QJ Tel : 01697 33 11 21 Web : seacotecaravanpark.co.uk #THEPLACETOBE
BA
C A MPSITE
CAMPING, GLAMPING & MOTORHOME
Open all year round, with toilets, hot showers, washing up facilities and an on-site shop. We have tent pitches and motorhome stands, complete with electricity hook-ups. Wonderful walking straight from the site. For a touch of sheer, indulgent luxury, come and relax in one of our British-built Yurts or try our bell tents, for a real ‘glamping’ experience! Baystone Bank Farm, Whicham Valley, Nr Millom Cumbria LA18 5LY Tel: 01229 777 764 [email protected] www.baystonebankfarm.com
GOLAKES.CO.UK
Tanglewood is a friendly, family run park on the fringes of the Lake District National Park. We are a quiet, friendly site, ideal for those relaxing, laid back holidays. Our onsite bar is now open. We have been established for over 30 years and pride ourselves on the quality of service that we provide.
Seasonal Tourers Welcome
Tel: 016973 31253 [email protected]
Causewayhead, Silloth-on-Solway, Cumbria, CA7 4PE
Inside Out Camping’s Yurts in Borrowdale provide you with affordable luxury in a really beautiful place. It’s the ideal place to come and stay with family or friends as you can wander by the River Derwent close to the site or walk straight out on to the fells.
07791 184271 [email protected] www.insideoutcamping.co.uk
Getaway and Explore the Lakes www.skelwith.com 015394 32277 [email protected] Ambleside, Cumbria, LA22 0HX TOURING
HIDEAWAYS
HOLIDAY HOMES
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HOSTELS Our great value hostels are ideal bases for families, groups and lone travellers alike. Every hostel is unique, capturing the vast variety and inspiring beauty of the Lake District, Cumbria. Great value for money, many are independent or family-run. Some offer a feast of home-cooked food, while others give you the freedom to cook up a storm in the kitchen. With unrivalled views and outdoor areas, you’ll meet other travellers from across the globe. Form new friendships and make the most of some truly informal and atmospheric surroundings.
This 24 bed 4 star self catering deluxe hostel, with ensuite rooms, is situated on Broadrayne Farm, which is nestled in the heart of the Lake District National Park and a short stroll from the idyllic village of Grasmere. Grasmere Independent Hostel, Broadrayne Farm, Grasmere, LA22 9RU T: 015394 35055 www.grasmerehostel.co.uk [email protected]
Elterwater Hostel is situated in the heart of the Lake District’s iconic Langdale Valley An ideal choice of accommodation for groups, individuals and families alike, the hostel provides simple, comfortable, warm and homely accommodation at a great price.
www.elterwaterhostel.co.uk
Independent family run hostel offering simple B&B licensed accommodation. Individuals, couples, families, groups, shared or en-suite facilities. Excellent food and drink available. Bike hire, film nights, car charging.
Off Easedale Road Grasmere LA22 9QW Tel 015394 35597 www.thorneyhow.co.uk [email protected]
Elterwater, Ambleside, LA22 9HX | Tel: 01539437245 | [email protected]
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Additional Awards
FairBooking
Tourism businesses throughout the county strive to provide the highest standards to ensure a memorable visit.
Both VisitEngland and the AA give additional awards for accommodation and restaurants. For more information please visit www.qualityintourism.com and www.theaa.com/travel
The FairBooking Campaign is aimed at supporting local businesses by encouraging bookings made either direct with the business or through a FairBooking website, such as golakes.co.uk.
Accommodation featured in this guide has been assessed to either the National Quality Assurance standards (star rated schemes), assessed under our local initiative Quality Cumbria, or have signed the Cumbria Tourism Quality Accommodation Charter. National Quality Assurance Standards There are two national assessing bodies, VisitEngland (Quality in Tourism) and the AA. Properties are given a quality rating of 1-5 stars and display one of the following marques.
These quality ratings indicate the overall accommodation standard, cleanliness, ambience, hospitality, service and quality of food. Generally, the higher star rating, the higher the quality and the greater the range of facilities and services offered for each category. Quality Cumbria & Superior Award Quality Cumbria is a local assessment delivered by Cumbria Tourism. Although not star rated accommodation is accredited to the National Quality Assurance Standards, ensuring they are safe, clean and comfortable. For more information about Quality Cumbria and the Superior Award call Cumbria Tourism on 01539 822222.
Awaiting Inspection At the time of going to press, accommodation displaying AWAITING INSPECTION has applied for participation in one of the above assessment schemes. For more information about Quality Assessments please visit www.cumbriatourism.org
Accommodation Prices Prices for all listed accommodation include tax and service charges. ATTRACTIONS Quality Assured Visitor Attractions Visitor Attractions displaying this sign have been assessed by VisitEngland for the standard of customer care, hospitality and service, as well as the standard of the toilets, shop and café, where applicable. National Code of Practice for Visitor Attractions Many Visitor Attractions are committed to this voluntary code operated by VisitEngland. It demonstrates a commitment to quality and an agreed industry-wide standard. Green and Environmental Accreditations
The aim is to keep valuable revenue in Cumbria and help the local economy by minimising the amount of commission fees accommodation providers pay to the big, multinational booking websites. Businesses agree to donate to a local good cause for each direct booking. Cumbria Tourism also makes an annual donation on behalf of its website golakes.co.uk. For more details visit www.golakes. co.uk/accommodation/FairBooking. aspx ACCESSIBILITY Cumbria offers many opportunities for disabled visitors to enjoy this unique county. Many accommodation providers, restaurants and attractions cater for disabled visitors and will happily accommodate specific requirements. National Accessible Scheme If you have particular mobility, visual or hearing needs, look for the following symbols. These show that they have met VisitEngland’s National Accessible Scheme criteria.
Cumbria Tourism recognises a range of green and environmental initiatives. These schemes and accreditations show a commitment to reducing impact on the environment and managing resources more efficiently.
≠“‘«cab
Compliments, Comments and Concerns
For a full explanation of these symbols, visit www.visitengland.org
We welcome feedback about your visit to The Lake District, Cumbria. Should a problem arise during your stay, whenever possible, discuss it with the management of the property first. If not resolved, professional advice is available from a variety of sources. For full details about the help available to you please visit www.golakes.co.uk/complaint.aspx or call Cumbria Tourism on 01539 822222.
Access Statements All accommodation will have an Access or Accessibility Statement. This is a written, clear, accurate and honest description of the facilities and services available. It will help you make an informed decision about whether that business can meet your needs. To plan the perfect stay, discuss your needs with the chosen establishment before making your booking. Further Information There is a wealth of information for visitors with disabilities. Visit any Tourist Information Centre for maps showing accessible areas, walks and facilities.
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ATTRACTIONS INDEXING SYMBOLS KEY R
Refreshments available
Attraction particularly suitable for children
d
Dogs welcome throughout the whole attraction
T
M
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Visitor Information Points offer a local drop-in service which includes basic information and free literature for visitors without being a full-scale Tourist Information Centre. Barrow VIP The Forum 28 Duke Street Barrow-in-Furness, LA14 1HU Dalton VIP Dalton Town Hall, Station Rd, Dalton-In-Furness, LA15 8DT Tel 01229 464000 Friendly, helpful and knowledgeable staff at Cumbria’s Tourist Information Centres can help you make the most of your stay by giving advice on where to go, how to get about, what’s on and where to stay. Tourist Information Centres also offer an accommodation booking service to personal callers Alston Town Hall, Front Street, CA9 3RF Tel 01434 382244 [email protected] MJ5 Ambleside Central Buildings, Market Cross, LA22 9BS Tel 0844 225 0544 [email protected] MF9 Appleby Moot Hall, Boroughgate, CA16 6XE Tel 017683 51177 [email protected] MJ7 Bowness-on-Windermere Glebe Road, LA23 3HJ [email protected] Tel 0845 9010845 MF10 Brampton Moot Hall, Market Place, CA8 1RW Tel 016977 3433 MG3 Broughton-in-Furness Town Hall, The Square, LA20 6JF Tel 01229 716115 [email protected] MD11
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| i don't know |
Hibernation is the name given to a period of dormancy experienced by an animal during the Winter months. What name is given to a similar period of dormancy experienced by an animal during the Summer months? | The Biology of Hibernation: Can Humans Hibernate? | Serendip Studio
The Biology of Hibernation: Can Humans Hibernate?
Submitted by kcough on Sun, 11/11/2007 - 5:32pm
biology
The Biology of Hibernation: Can Humans Hibernate?
The days are getting shorter and darker, and, if you’re anything like me, it’s making you want to curl up in a little ball and, well, hibernate. Animals have the right idea—as soon as winter hits they burrow into their caves and settle down to wait it out. So can we do that too? After all, we’re not that biologically different. Could we, at one point, have been able to hibernate as animals do—storing food and sleeping for several months at a time? Have we lost our ability to hibernate? This is what I’m setting out to answer—because I wouldn’t mind, myself, being able to sleep for a few months this winter.
The Science of It All
So what is hibernation? Why have some organisms adapted in order to be able to be dormant for weeks or even months at a time? And what actually happens to an organism’s body when it goes into such a state? “The term hibernation is often loosely used to denote any state of torpor, inactivity, or dormancy that an organism might exhibit. Properly speaking, however, use of the term should be confined solely to warm-blooded homoiotherms; i.e. birds and mammals….[who are] less dependent on many environmental restrictions, particularly those limitations imposed on organisms by ambient temperatures.” [2]. An organism will enter a dormant state to survive environmental extremes—lack of food and water, very cold or very hot temperatures (arctic winters and desert summers), and changes in light. States of inactivity to survive extreme cold are referred to as hibernation, while those to survive extreme heat are referred to as “estivation.” Because humans are able to avoid such extremes, our bodies have not been required, over the years, to adapt to be able to hibernate…but does that mean we have lost the biological mechanisms necessary to achieve true hibernation? Did we ever have them? There are, after all, profound biological shifts that occur when an organism hibernates. There are actually different states of hibernation, and few animals that are able to experience “true” hibernation—hibernation as we generally think of it that is, surviving up to six months without food or water in an inactive state. I will deal here with “true” hibernation, and later touch upon the ways in which different organisms may enter into different states of inactivity for extended periods of time.
True hibernation is not only “characterized by profound reductions in metabolism, oxygen consumption and heart rate,” [1], but also by the ability for body temperatures to mimic the environment [2]. In this hypometabolic state (a state of decreased metabolism), an organism’s body turns to lipids (fatty acids) rather than carbohydrates for the production of energy. In fact, an organism loses about 40% of its body weight during hibernation, 0.2-0.3 percent a day. The hibernation period itself does not consume much energy, but the waking period consumes a great deal, and this is when the most weight is lost [2]. Organisms also have a decreased heart rate and blood pressure, all of which ensure that the body consumes as little energy as possible to prolong its energy stores. “The hibernator apparently is balanced on a very narrow line between the maintenance of life at a level that makes recovery from hibernation possible and a reduction of metabolism to a level that will lead to death” [2]. It is imperative that organisms have enough fat stores or food stores close by to allow their bodies to basically internally consume themselves during hibernation.
Another characteristic of true hibernation is that of extremely low core body temperatures—often dipping below -2.9 degrees Celsius. [1] As the body of an organism cools, its metabolic rate decreases, which, in turn, reduces the need for oxygen, which is required to make Adenosine Triphosphate, a molecule used in metabolic processes. Dormant organisms also cease to be sexually active during true hibernation. In short, hibernation is an attempt to conserve energy in as many ways as possible in order to survive environmental extremes.
Who Hibernates?
So who hibernates? Do humans hibernate? As I mentioned before there are only several animals that truly hibernate, but as it turns out, almost every organism enters a state or dormancy in some form or another—even single celled organisms!
Single-celled organisms, or Protozoans, form protective cysts around themselves in order to survive in hostile environments. This is what enables some viruses to spread so easily—the Protozoan that causes Amebic Dystentery, for example, forms a cyst that allows it to survive in water and be passed from one person to another. “Without encystment, which allows the organism to live in a dormant state in an unfavorable environment (e.g. water), amebic dysentery could be much more easily controlled. Protected by the cyst wall, the dormant contents of the cyst can survive for weeks” [2]. Other protozoans “encyst” to protect themselves from lack of nutrients, unfavorable environments, or pollution [2]. Invertebrates also form some type of protective cysts in unfavorable conditions. Snails, for example, cover their shell openings by “secret[ing] a membrane (the epiphragm) of mucus and slime…” [2], as do slugs, though they also bury themselves in the ground beforehand [2]. Some freshwater sponges form gemmules, (essentially the asexually produced offspring of sponges) which are then covered in a protective coating of organic matter and spicules, skeletal structures that protect the organism from environmental hardships such as lack of oxygen and extreme temperatures. When the environment around the sponge becomes favorable again, these gemmules become adult sponges.
Insects experience what is called “Diapuse,” which is just another word for reduced metabolic activity. Because insects cannot develop without the hormone ecdysone, and ecdysone in turn cannot be produced in extreme temperatures or lack of light, they must essentially “hibernate” and wait for favorable conditions to return so that they may resume the metamorphic process. If they are fully grown adults, sexual reproduction ceases during these periods. During such periods, insects will find some sort of shelter and emerge when conditions are favorable.
Vertebrates are divided into two categories: warm-blooded (also called homoiotherms, or those whose body temperature is more or less stable), and cold-blooded (also called poikilothermous, or those whose body temperature corresponds with that of the environment). Both types experience some form of hibernation, though warm-blooded animals are the “true” hibernators. Cold-blooded vertebrates, such as fish, amphibians, and reptiles, generally “hibernate” by sheltering themselves from the elements. While they are incapable of lowering their body temperature to that of the environment, they do require less food and water. Most fish do not experience hibernation in the way other species do—after all, lack of water provides a larger problem for them than for most organisms. One type of fish, however, can survive without water for a time—the Lungfish. African lungfish (Protopterus), for example, during periods of drought, bury themselves in the mud and “use a lunglike air bladder” to breathe, rather than their gills. Much like mammals, they burn fat for energy (rather than oxidizing carbohydrates) “and in order to conserve water, they excrete urea rather than ammonia. This is because ammonia as an excretory product is highly toxic; animals that excrete ammonia require large quantities of water to dilute it below toxic levels. Urea…requires little or no water for its excretion” [2]. So if even fish can hibernate, it would seem as though we, too, should be able to, in a way. But can we?
And now to the big guns—the mammals. While we generally think of bears as true hibernators, their dormancy periods resemble sleeping rather than hibernating. Their core temperatures do not approach those of their habitat, and they are also able to give birth to young, whereas, in true hibernating mammals, gonad activity ceases completely. “Perpetuation of the species requires that the animal be warm and active during the mating and pregnancy periods” [2]. There are three types of mammals who exhibit “true” hibernation—the Insectivora (such as hedgehogs, shrews, and moles), the Chiroptera (bats), and the Rodentia (marmots, hamsters, dormice, hazel mice, and ground squirrels) [2]. They prepare themselves by finding a suitable shelter, then storing food or gaining weight. “Generally, as the season advances and as the hibernator becomes progressively more prepared for hibernation, there is an increase of fat deposition and a general readjustment of body temperature, metabolism, and heart rate to lowered levels of activity” [2]. Rather than oxidizing carbohydrates for energy, an organism turns to its lipids (fats), and burns them instead. This is due to the fact that lipids, when combusted, contain up to twice as much energy than carbohydrates [6]. Arctic ground squirrels exhibit the most marked reductions in metabolism, temperature, and inactivity of any organism, and are used as the “measuring stick” for true hibernation. They find a protected space and curl up in the fetal position, then allowing their core temperature (which is initially about the same as that of a bear) to drop below freezing (0 degrees Celsius). They barely breathe, their internal organs (digestive tract and endocrine glands) effectively shutdown, and their bones and teeth deteriorate[2]. If the animal is picked up or “uncurled” it will not immediately awaken, though “such handling will trigger wakening mechanisms,” causing it to eventually rouse from its dormant state [2]. It can take up to two days for an animal to fully emerge from hibernation and its temperature to return to normal. They are, essentially, near death for months at a time, emerging every three weeks or so to renew energy stores and move around a bit.
Can Humans Hibernate?
Now what about humans? While we don’t have the need to hibernate for protection against the elements as animals do, did we once have the biological mechanisms to regulate our metabolic activity and temperature for long periods of time? Do we still have those mechanisms—and just not use them? “What was before a blind reflexive response developed by certain organisms for survival in natural habitats reemerges in humans as the product of a rational, everyday waking consciousness…Now instead of being merely reactive to environmental variables, such as temperature change or lack of food, human beings must be trained to reenter this conservative and restorative state” [3]. The closest most humans come to hibernation these days seems be through meditation, sleep, and starvation. All three states are characterized by many of the same things as hibernation—decreased metabolic activity, decreased oxygen consumption, muscle relaxation, and decreased hormone production. While body temperatures drop in all four states, meditation comes closest to hibernation—when the Yogi Satyamurti meditated in an underground pit for eight days, his heartbeat decreased to such a level that it barely registered, and his body temperature fell to 34.8 degrees Celsius, matching his surroundings [3]. A fundamental difference, however, between hibernation and meditation is that hibernating animals are not conscious during dormancy, while humans have demonstrated alpha-theta brain waves during meditation, which are those that are also most closely related to being awake. “In wakeful alertness, one’s state of consciousness is characterized as empty of any particular content but nevertheless active and alert above the threshold of awareness” [3]. Animals are also, unlike humans, able to control the rate at which their bodies use lipids rather than carbohydrates for energy [4].
It would appear that while humans have some of the tools for hibernation, we have not evolved them to be used for long periods of time because we have not been required to. Perhaps if we were at the mercy of the elements, we would have evolved to be able to hibernate, to be able to lower our body temperatures and severely reduce the amount of energy we use and where such energy comes from. It seems, however, unlikely that we will ever have the need to hibernate in the future, considering our wealth of indoor heating systems and warehouses full of winter coats. For now we’ll have to settle for bundling up, hunkering down, and waiting out the winter fully conscious, and, sadly, awake.
Sources & Further Information
1. Advances in Molecular Biology of Hibernation in Mammals, Matthew T. Andrews http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=17450592&ordinalpos=2&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum
2. “Dormancy.” Encyclopedia Brittanica. 2007. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 10 2007. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-48521 .
3. Meditation as a Voluntary Hypometabolic State of Biological Estivation, by John Ding-E Young and Eugene Taylor http://physiologyonline.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/13/3/149
4. Focus On: “Coordinate Expression of the PDK4 gene: a means of regulating fuel selection in a hibernating mammal.” http://physiolgenomics.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/8/1/3.pdf
5. Mammalian Hibernation, University of Calgary http://www.ucalgary.ca/~kmuldrew/cryo_course/cryo_chap12_1.html
6. Overview of Lipid Function, http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/620fattyacid.html
7. A Simple Molecular Mathematical Model of Mammalian Hibernation, Marshall Hampton & Matthew T. Andrews, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WMD-4N85BF0-5&_user=400777&_coverDate=07%2F21%2F2007&_alid=646055634&_rdoc=23&_fmt=full&_orig=search&_cdi=6932&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ct=1301&_acct=C000018819&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=400777&md5=c69ef9479b5db9bc7164db18b28c6165
While I found this article too late to incorporate it into my paper, it is still fascinating. It deals with the idea of “suspended animation” or “inducing hibernation” in humans by attempting to reduce metabolism in various ways. A great read.
| Aestivation |
Which chemical element takes its name from the Arabic word for 'yellow'? | Tortoise Trust Web - Glossary of Chelonian Terminology
GLOSSARY OF CHELONIAN TERMINOLOGY
ADAPTION - Morphological or behavioral modifications evolved over a period in response to environment or mode of life.
AESTIVATE - Summer or dry season dormancy. Not to be confused with hibernation.
ALLANTOIS - Sac-like growth surrounding an embryo. Assists with respiration and waste management.
AMNION - A fluid filed sac enclosing an embryo.
ANAL - Pertaining to the anal region; e.g., the anal suture of the plastron.
ANOXIA - Lack of oxygen. Suffocation.
ANTERIOR - Towards the front or head.
AQUATIC - Living in water.
AREOLA - The central region of the scute. May be marked or raised.
BASKING - Behavior designed to gain maximum absorption of heat from the sun. Often involves positioning on slopes.
BEAK - The horny outer covering of the jaws.
BIMODALITY - The term used to describe non-simultaneous hatching.
BIOCLIMATIC RANGE - The forces of temperature and humidity, among other factors, which influence distribution of a species.
BODY TEMPERATURE - The interior rather than exterior surface temperature of the body. Usually measured per cloaca.
CARAPACE - The hard bony upper shell of the tortoise or turtle.
CARNIVORE - An animal which eats the flesh of other animals. Not common in tortoises but frequent in freshwater turtles. e.g., Snapping turtles.
CAUDAL - Pertaining to the tail region.
CHARACTER - Any key feature used to diagnose species or sex.
CHELONIAN - A shield reptile. Tortoises, turtles and terrapins.
CLINE - A gradual morphological variation within a species from one part of its range to another.
CLOACA - The chamber and vent in the tail.
CLUTCH - The collective term for all the eggs laid by a female at one time.
CLUTCH DENSITY - The number of eggs in a single clutch.
CONTIGUOUS - A sequential or unbroken series or distribution.
COPROPHAGOUS - Dung or faeces eating.
COSTAL - The series of plates located at the side and middle of a chelonians shell between the vertebrals and marginals.
CRANIAL - Pertaining to the skull.
CUTANEOUS - Of or pertaining to the skin.
DIMORPHISM - Two distinct forms within a species. Sexual dimorphism is the existence of morphological divergence between male and female.
DIURNAL - Active during the day.
DORSAL - Pertaining to the upper part.
DYSTOCIA - See egg-binding.
ESD - Acronym for Environmental Sex Determination.
ECOSYSTEM - The natural symmetry between organisms and their environment.
ECTOPARASITE - A parasite that lives outside the body or on its surface.
ECTOTHERM - An organism which mainly relies upon environmental sources to sustain its body temperature.
EGG BINDING - A condition which occurs in female tortoises involving difficulty in laying eggs (Dystocia).
EGG CARUNCLE - A small projection on the beak of hatchlings used for the purposes of piercing the egg.
EGG TOOTH - See egg caruncle.
ENDEMIC - Zoogeographically restricted species, race or form.
ENDOPARASITE - An internal parasite, e.g., a 'worm'.
ENDOTHERM - An animal which self-generates heat by metabolic action, e. g., a mammal.
ESTIVATE - See aestivate.
FSL - Acronym for Full Spectrum Lighting, 'artificial sunlight'.
FAMILY - The taxonomic category below Order and above Genus.
FAUNA - The animal life of a locality.
FENESTRATED - Pierced. With gaps or holes.
FORM - A population or 'variety'; not necessarily deserving of separate systematic recognition but also sometimes denoting a true species or subspecies.
GENETIC - Pertaining to genes and inheritance.
GENUS - The taxonomic category below Family and above Species. Contains one or more species.
GESTATION - In tortoises, the period between fertilization of an egg and laying.
GREGARIOUS - Tending to congregate in groups.
GULAR - Pertaining to the throat region; in tortoises usually refers to the plastral scutes below the head.
GUT - The alimentary canal, especially the intestine.
HABITAT - The environment in which an animal lives.
HATCHLING - The young animal just after it leaves the egg; any juvenile phase tortoise to about 6 months.
HEPATIC - Pertaining to the liver.
HERBIVORE - An animal which eats plants rather than other animals. A vegetarian.
HERPETOLOGY - The science and study of reptiles and amphibians.
HIBERNATION - Winter dormancy characterised by specific biological and biochemical changes including lowered blood pressure and respiration rate.
HINGE - A mobile suture; as seen in Box Turtles or Hinge-back tortoises which allows part of the shell to be closed.
HOMOGENOUS - A relatively intact distribution of genetic material within a population. Little diversity from one locality to another within the range.
HYBRID - An individual resulting from a mating of parents which are not genetically identical, e.g., those that belong to different species.
INCUBATION - The developmental phase of an egg prior to hatching which requires warmth.
INFRARED - Invisible heat rays beyond the visible light spectrum.
INTERGRADE - A hybrid form.
INTRODUCED - A species not native to a region but which now occur there as a result of artificial transport or escapes from captivity etc.
INTROFLEXED - Turned inwards.
JUVENILE - Not sexually mature.
KEEL - A ridge sometimes seen in the vertebral region of the carapace.
KERATIN - A tough fibrous protein present in epidermal structures such as carapace shields, beaks and claws.
KINESIS - Mobile. As in a box turtle or Hinge-back shell.
LATERAL - Pertaining to the side.
MARGINAL - The series of smaller scutes at the very edge of the carapace. Usually 11 on each side in most species.
MELANISTIC - Darker or blacker than normal.
MESIC - An intermediate humidity habitat.
METABOLIC RATE - The rate of energy expenditure by an organism.
METABOLISM - The chemical or energy changes which occur within an animal necessary to sustain life.
MICROCLIMATE - The climate immediately surrounding an animal. May differ profoundly from the general climate in the case of burrowing tortoises.
MORPHOLOGY - Pertaining to shape and form.
MORPHOMETRY - The technique of measuring and comparing shapes, e.g., the shape of a turtle shell.
MYELITIS - Tissue destruction due to infection.
NARES - Paired openings of the nasal cavity.
NASAL - Pertaining to the nose or nares.
NOCTURNAL - Active at night.
NUCHAL - A small scute at the front of the carapace, above the head.
OEDEMA - Fluid retention. Can signify renal disease or bruising. Any swelling.
OMNIVORE - An animal which feeds on both plant and animal tissue.
OPTIC - Pertaining to the eyes.
OSTEOLOGICAL - Pertaining to the bones and their structure.
OVIPOSITION - The act of egg laying.
P.O. - Preferred Optimum.
PHENETIC - Apparent similarity on the basis of external characters.
PHYLOGENY - Pertaining to evolutionary relationships.
PLASTRON - The lower surface of the chelonian shell.
POIKILOTHERM - See ectotherm.
POPULATION - A group of the same species living in a discreet geographical area.
POSTERIOR - The rear or back part.
RACE - A population of a species distinguishable from the rest of that species. A subspecies.
RADIAL - Like the spokes of a wheel.
RENAL - Pertaining to the kidneys.
SAVANNAH - A habitat of open plains and low grassy vegetation. SCL - Acronym for Straight Carapace Length (not over the curve).
SCUTE - The horny plates of a chelonian shell.
SERRATED - Jagged or saw-like.
SUBSPECIES - A subdivision of a single species given a unique name which is expressed after the generic and species name. See race.
SUBSTRATE - In herpetology, usually refers to vivarium flooring material.
SUPRA - Pertaining to above.
SUPRACAUDAL - The scute above the tail.
SUTURES - The 'seams' between two boney or horny plates.
SYMPATRIC - Living in the same geographical area.
SYNONYM - One of several different names applied to an identical taxonomic category only one of which is valid. The invalid names only are called synonyms. The valid name is selected by priority.
SYSTEMIC - Whole body treatment. Not topical. Usually by injection.
TAXON - A taxonomic category, e.g a Family, Genus or Species.
TAXONOMY - The science of classification.
TEMPERATE - Latitudes where summer and winter seasons are experienced.
TERRAPIN - Fresh water aquatic chelonians.
TERRESTRIAL - Living on the ground. Not Aquatic.
TOPICALLY - Pertaining to surface application.
TORTOISE - Terrestrial chelonians.
| i don't know |
Who is the only British Prime Minister whose mother tongue was not English? | Prime Minister of the United Kingdom - RationalWiki
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
From RationalWiki
v - t - e
The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the Head of Government of the United Kingdom . By an unwritten rule, the Prime Minister must be a Member of the House of Commons (the lower house of Parliament). The last Prime Minister from outside the Commons, Lord Salisbury, left the office in 1902. [1]
Spencer Perceval remains the only Prime Minister to ever be assassinated, after an angry rich man from Liverpool lost the plot.
Contents
[ edit ] Appointment
The Prime Minister is not directly elected. Instead, the public vote for a single Member of Parliament, a representative from their constituency. There are 650 MPs in total. If one political party has a majority in the Commons, then the leader of that party will be appointed Prime Minister. Otherwise, party leaders will attempt to form a coalition or lead a minority government. Whoever has the support of the most Members of Parliament will generally be the Prime Minister. Note that the monarch's role is purely constitutional , they cannot simply pick their favourite.
[ edit ] Evolution of the role
The position was not yet created, but historians accept Robert Walpole as the first Prime Minister, as he held the role of First Lord of the Treasury, Chancellor of the Exchequer
and Leader of the House of Commons. He spent over twenty years in this role, although was not a Prime Minister in the modern sense, as he was chosen by the monarch, not Parliament. The existence of the role was denied by many, and only received official acknowledgement in 1905, as a member of the order of precedence, making Henry Campbell-Bannerman the first "official" PM. Legal recognition was only given by the Ministers of the Crown Act 1937, before then the "Prime Minister" was simply the most powerful member of the Cabinet, generally the Party Leader of the party with the most seats.
[ edit ] Early Prime Ministers
Early UK politics was one huge episode of Blackadder.
After the mighty Robert Walpole set things going with a twenty-year stint up to 1742, there followed a succession of lords this and dukes of that. Only a few stand out from the pack:
Lord North was PM from 1770 to 1782. He presided over the American Revolution, a slow-burning resentment which he stoked to roaring flames with his punitive taxes and laws. After defeat at Yorktown (and struggling to control a week-long series of religious riots in London), he became the first PM to lose a parliamentary motion of no confidence. But he managed to keep the Falkland Islands British. Yay.
William Pitt the younger took the job aged 24, fought off Napoleon and brought Ireland into political union with Britain, creating the United Kingdom .
The Duke of Wellington, spent his 22 months as Prime Minister getting the first major electoral reform and Catholic emancipation laws through Parliament, despite blaming anything that went wrong in the country on liberals.
Robert Peel introduced Income tax and an early industrial safety law, and restricted female and child labour in factories. All rather surprising for a conservative - his batting for that side included creating the country's first police force and making the aristocratic, land-owning Tory party into the modern, business-friendly Conservative Party we all know
and love
.
Benjamin Disraeli (Conservative) and W.E. Gladstone (Liberal) alternated Prime Ministerial duties from 1868 to 1885, and presided over a series of progressive laws that greatly improved life for most people in the UK; a majority of men became eligible to vote, women could own property, and trade unions were legalised. They are also the only nineteenth-century politicians that most twenty-first century people can name, if you don't count royals.
[ edit ] Prime Ministers 1900 to 1945
[ edit ] Robert Gascoyne-Cecil (1885-1886, 1886-1892, 1895 - 1902)
Gascoyne-Cecil ( Conservative ), later 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, presided over the installation of Workmen's Compensation; the world's shortest war - the Anglo-Zanzibar War; and the Second South African War.
Of interest to the Portuguese , this is the guy who kicked the the world's oldest military alliance
in the 'nads, almost destroying it, with that infamous (for the Portuguese) 1890 ultimatum
.
[ edit ] Arthur Balfour (1902 - 1905)
Another ( Conservative ). His cabinet was split over free trade . He was an advocate of eugenics . [2]
[ edit ] Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (1905 - 1908)
With the status of 'Prime Minister' being debated and controversial for centuries, Campbell-Bannerman was the first Prime Minister acknowledged in official publications.
[ edit ] Herbert Henry Asquith (1908 - 1916)
Asquith ( Liberal ) endured a turbulent time, with the rise of the Suffragettes , Home Rule, the outbreak of WW1 and the Easter Rising. Asquith had a huge role in the development of the House of Commons and 10 Downing Street as the major powers of Parliament with the passage of the Parliament Act 1911.
[ edit ] David Lloyd George (1916 - 1922)
To date the only Welsh Prime Minister, as well as being the only Prime Minister whose mother tongue was not English . Led Britain throughout the latter half of World War One by means of a Liberal-led coalition government and continued for four years afterwards. Was the last Liberal Prime Minister.
[ edit ] Andrew Bonar Law (1922-1923)
Tory politician Bonar Law was the shortest serving Prime Minister of last century, serving only seven months in office, as well as being the only Prime Minister born outside of the British Isles in New Brunswick - today part of Canada , but at the time of Bonar Law's birth, a British colony. His brief and underwhelming tenure led to his being nicknamed "the unknown Prime Minister." He was also accused of treason while Leader of the Opposition, after declaring the Conservative Party's unconditional support for Ulster unionist militias at a time it was believed they were planning to rebel against the government.
[ edit ] Stanley Baldwin (1923-4, 1924-9, 1935-7)
Taking over the reins from Bonar Law, Baldwin become one of the most important figures of inter-war Britain, leading the tories for fourteen years, including crushing the 1926 General Strike . His creation of a nationalised Electricy Board let to a quadrupling of electricity use in the country, along with lower costs, but his championing of disarmament (naively believing Hitler to be a reasonable man) led to the UK being insufficiently prepared for the war that everyone knew would come. The end came with the abdication crisis
, which he was unable and unwilling to resolve.
[ edit ] Ramsay McDonald (1924, 1929-35)
The first Labour PM remains a divisive figure on the left, but his failures were not mainly his fault. A few months in 1924 were sufficient to prove that a socialist government would not embroil the country in bloody revolution, and his nationalisation of the BBC brought about the rise of the one of the most widely respected broadcasting organisations in the world. However, he was later overshadowed by Baldwin over the Depression, and the party split over his joining forces with the conservatives.
(heavy sigh) Oh dear. Oh dear, oh dear, oh dear.
[ edit ] Post World War Two Prime Ministers
[ edit ] Winston Churchill (1940-45)
A cigar-chomping, top hat-wearing millionaire toff who was rubbish as Chancellor, and whose idea to invade Turkey was one of WWI's biggest blunders, Winston Churchill was an unlikely hero. However, his popular touch and ability to think outside the box were always assets, and thus he was launched, into the hot seat to manage the UK's gravest ever crisis , a job he mostly did well at (Italy's failure to collapse instantly being a major fly in the ointment). However, once peace came, he was as surprised as everyone else to find himself unceremoniously removed from power by an electorate underwhelmed by the prospect of Tory "business as usual." Voters always vote for the future.
[ edit ] Clement Attlee (1945 - 1951)
Clement Attlee ( Labour ) was an agnostic , and a man who nationalised the utilities and oversaw the creation of the British National Health Service by Health Minister Nye Bevan. As the first Labour Party Prime Minister with enough of a majority to do anything radical, he was a hero of socialists and consistently ranks highly in rankings of Prime Ministers. Was hugely influential in Indian Independence and developing Britain's own nuclear deterrent .
[ edit ] Winston Churchill again (1951 - 1955)
Churchill was returned to the office of Prime Minister in '51, but didn't make a great peace time leader. Most of this second term was spent dealing with foreign affairs, one of which led to the joint UK-US coup of Mossadegh in Iran in the early 1950s. He also broke the BBC's monopoly on television by launching ITV, paid for by advertising.
[ edit ] Anthony Eden (1955 - 1957)
Eden (Conservative) built an early reputation as a politician by opposing appeasement in the 1930s and as Foreign Secretary during World War Two, but pretty much nothing of note happened under him except the Suez Crisis
, which led to his resignation (although he was also seriously ill). [3]
[ edit ] Harold Macmillan (1957 - 1963)
Under the half-American Macmillan (Conservative) the UK tried to join the European Community, splitting the Conservative Party, but was vetoed by France . Famous for the first campaign soundbite anyone can remember - "You've never had it so good." An advocate of decolonization, he told South Africa to take note that "The wind of change is blowing through this continent."
[ edit ] Alec Douglas-Home (1963 - 1964)
After Macmillan resigned over health problems, there was some trouble over who would succeed him. It became clear that the Earl of Home was the only one who could command the support of the whole Conservative party, and so was appointed Prime Minister, despite being a member of the House of Lords . He disavowed his peerage, becoming Sir Alec Douglas-Home. A by-election was coming up, and he stood for the Conservatives. He was a Prime Minister, though not in either house of Parliament for 2 weeks, quite exceptional for the 20th century. Though not much happened while he was in office, he was notable as the only Prime Minister to sit two would-be kidnappers down, give them a beer , and talk them out of it. Ballsy. [4]
[ edit ] Edward Heath (1970 - 1974)
Under Heath (Conservative), Britain joined the European Community , violence in Northern Ireland got pretty bad, and the economy went a bit rotten, allegedly due to the Trade Unions . When he lost leadership of the Conservative party, he publicly sulked and whined about "that woman" and how everything she did was wrong.
[ edit ] Harold Wilson (1974 - 1976)
During his second time in office, Wilson gave sweeping Health and Safety rights to workers and managed to stop some of the Trade Union troubles by inviting their leaders for beer and sandwiches at Number 10.
[ edit ] James Callaghan (1976 - 1979)
Oh god, an atheist ! Economy was getting messy as Callaghan (Labour) entered the office, since trade unions were demanding massive pay rises. When they weren't getting them, they were bringing the country to a halt, and the rises were given. Economy couldn't handle it. Nice man, but didn't have the
balls
[ edit ] Margaret Thatcher (1979 - 1990)
Mrs. Thatcher (Conservative) was elected on a manifesto of bringing the Trade Unions under control (after they ended up spending most of the 1970s on strike and causing countless problems), but then the witch went power-crazy. She sold everything the government owned , crushed the rights of Trade Unionists, led the nation to glorious victory over the Argentinian junta in the Falklands War, hated British involvement in the European Community but signed the Single European Act anyway, and then went crazy and introduced the Poll Tax despite even her closest aides' warnings. The aides turned out to be right, and she finally had to leave the office after 11 years.
[ edit ] John Major (1990 - 1997)
After Thatcher, all the Government owned was the railways, so Major (Conservative) sold them too. He also set up a hotline about traffic cones. In 1995 he resigned and challenged himself for the party leadership; unbelievably he won. [5] Two years later, he put the same question to the nation, and wasn't so lucky. He was famous for his greyness, though his parents were circus folk and his half-brother Terry Major-Ball was a genial minor celebrity and author.
[ edit ] Tony Blair (1997 - 2007)
Blair ( New Labour ) brought about peace in Northern Ireland, introduced a national minimum wage, gave independence to the Bank of England (much like the US Federal Reserve ), made gay rights in the UK happen (including civil partnerships), devolved power to Scotland and Wales - then ruined it all by going to war in Iraq , and going on a crazy authoritarian spree of giving powers to the executive and trying to make us all carry identity cards. He also basically sold peerages.
[ edit ] Gordon Brown (2007 - 2010)
As Gordon Brown (Labour) entered office, the civil service made a series of major errors and the financial crisis began. For a terrible television performer, this seemed fatal. Then he made some flip-flops over the 10p tax rate, and the Expenses Scandal occurred. He absolutely had to go, in the eyes of the public. Perhaps he would've been a beloved Prime Minister if things out of his control hadn't happened so badly. On the other hand, he had been in charge of the economy for the previous ten years.
[ edit ] David Cameron (2010 - 2016)
David Cameron (Conservative) came from nowhere in 2005 and ran on a platform of absolutely no policies other than ending Inheritance tax and saying, "Hey, I'm not Tony Blair." Being a much better media performer than Gordon Brown, especially in the first year the UK had televised debates made a big difference. Aligning himself with massively cutting government spending and hating the jobless, he won the most seats, but didn't receive a majority and had to accept a coalition with the Liberal Democrats . While his cuts do seem to be targeted on solving the deficit crisis, many feel his cuts are ideological in nature and will leave Britain as a much smaller-government nation. His government has refused to single out spending on science and research to be protected from cuts. [6]
As of 2015, the Tories won a majority government, allowing Cameron to push for an even more radically anti-working class agenda. [7] His campaign promise was to host a referendum on whether or not the UK will stay or leave the EU, which he scheduled for a vote on June 2016. He preferred remain, but allowed members of his party to campaign for Brexit alongside Nigel Farage .
Brexit won, forcing Cameron to resign in disgrace, forever remembered as the bloke who may have broken the union. Though, to be fair it's probably better than being remembered as "that PM that fucked a pig".
[ edit ] Theresa May (2016 - ongoing)
Theresa May (Conservative), the former Home Secretary, took control of the party after Cameron made the ill-advised vote on Brexit. While she supported Remain, she insisted that Brexit was final, and that the UK would leave the EU in accordance to what the people voted. Many are wondering if May will be the last Prime Minister because of the post-Brexit fallout with Scotland and Northern Ireland .
| David Lloyd George |
Playing for Newcastle United and Everton between 1994 and 1997, Marc Hottiger was the first footballer from which country to appear in the Premier League? | BBC - History - British History in depth: Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline
On This Day
Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline
Do you know which prime minister brought 'fallen women' to 10 Downing Street? Or which one fought a duel? Or who was known as 'the Goat'?
Take a political journey through nearly 300 years of high ideals and low cunning, from Gordon Brown to the first man to hold prime ministerial powers, Robert Walpole.
Margaret Thatcher
Conservative, 1979 - 1990
Britain's first female prime minister came to power with the country descending into industrial and economic chaos. A relatively inexperienced politician, she nonetheless adopted a personal style of indomitable self-confidence and brooked no weakness in herself or her colleagues. Derisively dubbed the 'Iron Lady' by the Soviet press, she wore the moniker with pride. Her government's free-market policies included trade liberalisation, deregulation, sweeping privatisation, breaking the power of the unions, focus on the individual and the creation of an 'enterprise culture'. 'Thatcherism' has had a profound and lasting economic and social impact on Britain, and still sharply divides opinion to this day. The first PM to serve three consecutive terms (including two 'landslide' victories) she was eventually toppled by her own party following the disastrous imposition of a 'poll tax'. Nonetheless, she is generally considered to be one of the best peace time prime ministers of the 20th Century.
James Callaghan
Labour, 1976 - 1979
Callaghan inherited the office of prime minister following the surprise resignation of Harold Wilson. With only a tiny parliamentary majority to support him, he faced an increasingly one-sided confrontation with organised labour in the form of rampant strike action. Things came to a head in the so-called 'Winter of Discontent', a phrase from Shakespeare borrowed by Callaghan himself to describe the events leading up to February 1979. Britain was 'strikebound', with public servants staging mass walk outs, leaving food and fuel supplies undelivered, rubbish uncollected and - most notoriously - bodies unburied. Things became so bad in Hull it was dubbed 'the second Stalingrad'. The tabloid press has since been accused of overstating the severity of the situation (and wrongly quoting him as saying 'Crisis? What Crisis?') but it was enough at the time to sound the death knell for Callaghan's government later in the same year.
Harold Wilson
Labour, 1974 - 1976
In March 1974, Wilson became prime minister for the third time at the head of a minority government, following the first hung parliament (one where no party holds a majority) for 45 years. Often described as a wily fixer and negotiator, it took all of his skills to hold on to power in the face of economic and industrial turmoil. His party was also sharply divided, with many Labour members of parliament (MPs) bitter about Wilson's manoeuvring against his colleagues. He called another general election in October 1974, thereby ending the shortest parliament since 1681, and was returned to office with a majority of just three seats. He presided over a referendum on Britain's membership of the European Economic Community (EEC), and a collapse in the value of the pound which prompted a humiliating 'rescue operation' by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Exhausted, Wilson resigned saying 'politicians should not go on and on'.
Edward Heath
Conservative, 1970 - 1974
Heath succeeded in taking Britain into the European Economic Community (EEC), the precursor to the European Union, despite two previous failed attempts by Britain to gain entry, in 1961 and 1967. But his government was dogged by torrid industrial relations and recurrent economic crises. Things came to a head in January 1974, when industry was put on a 'three-day week' to conserve fuel. Fuel was in dangerously short supply following a combination of domestic industrial action (coal miners on 'work-to-rule') and a quadrupling of prices by Middle Eastern oil exporting nations in the wake of Israel's victory in the Yom Kippur War. In March 1974, Heath called a general election on the question of 'who governs Britain?' - the unions, or the elected representatives of the people. To his surprise the result was a hung parliament (one where no party holds a majority) and he was ousted.
Harold Wilson
Labour, 1964 - 1970
In 1964, 'Good old Mr Wilson' - an avuncular, pipe-smoking figure - came to power amid much excitement and optimism. He had promised a 'new Britain' forged in 'the white heat of a second industrial revolution'. In reality, his administration never escaped from a cycle of economic crises, vainly battling against further devaluations of the pound. Wilson won a second general election in 1966 (the year England lifted the football World Cup) making him the first Labour PM to serve consecutive terms. In 1967, the government failed in its application for membership of the European Economic Community (EEC) and was also finally forced to devalue sterling. The electorate became disillusioned with Wilson, who lost narrowly to the Conservatives in the 1970 election.
Sir Alec Douglas-Home, Conservative, 1963 - 1964
In 1963, a change in the law allowed hereditary peers to disclaim (or 'drop') their titles, which in turn meant they were able to become members of parliament (MPs). The only peer ever to do so and become prime minister was Douglas-Home, formerly the 14th Earl of Home, who assumed the office when Harold Macmillan retired due to ill health. He was the first prime minister in the post-war period not to win his own mandate (be elected or re-elected by popular vote).
Harold Macmillan, Conservative, 1957 - 1963
Macmillan came to power at a time when Britain was confronting its loss of world-power status and facing mounting economic troubles. Nonetheless, he successfully associated the Conservatives with a new age of affluence and the burgeoning consumer revolution. But his oft-quoted assurance 'You've never had it so good' actually finishes 'What is beginning to worry some of us is, is it too good to be true?'. His government is principally remembered for the so-called 'Profumo Affair', a sex scandal that erupted in 1963 and contributed to the Conservatives' defeat at the general election the following year. Secretary of State for War John Profumo had been having an affair with a showgirl who was also seeing the Soviet naval attaché to London - a serious transgression at the height of the Cold War. After lying to the House of Commons, Profumo admitted the truth in June 1963 and resigned in disgrace. Macmillan resigned due to ill health in October the same year.
Sir Anthony Eden, Conservative, 1955 - 1957
When Sir Winston Churchill retired due to ill health, Eden took over as prime minister. Many years before, Churchill had anointed Eden as his successor, but later acknowledged he had made 'a great mistake'. His opinion was born out as the new PM blundered into the Suez Crisis. Following Egypt's decision to nationalise the Suez canal, Britain (the principal shareholder), France and Israel invaded in October 1956 to near-universal condemnation and the threat of nuclear strikes by the Soviet Union. Within a week, Britain was forced into an embarrassing climb-down. Humiliated and in ill-health, Eden left the country for a holiday at the Jamaican home of James Bond author, Ian Fleming. He returned in mid-December to the sarcastic newspaper headline: 'Prime Minister Visits Britain'. He resigned on 9 January 1957.
Sir Winston Churchill, Conservative, 1951 - 1955
Churchill's desire to return to power, despite his assured place in history, had much to do with his belligerent refusal to accept that the British public had rejected him in 1945. Now the electorate was seeking to put behind it the hardships and privations of the post-war years under Clement Atlee and return to a more traditional idea of society - so-called 'housing and red meat' issues. Churchill tried - and failed - to recreate the dynamism of his wartime administration, and he struggled to adjust to the political realities of the Cold War, preferring direct action and personal diplomacy to proxy wars and cabinet consensus. His refusal to retire, despite suffering a stroke, caused mounting frustrations among his colleagues. At the age of 80, he finally conceded to his failing health and stepped down, although he continued to serve as an MP.
Clement Attlee, Labour, 1945 - 1951
World War Two had sharply exposed the imbalances in Britain's social, economic and political structures. For a population that had sacrificed so much, a return to the pre-war status quo was simply not an option. In 1942, a report by Sir William Beveridge, chairman of a Ministry of Health committee, had advocated a system of national insurance, comprehensive welfare for all and strategies to maintain full employment. The 'Beveridge Report' formed the basis of Labour pledges in the 1945 election and resulted in a landslide victory. Attlee's government successfully harnessed the wartime sense of unity to create the National Health Service, a national insurance scheme, a huge programme of nationalisation (including the Bank of England and most heavy industries) and a massive building programme. He also made Britain a nuclear-armed power. These sweeping reforms resulted in a parliamentary consensus on key social and economic policies that would last until 1979. But by 1951, a row over plans to charge for spectacles and false teeth had split the cabinet. Party disunity and a struggling economy contributed to Attlee - cruelly dubbed by Churchill 'a modest man with much to be modest about' - losing the next election.
Winston Churchill, Conservative, 1940 - 1945
By the time Churchill was asked to lead the coalition government in 1940, he had already enjoyed colourful and controversial careers as a journalist, soldier and politician. He had twice 'crossed the floor' of the House of Commons, the first time defecting from Conservative to Liberal and serving as First Lord of the Admiralty during the early years of World War One. Demoted in the wake of the slaughter at Gallipoli, he preferred to resign and take up a commission fighting on the Western Front. Despite standing against the Conservatives in a 1924 by-election, Churchill was welcomed back into the party that same year and served as Chancellor of the Exchequer for five years under Stanley Baldwin. But personal disagreements and his vehement anti-Fascism would lead to nearly a decade in the political wilderness. Following Neville Chamberlain's resignation in 1940, Churchill finally realised his 'destiny' and accepted the office of prime minister. Promising nothing more than 'blood, toil, tears and sweat', he almost single-handedly restored Britain's desire to fight on in adversity. Despite Churchill's enormous personal popularity, by 1945 the electorate no longer wanted a war leader and the Conservatives lost by a landslide.
Neville Chamberlain, Conservative, 1937 - 1940
Rarely has the hyperbole of politicians been as resoundingly exposed as when Neville Chamberlain returned from his 1938 negotiations with Adolf Hitler, brandishing his famous 'piece of paper' and declaring the agreement it represented to be 'peace for our time'. Within a year, Germany had invaded Poland and Britain was plunged into World War Two. With his policy of 'appeasement' towards Hitler utterly bankrupted, Chamberlain resigned in 1940. He was replaced by Winston Churchill. When the issue of honours was discussed, he stated that he wanted to die 'plain Mr Chamberlain, like my father'. His father, Joseph Chamberlain, was the politician who split the Conservatives in 1903 by pushing for tariffs on imported goods. It was this very issue that convinced Churchill to defect to the Liberals, with whom he first achieved high office. Chamberlain died six months after resigning.
Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1935 - 1937
When Baldwin returned to power in 1935, the financial crisis sparked by the Wall Street Crash six years before appeared to be over. It was to be swiftly replaced by a constitutional crisis brought about by Edward VIII's desire to marry a twice-divorced American, Wallis Simpson. Baldwin advised Edward that Mrs Simpson would not be accepted as Queen by the public, and that the king could not condone divorce as head of the Church of England. The king proposed a 'morganatic' marriage, whereby Mrs Simpson would become his consort, but not Queen. The government rejected the idea and threatened to resign if the king forced the issue. The story then broke in the press, to general disapproval by the public. Rather than break the engagement, Edward abdicated on 11 December 1936. Credited with saving the monarchy, Baldwin is also condemned for failing to begin re-arming when it became clear that Nazi Germany was building up its armed forces.
Ramsay MacDonald, Labour, 1929 - 1935
MacDonald began his second term at the head of a minority government (one that does not have an outright majority) and with the economy in deep crisis. Britain was still in the grip of the Great Depression and unemployment soon soared to two million. With fewer people able to pay tax, revenues had fallen as demand for unemployment benefits had soared. Unable to meet the deficit, by 1931 it was being proposed that benefits and salaries should be cut. Labour ministers rejected the plan as running counter to their core beliefs. MacDonald went to the king, George V, to proffer his resignation. George suggested MacDonald to try and form a 'national government' or coalition of all the parties. (This is the last recorded direct political intervention by a British monarch.) The National Government was formed, with MacDonald as prime minister, but Stanley Baldwin, leader of the Conservative Party, the de facto 'power behind the throne'. MacDonald is still considered by many in the Labour Party as their worst political traitor.
Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1924 - 1929
In May 1926, the Trades Union Congress called for a general walkout in support of a coal miners' protest against threatened wage cuts. It was the first and, to date, only general strike in British history. The strike affected key industries, such as gas, electricity and the railways, but ended after just nine days due to lack of public backing and well-organised emergency measures by Baldwin's government. Far from succeeding in its aims, the General Strike actually led to a decline in trade union membership and the miners ended up accepting longer hours and less pay. It also gave impetus to the 1927 Trade Disputes Act, which curtailed workers' ability to take industrial action. Baldwin's government also extended the vote to women over 21 and passed the Pensions Act, but eventually fell as a result of the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and the Depression that followed.
Ramsay MacDonald, Labour, 1924
In 1924, MacDonald briefly became the first Labour prime minister, ending two centuries of Conservative - Liberal domination of British politics. It was the first party to gain power with the express purpose of representing the voice of the 'working class'. An MP since 1906, MacDonald was respected as a thinker, but criticised by many within his own party as insufficiently radical (despite appointing the first female cabinet minister, Margaret Bondfield, in 1929). His opposition to World War One had made him deeply unpopular and he continually suffered a torrid time at the hands of the press. The publication by two newspapers of the 'Zinoviev letter' did much to damage his chances in the run up to the 1924 election. The letter (which he had seen but decided to keep secret) purported to be from Soviet intelligence and urged British communists to commit acts of sedition. He lost by a wide margin. The letter is now widely accepted to be a fraud.
Stanley Baldwin, Conservative, 1923
During his very brief first term as prime minister, Stanley Baldwin bumped into an old school friend on a train. Asked what he was doing these days, Baldwin replied: 'I am the prime minister.' Having come to power following Andrew Bonar Law's resignation, he called an election in the hope of gaining his own mandate (election by popular vote), but lost.
Andrew Bonar Law, Conservative, 1922 - 1923
Branded the 'unknown prime minister' by his bitter political rival HH Asquith, Canadian-born Bonar Law is principally remembered for a single speech he made in 1922. The Conservatives had been part of a coalition under the Liberal prime minister, David Lloyd George, since 1916. Many were considering joining Lloyd George permanently, but Bonar Law's speech changed their minds. Instead, the Conservatives withdrew from the coalition and Lloyd George was forced to resign. The king, George V, asked Bonar Law to form a new government. Reluctantly he accepted, despite still grieving two sons killed in World War One and - as it turned out - dying of throat cancer. He held office for 209 days before resigning due to ill health. He died six months later and was buried at Westminster Abbey, upon which Asquith commented: 'It is fitting that we should have buried the Unknown Prime Minister by the side of the Unknown Warrior.'
David Lloyd George, Liberal, 1916 - 1922
Lloyd George guided Britain to victory in World War One and presided over the legislation that gave women the vote in 1918, but he is remembered as much for his private life as his public achievements. Nicknamed the 'Welsh Wizard', he was also less kindly known as 'The Goat' - a reference to his countless affairs. (Scandalously, he lived with his mistress and illegitimate daughter in London while his wife and other children lived in Wales.) The first 'working class' prime minister, Lloyd George had risen to prominence by solving the shortage of munitions on the Western Front. It was his desire to get to grips with the requirements of 'total war' that led to his split with then Liberal Prime Minister HH Asquith. It also brought him closer to the Conservatives, with whom he formed a new coalition government when Asquith resigned. That coalition would disintegrate six years later in the midst of a scandal. Serious allegations were made that peerages had been sold for as much as £40,000. (One list even included John Drughorn, who had been convicted for trading with the enemy in 1915.) Lloyd George resigned in October 1922.
HH Asquith, Liberal, 1908 - 1916
Asquith's government had shown great longevity, but disintegrated in the face of the unequalled disasters of the Somme and Gallipoli. With World War One going badly, fellow Liberal David Lloyd George had seized his chance and ousted Asquith. But in the preceding eight years, the two politicians had together overseen one of the greatest constitutional upheavals of the 20th Century and ushered in some of the predecessors of the Welfare State. Old Age Pensions were introduced and Unemployment Exchanges (job centres) were set up by then Liberal minister Winston Churchill. But when Lloyd George attempted to introduce a budget with land and income taxes disadvantageous to the 'propertied' classes, it was thrown out by the House of Lords. Lloyd George branded the Lords 'Mr Balfour's poodle' (a reference to Conservative leader AJ Balfour's supposed control over the peers). The stand-off resulted in two general elections during 1910, the second of which the Liberals won with a 'peers against the people' campaign slogan. The budget was passed and, in 1911, the Parliament Act became law. The Act stated that the Lords could only veto a Commons bill twice, and instituted five-yearly general elections.
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, Liberal, 1905 - 1908
Arthur James Balfour, Conservative, 1902 - 1905
The nephew of the Marquess of Salisbury, Balfour had none of his uncle's political skills despite a long period of mentoring. He was instead something of a philosopher, publishing several weighty books, including 'A Defence of Philosophic Doubt', 'The Foundations of Belief', and 'Theism and Humanism'. Following a cabinet split Balfour resigned, gambling that the Liberals would be unable to form a government and that he would be returned to power. He was wrong.
Marquess of Salisbury, 1895 - 1902, Conservative
Salisbury came to power for the third and final time when the weak Liberal government of the Earl of Rosebery fell. The political climate was one of rising resentment among the lower and middle classes, who demanded better conditions, social reforms and proper political representation. Bitterly divided, the Liberals would nonetheless experience a revival as they sought reforms of the squalid, disease-ridden British 'concentration camps' used in the Boer War. But it was the founding of the Labour Representation Committee (LRC) on 27 February 1900 that signalled a quiet, yet highly significant sea-change in British politics. This coalition of socialist groups would win two seats in the 1900 general election and 29 seats in 1906. Later that same year, the LRC changed its name to the Labour Party. Despite failing health, Salisbury agreed to stay on to help Edward VII manage the transition following the death of his mother, Queen Victoria. He resigned in favour of his nephew, AJ Balfour, in the first months of the new King's reign. (Notably, he was the last serving prime minister to sit in the Lords.)
Earl of Rosebery, Liberal, 1894 - 1895
Rosebury reluctantly became prime minister on the insistence of Queen Victoria, despite still mourning the loss of his wife. Desperate to have a minister she actually liked, Victoria had taken the unusual step of not consulting the outgoing PM, William Gladstone, about his successor. Rosebery, who always loved horseracing more than the 'evil smelling bog' of politics, was gratefully allowed to resign a year later. Notably, he is the only prime minister to have produced not one, but three Derby winners, in 1894, 1895 and 1905. (Despite his aversion to politics, Rosebery was no stranger to scandal. The Prince of Wales had reputedly once intervened to prevent him from being horsewhipped by the Marquess of Queensbury, with whose son Rosebery was believed to be having an affair. Queensbury's other son was Lord Alfred Douglas, Oscar Wilde's lover.)
William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1892 - 1894
Gladstone's fourth term as prime minister was completely overshadowed by his insistence on introducing a third bill on the subject of 'Home Rule' for Ireland. The Conservative-dominated House of Lords threw the bill out and generally obstructed Liberal attempts to pass legislation. With his cabinet split and his health failing, the 'Grand Old Man' stepped down for the last time. The public was, in any case, exhausted with Home Rule and instead wanted reforms to working conditions and electoral practices. (Meanwhile, out on the political fringe, the Independent Labour Party had been set up under Keir Hardie to represent the working class and 'secure the collective ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange'. Leading figures in the party included George Bernard Shaw and Ramsay MacDonald.)
Marquess of Salisbury, Conservative, 1886 - 1892
William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1886
Gladstone came to power for the third time with 'Home Rule' (devolution) for Ireland still the dominant issue. A bitter election battle had seen the Conservative government fall after Irish Nationalist members of parliament sided with the Liberals to defeat them. Instead, the Liberals formed a government in coalition with the Irish Nationalists and Gladstone tried to push through his second attempt at a Home Rule bill. The bill split the Liberals and Gladstone resigned. He lost the general election when the 'Liberal Unionists' - those who wanted Ireland to be ruled from Westminster - broke away from Gladstone's Liberals to fight the next election as a separate party. Most Liberal Unionists were of the 'Whig' or propertied faction of the party, which meant that when they went, they took most of the money with them.
Marquess of Salisbury, Conservative, 1885 - 1886
William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1880 - 1885
Having failed to force Gladstone to serve under Lord Hartington, Queen Victoria reluctantly accepted 'that half-mad firebrand' as prime minister for the second time. He had only lately returned to politics from retirement after his so-called 'Midlothian Campaign', in which he spoke to large crowds - a practice considered by polite Victorian society to be 'undignified'. His campaign did much to discredit Disraeli's government and had clearly struck a chord with a public eager for social and electoral reform. The Ballot Act in 1872 had instituted secret ballots for local and general elections. Now came the Corrupt Practices Act, which set maximum election expenses, and the Reform and Redistribution Act, which effectively extended voting qualifications to another six million men. There were other burning issues. The United States had just overtaken Britain as the world's largest industrialised economy, and 'Home Rule' (devolution) for Ireland continued to dominate. In seeking support for Home Rule, James Parnell's Irish Nationalists sided with the Conservatives to defeat a Liberal budget measure. Gladstone resigned and was replaced by the 'caretaker government' of the Marquess of Salisbury.
Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative, 1874 - 1880
After a brief taste of power in 1868, it had taken Disraeli six years to become prime minister again. He wasted no time in bringing about the social reforms he had envisaged in the 1840s as a member of the radical Young England group. His Acts included measures to provide suitable housing and sewerage, to protect the quality of food, to improve workers rights (including the Climbing Boys Act which banned the use of juveniles as chimney sweeps) and to implement basic standards of education. In 1876, Disraeli was made the Earl of Beaconsfield, but continued to run the government from the Lords. He persuaded Queen Victoria to take the title 'Empress of India' in 1877 and scored a diplomatic success in limiting Russian influence in the Balkans at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. He retired in 1880, hoping to spend his remaining years adding more novels to his already impressive bibliography, but died just one year later.
William Ewart Gladstone, Liberal, 1868 - 1874
Upon taking office for the first time Gladstone declared it his 'mission' to 'pacify Ireland' - a prize that was always to elude him. Nonetheless, Gladstone was to become the dominant Liberal politician of the late 19th Century, serving as prime minister four times despite earning Queen Victoria's antipathy early in his career. (She famously complained that 'he always addresses me as if I were a public meeting'.) He had started his career as an ultra-conservative Tory, but would end it as a dedicated political reformer who did much to establish the Liberal Party's association with issues of freedom and justice. But Gladstone also had his idiosyncrasies. He made a regular habit of going to brothels and often brought prostitutes back to 10 Downing Street. In an era when politicians' private lives were very private, his embarrassed colleagues nonetheless felt it necessary to explain his behaviour as 'rescue work' to save 'fallen women'.
Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative, 1868
On being asked to become prime minister following the resignation of the Earl of Derby, Disraeli announced: 'I have reached the top of the greasy pole'. He immediately struck up an excellent rapport with Queen Victoria, who approved of his imperialist ambitions and his belief that Britain should be the most powerful nation in the world. Unhappily for the Queen, Disraeli's first term ended almost immediately with an election victory for the Liberals. Despite serving as an MP since 1837 and twice being Chancellor of the Exchequer, Disraeli's journey to the top was not without scandal. In 1835, he was forced to apologise in court after being accused of bribing voters in Maidstone. He also accrued enormous debts in his twenties through speculation on the stock exchange. Disraeli suffered a nervous breakdown as a result, but eventually paid off his creditors by marrying a rich widow, Mary Anne Wyndam Lewis, in 1839.
Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1866 - 1868
The introduction of the 1867 Reform Act made Derby's third term as prime minister a major step in the true democratisation of Britain. The Act extended the vote to all adult male householders (and lodgers paying £10 rental or more, resident for a year or more) living in a borough constituency. Simply put, it created more than 1.5 million new voters. Versions of the Reform Act had been under serious discussion since 1860, but had always foundered on Conservative fears. Many considered it a 'revolutionary' move that would create a majority of 'working class' voters for the first time. In proposing the Reform Act, Benjamin Disraeli, Conservative Leader of the House of Commons, had warned his colleagues that they would be labelled the 'anti-reform' party if they continued to resist. The legislation was passed, and also received the backing of the Liberals under their new leader, William Gladstone.
Earl Russell, Whig, 1865 - 1866
Viscount Palmerston, Liberal, 1859 - 1865
Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1858 - 1859
The property qualification - the requirement that a man must own property in order to stand as a member of parliament - was finally abolished during Derby's second term as prime minister. It meant that members of parliament (MPs) were no longer drawn exclusively from the 'propertied' classes and could realistically be 'working class'. This fulfilled one of the six conditions set out by the Chartists - supporters of the Third Chartist Petition, written in 1838. It demanded universal male suffrage (votes for all adult men), secret ballots (rather than traditional open ballots), annual parliamentary elections, equal electoral districts (some had less than 500 voters, while others had many thousands), the abolition of a property qualification for MPs, and payment for MPs (which would allow non-independently wealthy men to sit in parliament).
Viscount Palmerston, Liberal , 1855 - 1858
Earl of Aberdeen, Tory, 1852 - 1855
It was something of a cruel irony that Aberdeen came to be blamed for blundering into the dreadful Crimean War. As plain George Hamilton Gordon he had made a successful career as a diplomat and had done much to normalise Britain's relationships with its powerful neighbours. Vivid reports from the front by WH Russel of the Times have since led to the Crimean being styled the first 'media war'. His reports publicised the squalor and disease that were claiming more soldiers' lives than the fighting, and inspired Florence Nightingale to volunteer and take the first 38 nurses out to treat the wounded. In 1855, Aberdeen conceded to his critics and resigned.
Earl of Derby, Conservative, 1852
Earl Russell, Whig, 1846 - 1851
Confronted by the Irish Potato Famine, declining trade and rising unemployment, Russell still managed to push through trade liberalisation measures and limits on women's working hours. A dedicated reformer, he nonetheless presided over the rejection of the Third Chartist Petition. Set out 1838, it demanded universal male suffrage (votes for all adult men), secret ballots (rather than traditional open ballots), annual parliamentary elections, equal electoral districts (some had less than 500 voters, while others had many thousands), the abolition of a property qualification for members of parliament (MPs), and payment for MPs (which would allow non-independently wealthy men to sit in parliament). Already rejected once by parliament in 1839, the petition had gathered 5 million signatures by 1848. Presented to parliament a second time, it was again rejected. The Chartist movement slowly petered out, even as revolutions blazed across Europe, but many of its aims were eventually realised.
Sir Robert Peel, Tory, 1841 - 1846
Peel's second term as prime minister was nothing short of tumultuous. Economic depression, rising deficits, Chartist agitation, famine in Ireland and Anti-Corn League protests crowded in. A raft of legislation was created to stabilise the economy and improve working conditions. The Factory Act regulated work hours (and banned children under eight from the workplace), the Railway Act provided for cheap, regular train services, the Bank Charter Act capped the number of notes the Bank of England could issue and the Mines Act prevented women and children from working underground. But a failed harvest in 1845 provided Peel with his greatest challenge. There was an increasing clamour for repeal of the Corn Laws, which forbade the import of cheap grain from overseas. Powerful vested interests in the Tory Party opposed such a move, but in the end Peel confronted them and called for repeal. After nearly six months of debate, and with the Tories split in two, the Corn Laws were finally repealed. Defeated on a separate issue, Peel resigned the same day, but was cheered by crowds as he left the Commons. (The 'Peelite' faction of the Tories is widely recognised as the foundation of the modern Conservative.)
Viscount Melbourne, Whig, 1835 - 1841
Sir Robert Peel, Tory, 1834 - 1835
Invited by William IV to form a new government, Peel immediately called a general election to strengthen his party. Campaigning on his so-called 'Tamworth Manifesto', Peel promised a respectful approach to traditional politics, combined with measured, controlled reform. He thereby signalled a significant shift from staunch, reactionary 'Tory' to progressive 'Conservative' politics. Crucially, he pledged to accept the 1832 Reform Act, which had recently increased the number of people eligible to vote. Peel won the election, but only narrowly. He resigned the following year after several parliamentary defeats. (Peel is probably best remembered for creating the Metropolitan Police in 1829 while Home Secretary in the Duke of Wellington's first government. The nickname 'bobbies' for policemen is derived from his first name.)
Duke of Wellington, Tory, 1834
Viscount Melbourne, Whig, 1834
In a bid to repress trade unions, Melbourne's government introduced legislation against 'illegal oaths'. As a result, the Grand National Consolidated Trades' Union failed. In March of the same year, six labourers were transported to Australia for seven years for attempting to provide a fund for workers in need. They became known as the 'Tolpuddle Martyrs'. Melbourne himself was notoriously laid back. When first asked to become prime minister he declared it 'a damned bore'. Having accepted, he would often refuse to allow his cabinet colleagues to leave the room, insisting 'I'm damned if I know what we agreed on. We must all say the same thing.'
Earl Grey, Whig, 1830 - 1834
In June 1832, the Reform Act finally passed into law after 15 torrid months of debate. It extended the vote to just 7% of the adult male population, based on a series of lowered property qualifications. Introduced in March 1831, the bill scraped through the Commons by a single vote, but was thrown out at the committee stage (when the bill is debated in detail - sometimes called the 'second reading'). Parliament was dissolved and the general election was fought on the single issue of the Reform Act - an unprecedented event in British political history. The Whigs won the election and passed the bill, but the House of Lords (with a majority of Tories) threw it out, sparking riots and civil disobedience across the country. With the spectre of France's bloody revolution clearly in mind, William IV eventually agreed to create 50 Whig peers to redress the balance in the Lords if the bill was rejected again. The Lords conceded and the Act was finally passed into law. After all his efforts, Earl Grey is principally remembered for giving his name to a fragrant blend of tea.
Duke of Wellington, Tory, 1828 - 1830
Wellington's first term in office was dominated by the thorny subject of Catholic emancipation. Catholics were permitted to vote, but were not allowed to sit as members of parliament (MPs) and had restrictions on the property they could own. Initially, the 'Iron Duke' was staunchly in favour of the status quo, but soon came to realise that emancipation might be the only way to end conflict arising from the Act of Union between Britain and Ireland in 1801. He became such an advocate that he even fought a duel with the 10th Earl of Winchilsea over the issue. The Earl had accused him of plotting the downfall of the 'Protestant constitution', but then backed down and apologised. They still had to go through the ritual of the duel at Battersea Fields, with both men deliberately firing high and wide. Wellington eventually drove the legislation through, opening the way for Catholic MPs.
Viscount Goderich, Tory, 1827 - 1828
George Canning, Tory, 1827
Canning finally became prime minister after a long career in politics, only to die of pneumonia 119 days later. He had famously fought a duel in 1809 with his bitterest political rival, Lord Castlereagh, and was shot in the thigh. Castlereagh committed suicide with a penknife in 1822, after becoming depressed about his falling popularity.
Earl of Liverpool, Tory, 1812 - 1827
Liverpool is the second longest serving prime minister in British history (after Robert Walpole), winning four general elections and clinging on to power despite a massive stroke that incapacitated him for his last two years in office. Liverpool became PM at a time when Britain was emerging from the Napoleonic Wars and the first rumblings of 'working class' unrest were just beginning to be felt. Staunchly undemocratic in his outlook, Liverpool suppressed efforts to give the wider populace a voice. He was unrepentant when, in 1819, troops fired on a pro-reform mass meeting at St Peter's Fields in Manchester, killing eleven - the so-called 'Peterloo Massacre'. Trade unions were legalised by the 1825 Combination Act, but were so narrowly defined that members were forced to bargain over wages and conditions amid a minefield of heavy penalties for transgressions. (Liverpool's one concession to popular sentiment was in the trial of Queen Caroline on trumped up adultery charges. The legal victimisation of George IV's estranged wife, who was tried in parliament in 1820, brought her mass sympathy. Mindful not to provoke the mob in the wake of Peterloo, the charges were eventually dropped.)
Spencer Perceval, Tory, 1809 - 1812
Perceval bears a dubious distinction as the only British prime minister to be assassinated. As chancellor of the exchequer he moved in to 10 Downing Street in 1807, before rising to the office of prime minister two years later. His 12 young children - some born while he was in office - also lived in the PM's crowded residence. Against expectations, he had skilfully kept his government afloat for three years despite a severe economic downturn and continuing war with Napoleon. He was shot dead in the lobby of the House of Commons on 11 May 1812 by a merchant called John Bellingham who was seeking government compensation for his business debts. Perceval's body lay in 10 Downing Street for five days before burial. Bellingham gave himself up immediately. Tried for murder, he was found guilty and hanged a week later.
Duke of Portland, Tory, 1807 - 1809
Lord Grenville, Whig, 1806 - 1807
William Pitt 'the Younger', Tory, 1804 - 1806
Faced by a fresh invasion threat from Napoleon, George III once again turned to Pitt. A shadow of his former self due to failing health and suspected alcoholism, Pitt nonetheless accepted. He made alliances with Napoleon's continental rivals - Russia, Austria and Sweden - then, in 1805, Admiral Lord Nelson shattered French invasion hopes at the Battle of Trafalgar. Pitt did not have long to savour victory before Napoleon defeated both Russia and Austria to stand astride the whole of Europe. Heartsick, utterly exhausted, penniless and unmarried, Pitt died on 23 January 1806 at the age of 46.
Henry Addington, Tory, 1801 - 1804
Addington secured the Peace of Amiens with France in 1802, but would see Britain plunge into war with Napoleon again just two years later. He also passed the first Factory Act into law. The Act was the earliest attempt to reform working conditions in factories. It set a maximum 12 hour working day for children and addressed issues like proper ventilation, basic education and sleeping conditions. (Notably, his government also awarded Edward Jenner £10,000 to continue his pioneering work on a vaccine for smallpox.) But he was generally poorly regarded, prompting the satirical rhyme 'Pitt is to Addington, as London is to Paddington' - a reference to his distinguished predecessor as prime minister, William Pitt.
William Pitt 'the Younger', Tory, 1783-1801
Pitt 'the Younger' was the youngest prime minister in British history, taking office at the tender age of just 24. But his youth did not seem to disadvantage him as he threw himself into the manifold problems of government, holding on to the top office for 17 years - fifteen years longer than his father, Pitt 'the Elder'. His first priority was to reduce the National Debt, which had doubled with the loss of the American colonies in 1783. George III's mental illness then threw up the spectre of a constitutional crisis, with the transfer of sovereignty to the erratic Prince of Wales only narrowly averted by the king's recovery. Further threats to the monarchy emanated from across the Channel, with the bloody French Revolution of 1789 and subsequent war with France in 1793. War increased taxes and caused food shortages, damaging Pitt's popularity to the extent that he employed bodyguards out of fear for his safety. In a bid to resolve at least one intractable conflict, he pushed through the Act of Union with Ireland in 1800, but the related Emancipation of Catholics Bill was rejected by the king a year later. Having lost George III's confidence, Pitt was left with no option but to resign.
Duke of Portland, Tory, 1783
Earl Shelburne, Whig, 1782 - 1783
Marquess of Rockingham, Whig, 1782
Lord North, Tory, 1770 - 1782
North is chiefly somewhat unfairly remembered as the prime minister who lost the American colonies. Groomed by George III to lead his parliamentary supporters, North was fiercely loyal to his king, whose policy it had been to 'punish' the American colonials. The American War of Independence, reluctantly entered into by both sides, had been prosecuted at the king's behest in retaliation for their refusal to pay more towards their own defence. As hostilities progressed, North's blundering and indecision worsened an already difficult situation, and by 1782 it was clear that the outcome was likely to be a disaster. He begged George III to be allowed to resign, but the king refused to release him until the war was over. North has since become the yardstick for prime ministerial mediocrity, with later PMs being criticised as 'the worst since Lord North'.
Duke of Grafton, Whig, 1768 - 1770
An unremarkable prime minister, Grafton had a quite remarkable appetite for extra-marital affairs and openly kept several mistresses. He scandalised polite society in 1764 by leaving his wife and going to live with his mistress, Anne Parsons, also known as 'Mrs Houghton'. (Horace Walpole referred to her derisively as 'everybody's Mrs Houghton'.) Popular opinion had disapproved of Grafton's behaviour, until his wife did something even more shocking. She eloped with the Earl of Upper Ossory and had a child by him. Grafton divorced her in 1769, then abandoned Mrs Houghton and married Elizabeth Wrottesley, with whom he had 13 children. The Mrs Houghton ended up marrying the king's brother. This unsuitable union gave impetus to the Royal Marriages Act of 1772, which decreed that the monarch had to give permission for all royal weddings.
Earl of Chatham, Pitt 'The Elder', Whig, 1766 - 1768
Pitt 'the Elder' is widely credited as the man who built the British Empire, although much of this was done in the role of secretary of state under the governments of the Duke of Newcastle. He chose his fights carefully, conducting military campaigns where conditions were best suited to British merchants. Pitt added India, West Africa, the West Indies and the American colonies to Britain's overseas possessions, and was persistently belligerent towards colonial rivals like France and Spain. His relentless imperialism kept the merchants happy but infuriated men like Newcastle who counted the financial cost of his wars. Pitt was a superb public speaker and a master of the devastating put-down, but his career was dogged with recurrent mental illness and gout. Ironically, it was during his term as prime minister that he was at his least effective, often struggling to build support. He collapsed in the House of Lords in October 1768 and died four days later. (Pitt was the MP for a 'burgage borough' - an empty piece of land with no-one living on it. His constituency, Old Sarum, was a mound in Wiltshire. On polling day, seven voters met in a tent to cast their votes.)
Marquess of Rockingham, Whig, 1765 - 1766
George Grenville, Whig, 1763 - 1765
Grenville is one of the few prime ministers to have been sacked by the monarch. He was fired after a row with George III over who should rule in his place if his mental health continued to deteriorate.
Earl of Bute, Tory, 1762 - 1763
Bute was one of Britain's more unpopular prime ministers. Things came to a head when he failed to lower the taxes he had raised to fight France in the American colonies. Rioting erupted, his effigies were burnt and the windows in his house were smashed. Bute was generally disliked by colleagues and public, and was lampooned for his 'fine pair of legs', of which he was reputed to be extremely proud. His close relationship with the Prince of Wales's widow, the Dowager Princess Augusta, was also the subject of much scurrilous gossip. The nickname 'Sir Pertinax MacSycophant' was a contemptuous reference to the Roman Emperor Publius Helvius Pertinax, who was murdered three months after his meteoric assent by his own bodyguard. Unable to muster support in parliament, Bute resigned in 1763.
Duke of Newcastle, Whig, 1757 - 1762
Newcastle healed his rift with Pitt 'the Elder' by inviting him to serve in his government as secretary of state. Effectively a power-sharing coalition of two powerful men, the relationship gave birth to the British Empire. Their government eventually fell as a result of the new king, George III's hostility to Pitt, who had sought to restrict the influence of the monarch in political matters.
Duke of Devonshire, Whig, 1756-1757
Duke of Newcastle, Whig, 1754 - 1756
Newcastle became PM after his brother, Henry Pelham, died in office. It is the only instance of two brothers serving as prime minister. Newcastle enraged Pitt 'the Elder' by refusing to promote him in the new government, then compounded the insult by sacking him.
Henry Pelham, Whig, 1743 - 1754
Earl of Wilmington, Whig, 1742 - 1743
Sir Robert Walpole, Whig, 1721 - 1742
Walpole is widely acknowledged as the first prime minister, although he never actually held the title. He was also the longest serving, lasting 21 years. But Walpole's first stint in government, as secretary of war, had ended inauspiciously with a six month spell in the Tower of London for receiving an illegal payment. Undeterred, he rose to power again on the back of a collapsed financial scheme in which many prominent individuals had invested. Walpole had the foresight (or luck) to get out early, and as a result was credited with great financial acumen. George I invited him to become chancellor and gave him the powers that came to be associated with the office of prime minister. His owed his longevity in office (and the incredible wealth he accumulated) to a combination of great personal charm, enduring popularity, sharp practice and startling sycophancy. The accession of George II saw him temporarily eclipsed, but he worked hard to win over the new monarch. He was rewarded with both the new King's trust and 10 Downing Street, which remains the official residence of the prime minister to this day. Walpole was eventually brought down by an election loss at Chippenham and died just three years later.
| i don't know |
Named after the river by which it is made, 'Dovedale' cheese is produced only in which county? | British Cheese Board - British Protected Name Cheeses
British Protected Name Cheeses
Introduction
There are 12 British Protected Name Cheeses currently being produced with a further 2 having been registered but not currently in production. There are three schemes in operation - all of which guarantee to the consumer that they have been made to a specified recipe - and each product must display on its packaging the appropriate logo as follows:
- Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)
- Protected Geographical Indication (PGI)
- Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG)
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)
Open to products produced, processed and prepared within a specific geograohical area and with features and charactersitics attributable to that area.
Protected Geographical Indication (PGI)
Open to products produced or processed or prepared within a specific geographical area, and with features or qualities attributable to that area. The raw materials used are not necessarily produced in the area.
Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG)
Open to products that are traditional or have customary names, and have features that distinguish them from other similar products. These features need not be attributable to the geographical area the product is produced in, nor entirely based on technical advances in the method of production.
Details are given below of the 10 British cheeses currently being made under the Protected Food Name Scheme. All are subject to a regular inspection by an independent and suitably qualified inspection body to ensure that they are being produced in accordance with the specification approved by the EU commission.
There are hundreds of Protected Name Foods and drinks registered with the EU Commission across the whole of the EU. The most famous of these are products like Champagne, Parma Ham and Parmesan cheese whilst in the UK we have such products as Melton Mowbray Pork Pies, Welsh Lamb and Scotch Beef.
For further information on the Protected Food Name scheme in the UK please contact:
[email protected] or go to: www.euprotectedfoodnames.org.uk
The British Protected Name Cheeses
1 Beacon Fell Traditional Lancashire PDO - Made exclusively in the Preston area from local milk which is pasteurised. Cylindrical shaped cheese made from the curd of two or three days. The cheese is lightly pressed for 2 days, waxed or buttered or cloth bound and is fully mature at 6 months. It has a light yellow rind and a rich creamy taste. It makes the best cheese on toast in the world!
Availability - Local retailers and in selected Morrisons, Booths, Sainsburys
Producers:
Dewlay - [email protected]
2 Dorset Blue Cheese PGI - Made only in the County of Dorset from partially skimmed, raw milk. Curds are formed and left to drain overnight. The whey is removed and the curd cut into blocks and stacked and turned every 20-30 minutes. The curd is milled and salted, put into cylindrical moulds and lightly pressed. After 4 days the mould is removed and the surfaces rubbed to form the crust and at 4 weeks skewered to allow air to enter the body of the cheese and so form the blue veins. The cheese will be matured for a further 8 to 16 weeks. The cheese has a uniform colour with irregular blue/green veins and has a peppery, spicy flavour which will vary with age.
Availability - Local outlets plus on-line retailer www.hansonfinefoods.co.uk
Producer: Dorset Blue - e-mail: [email protected]
Web site - www.dorsetblue.com
3 Exmoor Blue Cheese PGI - Made from unpasteurised milk from the Jersey breed of cow this is a semi-soft blue veined cheese. Vegetarian rennet and penicillium roqueforti blue mould are added to the milk to form the curds which are placed in moulds to drain for 24 hours; the cheese is brine salted, left to dry for 36 hours then pierced and sprayed with penicillium candidum (white mould). Turned regularly, the cheeses are matured for 3 to 6 weeks. The cheese can only be made in West Somerset including part of the Exmoor National Park. It is a creamy, yellow coloured cheese with a buttery taste which comes from rich Jersey milk with herbal or slightly spicy undertones. The blue is just strong enough to give a little tang without overwhelming the background flavours.
Availability - Local outlets plus on-line retailers www.thecheesegig.com and www.hansonfinefoods.co.uk
Producer - Exmoor Blue Cheese -e-mail: [email protected]
Web site - none
4 Single Gloucester PDO - Can only be made in Gloucestershire at least in part from milk from Gloucester breed cows - either raw or pasteurised. It is a flat disc shaped cheese with a smooth surface. The cheese is kept for at least two months by which time it is hard but slightly crumbly, yellow or dark yellow in colour and has a strong and decidedly salty flavour.
Availability - selected local Budgen and Waitrose stores, local farm shops and wholesalers, Harrods and John Lewis Oxford Street
Producers - Godsells Church Farm Cheese - e-mail: [email protected]
- Charles Martell & Son
Web site - http://godsellscheese.com
5 Staffordshire Cheese PDO -This hard cheese can only be made in the County of Staffordshire from local pasteurised milk. Bertelin Staffordshire cheese is made using their own cow's milk from their farm. The recipe is monastic and is historically linked to the County of Staffordshire. The cheese has been recently revived. Vegetarian rennet is used to form the curds which are then salted and placed in muslin lined stainless steel moulds and pressed overnight. They are left to mature for between 2 and 12 months during which time they are turned regularly and develop a natural rind. At 5 months of age the cheese is creamy and full flavoured with a clean taste.
Availability - local retailers, farm shops
Producer - Bertelin Farmhouse Cheese Company -
Web site - www.bertelinfarmhousecheese.co.uk
6 Swaledale Cheese PDO - A young crumbly cheese which can only be made in the Swaledale area of North Yorkshire from local cows' milk or ewes' milk which is heat-treated before use. Once the curds are formed and the whey drained off, they are cut and placed in moulds lined with cheesecloth and lightly pressed for 18 hours and turned regularly. The cheeses are removed from the moulds and then brine salted for 24 hours before being sold at about 4 weeks of age. The cows' milk version is white in colour and soft and crumbly with a salty flavour. The ewes' milk version is slightly harder with a more pronounced flavour and meadowy notes.
Availability - local Waitrose and Booths plus leading wholesalers
Producer - Swaledale Cheese Company - e-mail: [email protected]
Web site - www.swaledalecheese.co.uk
7 West Country Farmhouse Cheddar PDO - The cheese takes its name from the village of Cheddar and the Cheddar Gorge where the cheese was originally stored. West Country Farmhouse Cheddar is made using the traditional recipe to produce the real Cheddar flavour and texture. It can only be made on farms in Dorset, Somerset, Cornwall and Devon from milk produced on the farm and where necessary supplemented with locally farmed milk. The cheese can be made in cylindrical or block form from either raw milk or pasteurised milk. An essential part of the Cheddar making process is that of "Cheddaring" which entails stacking and turning slabs of curd to facilitate drainage - this must be done by hand and not mechanically. The curds are milled, salted, put into moulds and pressed. The cheese is put into store and graded at regular intervals being kept for a minimum of 9 months before sale.
It is a hard textured cheese with a creamy background flavour and varying degrees of complexity depending on age and the individual farm.
Availability - Nationally in Waitrose and selected Booths; in most other major supermarkets and specialist cheese shops throughout the UK; locally; and also on line through www.farmhousecheesemakers.com/buy-online/
Producers - Batch Farm Cheesemakers - e-mail: [email protected]
- Brue Valley Farms - production discontinued - but product still available - e-mail: [email protected]
- Denhay Farms - production discontinued - but product still available - e-mail: [email protected]
- Keen's Cheddar - e-mail: [email protected]
- Parkham Farms - e-mail: peter [email protected]
- Westcombe Dairy - e-mail: [email protected]
- AJ & RG Barber - e-mail: [email protected]
- Cricketer Farm - e-mail: [email protected]
e-mail: [email protected]
8 Blue Stilton Cheese PDO - Can only be made in Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire from locally produced milk which is pasteurised before use. Most Stilton is made with non-animal rennet and is suitable for vegetarians. The cheese can only be made in a cylindrical shape, is never pressed and is allowed to form its own coat or crust. As with many other blue cheeses penicillium roqueforti blue mould is added to the milk which is activated once the cheese has been formed by piercing the cheese with stainless steel needles; this allows oxygen to enter the body of the cheese. The blue veining develops in the tiny cracks and fissures in the cheese which having not been pressed has a slightly open texture. It is characterised by the delicate blue veining radiating from the centre of the cheese and its creamy mellow flavour. The cheese is typically sold at between 9 and 12 weeks of age.
Availability - All major supermarkets and specialist cheese shops
Producers - Colston Bassett Dairy - e-mail: [email protected]
- Cropwell Bishop Creamery - e-mail: [email protected]
- Long Clawson Dairy - e-mail: [email protected]
- Tuxford & Tebbutt - e-mail: ian.molyneux@ arlafoods.com
- Websters Dairy - e-mail: [email protected]
Web Site - www.stiltoncheese.com
9 White Stilton Cheese PDO - This relies on the same conditions that pertain for Blue Stilton and is made in a similar way except that no blue mould is added to the milk. The cheese is stored for a few weeks before sale and has a fresh, creamy flavour and a crumbly texture. It is widely used in the UK for blending with sweet or savoury ingredients for such products as White Stilton with Apricots or White Stilton with Ginger.
Availability - Selected Waitrose and deli counters of some of the other major retailers; Blended versions are available in most major supermarkets.
Producers: all the above Blue Stilton dairies plus
Web site - www.stiltoncheese.com
10 Dovedale Cheese PDO - Originally produced by the Hartington Creamery of Dairy Crest, production stopped when the creamery closed in 2009. However, production has re-started at the Staffordshire Cheese Company. Dovedale is a shallow cylindrical shaped blue veined cheese with a soft body which is matured for anything from 4 to 6 weeks of age. Unlike most of the blue cheeses made in the UK which are dry salted, Dovedale is brine salted (i.e. is immersed in a salt water bath). It can only be made in the County of Derbyshire from locally produced milk although in times of shortage milk may be sourced from the neighbouring counties of Shropshire or Cheshire.
11 Yorkshire Wensleydale Cheese - PGI - This was granted a PGI in December 2013 after a very lengthy application process. The specification lays down the area of production which includes not only Wensletdale but also Sedbergh to the West, Bedale to the East as well as areas to the North and South of Wensleydale. The cheese is a creamy white colour with an open, crumbly textured appearance with a mild, clean, slightly sweet flavour and honeyed aftertaste. It is generally sold in trdaitional truckles of various weights and also in 20 kg blocks. It is sold at various ages - as young as two weeks and as old as 12 months depending on customer requirements. There is just one producer of Yorkshire Wensleydale (Wensleydale Dairy Products). WEns;eydale is made in other parts of England but only cheese made in the designated area and to the specification laid down may be called Yorkshire Wensleydale.
web site: www.wensleydale.co.uk
12 Buxton Blue - PDO - Originally made by Dairy Crest Hartington, production ceased when the creamery was closed. It started again in 2013 at the Staffordshire Cheese Company. It is an orange coloured blue veined cheese made from pasteuised cows milk. It has a close texture, smooth body and becomes softer as it ages. It can be sold at anything from 4 to 10 weeks and has a mellow creamy flavour with a characterisitc tang of blue cheese. Buxton Blue can only be produced within a 30 mile radius of Buxton with milk being sourced primarily from the Buxton area but may from time to time be sourced from Staffordshire or Cheshire. It is sold in cylinders with an average weight of 8 kgs
The following cheeses, are protected names but are not currently in production:
Bonchester Cheese PDO
| Derbyshire |
"Which famous poem begins with the line, ""Upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary""?" | Our Cheeses - The Cheese Lady - Artisan Cheese The Cheese Lady
Sheep's Milk
Big Wood Blue
Big Woods Blue is a full-flavored sheep milk blue cheese. Named one of the best blue cheeses in the country, Big Woods Blue blends spicy notes of a blue with the creaminess of sheep milk for a complex flavor. Finishing top in its class at ACS more than once — and a 2011 ACS award winner — Big Woods Blue has been widely praised by food writers nationwide. It pairs nicely with a rich Port or a sweet Muscadet.
Bleu des Basques Brebis
An artisan sheep’s milk blue cheese made in the Pyrénées mountains, a region of the French Basque country. Not too far from Roquefort. Unlike many of the Spanish cheeses that have been made for hundreds of years, Bleu des Basque is a newcomer. The grazing sheep give the milk its complexity, subtlety, and lightness. Bleu des Basques has a wonderful earthy spiciness. Pair this cheese with Sauternes or Port.
Blue Castello
This cheese was made in Muskegon in it’s recent past, but it now hails from it’s old stomping grounds, Denmark. The Muskegon facility was closed in a restructuring of the company.
Blue Castello is a distant derivative of Italian Gorgonzola but has a higher fat content and a milder flavor. It is a perfect blue for those who like a little blue flavor without being blown away. A triple creme Blue cheese with a creamy texture that offers an extremely buttery taste. It’s perfect for those who prefer a milder and creamier blue cheese – and it has a rich flavor all its own. Try it paired with a Porter, Stout, or Sauvignon Blanc to bring out the craft flavors of this cheese.
Blue d’Auvergne
In 1845 Antoine Roussel, the son of a farmer from the Auvergne region, had the idea to seed his milk-curd with a blue mould he had seen developing on rye bread. He then pierced his cheese with a needle and Bleu d’Auvergne was born. This A.O.C. cheese from south-central France is a favorite of ours.
Blue Shropshire
From the same dairies in the 5 counties in England that produce the perfect Stilton comes Blue Shropshire. Blue Shropshire is a full flavoured, un-pressed yellow cheese with distinctive blue veining. A full fat semi-hard cheese with a smooth texture,each Blue Shropshire is made by hand and has an attractive golden russet coat. Cheddary and blue – I love it!
Cambozola
A German made, triple-cream, Cambozola is distinctive cheese with delicate blue veining, but is neither blue nor brie. The secret to this cheese’s popularity lies in the rich Bavarian milk used in its production, which lends Cambozola an extraordinary flavor and velvety feel. Cambozola’s name ties this cheese to the history of the Allgäu region: in 300 A.C. there was a settlement in Bavaria called Cambodunum where the art of cheese-making flourished. Thus Cambozola.
Cantar de Covadonga
Covadonga is located just to the West and North of the Picos de Europa, mountain range in the Heart of Asturias; a Northern region in Spain. The original Latin name was “Cova Domenica”, meaning Cave of the Lady. In the course of years, “Cova Domenica” was abbreviated to Covadonga. The place is dedicated to the cult of the Virgin of Covadonga. The region of Asturias is particularly known by its wide range of cheeses, specially the blue ones. Cantar de Covadonga is a blue veined soft cheese made from a blend of meticulously selected cow’s and sheep’s milk.
Cashel Blue
In County Tipperary, Ireland, Louis and Jane Grubb in the mid 1980’s, developed the first Irish Blue, nurtured and exported by Neal’s Yard Dairy. Cashel is made with the milk of the Grubbs’ cows, pasteurized, and ripened for two and up to six months. A unique, creamy texture is complemented by a delightful, mild blue tang. The best cheeses are made from April to October when the cows are out to pasture.
Delft Bleu
Between Rotterdam and Den Hague, lies Delft, home to fine craftsmanship. Delft Bleu, a cows milk cheese, is rich and creamy with a buttery mellow taste and a clean finish. Delft has a nice underlying sweetness and is not at all salty. Not only is this cheese delicious, the attractive blue veins intermingle in the milky whiteness resembling the lovely blue and white Delftware, as if it were broken and put back together again.
Dunbarton Blue
A hand-crafted open air cured blue with the characteristics of an English Cheddar but slightly and beautifully blue. Made by Roelli in Wisconsin.
Fourme D’Ambert
Fourme d’Ambert is known as the “connoisseur’s blue cheese”. Legend says Fourme d’Ambert was made at the time of the Druids. It is certainly one of the oldest cheeses in France. “Fourme” is the old French word for cheese from the Latin name “forma”, and describes its cylindrical shape. Ambert is the town in which it was sold. Fourme d’Ambert is a creamy cheese with a delicate fruitly flavor and mushroom overtones.
Gorgonzola Naturale
The town of Gorgonzola is in the Po river valley in the Lombardy region of Italy. Ironically, however, Gorgonzola cheese is no longer made in its namesake village. Gorgonzola cheese is made from cow’s milk (unlike Roquefort, which is a sheep cheese). The veins, blue/green/gray, are Penicillin Glaucum, a spore native to the area that would attach to the ripening curds hanging from nets in local caves. The flavor is strong, but delightful, but may also be called Mountain Gorgonzola. Gorgonzola is one of only three cheeses that qualifies as DOC (Denominazione di Origine Controllata). As such, the sources and processes involved are controlled, and by law Gorgonzola is only produced in a defined area that includes the provinces of Bergamo, Brescia, Como, Cremona, Cuneo, Milan, Novara, Pavia, and Vercelli, and in the zone of Casale Monferrato.
Huntsman
Layers of rich Double Gloucester and Long Clawson’s famous Blue Stilton, this is a unique and outstanding cheese. The creamy taste of Double Gloucester, combined with the crumbly yet creamy bite of the Blue Stilton is a great flavor combination. Served as a “Ploughman’s Lunch,” with pickles, onions and bread, or melted over your favorite steak, it is an experience not to be missed. Whole traditional wheels of Double Gloucester are hand cut into layers, along with layers of Blue Stilton. Each layer is individually molded into the next by hand to produce the whole wheel
Moody Blue
Made in small batches from fresh, local Wisconsin milk, a rich, creamy blue, delicately smoked over fruit wood to create subtle smoky undertones with hints of roasted nuts and coffee. Beautifully balanced, sultry, and seductive, Moody Blue is excellent on a cheese plate and delicious in culinary applications
Roelli’s Red Rock
Roelli’s Red Rock is a handcrafted Wisconsin original. It’s richly colored with a bloomy rind, making it a beautiful option for cheese trays. Made from cow’s milk and shelf cured in the Roelli Family Cellars.
Roquefort, Papillon
To be real Roquefort the cheesemaker must use the unpasteurized milk of Lacaune sheep which graze on rich grass in the heart of France. Also, the curds of this cheese must be blended with penicillin molds made from rye bread baked specially for this purpose. And the wheels must be aged on oak planks in natural limestone caves for an average of 150 days. The resulting cheese is creamy and full-flavoured.
A genuine treat.
Roquefort Societe’
In Roquefort, France, only 7 companies are authorized to make Roquefort cheese. This raw sheep’s milk cheese, aged in natural caves, is creamy and crumbly, sharp and salty with impeccable balance.
Shaft’s Gold Mine Blue
Shaft’s Bleu Cheese Company started in 1999 when a abandoned mine was transformed, creating the ideal aging environment for blue cheese. The mine once served as a gateway to the gold-rush era and now serves as the unique setting for the development of the wheels of cheese that are to become Shaft’s Bleu. The blue wheels are first created in Wisconsin under the watchful eye of a Master Cheesemaker. The life of a blue cheese begins, the wheels are then shipped to the California mines for aging. The formula used for making Shaft’s Bleu allows for the cheese to be aged 1 year or longer. And in the cave transform into marbled beauties with piquant, full flavor.
Smokey Blue
By Rogue Creamery in Oregon, this blue cheese is handmade and smoked with Oregon hazelnut shells. It is cave aged at least 90 days.
A long, gentle cold-smoking over shells from Oregon hazelnuts infuses Rogue Creamery’s Smokey Blue cheese with an added layer of rich flavor and terroir. Sweet cream flavors and caramel notes balance earthy flavors of smoke and hints of roasted nuts. The result is a cakey yet smooth blue cheese reminiscent of candied bacon.
Stilton (Blue)
There are just 6 dairies in the world licensed to make Stilton cheese. Stilton is a “protected name” cheese and by law can only be made in the three counties of Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire. Stilton takes its name from the village of the same name in Cambridgeshire although the cheese has never been made there. Over 1 million Stilton cheeses are made each year. Every cheese is graded before leaving the dairy to ensure only cheese of the highest quality is marketed under the Stilton name. It takes 136 pints milk (78 litres) to make one 17 lb (8kg) Stilton cheese. More than 10% of output is exported to some 40 countries world-wide. White Stilton is also a protected name cheese and is made in a similar way to its blue cousin – except that no mould spores are added and the cheese would be sold at about 4 weeks of age. It is a crumbly, creamy, open textures cheese and is now extensively used as a base for blending with apricot, ginger and citrus or vine fruits to create unique dessert cheeses.
Valdeón Blue
Valdeón is a rich and flavorful but very strong, semi-soft cow and goat milk blue made in Spain’s remote Valdeón Valley in the northern region of Asturias. Valdeón is wrapped in Sycamore leaves, giving it a distinctive appearance. I must admit this is my blue of choice. I love it with a little unsalted, French butter and honey from New Zealand.
Anglos Islos
Traditional Spanish goat cheese with its intense flavour and creamy texture it makes a perfect hors d’oeuvre and is an important
ingredient in numerous recipes. Particularly delicious when grilled in an oven. The factory in Ronda only uses the highest quality raw
materials. A terrific goat tasting cheese.
Balarina
Balarina aged goat gouda is beautiful and caramel colored. The first time I got it was by mistake, but now I’m hooked. Remember I didn’t like goat cheeses? Not true anymore. This Dutch goat’s milk cheese is made in the manner of a traditional farmhouse Gouda. The result is a dry cheese that has a sweet finish. This 2 year old goat gouda from Holland is incredible.
Beemster Goat Gouda
The unique blue sea clay soil of the Beemster polder contains special mineral and therefore special grasses which makes the fat softer and sweeter than other milk in the Netherlands. Aged for 4 months, it’s smooth and sweet with a wonderful clean finish. Another great Dutch Gouda.
Bucherolle
Goat cheese and Provence: it is hard to know where to even start describing this magic relationship. Goat cheese is not only seen on every cheese platter at every meal it is seen in salads, sandwiches (toasted or not), pastas and goat cheese may join tomatoes and herbes de Provence to create an energizing omelette. Yes, the rind of the Bucherolle is edible. But there is not étiquette: some never eat the rind, while for others the rind is an essential part of the cheese.
Capra With Honey
Capra’s creamy white goat cheese is mild, milky and slightly tart with a citrus tang. It’s perfect for spreading on crackers or crumbling on your favorite salad. The addition of honey tops it off with a sweet, floral finish. From Belgium. Capra produces certified organic goat cheeses on their family farm in East Gippsland. All of their cheeses are free of preservatives and are made using vegetarian, non-GMO rennet.
Chevre
A French goat log. A log of creamy white goat milk, mild, milky and slightly tart and citrusy. This can be used as you would cream cheese. Semi-fresh, semi- spreadable.
Chevre Noir
Truly a rewarding cheddar type made with pasteurized goat milk in Quebec, Canada. Aged 12+ months, it is firm, a hint of crystallization, slight caramel taste, rich, creamy, and nutty flavor. Such a nice composition. A must try.
Ekte Geitost
Ekte Geitost, the unique specialty made from 100% goat’s whey. Naturally sweet and with a high mineral content, it is used in Norway as a sweet topping for bread.
Frans Hals Goat Gouda
Dutch goat’s milk gouda, aged for 26 weeks. The goats live in loose hosing barns with straw bedding, and in the pastures. Named after the painter known for his free and lively style of painting. Smooth, rich and savory, this cheese has a buttery, nutty flavor. Great with a fruit-forward wine such as a Shiraz or Zinfandel.
Garrotxa de Muntanyola
Named after La Garrotxa county in the Catalonia province of Spain. Pronounced “gar-ROACH-uh.” Under earlier dictatorship this cheese had disappeared because cheese makes were forced to produce large volumes of milk for large cheese. Many Spanish Artisanal cheese disappeared. In 1982 this cheese was revived in 1982. It has the tang typical of goat’s milk cheeses, but without the goaty taste.It has a greyish-blue, velvety mound on the rind. Most people don’t eat the rind. Some like it, though, saying that to them it tastes similar to Brie mould.
Gjetost
A product of Norway, Gjetost is made from a mixture of cow and goat’s milk. It has an unusual, sweet flavor due to the way in which it is processed. The milk is cooked until the sugars in it have caramelized, giving the cheese its distinctive brown color and sweet flavor. The milk is then curded and pressed.
Humboldt Fog
From California, Humboldt Fog is an elegant, soft, surface ripened cheese. The texture is creamy and luscious with a subtle tangy flavor. Each handcrafted wheel features a ribbon of edible vegetable ash along its center and a coating of ash under its exterior to give it a distinctive, cake-like appearance. An American Original
Ibores Goat
Spanish cheese made from the milk of the Serana goats and from the nearly extinct Retinto and Verata goats. PDO protected and made only from registered farms. Rubbed with paprika, this cheese reflects the varied herbal diet of the goats. Slightly acidic, peppery and salty with a goaty after taste.
La Tur
From the great wine region of Piemonte, Italy comes La Tur: a dense, creamy blend of pasteurized cow, goat and sheep milk. Runny and oozing around the perimeter with a moist, cakey, palette-coating paste, its flavor is earthy and full, with a lingering lactic tang. A mixed milk cheese from Italy. This is a surface ripened creamy cheese that looks like a cupcake. Tangy, nutty, milky, earthy, and smooth!
Laura Chenel’s Cabecou
This California original Cabecou is a goat cheese button, aged slightly to give it a nutty flavor and dense texture. Then we marinate the discs in a mixture of savory herbs, organic canola oil and California extra virgin olive oil. This cheese has it all! It’s creamy yet firm and easy to handle.
Le Clare Goat Cheddar
From Wisconsin comes this easy to love sweet, aged, fruity, raw cheddar. Great for a cheese tray or melted on a burger. Pairs nicely with fruity wines and Belgium Lagers.
Midnight Moon
Aged six months or more, this blushing, ivory-colored cheese is dense and smooth with a slight crunch of protein crystals that form naturally with aging. Made in Holland exclusively for Cypress Grove Chevre, Midnight Moon is nutty and brown buttery up front with a long caramel finish. Serve with fig jam and seeded crackers or bread. Try melted between slices of rustic sliced bread or as a decadent addition to macaroni and cheese.
Mobay
Sid Cook’s whimsically delicious take on the famous French cheese, Morbier. This version features a layer of sheep milk cheese and a layer of goat milk cheese separated by a layer of grape vine ash and pressed together. The flavor is both delicate and rustic. Taste each layer separately and then together for three different flavor profiles in one great cheese. Serve with a Chenin Blanc or a Reisling. Mobay has won many awards over the years and is a judges favorite! Most recently took a Silver Medal at the 2011 World Cheese Awards.
Murcia al Vino
(Another brand is Drunken Goat) The Murcian goat gives the milk necessary for producing this exquisite Spanish cheese. This pasteurized, goats’ milk cheese is washed twice in red wine. The cheese is creamy, smooth and very white and the wine-washed red rind add color and flavor. You won’t be disappointed.
Nordic Grumpy Goat
A bold, semi-hard, but still creamy, goat cheese, handcrafter by award-winning Wisconsin cheesemaker, Al Bekkum… Cellar-aged for over one year for an audacious robust flavor.
Nordic Smoked Goat Cheddar
From Westby, Wisconsin this cheddar is made the same way as traditional cheddar, but with a couple of twists. First they use goat’s milk, giving the cheese a distinctive white internal color, nutty flavor and distinctive tagniness. Then they smoke it with all-natural hardwood smoke to take the flavor up a notch. Put this Mild Smoked Cheddar on a cheese plate, sandwich or serve with seasonal sliced fruit for a summertime treat.
Pena Gorda
Spain is a dry mountainous land; in the very center is the province of Madrid. Madrid is surrounded by the famous area of Castille La Mancha, where most of the world famous Manchego cheese, made from ewe milk from the local breed of Manchega sheep, is made. Alimentos de Miraflores, an artisan fromagerie is making interesting new creations from local milk. The cheese Pena Gorda, named for the estate, is a goat’s milk cheese, crafted from the local herds of the Sierra de Guadarrama Mountains. It is made in the fashion of the traditional shepherd’s cheeses, and looks very much like a rustic wheel of Manchego. The pale interior is the main indicator it is something different. The exterior is marked with the same basket pattern as Manchego. The cheese is semicured, four to five months maturation, aged only enough to develop a beautiful flavor and still retaining a moisture level to be supple and delicate. The cheese is slightly sweet with the aroma of flowers and grasses; it has a very clean, milky taste. Try with a pale beer or a Cava, paired with fresh fruit or Marcona almonds.
Potato Chip Goat Gouda
Named after the Van Dijk‘s daughter, Dorothea, world famous chef Cas Spijkars created a potato chip goat cheese to win the annual Dutch award for “Most Unusual Food” in 1993. For years, chef’s from all around Holland competed to create what chef Cas Spijkars has accomplished, a recipe that incorporates its countries most traditional culinary ingredient of potato skins, basil oil, coriander oil and chopped onion into its country’s most popular goat cheese. He then ages the cheese for more then 60 days in which during this process he adjusts the temperature and humidity every few days to give it its nutty flavor, light creamy-colored and firm body. Being that this is such a exquisite cheese only 4,000 of these cheeses are produced a year.
Reny Picot Goat Gouda
Made in Michigan. Lovely, semi-soft and the best. Goat Gouda is a sweet-curd, renneted cheese from partly skim or whole milk. The cheese has a sweet, mild, buttery flavor with a hint of tanginess at the finish.
Snow White Goat Cheddar
A creamy white Goat Cheddar Cheese made in 38# wheels and cave aged for 6 months. The flavor is deep and complex with pleasant earthy notes. Took 2nd Place at the 2007 American Cheese Society Competition and 2008 “Best in Show” at the American Cheese Society Competition.
Spanish Goat Feta
Spanish Goat Feta Tins Pure goat’s milk Feta cheese, elaborated with the best milk of goats from Andalusia’s mountains. Creamy, with a very fine and clean goat’s milk feta flavor.
Appenzeller
Appenzeller cheese is a hard cow’s-milk cheese produced in the Appenzell region of northeast Switzerland. It has a documented history of at least 700 years. Today, about 75 dairies produce it, each with a different recipe for their brine wash. Most of the recipes are trade secrets.
An herbal brine, sometimes incorporating wine or cider, is applied to the wheels of cheese while they cure, which flavors and preserves the cheese while promoting the formation of a rind. The cheese is straw-colored, with tiny holes and a golden rind. It has a strong smell and a nutty or fruity flavor, which can range from mild to tangy, depending on how long it is aged.
Armenian String Cheese
In Armenia, traditional string cheese includes black cumin(scientific name Nigella Sativa)and a Middle Eastern spice known as mahleb, and it comes in the form of an endless loop. The cheese forms strings because of the way it is pulled during processing. Other cheeses are only cut and pressed, not pulled, and don’t develop strings.
Asiago with Basil
Basil is a symbol of love in present-day Italy, and its sweet romance with savory Asiago is a timeless match. At least six months of careful aging prepares the Asiago wheels to be hand-rubbed with basil and extra-virgin olive oil for a flavor that is both unique and award winning. We invite you to live vicariously through this passionate union.
Asiago with Rosemary
Heralded as the “dew of the sea,” Rosmarinus officinalis provides the perfect savory high note for this rich, nutty and fruity taste sensation. A gold-medal winner of the 2008 World Championship Cheese Contest, this extraordinary delight wears its laurels as lightly as the perfect balance of hand-rubbed rosemary and Italian olive oil.
Banon Vale Vintage Cheddar
Based in the heart of the rich West Cork dairy region, Bandon Vale initially was set-up to revive the art of cheese making in the traditional style with the manufacture, sale and establishment of a brand of territorial hard cheeses. Aged one year, this has a nice full flavor and a creamy texture.
Barber’s Vintage Cheddar 1833
“We have been making cheese on our farm in Ditcheat, Somerset for six generations. Made using traditional starter cultures, rich milk from our cows, and always matured for at least 24 months, Barber’s 1833 Vintage Reserve Cheddar is the culmination of all our achievements. A deliciously creamy cheese with both savoury and naturally sweet notes. Only the very best leaves with the 1833 stamp.”
Beecher’s Smoked Flagship
Straight from Seattle’s historic Pike Place Market. Made in living museums where visitors can watch the 5,000 year old art of cheesemaking.
15 months of aging nurtures the flavor and texture of Flagship to perfection. The cheese is then naturally smoked over a distinctive blend of apple and cherry wood, resulting in Flagship’s signature robust and nutty flavor infused with the heady, fruity essence of natural hardwood smoke.
Beemster XO
“Beemster X-O- is matured for 26 months making it Beemster’s oldest cheese. Many people see 3-5 year old cheeses in stores and ask us why we do not make an older product. Once you have tasted Beemster X-O- you will see the answer is quite simple. As a cheese matures the flavors one tastes in the cheese expands. As this process happens moisture also exits the cheese, thus leaving the cheese tasting crumbly and granular in one’s mouth. Because of Beemster’s unique milk, X-O- is able to obtain one of the widest flavor ranges possible in only 26 months and still retains its smooth and creamy taste. Beemster X-O- is wonderful with port wines, as well as sweet whites, such as a Riesling. X-O- can also be grated and used as a wonderful alternative to Parmesan for pastas.
BellaVitano Gold
Inspired by a traditional Italian farmstead cheese, Bella Vitano Gold combines the fruity flavor of a premium Parmesan with the creamy smoothness of fine Cheddar. It won a Gold Medal at the 2008 World Cheese Awards.
BellaVitano with Espresso
Espresso BellaVitano is one of the award-winning cheeses in the Sartori Reserve product line. This gourmet cheese is a delicious treat for your breakfast or dessert. Freshly roasted espresso is hand-rubbed into sweet, sugary BellaVitano wheels aged to creamy perfection. The cheese received a Silver Medal in the 2010 World Cheese Awards and a 3rd place in the 2011 American Cheese Society Competition. It pairs well with Pinot Noir, Shiraz, Merlot and Chardonnay or with your fruit beers, stout, Porter beer, Trappist style ale or Barley wine. Food pairings are also multiple, how about chocolate, dried fruit, sweet pastries, honey.
Bellwether Farms Crème Fraîche
This classic, French-style cultured cream has a rich, nutty flavor with an appealing tart edge. A basic pantry item in French kitchens, it is an ingredient used by fine cooks in many cuisines. Pour over fruit, whip into soups, stir into sauces. Créme Fraîche never curdles while cooking.
Big John’s Cajun
This spicy hand-rubbed cheese packs a heated punch as you near the rind. Made from the milk of local Jersey cows in Northern Utah, the combination of sweet creaminess and spice make it a great addition to any cheese plate. The spice is right! The Cajun rub was developed by local Ogden, UT chef John Dearmin using only the finest ingredients. Unlike typical Cajun rub, Big John uses cayenne pepper instead of paprika. Sorry, the rest of the recipe is top secret. The spiciness of the rub is a nice compliment to the creamy texture of the cheese. Watch out, this cheese packs a heated punch as you near the rind.
Big Russ Premium Beer Cheese
Beer cheese is a Kentucky favorite and was first served in the 1940s at a restaurant in Clark County. Big Russ’s family-recipe mixes southern, spicy flavor cues along with award-winning Wisconsin cheeses. Most varieties start with sharp cheddar. Then, beer is added to provide flavor and texture, as well as garlic and other spices. And now, one of Kentucky’s best kept secrets is finally coming to a store near you.
Black Mountain
Taking its name from the spectacular mountain range in South Wales where it is produced, Black Mountain is a combination of matured Welsh cheddar, white wine, garlic and herbs. With a wonderfully balanced flavour, Black Mountain compliments any food or eating occasion.
Blueberry Stilton
This particularly attractive cheese blends the fresh mildness of creamy white stilton with the delicate flavor of whole blueberries. Sweet, delicious, great dessert style cheese.
Boerenkaas
Boerenkaas is made in Holland on small family farms from May until October while the herd is in the fields eating fresh grass. Boerenkaas or Farmers Gouda is sweet and smooth, with a natural depth of flavour due to it’s raw milk nature. That depth is what sets it apart from its mass-produced counterparts.
Vintage Chipotle Cheddar
The Original Chipotle Cheddar, and the only Artisan version made from raw milk and aged over 60 days. Flavored with just the right touch of Chipotles, a naturally smoked jalapeno, which ensures our cheddar flavor isn’t overpowered. Absolutely All Natural and made with raw milk. No artificial hormones, lactose intolerant safe and vegetarian approved. 100% handmade in California.
Brick Cheese
“What is real Brick cheese anyway?” Brick is an American original. It was “invented” in 1877 by John Jossi, a Swiss-born American cheese maker. As Mr. Jossi created it, Brick cheese is firmly in the tradition of the great washed rind cheeses of Europe. Its flavor is enhanced during ripping of the bacterium linens, the same pleasantly pungent bacterial action that contributes to the flavor of the classic French cheeses like Pont I’Eveque, St. Nectaire, Reblochon and Livarot. Real Brick has a heady aroma and modestly full flavor that will almost assuredly keep Brick from ever being the most popular cheese in town.
Brun-uusto
Brun-uusto is the newest cheese from Brunkow Cheese of Wisconsin. The expert Wisconsin cheesemakers at Brunkow have translated Brun-uusto into an authentic version of Juustalepia, a specialty cheese with Finnish and Swedish origins. The name Juustalepia (HOOstah-lee-pah) is Finnish, and translates as “bread cheese,” an apt description since Brun-uusto’s appearance and aroma is similar to toasted bread. Its characteristic sweet caramel crust is produced through a slow baking process. Brun-uusto’s unique flavor is most pronounced when served warm. It can be heated in the oven, microwaved or grilled.
Canadian Cheddar
As a cheddar matures, its fats and proteins undergo biochemical changes that produce flavor compounds. So the older the cheese gets, the sharper, or more intense, it is likely to be. Old Quebec Vintage Cheddar an extra-sharp cow’s milk cheddar (aged at least three years), with a smooth texture, a full-bodied flavor and a tangy finish. Serve with a ripe pear, a piece of apple pie, a burger or grill it between two slices of crusty bread. Also terrific on its own with a nice Cabernet or Syrah, a fruity red wine.
Cantalet
Cantalet is one of France’s oldest cheeses. Dated back to when the Romans colonized the area over 2000 years ago. It is produced in the Auvergne Valley of France. Cantalet is a firm moist, mild but buttery flavored cow’s milk cheese. Serving Suggestions: Cut into salads with walnuts,serve with pears, apples or grapes, great melted in sandwiches. Light, fruity red or white wine will compliment.
Cave-Aged Gruyere
From Switzerland, this raw, cow’s milk cheese is cave-aged for over a year. As the cheese ages, the potassium lactate crystallizes, as do the natural minerals, giving a light crunchy texture to go with the deep nutty taste. It is full-flavored, almost sharp, and dense. The wheels are 80#. The cheese is rich and delicious. Makes the best grilled cheese sandwich, ever!
Cheddar with Carmelized Onion
Made in Wales by the same Abergavenny Foods that make Black Mountain, Red Dragon and Harlech. This is an English cheddar with caramelized onion. Creamy, sweet, and full of flavor. Try on a burger or in your eggs.
Available in Kalamazoo, Muskegon
Comte’
Comte (com-TAY) is made from raw cow’s milk in the Franche-Comte region just west of the Swiss border. Strict regulations govern where and how it is made,and even a wheel made according to the rules may be denied the Comte label if it fails the required taste test. A large cheese, weighing in at about 80 pounds, Comte is a long-keeping cheese that got mountain people through the winter in times past. Comte is never too salty, sharp, acidic or harsh. Use Comte in your potato and other vegetable gratins or in a French onion soup.
Cotswold
With generous flakes of chive and onion, Cotswold has a smooth texture, fresh aroma and lingering taste. It was one of the first blends launched by Long Clawson in the early 1970s and has remained a firm favourite. It is fantastic served simply in a crusty baguette sandwich, and also makes a versatile cooking ingredient.
Cranberry Wensleydale
This English cheese has been produced in the town of Hawes in Wensleydale, North Yorkshire, England for hundreds of years. There are several varieties of this creamy and crumbly cow’s milk cheese and this is one of the favorites, especially during the holidays.
Cream Cheese
Spread the delicious! New Premium Vermont Cream Cheese is made from the same first-quality New England milk and cream as all of Cabot’s award-winning cheeses. One taste of this thick and rich spread on your breakfast toast or a mid-afternoon cracker will make it your new, and all-time, favorite.
Délice de Bourgogne
This decadent triple-cream cheese is incredibly rich, full-flavored with a smooth, melt-in-the-mouth texture. The rind is yellowish-white with a soft, chalky-like dust and a remarkable aroma. The aroma can be quite pungent but it is an interesting contrast with the buttery-sweet texture and subtle taste. Délice de Bourgogne is a sumptuous cheese.
Double Cream Gouda
Also known as Roomkaas, Double Creme Gouda is known as one of the most creamy and mellow cheeses made in Holland. In the controlled conditions of small cheese-making factories, every cheese is painstakingly prepared, treated and aged
Emmental
Emmentaler is the classic “Swiss” cheese, a creamy cheese with deep holes and pockmarks which has been made in Switzerland for centuries. Emmentaler has a protected origin designation so that the integrity of true Swiss Emmentaler can be maintained, by requiring that cheese labeled Emmentaler meet a stringent set of requirements. Emmentaler is a brined cheese, which gives the cheese a slightly salty flavor and a strong rind. The wheels of cheese, when finished, often weigh upwards of 150 pounds (70 kilograms), and are carefully monitored to ensure that the cheese is of the high quality associated with Emmentaler cheese. As the grandfather of all Swiss type cheeses, Emmentaler is revered by many consumers, and is well worth the additional cost at the market.
Eurocreme
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Signed in 1905, the Treaty of Portsmouth ended which war? | Milestones: 1899–1913 - Office of the Historian
Milestones: 1899–1913
The Treaty of Portsmouth and the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905
The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05. The negotiations took place in August in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and were brokered in part by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. The final agreement was signed in September of 1905, and it affirmed the Japanese presence in south Manchuria and Korea and ceded the southern half of the island of Sakhalin to Japan.
Photograph from the Russo-Japanese War
By 1904, Russia and Japan had endured several years of disputes over control of Manchuria. The Russians had entered the region during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95 and, along with Germany and France, was a part of the “Triple Intervention” that forced Japan to give up its demands for ports in South Manchuria and the Liaodong Peninsula in the wake of its victory in China. Instead, Russia moved into the area and took control of Port Arthur, a warm water port with strategic and commercial significance. A Japanese attempt to stage a coup in adjacent Korea was thwarted in part by the Russian presence in the region, and the two nations’ divergent interests appeared more and more likely to clash.
In 1904, the Japanese attacked the Russian fleet at Port Arthur before the formal declaration of war was received in Moscow, surprising the Russian navy and earning an early victory. Over the course of the next year, the two forces clashed in Korea and the Sea of Japan, with the Japanese scoring significant, but costly, victories. War casualties were high on both sides. At the battle over Mukden, the Russians lost 60,000 soldiers and the Japanese lost 41,000 soldiers. The military costs were high as well. A Russian fleet made the long trip from the Baltic Sea around Africa and India, only to be half destroyed by the Japanese upon its arrival in Northeast Asia. By 1905, the combination of these losses and the economic cost of financing the war led both countries to seek an end to the war.
Photograph of Attack on Port Arthur
The Japanese asked U.S. President Roosevelt to negotiate a peace agreement, and representatives of the two nations met in Portsmouth, New Hampshire in 1905. For the sake of maintaining the balance of power and equal economic opportunity in the region, Roosevelt preferred that the war end on terms that left both Russia and Japan a role to play in Northeast China. Though excited by the Japanese military victories, Roosevelt worried about the consequences to American interests if Japan managed to drive Russia out entirely.
The negotiations centered on access to ports and territories in Manchuria and Korea, control of Sakhalin Island, and the question of who was responsible for paying war costs. The chief aims of the Japanese negotiator included first control in Korea and South Manchuria, then the negotiation of an indemnity and control of Sakhalin Island. The Russians wanted to maintain Sakhalin Island, refused to pay a war costs indemnity to the Japanese, and hoped to maintain their fleet in the Pacific. The indemnity issue, along with the dispensation of Sakhalin Island, were the major sticking points in the negotiation, although given its financial straits in 1905, Russia was likely unable to pay an indemnity even if required by a treaty to do so.
When negotiations reached an impasse, Roosevelt stepped in with the proposal that Russia “buy back” the northern part of Sakhalin from Japanese control. The Russians were adamant that they would not pay any amount of money, which would act as a disguised indemnity, when the territory ought to be theirs. After long internal debate, Japan eventually agreed to take only the southern half of the island, without any kind of payment. Theirs had not been a decisive enough victory to force the point.
The Treaty ultimately gave Japan control of Korea and much of South Manchuria, including Port Arthur and the railway that connected it with the rest of the region, along with the southern half of Sakhalin Island; Russian power was curtailed in the region, but it was not required to pay Japan’s war costs. Because neither nation was in a strong financial position to continue the war easily, both were forced to compromise in the terms of the peace. Still, the Japanese public felt they had won the war, and they considered the lack of an indemnity to be an affront. There was a brief outbreak of protests and rioting in Tokyo when the terms of the agreement were made public. Similarly, the Russian people were also dissatisfied, angry about giving up half of Sakhalin.
Individuals gathered to work out what became the Treaty of Portsmouth
Throughout the war and the peace talks, American public opinion largely sided with Japan. Believing that the Japanese were fighting a “just war” against Russian aggression, and that the island nation was equally committed to the Open Door and the territorial integrity of China, the American people were anxious to support it. This sense did not really change over the course of the negotiations, in spite of the best efforts of the Russian negotiator to improve the press coverage of his nation’s position. The final decision of the Japanese to forgo an indemnity only served to strengthen U.S. approval of Japan’s actions throughout the conflict. The anti-treaty and, at times, anti-American demonstrations in Tokyo that followed the ratification of the treaty caught many Americans off-guard.
The Treaty of Portsmouth marked the last real event in an era of U.S.-Japanese cooperation that began with the Meiji Restoration in 1868. Instead, competition between the two nations in the Pacific grew over the years that followed. Conversely, Japanese relations with Russia improved in the wake of the treaty. Although the actual importance of Roosevelt’s mediation and personal pressure on the leadership in Moscow and Tokyo to the final agreement is unclear, he won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts in moderating the talks and pushing toward peace.
| Russo-Japanese War |
Which author has been nominated for the Booker Prize for the novels 'Flaubert's Parrot', 'England' and 'Arthur And George', but is yet to win the award? | Russo-Japanese peace treaty signed - Sep 05, 1905 - HISTORY.com
Russo-Japanese peace treaty signed
Publisher
A+E Networks
The Russo-Japanese War comes to an end as representatives of the two nations sign the Treaty of Portsmouth in New Hampshire. Russia, defeated in the war, agreed to cede to Japan the island of Sakhalin and Russian port and rail rights in Manchuria.
On February 8, 1904, following the Russian rejection of a Japanese plan to divide Manchuria and Korea into spheres of influence, Japan launched a surprise naval attack against Port Arthur, a Russian naval base in China. The Russian fleet was decimated. During the subsequent Russo-Japanese War, Japan won a series of decisive victories over the Russians, who underestimated the military potential of its non-Western opponent. In January 1905, the strategic naval base of Port Arthur fell to Japanese naval forces under Admiral Heihachiro Togo; in March, Russian troops were defeated at Shenyang, China, by Japanese Field Marshal Iwao Oyama; and in May, the Russian Baltic fleet under Admiral Zinovi Rozhdestvenski was destroyed by Togo near the Tsushima Islands.
These three major defeats convinced Russia that further resistance against Japan’s imperial designs for East Asia was hopeless, and U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt mediated a peace treaty at Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in August 1905. (He was later awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for this achievement.) Japan emerged from the conflict as the first modern non-Western world power and set its sights on greater imperial expansion. The Russian military’s disastrous performance in the war was one of the immediate causes of the Russian Revolution of 1905.
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In the 2009 series of 'Big Brother', by what name is the housemate Freddie Fisher better known? | Big Brother contestants 2009: Sophie 'Dogface' Reade, Karly Ashworth, Kris Donnelly and the rest - Mirror Online
Big Brother contestants 2009: Sophie 'Dogface' Reade, Karly Ashworth, Kris Donnelly and the rest
Who were the housemates in BB10?
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Sophie 'Dogface' Reade (Photo: PA)
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BB10 was won by 30GG glamour model Sophie Reade, also known as Dogface.
The series was dogged by controversy with housemate Noirin Kelly saying racism and bullying was rife in the house but would be edited out of the show.
The show's £100,000 prize was reduced down to £71,000 due to some rule-breaking by contestants including a staged break-out.
Housemates who featured in the series included Russian ex-singing star and boxer Angel McKenzie, Brazilian born Rodrigo Lopes and virgin Sree Dasari from India.
Four contestants walked from the house without facing the public vote during the 93-day run of BB10.
Housemate Sophia Brown died in 2012, three years after leaving the house, aged just 30. She had suffered from lupus, a disease which affects the immune system, since she was a child.
See the full low-down of BB10 housemates below.
Winner Sophie 'Dogface' Reade
Big Brother 10 housemate and winner Sophie 'Dogface' Reade (Photo: PA)
Glamour model Sophie changed her name by deed poll to Dogface in order to become a contestant. As a special treat, she was allowed to change her name back to Sophie on Day 72. She was crowned the winner with a massive 74% share of votes.
Runner-up Siavash Sabbaghpour
Big Brother 10 housemate Siavash (Photo: Getty)
Events organiser Siavash admitted he was a "slave to fashion" and became a housemate on Day 4 following a public vote. Siavesh is reported to have said he thought ugly people should not be allowed to have children.
Isaac Stout
Big Brother 10 housemate Isaac Stout (Photo: PA)
Isaac entered the house disguised as a fish and chips delivery man and as the ex boyfriend of Noirin. He walked out on Day 58, two days after she was evicted.
Angel McKenzie
Big Brother 10 housemate Angel McKenzie
Professional boxer Angel from Russia wasn't a hit with the public and became the first housemate to be evicted with 81% of the public vote.
Frederick George Fisher
Big Brother 10 housemate Isaac Stout
Like Dogface, Frederick was ordered to change his name to enter the show. Bosses chose Frederick to be referred to as 'Halfwit' from the start. He was however allowed to revert back to his own name later in the series. Halfwit survived the public vote seven times in total, but was finally booted out on Day 72.
Beinazir Lasharie
Big Brother 10 housemate Beinazir Lasharie
Beinazir, originally from Pakistan, was the first housemate to be evicted in BB10 and was booted out without a crowd to greet her. In fact, she was led away in a Routemaster bus. Her family were forced to seek asylum in the UK when she was a year old.
Charlie Drummond
Big Brother 10 housemate Charlie Drummond
Big Brother 10 housemate Sophia Brown (Photo: Channel 4)
Petite Sophia, who was 4ft 11in tall, suffered from lupus, a disease which affects the immune system, since she was a child. The bank assistant, from London, was voted into the Big Brother house on Day 4.
Following a huge argument with housemate Saffia she was evicted with 91.2% of the public vote on Day 9. She died in 2012.
David Ramsden
Big Brother 10 housemate David Ramsden (Photo: Getty)
Fashion-forward David entered the house on Day 44 to spice things up. He celebrated his birthday in the house and was treated to a message by designer Vivienne Westwood. He finished in third place.
Lisa Elizabeth Wallace
Big Brother 10 housemate Lisa Elizabeth Wallace (Photo: Getty)
Lisa entered the house with a trademark pink mohican but shaved it off as part of the series. She was evicted on Day 90.
Hira Habibshah
Big Brother 10 housemate Hira Habibshah (Photo: PA)
Hira was named the Most Entertaining Housemate but that didn't save her from the public vote - and on Day 65 she became the ninth person to be evicted.
Karly Ashworth
Big Brother 10 housemate Karly Ashworth (Photo: Getty)
Scottish Karly was once named as part of FHM's Top High Street Honeys. She said her proudest achievement was being accepted to study art and design at Dundee University. She left after three weeks. Karly was evicted on Day 44.
Bea Hamill
Big Brother 10 housemate Bea Hamill (Photo: Getty)
Bea was a latecomer to the house, only entering on Day 24. She narrowly missed out on a place in the final, leaving on Day 79.
Thomas Martin "Tom" Oliver
Big Brother 10 housemate Thomas Martin "Tom" Oliver (Photo: PA)
Tom was another late arrival, entering to spice things up on Day 44. But the house wasn't all it had cracked up to be for Mr Oliver, who decided to walk after just nine days.
Saffia Corden
Big Brother 10 housemate Saffia Corden (Photo: PA)
Saffia wanted a spot in the Big Brother House so badly she said she would walk on broken glass. So, BB bosses challenged her to do just that.
It turned out the glass was made of sugar, and Saffia realised the house wasn't for her after all. She left on Day 8.
Rodrigo Lopes
Big Brother 10 housemate Rodrigo Lopes (Photo: Getty)
Brazilian student Rodrigo became one half of BB's first ever gay couple when he shared a bath and a cuddle with fellow housemate Charlie Drummond. He finished in fifth place and now lives as a woman called Rebekah Shelton.
Noirin Kelly
Big Brother 10 housemate Noirin Kelly (Photo: Getty)
Dubliner Noirin was allowed into the house when she agreed to shave her eyebrows off and draw a moustache with permanent marker on her face. She was evicted on Day 58.
Marcus Akin
Big Brother 10 housemate Marcus Akin (Photo: Getty)
Marcus became the twelfth housemate to be evicted after helping co-contestant Kenneth to escape. The window fitter said his ideal job would be as either a toy designer or a porn star.
Kris Donnelly
Big Brother 10 housemate Kris Donnelly (Photo: Getty)
Chatty Kris was put up for eviction by Big Brother after being caught talking about his nominations. He had earlier failed a task where he was asked to keep quiet. He was evicted on Day 37.
Kenneth Tong
Big Brother 10 housemate Kenneth Tong (Photo: WENN)
Fame-hungry Tong was ridiculed by viewers when he claimed to know "some of the most dangerous men in the world". He walked out, or rather climbed out, on Day 50.
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What name is given to the elementary particle that carries the electromagnetic force? | Evicted: Beinazir leaves... without even becoming a Big Brother housemate! | Daily Mail Online
Evicted: Beinazir leaves... without even becoming a Big Brother housemate!
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They arrived ready to bask in their 15 minutes of fame. But Beinzair didn't even get that.
In a twist, after spending just three nights inside the Big Brother house, the 28-year-old was booted out - without even achieving housemate status.
And as a non-housemate there was no montage of best bits, no welcoming (or even booing) crowd - and no placards.
Heading home: Beinazir is evicted from Big Brother house after three days - without ever entering the main building
Did you enjoy it? Davina quizzes Beinazir, before she is sent home on the bus
The unemployed study support assistant from north London was sent out the house seconds after being told the news, insisting: 'I'm fine, I'm fine, I'm fine.'
Wrapped in a blanket, wearing a false moustache, she exited unkempt and dirty, after spending three days sleeping on the floor and eating porridge.
'I'm alright, I'm dying for a cup of tea,' she told Davina.
'It's just weird. I don't know.'
Homeward bound: The despondent 28-year-old learns she's about to leave
Where's the crowd? A lonely Beinazir leaves the house - to find no waiting crowd
She then said she was looking forward to sleeping in a real bed.
'Was I quiet?' she questioned Davina in horror. 'If I'd had some make-up the real me would have come out.'
And she couldn't even pick a highlight. 'It's all a blur'.
And with that she went off home - on a double decker bus.
Who's going home? Beinazir is evicted... as Siavash stays
Celebration: A screaming Sophia is congratulated by Benazir
To make the most of the drama the new housemates had been announced one-by-one by Davina - first Angel, then Sophia, Marcus, Sree and finally Siavash.
But with their departure the remaining 15 are now all housemates - and this year's series has officially begun.
Some of them have made sacrifices for their place in the house.
And they may be regretting it.
Oxford graduate Freddie, 23, from Market Drayton grew up in a stately home, where he still lives with his parents and three staff.
I'm in! Indian Sree celebrates becoming an official housemate, as the other contestants watch from inside the house
Delighted: Sree shows his excitement
But his name is now officially Halfwit, after he was asked to change it by deed poll by Big Brother to achieve housemate status - and agreed.
He is joined by the equally unfortunately named Dogface - or, as she used to be named, Sophie.
'We've legally changed our names,' shouted an excited Dogface as they emerged from the Diary Room.
'I've got a new name,' added Halfwit.
'I'm Dogface,' said Dogface.
'And I'm Halfwit,' said Halfwit.
Will they regret it? Freddie and Sophie change their names to Halfwit and Dogface by deed poll
As housemates Halfwit (formerly Freddie) and Dogface (formerly Freddie) joined the others in the rest of the house, and were given their suitcases and food.
They were soon joined by Cairon, who managed to dunk his biscuit the longest in his tea.
And Charlie, Karly and Saffia managed to complete the special forces task to win their place.
Dunking fun: Cairon wins official status with his biscuit skills
They may have known each other for just two days - but the housemates' thoughts have already moved onto flirting.
Privileged Freddie has his eye on glamour model Sophie, 20.
He told Big Brother: 'I fancied Sophie a bit at first. It's funny as I normally go for quite clever girls. She's beautiful, full of life and flirty.'
Sophie was certainly flirting with the males in the house - getting them to touch her false breasts.
Flirting: An inquisitive Marcus feels the join in Dog Face (Sophie's) breast where an implant was inserted
Eurgh! He reacts with horror at the sensation
Unemployed 41-year-old Lisa then revealed she likes girls to be ladies 'but a slut in the bedroom.'
She then turned her attention to Girls Aloud saying she would sleep with all of them and likes 'the redhead'.
'But 'I just don't fancy her,' she added.
Housemates: Charlie, Karly and Saffia are called to the diary room after successfully completing the Special Forces task to become proper housemates
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Which is the only one of Shakespeare's comedies in which 'Falstaff' appears? | Sir John Falstaff | fictional character | Britannica.com
fictional character
Alternative Title: Sir John Oldcastle
Related Topics
Shakespeare and Opera
Sir John Falstaff, one of the most famous comic characters in all English literature, who appears in four of Shakespeare’s plays. Entirely the creation of Shakespeare, Falstaff is said to have been partly modeled on Sir John Oldcastle , a soldier and the martyred leader of the Lollard sect. Indeed, Shakespeare had originally called this character Sir John Oldcastle in the first version of Henry IV, Part 1 , but had changed the name before the play was registered, doubtless because descendants of the historical Oldcastle—who were then prominent at court—protested. He chose the name Falstaff partly because it contained echoes of the name Sir John Fastolf , which he had earlier given to a cowardly knight in Henry VI, Part 1. (The historical Sir John Fastolf was a career soldier who in the second phase of the Hundred Years’ War had something of a reputation as a coward; however, Shakespeare’s presentation of his character was libelous.)
Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree as Falstaff in William Shakespeare’s Henry IV, …
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In Henry IV, Part 1 , Falstaff is a boon companion to the young Prince Hal , a type of nonjudgmental father-substitute he calls that “reverend vice . . . that father ruffian, that vanity of years” (and, in Falstaff’s own imagination, that “kind Jack Falstaff, true Jack Falstaff, valiant Jack Falstaff”), and throughout the play Falstaff comments on the political machinations with inglorious, reckless, egotistical good sense.
In Henry IV, Part 2 , Falstaff and his disreputable crew are rejected by Hal, now Henry V, as he assumes the dignities of the crown. Falstaff’s death is movingly reported in Henry V , but he makes another appearance in The Merry Wives of Windsor , a play that, according to (largely unsupported) tradition, was written at the express command of Queen Elizabeth I , who had wished to see Falstaff in love. This play’s Falstaff, now reduced to an opportunistic and comically unsuccessful seducer, was the subject of Giuseppe Verdi’s opera Falstaff (produced 1893) and Otto Nicolai’s Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor (produced 1849).
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| The Merry Wives of Windsor |
Which two colours appear on the flag of Bangladesh? | SparkNotes: Henry IV, Part 1: Analysis of Major Characters
Analysis of Major Characters
Themes, Motifs & Symbols
Prince Harry
The complex Prince Harry is at the center of events in 1 Henry IV. As the only character to move between the grave, serious world of King Henry and Hotspur and the rollicking, comical world of Falstaff and the Boar’s Head Tavern, Harry serves as a bridge uniting the play’s two major plotlines. An initially disreputable prince who eventually wins back his honor and the king’s esteem, Harry undergoes the greatest dramatic development in the play, deliberately transforming himself from the wastrel he pretends to be into a noble leader. Additionally, as the character whose sense of honor and leadership Shakespeare most directly endorses, Harry is, at least by implication, the moral focus of the play.
Harry is nevertheless a complicated character and one whose real nature is very difficult to pin down. As the play opens, Harry has been idling away his time with Falstaff and earning the displeasure of both his father and England as a whole. He then surprises everyone by declaring that his dissolute lifestyle is all an act: he is simply trying to lower the expectations that surround him so that, when he must, he can emerge as his true, heroic self, shock the whole country, and win the people’s love and his father’s admiration. Harry is clearly intelligent and already capable of the psychological machinations required of kings.
But the heavy measure of deceit involved in his plan seems to call his honor into question, and his treatment of Falstaff further sullies his name: though there seems to be real affection between the prince and the roguish knight, Harry is quite capable of tormenting and humiliating his friend (and, when he becomes king in 2 Henry IV, of disowning him altogether). Shakespeare seems to include these aspects of Harry’s character in order to illustrate that Falstaff’s selfish bragging does not fool Harry and to show that Harry is capable of making the difficult personal choices that a king must make in order to rule a nation well. In any case, Harry’s emergence here as a heroic young prince is probably 1 Henry IV’s defining dynamic, and it opens the door for Prince Harry to become the great King Henry V in the next two plays in Shakespeare’s sequence.
Sir John Falstaff
Old, fat, lazy, selfish, dishonest, corrupt, thieving, manipulative, boastful, and lecherous, Falstaff is, despite his many negative qualities, perhaps the most popular of all of Shakespeare’s comic characters. Though he is technically a knight, Falstaff’s lifestyle clearly renders him incompatible with the ideals of courtly chivalry that one typically associates with knighthood. For instance, Falstaff is willing to commit robbery for the money and entertainment of it. As Falstaff himself notes at some length, honor is useless to him: “Can honour set-to a leg? No. Or an arm? No. Or take away the grief of a wound? No. . . . What is honour? A word” (V.i.130–133). He perceives honor as a mere “word,” an abstract concept that has no relevance to practical matters. Nevertheless, though Falstaff mocks honor by linking it to violence, to which it is intimately connected throughout the play, he remains endearing and likable to Shakespeare’s audiences. Two reasons that Falstaff retains this esteem are that he plays his scoundrel’s role with such gusto and that he never enjoys enough success to become a real villain; even his highway robbery ends in humiliation for him.
Falstaff seems to scorn morality largely because he has such a hearty appetite for life and finds the niceties of courtesy and honor useless when there are jokes to be told and feasts to be eaten. Largely a creature of words, Falstaff has earned the admiration of some Shakespearean scholars because of the self-creation he achieves through language: Falstaff is constantly creating a myth of Falstaff, and this myth defines his identity even when it is visibly revealed to be false. A master of punning and wordplay, Falstaff provides most of the comedy in the play (just as he does in 2 Henry IV, The Merry Wives of Windsor, and Henry V). He redeems himself largely through his real affection for Prince Harry, whom, despite everything, he seems to regard as a real friend. This affection makes Harry’s decision, foreshadowed in 1 Henry IV, to abandon Falstaff when he becomes king (in 2 Henry IV) seem all the more harsh.
King Henry IV
The title character of 1 Henry IV appears in Richard II as the ambitious, energetic, and capable Bolingbroke, who seizes the throne from the inept Richard II after likely arranging his murder. Though Henry is not yet truly an old man in 1 Henry IV, his worries about his crumbling kingdom, guilt over his uprising against Richard II, and the vagaries of his son’s behavior have diluted his earlier energy and strength. Henry remains stern, aloof, and resolute, but he is no longer the force of nature he appears to be in Richard II. Henry’s trouble stems from his own uneasy conscience and his uncertainty about the legitimacy of his rule. After all, he himself is a murderer who has illegally usurped the throne from Richard II. Therefore, it is difficult to blame Hotspur and the Percys for wanting to usurp his throne for themselves. Furthermore, it is unclear how Henry’s kingship is any more legitimate than that of Richard II. Henry thus lacks the moral legitimacy that every effective ruler needs.
With these concerns lurking at the back of his reign, Henry is unable to rule as the magnificent leader his son Harry will become. Throughout the play he retains his tight, tenuous hold on the throne, and he never loses his majesty. But with an ethical sense clouded by his own sense of compromised honor, it is clear that Henry can never be a great king or anything more than a caretaker to the throne that awaits Henry V.
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The theme tune of which TV series was arranged by Fritz Spiegl from the traditional folk-song 'Johnny Todd'? | Johnny Todd: Folk Song used as Z-Cars Theme - arranged for piano by Jim Paterson, sheet music, midi & mp3
Traditional Sheet Music
Johnny Todd (Z-Cars Theme) arranged for Piano - sheet music, midi and mp3
Johnny Todd is an English Folk Song which may have originated in Liverpool, where it was sung by children to accompany skipping games. It was discovered by folk musicologist Frank Kidson and included in one of his collections of Folk Songs, though other versions of the song were also discovered in other parts of Britain and documented in other collections so its precise origins are uncertain. What is certain is that the song was known to Fritz Spiegl (1926-2003) and his first wife Bridget Fry, who together arranged the melody as the theme for "Z-Cars", a long-running BBC television police drama which started in 1962 and was set near Liverpool. Spiegl was born in Austria but left the country as a war refugee and later settled in Liverpool where he became principal flautist with the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra. The Z-Cars Theme became very popular and recognisable to TV audiences in the 1960s and 1970s, and was frequently referenced on other entertainment shows. Fry and Spiegl also composed and arranged the themes for the follow-on TV series called "Softly Softly" and "Softly Softly: Task Force". The song Johnny Todd is also used as an anthem by the football club Everton and has been sung by fans of various other clubs.
This piano arrangement (including guitar chords) by Jim Paterson has two verses with slightly different arrangements, each of which can be played or repeated ad lib. You can play the sheet music below with the Scorch plug-in, or download the sheet music , midi file and mp3 file for personal use.
| Z-Cars |
Canada has the longest coastline of any country in the world. Which nation has the second longest coastline? | Z Cars - The Full Wiki
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other meanings, see Zee-car.
Z-Cars
January 2, 1962 – September 20, 1978
Chronology
Second Verdict
Z-Cars (sometimes written as Z Cars), with the letter "Z" pronounced "Zed" in the British way, is a British television drama series centred on the work of beat police in the fictional town of Newtown, based on Kirkby in the outskirts of Liverpool in Lancashire . Produced by the BBC and screened on BBC Television (renamed BBC1 in 1964), it debuted in January, 1962 and ran for 16 years until September, 1978. Owing to an administrative quirk, for the first few years it was produced by the BBC's documentary department rather than the drama department .
The programme was created by writers Troy Kennedy Martin and Allan Prior with producer Elwyn Jones , to create a more realistic portrayal of policing than had been seen on British television before. This was in contrast to the BBC's established police drama, Dixon of Dock Green , which portrayed a 'safe' and 'cosy' image of a 'British bobby'.
The main writers included John Hopkins (who also became script editor ) and Alan Plater . The writing team created a ' kitchen sink realism ' style little seen on British television before. The Z-Cars theme tune was arranged by Fritz Spiegl from the traditional folk song Johnny Todd.
In a 2000 poll to find the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes of the 20th century conducted by the British Film Institute , Z-Cars was voted 63rd. It was also included in the 40 greatest TV shows published in Radio Times in August, 2003.
Contents
8 External links
Plot
Contrary to belief the name does not come from the cars used: Ford Zephyrs and Ford Zodiacs . In fact the Zodiac was never used by British police. The Zephyr was the standard patrol traffic car (not the same as 'crime car') used by Lancashire and other police forces. The term comes from the call signs allocated by Lancashire Constabulary. Lancashire police divisions were lettered from north to the south. A Division (DHQ Ulverston) was the detached part of the county around Barrow-in-Furness (since 1974 part of Cumbria), B was Lancaster and so on. Letters further into the alphabet were in the south around the Manchester and Liverpool areas. The TV series took the non-existent signs Z-Victor 1 and Z-Victor 2.
The stories revolved around pairs of officers patrolling that week. Riding on changing social attitudes and television, the social realism, with interesting stories, garnered popularity. It was initially less popular with real-life police, who disliked the sometimes unsympathetic characterisation of officers. Being set in the North of England helped give it a regional flavour when most BBC dramas were set in the south.
The one character present throughout the entire run was Bert Lynch, played by James Ellis (though John Phillips as Det. Chief Supt. Robins would reappear sporadically during the show's run - by the end of the series he had become Chief Constable ). Other characters in the early days were Stratford Johns (Inspector Barlow), Frank Windsor (Det.Sgt Watt), Robert Keegan (Sgt Blackitt), Joseph Brady (PC 'Jock' Weir) and Brian Blessed ('Fancy' Smith). Also in 1960s episodes as David Graham was Colin Welland , who won an Academy Award for writing Chariots of Fire in 1981. Other British actors who played regular roles in the early years included John Thaw and Leonard Rossiter .
Episodes
Z-Cars ran for 799 episodes. The original run ended in 1965; Barlow, Watt and Blackitt were spun off into a new series Softly, Softly . Z Cars was revived in March 1967 with only James Ellis and Joseph Brady from the original show. The revival was produced by the serials department of the BBC in a twice-weekly soap opera format of 25-minute episodes. It ran until April 1971 (in colour from early 1970) then returned to a regular season pattern of 50-minute episodes for its final years.
Lost episodes
Z-Cars is incomplete in the archives. 1962-5 is reasonably well represented, though with big gaps. With the 1967 revival, material becomes more patchy. 1967, 1969 and 1970 each have small numbers of surviving episodes. The years 1968 and 1971, when the series was shown almost every week, have no surviving episodes. Around half of the total episodes survive.
The original series was one of the last British television dramas screened live regularly — already rare by the time the programme began in 1962. It was felt that this helped immediacy and pace, and episodes were live as late as 1965, despite cameras appearing in shot. Most were videotaped for repeat, but the BBC regularly wiped tapes after programmes exceeded their usefulness, agreements with unions meaning they could only be shown a limited number of times. The space needed to store large videotapes, as well as the expense when they could be re-used, were factors.
However, most episodes were ' telerecorded '. This was a fairly primitive (by today's standards) way of preserving a transmission by filming it (to 16 mm film) from a television screen. Telerecordings could be used for repeats and overseas sales. Although foreign buyers were supposed to return, destroy or forward telerecordings, many were archived and have slowly filtered back to the BBC.
The telerecording of the first ever episode was returned to writer Allan Prior in the 1980s by an engineer who had taken it home to preserve it because his children had enjoyed the programme and he could not bring himself to destroy it. Other early episodes have been returned by broadcasters from countries such as Cyprus and the search for lost episodes of sister BBC programme Doctor Who has also occasionally turned up lost Z-Cars episodes (according to the documentary Doctor Who: The Missing Years, included on the BBC Video DVD release Doctor Who: Lost in Time). Two episodes were returned in 2004 after turning up in a private collection. Colour episodes from the early-1970s are less likely to be recovered, as they were never telerecorded for export.
A list of lost and surviving episodes can be found on the missing episodes web-site . BBC Archive Treasure Hunt is currently seeking missing episodes.
All episodes from the 1975-1978 period are preserved in the archives.
After Z Cars
The spin-off, Softly, Softly focused on the regional crime squad, and ran until 1969, when it was again revised and became Softly, Softly: Taskforce, running until 1976. The character of Barlow ( Stratford Johns ) was one of the best-known figures in British television in the 1960s and 1970s, and was given several seasons of his own "solo" series, Barlow at Large (later just Barlow ) between 1971-75. He also joined Watt ( Frank Windsor ) to re-investigate the Jack the Ripper murders for a six-part series in 1973. This led to another spin-off, Second Verdict in which Barlow and Watt looked into unsolved cases and unsafe convictions.
Frank Windsor made a final appearance as Watt in the last episode of Z Cars, 'Pressure', in September 1978, with Robins ( John Phillips ), the Detective Chief Superintendent from the original series who had risen to chief constable. A number of other actors from the early days also made appearances, but not as their original characters.
The theme tune from Z Cars has for many years been used as a march-on tune at football clubs in Great Britain such as Everton FC .
Before Z Cars
In 1961 the BBC broadcast "Jacks and Knaves" as a single series of four episodes. Set in Liverpool and including Leonard Williams (Sgt. Twentyman in Z-Cars), and written by Colin Morris. Although a humorous police procedural, Jacks and Knaves paved the way for Z-Cars as a regional drama about policing.
Cast
(1962-1965 & 1967-1978 / 12 Series / 799 episodes)
DCI Charlie Barlow — Stratford Johns (1962-1965 / Series 1-5 / 126 episodes)
DS John Watt — Frank Windsor (1962-1965,1978 / Series 1-5,12 / 129 episodes)
PC ‘Fancy’ Smith — Brian Blessed (1962-1965 / Series 1-5 / 113 episodes)
PC ‘Jock’ Weir — Joseph Brady (1962-1965,1967-1968 / Series 1-6 / 177 episodes)
PC/DC/Sgt./Insp. Bert Lynch — James Ellis (1962-1965,1967-1978 / Series 1-12 / 625 episodes)
PC Bob Steele — Jeremy Kemp (1962-1963 / Series 1-2 / 34 episodes)
Sgt. Percy Twentyman — Leonard Williams (1962 / Series 1-2 / 30 episodes)
PC Ian Sweet — Terence Edmond (1962-1964 / Series 1-3/ 78 episodes)
WPC Jenny Stacey — Lynne Furlong (1962-1965 / Series 1-4 / 24 episodes)
Sally Clarkson (BD Girl) - Diane Aubrey (1962 / Series 1-2 / 24 episodes)
DC Glyn Hicks — Michael Forrest (1962-1964 / Series 2-3 / 36 episodes)
PC David Graham — Colin Welland (1962-1965, / Series 2-5 / 85 episodes)
Sgt. Bob Blackitt — Robert Keegan (1962-1965 / Series 2-5 / 108 episodes)
PC Ken Baker — Geoffrey Whitehead (1964-1965 / Series 4 / 29 episodes)
PC Taylor — Marcus Hammond (1964-1965 / Series 4 / 20 episodes)
Paula Poulton (BD Girl) - Sara Aimson (1965 / Series 4-5 / 23 episodes)
DI/DCI Sam Hudson — John Barrie (1967,1968 / Series 6 / 32 episodes)
DS Tom Stone — John Slater (1967-1974 / Series 6-9 / 419 episodes)
PC Owen Culshaw — David Daker (1967-1968 / Series 6 / 82 episodes)
PC Steve Tate — Sebastian Breaks (1967 / Series 6 / 29 episodes)
PC Alec May — Stephen Yardley (1967-1968 / Series 6 / 66 episodes)
WPC Parkin — Pauline Taylor (1967-1969 / Series 6 / 48 episodes)
PC Bill Newcombe — Bernard Holley (1967-1971 / Series 6 / 277 episodes)
BD Girl — Jennie Goossens (1967-1971 / Series 6-7 / 146 episodes)
DI Todd — Joss Ackland (1967-1968 / Series 6 / 41 episodes)
PC Jackson — John Wreford (1967-1968 / Series 6 / 29 episodes)
DI Alan Witty — John Woodvine (1968-1969 / Series 6 / 60 episodes)
PC Doug Roach — Ron Davies (1968-1969 / Series 6 / 59 episodes)
PC Bruce Bannerman — Paul Angelis (1968-1969 / Series 6 / 128 episodes)
PC/Sgt. Alec Quilley — Douglas Fielding (1969-1978 / Series 6-12 / 339 episodes)
DI/Mr. Neil Goss — Derek Waring (1969-1973 / Series 6-8 / 215 episodes)
PC/DC Joe Skinner — Ian Cullen (1969-1975 / Series 6-9 / 219 episodes)
PC Reg Horrocks — Barry Lowe (1970-1975,1977 / Series 6-9,11 / 27 episodes)
PC/Sgt. Bowman — John Swindells (1970-1973 / Series 6-7 / 40 episodes)
DS Cecil Haggar — John Collin (1971-1976,1978 / Series 6-7,9-10,12 / 51 episodes)
DC Dave Scatliff — Geoffrey Hayes (1971-1974 / Series 6-8 / 27 episodes)
PC Shaun Covill — Jack Carr (1971-1972 / Series 6-7 / 39 episodes)
PC Fred Render — Allan O'Keefe (1971-1978 / Series 6-12 / 62 episodes)
DS/DI Terry Moffat — Ray Lonnen (1972-1977 / Series 7-11 / 25 episodes)
DS Wilf Miller - Geoffrey Whitehead (1972-1975 / Series 6-9 / 22 episodes)
DC Jim Braithwaite — David Jackson (1972-1978 / Series 7-12 / 22 episodes)
Sgt. Gilbert Chubb — Paul Stewart (1974-1978 / Series 9-12 / 25 episodes)
Others - Dorothy White - Janey Steele (1962-1963 / Series 1-2 / 13 episodes)... John Phillips - DCS/ACC/Chief Con. Robins (1962-1965,1967,1969,1973,1978 / Series 1-4,6-7,12 / 14 episodes)... Virginia Stride - Katy Hoskins (BD Girl) (1962-1964 /Series 1-3 / 18 episodes)... Leslie Sands - DCS Miller (1962-63,1965,1967,1969 / Series 1-4,6 / 12 episodes)... Dudley Foster - DI/Supt. Dunn (1962,1964 / Series 1,3 / 14 episodes)... James Cossins - Sgt. Michaelson (1962-1963 / Series 2 / 11 episodes)... Hilary Martyn - Joan Martin (BD Girl) (1962-1963 / Series 2 / 13 episodes)... Leonard Rossiter - DI Bamber (1963 / Series 2 / 8 episodes)... Sidonie Bond - Betty Clayton (BD Girl) (1963 / Series 2 / 16 episodes)... Kate Allitt - Pamela Earnshaw (BD Girl) (1964 / Series 3 / 12 episodes)... John Thaw - DC Elliot (1963 / Series 3 / 4 episodes)... Kate Brown - Shirley Burscough (BD Girl) (1963 / Series 3 / 16 episodes)... Lynn Farleigh - Ann Fazakerley (BD Girl) (1964 / Series 3-4 / 17 episodes)... Susan Jameson - WPC Nelson (1965,1975 / Series 4,9 / 6 episodes)... Donald Webster - PC Foster (1965 / Series 4 / 8 episodes)... Donald Gee - PC Ray Walker (1965 / Series 4-5 / 18 episodes)... Luanshya Greer - WPC Jane Shepherd (1967 / Series 6 / 6 episodes)... Anjula Harman - BD Girl (1967,1969 / Series 6 / 14 episodes)... Christopher Coll - DC Kane (1967-1968 / Series 6 / 16 episodes)... Doreen Aris - Betty Culshaw (1967-1968 / Series 6 / 8 episodes)... George Sewell - DI Brogan (1967 / Series 6 / 6 episodes)... Thelma Whiteley - Sally Stone (1967,1969-1970 / Series 6 / 8 episodes)... Victor Brooks - Sgt. Potter (1968-1969 / Series 6 / 10 episodes)... William Dexter - D Supt. Oakley (1968-1971 / Series 6 / 6 episodes)... John Livesey - PC Stack (1969 / Series 6 / 15 episodes)... June Watson - WPC/WP Sgt. Lorna Cameron (1970,1973-1975 / Series 6,8-9 / 8 episodes)... Stephanie Turner - WPC Anne Howarth (1971-1975 / Series 6-9 / 14 episodes)... Jerome Willis - Supt./D Supt. Roy Richards / 1971-1973 / Series 6-7 / 4 episodes)... James Walsh - PC Lindsay (1971-1974 / Series 7-9 / 8 episodes)... John Challis - Sgt. Frank Culshaw (1972-1975 / Series 7-9 / 10 episodes)... Gary Watson - DI Fred Connor (1972-1974 / Series 7-8 / 11 episodes)... Nicholas Smith - PC Jeff Yates (1972-1975 / Series 7-9 / 9 episodes)... Kenton Moore - Insp./CI Logie (1972-1974 / Series 7-8 / 4 episodes)... Brian Grellis - DC/DS Bernard Bowker (1974-1978 / Series 9-12 / 19 episodes)... Tommy Boyle - DI Gerry Maddan (1978 / Series 12 / 8 episodes)... Victoria Plucknett - WPC Jane Beck (1978 / Series 12 / 3 episodes).
See also
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Signed in 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht ended which war? | American Colonies | Kirke takes Quebec | English Newfoundland | Phips | Treaty of Ryswick | Francis Nicholson | Treaty of Utrecht | War of Austrian Succession | Capture of Louisbourg | Treaty of Chapelle | Halifax | French Indian War | Governor Murray
In the search to end the War of Spanish Succession a preliminary agreement which was reached in London in 1711 which resulted in the meeting of a congress at Utrecht by Great Britain, France, Savoy, Portugal, Prussia, the Dutch Republic and Spain in January of 1812.
The Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1713 and brought to an end the War of Spanish Succession between England and France. The immediate aims of Britain were achieved when the France were driven from the Spanish Netherlands and Italy, and the crowns of Spain and France would not be united. France needed the peace to regroup and reformulate it's strategy. The English were also exhausted and took advantage of the opportunity to secure the most advantageous terms possible.
The stipulations of the treaty as they related to North America were a severe setback for France. France agreed to give up all of it's claims to the areas around the Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, and Acadia. The treaty did allow France to retain certain fishing rights in Newfoundland and the exact extent of the Hudson Bay lands were not defined. Although both England and France were agreeable to peace, the outstanding issues were to lead to a renewal of hostilities with the war of Austrian Succession and which would cumulated in the Seven Years War.
The French immediately began construction of the fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island as protection for its St Lawrence River empire.
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| War of the Spanish Succession |
Which nation has the longest coastline of any country located entirely within Europe? | treaties of Utrecht | European history | Britannica.com
Treaties of Utrecht
Alternative Title: Peace of Utrecht
Britannica Stories
Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent
Treaties of Utrecht, also called Peace of Utrecht, (April 1713–September 1714), a series of treaties between France and other European powers (April 11, 1713 to Sept. 7, 1714) and another series between Spain and other powers (July 13, 1713 to June 26, 1714), concluding the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14).
France concluded treaties of peace at Utrecht with Britain, the Dutch republic, Prussia, Portugal, and Savoy. By the treaty with Britain (April 11), France recognized Queen Anne as the British sovereign and undertook to cease supporting James Edward, the son of the deposed king James II . France ceded Newfoundland, Nova Scotia , the Hudson Bay territory, and the island of St. Kitts to Britain and promised to demolish the fortifications at Dunkirk, which had been used as a base for attacks on English and Dutch shipping. In the treaty with the Dutch, France agreed that the United Provinces should annex part of Gelderland and should retain certain barrier fortresses in the Spanish Netherlands . In the treaty with Prussia, France acknowledged Frederick I’s royal title (claimed in 1701) and recognized his claim to Neuchâtel (in present Switzerland) and southeast Gelderland. In return France received the principality of Orange from Prussia. In the treaty with Savoy, France recognized Victor Amadeus II , duke of Savoy, as king of Sicily and that he should rule Sicily and Nice. The treaty with Portugal recognized its sovereignty on both banks of the Amazon River . France’s Guiana colony in South America was restricted in size.
The peace treaties involving Spain took longer to arrange. Spain’s treaty with Britain (July 13) gave Gibraltar and Minorca to Britain. The treaty was preceded by the asiento agreement, by which Spain gave to Britain the exclusive right to supply the Spanish colonies with African slaves for the next 30 years. On Aug. 13, 1713, the Spanish treaty with Savoy was concluded, ceding the former Spanish possession of Sicily to Victor Amadeus II as his share of the spoils of war. In return he renounced his claims upon the Spanish throne. The peace between Spain and the Dutch was delayed until June 26, 1714, and that between Spain and Portugal until the Treaty of Madrid (February 1715).
The Holy Roman emperor Charles VI , in what is considered the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, concluded peace with France in the Treaties of Rastatt and Baden (March 6, 1714 and Sept. 7, 1714; see Rastatt and Baden, Treaties of ). Peace between the emperor and Spain was not concluded until the Treaty of The Hague (February 1720).
The question of the Spanish Succession was finally settled in favour of the Bourbon Philip V , grandson of France’s Louis XIV. Britain received the largest portion of colonial and commercial spoils and took the leading position in world trade. In international politics the settlement at Utrecht established a pattern for the next 20 years.
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What name is given to the elementary particle that carries the strong nuclear force? | Elementary Particles
Elementary Particles :
particle physics is the search for the fundamental building blocks of Nature, a reductionist goal
elementary particles should be structureless, resulting in simple interactions
One of the primary goals in modern physics is to answer the question " What is the Universe made of? " Often that question reduces to "What is matter and what holds it together?" This continues the line of investigation started by Democritus, Dalton and Rutherford.
Modern physics speaks of fundamental building blocks of Nature, where fundamental takes on a reductionist meaning of simple and structureless. Many of the particles we have discussed so far appear simple in their properties. All electrons have the exact same characteristics (mass, charge, etc.), so we call an electron fundamental because they are all non-unique.
The search for the origin of matter means the understanding of elementary particles . And with the advent of holism, the understanding of elementary particles requires an understanding of not only their characteristics, but how they interact and relate to other particles and forces of Nature, the field of physics called particle physics .
more advanced technology lead to the discovery of hundreds of new particles, forcing the search for some underlying principles to unite the chain of particles to something simpler
The study of particles is also a story of advanced technology begins with the search for the primary constituent. More than 200 subatomic particles have been discovered so far, all detected in sophisticated particle accelerators. However, most are not fundamental, most are composed of other, simpler particles. For example, Rutherford showed that the atom was composed of a nucleus and orbiting electrons. Later physicists showed that the nucleus was composed of neutrons and protons. More recent work has shown that protons and neutrons are composed of quarks.
the two most fundamental types of particles are quarks and leptons
the quarks and leptons are divided into 6 flavors corresponding to three generations of matter
quarks (and antiquarks) have electric charges in units of 1/3 or 2/3's
A quark is any of a group of subatomic particles believed to be among the fundamental constituents of matter. In much the same way that protons and neutrons make up atomic nuclei, these particles themselves are thought to consist of quarks. Quarks constitute all hadrons (baryons and mesons)--i.e., all particles that interact by means of the strong force, the force that binds the components of the nucleus.
According to prevailing theory, quarks have mass and exhibit a spin (i.e., type of intrinsic angular momentum corresponding to a rotation around an axis through the particle). Quarks appear to be truly fundamental. They have no apparent structure; that is, they cannot be resolved into something smaller. Quarks always seem to occur in combination with other quarks or antiquarks, never alone. For years physicists have attempted to knock a quark out of a baryon in experiments with particle accelerators to observe it in a free state but have not yet succeeded in doing so.
Throughout the 1960s theoretical physicists, trying to account for the ever-growing number of subatomic particles observed in experiments, considered the possibility that protons and neutrons were composed of smaller units of matter. In 1961 two physicists, Murray Gell-Mann of the United States and Yuval Ne`eman of Israel, proposed a particle classification scheme called the Eightfold Way, based on the mathematical symmetry group SU(3), that described strongly interacting particles in terms of building blocks. In 1964 Gell-Mann introduced the concept of quarks as a physical basis for the scheme, adopting the fanciful term from a passage in James Joyce's novel Finnegans Wake. (The American physicist George Zweig developed a similar theory independently that same year and called his fundamental particles "aces.") Gell-Mann's model provided a simple picture in which all mesons are shown as consisting of a quark and an antiquark and all baryons as composed of three quarks. It postulated the existence of three types of quarks, distinguished by distinctive "flavours." These three quark types are now commonly designated as "up" (u), "down" (d), and "strange" (s). Each carries a fractional electric charge (i.e., a charge less than that of the electron). The up and down quarks are thought to make up protons and neutrons and are thus the ones observed in ordinary matter. Strange quarks occur as components of K mesons and various other extremely short-lived subatomic particles that were first observed in cosmic rays but that play no part in ordinary matter.
Most problems with quarks were resolved by the introduction of the concept of color, as formulated in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). In this theory of strong interactions, developed in 1977, the term color has nothing to do with the colors of the everyday world but rather represents a special quantum property of quarks. The colors red, green, and blue are ascribed to quarks, and their opposites, minus-red, minus-green, and minus-blue, to antiquarks. According to QCD, all combinations of quarks must contain equal mixtures of these imaginary colors so that they will cancel out one another, with the resulting particle having no net color. A baryon, for example, always consists of a combination of one red, one green, and one blue quark. The property of color in strong interactions plays a role analogous to an electric charge in electromagnetic interactions. Charge implies the exchange of photons between charged particles. Similarly, color involves the exchange of massless particles called gluons among quarks. Just as photons carry electromagnetic force, gluons transmit the forces that bind quarks together. Quarks change their color as they emit and absorb gluons, and the exchange of gluons maintains proper quark color distribution.
leptons are a separate class since they do not interact with quarks by the strong force
leptons have charges in units of 1 or 0
Leptons are any member of a class of fermions that respond only to electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational forces and do not take part in strong interactions. Like all fermions, leptons have a half-integral spin. (In quantum-mechanical terms, spin constitutes the property of intrinsic angular momentum.) Leptons obey the Pauli exclusion principle, which prohibits any two identical fermions in a given population from occupying the same quantum state. Leptons are said to be fundamental particles; that is, they do not appear to be made up of smaller units of matter.
Leptons can either carry one unit of electric charge or be neutral. The charged leptons are the electrons, muons, and taus. Each of these types has a negative charge and a distinct mass. Electrons, the lightest leptons, have a mass only 0.0005 that of a proton. Muons are heavier, having more than 200 times as much mass as electrons. Taus, in turn, are approximately 3,700 times more massive than electrons. Each charged lepton has an associated neutral partner, or neutrino (i.e., electron-, muon-, and tau-neutrino), that has no electric charge and no significant mass. Moreover, all leptons, including the neutrinos, have antiparticles called antileptons. The mass of the antileptons is identical to that of the leptons, but all of the other properties are reversed.
the up and down quark, electron and neutrino (leptons) work together to form normal, everyday matter
note that for every quark or lepton there is a corresponding antiparticle. For example, there is an up antiquark, an anti-electron (called a positron) and an anti-neutrino
The electron is the lightest stable subatomic particle known. It carries a negative charge which is considered the basic charge of electricity.
An electron is nearly massless. It has a rest mass of 9.1x10-28 gram, which is only 0.0005 the mass of a proton. The electron reacts only by the electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational forces; it does not respond to the short-range strong nuclear force that acts between quarks and binds protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus. The electron has an antimatter counterpart called the positron. This antiparticle has precisely the same mass and spin, but it carries a positive charge. If it meets an electron, both are annihilated in a burst of energy. Positrons are rare on the Earth, being produced only in high-energy processes (e.g., by cosmic rays) and live only for brief intervals before annihilation by electrons that abound everywhere.
The electron was the first subatomic particle discovered. It was identified in 1897 by the British physicist J.J. Thomson during investigations of cathode rays. His discovery of electrons, which he initially called corpuscles, played a pivotal role in revolutionizing knowledge of atomic structure.
Under ordinary conditions, electrons are bound to the positively charged nuclei of atoms by the attraction between opposite electric charges. In a neutral atom the number of electrons is identical to the number of positive charges on the nucleus. Any atom, however, may have more or fewer electrons than positive charges and thus be negatively or positively charged as a whole; these charged atoms are known as ions. Not all electrons are associated with atoms. Some occur in a free state with ions in the form of matter known as plasma.
Fundamental Forces :
Matter is effected by forces or interactions (the terms are interchangeable)
there are four fundamental forces in the Universe:
gravitation (between particles with mass)
electromagnetic (between particles with charge/magnetism)
strong nuclear force (between quarks)
weak nuclear force (that changes quark types)
The first two you are familiar with, gravity is the attractive force between all matter, electromagnetic force describes the interaction of charged particles and magnetics. Light (photons) is explained by the interaction of electric and magnetic fields.
The strong force binds quarks into protons, neutrons and mesons, and holds the nucleus of the atom together despite the repulsive electromagnetic force between protons. The weak force controls the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei and the reactions between leptons (electrons and neutrinos).
Current physics (called quantum field theory) explains the exchange of energy in interactions by the use of force carriers, called bosons. The long range forces have zero mass force carriers, the graviton and the photon. These operate on scales larger than the solar system. Short range forces have very massive force carriers, the W+, W- and Z for the weak force, the gluon for the strong force. These operate on scales the size of atomic nuclei.
So, although the strong force has the greatest strength, it also has the shortest range.
Bosons (Force Carriers):
certain particles play and important role in the transfer of force, the bosons or force carriers
the use of virtual particles to carry force resolves the action at a distance problem
Bosons are the particles which transmits the different forces between the matter particles, they normally have a whole number spin, 0, 1 or 2. And Fermions which are matter particles they often have spin 1/2. Real particles are the ones you are familiar with, all Fermions are real particles. The Bosons can sometimes be virtual and sometimes real. Virtual particles are the particles which transmits the force between the particles, e.g. virtual photon carries the electromagnetic force between e.g. electrons. They are called virtual particles because they can't be directly detected, you can't 'see' them so to speak. But their effect can be noticed, by e.g. the actual forces between particles.
Baryons and Mesons:
the large number of new particles discovered in the 1950's is resolved by quark model
quarks are fundamental building blocks to baryons and mesons, coming together as triplets or pairs
Quarks combine to form the basic building blocks of matter, baryons and mesons. Baryons are made of three quarks to form the protons and neutrons of atomic nuclei (and also anti-protons and anti-neutrons). Mesons, made of quark pairs, are usually found in cosmic rays. Notice that the quarks all combine to make charges of -1, 0, or +1.
quarks have 1/3 charge and bind through the exchange of gluons of the strong force
Thus, our current understanding of the structure of the atom is shown below, the atom contains a nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The nucleus is composed of neutral neutrons and positively charged protons. The opposite charge of the electron and proton binds the atom together with electromagnetic forces.
the many particles of atomic nuclei become a simple combination of quarks
unlike electric charge, quarks bind by exchanging color charge of three colors, blue, red and green
gluons carry color to convert quarks
due to their fractional charge nature, quarks cannot exist in isolation
the strong force binds quarks like a rubber band force
The protons and neutrons are composed of up and down quarks whose fractional charges (2/3 and -1/3) combine to produce the 0 or +1 charge of the proton and neutron. The nucleus is bound together by the nuclear strong force (that overcomes the electromagnetic repulsion of like-charged protons)
Quarks in baryons and mesons are bound together by the strong force in the form of the exchange of gluons. Much like how the electromagnetic force strength is determined by the amount of electric charge, the strong force strength is determined by a new quantity called color charge.
Quarks come in three colors, red, blue and green (they are not actually colored, we just describe their color charge in these terms). So, unlike electromagnetic charges which come in two flavors (positive and negative or north and south poles), color charge in quarks comes in three types. And, just to be more confusing, color charge also has its anti-particle nature. So there is anti-red, anti-blue and anti-green.
Gluons serve the function of carrying color when they interact with quarks. Baryons and mesons must have a mix of colors such that the result is white. For example, red, blue and green make white. Also red and anti-red make white.
There can exist no free quarks, i.e. quarks by themselves. All quarks must be bound to another quark or antiquark by the exchange of gluons. This is called quark confinement. The exchange of gluons produces a color force field, referring to the assignment of color charge to quarks, similar to electric charge.
The color force field is unusual in that separating the quarks makes the force field stronger (unlike electromagnetic or gravity forces which weaken with distance). Energy is needed to overcome the color force field. That energy increases until a new quark or antiquark is formed (energy equals mass, E=mc2).
if energy is used to split a quark pair, new quarks are produced, this is how matter was produced when the Universe formed
Two new quarks form and bind to the old quarks to make two new mesons. Thus, none of the quarks were at anytime in isolation. Quarks always travel in pairs or triplets.
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Nuclear Forces
Prof. Ruprecht Machleidt, Department of Physics University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-0903, U. S. A.
Figure 1: The atomic nucleus made up from protons (yellow) and neutrons (blue) and held together by nuclear forces.
Nuclear forces (also known as nuclear interactions or strong forces) are the forces that act between two or more nucleons. They bind protons and neutrons (“nucleons”) into atomic nuclei. The nuclear force is about 10 millions times stronger than the chemical binding that holds atoms together in molecules. This is the reason why nuclear reactors produce about a million times more energy per kilogram fuel as compared to chemical fuel like oil or coal. However, the range of the nuclear force is short, only a few femtometer (1 fm $ = 10^{-15}$ m), beyond which it decreases rapidly. That is why, in spite of its enormous strength, we do not feel anything of this force on the atomic scale or in everyday life. The development of a proper theory of nuclear forces has occupied the minds of some of the brightest physicists for seven decades and has been one of the main topics of physics research in the 20th century. The original idea was that the force is caused by the exchange of particles lighter than nucleons known as mesons, and this idea gave rise to the birth of a new sub-field of modern physics, namely, (elementary) particle physics. The modern perception of the nuclear force is that it is a residual interaction (similar to the van der Waals force between neutral atoms) of the even stronger force between quarks, which is mediated by the exchange of gluons and holds the quarks together inside a nucleon.
Contents
12 See also
Historical perspective
After the discovery of the neutron by Chadwick in 1932 (Chadwick, 1932), it was clear that the atomic nucleus is made up from protons and neutrons. In such a system, electromagnetic forces cannot be the reason why the constituents of the nucleus are sticking together. Indeed, the repulsive electrical Coulomb force between the protons should blow the nucleus apart. Therefore, the concept of a new strong nuclear force was introduced. In 1935, the first theory for this new force was developed by the Japanese physicist Hideki Yukawa (Yukawa,1935), who suggested that the nucleons would exchange particles between each other and this mechanism would create the force. Yukawa constructed his theory in analogy to the theory of the electromagnetic interaction where the exchange of a (massless) photon is the cause of the force. However, in the case of the nuclear force, Yukawa assumed that the “force-makers” (which were eventually called “mesons”) carry a mass of a fraction of the nucleon mass. A massive particle limits the effect of the force to a finite range, since the uncertainty principle allows massive particles to travel only a finite distance. The meson predicted by Yukawa was finally found in 1947 in cosmic ray and in 1948 in the laboratory and called the pion. Yukawa was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1949. In the 1950s and 60s more mesons were found in accelerator experiments and the meson theory of nuclear forces was extended to include many mesons. These models became known as one-boson-exchange models, which is a reference to the fact that the different mesons are exchanged singly in this model. The one-boson-exchange model is very successful in explaining essentially all properties of the nucleon-nucleon interaction at low energies. Also, in the 1970s and 80s, meson models were developed that went beyond the simple single-particle exchange mechanism. These models included, in particular, the explicit exchange of two pions with all its complications. Well-known models of the latter kind are the Paris (Lacombe et al.,1980) and the Bonn potential (Machleidt et al., 1987).
Since these meson models were quantitatively very successful, it appeared that they were the solution of the nuclear force problem. However, with the discovery (in the 1970s) that the fundamental theory of strong interactions is quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and not meson theory, all “meson theories” had to be viewed as models, and the attempts to derive a proper theory of the nuclear force had to start all over again.
Figure 2: The exchange of a pion between two nucleons in the quark picture.
The problem with a derivation of nuclear forces from QCD is two-fold. First, each nucleon consists of three quarks such that the system of two nucleons is already a six-body problem. Second, the force between quarks, which is created by the exchange of gluons, has the feature of being very strong at the low energy scale that is characteristic of nuclear physics. This extraordinary strength makes it difficult to find “converging” mathematical solutions. Therefore, during the first round of new attempts, the models proposed were just "QCD-inspired". The positive aspect of these models is that they try to explain nucleon structure (which consists of three quarks) and nucleon-nucleon interactions (six-quark systems) on an equal footing. Some of the gross features of the two-nucleon force, like the “hard core” (see below) are explained successfully in such models. However, from a critical point of view, it must be noted that these quark-based approaches are yet another set of models and not a theory. Alternatively, one may try to solve the six-quark problem with brute computing power, by putting the six-quark system on a four dimensional lattice of discrete points which represents the three dimensions of space and one dimension of time. This method has become known as lattice QCD and is making progress. However, such calculations are computationally very expensive and cannot be used as a standard nuclear physics tool.
Around 1990, a major breakthrough occurred when the Nobel laureate Steven Weinberg applied the concept of an Effective Field Theory (EFT) to low-energy QCD (Weinberg, 1979, 1991). He simply wrote down the most general theory that is consistent with all the properties of low-energy QCD, since that would make this theory identical to low-energy QCD. A particularly important property is the so-called chiral symmetry, which is “spontaneously” broken. Massless particles observe chiral symmetry, which means that their spin and momentum are either parallel (“right-handed”) or anti-parallel (“left-handed”) and remain so forever. Since the quarks, which nucleons are made of (“up” and “down” quarks), are almost massless, approximate chiral symmetry is a given. Naively, this symmetry should have the consequence that one finds in nature mesons of the same mass, but with positive and negative parity . However, this is not the case and such failure is termed a “spontaneous” breaking of the symmetry. According to a theorem first proven by Jeffrey Goldstone, the spontaneous breaking of a symmetry creates a particle, which in this case is the pion. Thus, the pion becomes the main player in the creation of the nuclear force. The interaction of pions with nucleons is weak as compared to the interaction of gluons with quarks. Therefore, pion-nucleon processes can be calculated without problem. Moreover, this effective field theory can be expanded in terms of powers of momentum over "scale", where scale denotes the “chiral symmetry breaking scale” which is about 1 GeV (= $10^9$ eV). This scheme is also known as Chiral Perturbation Theory (ChPT) and allows to calculate the various terms that make up the nuclear force systematically power by power, or order by order. Another advantage of the chiral EFT approach is its ability to generate not only the force between two nucleons, but also many-nucleon forces, on the same footing. In modern theoretical nuclear physics, the chiral EFT approach is becoming increasingly popular and is applied with great success.
Properties of the nuclear force
Figure 3: The major components of the nuclear force. The central force is best analyzed in terms of the three ranges indicated.
Some properties of nuclear interactions can be deduced from the properties of nuclei. Nuclei exhibit a phenomenon known as saturation: the volume of nuclei increases proportionally to the number of nucleons. This property suggests that the nuclear (central) force is of short range (a few fm) and strongly attractive at that range, which explains nuclear binding. But the nuclear force has also a very complex spin-dependence. Evidence of this property first came from the observation that the deuteron (the proton-neutron bound state, the smallest atomic nucleus) deviates slightly from a spherical shape: it has a non-vanishing quadrupole moment. This suggests a force that depends on the orientation of the spins of the nucleons with regard to the vector joining the two nucleons (a tensor force). In heavier nuclei, a shell structure has been observed which, according to a proposal by M. G. Mayer and J. H. D. Jensen, can be explained by a strong force between the spin of the nucleon and its orbital motion (the spin-orbit force). More clear-cut evidence for the spin-dependence is extracted from scattering experiments where one nucleon is scattered off another nucleon, with distinct spin orientations. In such experiments, the existence of the nuclear spin-orbit and tensor forces has clearly been established. Scattering experiments at higher energies (more than 200 MeV) provide evidence that the nucleon-nucleon interaction turns repulsive at short inter-nucleon distances (smaller than 0.5 fm, the hard core).
Besides the force between two nucleons (2NF), there are also three-nucleon forces (3NFs), four-nucleon forces (4NFs), and so on. However, the 2NF is much stronger than the 3NF, which in turn is much stronger than the 4NF, and so on. In exact calculations of the properties of light nuclei based upon the “elementary” nuclear forces, it has been shown that 3NFs are important. Their contribution is small, but crucial. The need for 4NFs for explaining nuclear properties has not (yet) been established.
Nuclear forces are approximately charge-independent meaning that the force between two protons, two neutrons, and a proton and a neutron are nearly the same (in the same quantum mechanical state) when electromagnetic forces are ignored.
Phenomenological approaches
Traditionally, research on the nuclear force has proceeded along two lines: phenomenology and theory. We start with phenomenology. At very low energy, nucleon-nucleon scattering can be described by the so-called effective range expansion which, in its simplest version, has only two parameters (Bethe, 1949), see Brown and Jackson (1976) for a text-book presentation. In modern times, this expansion has been recovered from an EFT which does not include the pion ('pionless EFT'), see, e.g., Bedaque and van Kolck (2002) for an introduction. At intermediate energies, the spin-dependence of the nuclear force becomes important. To produce a general expression for the $NN$ potential (that includes spin and momentum dependences), Okuba and Marshak (1958) imposed the following symmetries,
Translational invariance
Invariance under the interchange of particle 1 and 2
Isospin symmetry
Hermiticity
and obtained: \begin{equation} \begin{array}{llll} V & = & \:\, V_C \:\, + \boldsymbol{\tau}_1 \cdot \boldsymbol{\tau}_2 \, W_C & \boldsymbol{central} \\ %\nonumber \\ &+& \left[ \, V_S \:\, + \boldsymbol{\tau}_1 \cdot \boldsymbol{\tau}_2 \, W_S \,\:\, \right] \, \vec\sigma_1 \cdot \vec \sigma_2 & \boldsymbol{spin-spin} \\ %\nonumber \\ &+& \left[ \, V_{LS} + \boldsymbol{\tau}_1 \cdot \boldsymbol{\tau}_2 \, W_{LS} \right] \, \vec L \cdot \vec S & \boldsymbol{spin-orbit} \\ %\nonumber \\ &+& \left[ \, V_T \:\:\, + \boldsymbol{\tau}_1 \cdot \boldsymbol{\tau}_2 \, W_T \,\:\: \right] \, S_{12}(\hat r) & \boldsymbol{tensor} \\ %\nonumber \\ &+& \left[ \, V_{\sigma L} + \boldsymbol{\tau}_1 \cdot \boldsymbol{\tau}_2 \, W_{\sigma L} \, \right] \, Q_{12} & \boldsymbol{\sigma-L} \\ %\nonumber \\ &+& \left[ \, V_{\sigma p} + \boldsymbol{\tau}_1 \cdot \boldsymbol{\tau}_2 \, W_{\sigma p} \, \right] \, \vec \sigma_1 \cdot \vec p \,\,\: \vec \sigma_2 \cdot \vec p \;\;\;\;\; & \boldsymbol{\sigma-p} \end{array} \tag{1} \end{equation} with \begin{eqnarray} S_{12}(\hat r) & \equiv & 3 \vec \sigma_1 \cdot \hat r \,\,\: \vec \sigma_2 \cdot \hat r - \vec \sigma_1 \cdot \vec \sigma_2 \,, \tag{2} \\ Q_{12} & \equiv & \frac12 \left[ \vec \sigma_1 \cdot \vec L \,\,\: \vec \sigma_2 \cdot \vec L + \vec \sigma_2 \cdot \vec L \,\,\: \vec \sigma_1 \cdot \vec L \right] \,, \tag{3} \end{eqnarray} and \begin{equation} \begin{array}{llll} \vec r &\equiv& \vec r_1 - \vec r_2 & \mbox{relative coordinate},\\ \hat r &\equiv& \vec r/r & \mbox{unit vector for relative coordinate},\\ \vec p &\equiv& \frac12 (\vec p_1 - \vec p_2) & \mbox{relative momentum},\\ \vec L &\equiv& \vec L_1+\vec L_2 = \vec r \times \vec p = -i \vec r \times \vec \nabla & \mbox{total orbital angular momentum in position space},\\ \vec S &\equiv& \frac12 (\vec\sigma_1+\vec\sigma_2) & \mbox{total spin}, \end{array} \tag{4} \end{equation} where $\vec r_{1,2}$, $\vec p_{1,2}$, $\vec L_{1,2}$, $\vec \sigma_{1,2}$, and $\boldsymbol{\tau}_{1,2}$ denote position, momentum, angular momentum, spin, and isospin, respectively, of nucleon 1 and 2. The $V_i$ and $W_i$, with $i=C,S,LS,T,\sigma L, \sigma p$, are functions of $r^2, p^2$, and $L^2$ only, i.e. \begin{eqnarray} V_i & = & V_i (r^2,p^2,L^2) \,, \\ W_i & = & W_i (r^2,p^2,L^2) \,. \end{eqnarray} Charge-independence or isospin invariance requires that the potential is a scalar in the isospin space of the two nucleons. The only such scalars are 1 and $\boldsymbol{\tau}_1 \cdot \boldsymbol{\tau}_2$, which explains the isospin structures in Eq. ( 1 ).
If energy is conserved in the scattering process ("on shell"), then there are only five independent terms and the $\sigma p$ term can be expressed as a combination of the other five terms. Note, however, that when a potential is applied in a scattering equation (Schrödinger or Lippmann-Schwinger equation) the potential goes off shell.
Potentials which are based upon the operator structure Eq. ( 1 ) with functions $V_i$ and $W_i$ chosen such as to fit the $NN$ data or phase shifts are called phenomenological potentials. To keep things simple, most phenomenological potentials do not include all six terms. A minimal set for a realistic potential is the central, spin-spin, spin-orbit and tensor term.
Historically noteworthy examples for phenomenological $NN$ potentials are:
Gammel and Thaler (1957), first semi-quantitative $NN$ potential, hard-core.
Hamada and Johnston (1962), first quantitative $NN$ potential, hard core.
Reid (1968), first quantitative soft core potential, very popular in the 1970s.
Argonne V14 potential (Wiringa et al., 1984), based upon a set of 14 operators.
Argonne V18 potential (Wiringa et al., 1995), based upon a set of 18 operators, charge-dependent, high-precision (low $\chi^2$ for fit of $NN$ data).
The meson theory of nuclear forces
Yukawa's idea of 1935
In 1935, Yukawa (1935) introduced the concept of massive particle exchange to explain the nuclear force. He constructed an analogy to classical electrodynamics. In electrodynamics, the Coulomb potential \begin{equation} \phi(r)=\frac{q}{4\pi} \, \frac{1}{r} \end{equation} is the solution of Poisson's equation \begin{equation} \nabla^2\phi(\vec r) = -{q} \, \delta^{(3)}({\vec r}) \,. \end{equation} When adding a mass term to this equation (and flipping the sign on the r.h.s. to adjust for scalar coupling), \begin{equation} (\nabla^2 -m^2) \varphi(\vec r) = g \, \delta^{(3)}({\vec r}) \,, \end{equation} the solution becomes \begin{equation} \varphi(r)=-\frac{g}{4\pi} \, \frac{e^{-m r}}{r} \,, \end{equation} which is the scalar field generated by one nucleon. A second nucleon, with also coupling $g$, at a distance $r$ from the first one will be exposed to the interaction energy \begin{equation} V(r)=-\frac{g^2}{4\pi} \, \frac{e^{-m r}}{r} \,, \end{equation} which is known as the Yukawa potential. The exponential in this expression, that is due to the mass $m$ of the meson, restricts the potential to a finite range, which is the essential point. For $m \rightarrow 0$ we are back to the form of the Coulomb potential.
The one-boson-exchange model
Figure 4: Feynman diagram describing the exchange of a boson $\alpha$ between two nucleons. The amplitude $F_\alpha$ that results from this diagram is stated, too.. The $P_\alpha$ and the $\Gamma_i$ for the various meson exchanges are given in Figure 5 to Figure 8 .
Figure 5: Derivation of the one-pion-exchange potential in non-relativistic approximation.
Figure 6: Derivation of the one-sigma-exchange potential up to terms in $Q^2/M^2$.
Figure 7: Derivation of the one-omega-exchange potential keeping only the central and spin-orbit term.
Yukawa's original derivation was done for scalar bosons. When finally a real meson was discovered in 1947/48, it turned out to be pseudo-scalar with mass around 138 MeV and was dubbed the $\pi$-meson or pion. Consequently, in the 1950s, the attempts to derive the nuclear force focused on theories that included only pions. These 'pion theories' had many problems and little success--for reasons we understand today: pion dynamics is constrained by chiral symmetry, a concept that was unknown in the 1950s. In the early 1960s, heavier (non-strange) mesons were found in experiment, notably the vector (spin-1) mesons $\rho(770)$ and $\omega(782)$. Because of the problems with the pion theories, theoreticians were now happy to extend meson theory by including more and different species of mesons. This led to the one-boson-exchange (OBE) models, which were started in the 1960s and turned out to be very successful for the two-nucleon interaction.
Let's first address the question of which mesons to consider. When deriving the nuclear force, one has generally more confidence in the predictions for the longer ranged parts. Since the range, $R_\alpha$, of the force created by a meson is inversely proportional to the meson mass, $m_\alpha$, i.e., \begin{equation} R_\alpha \sim \frac{1}{m_\alpha} \,, \tag{5} \end{equation} one starts with the lightest mesons and moves up to mesons with masses in the order of the nucleon mass. This includes essentially six mesons (PDG, 2012), namely, $\pi(138)$, $\eta(548)$, $\sigma(500)$, $\rho(770)$, $\omega(782)$, $a_0(980)$, where the numbers in parentheses are the masses in MeV. As it turns out, $\eta$ and $a_0$ are not very important (Machleidt, 1989) and, so, we will focus here on
the pseudo-scalar isovector pion $(0^-,1)$,
the scalar isoscalar sigma $(0^+,0)$,
the vector isoscalar omega $(1^-,0)$,
the vector isovector rho $(1^-,1)$,
where the parenthetical information, $(J^P,I)$, summarizes spin $J$, parity $P$, and isospin $I$ for each particle.
Yukawa's original considerations used classical field theory. A more proper derivation should be based upon quantum field theory, as we will use here. In the one-boson-exchange (OBE) model, the mesons are exchanged singly as shown in the Feynman diagram of Figure 4 . The contributions to the $NN$ potential from the various mesons are derived in Figure 5 to Figure 8 . In these derivations, we always start from an appropriate interaction Lagrangian for meson-nucleon coupling, which is designed with guidance from symmetry principles (the Lagrangian must be a Lorentz scalar). Concerning the Lagrangians for the vector mesons $\omega$ and $\rho$ (Figure 7 and Figure 8 ), we note that they may have both a vector and a tensor coupling (with coupling constants $g_v$ and $f_v$, respectively): \begin{equation} {\cal L}_{vNN}=-g_{v}\bar{\psi}\gamma^{\mu}\psi\varphi^{(v)}_{\mu} -\frac{f_{v}}{4M} \bar{\psi}\sigma^{\mu\nu}\psi(\partial_{\mu}\varphi_{\nu}^{(v)} -\partial_{\nu}\varphi_{\mu}^{(v)}) \,. \tag{6} \end{equation} These two couplings are similar to the interaction of a photon with a nucleon. The first is analogous to the coupling of the Dirac current to the electromagnetic vector potential, while the second one corresponds to the Pauli coupling of the anomalous magnetic moment. The analogy is not accidental; the vector-meson dominance model (VDM) for the electromagnetic form factor of the nucleon explains the close relationship. In the VDM one assumes that the photon couples to the nucleon through a vector boson, which explains the extended structure of the nucleon electromagnetic form factor. In the strict interpretation of this model, the $\rho$ coupling constants ratio, $f_\rho/g_\rho$, should be 3.7, and from dispersion analysis one obtains even $f_\rho/g_\rho \approx 6$. In any case, the tensor coupling of the $\rho$ is much larger than its vector coupling, which is why we omitted the vector coupling in Figure 8 . For the $\omega$ meson, it is the other way around: the vector dominance model suggests a $\omega$ coupling constants ratio $f_\omega/g_\omega = -0.12$. Since this is close to zero, the $\omega$ is given no tensor coupling in most meson models (cf. Figure 7 ).
The full propagator for vector bosons is \begin{equation} P_v = i \frac{-g_{\mu\nu}+q_{\mu} q_{\nu}/m_{v}^{2}}{q^{2}-m_{v}^{2}} \,, \tag{7} \end{equation} where in Figure 7 and Figure 8 we dropped the $q_{\mu} q_{\nu}/m_{v}^{2}$-term. Due to nuclear current conservation, this term vanishes on-shell, but not off-shell. The off-shell effect of this term was examined by Holinde and Machleidt (1975) and was found to be unimportant.
It is customary to multiply the vertices with cutoffs, which suppress high-momentum components to ensure the convergence of the scattering equation. A simple form for these cutoffs is \begin{equation} \left( \frac{\Lambda_\alpha^2 - m_\alpha^2}{\Lambda_\alpha^2+{\vec q}^2} \right)^{n_\alpha} \,, \end{equation} where the cutoff mass $\Lambda_\alpha$ is typically chosen in the range 1.3 - 2.0 GeV. The multiplication by these form factors is not explicitly shown in our derivations. The calculation is performed in momentum space and in the center-of-mass (CMS) system of the two interacting nucleons, where $p_1=(E, \vec p)$ and $p_2=(E,-\vec p)$ in the initial states; and $p_1'=(E', {\vec p}~')$ and $p_2'=(E',-{\vec p}~')$ in the final states. Moreover, \begin{equation} \begin{array}{llll} \vec q &\equiv& {\vec p}~' - \vec p & \mbox{ is the momentum transfer},\\ \vec k &\equiv& \frac12 ({\vec p}~' + \vec p) & \mbox{ the average momentum},\\ \vec L & = & -i(\vec q \times \vec k) = -i({\vec p}~' \times \vec p) & \mbox{the total orbital angular momentum in momentum space}, \\ S_{12}(\hat q) & \equiv & 3 \vec \sigma_1 \cdot \hat q \,\,\: \vec \sigma_2 \cdot \hat q - \vec \sigma_1 \cdot \vec \sigma_2 & \mbox{the tensor operator in momentum space}. \end{array} \tag{8} \end{equation}
Figure 8: Derivation of the one-rho-exchange potential in non-relativistic approximation using only the tensor coupling of the $\rho$ to the nucleon.
The characteristic properties of the contributions from the various mesons derived in Figure 5 to Figure 8 are summarized in Table 1.
The OBE $NN$ potential (OBEP) is defined as the sum over the contributions from the four mesons discussed and, typically, a few more, e.g., \begin{equation} V_{\rm OBE} = \sum_{\alpha=\pi,\sigma,\omega,\rho,\eta,a_0} V_\alpha \,. \tag{9} \end{equation}
Table 1: The four most important mesons and the main characteristics of their contributions to components of the nuclear force.
Meson
weak, short-ranged, coherent with $\pi$
moderate, short-ranged, opposite to $\pi$
---
OBEP in position space
The momentum-space potentials derived in the previous section can be Fourier transformed, \begin{equation} V_\alpha ({\vec r})=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^{3}}\int d^{3}q \; e^{i{\vec q \cdot \vec r}} \; V_\alpha ({\vec q}) \,, \end{equation} to obtain the following equivalent position space potentials: \begin{eqnarray} V_{\pi}({\vec r}) & = & \frac{1}{3}\frac{f_{\pi NN}^{2}}{4\pi} m_{\pi} \left\{ \left[Y(m_{\pi}r)-\frac{4\pi}{m_{\pi}^{3}}\delta^{(3)}({\vec r}) \right] {\vec \sigma}_{1} \cdot {\vec \sigma}_{2} + \left(1+\frac{3}{m_{\pi}r}+\frac{3}{(m_{\pi}r)^{2}}\right)Y(m_{\pi}r) S_{12}(\hat r) \right\} \boldsymbol{\tau}_1 \cdot \boldsymbol{\tau}_2 \,, \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ V_{\sigma}({\vec r}) & = & -\frac{g^{2}_{\sigma}}{4\pi} m_{\sigma} \left\{ \left[ 1-\frac{1}{4} \left( \frac{m_{\sigma}}{M} \right)^{2} \right] Y(m_{\sigma}r) +\frac{1}{4M^{2}} \left[ {\vec \nabla}^{2}Y(m_{\sigma}r)+Y(m_{\sigma}r){\vec \nabla}^{2} \right] \right. \nonumber \\ & & \left. +\frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{m_{\sigma}}{M} \right)^{2} \left( \frac{1}{m_{\sigma}r}+\frac{1}{(m_{\sigma}r)^{2}} \right) Y(m_{\sigma}r) { \vec L \cdot \vec S} \right\} \,, \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ V_{\omega}({\vec r}) & = & \frac{g^{2}_{\omega}}{4\pi} m_{v} \left[ Y(m_{\omega}r) -\frac{3}{2} \left(\frac{m_{\omega}}{M} \right)^{2} \left(\frac{1}{m_{\omega}r}+\frac{1}{(m_{\omega}r)^{2}}\right)Y(m_{\omega}r) {\vec L \cdot \vec S} \right] \,, \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ V_{\rho}({\vec r}) & = & \frac{1}{12} \frac{f_{\rho}^{2}}{4\pi} \left( \frac{m_{\rho}}{M} \right)^{2} m_{\rho} \left\{ 2 \left[Y(m_{\rho}r)-\frac{4\pi}{m_{\rho}^{3}}\delta^{(3)}({\vec r}) \right] \vec \sigma_{1} \cdot \vec \sigma_{2} - \left(1+\frac{3}{m_{\rho}r}+\frac{3}{(m_{\rho}r)^{2}} \right)Y(m_{\rho}r) S_{12}(\hat r) \right\} \boldsymbol{\tau}_1 \cdot \boldsymbol{\tau}_2 \,, \end{eqnarray} with the "Yukawa function" \begin{eqnarray} Y(x) & = & e^{-x}/x\\ \end{eqnarray} and $S_{12}(\hat r)$ given in Eq. ( 2 ).
Figure 9: Cartoon of the nuclear force in the meson picture.
We can now better understand the success of the OBE model by summarizing its properties (cf. Figure 9 ):
The pseudo-scalar pion with a mass of about 138 MeV is the lightest meson and provides the longest-ranged part of the $NN$ potential and the essential part of the tensor force.
The vector meson $\boldsymbol{\rho}$ (770 MeV) cuts down the tensor force created by the pion at short distances to arrive at a tensor force of realistic strength.
The scalar $\boldsymbol{\sigma}$ boson of about 500 MeV provides the intermediate-range attraction necessary for nuclear binding.
The vector meson $\boldsymbol{\omega}$ (782 MeV) produces a strong repulsive central force of short range (repulsive core) and the essential part of the nuclear spin-orbit force.
This takes care of all the empirical properties of the nuclear force discussed in an earlier section and, therefore, allows for a quantitative description of the $NN$ system.
Relativistic OBEPs
The first OBEPs ever developed were derived along the lines we followed above: one starts from the Feynman amplitude of an OBE and then performs a $Q/M$ expansion up to terms of order $(Q/M)^2$. The motivation for this procedure was twofold: First, one wanted to see in a simple way what force components (e.g., central, spin-spin, tensor, spin-orbit, ...) were created by the exchange of different mesons. Second, early researchers preferred a local potential in position space, i.e., an analytic expression for the potential that is a function of the relative distance between the two nucleons, $\vec r$. For this it is necessary that the Fourier transform of the momentum space expressions can be performed analytically.
However, there is no need to perform calculations in position space. Equally well and often in a more elegant way, calculations of $NN$ scattering and nuclear bound states can be carried out in momentum space. Locality is not an issue and presents no advantages in momentum space. The original relativistic Feynman amplitudes of OBE are functions of $p'$ and $p$ and the relativistic OBEP is defined as \begin{equation} V_{\rm OBE}^{\rm rel}(p',p) = i \sum_{\alpha} F_\alpha(p',p) \end{equation} with $F_\alpha(p',p)$ as in Figure 4 , evaluated in full beauty and without approximations. Two-nucleon scattering is described covariantly by the Bethe-Salpeter equation (Salpeter and Bethe, 1951), for which $V_{\rm OBE}^{\rm rel}$ is input. Since the four-dimensional Bethe-Salpeter (BS) equation is difficult to solve (Fleischer and Tjon, 1975), relativistic three-dimensional (3D) reductions of the BS equation are frequently used, which are more amenable to numerical solution. It is common to the derivation of all relativistic three-dimensional equations that the time component of the relative momentum is fixed in some covariant way, so that it no longer appears as a separate variable. Thus, \begin{equation} V_{\rm OBE}^{\rm rel}(p',p) \longmapsto V_{\rm OBE}^{\rm rel3D}(\vec p',\vec p) \,. \end{equation} Relativistic 3D OBEPs have been developed by Franz Gross (1969), (Gross and Stadler, 2008); the Bonn group (Erkelenz, 1974), (Holinde and Machleidt, 1975), (Machleidt, 2001); and others.
Beyond the OBE approximation
Figure 10: The 2$\pi$ exchange contribution to the $NN$ interaction as viewed by dispersion theory. Solid lines represent nucleons, dashed lines pions.
Figure 11: Field-theoretic model for the 2$\pi$ exchange. Solid lines represent nucleons, double lines isobars, and dashed lines pions. The hatched circles are $\pi\pi$ correlations.
Figure 12: $\pi\rho$ contributions to the $NN$ interaction.
The OBE model is a great simplification of the complicated scenario of a meson theory for the $NN$ interaction. Therefore, in spite of the quantitative success of the OBEPs, we should be concerned about the approximations involved in the model. Major concerns include:
The scalar isoscalar $\sigma$ 'meson' of about 500 MeV.
The neglect of all non-iterative diagrams.
The role of meson-nucleon resonances .
Two pions, when 'in the air', can interact strongly. When in a relative $P$-wave $(L=1)$, they form a proper resonance, the $\rho$ meson. They can also interact in a relative $S$-wave $(L=0)$, which gives rise to the $\sigma$ boson. Whether the $\sigma$ is a proper resonance is controversial, even though the Particle Data Group lists an $f_0(500)$ or $\sigma(500)$ meson, but with a width 400-700 MeV. What's for sure is that two pions have correlations, and if one doesn't believe in the $\sigma$ as a two pion resonance, then one has to take these correlations into account. There are essentially two approaches to take care of the two-pion exchange contribution to the $NN$ interaction (which generates the intermediate range attraction): dispersion theory and field theory.
The dispersion-theoretic picture is described schematically in Figure 10 . In this approach one assumes that the total diagram (a) can be analysed in terms of two 'halves' (b). The hatched ovals stand for all possible processes which two pions and a nucleon can undergo. This is made more explicit in (d) and (e). The hatched boxes represent all possible baryon intermediate states including the nucleon. (Note that there are also crossed exchanges which are not shown.) The shaded circle stands for $\pi \pi$ scattering. Quantitatively, these processes are taken into account by using empirical information from $\pi N$ and $\pi \pi$ scattering (e. g. phase shifts) which represents the input for such a calculation. Dispersion relations then provide an on-shell $NN$ amplitude, which --- with some kind of plausible prescription --- is represented as a potential. The Paris potential (Lacombe et al., 1980) is constructed along these lines complemented by one-pion-exchange and $\omega$-exchange. For further details, we refer the interested reader to a pedagogical article written by Vinh Mau (1979).
A field-theoretic model for the $2\pi$-exchange contribution is shown in Figure 11 . The model includes contributions from isobars as well as from $\pi \pi$ correlations. This can be understood in analogy to the dispersion relations picture. In general, only the lowest-lying $\pi N$ resonance, the so-called $\Delta$ isobar (spin 3/2, isospin 3/2, mass 1232 MeV), is taken into account. The contributions from other resonances have proven to be small for the low-energy $NN$ processes under consideration. A field-theoretic model treats the $\Delta$ isobar as an elementary (Rarita-Schwinger) particle. The six upper diagrams of Figure 11 represent uncorrelated $2\pi$ exchange. The crossed (non-iterative) two-particle exchanges (second diagram in each row) are important. They guarantee the proper (very weak) isospin dependence due to characteristic cancellations in the isospin dependent parts of box and crossed box diagrams. Furthermore, their contribution is about as large as the one from the corresponding box diagrams (iterative diagrams); therefore, they are not negligible. In addition to the processes discussed, also correlated $2\pi$ exchange has to be included (lower two rows of Figure 11 ). Quantitatively, these contributions are about as large as those from the uncorrelated processes.
Besides the contributions from two pions, there are also contributions from the combination of other mesons. The combination of $\pi$ and $\rho$ is particularly significant, Figure 12 . This contribution is repulsive and important to suppress the 2$\pi$ exchange contribution at high momenta (or small distances), which is too strong by itself.
The most developed meson-theoretic model for the $NN$ interaction is the Bonn Full Model (Machleidt et al., 1987), which includes all the diagrams displayed in Figure 11 and Figure 12 plus single $\pi$ and $\omega$ exchange. Besides this, the Bonn Full Model also contains non-iterative graphs of $\pi$ and $\sigma$ and $\pi$ and $\omega$ exchanges. However, the combined contribution of the latter two groups of diagrams is small and not significant.
Having highly sophisticated models at hand, like the Paris and the Bonn potentials, allows to check the approximations made in the simple OBE model. As it turns out, the highly complicated 2$\pi$ exchange contributions to the $NN$ interaction tamed by the $\pi\rho$ diagrams can well be simulated by the single scalar isoscalar boson, the $\sigma$, with a mass around 550 MeV. Retroactively, this fact provides justification for the simple OBE model.
Noteworthy examples
Noteworthy examples for meson-theoretic $NN$ potentials are:
Bryan and Scott (1964, 1967, 1969), position-space OBEPs, among the first.
Early Bonn potentials (Erkelenz, 1974), (Holinde and Machleidt, 1975), relativistic momentum-space OBEPs.
Early Nijmegen potential (Nagels et al., 1978), position-space OBEP.
Paris potential (Lacombe et al., 1980), position-space potential, $2\pi$ from dispersion theory plus $\pi$ and $\omega$.
Bonn Full Model, (Machleidt et al, 1987), most comprehensive meson-theoretic model for the $NN$ interaction ever developed.
High-precision Nijmegen potential (Stoks et al., 1994), charge-dependent position-space OBEP, $\chi^2/{\rm datum} \approx 1$ for fit of $NN$ data.
High-precision Bonn potential (CD-Bonn) (Machleidt, 2001), charge-dependent momentum-space OBEP, $\chi^2/{\rm datum} \approx 1$ for fit of $NN$ data.
Gross and Stadler (2008), relativistic OBEP using the Gross equation, accurate fit of $np$ data.
For a pedagogical review of the meson-theory of nuclear forces, see (Machleidt, 1989).
This could have been the happy end of the theory of nuclear forces. However, with the rise of QCD to the ranks of the authoritative theory of strong interactions, meson theory is demoted to the lower level of a model (even though a beautiful one), and we have to start all over again---in the next section.
QCD and the nuclear force
Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory of strong interactions. It deals with quarks, gluons and their interactions and is part of the Standard Model of Particle Physics. QCD is a non-Abelian gauge field theory with color $SU(3)$ the underlying gauge group. The non-Abelian nature of the theory has dramatic consequences. While the interaction between colored objects is weak at short distances or high momentum transfer ( asymptotic freedom ), it is strong at long distances ($\geq 1$fm) or low energies, leading to the confinement of quarks into colorless objects, the hadrons. Consequently, QCD allows for a perturbative analysis at large energies, whereas it is highly non-perturbative in the low-energy regime. Nuclear physics resides at low energies and the force between nucleons is a residual color interaction similar to the van der Waals force between neutral molecules. Therefore, in terms of quarks and gluons, the nuclear force is a very complicated problem that, nevertheless, can be attacked with brute computing power on a discretized, Euclidean space-time lattice (known as lattice QCD). In a recent study (Beane et al., 2006), the neutron-proton scattering lengths in the singlet and triplet $S$-waves have been determined in fully dynamical lattice QCD, with a smallest pion mass of 354 MeV. This result is then extrapolated to the physical pion mass with the help of chiral perturbation theory. The pion mass of 354 MeV is still too large to allow for reliable extrapolations, but the feasibility has been demonstrated and more progress can be expected for the near future. In a lattice calculation of a very different kind, the nucleon-nucleon ($NN$) potential was studied (Hatsuda, 2012). The central part of the potential shows a repulsive core plus attraction of intermediate range. This is a very promising result, but it must be noted that also in this investigation still rather large pion masses are being used. In any case, advanced lattice QCD calculations are under way and continuously improved. However, since these calculations are very time-consuming and expensive, they can only be used to check a few representative key-issues. For everyday nuclear structure physics, a more efficient approach is needed.
The chiral effective field theory approach to nuclear forces
The efficient approach is an effective field theory (EFT). For the development of an EFT, it is crucial to identify a separation of scales. In the hadron spectrum, a large gap between the masses of the pions and the masses of the vector mesons, like $\rho(770)$ and $\omega(782)$, can clearly be identified. Thus, it is natural to assume that the pion mass sets the "soft scale", $Q \sim m_\pi$, and the rho mass the "hard scale", $\Lambda_\chi \sim m_\rho$, also known as the chiral-symmetry breaking scale. This is suggestive of considering an expansion in terms of the soft scale over the hard scale, $Q/\Lambda_\chi$. Concerning the relevant degrees of freedom, we noticed already that, for the ground state and the low-energy excitation spectrum of an atomic nucleus as well as for conventional nuclear reactions, quarks and gluons are ineffective degrees of freedom, while nucleons and pions are the appropriate ones (this may include also low-lying nucleon resonances, s. below). To make sure that this EFT is not just another phenomenology, it must have a firm link with QCD. The link is established by having the EFT observe all relevant symmetries of the underlying theory. This requirement is based upon a "folk theorem" by Weinberg (Weinberg, 1979):
If one writes down the most general possible Lagrangian, including all terms consistent with assumed symmetry principles, and then calculates matrix elements with this Lagrangian to any given order of perturbation theory , the result will simply be the most general possible S-matrix consistent with analyticity, perturbative unitarity, cluster decomposition, and the assumed symmetry principles.
In summary, the EFT program consists of the following steps:
Identify the soft and hard scales, and the degrees of freedom appropriate for (low-energy) nuclear physics.
Identify the relevant symmetries of low-energy QCD and investigate if and how they are broken.
Construct the most general Lagrangian consistent with those symmetries and symmetry breakings.
Design an organizational scheme that can distinguish between more and less important contributions: a low-momentum expansion.
Guided by the expansion, calculate Feynman diagrams for the problem under consideration to the desired accuracy.
Important papers on the subject are (Weinberg, 1991), (Ordonez et al., 1994), (Kaiser et al., 1997), (Epelbaum et al., 2009). A review with a very pedagogical introduction can be found in (Machleidt and Entem, 2011).
Note that we are presenting here the chiral EFT which scales with the $\rho$-mass and includes pion degrees of freedom. However, the $\rho$-mass is not the only possible (hard) scale. Depending on what energies we are interested in, other scales may be more appropriate. For example, if we wish to focus on a nuclear scenario at very low energy (< $m_\pi$), then it is suggestive to choose the pion-mass, $m_\pi$, as scale. Such EFT can, of course, not have pion degrees of freedom anymore and is, therefore, known as pionless EFT. It consists of contact terms, only. Thus, this pionless EFT may appear forbiddingly simplistic at first glance, but, as it turns out, it has some surprisingly intriguing features, particularly, with regard to renormalization and power counting (s. below). Since it is beyond the scope of this article to discuss the pionless EFT in detail, we like to refer the interested reader to the excellent review articles by Bedaque and van Kolck (2002) and van Kolck (2007).
In the following subsections, we will elaborate on the above-listed steps, one by one. Since we discussed the first step already, we will address now step two.
Symmetries of low-energy QCD and their breakings
The QCD Lagrangian reads ${\cal L}_{\rm QCD} = \bar{q} (i \gamma^\mu {\cal D}_\mu - {\cal M})q - \frac14 {\cal G}_{\mu\nu,a} {\cal G}^{\mu\nu}_{a} \tag{10}$ with the gauge-covariant derivative \begin{equation} {\cal D}_\mu = \partial_\mu -ig\frac{\lambda_a}{2} {\cal A}_{\mu,a} \tag{11} \end{equation} and the gluon field strength tensor (note that for $SU(N)$ group indices, we use Latin letters, $\ldots,a,b,c,\ldots,i,j,k,\dots$, and, in general, do not distinguish between subscripts and superscripts) \begin{equation} {\cal G}_{\mu\nu,a} = \partial_\mu {\cal A}_{\nu,a} -\partial_\nu {\cal A}_{\mu,a} + g f_{abc} {\cal A}_{\mu,b} {\cal A}_{\nu,c} \,. \tag{12} \end{equation} In the above, $q$ denotes the quark fields and ${\cal M}$ the quark mass matrix. Further, $g$ is the strong coupling constant and ${\cal A}_{\mu,a}$ are the gluon fields. The $\lambda_a$ are the Gell-Mann matrices and the $f_{abc}$ the structure constants of the $SU(3)_{\rm color}$ Lie algebra $(a,b,c=1,\dots ,8)$; summation over repeated indices is always implied. The gluon-gluon term in the last equation arises from the non-Abelian nature of the gauge theory and is the reason for the peculiar features of the color force.
The masses of the up $(u)$, down $(d)$, and strange (s) quarks are (PDG, 2012): \begin{eqnarray} m_u &=& 2.3\pm 0.7 \mbox{ MeV} , \tag{13} \\ m_d &=& 4.8\pm 0.7 \mbox{ MeV} , \tag{14} \\ m_s &=& 95\pm 5 \mbox{ MeV} . \tag{15} \end{eqnarray} These masses are small as compared to a typical hadronic scale, i.e., a scale of low-mass hadrons which are not Goldstone bosons, e.g., $m_\rho=0.78 \mbox{ GeV} \approx 1 \mbox{ GeV}$.
It is therefore of interest to discuss the QCD Lagrangian in the limit of vanishing quark masses: \begin{equation} {\cal L}_{\rm QCD}^0 = \bar{q} i \gamma^\mu {\cal D}_\mu q - \frac14 {\cal G}_{\mu\nu,a} {\cal G}^{\mu\nu}_{a} \,. \end{equation} Defining right- and left-handed quark fields, \begin{equation} q_R=P_Rq \,, \;\;\; q_L=P_Lq \,, \end{equation} with \begin{equation} P_R=\frac12(1+\gamma_5) \,, \;\;\; P_L=\frac12(1-\gamma_5) \,, \end{equation} we can rewrite the Lagrangian as follows: \begin{equation} {\cal L}_{\rm QCD}^0 = \bar{q}_R i \gamma^\mu {\cal D}_\mu q_R +\bar{q}_L i \gamma^\mu {\cal D}_\mu q_L - \frac14 {\cal G}_{\mu\nu,a} {\cal G}^{\mu\nu}_{a} \, . \end{equation} This equation reveals that the right- and left-handed components of massless quarks do not mix in the QCD Lagrangian. For the two-flavor case, this is $SU(2)_R\times SU(2)_L$ symmetry, also known as chiral symmetry. However, this symmetry is broken in two ways: explicitly and spontaneously.
Explicit symmetry breaking
The mass term $- \bar{q}{\cal M}q$ in the QCD Lagrangian Eq. ( 10 ) breaks chiral symmetry explicitly. To better see this, let's rewrite ${\cal M}$ for the two-flavor case, \begin{eqnarray} {\cal M} & = & \left( \begin{array}{cc} m_u & 0 \\ 0 & m_d \end{array} \right) \nonumber \\ & = & \frac12 (m_u+m_d) \left( \begin{array}{cc} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{array} \right) + \frac12 (m_u-m_d) \left( \begin{array}{cc} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 \end{array} \right) \nonumber \\ & = & \frac12 (m_u+m_d) \; I + \frac12 (m_u-m_d) \; \tau_3 \,. \tag{16} \end{eqnarray} The first term in the last equation in invariant under $SU(2)_V$ (isospin symmetry) and the second term vanishes for $m_u=m_d$. Thus, isospin is an exact symmetry if $m_u=m_d$. However, both terms in Eq. ( 16 ) break chiral symmetry. Since the up and down quark masses [Eqs. ( 13 ) and ( 14 )] are small as compared to the typical hadronic mass scale of $\sim 1$ GeV, the explicit chiral symmetry breaking due to non-vanishing quark masses is very small.
Spontaneous symmetry breaking
A (continuous) symmetry is said to be spontaneously broken if a symmetry of the Lagrangian is not realized in the ground state of the system. There is evidence that the (approximate) chiral symmetry of the QCD Lagrangian is spontaneously broken---for dynamical reasons of nonperturbative origin which are not fully understood at this time. The most plausible evidence comes from the hadron spectrum.
From chiral symmetry, one naively expects the existence of degenerate hadron multiplets of opposite parity, i.e., for any hadron of positive parity one would expect a degenerate hadron state of negative parity and vice versa. However, these 'parity doublets' are not observed in nature. For example, take the $\rho$-meson which is a vector meson of negative parity ($J^P=1^-$) and mass 776 MeV. There does exist a $1^+$ meson, the $a_1$, but it has a mass of 1230 MeV and, therefore, cannot be perceived as degenerate with the $\rho$. On the other hand, the $\rho$ meson comes in three charge states (equivalent to three isospin states), the $\rho^\pm$ and the $\rho^0$, with masses that differ by at most a few MeV. Thus, in the hadron spectrum, $SU(2)_V$ (isospin) symmetry is well observed, while axial symmetry is broken: $SU(2)_R\times SU(2)_L$ is broken down to $SU(2)_V$.
A spontaneously broken global symmetry implies the existence of (massless) Goldstone bosons. The Goldstone bosons are identified with the isospin triplet of the (pseudoscalar) pions, which explains why pions are so light. The pion masses are not exactly zero because the up and down quark masses are not exactly zero either (explicit symmetry breaking). Thus, pions are a truly remarkable species: they reflect spontaneous as well as explicit symmetry breaking. Goldstone bosons interact weakly at low energy. They are degenerate with the vacuum and, therefore, interactions between them must vanish at zero momentum and in the chiral limit ($m_\pi \rightarrow 0$).
Chiral effective Lagrangians
The next step in the EFT program is to build the most general Lagrangian consistent with the (broken) symmetries discussed above. An elegant formalism for the construction of such Lagrangians was developed by Callan et al. (1969), who worked out the group-theoretical foundations of non-linear realizations of chiral symmetry. It is characteristic for these non-linear realizations that, whenever functions of the Goldstone bosons appear in the Lagrangian, they are always accompanied with at least one space-time derivative. The Lagrangians given below are built upon the Callan et al. (1969) formalism.
As discussed, the relevant degrees of freedom are pions (Goldstone bosons) and nucleons. Since the interactions of Goldstone bosons must vanish at zero momentum transfer and in the chiral limit ($m_\pi \rightarrow 0$), the low-energy expansion of the Lagrangian is arranged in powers of derivatives and pion masses. The hard scale is the chiral-symmetry breaking scale, $\Lambda_\chi \approx 1$ GeV. Thus, the expansion is in terms of powers of $Q/\Lambda_\chi$ where $Q$ is a (small) momentum or pion mass. This is the essence of chiral perturbation theory (ChPT).
The effective Lagrangian can formally be written as, \begin{equation} {\cal L_{\rm eff}} = {\cal L}_{\pi\pi} + {\cal L}_{\pi N} + {\cal L}_{NN} + \, \ldots \,, \end{equation} where ${\cal L}_{\pi\pi}$ deals with the dynamics among pions, ${\cal L}_{\pi N}$ describes the interaction between pions and a nucleon, and ${\cal L}_{NN}$ contains two-nucleon contact interactions which consist of four nucleon-fields (four nucleon legs) and no meson fields. The ellipsis stands for terms that involve two nucleons plus pions and three or more nucleons with or without pions, relevant for nuclear many-body forces (cf. last two terms of Eq. ( 20 ), below). The individual Lagrangians are organized as follows: \begin{equation} {\cal L}_{\pi\pi} = {\cal L}_{\pi\pi}^{(2)} + {\cal L}_{\pi\pi}^{(4)} + \ldots \,, \end{equation} \begin{equation} {\cal L}_{\pi N} = {\cal L}_{\pi N}^{(1)} + {\cal L}_{\pi N}^{(2)} + {\cal L}_{\pi N}^{(3)} + \ldots , \end{equation} and \begin{equation} \tag{17} {\cal L}_{NN} = {\cal L}^{(0)}_{NN} + {\cal L}^{(2)}_{NN} + {\cal L}^{(4)}_{NN} + \ldots \,, \end{equation} where the superscript refers to the number of derivatives or pion mass insertions (chiral dimension) and the ellipsis stands for terms of higher dimensions.
Above, we have organized the Lagrangians by the number of derivatives or pion-mass insertions. This is the standard way, appropriate particularly for considerations of $\pi$-$\pi$ and $\pi$-$N$ scattering. As it turns out, for interactions among nucleons, it is sometimes more useful to consider the so-called index of the interaction, \begin{equation} \Delta \equiv d + \frac{n}{2} - 2 \, , \tag{18} \end{equation} where $d$ is the number of derivatives or pion-mass insertions and $n$ the number of nucleon field operators (nucleon legs). We will now write down the Lagrangian in terms of increasing values of the parameter $\Delta$ and we will do so using the so-called Heavy-Baryon (HB) formalism which we indicate by a "hat".
The lowest-index Lagrangian reads, \begin{eqnarray} \widehat{\cal L}^{\Delta=0} &=& \frac{1}{2} \partial_\mu \boldsymbol{\pi} \cdot \partial^\mu \boldsymbol{\pi} - \frac{1}{2} m_\pi^2 \boldsymbol{\pi}^2 \nonumber \\ && + \frac{1-4\alpha}{2f_\pi^2} (\boldsymbol{\pi} \cdot \partial_\mu \boldsymbol{\pi}) (\boldsymbol{\pi} \cdot \partial^\mu \boldsymbol{\pi}) - \frac{\alpha}{f_\pi^2} \boldsymbol{\pi}^2 \partial_\mu \boldsymbol{\pi} \cdot \partial^\mu \boldsymbol{\pi} +\; \frac{8\alpha-1}{8f_\pi^2} m_\pi^2 \boldsymbol{\pi}^4 \nonumber \\ && + \bar{N} \left[ i \partial_0 - \frac{g_A}{2f_\pi} \; \boldsymbol{\tau} \cdot ( \vec \sigma \cdot \vec \nabla ) \boldsymbol{\pi} - \frac{1}{4f_\pi^2} \; \boldsymbol{\tau} \cdot ( \boldsymbol{\pi} \times \partial_0 \boldsymbol{\pi}) \right] N \nonumber \\ && + \bar{N} \left\{ \frac{g_A(4\alpha-1)}{4f_\pi^3} \; (\boldsymbol{\tau} \cdot \boldsymbol{\pi}) \left[ \boldsymbol{\pi} \cdot ( \vec \sigma \cdot \vec \nabla ) \boldsymbol{\pi} \right] + \frac{g_A\alpha}{2f_\pi^3} \; \boldsymbol{\pi}^2 \left[ \boldsymbol{\tau} \cdot ( \vec \sigma \cdot \vec \nabla ) \boldsymbol{\pi} \right] \right\} N \nonumber \\ && -\frac{1}{2} C_S \bar{N} N \bar{N} N -\frac{1}{2} C_T (\bar{N} \vec \sigma N) \cdot (\bar{N} \vec \sigma N) \; + \; \ldots \,, \tag{19} \end{eqnarray}
and higher-index Lagrangians are, \begin{eqnarray} \widehat{\cal L}^{\Delta=1} &=& \bar{N} \left\{ \frac{{\vec \nabla}^2}{2M_N} -\frac{ig_A}{4M_Nf_\pi} \boldsymbol{\tau} \cdot \left[\vec \sigma \cdot \left( \stackrel{\leftarrow}{\nabla} \partial_0 \boldsymbol{\pi} - \partial_0 \boldsymbol{\pi} \stackrel{\rightarrow}{\nabla} \right) \right] \right. \nonumber \\ && \left. - \frac{i}{8M_N f_\pi^2} \boldsymbol{\tau} \cdot \left[ \stackrel{\leftarrow}{\nabla} \cdot ( \boldsymbol{\pi} \times \vec\nabla \boldsymbol{\pi} ) - ( \boldsymbol{\pi} \times \vec\nabla \boldsymbol{\pi} ) \cdot \stackrel{\rightarrow}{\nabla} \right] \right\} N \nonumber \\ && + \bar{N} \left[ 4c_1m_\pi^2 -\frac{2 c_1}{f_\pi^2} \, m_\pi^2\, \boldsymbol{\pi}^2 \, + \, \left( c_2 - \frac{g_A^2}{8M_N}\right) \frac{1}{f_\pi^2} (\partial_0 \boldsymbol{\pi} \cdot \partial_0 \boldsymbol{\pi}) \right. \nonumber \\ && \left. + \, \frac{c_3}{f_\pi^2}\, (\partial_\mu \boldsymbol{\pi} \cdot \partial^\mu \boldsymbol{\pi}) - \, \left( c_4 + \frac{1}{4M_N} \right) \frac{1}{2f_\pi^2} \epsilon^{ijk} \epsilon^{abc} \sigma^i \tau^a (\partial^j \pi^b) (\partial^k \pi^c) \right] N \nonumber \\ && - \frac{D}{4f_\pi} (\bar{N}N) \bar{N} \left[ \boldsymbol{\tau} \cdot ( \vec \sigma \cdot \vec \nabla ) \boldsymbol{\pi} \right] N -\frac12 E (\bar{N}N) (\bar{N} \boldsymbol{\tau} N) \cdot (\bar{N} \boldsymbol{\tau} N) \; + \; \ldots \,, \tag{20} \\ \widehat{\cal L}^{\Delta=2} &=& \; {\cal L}^{(4)}_{\pi\pi} \; + \; \widehat{\cal L}^{(3)}_{\pi N} \; + \; \widehat{\cal L}^{(2)}_{NN} \; + \; \ldots \,, \tag{21} \\ \widehat{\cal L}^{\Delta=4} &=& \; \widehat{\cal L}^{(4)}_{NN} \; + \; \ldots \,, \tag{22} \end{eqnarray} where the ellipses represent terms that are irrelevant for the derivation of nuclear forces up to fourth order. The Lagrangian $\widehat{\cal L}^{(3)}_{\pi N}$ can be found in (Fettes et al., 2000) and the $NN$ contact Lagrangians are given below. The pion fields are denoted by $\boldsymbol{\pi}$ and the heavy baryon nucleon field by $N$ ($\bar{N}=N^\dagger$). Furthermore, $g_A$, $f_\pi$, $m_\pi$, and $M_N$ are the axial-vector coupling constant, pion decay constant, pion mass, and nucleon mass, respectively. Numerical values for these quantities will be given later. The $c_i$ are Low-Energy Constants (LECs) from the dimension two $\pi N$ Lagrangian and $\alpha$ is a parameter that appears in the expansion of the pion fields, see (Machleidt and Entem, 2011) for more details. Results are independent of $\alpha$. The $\pi NN$ coupling constant, $f_{\pi NN}$, used in the derivation of the one-pion-exchange potential in Figure 5 , is related to the above quantities by \begin{equation} \frac{f_{\pi NN}}{m_\pi} = \frac{g_A}{2 f_\pi} \,, \tag{23} \end{equation} cf. Eq. ( 33 ) below.
The lowest order (or leading order) $NN$ Lagrangian has no derivatives and reads \begin{equation} \widehat{\cal L}^{(0)}_{NN} = -\frac{1}{2} C_S \bar{N} N \bar{N} N -\frac{1}{2} C_T (\bar{N} \vec \sigma N) \cdot (\bar{N} \vec \sigma N) \, , \tag{24} \end{equation} where $C_S$ and $C_T$ are unknown constants which are determined by a fit to the $NN$ data.
The second order $NN$ Lagrangian can be stated as follows, \begin{eqnarray} \widehat{\cal L}^{(2)}_{NN} &=& -C'_1 \left[(\bar{N} \vec \nabla N)^2+ (\overline{\vec \nabla N} N)^2 \right] -C'_2 (\bar{N} \vec \nabla N)\cdot (\overline{\vec \nabla N} N) %\nonumber \\ && -C'_3 \bar{N} N \left[\bar N \vec \nabla^2 N+\overline{\vec \nabla^2 N} N \right] \nonumber \\ && -i C'_4 \left[ \bar N \vec \nabla N \cdot (\overline{\vec \nabla N} \times \vec \sigma N) + \overline{(\vec \nabla N)} N \cdot (\bar N \vec \sigma \times \vec \nabla N) \right] \nonumber \\ && -i C'_5 \bar N N(\overline{\vec \nabla N} \cdot \vec \sigma \times \vec \nabla N) -i C'_6 (\bar N \vec \sigma N)\cdot (\overline{\vec \nabla N} \times \vec \nabla N) \nonumber \\ && -\left(C'_7 \delta_{ik} \delta_{jl}+C'_8 \delta_{il} \delta_{kj} +C'_9 \delta_{ij} \delta_{kl}\right) %\nonumber \\ && \times \left[\bar N \sigma_k \partial_i N \bar N \sigma_l \partial_j N + \overline{\partial_i N} \sigma_k N \overline{\partial_j N} \sigma_l N \right] \nonumber \\ && -\left(C'_{10} \delta_{ik} \delta_{jl}+C'_{11} \delta_{il} \delta_{kj}+C'_{12} \delta_{ij} \delta_{kl}\right) \bar N \sigma_k \partial_i N \overline{\partial_j N} \sigma_l N \nonumber \\ && -\left(\frac{1}{2} C'_{13} (\delta_{ik} \delta_{jl}+ \delta_{il} \delta_{kj}) %\nonumber \\ && +C'_{14} \delta_{ij} \delta_{kl} \right) \left[\overline{\partial_i N} \sigma_k \partial_j N + \overline{\partial_j N} \sigma_k \partial_i N\right] \bar N \sigma_l N \, . \tag{25} \end{eqnarray} Similar to $C_S$ and $C_T$ of Eq. ( 24 ), the $C'_i$ of Eq. ( 25 ) are unknown constants which are fixed by a fit to the $NN$ data. Obviously, these contact Lagrangians blow up quite a bit with increasing order, which is why we do not give $\widehat{\cal L}^{(4)}_{NN}$ explicitly here. The $NN$ contact potentials that emerge from these Lagrangians are given below.
Power counting
Effective Lagrangians have infinitely many terms, and an unlimited number of Feynman graphs can be calculated from them. Therefore, we need a scheme that makes the theory manageable and calculable. This scheme which tells us how to distinguish between large (important) and small (unimportant) contributions is chiral perturbation theory (ChPT).
In ChPT, graphs are analyzed in terms of powers of small external momenta over the large scale: $(Q/\Lambda_\chi)^\nu$, where $Q$ is generic for a momentum (nucleon three-momentum or pion four-momentum) or a pion mass and $\Lambda_\chi \sim 1$ GeV is the chiral symmetry breaking scale (hadronic scale, hard scale). Determining the power $\nu$ has become known as power counting.
The nuclear potential is assembled from irreducible graphs. By definition, an irreducible graph is a diagram that cannot be separated into two by cutting only nucleon lines. Following the Feynman rules of covariant perturbation theory, a nucleon propagator is $Q^{-1}$, a pion propagator $Q^{-2}$, each derivative in any interaction is $Q$, and each four-momentum integration $Q^4$. This is also known as naive dimensional analysis. Applying then some topological identities, one obtains for the power of an irreducible diagram involving $A$ nucleons \begin{equation} \nu = -2 +2A - 2C + 2L + \sum_i \Delta_i \, , \tag{26} \end{equation} with \begin{equation} \Delta_i \equiv d_i + \frac{n_i}{2} - 2 \, , \tag{27} \end{equation} where $C$ denotes the number of separately connected pieces and $L$ the number of loops in the diagram; $d_i$ is the number of derivatives or pion-mass insertions and $n_i$ the number of nucleon fields (nucleon legs) involved in vertex $i$; the sum runs over all vertices $i$ contained in the diagram under consideration. Note that $\Delta_i \geq 0$ for all interactions allowed by chiral symmetry. Purely pionic interactions have at least two derivatives ($d_i\geq 2, n_i=0$); interactions of pions with a nucleon have at least one derivative ($d_i\geq 1, n_i=2$); and nucleon-nucleon contact terms ($n_i=4$) have $d_i\geq0$. This demonstrates how chiral symmetry guarantees a low-energy expansion.
The power formula Eq. ( 26 ) allows to predict the leading orders of connected multi-nucleon forces. Consider a $m$-nucleon irreducibly connected diagram ($m$-nucleon force) in an $A$-nucleon system ($m\leq A$). The number of separately connected pieces is $C=A-m+1$. Inserting this into Eq. ( 26 ) together with $L=0$ and $\sum_i \Delta_i=0$ yields $\nu=2m-4$. Thus, two-nucleon forces ($m=2$) start at $\nu=0$, three-nucleon forces ($m=3$) at $\nu=2$ (but they happen to cancel at that order), and four-nucleon forces at $\nu=4$ (they don't cancel). More about this in the next subsection.
For later purposes, we note that for an irreducible $NN$ diagram ($A=2$, $C=1$), the power formula collapses to the very simple expression \begin{equation} \nu = 2L + \sum_i \Delta_i \,. \tag{28} \end{equation}
In summary, the chief point of the ChPT expansion is that, at a given order $\nu$, there exists only a finite number of graphs. This is what makes the theory calculable. The expression $(Q/\Lambda_\chi)^{\nu+1}$ provides a rough estimate of the relative size of the contributions left out and, thus, of the accuracy at order $\nu$. In this sense, the theory can be calculated to any desired accuracy and has predictive power.
The hierarchy of nuclear forces: Overview
Figure 13: Hierarchy of nuclear forces in ChPT. Solid lines represent nucleons and dashed lines pions. Small dots, large solid dots, solid squares, and solid diamonds denote vertices of index $\Delta_i= \, $ 0, 1, 2, and 4, respectively.
Chiral perturbation theory and power counting imply that nuclear forces emerge as a hierarchy controlled by the power $\nu$, Figure 13 .
In lowest order, better known as leading order (LO, $\boldsymbol{\nu = 0}$), the $NN$ potential is made up by two momentum-independent contact terms ($\sim Q^0$), represented by the four-nucleon-leg graph with a small dot shown in the first row of Figure 13 . Furthermore, there is the static one-pion exchange (1PE), second diagram in the first row of the figure. This is, of course, a rather rough approximation to the two-nucleon force (2NF), but accounts already for some important features. The 1PE provides the tensor force, necessary to describe the deuteron, and it explains $NN$ scattering in peripheral partial waves of very high orbital angular momentum. At this order, the two contacts, which contribute only in $S$-waves, provide the short- and intermediate-range interaction, which is somewhat crude.
In the next order, $\nu=1$, all contributions vanish due to parity and time-reversal invariance.
Therefore, the next-to-leading order (NLO) is $\boldsymbol{\nu=2}$. Two-pion exchange (2PE) occurs for the first time ("leading 2PE") and, thus, the creation of a more sophisticated description of the intermediate-range interaction is starting here (Ordonez et al., 1996). Since the loop involved in each 2PE-diagram implies already $\nu=2$ [cf. Eq. ( 28 )], the vertices must have $\Delta_i = 0$. Therefore, at this order, only the lowest order $\pi NN$ and $\pi \pi NN$ vertices are allowed which is why the leading 2PE is rather weak. Furthermore, there are seven new contact terms of ${\cal O}(Q^2)$, shown in the figure by the four-nucleon-leg graph with a solid square, which contribute in $S$ and $P$ waves. The operator structure of these contacts include a spin-orbit term besides central, spin-spin, and tensor terms. Thus, essentially all spin-isospin structures necessary to describe the two-nucleon force phenomenologically have been generated. The main deficiency at this stage of development is an insufficient intermediate-range attraction.
This problem is finally fixed at order three ($\boldsymbol{\nu=3}$), next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO). The 2PE involves now the two-derivative $\pi\pi NN$ seagull vertices (proportional to the $c_i$ LECs) denoted by a large solid dot in Figure 13 . These vertices represent correlated 2PE as well as intermediate $\Delta(1232)$-isobar contributions. It is well-known from the meson phenomenology of nuclear forces that these two contributions are crucial for a realistic and quantitative 2PE model. Consequently, the 2PE now assumes a realistic size and describes the intermediate-range attraction of the nuclear force about right (Ordonez et al., 1996). Moreover, first relativistic corrections come into play at this order. There are no new contacts, because contacts appear only at even orders.
The reason why we talk of a hierarchy of nuclear forces is that two- and many-nucleon forces are created on an equal footing and emerge in increasing number as we go to higher and higher orders. At NNLO, the first set of nonvanishing three-nucleon forces (3NFs) occur, cf. column '3N Force' of Figure 13 (van Kolck, 1994). In fact, at the previous order, NLO, irreducible 3N graphs appear already, however, it can be shown that these diagrams all cancel. Since nonvanishing 3NF contributions happen first at order $(Q/\Lambda_\chi)^3$, they are very weak as compared to the 2NF which starts at $(Q/\Lambda_\chi)^0$.
More 2PE is produced at $\boldsymbol{\nu =4}$, next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order (N$^3$LO), of which we show only a few symbolic diagrams in Figure 13 . Two-loop 2PE graphs show up for the first time (Kaiser, 2001) and so does three-pion exchange (3PE) which necessarily involves two loops (Kaiser, 2000). The 3PE is negligible at this order. Most importantly, 15 new contact terms $\sim Q^4$ arise and are represented by the four-nucleon-leg graph with a solid diamond. They include a quadratic spin-orbit term and contribute up to $D$-waves.
Figure 14: Phase shifts of $np$ scattering as calculated from $NN$ potentials at different orders of ChPT. The black dotted line is LO, the blue dashed is NLO, the green dash-dotted NNLO, and the red solid N$^3$LO. Partial waves with total angular momentum $J\leq 2$ are displayed. The solid dots and open circles are the results from phase shift analysis.
Mainly due to the larger number of contact terms, a quantitative description of the two-nucleon interaction up to about 300 MeV lab. energy is possible, at N$^3$LO (Entem and Machleidt, 2003), (Epelbaum et al., 2005), (Machleidt and Entem, 2011). This is demonstrated in Figure 14 , where we show the order by order improvement of the $NN$ phase shift predictions from LO to N$^3$LO. Table 2 quantifies this order by order improvement by providing the $\chi^2$/datum for the fit of $NN$ data from NLO to N$^3$LO.
Table 2: $\chi^2$/datum for the reproduction of the $np$ data below 290 MeV by chiral $NN$ potentials at NLO, NNLO (Epelbaum et al., 2005), and N$^3$LO (Entem and Machleidt, 2003). $T_{\rm lab}$ denotes the kinetic energy of the incident nucleon in the laboratory system.
$T_{\rm lab}$ bin (MeV)
number of $np$ data
20
86
Moreover, there are more 3NF contributions at N$^3$LO, and four-nucleon forces (4NFs) start at this order. Since the leading 4NFs come into existence one order higher than the leading 3NFs, 4NFs are weaker than 3NFs. Thus, ChPT provides a straightforward explanation for the empirically known fact that 2NF $\gg$ 3NF $\gg$ 4NF $\ldots$.
Comparison with conventional meson theory
Figure 15: Comparing the chiral EFT approach to the $NN$ interaction (left) with conventional meson theory (right).
Figure 16: Relationship between heavy boson exchange and the contact terms of chiral EFT.
We have now two approaches at hand that can both describe the $NN$ interaction quantitatively, which is a non-trivial result. It is then natural to ask, in which way the two approaches differ. There is a clear and revealing answer.
In chiral EFT, the nuclear potential is expanded in terms of increasing powers of small momenta, $(Q/\Lambda_\chi)^\nu$ (Figure 13 ). In meson theory, the expansion is in terms of Yukawas, $Y(m_\alpha r)$, of increasing masses $m_\alpha$, corresponding to decreasing ranges $1/m_\alpha$ (cf. Figure 9 ).
Since both approaches describe the same complicated object quantitatively, they should be equivalent to a large extent. This is demonstrated in Figure 15 . First, there is a 1PE in both cases, which is trivial. The 2PE may look diagrammatically quite different, but the figure shows the correspondence between the contributions. The main difference is that, in chiral EFT, the 2PE is build up order by order, while in conventional meson theory it comes as one set. Finally, the short-range contributions appear graphically very different with heavy boson exchange (like $\omega$-exchange) in meson theory and contacts in chiral EFT. However, since $Q \ll m_\omega \approx \Lambda_\chi$, the propagator of a heavy-meson can be expanded into a power series generating contacts of increasing order, as demonstrated in Figure 16 .
Although the two approaches can be regarded as equivalent, there are arguments why chiral EFT may be perceived as superior. Chiral EFT
is more closely connected to QCD via chiral symmetry;
comes with an organizational scheme (power counting) that allows to estimate the accuracy of the predictions (at a given order);
generates two- and many-body forces on an equal footing.
Two-nucleon forces: Doing the math
Here we will fill in the mathematical details we left out when presenting the overview over the chiral hierarchy. Up to N$^3$LO, the various irreducible diagrams, which were shown in Figure 13 and define the chiral $NN$ potential order by order, are given by: \begin{eqnarray} V_{\rm LO} & = & V_{\rm ct}^{(0)} + V_{1\pi}^{(0)} \tag{29} \\ V_{\rm NLO} & = & V_{\rm LO} + V_{\rm ct}^{(2)} + V_{1\pi}^{(2)} + V_{2\pi}^{(2)} \tag{30} \\ V_{\rm NNLO} & = & V_{\rm NLO} + V_{1\pi}^{(3)} + V_{2\pi}^{(3)} \tag{31} \\ V_{{\rm N}^3{\rm LO}} & = & V_{\rm NNLO} + V_{\rm ct}^{(4)} + V_{1\pi}^{(4)} + V_{2\pi}^{(4)} + V_{3\pi}^{(4)} \tag{32} \end{eqnarray} where the superscript denotes the order $\nu$ of the low-momentum expansion. Contact potentials carry the subscript "ct" and pion-exchange potentials can be identified by an obvious subscript.
The charge-independent 1PE potential reads \begin{equation} V_{1\pi} ({\vec p}~', \vec p) = - \frac{g_A^2}{4f_\pi^2} \: \boldsymbol{\tau}_1 \cdot \boldsymbol{\tau}_2 \: \frac{ \vec \sigma_1 \cdot \vec q \,\, \vec \sigma_2 \cdot \vec q} {q^2 + m_\pi^2} \,, \tag{33} \end{equation} Numerical vales for the constants are $f_\pi=92.4$ MeV, $g_A=1.29$; and $m_\pi=138$ MeV for the average pion mass (cf. Figure 5 and Eq. ( 23 )). Since higher order corrections contribute only to mass and coupling constant renormalizations and since, on shell, there are no relativistic corrections, the on-shell 1PE has the same form as in Eq. ( 33 ) at all orders.
The two zero-order contact terms at LO are \begin{equation} V_{\rm ct}^{(0)}({\vec p}~',\vec{p}) = C_S + C_T \, \vec{\sigma}_1 \cdot \vec{\sigma}_2 \, . \tag{34} \end{equation}
To state the mathematical expressions for 2PE contributions, we use the following scheme: \begin{eqnarray} V_{2\pi}^{(\nu)}({\vec p}~', \vec p) & = & \:\, V_C^{(\nu)} \:\, + \boldsymbol{\tau}_1 \cdot \boldsymbol{\tau}_2 \, W_C^{(\nu)} \nonumber \\ &+& \left[ \, V_S^{(\nu)} \:\, + \boldsymbol{\tau}_1 \cdot \boldsymbol{\tau}_2 \, W_S^{(\nu)} \,\:\, \right] \, \vec\sigma_1 \cdot \vec \sigma_2 \nonumber \\ &+& \left[ \, V_{LS}^{(\nu)} + \boldsymbol{\tau}_1 \cdot \boldsymbol{\tau}_2 \, W_{LS}^{(\nu)} \right] \, \left(-i \vec S \cdot (\vec q \times \vec k) \,\right) \nonumber \\ &+& \left[ \, V_T^{(\nu)} \:\, + \boldsymbol{\tau}_1 \cdot \boldsymbol{\tau}_2 \, W_T^{(\nu)} \,\:\, \right] \, \vec \sigma_1 \cdot \vec q \,\, \vec \sigma_2 \cdot \vec q \nonumber \\ &+& \left[ \, V_{\sigma L}^{(\nu)} + \boldsymbol{\tau}_1 \cdot \boldsymbol{\tau}_2 \, W_{\sigma L}^{(\nu)} \, \right] \, \vec\sigma_1\cdot(\vec q\times \vec k\,) \,\, \vec \sigma_2 \cdot(\vec q\times \vec k\,) \, , \tag{35} \end{eqnarray} where ${\vec p}~'$ and $\vec p$ denote the final and initial nucleon momenta in the CMS, respectively; moreover, \begin{equation} \begin{array}{llll} \vec q &\equiv& {\vec p}~' - \vec p & \mbox{ is the momentum transfer},\\ \vec k &\equiv& \frac12 ({\vec p}~' + \vec p) & \mbox{ the average momentum},\\ \vec S &\equiv& \frac12 (\vec\sigma_1+\vec\sigma_2) & \mbox{ the total spin}, \end{array} \tag{36} \end{equation} and $\vec \sigma_{1,2}$ and $\boldsymbol{\tau}_{1,2}$ are the spin and isospin operators, respectively, of nucleon 1 and 2. For on-energy-shell scattering, $V_i$ and $W_i$ $(i=C,S,LS,T,\sigma L)$ can be expressed as functions of $q$ and $k$, only (with $q\equiv |\vec q|$ and $k\equiv |\vec k|$).
Using the above scheme, the contribution from the five NLO 2PE diagrams can be stated in an amazingly compact form, namely, \begin{eqnarray} W_C^{(2)} &=&-{L(q)\over384\pi^2 f_\pi^4} \left[4m_\pi^2(5g_A^4-4g_A^2-1) +q^2(23g_A^4 -10g_A^2-1) + {48g_A^4 m_\pi^4 \over w^2} \right], \tag{37} \\ V_T^{(2)} &=& -{1\over q^2} V_{S}^{(2)} \; = \; -{3g_A^4 L(q)\over 64\pi^2 f_\pi^4} \,, \tag{38} \end{eqnarray} where \begin{equation} L(q) \equiv {w\over q} \ln {w+q \over 2m_\pi} \end{equation} and \begin{equation} w \equiv \sqrt{4m_\pi^2+q^2} \,. \end{equation}
Note that all 2$\pi$ loops involve a four-dimensional integral, which is divergent. Thus regularization is required. All 2$\pi$ contributions given in this subsection are obtained by applying dimensional regularization (DR). For a pedagogical introduction into DR, see Appendix A.2 of Scherrer (2003).
The seven NLO contact terms are: \begin{eqnarray} V_{\rm ct}^{(2)}({\vec p}~',\vec{p}) &=& C_1 \, q^2 + C_2 \, k^2 \nonumber \\ &+& \left( C_3 \, q^2 + C_4 \, k^2 \right) \vec{\sigma}_1 \cdot \vec{\sigma}_2 \nonumber \\ &+& C_5 \left( -i \vec{S} \cdot (\vec{q} \times \vec{k}) \right) \nonumber \\ &+& C_6 \, ( \vec{\sigma}_1 \cdot \vec{q} )\,( \vec{\sigma}_2 \cdot \vec{q} ) \nonumber \\ &+& C_7 \, ( \vec{\sigma}_1 \cdot \vec{k} )\,( \vec{\sigma}_2 \cdot \vec{k} ) \,. \tag{39} \end{eqnarray} The coefficients $C_i$ used here in the contact potential are, of course, related to the coefficients $C_i'$ that occur in the Lagrangian $\widehat{\cal L}^{(2)}_{NN}$, Eq. ( 25 ), but, the exact relationship is unimportant.
The NNLO 2PE is represented by the following expressions (Kaiser et al., 1997): \begin{eqnarray} V_C^{(3)} &=&{3g_A^2 \over 16\pi f_\pi^4} \left\{ {g_A^2 m_\pi^5 \over 16M_N w^2} -\left[2m_\pi^2( 2c_1-c_3)-q^2 \left(c_3 +{3g_A^2\over16M_N}\right) \right] \widetilde{w}^2 A(q) \right\} \,, \tag{40} \\ W_C^{(3)} &=& {g_A^2\over128\pi M_N f_\pi^4} \left\{ 3g_A^2 m_\pi^5 w^{-2} - \left[ 4m_\pi^2 +2q^2-g_A^2(4m_\pi^2+3q^2) \right] \widetilde{w}^2 A(q) \right\} \,,\\ V_T^{(3)} &=& -{1 \over q^2} V_{S}^{(3)} \; = \; {9g_A^4 \widetilde{w}^2 A(q) \over 512\pi M_N f_\pi^4} \,, \\ W_T^{(3)} &=&-{1\over q^2}W_{S}^{(3)} =-{g_A^2 A(q) \over 32\pi f_\pi^4} \left[ \left( c_4 +{1\over 4M_N} \right) w^2 -{g_A^2 \over 8M_N} (10m_\pi^2+3q^2) \right] \,, \tag{41} \\ V_{LS}^{(3)} &=& {3g_A^4 \widetilde{w}^2 A(q) \over 32\pi M_N f_\pi^4} \,,\\ W_{LS}^{(3)} &=& {g_A^2(1-g_A^2)\over 32\pi M_N f_\pi^4} w^2 A(q) \,, \tag{42} \end{eqnarray} with \begin{equation} A(q) \equiv {1\over 2q}\arctan{q \over 2m_\pi} \end{equation} and \begin{equation} \widetilde{w} \equiv \sqrt{2m_\pi^2+q^2} \,. \end{equation} This contribution to the 2PE is the crucial one, because it provides an intermediate-range attraction of proper strength. The iso-scalar central potential, $V_C^{(3)}$, is strong and attractive due to the LEC $c_3$, which is negative and of large magnitude. Via resonance saturation, $c_3$ is associated with $\pi$-$\pi$ correlations ('$\sigma$ meson') and virtual $\Delta$-isobar excitations, which create the most crucial contributions to 2PE in the frame work of conventional meson theory (Machleidt et al., 1987). First relativistic $1/M_N$ corrections come also into play at this order; they are included in the above potential expressions.
The contacts at N$^3$LO are: \begin{eqnarray} V_{\rm ct}^{(4)}(\vec{p'},\vec{p}) &=& D_1 \, q^4 + D_2 \, k^4 + D_3 \, q^2 k^2 + D_4 \, (\vec{q} \times \vec{k})^2 \nonumber \\ &+& \left( D_5 \, q^4 + D_6 \, k^4 + D_7 \, q^2 k^2 + D_8 \, (\vec{q} \times \vec{k})^2 \right) \vec{\sigma}_1 \cdot \vec{\sigma}_2 \nonumber \\ &+& \left( D_9 \, q^2 + D_{10} \, k^2 \right) \left( -i \vec{S} \cdot (\vec{q} \times \vec{k}) \right) \nonumber \\ &+& \left( D_{11} \, q^2 + D_{12} \, k^2 \right) ( \vec{\sigma}_1 \cdot \vec{q} )\,( \vec{\sigma}_2 \cdot \vec{q}) \nonumber \\ &+& \left( D_{13} \, q^2 + D_{14} \, k^2 \right) ( \vec{\sigma}_1 \cdot \vec{k} )\,( \vec{\sigma}_2 \cdot \vec{k}) \nonumber \\ &+& D_{15} \left( \vec{\sigma}_1 \cdot (\vec{q} \times \vec{k}) \, \, \vec{\sigma}_2 \cdot (\vec{q} \times \vec{k}) \right) . \tag{43} \end{eqnarray}
The 2PE potential at N$^3$LO, $V_{2\pi}^{(4)}$, is very involved, which is why will not give its expressions here. It can be found in (Machleidt and Entem, 2011). The N$^3$LO 3PE contributions, $V_{3\pi}^{(4)}$, are negligible.
The two-nucleon system is characterized by large scattering lengths and a shallow bound states (the deuteron), which cannot be calculated by perturbation theory. Therefore, the $NN$ potential must be inserted into a Schrödinger or Lippmann-Schwinger (LS) equation to obtain the $NN$ amplitude, \begin{equation} \widehat{T}({\vec p}~',{\vec p})= \widehat{V}({\vec p}~',{\vec p})+ \int d^3p''\: \widehat{V}({\vec p}~',{\vec p}~'')\: \frac{M_N} {{ p}^{2}-{p''}^{2}+i\epsilon}\: \widehat{T}({\vec p}~'',{\vec p}) \, , \tag{44} \end{equation} where the definitions \begin{equation} \widehat{V}({\vec p}~',{\vec p}) \equiv \frac{1}{(2\pi)^3} \sqrt{\frac{M_N}{E_{p'}}}\: {V}({\vec p}~',{\vec p})\: \sqrt{\frac{M_N}{E_{p}}} \tag{45} \end{equation} and \begin{equation} \widehat{T}({\vec p}~',{\vec p}) \equiv \frac{1}{(2\pi)^3} \sqrt{\frac{M_N}{E_{p'}}}\: {T}({\vec p}~',{\vec p})\: \sqrt{\frac{M_N}{E_{p}}} \,, \tag{46} \end{equation} are used, with $E_{p}\equiv \sqrt{M_N^2 + {p}^2}$. Iteration of $\widehat V$ in the LS equation, Eq. ( 44 ), requires cutting $\widehat V$ off for high momenta to avoid infinities. This is consistent with the fact that ChPT is a low-momentum expansion which is valid only for momenta $Q < \Lambda_\chi \approx 1$ GeV. Therefore, the potential $\widehat V$ is multiplied with a regulator function $f(p',p)$, \begin{equation} {\widehat V}(\vec{ p}~',{\vec p}) \longmapsto {\widehat V}(\vec{ p}~',{\vec p}) \, f(p',p) \end{equation} with, for example, \begin{equation} f(p',p) = \exp[-(p'/\Lambda)^{2n}-(p/\Lambda)^{2n}] \,. \tag{47} \end{equation} Typical choices for the cutoff parameter $\Lambda$ that appears in the regulator are $\Lambda \approx 0.5 \mbox{ GeV} < \Lambda_\chi \approx 1$ GeV.
It is pretty obvious that results for the $\widehat T$-matrix may then depend sensitively on the regulator and its cutoff parameter, which is undesirable. The removal of such regulator dependence is known as renormalization. Note that renormalizability is crucial for the validity of an EFT. The quantitative chiral $NN$ potentials currently in use (Entem and Machleidt, 2003) apply two regularization schemes: In the derivation of the potential, dimensional regularization is used (where the cutoff is taken to infinity), while in the LS equation, Eq. ( 44 ), the regulator Eq. ( 47 ) is applied with a finite cutoff. This scheme has produced useful $NN$ potentials, but the way regularization and renormalization is handled is controversial. In spite of almost two decades of research by a large variety of theoretical physicists, there is still no consensus in the community on how to conduct the renormalization of chiral EFT based nuclear forces in a satisfactory way. In this context, the pionless EFT has turned out to be enlightening, since it allows for a more transparent renormalization procedure (because it consists of contacts only and does not include pion loops).
A related unresolved issue is the proper counting of the powers of the low-energy expansion. Notice that the power given in Eq. ( 26 ) is the one of the perturbatively calculated potential. However, the quantity of physical relevance is the $\widehat T$-matrix, which is obtained by iterating the potential in the LS equation, Eq. ( 44 ), which may change the power. Also here the pionless theory has been helpful since, due to its simplicity, it allows for analytic solutions of the LS equation revealing the power explicitly. The rather involved issues of renormalization and (modified) power counting are beyond the scope of this introductory article. The interested reader is referred to the reviews by Bedaque and van Kolck (2002) and Machleidt and Entem (2011) for a more detailed discussion and a comprehensive list of references.
Three-nucleon forces
In microscopic calculations of nuclear structure and reactions, the 2NF makes, of course, the largest contribution. However, from ab-initio studies it is well-known that certain few-nucleon reactions and nuclear structure issues require 3NFs for their precise microscopic explanation. In short, we need 3NFs. As noted before, an important advantage of the EFT approach to nuclear forces is that it creates two- and many-nucleon forces on an equal footing (cf. Figure 13 ).
For a 3NF, we have $A=3$ and $C=1$ and, thus, Eq. ( 26 ) implies \begin{equation} \nu = 2 + 2L + \sum_i \Delta_i \,. \tag{48} \end{equation} We will use this equation to analyze 3NF contributions order by order.
The lowest possible power is obviously $\nu=2$ (NLO), which is obtained for no loops ($L=0$) and only leading vertices ($\sum_i \Delta_i = 0$). As it turns out, this contribution vanishes.
Figure 17: 3NF at NNLO $(\nu=3)$. From left to right: 2PE, 1PE-contact, and contact diagrams. Notation as in Figure 13 .
The first non-vanishing 3NF appears at NNLO $\boldsymbol{(\nu=3)}$. The power $\nu=3$ is obtained when there are no loops ($L=0$) and $\sum_i \Delta_i = 1$, i.e., $\Delta_i=1$ for one vertex while $\Delta_i=0$ for all other vertices. There are three topologies which fulfill this condition, known as the 2PE, 1PE, and contact graphs, Figure 17 (van Kolck, 1994), (Epelbaum et al., 2002).
The 2PE 3N-potential is derived to be \begin{equation} V^{\rm 3NF}_{\rm 2PE} = \left( \frac{g_A}{2f_\pi} \right)^2 \frac12 \sum_{i \neq j \neq k} \frac{ ( \vec \sigma_i \cdot \vec q_i ) ( \vec \sigma_j \cdot \vec q_j ) }{ ( q^2_i + m^2_\pi ) ( q^2_j + m^2_\pi ) } \; F^{ab}_{ijk} \; \tau^a_i \tau^b_j \tag{49} \end{equation} with $\vec q_i \equiv \vec{p_i}' - \vec p_i$, where $\vec p_i$ and $\vec{p_i}'$ are the initial and final momenta of nucleon $i$, respectively, and \begin{equation} F^{ab}_{ijk} = \delta^{ab} \left[ - \frac{4c_1 m^2_\pi}{f^2_\pi} + \frac{2c_3}{f^2_\pi} \; \vec q_i \cdot \vec q_j \right] + \frac{c_4}{f^2_\pi} \sum_{c} \epsilon^{abc} \; \tau^c_k \; \vec \sigma_k \cdot [ \vec q_i \times \vec q_j] \; . \tag{50} \end{equation} There are great similarities between this force and derivations of 2PE 3NFs from conventional meson theory (Fujita and Miyazawa, 1957; Coon et al., 1979).
The other two 3NF contributions are easily derived by taking the last two terms of the $\Delta=1$ Lagrangian, Eq. ( 20 ), into account. The 1PE contribution is \begin{equation} V^{\rm 3NF}_{\rm 1PE} = -D \; \frac{g_A}{8f^2_\pi} \sum_{i \neq j \neq k} \frac{\vec \sigma_j \cdot \vec q_j}{ q^2_j + m^2_\pi } ( \boldsymbol{\tau}_i \cdot \boldsymbol{\tau}_j ) ( \vec \sigma_i \cdot \vec q_j ) \tag{51} \end{equation} and the 3N contact potential reads \begin{equation} V^{\rm 3NF}_{\rm ct} = E \; \frac12 \sum_{j \neq k} \boldsymbol{\tau}_j \cdot \boldsymbol{\tau}_k \; . \tag{52} \end{equation} These 3NF terms involve the two new parameters $D$ and $E$, which do not appear in the 2N problem. There are many ways to pin these two parameters down. Using the triton binding energy and the $nd$ doublet scattering length $^2a_{nd}$ is one possibility. One may also choose the binding energies of $^3$H and $^4$He or an optimal over-all fit of the properties of light nuclei. Once $D$ and $E$ are fixed, the results for other 3N, 4N, etc. observables are predictions.
The 3NF at NNLO has been applied in calculations of few-nucleon reactions, structure of light- and medium-mass nuclei, and nuclear and neutron matter with a good deal of success. Yet, the problem with the underprediction of the analyzing power of nucleon-deuteron and $p$-$^3$He scattering, which has become known as the '$A_y$ puzzle', is not resolved by this 3NF. Furthermore, the spectra of light nuclei leave room for improvement. Therefore, 3NFs of higher orders are needed for at least two reasons: to hopefully resolve outstanding problems in microscopic structure and reactions and for consistency with the 2NF (recall that a precise 2NF is of order N$^3$LO).
Figure 18: 3NF at N$^3$LO ($\nu=4$). We show one representative diagram for each of five topologies, which are: (a) 2PE, (b) 2PE-1PE, (c) ring, (d) 1PE-contact, and (e) 2PE-contact. Notation as in Figure 13 .
The next order is N$^3$LO $\boldsymbol{(\nu=4)}$, where we are faced with a very large number of loop diagrams (Figure 18 ). For those loops, $L$ is one and, therefore, all $\Delta_i$ have to be zero to ensure $\nu=4$. Thus, these one-loop 3NF diagrams can include only leading order vertices, the parameters of which are fixed from $\pi N$ and $NN$ analysis. There are five loop topologies. In Figure 18 we show one sample diagram for each topology. Note, however, that each topology consists of many diagrams such that the total number of diagrams is between 50 and 100, depending on how the diagrams are represented (Bernard et al., 2011). Preliminary applications of the 3N potentials derived from these diagrams indicate that the N$^3$LO 3NF is fairly weak and does not solve the $A_y$ puzzle (Witala et al., 2013).
Figure 19: 3NF loop contributions at N$^4$LO ($\nu=5$). We show one representative diagram for each of five topologies, which are: (a) 2PE, (b) 2PE-1PE, (c) ring, (d) 1PE-contact, and (e) 2PE-contact. Notation as in Figure 13 .
Figure 20: 3NF 'tree' graphs at N$^4$LO $(\nu=5)$ denoted by: (a) 2PE, (b) 1PE-contact, and (c) contact. Solid triangles represent vertices of index $\Delta_i=3$; other notation as in Figure 13 .
Since we are dealing with a perturbation theory, it is natural to turn to the next order when looking for further improvements. Thus, we proceed to order N$^4$LO $\boldsymbol{(\nu=5)}$. The loop contributions that occur at this order (Figure 19 ) are obtained by replacing in the N$^3$LO loops one vertex by a $\Delta_i=1$ vertex (with LEC $c_i$)}, which is why these loops may be more sizable than the N$^3$LO loops. Again, there are five loop topologies, each of which consists of many diagrams. In addition, we have three 'tree' topologies (Figure 20 ) which include a new set of 3N contact interactions [graph (c)]. Contact terms are typically simple (as compared to loop diagrams) and their coefficients are unconstrained (except for naturalness). The N$^4$LO 3NF terms include all possible spin-isospin-momentum structures that a 3NF can have. Thus, there is hope that the 3NF at N$^4$LO may provide the missing pieces in the 3NF puzzle. However, a problem is how to deal with the explosion of 3NF contributions that emerge at N$^3$LO and N$^4$LO.
Four-nucleon forces
For connected ($C=1$) $A=4$ diagrams, Eq. ( 26 ) yields \begin{equation} \nu = 4 + 2L + \sum_i \Delta_i \,. \tag{53} \end{equation}
Figure 21: Leading 4NF at N$^3$LO. Notation as in Figure 13 .
Therefore, a connected 4NF appears for the first time at $\nu = 4$ (N$^3$LO), with no loops and only leading vertices, Figure 21 (Epelbaum, 2007). This 4NF includes no new parameters and does not vanish. Some graphs in Figure 21 appear to be reducible (iterative). Note, however, that these are Feynman diagrams, which are best analyzed in terms of time-ordered perturbation theory. The various time-orderings include also some irreducible topologies (which are, by definition, 4NFs). Or, in other words, the Feynman diagram minus the reducible part of it yields the (irreducible) contribution to the 4NF.
Assuming a good rate of convergence, a contribution of order $(Q/\Lambda_\chi)^4$ is expected to be rather small. Thus, ChPT predicts 4NF to be essentially insignificant, consistent with experience. Still, nothing is fully proven in physics unless we have performed explicit calculations. The leading 4NF has been applied in a calculation of the $^4$He binding energy, where it was found to contribute about 0.1 MeV. This is small as compared to the full $^4$He binding energy of 28.3 MeV.
Introducing $\Delta$-isobar degrees of freedom
Figure 22: Chiral 2NF without and with $\Delta$-isobar degrees of freedom. Arrows indicate the shift of strength when explicit $\Delta$'s are added to the theory. Note that the $\Delta$-full theory consists of the diagrams involving $\Delta$'s plus the $\Delta$-less ones. Double lines represent $\Delta$-isobars; remaining notation as in Figure 13 .
Figure 23: Same as Figure 22 , but for the 3NF.
The lowest excited state of the nucleon is the $\Delta(1232)$ resonance or isobar (a $\pi$-$N$ $P$-wave resonance with both spin and isospin 3/2) with an excitation energy of $\Delta M=M_\Delta - M_N = 293$ MeV. Because of its strong coupling to the $\pi$-$N$ system and low excitation energy, it is an important ingredient for models of pion-nucleon scattering in the $\Delta$-region and pion production from the two-nucleon system at intermediate energies, where the particle production proceeds prevailingly through the formation of $\Delta$ isobars. At low energies, the more sophisticated conventional models for the 2$\pi$-exchange contribution to the $NN$ interaction include the virtual excitation of $\Delta$'s, which in these models accounts for about 50% of the intermediate-range attraction of the nuclear force---as demonstrated by the Bonn potential (Machleidt et al., 1987).
Because of its relatively small excitation energy, it is not clear from the outset if, in an EFT, the $\Delta$ should be taken into account explicitly or integrated out as a heavy degree of freedom. If it is included, then $\Delta M \sim m_\pi$ is considered as another small expansion parameter, besides the pion mass and small external momenta. This scheme has become known as the small scale expansion (SSE). Note, however, that this extension is of phenomenological character, since $\Delta M$ does not vanish in the chiral limit.
In the chiral EFT discussed so far (also known as the $\Delta$-less theory), the effects due to $\Delta$ isobars are taken into account implicitly. Note that the dimension-two LECs, $c_i$, have unnaturally large values. The reason for this is that the $\Delta$-isobar (and some meson resonances) contribute considerably to the $c_i$---a mechanism that has become known as resonance saturation. Therefore, the explicit inclusion of the $\Delta$ [the so-called $\Delta$-full theory (Ordonez et al., 1996), (Kaiser et al., 1998)] takes strength out of these LECs and moves this strength to a lower order. As a consequence, the convergence of the expansion improves, which is another motivation for introducing explicit $\Delta$-degrees of freedom. In the $\Delta$-less theory, the subleading 2PE and 3PE contributions to the 2NF are larger than the leading ones. The promotion of large contributions by one order in the $\Delta$-full theory fixes this problem (Ordonez et al., 1996).
In analogy to the $NN\pi$ coupling, which is proportional to $g_A/2f_\pi$ and includes one derivative, the $N\Delta\pi$ coupling is proportional to $h_A/2f_\pi$ and includes one derivative. The LECs of the $\pi N$ Lagrangian are usually extracted in the analysis of $\pi$-$N$ scattering data and clearly come out differently in the $\Delta$-full theory as compared to the $\Delta$-less one. While in the $\Delta$-less theory the magnitude of the LECs $c_3$ and $c_4$ is about 3-5 GeV$^{-1}$, they turn out to be around 1 GeV$^{-1}$ in the $\Delta$-full theory.
In the 2NF, the virtual excitation of $\Delta$-isobars requires at least one loop and, thus, the contribution occurs first at $\nu=2$ (NLO), see Figure 22 . The consistency between the $\Delta$-full and $\Delta$-less theories has been verified by showing that the contributions due to intermediate $\Delta$-excitations, expanded in powers of $1/\Delta M$, can be absorbed into a redefinition of the LECs of the $\Delta$-less theory. The corresponding shift of the LECs $c_3,c_4$ is given by \begin{equation} c_3=-2c_4=-\frac{h_A^2}{9\Delta M} \,. \tag{54} \end{equation} Using $h_A=3g_A/\sqrt{2}$ (large $N_c$ value), almost all of $c_3$ and an appreciable part of $c_4$ is explained by the $\Delta$ resonance.
Several studies have confirmed that a large amount of the intermediate-range attraction of the 2NF is shifted from NNLO to NLO with the explicit introduction of the $\Delta$-isobar. However, it is also found that the NNLO 2PE potential of the $\Delta$-less theory provides a very good approximation to the NNLO potential in the $\Delta$-full theory.
The $\Delta$ isobar also changes the 3NF scenario, see Figure 23 . The leading 2PE 3NF is promoted to NLO. In the $\Delta$-full theory, this term has the same mathematical form as the corresponding term in the $\Delta$-less theory, Eqs. ( 49 ) and ( 50 ), provided one chooses $c_1=0$ and $c_3$, $c_4$ according to Eq.~( 54 ). Note that the other two NLO 3NF terms involving $\Delta$'s vanish as a consequence of the antisymmetrisation of the 3N states. The $\Delta$ contributions to the 3NF at NNLO vanish at this order, because the subleading $N\Delta \pi$ vertex contains a time-derivative, which demotes the contributions by one order. However, substantial 3NF contributions are expected at N$^3$LO from one-loop diagrams with one, two, or three intermediate $\Delta$-excitations, which correspond to diagrams of order N$^4$LO, N$^5$LO, and N$^6$LO, respectively, in the $\Delta$-less theory.
To summarize, the inclusion of explicit $\Delta$ degrees of freedom does certainly improve the convergence of the chiral expansion by shifting sizable contributions from NNLO to NLO. On the other hand, at NNLO the results for the $\Delta$-full and $\Delta$-less theory are essentially the same. Note that the $\Delta$-full theory consists of the diagrams involving $\Delta$'s plus all diagrams of the $\Delta$-less theory. Thus, the $\Delta$-full theory is much more involved. Moreover, in the $\Delta$-full theory, $1/M_N$ 2NF corrections appear at NNLO (not shown in Figure 22 ), which were found to be uncomfortably large (Kaiser et al., 1998). Thus, it appears that up to NNLO, the $\Delta$-less theory is more manageable.
The situation could, however, change at N$^3$LO where potentially large contributions enter the picture. It may be more efficient to calculate these terms in the $\Delta$-full theory, because in the $\Delta$-less theory they are spread out over N$^3$LO, N$^4$LO and, in part, N$^5$LO. These higher order contributions are a crucial test for the convergence of the chiral expansion of nuclear forces and represent a challenging topic for future research.
Baryon-baryon interactions
All baryons interact strongly with each other. Therefore, besides interactions between nucleons, which was the topic of this article, there are many more strong baryon-baryon interactions. Traditionally, one focus has been the forces between nucleons and hyperons (strange baryons) and hyperons and hyperons. Furthermore, the interaction between a baryon and an anti-baryon has drawn considerable interest, for which the nucleon-antinucleon interaction is the most studied example. As in the case of the nucleon-nucleon interaction, the approaches that have been tried to explain the baryon-(anti)baryon interactions include: phenomenology, meson theory, quark models, lattice QCD, and effective field theory. It is not the purpose of this article to discus those other baryon-baryon interactions, but it is worthwhile pointing out that due to the quark sub-structure of hadrons, all baryon-baryon interactions are related. Thus, the nucleon-nucleon interaction discussed in this review is not an isolated object and should be viewed in the context of all baryonic interactions. A description of all baryon-baryon interactions that is consistent with all relevant underlying symmetries is a challenging subject of contemporary research. For more information on this topic, we like to refer the interested reader to the literature. Hyperon-nucleon interactions are reviewed by Rijken et al. (2013) in the meson picture and by Haidenbauer et al. (2013) in chiral EFT. For nucleon-antinucleon, see Klempt et al. (2005), and Kang et al. (2013) for a chiral EFT approach.
Conclusions
The nuclear force has been one of the most difficult problems of modern physics. Characteristic for any fundamental science problem is that it has an intrinsic as well as an extrinsic value.
The intrinsic value of the nuclear force problem is reflected by the fact that this problem has been a fundamental challenge for eight decades and has engaged a large number of physicists creating a great diversity of ideas. Thus, understanding the nature of the nuclear force is a value by itself.
The extrinsic value derives from the fact that quantitative potentials for the nuclear two- and many-body forces are the necessary input for ab initio calculations of the properties of atomic nuclei and their reactions. Nuclear forces are crucial for the understanding of any nuclear system from a microscopic standpoint.
It has been the purpose of this review article to provide detailed information on both aspects of the nuclear force problem.
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External links
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What was the name of the ship upon which John Cabot sailed to Newfoundland in 1497? | John Cabot's Voyage of 1497
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John Cabot's Voyage of 1497
There is very little precise contemporary information about the 1497 voyage. If Cabot kept a log, or made maps of his journey, they have disappeared. What we have as evidence is scanty: a few maps from the first part of the 16th century which appear to contain information obtained from Cabot, and some letters from non-participants reporting second-hand on what had occurred. As a result, there are many conflicting theories and opinions about what actually happened.
19th Century Interpretation of John Cabot's Discovery of North America
Over the years, the exact location of John Cabot's 1497 landfall has been a great subject of debate for scholars and historians.
"Discovery of North America, by John and Sebastian Cabot" drawn by A.S. Warren for Ballou's Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion, April 7, 1855. From Charles de Volpi, Newfoundland: A pictorial Record (Sherbrooke, Quebec: Longman Canada Limited, ©1972) 1.
Cabot's ship was named the Matthew, almost certainly after his wife Mattea. It was a navicula, meaning a relatively small vessel, of 50 toneles - able to carry 50 tons of wine or other cargo. It was decked, with a high sterncastle and three masts. The two forward masts carried square mainsails to propel the vessel forward. The rear mast was rigged with a lateen sail running in the same direction as the keel, which helped the vessel sail into the wind.
Modern-day Replica of John Cabot's Ship, the Matthew
Although there is no contemporary 15th-century depiction of the Matthew this historical replica was built for the 'Cabot 500' anniversary celebrations in Newfoundland during the summer of 1997. This photo shows the Matthew during its call at St. John's Harbour.
Reproduced by permission of Wayne Sturge. Photo ©1997.
There were about 20 people on board. Cabot, a Genoese barber(surgeon), a Burgundian, two Bristol merchants, and Bristol sailors. Whether any of Cabot's sons were members of the crew cannot be verified.
The Matthew left Bristol sometime in May, 1497. Some scholars think it was early in the month, others towards the end. It is generally agreed that he would have sailed down the Bristol Channel, across to Ireland, and then north along the west coast of Ireland before turning out to sea.
But how far north did he go? Again, it is impossible to be certain. All one can say is that Cabot's point of departure was somewhere between 51 and 54 degrees north latitude, with most modern scholars favouring a northerly location.
The next point of debate is how far Cabot might have drifted to the south during his crossing. Some scholars have argued that ocean currents and magnetic variations affecting his compass could have pulled Cabot far off course. Others think that Cabot could have held approximately to his latitude. In any event, some 35 days after leaving Bristol he sighted land, probably on 24 June. Where was the landfall?
Cabot was back in Bristol on 6 August, after a 15 day return crossing. This means that he explored the region for about a month. Where did he go?
| Matt Hardy |
Which Swede did Roger Federer defeat to win his first French Open Men's Singles title in 2009? | John Cabot Sails for North America | History Today
John Cabot Sails for North America
USA
John Cabot set sail from Bristol, England, looking for a route to the west on May 20th 1497.
John Cabot in traditional Venetian garb by Giustino Menescardi (1762). A mural painting in the Sala dello Scudo in the Palazzo Ducale, Venice.
While Christopher Columbus' monumentally bad sense of direction in 1492, which led to his discovery of the Americas, has been celebrated down the centuries as the pinnacle of the Age of Discovery, the equally confused meanderings of his countryman, John Cabot, have perhaps received less attention than they deserve.
Cabot was not the first man to set foot in North America – millions of Native Americans had seen to that. Nor was he the first European on the continent (the Viking settlement at L’Anse aux Meadows in Canada lays to rest once and for all the argument as to who got there first). Worse, he was not even the first Englishman to stride out confidently into God's own country. Yet when Cabot's ship, the Matthew, landed in what today is eastern Canada in June 1497, he began Britain's long and eventful association with the New World that continues to this day.
With a neat – and typical – sense of symmetry Columbus claimed the sultry southern half of the New World for Spain, while Cabot secured the windswept and frozen north for Henry Vll. Thus began a fierce rivalry between imperial Spain and Tudor and Stuart Britain over spheres of influence in the area that in time threw up characters as colourful as Sir Walter Raleigh, Captain Henry Morgan and 'Blackbeard', Edward Teach It was a rivalry, however, that may have claimed Cabot himself as its first victim.
Born Giovanni Caboto in Italy in 1450, after plying his trade as a sailor across the Mediterranean, Cabot moved to England in 1484 to try his luck there. When Christopher Columbus, a fellow Genoese sailor, discovered America in 1492, he sparked off a rush of westward voyages by sailors, explorers and adventurers looking for the elusive western route to the Indies. Already mindful that. the Spanish had a head start on him in opening up the New World, Henry Vll in England took up Cabot's proposal that he set sail to find a westward route to Japan. With the merchants of Bristol, Henry raised the funds to set Cabot on his way, and the Matthew was built, crewed and supplied to set sail in June 1497.
When Cabot landed not in Japan but on the North American mainland he remained unfazed and simply claimed the 'New Founde Lands' for the crown For establishing this foothold in Britain's new overseas empire Cabot was showered with riches to the tune of £10 and encouraged to undertake a second expedition as soon as possible. But unlike later pioneers of Britain's overseas expansion – his £10 reward notwithstanding – Cabot was not to profit from his labours. On his second voyage in 1498 he mysteriously disappeared, never to return.
It was not long before the rumours began that the Spanish had murdered Cabot in order to steal his valuable maps and charts of the north-eastern American coastline. While, and perhaps because, this has never been proved, it is a rumour that persists today. Certainly, many more deaths followed as the Spanish and the British struggled to carve out their own areas of interest on the mainland and in the islands of the Americas, or as the region became an area for Britain and Spain to carry on the European conflicts by proxy, such as during the War of the Spanish Succession where the American battlefields were almost as important as those in Europe.
Ultimately, of course, Britain came to dominate the continent, at least until George III managed to mislay it during a small dispute over tea and taxes 300 years later. By that time Britain's imprint on the Americas, initiated by an Italian serving under a Welsh monarch and ended by a German king of England, had left an indelible mark, shaping many of America's customs and institutions and prefiguring the polyglot society that America is today.
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The theme tune of which TV show is 'Approaching Menace' by the British composer Neil Richardson? | Neil Richardson, composer of Mastermind theme tune, dies aged 80 | The List
Neil Richardson, composer of Mastermind theme tune, dies aged 80
Source: List.co.uk
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Photo: Brian Ritchie/BBC
Neil Richardson, the English composer and arranger most well-known for writing the piece of music used as the theme tune to TV quiz show Mastermind, has died. He was 80.
The iconic theme, which is suitably titled 'Approaching Menace', has been used on the flagship BBC quiz show from its inception in 1972 to the present day. That's a full 38 years of striking terror into the heart of contestants, who you would think probably have enough to get nervous about facing up to prospect of potential humiliation on national television, without an equally terrifying piece of music to help them on their way to very public heart failure.
The potential for suspense that a well-chosen piece of mood music can have on the already tense atmosphere of a TV quiz is something the makers of The Weakest Link clearly kept in mind. An extract of just a couple of seconds of each theme is enough to shatter the nerves of most pub quiz teams.
Like much music used on TV, it was originally composed as a piece of library music - music composed and recorded for use in various projects which does not require a commissioning fee. Compilations of library music are often used by TV producers and filmmakers looking to add music to their project economically.
Mastermind is one of the longest-running, serious and most challenging of TV quiz shows. The iconic status earned by the show has led to it being satirised in sketches by The Two Ronnies, Smith & Jones and others.
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In Shakespeare, what is 'Falstaff's' first name? | Neil Richardson - New Songs, Playlists & Latest News - BBC Music
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Neil Richardson Biography (Wikipedia)
Neil Grant Richardson (5 February 1930 – 8 October 2010) was an English composer and conductor. As a composer, he is perhaps best known for "Approaching Menace" (the Mastermind theme tune) and "The Riviera Affair". During the 1960s–1990s, he was an arranger and conductor of various BBC Radio Orchestras, working on programmes such as String Sound and The Radio Orchestra Show. He was a prolific composer of library music for companies such as KPM, and his music has been used in numerous TV, film and radio productions.
The son of a Worcestershire clergyman, Neil Richardson was born in Stourport-on-Severn, and grew up in the village of Hartlebury. Aged eight, he went to become a chorister at Westminster Abbey. After leaving the Abbey school, he became a music scholar at Lancing College, Sussex, and continued his musical studies at the Royal College of Music, studying clarinet, piano and composition with professor William Lloyd Webber. During his National Service, he played solo clarinet with the band of the Royal Air Force at Cranwell. After completing his national service, he began a career as an arranger, writing and conducting for the BBC, particularly the then-numerous BBC Radio and concert orchestras. He was instrumental in creating the BBC Northern Radio Orchestra in 1975 and was its conductor for many years. He died, aged 80, in Nerja, Spain.
This entry is from Wikipedia , the user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors and is licensed under an Attribution-ShareAlike Creative Commons License . If you find the biography content factually incorrect or highly offensive you can edit this article at Wikipedia . Find out more about our use of this data.
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'Broadcast Yourself' is the slogan of which internet site? | YouTube | Logopedia | Fandom powered by Wikia
2015–present
2005–2011
The logo consists of the black word "You" and a red rounded rectangle with the word "Tube" in it next to it. This logo is still being used on some other pages.
Logo with the slogan "Broadcast Yourself". Notice that the red square looks different in this variation.
Add a photo to this gallery
2011–2013
This modification of the YouTube logo was introduced in July 2011 as a part of the Cosmic Panda experiment. It officially became the new logo a few months later. It has the red square in a darker color this time. Also, starting in 2012, the slogan "Broadcast Yourself" was retired.
2013–2015
On December 19, 2013, the red rectangle was made lighter in color. Also, the word "You" was made more black and the shadow behind the word "Tube" was removed. This is still used as a secondary logo.
Alternate Version, only for social media.
| YouTube |
Which of the moons of Uranus is named after the queen of the fairies in 'A Midsummer Night's Dream'? | Website with the slogan "Broadcast Yourself" - Crossword clues & answers - Global Clue
Useful website for every solver
Website with the slogan "Broadcast Yourself"
Let's find possible answers to "Website with the slogan "Broadcast Yourself"" crossword clue. First of all, we will look for a few extra hints for this entry: Website with the slogan "Broadcast Yourself". Finally, we will solve this crossword puzzle clue and get the correct word. We have 1 possible solution for this clue in our database.
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Which artist painted 'The Seagram Murals'? | National Gallery of Art - Mark Rothko: Seagram Murals
Mark Rothko: Seagram Murals
December 6, 2011–July 22, 2012
This exhibition is no longer on view at the National Gallery. Please follow the links below for related online resources or visit our current exhibitions schedule.
Related Resources
In the Tower: Mark Rothko
Exhibition Brochure
Modern and Contemporary Painting and Sculpture
In June 1958, Mark Rothko accepted a commission to decorate a dining room in the Four Seasons restaurant of the Seagram Building on Park Avenue in Manhattan, a new modernist skyscraper by Philip Johnson and Mies van der Rohe. Departing from his wonted format of floating rectangles in glowing colors, Rothko produced wine-dark paintings with ambiguous portal shapes evoking what he called a "closed space." From the fall of 1958 into 1959 he was completely absorbed, making more than thirty even though the room only offered places for seven. At the same time, he became increasingly doubtful that a luxury restaurant with its wealthy patrons was the appropriate venue for his art. He withdrew, canceling what would have been his first painted environment—a "place," as he ambitiously said, rather than just a group of paintings. He did, however, complete commissions for a room at Harvard University and a chapel in Houston before his death in 1970.
In 1985 and 1986, the National Gallery of Art received a vast gift of works from the Mark Rothko Foundation, including several paintings deriving from the so-called Seagram Mural project. The installation of three of these in the Concourse galleries of the East Building is timed to coincide with the presentation of John Logan's play Red at Arena Stage (January 20 to March 4), which dramatizes Rothko's struggle with the commission.
Organization: Organized by the National Gallery of Art.
Schedule: National Gallery of Art, December 6, 2011–July 22, 2012
| Mark Rothko |
On which island could you find an active volcano called 'Hekla'? | Rothko painting defaced at Tate Modern | Art and design | The Guardian
Mark Rothko
Rothko painting defaced at Tate Modern
Man inscribes words in black ink in corner of 1958 canvas Black on Maroon before quickly leaving room
A photo posted on Twitter of the defaced corner of Rothko's Black on Maroon
Sunday 7 October 2012 16.10 EDT
First published on Sunday 7 October 2012 16.10 EDT
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This article is 4 years old
A man has defaced a multimillion-pound Mark Rothko mural hanging in the Tate Modern gallery in front of onlookers. A police investigation is now under way into the vandalism of the US artist's work.
A visitor to the museum said he raised the alarm after a man inscribed some words in black ink in a corner of Rothko's 1958 canvas Black on Maroon, before quickly leaving the room.
Tim Wright, who posted a picture on Twitter of the canvas after it was defaced , said that he saw the man sitting quietly in front of the painting beforehand.
"Then we heard the sound of a pen, but by the time we turned around he was pretty much finished with his tag," said Wright, who was with his girlfriend on a weekend visit to London from Bristol. "The pen ink then just dripped down the painting. Once we realised what had happened, we went to find a member of staff. They were really shocked when they came and saw what he had done."
The museum said in a statement: "Tate can confirm that at 15.25 this afternoon there was an incident at Tate Modern in which a visitor defaced one of Rothko's Seagram murals by applying a small area of black paint with a brush to the painting. The police are currently investigating the incident."
The gallery was closed for a short time after the incident.
The canvas, one of a number by Rothko owned by the Tate, was in a room with several other works painted by the Russian-born artist, who emigrated to the US at the age of 10 and went on to become one of America's most important postwar artists.
His work commands huge prices. In May, his Orange, Red, Yellow was sold in New York for $86.9m (£53.8m) – the highest price ever fetched by a piece of contemporary art at auction.
The Seagram murals were painted by Rothko in 1958 for Manhattan's Four Seasons restaurant, but they were never installed. He presented a number of them to the Tate gallery shortly before he died in 1970. This year, Tate Modern opened a new Rothko Room as part of its rehung permanent galleries.
Art lovers made their feelings known on Twitter, scrutinising the image of the defacement, which appeared to include the word "Vladimir".
"I am a naturally peaceful person, but I wouldn't be that upset if 'Vladimir' accidentally met with a baseball bat," said one.
The graffiti on the painting appears to read "a potential piece of yellowism." According to an online manifesto, Yellowism is an artistic movement run by two people named Vladimir Umanets and Marcin Lodyga.
The defacing of the Queen's portrait is the latest act of art vandalism, including a Mark Rothko at Tate Modern and a Delacroix at the Lens Louvre, says Jonathan Jones
Published: 16 Jun 2013
Fathers4Justice member to appear in court on Friday after paint was sprayed on picture in Westminster Abbey
Published: 13 Jun 2013
Vladimir Umanets says he is responsible for inscribing black ink in corner of 1958 canvas Black on Maroon
Published: 7 Oct 2012
Jonathan Jones: From Rothko to Michelangelo and Rembrandt, it seems to be the most powerful works of art that draw the vandals
Published: 8 Oct 2012
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Who wrote the song 'This Wheel's On Fire', later to be used as the soundtrack to 'Absolutely Fabulous'? | This Wheel's On Fire by The Band Songfacts
Songfacts
Written by Bob Dylan and Band bassist Rick Danko, this was one of Dylan's famous "Basement Tapes" songs, recorded in April 1967 with the members of The Band in Big Pink (a house in upstate New York) after Dylan's near-fatal motorcycle accident in 1966. Fourteen different Basement Tapes became available as Bootleg recordings, and "This Wheel's On Fire" appeared on tapes labeled "Great White Wonder" and "Little White Wonder." >>
Suggestion credit:
Joey - Athens, GA
Band drummer Levon Helm's autobiography is called This Wheel's On Fire . In the book, he explains that the basement tapes sessions had a very loose feel - they didn't mind some bad notes and had to play relatively quiet, since they were really in a basement and too much sound echoing off the wall could be annoying. Helm adds that for this song, he was teaching himself to play the piano, and some of the music he wrote just seemed to fit with Dylan's lyrics.
Dylan's original version is much slower than The Band version on Music From Big Pink. When he recorded The Basement Tapes with The Band, many of the songs were covers of old Country or Blues tunes, and sometimes they jammed on different song ideas. "This Wheel's On Fire" was one of the few fully formed songs they came up with. Members of The Band credited Dylan with teaching them a great deal about songwriting during his time at Big Pink.
Like many songs Bob Dylan wrote, this one is open to interpretation. The wheel on fire seems to be the singer anticipating death, and who he's speaking to could be a friend, an enemy, or even God.
Many artists have covered this song, including Julie Driscoll, Brian Auger & The Trinity, whose version hit #5 in the UK in 1968. The Byrds covered it in 1969, and Siouxsie and the Banshees brought it back to the UK charts in 1987, with a version that hit #14.
With so many cover versions, it was a very profitable song for the writers, and while Bob Dylan was used to large royalty payments, Rick Danko was not, and his check for about $200,000 was an astonishing amount of money. Danko would later say, "Those royalty checks almost killed some of us," referring to members of The Band who suddenly had easy access to drugs, alcohol, and a lifestyle of excess. Richard Manuel, who killed himself in 1986, was particularly prone to drinking and drug binges.
Julie Driscoll recorded the song again in the early 1990s as the theme to the BBC comedy series Absolutely Fabulous. This new version was recorded with Adrian Edmondson, who is the husband of the show's creator and star Jennifer Saunders.
Kylie Minogue gave the track an euphoric disco-charged makeover. Her version was released as the official theme song for 2016's Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie.
| Bob Dylan |
Which South American country has land borders with Colombia and Peru? | The Weight by The Band Songfacts
The Weight by The Band Songfacts
Songfacts
This tells the story of a guy who visits Nazareth, and is asked by his friend Annie to visit several of her friends. "The Weight" that is his load are all these strange people he promised he would check on. The song was never a big hit, but it endures as a classic rock staple.
The Band's guitarist Robbie Robertson claims this was influenced by the work of Luis Buñuel, a Mexican director who made some of the first movies dealing with surrealism. Robertson was intrigued by the characters in his films, who were often good people who did bad things.
Robbie Robertson got the only writing credit for this song, although other members of the group claimed that they contributed to this as well as many of their other songs and were not credited. Since only the writer receives royalties for a song, this created a great deal of tension in The Band.
The vocals are shared by Richard Manuel, Rick Danko, and Levon Helm. One of the distinctive characteristics of The Band was their three lead vocalists.
Nazareth, where the story takes place, refers to the town in Pennsylvania about 70 miles north of Philadelphia. The rock group Nazareth got their name from this line ("Went down to Nazareth, I was feeling about half past dead...").
In the liner notes for the Across the Great Divide box set, Robbie is quoted as saying that he chose that place because they make legendary Martin Guitars there, so he was aware of the town and been there once or twice. Citizens of Nazareth, Pennsylvania were thrilled when Robertson acknowledged it as the setting in this famous song. >>
Suggestion credit:
Jared - Meadville, PA
The characters in the song - Crazy Chester, Luke, Anna Lee, are based on friends of the band. In Levon Helm's autobiography This Wheel's On Fire: Levon Helm And The Story Of The Band, he explained:
'We had two or three tunes, or pieces of tunes, and 'The Weight' was one I would work on. Robbie had that bit about going down to Nazareth - Pennsylvania, where the Martin guitar factory is at. The song was full of our favorite characters. 'Luke' was Jimmy Ray Paulman. 'Young Anna Lee' was Anna Lee Williams from Turkey Scratch. 'Crazy Chester' was a guy we all knew from Fayetteville who came into town on Saturdays wearing a full set of cap guns on his hips and kinda walked around town to help keep the peace,if you follow me. He was like Hopalong Cassidy, and he was a friend of the Hawks. Ronnie would always check with Crazy Chester to make sure there wasn't any trouble around town. And Chester would reassure him that everything was peaceable and not to worry, because he was on the case. Two big cap guns, he wore, plus a toupee! There were also 'Carmen and the Devil', 'Miss Moses' and 'Fanny,' a name that just seemed to fit the picture. (I believe she looked a lot like Caladonia.) We recorded the song maybe four times. We weren't really sure it was going to be on the album, but people really liked it. Rick, Richard, and I would switch the verses around among us, and we all sang the chorus: Put the load right on me!"
There has been more than a little debate among classic rock DJs and enthusiasts over the real meaning of this song. Yes, Robertson has insisted time and again there is no biblical subtext, but many people think he may be deflecting. Consider the following:
- The narrator can't find a bed in Nazareth, and the guy to whom he makes an inquiry just smiles and says "no."
- Carmen and the devil were walking side by side, Carmen can go but her friend the devil has to stick around - an allusion to ever-present temptations.
- "Crazy Chester followed me and he caught me in the fall" - possible allusion to Paul on the road to Damascus.
- The most glaring one: "I do believe it's time to get back to Miss Fanny, you know she's the only one who sent me here with her regards for everyone" - Miss Fanny is the one who sent him to Nazareth, but now it's time for him to go back to her; Miss Fanny is God, the "time" in question is the crucifixion, and "regards for everyone" is Jesus dying for all of man's sins. >>
Suggestion credit:
S.D. - Denver, CO
This was used in the movie Easy Rider. The Band performed the version heard in the movie, but on the soundtrack, a different group was used because of legal issues.
On September 28, 1968, this song reached its peak US chart position of #63. That same day, Jackie DeShannon's cover reached its peak of #55 US. DeShannon's release wasn't what she had in mind. She explained in her Songfacts interview : "I absolutely said, 'No way I'm going to do it, it's The Band's record, goodbye.' But the label kept calling me, so I finally said, 'Well, if you can get confirmation from The Band that they're not putting it out as a single and I can do it with their permission, then okay.' So, I recorded it. The record's going up the chart and all of a sudden, here comes The Band's single. Then Aretha Franklin's version comes out. So I was at a radio station talking to the program director, and there were two other people promoting the same record outside the door."
Aretha Franklin's version was the biggest hit, reaching #19 in March 1969. Many other acts have since covered the song. A version by Diana Ross and the Supremes with The Temptations reached #46 in October 1969, which was the last time it charted in America. The song was also recorded by: A Group Called Smith, The Black Crowes, Bob Dylan, Grateful Dead, The Allman Brothers, Joan Osborne, Keller Williams, King Curtis & Duane Allman, Otis & Travis, Rotary Connection, Spooky Tooth, and The Ventures.
The album title came from the big pink house in upstate New York they rented and used as a recording studio. The Band was Bob Dylan's backup band, and they moved there to be near Dylan while he was recovering from a motorcycle accident. Dylan offered to help with this album, but The Band refused because they wanted to make a mark on their own.
This was used in a television commercial in the US for Cingular/AT&T Wireless.
The Staple Singers sing on this in The Band's 1978 concert film The Last Waltz. "Being in The Last Waltz was the most beautiful thing that ever happened to the Staple Singers," Mavis Staples told Rolling Stone in 2015. "I still can't get offstage without doing 'The Weight.'"
While most of The Last Waltz was taken from The Band's farewell concert in San Francisco, this performance was shot on a sound stage. >>
Suggestion credit:
Bertrand - Paris, France, for above 2
Weezer covered this in 2008 and released it as a bonus track on The Red Album.
In 2007, this was used in a commercial for Cingular Wireless. Levon Helm took issue with it and sued BBDO, the advertising agency that came up with the campaign. Said Helm: "It was just a complete, damn sellout of The Band - its reputation, its music; just as much disrespect as you could pour on Richard and Rick's tombstones."
The Band played this at Woodstock in 1969. The festival fit in well with their schedule, as they were touring to promote their first album, Music From Big Pink. Their performance stands out as a highlight from the festival, and earned The Band a great deal of exposure. >>
Suggestion credit:
Bertrand - Paris, France, for above 3
Scottish rock band Nazareth, who are best known for their transatlantic hit " Love Hurts ," took their name from a lyric in this song - "I pulled into Nazareth, Was feelin' about half past dead."
This song was featured in the 1978 documentary of The Band, The Last Waltz, directed by Martin Scorsese. Most of the film was shot at their Thanksgiving Day, 1976 concert at the Winterland Ballroom in San Francisco, but their performance of "The Weight" was done in a studio with The Band joined by The Staple Singers, a Gospel group who wrung out the spirituality of the song.
In celebration of Band drummer Levon Helm, who died in 2012, "The Weight" was performed at the Grammy Awards the next year with Mavis Staples joining Elton John, Mumford & Sons, the Zac Brown Band and Brittany Howard of Alabama Shakes. Unlike many star-packed performances that get messy fast, this one worked. The song is a great showcase for multiple performers and served as a fitting tribute to Helm.
Aretha Franklin's version featured Duane Allman playing slide guitar using an empty bottle of decongestant pills.
Joe Cocker also covered this song. It was included on the 2005 deluxe edition of his 1970 live album, Mad Dogs & Englishmen.
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Which TV detective is played by Krister Hendriksson? | Krister Henriksson: why I'm leaving Wallander | Television & radio | The Guardian
Crime drama
Krister Henriksson: why I'm leaving Wallander
In his only British press interview, the Swedish star talks to Vicky Frost about life beyond the maverick TV detective
Krister Henriksson has played the ruffled Swedish detective for almost a decade. Photograph: David Levene for the Guardian
Crime drama
Krister Henriksson: why I'm leaving Wallander
In his only British press interview, the Swedish star talks to Vicky Frost about life beyond the maverick TV detective
Friday 20 June 2014 14.09 EDT
First published on Friday 20 June 2014 14.09 EDT
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Krister Henriksson is considering what he will miss most about playing Kurt Wallander, the detective he has brought to life on screen over almost a decade. It is not the policeman's sense of social justice. Nor the beauty of the Skåne landscape. Instead, it is the fights with the company who made the films. "They thought I was a big ass, and I was. And I thought they were big asses, and I can tell you they were big asses."
It's the kind of belligerent response one might expect from Henning Mankell's detective, though Henriksson delivers his explanation with more of a playful grin than Wallander might. Saturday marks the actor's final outing as Wallander for BBC4 audiences, but for a man who professes to be happy to have left the rumpled detective behind – "It is sometimes good to press the delete button" – Henriksson seems committed to him to the end.
He delights in discussing the clashes, his refusal to say certain lines, the scripts he thought needed more work. These conflicts remain an essential part of the way Henriksson, 67, also an acclaimed stage actor, works. They are what he enjoys about his job, he says, laughing. "I always have fights with my directors about their ideas, because – I won't say my ideas are better, but I think they are good enough." That tension spurred him on during 14-hour days of filming Wallander in the pretty village of Ystad on the Swedish coast. "To endure it, you have to be angry all the time. In a way, you have to be aggressive to stand it."
There is clearly tension between the actor's desire to try new things, and the acclaim Wallander has brought Henriksson, in Sweden and internationally. The Swedish TV series features new mysteries, created with Mankell, so it is not bound by the number of books that exist. But the actor was determined this would be his last outing as the detective. "Even if they should try to convince me to do some more, I'd really decided. This is it. This is the end."
The plots now give him no way back: in this final series of six films – he has made more than 30 – Wallander has been struggling with early-onset Alzheimer's. That's perhaps made it easier to leave him behind, reflects Henriksson. "You have a communication with a part … And as Kurt got Alzheimer's, the communication stopped in a way. I thought: 'We don't have anything more to say to each other,' because it would be too complicated. So in a way I was relieved."
He had made his peace with the detective in advance of filming. "Before I started shooting I said goodbye to Kurt," he says. "And I had made this decision and as an actor you can't be too sentimental."
It is not as if Henriksson had spent his whole career pining to be Wallander. In fact, he initially declined the role. The production company kept asking. Henriksson kept turning them down. "Suddenly I realised when I said no, the salary increased. So I kept saying no," he laughs. Then Mankell called the actor and the pair went for a walk in Stockholm. The author asked Henriksson to at least read the books. "And when I read them I thought: 'Why haven't they asked me to do this part before?' Because it was very much like me."
The pair share a tendency for crumpled – although on Henriksson, wearing an expensive-looking jacket accessorised with jewellery and sunglasses, the result is more stylish than dishevelled – but there are other similarities too. Mankell, Henriksson and Wallander are of the same generation in Sweden. "Wherever you came from you had the chance to education, however rich your parents were. It was a very leftwing time in Stockholm, so even if your family hadn't the money, you could get the education. We all had an access to the future in a way," the actor says.
That shared past shapes their attitudes towards questions to which Mankell repeatedly returns: immigration, inequality, the breakdown of community. But if Henriksson feels an affinity with the role, so too, one imagines, do other actors who have brought Kurt Wallander to screen – Rolf Lassgård played him in films adapted from the books, while the latest set of BBC Wallander films, starring Kenneth Branagh as the detective, are due next year. When the Branagh series was announced, "I thought, well, we'd better pack up and go home now the BBC is coming," Henriksson says. "I was brought up with BBC productions, and the BBC is really cradle of the crimes for [Swedes] … we all had an inferiority complex to the British in a way."
In fact, all three actors' portrayals are admired, with "best Wallander" debates prompting sometimes furious and passionate debate. Henriksson comes out of those discussions pretty well. He says he often wishes he could explain why British viewers have fallen so hard for his portrayal. "
Has he been tempted to watch the other Wallanders? While in the role he wanted to avoid being influenced in the wrong way by their performances. "You have to make up which Wallander you are," he says. And now? "Now that I've stopped shooting it's something like: 'No that was a period in my life. It's over, and I'm not interested any more.'"
He has another TV project – not a crime drama – with Mankell in the pipeline, while his next projects will be on stage. But he is not interested in roles he is perhaps expected to take. While in London he saw Simon Russell Beale as King Lear at the National Theatre. "An astonishing actor, but I also thought, God, what a dull part. Because it's a part like Kurt Wallander: confused. I think Lear is an Alzheimer's person too, and I don't want to do that in blank verse."
Instead he has plans for the anarchistic Karlsson, the star of three books for children by Pippi Longstocking author Astrid Lindgren. He is determined both to have fun and not to be a coward on stage, which is why, he says, he decided on a show for kids – unlike adults they are never polite about a performance. But prod a little, and it seems there is a little more to his decision. "I think why I'm doing it is, there's something in my life – I've been working so much, a lot, really hard working, there's a lot I missed. And I divorced when I was younger," he says.
"I have led a Wallander life and so I haven't spent that much time with children, not as much as I wanted to, and not even with my grandchildren. So this is a gift to them."
The final episode of Wallander airs on Saturday on BBC4 at 9pm. The DVD box set is released on 23 June by Arrow Films' Nordic Noir label
| Wallander |
What is the maximum number of characters in a 'Tweet' on 'Twitter'? | The Two Faces Of Wallander | IndieWire
The Two Faces Of Wallander
The Two Faces Of Wallander
Nov 6, 2012 1:00 am
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Guest column by Alice Maltin
I’ve been lost in the world of Henning Mankell’s Wallander because I’m viewing the British adaptation on TV while simultaneously following the Swedish series on DVD. This is causing some confusion for me. Is that woman the killer or is it the handyman? Was it the British or Swedish one where I saw that? It’s embarrassing, I admit.
For the uninitiated, Kurt Wallander is a detective in a city outside of Stockholm and is played by Kenneth Branagh and Krister Henriksson . Both actors are wonderful in the role. Kurt is dedicated to police work and everything else in life is secondary, including personal relationships. He is the best at what he does, solving crimes. Wallander is sad and humorless; you might suspect that smiling is forbidden. Because the setting is a smaller city, you wouldn’t think terrible crimes occur, but you’d be wrong. Maybe that’s why he doesn’t smile. That, and the biting cold and rain that invariably accompanies his search for the bad guys in a clean but stark landscape. (I usually pride myself on knowing at the outset that the butler did it…but that’s not the case here.) Things are never quite what they seem.
Police work can be slow and exhausting; you feel this watching Wallander. You see the wearisome frustration of dealing with witnesses who don’t want to talk and criminals posing as innocent victims. I find it all fascinating and the TV and DVR stay on. And, it’s never boring.
Both Branagh and Henriksson do nothing to make themselves look attractive…but they are. I know Branagh is a handsome man; here he looks older and tired. I believe you call that acting. Henriksson is not known in the U.S. but I bet he was one good-looking guy in his youth. (Tall, blond and blue eyed.) They are the opposite of their counterparts on American TV and so are their colleagues. If hair and make-up are used you wouldn’t know it. Their costume designer has them dressing plainly; not a trace of Ralph Lauren to be found anywhere. Both versions have their colleagues making mistakes, lots of them. They go into a suspect’s house without waiting for backup; they fail to pick up clues because they are thinking of other things like getting home to their families. Again, this would be unacceptable on American TV. No one goes in without backup: we know that because we’ve spent years watching CSI, NCIS, Rizzoli and Isles, The Closer, et al. In other words, these detectives are real, with all the frailties like the rest of us. Wallander is left picking up the pieces.
I prefer the Swedish version to the British. I thought I would have difficulty with subtitles but I don’t. In fact, listening to Swedish is fun. While picking up some phrases I found out that everyone in Sweden says “OK.” Who knew? Perhaps it’s a way of traveling to Scandinavia without leaving my armchair. Both versions are filmed in Sweden, however. I love watching Sir Kenneth, who does justice to Mankell’s Wallander…yet Heniksson has a certain something that makes you want to watch him. You can’t go wrong with either version.
Branagh’s Wallander will be playing on Public Broadcasting stations throughout the year and is available on DVD . Krister Henriksson’s Wallander is available on download and DVD .
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Which mathematical shape has four sides of equal length, but no right angles? | Quadrilaterals - Square, Rectangle, Rhombus, Trapezoid, Parallelogram
Quadrilaterals
Quadrilateral just means "four sides"
(quad means four, lateral means side).
A Quadrilateral has four-sides, it is 2-dimensional (a flat shape), closed (the lines join up), and has straight sides.
Try it Yourself
(Also see this on Interactive Quadrilaterals )
Properties
The interior angles add up to 360 degrees:
Try drawing a quadrilateral, and measure the angles. They should add to 360°
Types of Quadrilaterals
There are special types of quadrilateral:
Some types are also included in the definition of other types! For example a square, rhombus and rectangle are also parallelograms. See below for more details.
Let us look at each type in turn:
The Rectangle
A rectangle is a four-sided shape where every angle is a right angle (90°).
Also opposite sides are parallel and of equal length.
The Rhombus
A rhombus is a four-sided shape where all sides have equal length.
Also opposite sides are parallel and opposite angles are equal.
Another interesting thing is that the diagonals (dashed lines in second figure) meet in the middle at a right angle. In other words they "bisect" (cut in half) each other at right angles.
A rhombus is sometimes called a rhomb or a diamond.
The Square
A square has equal sides and every angle is a right angle (90°)
Also opposite sides are parallel.
A square also fits the definition of a rectangle (all angles are 90°), and a rhombus (all sides are equal length).
The Parallelogram
A parallelogram has opposite sides parallel and equal in length. Also opposite angles are equal (angles "a" are the same, and angles "b" are the same).
NOTE: Squares, Rectangles and Rhombuses are all Parallelograms!
Example:
angles "a" and "b" as right angles
is a square!
Isosceles Trapezoid
A trapezoid (called a trapezium in the UK) has a pair of opposite sides parallel.
And a trapezium (called a trapezoid in the UK) is a quadrilateral with NO parallel sides:
a pair of parallel sides
NO parallel sides
a pair of parallel sides
(the US and UK definitions are swapped over!)
(Note: when the two sides joining parallel sides are equal in length and both angles coming from a parallel side are also equal we call it an Isosceles trapezoid, as shown above.)
The Kite
Hey, it looks like a kite (usually).
It has two pairs of sides.
Each pair is made up of adjacent sides (they meet) that are equal in length.
The angles are equal where the pairs meet. Diagonals (dashed lines) meet at a right angle, and one of the diagonal bisects (cuts equally in half) the other.
... and that's it for the special quadrilaterals.
Irregular Quadrilaterals
The only regular (all sides equal and all angles equal) quadrilateral is a square. So all other quadrilaterals are irregular.
Example: a square is also a rectangle.
So we include a square in the definition of a rectangle.
(We don't say "Having all 90° angles makes it a rectangle except when all sides are equal then it is a square.")
This may seem odd, as in daily life we think of a square as not being a rectangle ... but in mathematics it is.
Using the chart below we can answer such questions as:
Is a Square a type of Rectangle? (Yes)
Is a Rectangle a type of Kite? (No)
Complex Quadrilaterals
Oh Yes! when two sides cross over, we call it a "Complex" or "Self-Intersecting" quadrilateral, like these:
They still have 4 sides, but two sides cross over.
Polygon
A quadrilateral is a polygon . In fact it is a 4-sided polygon, just like a triangle is a 3-sided polygon, a pentagon is a 5-sided polygon, and so on.
Play with Them
Now that you know the different types, you can play with the Interactive Quadrilaterals .
Other Names
A quadrilateral can sometimes be called:
a Quadrangle ("four angles"), so it sounds like "triangle"
a Tetragon ("four and polygon"), so it sounds like "pentagon", "hexagon", etc.
| Rhombus |
Which musical features the songs 'Springtime For Hitler', 'Along Came Bialy' and 'In Old Bavaria'? | Quadrilateral Shapes
Quadrilateral Shapes
Opposite sides are parallel and equal length
Rhombus
Diagonals intersect at right angles
Square
Only one pair of opposite sides that are parallel
Parallel sides are called bases
Nonparallel sides are called legs
What is a Quadrilateral? Let's look at some common examples.
• Four vertices ( also known as corners)
• Interior angles add up to 360◦
• Straight sides, no curves
Kite
Sides of a kite shape, that are next to each other (adjacent sides) are the same length on a kite.
Angles that are opposite each other and between the two different length sides are congruent (equal).
Diagonals of a kite are perpendicular to one another
Picture of Quadrilateral
Property of Quadrilateral
What is a quadrilateral? The key to a quadrilateral is found in it's name, " Quad" meaning four and " lateral" meaning side. So a quadrilateral is a four sided polygon. In addition a quadrilateral can be convex or concave. A concave quadrilateral has has one reflex angle, or an angle greater than 180 degrees. The reflex angle creates a cavity or a cave, which becomes an easy method to remember a concave quadrilateral. An example of a concave quadrilateral is a dart. A “complex quadrilateral” or “self-intersecting” quadrilateral have non-adjacent sides that cross over.
Properties of a Simple Convex Quadrilateral
Common Core Standard
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In the 'Harry Potter' books, players in the game of 'Quidditch' can be a 'Seeker', 'Chaser', 'Keeper' or.... Which other position? | harry potter - In Quidditch could the Seeker play other positions? - Science Fiction & Fantasy Stack Exchange
In Quidditch could the Seeker play other positions?
up vote 10 down vote favorite
I don't recall it being mentioned in any of the books, but could the Seeker in Quidditch switch to being a Chaser if needed?
I always thought it was odd that catching the Snitch would net your team 150 points but end the game no matter what. It seemed to me that the seeker would be a more valuable player if they could net their team 150 points but not end the game if they were behind. However, the rules clearly state that catching the Snitch ends the game, regardless of how many points the Seeker's team has.
Is it mentioned anywhere whether it is specifically prohibited for a Seeker to help the Chasers score points so that when their team is behind by more than 150 points they aren't essentially useless? Or would the Seeker just try to distract the other team's Seeker at this point?
up vote 13 down vote accepted
In Quidditch Through the Ages, it is said:
However, a fast Keeper may be able to score a goal and then return to his baskets in time to prevent the other team equalising.
That's as much (that I've found) that's explicitly stated, but since the keeper can score, it's likely that a seeker or beater could as well. As for whether someone else could catch the snitch:
A game of Quidditch ends only when the Golden Snitch has been caught, or by mutual consent of the two team Captains.
It seems the rules don't say anything about who has to catch the snitch, it's just in a team's best interest to have a seeker searching for it full-time.
And, somewhat of a sidenote but I looked it up so I'll add it, in the sixth book, when Harry is in detention with Snape for using sectumsempra on Malfoy, Ginny replaces Harry as seeker:
And while he copied out all their various offenses and punishments, he wondered what was going on outside, where the match would have just started... Ginny playing Seeker against Cho...
(HBP, ch.24)
up vote 5 down vote
No, there's nothing in the rules that says the chasers were prohibited from doing other stuff.
However, as an old sign on a Texas highway was reputed to state, "If you're driving a car with one hand and hugging a girl with the other, you ain't doing either thing well".
While you're out playing with Quaffles, there's a major risk that the opponent's Seeker will find the Snitch and catch it.
And obviously, not having a bat, a Seeker can't do a very good Beater's job (though, when Dobby enchanted a Bludger to go after Harry in CoS, Harry basically ended up telling Weasley twins to stop worrying about the bad Bludger and he will deal with it WHILE looking for Snitch).
| Beater |
In which mountain range is Carrauntoohil, the highest mountain in Ireland? | What is Quidditch? - Quora
Quora
Written Aug 5, 2015
Quidditch is a sport from the Harry Potter Universe, a sort of soccer on brooms. There are 7 players on each team: the keeper, three chasers, two beaters, and one seeker. The object of the game is to score as many points on the other team's three goals (each goal scored by the chasers is 10 points) and for the Seeker to catch the snitch, a walnut-sized, flying, golden ball (which ends the game and awards the victorious Seeker 150 points). The keeper defends the goals from rival chasers, and the beaters use large clubs to stop vicious flying balls, called bludgers, from hitting the chasers. Chasers use the Quaffle, passing to one another and scoring, and may steal it from the other team via tackle.
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Who presents 'Sounds Of The Sixties' on BBC Radio 2 on Saturday mornings? | BBC Radio 2 - Sounds of the 60s - Brian Matthew
Sounds of the 60s
Brian Matthew
Hear Brian present Sounds of the 60s, Saturdays 8-10am
Brian Matthew started broadcasting in 1948 in Germany, and trained as an actor at RADA before joining the BBC in 1954. He has a great love of the theatre and has performed in many well-known venues. He even has his own 50-seat studio theatre in his home.
He was one of the first DJs on Radio 2, and hosted shows such as 'Saturday Club', 'Thank Your Lucky Stars' and 'Late Night Extra', but he is probably best known for presenting the long-running 'Round Midnight' programme which won the 1987 Pulitzer Publishing Award.
Brian has presented 'Sounds of the Sixties' (winner of a Gold Sony Radio Award in 1996) since April 1990. The same year he received a Broadcasting Press Guild Award for Outstanding Contribution to Radio.
| Brian Matthew |
What is the colour of the beak of a male Blackbird? | Let's keep BBC Radio 2 on the right wavelength - Telegraph
Let's keep BBC Radio 2 on the right wavelength
Any attempt to target older listeners will end up putting them off, says Jan Etherington.
The arrival of chirpy Chris Evans is good for Radio 2 Photo: AFP
By Jan Etherington
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Radio 2 received something of a slap across the wrist yesterday, when the BBC Trust's five-yearly report ordered it to do more to appeal to the elderly, even if meant attracting fewer listeners. David Liddiment, a trustee and highly respected producer, claims that the station needs to "work on its appeal to the over-65-year-olds".
How wonderful to know that pensioners are suddenly a desirable "target audience", instead of an ignored, invisible grey mass. For Radio 2's critics, the departure of Sir Terry Wogan – trailing clouds of Togs and tears – and the arrival of chirpy Chris Evans symbolised the long journey that has seen the station step out of the middle of the road and start hip-hopping down the boulevard of youth.
For me, Evans is not the problem: he's good for Radio 2. The real question is, what is Radio 2 good for? These days, it tries to be good for almost everyone. Britain's most popular radio station is a study in extremes and contrasts, chalk and cheese – from the warm Horlicks of Desmond Carrington, broadcasting from "my home in Perthshire", to Bob Dylan's crazy, fabulous radio hour; from documentaries like David Puttnam's Century of Cinema to the mangled syntax of Dermot O'Leary. Nowhere is this more apparent than on Saturday mornings, when the assured anecdotes of Brian Matthew's Sounds of the Sixties are followed by Jonathan Ross and his sidekick Andy, chatting and chuckling like Dastardly and Muttley.
Partly, this identity crisis is an accident of history. Radio 2 evolved from the Light Programme in 1967; in the early years, it shared similar music and programming to Radio 1, although leaning more towards folk, country, jazz and big band. Then, in the Eighties, executives found that Radio 1 listeners were sticking with it well into their forties, and decided to reposition Radio 2 specifically for the over-fifties. Nostalgia, easy listening and light music replaced pop; "Diddy" David Hamilton quit, claiming the music policy was "geriatric".
These presenters were cardigan men. Their remit was clear: don't frighten the horses, or the listeners. You knew where you were with Radio 2 – and if you were under 50, you were a million miles away.
Yet in the Nineties and Noughties, something changed. As the Baby Boomers moved towards their pensions, they retained their knowledge of and interest in pop music. To meet the challenge, Radio 2 adopted a new tack: coffee-table contemporary by day; specialists and stars in the evening and at weekends. Even for the achingly hip, like Mark Lamarr, Radio 2 suddenly became the place to work – a station of experts, such as Andrew Collins and Stuart Maconie, or those who've been there, sung that. Thus Aled Jones, Elaine Page, Suzi Quatro, Jools Holland and bluesman Paul Jones are complemented by the erudite and entertaining Paul Gambaccini, Russell Davies and Bob Harris.
No longer the uneasy geek between the hip kid that is Radio 1 and the cerebral smartness of Radio 4, Radio 2 became hot: made more so by the presence of Ross and Russell Brand, before the pair's unsavoury conversation. It was a symbol of how the station, drunk on success, had tried to be all things to all ages, instead of embracing its niche audience.
To entertain and inform a very smart, very fit and very media-aware generation, as it moves into its very senior years, is a privilege for a broadcaster. So my solution would be not to ditch people like Chris Evans – who are great with old, as well as young – but those like O'Leary. If you try to "target" 65-year-olds, most of them will be put off. Instead, stop chasing after 35-year-olds, and enjoy your glorious old age.
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How are Florence Welsh and her backing artists known collectively? | 1000+ images about Florence Welsh on Pinterest | Florence the machines, Its always and Maximalism
The Florence + the Machine singer has a taste for theatrical maximalism that's bewitched both music and fashion lovers alike. In a showstopping melange of bronze, brass, and brocade, the otherworldly beauty casts a spell.
See More
| Florence and the Machine |
For which firm did 'Reggie Perrin' work in 'The Fall And Rise Of Reginald Perrin'? | Florence Welch: 'I was awkward, intense and ridiculously self-conscious' | Daily Mail Online
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She may now exude confidence as a pop siren, but Florence Welch remembers her adolescence as ‘terrifying’. Here she tells Jane Gordon why she feels such sympathy for teenagers who have to cope with cancer during this intense period of their lives, and why she’s supporting the Teenage Cancer Trust
‘If you asked me to go back to being 14 or 15, I couldn’t – it was a terrifying time,' says pop siren Florence
Florence Welch is talking about the agonies of being a teenager in a voice that is unexpectedly soft and hesitant. The 24-year-old, who as Florence and the Machine has achieved the kind of international success that has led to performances at this year’s Grammys and Oscars, is as different from her flamboyant on-stage persona as it’s possible to get. Shy and polite, she is explaining why she chose to become involved in designing the packaging for a special charity edition of Kiehl’s Creme de Corps moisturiser, which will raise money for the Teenage Cancer Trust.
‘If you asked me to go back to being 14 or 15, I couldn’t – it was a terrifying time. I was so awkward in my own skin. I used to hide behind my hair because I was so ridiculously self-conscious. It’s impossible to imagine how it would be to go through that period in your life – when everything is changing and you have these intense emotions – and also have to deal with something as terrible as cancer. The Teenage Cancer Trust does incredible work supporting and caring for teenagers and young adults with cancer, and it’s a cause that is really close to me and my family,’ she says, careful not to reveal too much about her personal links to the charity (it is, she
says later, too sensitive for her to talk about).
These days Florence can look back on her own teenage years with a combination of relief and amusement. The eldest of three – she has a 21-year-old sister, Grace, and an 18-year-old brother, JJ – born to a distinguished American art historian and a dynamic ad-man, she enjoyed a privileged early childhood in South London.
Tall, ethereally pale and gawky, she was, she says with a grin, drawn to the dark and the dramatic from an early age. ‘I dyed my hair red when I was ten and when I was 11 – in my goth period – I dyed it black and I was really into witchcraft. I made mini shrines in my bedroom with candles and tried to cast spells to make the boy in the next class fall in love with me. I don’t think he did,’ she says, laughing at the memory.
When Florence was 13, her parents broke up and her mother Evelyn moved in with the man next door and his children (she has a younger stepsister too, from her father Nick’s second marriage). Life in this slightly bohemian dysfunctional family was difficult at first, but Florence believes that ultimately it has been enormously beneficial.
‘I don’t think my life has changed. What has changed are the situations I find myself in – like performing at the Oscars’
‘My siblings and I were friends with the boys who would become our stepbrothers – we grew up on the same street. I feel very special to have these amazing people in my life and if we hadn’t all moved into this big house together I think I would have missed out on that, because we would have drifted apart. At first it was hellish – it was like a human experiment – but I have these brilliant people in my life and I think it has taught us all how to get on with others,’ she says.
It also fuelled her teenage angst and played its part in making her the extraordinary artist she is today. By the age of 14 she was writing songs with twisted lyrics (the first was entitled ‘My Boy Builds Coffins’), creating art installations in her bedroom and evolving her unusual sense of style (which she once said was ‘Lady of Shalott meets Ophelia mixed with scary gothic bat-lady’). Music and art became twin ambitions but, while she was studying at London’s Camberwell College of Arts, music won out.
After being signed by her manager, Queens of Noize DJ Mairead Nash (whom Florence pursued into the lavatories at a nightclub, where she sang her an Etta James song), she decided to take a year out from studying to focus on her music. Her meteoric success – with first album Lungs making her a star on both sides of the Atlantic – has turned that one year into three (she is currently working on her second album).
‘At first my mother’s attitude to my music was, “Well, do this for a while and then you can go back to university,” but now she is coming round to the idea that it’s not just a stage I am going through. Mind you, I’m not saying I won’t go back to university – I would love to finish my degree in illustration at some point,’ she says.
Florence is backing a great cause: Every day six young people in the UK are told they have cancer
Designing and illustrating (she is always drawing and doodling) remain passions but, although she enjoyed creating the special-edition packaging for Kiehl’s, she isn’t planning on any shift in her career just yet. ‘It was fun to work on the design,’ she says. ‘I wanted to create something bold that wasn’t too fussy and fitted the Kiehl’s aesthetic, which I love. I simplified the first logo I designed for Florence and the Machine when I was at Camberwell – I think it looks great.’
From the age of 18 – when she emerged from her awkward teenage stage and suddenly acquired friends (including her first boyfriend) and a sense of her own identity – much of Florence’s artistic creativity has been channelled into her on-stage costumes. ‘I have grown up creating my own dresses from vintage store and charity shop finds, and what I wear on stage is so much a part of who I am.’
Florence has the long, lean figure of a catwalk model (although she insists that having seen the models ‘I assure you I haven’t’) and is fast emerging as a fashion icon. Today she is wearing an eco faux-fur jacket she bought in Los Angeles with brown suede shorts that she has matched with thick tights and black suede boots. ‘I think I look like a 70s schoolteacher when I am off stage. I like long, floaty skirts and dresses,’ she says, laughing (she laughs a lot).
Florence’s choice of a nude Valentino lace dress on the red carpet at the Oscars was criticised by the American press for looking like ‘old kitchen curtains’, but the Roksanda Ilincic gown she wore for her performance was much admired. How has someone who spent so many of her teenage years feeling cripplingly self-conscious managed to adapt to red-carpet scrutiny – never mind actually performing in front of A-list stars and a worldwide TV audience at the ceremony? ‘It was pretty scary but A R Rahman, who I was performing with, was such a calming influence. He totally nursed me through it, and because of the lights I couldn’t see anyone while I was performing, so it was OK. In many ways it was just like any other gig,’ she says.
It was, though, a long way from the little pub venues she played in at the beginning of her career, and Florence credits her family for keeping her so grounded. Although she has been with her boyfriend Stuart Hammond for several years – a temporary split inspired the lovelorn songs on her album Lungs – she still lives at home. ‘I like having dinner with my mum and little brother, and mooching around and going for walks, and I don’t really think my life has changed. What has changed are the situations I find myself in – like performing at the Oscars – and how
little time I have for myself. I don’t feel any different and I am sure that my family would be the first to tell me if I started changing,’ she says, playing with a lock of her bright red hair (having gone from black to blue to green in her teenage years, she’s now sticking to red because ‘it suits me best’).
Florence performing at the Oscars in February
Florence describes her father Nick – who now manages an alternative ‘real’ camping site near Tunbridge Wells – as both her most fanatical supporter and her harshest critic. When Florence got her first tour – supporting American band MGMT in 2008 – she didn’t have any money and her father drove from venue to venue in a camper van. ‘We would pull up alongside MGMT’s massive tour bus in our van with all the pots and pans hanging out of the window shouting, “Coo-ee! We’re here!” They must have thought we were completely insane. But it was really fun – one of the best times in my life,’ she says with a note of nostalgia.
These days she is more likely to travel by private jet than camper van, and be accompanied by her new best friend Blake Lively. ‘Blake is just so nice. She came to my very first New York gig and has been a huge support in the States. Her mum and brother have come to the shows and then I had a slot on an episode of Gossip Girl,’ she says. But despite her celeb friends and fans (she counts High School Musical star Vanessa Hudgens and Nicole Richie among her supporters), Florence is resisting some of the pitfalls of celebrity – she is on Twitter but rarely manages to Tweet. ‘I can only manage about one a month,’ she says. ‘It’s not that I don’t want to, it’s just that when I am in a situation where I am doing something amazing it’s a shame – and rather rude – to bring out my phone and start Tweeting.
I think a lot of people miss out on enjoying the moment because they are so busy trying to communicate it to the world. And I want to keep some moments to myself.’
Florence’s need to keep things to herself is such that she ‘really can’t say anything’ about her relationship with Stuart (apart from the fact that they are still together and ‘really good’). Besides, she says with a determined expression, she doesn’t really want to talk about herself – she is here to promote the philanthropic work of Kiehl’s.
‘Cancer for anyone is completely devastating, but to be a teenager when your whole life is changing is particularly terrible. I met an amazing girl, Georgia Ormrod – a 13-year-old living with a brain tumour – through the Make-a-Wish Foundation. Georgia was a fan of my music, and since becoming her “wish” I have kept in touch with her. Through Georgia and through events that have happened to my family and my friends I feel especially connected to the charity and want to help as much as I can.’
Florence has designed a limited-edition Creme de Corps body lotion of which 100 per cent of net profits from sales will be donated to the Teenage Cancer Trust. It is available from Selfridges (selfridges.com) and kiehls.co.uk
Every day in the UK, six young people are told that they have cancer. They then often receive hospital treatment in inappropriate facilities designed to cater for children or the elderly.
Teenage Cancer Trust focuses on the needs of teenagers and young adults with cancer by providing specialist teenage units in NHS hospitals, designed to give young people the very best chance of a positive outcome. As well as state-of-the-art facilities to keep patients occupied during long stays, the units provide an environment where teenagers can meet others in a similar situation.
Teenage Cancer Trust has already built 17 units, and plans to build a further 16 so that all young people needing hospital treatment for cancer across the UK have access to dedicated, specialist support.
For more information on how you can support the Teenage Cancer Trust, please call 020 7612 0370 or visit teenagecancertrust.org.
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In Greek myth, who was the twin brother of Artemis? | Artemis
Artemis
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Artemis was the goddess of chastity, virginity, the hunt, the moon, and the natural environment.
She was the daughter of Zeus and Leto , twin sister of Apollo . She was born on the island of Ortygia (Delos), where Leto had found shelter after being hunted by the lawful wife of Zeus , Hera . As soon as Artemis was born, she helped her mother give birth to her twin brother, thereby becoming the protector of childbirth and labour. She asked her father to grant her eternal chastity and virginity, and never gave in to any potential lovers; devoted to hunting and nature, she rejected marriage and love.
She was the protector of nature and the hunt; both wild and tame animals were under her protection. She also protected the agriculture and animal herding.
Artemis appeared in a number of myths . In the myth of Actaeon , he was a hunting companion of Artemis ; at some point, he saw the goddess naked bathing in a spring and tried to rape her. As a punishment, Artemis transformed him into a stag and his hounds killed him. In the myth of Orion which has various versions, Orion was also a hunting companion of Artemis and the only person to have won her heart. However, he was accidentally killed either by the goddess or by a scorpion which was sent by Gaea . In another myth, Callisto was one of the followers of Artemis and thus she had remained a virgin. Zeus , however, changing his form to resemble Artemis , managed to seduce and rape her, impregnating her. Callisto gave birth to Arcas, but later, she was transformed into a bear either by Hera or Artemis . Arcas almost killed his mother, but Zeus stopped him and placed Callisto in the heavens as a constellation. According to other sources, both Callisto and Arcas were turned into the Ursa Minor and the Ursa Major constellations.
Artemis Is also called Diana, Diana.
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In which city is the Victoria Quarter shopping area, the first outside London to feature a Harvey Nicholls store? | Artemis
Artemis
by Ron Leadbetter
The daughter of Leto and Zeus , and the twin of Apollo . Artemis is the goddess of the wilderness, the hunt and wild animals, and fertility (she became a goddess of fertility and childbirth mainly in cities). She was often depicted with the crescent of the moon above her forehead and was sometimes identified with Selene (goddess of the moon). Artemis was one of the Olympians and a virgin goddess. Her main vocation was to roam mountain forests and uncultivated land with her nymphs in attendance hunting for lions, panthers, hinds and stags. Contradictory to the later, she helped in protecting and seeing to their well-being, also their safety and reproduction. She was armed with a bow and arrows which were made by Hephaestus and the Cyclopes .
In one legend, Artemis was born one day before her brother Apollo. Her mother gave birth to her on the island of Ortygia, then, almost immediately after her birth, she helped her mother to cross the straits over to Delos, where she then delivered Apollo. This was the beginning of her role as guardian of young children and patron of women in childbirth. Being a goddess of contradictions, she was the protectress of women in labor, but it was said that the arrows of Artemis brought them sudden death while giving birth. As was her brother, Apollo, Artemis was a divinity of healing, but also brought and spread diseases such as leprosy, rabies and even gout.
Being associated with chastity, Artemis at an early age (in one legend she was three years old) asked her father, the great god Zeus, to grant her eternal virginity. Also, all her companions were virgins. Artemis was very protective of her purity, and gave grave punishment to any man who attempted to dishonor her in any form. Actaeon , while out hunting, accidentally came upon Artemis and her nymphs, who bathing naked in a secluded pool. Seeing them in all their naked beauty, the stunned Actaeon stopped and gazed at them, but when Artemis saw him ogling them, she transformed him into a stag. Then, incensed with disgust, she set his own hounds upon him. They chased and killed what they thought was another stag, but it was their master. As with Orion , a giant and a great hunter, there are several legends which tell of his death, one involving Artemis. It is said that he tried to rape the virgin goddess, so killed him with her bow and arrows. Another says she conjured up a scorpion which killed Orion and his dog. Orion became a constellation in the night sky, and his dog became Sirius, the dog star. Yet another version says it was the scorpion which stung him and was transformed into the constellation with Orion, the later being Scorpio. Artemis was enraged when one of her nymphs, Callisto , allowed Zeus to seduce her, but the great god approached her in one of his guises; he came in the form of Artemis. The young nymph was unwittingly tricked, and she gave birth to Arcas , the ancestor of the Arcadians, but Artemis showed no mercy and changed her into a bear. She then shot and killed her. As Orion, she was sent up to the heavens, and became the constellation of the Great Bear (which is also known as the Plough).
Artemis was very possessive. She would show her wrath on anyone who disobeyed her wishes, especially against her sacred animals. Even the great hero Agamemnon came upon the wrath of Artemis, when he killed a stag in her sacred grove. His punishment came when his ships were becalmed, while he made his way to besiege Troy. With no winds to sail his ships he was told by the seer Calchas that the only way Artemis would bring back the winds was for him to sacrifice his daughter Iphigenia . Some versions say he did sacrifice Iphigenia, others that Artemis exchanged a deer in her place, and took Iphigenia to the land of the Tauri (the Crimea) as a priestess, to prepare strangers for sacrifice to Artemis.
Artemis with her twin brother, Apollo, put to death the children of Niobe . The reason being that Niobe, a mere mortal, had boasted to Leto, the mother of the divine twins, that she had bore more children, which must make her superior to Leto. Apollo being outraged at such an insult on his mother, informed Artemis. The twin gods hunted them down and shot them with their bows and arrows; Apollo killed the male children and Artemis the girls.
Artemis was worshiped in most Greek cities but only as a secondary deity. However, to the Greeks in Asia Minor (modern day Turkey) she was a prominent deity. In Ephesus, a principal city of Asia Minor, a great temple was built in her honor, which became one of the "Seven Wonders of the Ancient World". But at Ephesus she was worshiped mainly as a fertility goddess, and was identified with Cybele the mother goddess of eastern lands. The cult statues of the Ephesian Artemis differ greatly from those of mainland Greece, whereas she is depicted as a huntress with her bow and arrows. Those found at Ephesus show her in the eastern style, standing erect with numerous nodes on her chest. There have been many theories as to what they represent. Some say they are breasts, others that they are bulls testes which were sacrificed to her. Which is the true interpretation remains uncertain, but each represent fertility.
There were festivals in honor of Artemis, such as the Brauronia, which was held in Brauron; and the festival of Artemis Orthia, held at Sparta, when young Spartan boys would try to steal cheeses from the altar. As they tried they would be whipped, the meaning of Orthia and the nature of the ritual whipping has been lost and there is no logical explanation or translation. Among the epithets given to Artemis are: Potnia Theron (mistress of wild animals) this title was mentioned by the great poet Homer; Kourotrophos (nurse of youth's); Locheia (helper in childbirth); Agrotera (huntress); and Cynthia (taken from her birthplace on Mount Cynthus on Delos). When young girls reached puberty they were initiated into her cult, but when they decided to marry, which Artemis was not against, they were asked to lay in front of the altar all the paraphernalia of their virginity, toys, dolls and locks of their hair, they then left the domain of the virgin goddess.
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Which Australian town, now a city, was bombed by the Japanese in February 1942? | The Japanese bombing of Darwin, Broome and northern Australia | australia.gov.au
The Japanese bombing of Darwin, Broome and northern Australia
Women in action
The Japanese bombing of Darwin, Broome and northern Australia
Merchant vessels Barossa and Neptuna burning in Darwin Harbour near the jetty after receiving direct hits during the first Japanese air raid on 19 February 1942. SS Neptuna later exploded and sank while the Barossa was towed clear of the explosion and was later salvaged. Photograph courtesy of A Oliver and the Australian War Memorial: P02759.011.
During the Second World War, the Japanese flew 64 raids on Darwin and 33 raids on other targets in Northern Australia.
On 19 February 1942, 188 Japanese planes were launched against Darwin, whose harbour was full of Allied ships. It was the largest Japanese attack since Pearl Harbour, 7 December 1941, and followed a reconnaissance flight on 10 February 1942. On that day there were 27 Allied ships in the harbour and approximately 30 aircraft at the Darwin Civil and RAAF airfields.
The USS Houston convoy departed Darwin on 15 February 1942, followed by a Japanese flying boat which later engaged in an air strike. The USS Peary returned to Darwin on 19 February after an encounter with a possible Japanese submarine. On 19 February 1942 there were 46 ships packed into Darwin Harbour.
From the first raid on 19 February 1942 until the last on 12 November 1943, Australia and its allies lost about 900 people, 77 aircraft and several ships. Many military and civilian facilities were destroyed. The Japanese lost about 131 aircraft in total during the attacks.
At the time, there were many rumours alluding to the Australian Government's suppression of information about the bombings - it was thought that reports of casualties were intentionally diminished to maintain national morale.
Local sources estimated that between 900 and 1100 people were killed. For many years, government censorship limited coverage of the event to protect public morale in the southern states of Australia.
What led to the attacks?
During the 1930s, Japan invaded and occupied large parts of China. By 1941 Japan also controlled Indochina (a federation of French colonies and protectorates in South East Asia). In December 1941, Japan bombed the Americans at Pearl Harbour and entered the Second World War. Within ten weeks, Japan controlled Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore and the Australian territory of New Britain (Rabaul).
Darwin 1943, members of an RAAF Spitfire squadron race to their planes for an interception flight against Japanese raiders. Photograph courtesy of the Australian War Memorial: 014491.
Darwin, the largest town in the north of Australia, was a key defensive position against an aggressive Japan. Australia developed Darwin's military ports and airfields, built coastal batteries and anti-aircraft guns and steadily enlarged its garrison of troops. Darwin was seen as a key port for the Allied ships, planes and forces defending the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia and East Timor).
Defences were planned, and an anti-submarine boom net was constructed across Darwin Harbour. The net, supported by floatation buoys, was six kilometres long – the longest floating net in the world. Warning of approaching ships or submarines was given by submarine indicator loops that lay on the seabed and ASDIC (sonar) devices fitted to ships.
At the time many Australians believed that the Japanese planned to invade Australia. Many experts today, however, believe that the Japanese plan was to wipe out as much of Australia's and the Allied Forces air and sea defence in order to gain control of the resource rich countries of South East Asia and establish strong defences against any counter-attacks from the USA, Australia and any European powers in the region.
Official evacuation, 16 December 1941–15 February 1942
On 16 December 1941 an official order was issued by the Administrator to evacuate women and children from Darwin. The evacuation was primarily organised by the A.R.P. (Air Raid Precautions) with assistance from Police and Military personnel. Most of the 1066 women and 900 children went by sea, with the first group leaving Darwin on December 19 aboard the Koolinda. The troop carrier Zealandia, USS President Grant, Montoro, and Koolama also evacuated civilians with the last ship sailing on February 15, just before the bombing of Darwin. Others left by plane, road and train.
Civilians were evacuated on short notice, often less than 24 hours notice, and were allowed little luggage. Ships were hot, overcrowded, and short on food and water supplies. They were continually on the watch for enemy mines and, at night, blacked out to avoid detection.
The first attacks, 19 February 1942
Wrecked Lockheed Hudson, February 1942. Photograph courtesy of the Charles Eaton Photographic Collection and Peter Dunn's Australia @ War.
The Japanese first attacked Darwin on the morning of 19 February 1942. This was the first time since European settlement that mainland Australia had been attacked by a foreign enemy.
This first attack (and the one that was to follow later that day) was planned and led by Mitsuo Fuchida, the Japanese commander responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbour. It was the largest Japanese attack since Pearl Harbour.
The Japanese attacked with around 188 planes that had been launched from Japanese land bases and aircraft carriers in the Timor Sea. The Japanese fighters strafed land targets and shipping. Dive bombers attacked the ships in the harbour, the military and civilian aerodromes and the hospital. The dive bombers were escorted by fighter planes to protect them from Australian and allied planes. Eight ships were sunk and most of the others were damaged by bombs or machine gunfire.
The only air defences the allies had were ten fighter planes that engaged the Japanese planes. Only one allied fighter survived the first attack, with the Japanese suffering only one or two losses.
War correspondent Robert Sherrod, of Time Magazine, in front of the remains of the Darwin Post Office, June 1942. Photograph courtesy of Peter Dunn's Australia @ War.
The first attack lasted approximately forty minutes. The land targets included the Post Office, Telegraph Office, Cable Office and the Postmaster's Residence, where postal workers were killed.
The second attack began an hour after the first ended. Heavy bombers attacked the Royal Australian Air Force Base at Parap and lasted about 25 minutes.
The two raids killed at least 243 Australians and allies. Almost 400 were wounded. Twenty military aircraft were destroyed, eight ships at anchor in the harbour were sunk and most civil and military facilities in Darwin were destroyed.
There is debate over the number of Japanese aircraft shot down during the air raid on 19 February 1942 – some sources report that two aircraft were shot down, while others state four aircraft were destroyed.
Darwin after the first attack
With much of the town destroyed and hundreds of people killed and wounded, Darwin's remaining population feared that the Japanese were about to invade.
There was widespread panic and about half of Darwin's remaining civilian population fled. Many servicemen also left their posts and fled in the confusion and panic. Three days after the attack, 278 servicemen were still missing. The majority of women and children had been evacuated previously under government orders during December 1941 and January 1942.
Order was restored to the town within a few days. The military defences were eventually rebuilt and strengthened.
Although these first two raids were the largest, the Japanese were to undertake many more raids on Darwin and other northern Australian towns over the next 20 months.
The bombing of Broome, 3 March 1942
A Dutch crew from a visiting Dornier Do 24 flying boat in Roebuck Bay being taken into Broome by launch in 1941. AWM 044613
Two weeks after the Darwin bombing, on 3 March 1942, the Western Australian town of Broome suffered Australia's second-worst air raid. The attack killed an estimated seventy people, perhaps as many as one hundred, and injured another forty, as well as eight large aircraft and 16 flying boats, 24 aircraft in total. Another aircraft, a DC3 type, carrying refugees and a parcel of diamonds towards Broome met the departing Japanese flight, and after being extensively damaged, was forced to crash-land in the shallows north of the town.
At that time, Broome was a significant military and civilian staging post for air evacuees from Java, then part of the Dutch East Indies (part of latter day Indonesia), both military and civilian. Evacuees were ferried in Dutch, American and Australian military and civil aircraft, including flying boats of Qantas Empire Airways. In the last two weeks of February, 8,000 mostly Dutch refugees, including many women and children, passed through Broome on their way south.
the town was overflowing with military personnel and refugees. People slept wherever they could while waiting for a flight to continue their journey south.… On one single day, 57 aircraft landed there.
Australia’s War 1939-1945, Air raids, Broome
On the day of the attack, Japanese fighter planes attacked without warning. Nine Mitsubishi Zero fighters arrived over Roebuck Bay at 9.30 am, and promptly destroyed the targets they found. As there were no Allied fighters in the area, the Japanese faced minimal opposition.
Fifteen marine aircraft, mostly Dutch Dorniers and Catalinas, but also some British and US Catalinas, as well as a pair of Australian ‘Empire’ Class flying boats, were burned or sunk at their moorings. At the nearby airstrip, several US B-17 Flying Fortress and B-24 Liberator heavy bombers were destroyed, as well as a number of twin-engined Douglas DC-3 transports of the Netherlands East Indies Airline (KNILM). Not a single operational aircraft was left in Broome when the Japanese departed at 10.30 am.
The Japanese raid on Broome, Australian War Memorial
Many victims were Dutch women and children packed into flying boats on the harbour either waiting to be unloaded and ferried ashore or waiting to depart for the southern states. Another 30 crew and passengers, mostly military personnel, were lost when an American Liberator bomber was shot down shortly after taking off. The bodies of the Dutch victims, initially buried at Broome, were moved in 1950 to the Perth War Cemetery at Karrakatta
The ‘Flying Boat wreckage Site’ was listed by the Heritage Council of Western Australia and a Conservation Order was published in 2002 as it was not covered by shipwreck legislation. Much of what remains below the seabed is well preserved which is invaluable – as plans and descriptions of the entire Short Empire class Flying Boat were destroyed. The site was managed for many years by the Broome Historical Society and later with the WA Maritime Museum. This has resulted in a detailed archaeological survey, conservation of artefacts, oral history program and a documentary film.
Today, six of the fifteen bombed flying boats are exposed on the mud-flats of Roebuck Bay at low water spring tides opposite the town site of Broome – serving as a reminder of the trauma of war as well as the actions of townspeople and military personnel who engaged in valiant rescue attempts. (WA Museum, The Broome Flying Boats)
Other raids – Northern Territory, Western Australia and Queensland, 1942–43
Darwin, 1943. Japanese Mitsubishi plane photographed from an RAAF Spitfire during the 58th Japanese air raid on Darwin. Photograph courtesy of the Australian War Memorial: P02822.001.
Japanese planes also flew several reconnaissance missions over Australia until 1944.
The other airport base areas in Townsville, Katherine, Wyndham, Derby and Port Hedland were targeted, with loss of military and civilian lives. In late 1942, three raids were made against Townsville, Queensland, as well as Millingimbi, Northern Territory and four raids on the Exmouth Gulf.
There were three Japanese raids on Townsville between 25 and 29 July 1942. The raids were undertaken with two Emily flying boats (W45 and W46) captained by Asai and Mizukura who dropped 15 bombs of 250 kg near the Townsville wharves where three vessels were berthed, believed to be: the SS Bantam, SS Burwah and the HMAS Swan. The second raid dropped eight bombs near the Garbutt airfield. With warning of the raid, three American anti-aircraft batteries fired 72 rounds.
Given a 30 minute early radar warning prior to the third raid, four American Airacobras from the 8th Fighter Group were able to engage in air combat with the Japanese. A translated Japanese log report (held at the Townsville Aviation Museum) records what happened with the Japanese Emily flying boat
Hit more than 10 times by two Hurricanes. Dropped three bombs near the aerodrome causing three fires, and five more on the city, igniting two more.
Kingo Shoji, pilot log, 29 July 1942)
The Emily dumped seven bombs in Cleveland Bay, between the shore and Magnetic Island.
Nine raids were made on Horn Island. After the bombing of Darwin until 1944 the airstrip at Horn Island was the nearest operational airbase to the Japanese forces in New Guinea. It was used by Allied heavy bombers as the take-off point for attacks and to refuel on their return. In the bombing raid on Horn Island on 14 March 1942 there were eight Mitsubishi G4M1 heavy bombers escorted by twelve A6M2 Zeros of the 4th Kokutai. 9 US Kittyhawks were scrambled at 1145 hours under order of Captain Bob Morrissey, Commanding Officer.
A dog fight persisted for 10 minutes above the Torres Straits. Morrissey shot down a Zero in flames when he fired on it from 200 yards. The Kittyhawks of 2nd Lts. Burtnette and Andrews were both riddled by machine gun fire. They both returned to Horn Island.
Japanese Bombing Raid On Horn Island 14 March 1942
By the end of 1942, there were 5000 troops stationed on Horn Island and a further 2000 on nearby Thursday Island. 190 Australian and Allied personnel were killed in Torres Strait and 124 wounded. (Former gunner Gordon Cameron, President of the 34th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery Association in The Australian, 18 February, 2012 )
In 1997, a Japanese fighter plane, a Mitsubishi Zero shot down in World War II in Torres Strait was found relatively intact near Thursday Island. (Courier Mail, 28 January 1997)
In the final Japanese attack, a raid on Darwin on 12 November 1943, there were no casualties and only minor damage was caused around the town. In all, there were 64 air raids on Darwin.
Useful links
Listen, look and play
Listen to Remembering 1942: The bombing of Darwin - download the talk by Dr Peter Stanley at the Australian War Memorial
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Which team won the 2010 NBA Finals, beating the Boston Celtics by 4 games to 3? | The bombing of Darwin - Fact sheet 195 – National Archives of Australia, Australian Government
The bombing of Darwin – Fact sheet 195
Japanese air raids on Darwin and northern Australia, 1942–43
On 19 February 1942 mainland Australia came under attack for the first time when Japanese forces mounted two air raids on Darwin. The two attacks, which were planned and led by the commander responsible for the attack on Pearl Harbor ten weeks earlier, involved 188 attack aircraft which were launched from four Japanese aircraft-carriers in the Timor Sea, and a second raid of 54 land-based bombers. The carrier battle group consisted additionally of two heavy cruisers, one light cruiser, seven destroyers, three submarines, and two other heavy cruisers on distant cover.
In the first attack, which began just before 10.00 am, Kate bombers hit shipping, infrastructure and the town; and Val dive bombers escorted by Zero fighters then attacked shipping in the harbour, and the military and civil aerodromes. The attack ceased after about 25 minutes. The second raid, which began around 11.45 am, involved high altitude bombing of the Royal Australian Air Force base by twin-engine machines.
The two raids killed 235 people with a further 300 to 400 wounded. Thirty aircraft were destroyed, including nine out of the ten flying in defence, nine ships in the harbour and two outside were sunk, and some of the civil and military facilities in Darwin were destroyed.
The Japanese lost four aircraft to a spirited defence: two Val bombers and two Zero fighters. One of the fighters crash-landed on Melville Island to Darwin’s north, and its pilot was captured by a local Aboriginal man, to become the first prisoner of war taken on Australian soil.
Contrary to widespread belief at the time, the attacks were not a precursor to an invasion. The Japanese were preparing to invade Timor, and anticipated that a disruptive air attack would hinder Darwin’s potential as a base from which the Allies could launch a counter-offensive, and at the same time would damage Australian morale. The Japanese also planned to take New Guinea, cutting Australia off from US support. Denying Darwin’s ability to act as a base would help achieve that aim.
The air attacks across northern Australia, centring on the Territory, continued until November 1943, by which time the Japanese had raided the Top End over 200 times. The last enemy aircraft was shot down over the Territory in June 1944. During the war other towns in northern Australia were also the target of Japanese air attack, with bombs dropped on Townsville, Katherine, Wyndham, Derby, Broome and Port Hedland.
The response
In the hours following the air raids of 19 February, believing that an invasion was imminent, some of Darwin’s civilian population began to stream southwards. Approximately half of Darwin’s civilian population ultimately fled. The panic in the town was paralleled by confusion at the RAAF base, where personnel were directed in difficult circumstances to other areas in great numbers. Looting and disorder, and impact of the first raids, subsequently led the government to hurriedly appoint a Commission of Inquiry led by Mr Justice Lowe, which issued two reports, one on 27 March and the other on 9 April 1942.
However, within a few months, Darwin was mounting an even more credible defence, which grew to a coordinated response involving fighters, radar, and searchlights. The response grew steadily to involve counterstrike from bombers, largely manned by US forces. Other squadrons involved Dutch and British aircraft joining the Australian effort, and naval units continued to operate against the enemy. By the end of 1942 the tide was beginning to turn and the Japanese started to be pushed back from the lands they had taken in what is now Indonesia and Timor.
The records
The National Archives and the Australian War Memorial hold a wide range of records relating to the bombing of Darwin. A selection of these records is listed in the table below.
The first bombings – 19 February 1942
National Archives, Canberra
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In SWOT analysis used in business, for what does the 'S' stand? | SWOT Analysis - What it is and how to use it
Home > Goal Setting > SWOT Analysis
SWOT Analysis for Goal Setting
SWOT, which stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats, is a way to analyze and evaluate your current situation and environment. While it's typically used for strategic planning in business settings, it can also be used in goal setting to help you identify goals that will give you the most benefit. It is a way of matching your internal capabilities, resources and liabilities with the external factors you are facing.
SWOT analysis works best when focused on a particular result area .
Performing a SWOT Analysis
You start by identifying your strengths, which represent your internal capabilities and resources in this result area. Here are some questions you can use to help you get started:
What are your core competencies in this area?
What relevant skills, talents or abilities do you poses?
What resources do you have at your disposal?
What specialized knowledge or expertise do you have access to?
Who can you ask for advice, support or help?
What special/proprietary tools can you use or develop?
What is already working well in this area? What related strengths does that reveal?
Keep in mind that not all of these questions will apply to every result area. Just use the ones that make sense to help you identify your strengths.
A SWOT analysis is essential for any goal in a business. If you ever plan to run your own business, consider a Business Administration degree from Anna Maria College online to learn how to do properly prepare a SWOT analysis.
The next step is to identify your weaknesses, which represent your internal liabilities. In many cases, the lack of a strength or resource can be considered a weakness. Here are some ideas to help you identify your weaknesses:
What are your main liabilities in this area?
List all the relevant skills, abilities and talents that you would find helpful in this result area. Which ones are you the least good or proficient at?
List the specialized knowledge or expertise that you would find helpful in this result area. Any knowledge or expertise that you lack could be considered a weakness.
Are there any resources (money, time, help) that you currently don't have access to?
What is not working in this area right now? What related weaknesses does that reveal?
Your strengths and weaknesses give you an idea of your internal capabilities, resources and liabilities. The next step in SWOT analysis is to identify your external opportunities for profit, growth and improvement. Here are some ideas to help you identify them:
List the opportunities that you have been considering.
What things could you improve in this result area?
Think of one thing you could do that would significantly improve your situation in this area.
What important goals could you pursue?
How can you take advantage of your strengths?
Can you take advantage of any changes in your environment or circumstances?
What opportunities would become available to you if you eliminate some of your weaknesses?
Now identify your threats, which represent external events, environmental factors, or changes that could affect you negatively. Here are some ideas to help you identify some threats:
Make a list of serious risks you are facing in this area if you continue along your current path.
What obstacles or roadblocks are impeding your progress?
What environmental factors are affecting you negatively?
Think about how current changes to your environment or circumstances could affect you negatively.
Using SWOT Analysis to Identify Targets and Strategies
The whole point of doing a SWOT analysis is to help you identify the most beneficial targets and strategies to pursue right now based on your current situation, and to identify strategies that will help you prepare for the future.
You do this by analyzing the four quadrants of the SWOT matrix.
SWOT Quadrant I - Strengths/Opportunities (SO)
This quadrant focuses on goals and strategies that take advantage of your core strengths to aggressively pursue the best opportunities at your disposal. This is particularly important if the opportunities are short-lived. An example would be to utilize a temporary competitive advantage to gain market share in your business.
SWOT Quadrant II - Strengths/Threats (ST)
This quadrant focuses on goals and strategies that utilize your strengths to actively eliminate or reduce threats you are facing.
SWOT Quadrant III-Weaknesses/Opportunities (WO)
This quadrant focuses on goals and strategies that can help you open up opportunities down the road by working to reduce some of your weaknesses (or making your strengths even stronger). You can use this quadrant to help you prepare a long-term improvement plan.
SWOT Quadrant IV - Weaknesses/Threats (WT)
This quadrant focuses on goals and strategies that can help you mitigate and avoid threats that could result from your weaknesses. You could do this by eliminating the weaknesses and turning them into strengths, or by developing defensive strategies to reduce the likelihood or severity of the threat.
Summary
The four SWOT quadrants provide different perspectives to help you identify targets and strategies:
SO Quadrant - Opportunities to Pursue
ST Quadrant - Threats to Eliminate
WO Quadrant - Things to Improve
WT Quadrant - Risk Mitigation & Avoidance
Over the long term, you should include goals from each of the four quadrants for balance. In the short term, you may want to focus on one or two quadrants to take advantage of any circumstances you are currently facing.
Successes/Failures Analysis
While SWOT analysis is a good way to examine you current situation looking forward, it doesn't always reveal past trends that you can learn from. A successes/failures analysis complements the SWOT matrix and can give you more insight into your strengths and weaknesses.
You start by listing all your successes and achievements in this result area, followed by listing all your failures or missteps. Once you've listed them, you can identify additional strengths and weaknesses based on the trends that they show you.
| strengths weaknesses opportunities threats |
In 'Moby Dick', what was the name of the captain of the 'Pequod'? | SWOT Analysis - What it is and how to use it
Home > Goal Setting > SWOT Analysis
SWOT Analysis for Goal Setting
SWOT, which stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats, is a way to analyze and evaluate your current situation and environment. While it's typically used for strategic planning in business settings, it can also be used in goal setting to help you identify goals that will give you the most benefit. It is a way of matching your internal capabilities, resources and liabilities with the external factors you are facing.
SWOT analysis works best when focused on a particular result area .
Performing a SWOT Analysis
You start by identifying your strengths, which represent your internal capabilities and resources in this result area. Here are some questions you can use to help you get started:
What are your core competencies in this area?
What relevant skills, talents or abilities do you poses?
What resources do you have at your disposal?
What specialized knowledge or expertise do you have access to?
Who can you ask for advice, support or help?
What special/proprietary tools can you use or develop?
What is already working well in this area? What related strengths does that reveal?
Keep in mind that not all of these questions will apply to every result area. Just use the ones that make sense to help you identify your strengths.
A SWOT analysis is essential for any goal in a business. If you ever plan to run your own business, consider a Business Administration degree from Anna Maria College online to learn how to do properly prepare a SWOT analysis.
The next step is to identify your weaknesses, which represent your internal liabilities. In many cases, the lack of a strength or resource can be considered a weakness. Here are some ideas to help you identify your weaknesses:
What are your main liabilities in this area?
List all the relevant skills, abilities and talents that you would find helpful in this result area. Which ones are you the least good or proficient at?
List the specialized knowledge or expertise that you would find helpful in this result area. Any knowledge or expertise that you lack could be considered a weakness.
Are there any resources (money, time, help) that you currently don't have access to?
What is not working in this area right now? What related weaknesses does that reveal?
Your strengths and weaknesses give you an idea of your internal capabilities, resources and liabilities. The next step in SWOT analysis is to identify your external opportunities for profit, growth and improvement. Here are some ideas to help you identify them:
List the opportunities that you have been considering.
What things could you improve in this result area?
Think of one thing you could do that would significantly improve your situation in this area.
What important goals could you pursue?
How can you take advantage of your strengths?
Can you take advantage of any changes in your environment or circumstances?
What opportunities would become available to you if you eliminate some of your weaknesses?
Now identify your threats, which represent external events, environmental factors, or changes that could affect you negatively. Here are some ideas to help you identify some threats:
Make a list of serious risks you are facing in this area if you continue along your current path.
What obstacles or roadblocks are impeding your progress?
What environmental factors are affecting you negatively?
Think about how current changes to your environment or circumstances could affect you negatively.
Using SWOT Analysis to Identify Targets and Strategies
The whole point of doing a SWOT analysis is to help you identify the most beneficial targets and strategies to pursue right now based on your current situation, and to identify strategies that will help you prepare for the future.
You do this by analyzing the four quadrants of the SWOT matrix.
SWOT Quadrant I - Strengths/Opportunities (SO)
This quadrant focuses on goals and strategies that take advantage of your core strengths to aggressively pursue the best opportunities at your disposal. This is particularly important if the opportunities are short-lived. An example would be to utilize a temporary competitive advantage to gain market share in your business.
SWOT Quadrant II - Strengths/Threats (ST)
This quadrant focuses on goals and strategies that utilize your strengths to actively eliminate or reduce threats you are facing.
SWOT Quadrant III-Weaknesses/Opportunities (WO)
This quadrant focuses on goals and strategies that can help you open up opportunities down the road by working to reduce some of your weaknesses (or making your strengths even stronger). You can use this quadrant to help you prepare a long-term improvement plan.
SWOT Quadrant IV - Weaknesses/Threats (WT)
This quadrant focuses on goals and strategies that can help you mitigate and avoid threats that could result from your weaknesses. You could do this by eliminating the weaknesses and turning them into strengths, or by developing defensive strategies to reduce the likelihood or severity of the threat.
Summary
The four SWOT quadrants provide different perspectives to help you identify targets and strategies:
SO Quadrant - Opportunities to Pursue
ST Quadrant - Threats to Eliminate
WO Quadrant - Things to Improve
WT Quadrant - Risk Mitigation & Avoidance
Over the long term, you should include goals from each of the four quadrants for balance. In the short term, you may want to focus on one or two quadrants to take advantage of any circumstances you are currently facing.
Successes/Failures Analysis
While SWOT analysis is a good way to examine you current situation looking forward, it doesn't always reveal past trends that you can learn from. A successes/failures analysis complements the SWOT matrix and can give you more insight into your strengths and weaknesses.
You start by listing all your successes and achievements in this result area, followed by listing all your failures or missteps. Once you've listed them, you can identify additional strengths and weaknesses based on the trends that they show you.
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Which English king was the son of John O'Gaunt? | John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (1340 - 1399) - Genealogy
John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
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John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
Spanish: Juan de Gante, Duque de Lancaster
Birthdate:
St. Bavon's Abbey, Ghent, Belgium
Death:
in Leicester Castle, Leicestershire, England
Place of Burial:
St. Paul's Cathedral, London, Middlesex, England
Immediate Family:
Added 2017-01-19 00:06:24 -0800 by Private User
Collection:
Added 2017-01-19 00:05:09 -0800 by Private User
Collection:
July 24 1340 - Abbaye De St Bavon, Ghent, Flandre Orientale, Belgium
Death:
Feb 3 1399 - Leicester Castle, Leicester, Leicestershire, England
Wife:
Constanza (Constance) Plantagenet (born Castilla)
Wife:
Katherine Plantagenet (born Roet)
Children:
...rtugal) Lancaster, Elizabeth Lancaster, Edward Lancaster, Henry (Henry Iv King Of England) Lancaster, Isabel Lancaster, John Beaufort, Ka...
Added 2017-01-18 23:52:30 -0800 by Private User
Collection:
June 24 1340 - Abbaye, De St Bavon, Ghent, Flandre Orientale, Belgium
Death:
Feb 3 1399 - Leicester Castle, Leicester, Leicestershire, England
Wife:
Catherine Katherine 17th Ggm Plantagenet Of Gaunt, Duchess (born Swynford De Roet Roët Duchess Of Lancaster)
Children:
...lantagenet, Elizabeth Duchess Of Exeter And Lancaster Lady Fanhope Plantagenet, Elizabeth Princess And Duchess Of Lancaster Dé Roët, Henr...
Added 2017-01-19 00:09:25 -0800 by Private User
Collection:
Edward 111 Plantagenet, Philippa Plantagenet (born De Hainault)
Siblings:
Lionel Plantagenet, Edmund Poe Duke Of York Langley, Thomas De Woodstock
Wife:
Katherine De Gaunt (born De Roet)
Daughter:
Added 2017-01-19 00:05:56 -0800 by Private User
Collection:
July 24 1340 - Abbaye De St Bavon, Ghent, Flandre-Orientale, Belgium
Death:
Feb 3 1399 - Leicester Castle, Leicester, Leicestershire, England
Wife:
Katherine Swynford (born Roet)
Children:
John Beaufort, Kg, Edmund Beaufort, Cardinal Henry Beaufort, Thomas Beaufort (Lancaster), Countess Joan De Neville, Lg (born De Beaufort)
Added 2017-01-18 23:52:51 -0800 by Private User
Collection:
July 24 1340 - Abbaye De St Bavon, Ghent, Flandre-Orientale, Belgium
Death:
Feb 3 1399 - Leicester Castle, Leicester, Leicestershire, England
Wife:
Katherine Swynford (born Roet)
Children:
John (Fairborn) Beaufort, Edmund Beaufort, Cardinal Henry Beaufort, Thomas Beaufort, Countess Joan De Neville, Lg (born Beaufort)
Added 2017-01-19 00:06:51 -0800 by Private User
Collection:
July 24 1340 - Abbaye De St Bavon, Ghent, Flandre-Orientale, Belgium
Death:
Feb 3 1399 - Leicester Castle, Leicester, Leicestershire, England
Wife:
Katherine Swynford (born Roet)
Children:
...eaufort, Kg, Edmund Beaufort, Cardinal Henry Beaufort, Thomas (Lancaster) Beaufort (Lancaster), Countess Joan De Neville, Lg (born Beaufort)
Added 2017-01-18 23:53:16 -0800 by Private User
Collection:
June 24 1340 - St Bavons Abbey, Ghent, Flanders, Netherlands
Death:
Feb 3 1399 - Castle, McPherson, Kansas, USA
Parents:
Edward Iii King Of England, Phillipa King Of England (born Hainault)
Siblings:
...Joan Of England, William Of Hatfield, Edmund Plantagenet, Blanche Plantagenet, Mary Of England, Margaret Plantagenet, William Of Windsor,...
Added 2017-01-19 00:09:36 -0800 by Private User
Collection:
June 24 1340 - St Bavons Abbey, Ghent, Flanders, Netherlands
Death:
Feb 3 1399 - Castle, McPherson, Kansas, USA
Parents:
Edward Iii King Of England, Phillipa King Of England (born Hainault)
Siblings:
...Joan Of England, William Of Hatfield, Edmund Plantagenet, Blanche Plantagenet, Mary Of England, Margaret Plantagenet, William Of Windsor,...
Added 2017-01-19 00:09:17 -0800 by Private User
Collection:
Mar 6 1340 - Abbaye De St Bavon, Ghent, Flandre-Orientale, Belgium
Death:
Feb 3 1399 - Leicester Castle, Leicester, Leicestershire, England
Wife:
Katherine Swynford (born Beaufort,)
Children:
...ohn Fairborn Beaufort,, Edmund Beaufort, Cardinal Henry Beaufort, Thomas Beaufort (Lancaster), Countess Joan De Neville, Lg (born Beaufort,)
Added 2017-01-19 00:08:36 -0800 by Private User
Collection:
July 24 1340 - Abbaye De St Bavon, Ghent, Flandre-Orientale, Belgium
Death:
Feb 3 1399 - Leicester Castle, Leicester, Leicestershire, England
Parents:
Edward Iii Plantagenet, Phillipa Plantagenet (born Of Hainault)
Siblings:
...t; Of England, Earl Of Chester, Duke Of Cornwall Plantagenet, Princess Isabella De Coucy, Princess of England (born Plantagenet), Princes...
Added 2014-07-27 08:17:49 -0700 by Private User
Collection:
Feb 3 1399
Parents:
Edward Iii Plantegnet King Of England Of Gount, Philippa Of Hainault Queen Consort Of England Of Gount
Son:
About John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
a short summary from Wikipedia;
John of Gaunt (Ghent), 1st Duke of Lancaster, KG
Successor: Henry IV Bolingbroke, King of England (2nd Duke of Lancaster and of Aquitaine)
Spouse:
Henry IV Bolingbroke, King of England
Catherine, Queen of Castile
John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset
Cardinal Henry Beaufort
Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter
Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland
House House of Plantagenet (by birth)
House of Lancaster (founder)
Father Edward III of Windsor, King of England
Mother Philippa of Hainault
Died 3 February 1399 (aged 58)
Leicester Castle, Leicestershire
Burial St Paul's Cathedral, City of London
====================================================================
"John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, KG (6 March 1340 – 3 February 1399) was a member of the House of Plantagenet, the third surviving son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. He was called "John of Gaunt" because he was born in Ghent, then rendered in English as Gaunt. When he became unpopular later in life, scurrilous rumours and lampoons circulated that he was actually the son of a Ghent butcher, perhaps because Edward III was not present at the birth. This story always drove him to fury. As a younger brother of Edward, Prince of Wales (Edward, the Black Prince), John exercised great influence over the English throne during the minority of his nephew, Richard II, and during the ensuing periods of political strife, but was not thought to have been among the opponents of the king.
John of Gaunt's legitimate male heirs, the Lancasters, included Kings Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI. His other legitimate descendants included, by his first wife, Blanche, his daughters Queen Philippa of Portugal and Elizabeth, Duchess of Exeter; and by his second wife, Constance, his daughter Queen Catherine of Castile. John fathered five children outside marriage, one early in life by a lady-in-waiting to his mother, and four surnamed "Beaufort" (after a former French possession of the Duke) by Katherine Swynford, Gaunt's long-term mistress and third wife. The Beaufort children, three sons and a daughter, were legitimised by royal and papal decrees after John and Katherine married in 1396; a later proviso that they were specifically barred from inheriting the throne, the phrase excepta regali dignitate (English: except royal status), was inserted with dubious authority by their half-brother Henry IV. Descendants of this marriage included Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester and eventually Cardinal; Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland, grandmother of Kings Edward IV and Richard III; John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, the grandfather of Margret Beaufort, the mother of King Henry VII; and Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots, from whom are descended, beginning in 1437, all subsequent sovereigns of Scotland, and successively, from 1603 on, the sovereigns of England, of Great Britain and Ireland, and of the United Kingdom to the present day. The three succeeding houses of English sovereigns from 1399—the Houses of Lancaster, York and Tudor—were descended from John through Henry Bolingbroke, Joan Beaufort and John Beaufort, respectively.
Lancaster's eldest son and heir, Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford, was exiled for ten years by King Richard II in 1398 as resolution to a dispute between Hereford and Thomas de Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk. When John of Gaunt died in 1399, his estates and titles were declared forfeit to the crown as King Richard II named Hereford a traitor and commuted his sentence to exile for life.
Henry Bolingbroke returned from exile to reclaim his inheritance and depose Richard. Bolingbroke then reigned as King Henry IV of England (1399–1413), the first of the descendants of John of Gaunt to hold the throne of England. Due to some generous land grants, John was not only one of the richest men in his era, but also one of the wealthiest men to have ever lived. Taking into account inflation rates, John was worth a modern equivalent of $110 billion, making him the sixteenth richest man in history"
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Wikipedia links:
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Citations / Sources:
[S11] Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), pages 98-102. Hereinafter cited as Britain's Royal Families.
[S13] #379 [7th edition, 1992] Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists, Who Came to America Before 1700: the Lineage of Alfred the Great, Charlemagne, Malcolm of Scotland, Robert the Strong, and Some of Their Descendants (7th edition, 1992), Weis, Frederick Lewis, (7th edition. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, c1992), FHL book 974 D2w 1992., p. 3 line 1:31, p. 4 line 1A:31.
[S20] Magna Carta Ancestry: A study in Colonial and Medieval Families, Richardson, Douglas, (Kimball G. Everingham, editor. 2nd edition, 2011), vol. 2 p. 535.
[S32] #150 [1879-1967] A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage, Together with Memoirs of the Privy Councillors and Knights (1879-1967), Burke, Sir John Bernard, (London: Harrison, 1879-1967), FHL book 942 D22bup., vol. 1 p. 1196.
[S35] #244 The History and Antiquities of the County of Northampton (1822-1841), Baker, George, (2 volumes. London: J. B. Nichols and Son, 1822-1841), FHL book Q 942.55 H2bal; FHL microfilm 962,237 ite., vol. 1 p. 54, 55.
[S37] #93 [Book version] The Dictionary of National Biography: from the Earliest Times to 1900 (1885-1900, reprint 1993), Stephen, Leslie, (22 volumes. 1885-1900. Reprint, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1993), FHL book 920.042 D561n., vol. 29 p. 417-427 vol. 4 p. 41.
[S40] Handbook of British Chronology (1986), Fryde, E. B., editor, (Royal Historical Society guides and handbooks, no. 2. London: Offices of the Royal Historical Society, 1986), FHL book 942 C4rg no. 2., p. 40.
[S44] #242 [1846 edition] A genealogical and heraldic dictionary of the peerages of England, Ireland & Scotland, extinct, dormant, & abeyance, Burke, John, (London : Henry Colburn, 1846), 942 D22bua 1846., p. 38.
[S46] #8356 The Ligon Family and Connections (1947-1973), Ligon, William D. (William Daniel Ligon, Jr.), (3 volumes. New York: W.D. Ligon Jr, c1947-c1973 (Hartford, Conn.: Bond Press)), p. 127.
[S47] #688 Collectanea topographica et genealogica (1834-1843), (8 volumes. London: J.B. Nichols, 1834-1843), FHL book 942 B2ct; FHL microfilms 496,953 item 3 a., vol. 1 p. 297, 302.
[S49] Foundations: Journal of the Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, (Periodical. Chobham, Surrey, England: Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, 2005- Published twice yearly.), vol. 1 no. 5 2005 p. 310.
[S77] #33 An Official Genealogical and Heraldic Baronage of England (filmed 1957), Paget, Gerald, (Typescript, filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1957), FHL microfilm 170,063-170,067., no. 406, Nevill, Earls of Salisbury & Warwick.
[S81] #125 The Royal Daughters of England and Their Representatives (1910-1911), Lane, Henry Murray, (2 voulmes. London: Constable and Co., 1910-1911), FHL microfilm 88,003., vol. 1 p. 160, 24 243-244, 248, 259-260 vol. 2 p. 242, table 2 pt. 2.
[S117] #227 The History and Antiquities of the County of Hertford (1815-1827), Clutterbuck, Robert, (3 volumes. London: Nichols, Son and Bentley, 1815-1827), FHL book Q 942.58 H2c; FHL microfilms 899,855-899,., vol. 3 p. 31.
[S266] #379 [7th edition, 1992] Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists, Who Came to America Before 1700 (7th edition, 1992), Weis, Frederick Lewis, (7th edition. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, c1992), FHL book 974 D2w 1992., p. 3 line 1:31, p. 4 line 1A:31.
[S673] #1079 A History of Monmouthshire from the Coming of the Normans into Wales down to the Present Time (1904-1993), Bradney, Sir Joseph Alfred, (Publications of the South Wales Record Society, number 8. Five volumes in 13. London: Mitchell, Hughes and Clarke, 1904-1993), FHL book 942.43 H2b., vol. 1 p. 6*; vol. 2 p. 25*.
[S712] #1039 Pedigrees of Anglesey and Carnarvonshire Families: with Their Collateral Branches in Denbighshire, Merionethshire (1914), Griffith, John Edwards, (Horncastle, England: W.K. Morton, 1914), FHL book Folio 942.9 D2gr; FHL microfilm 468,334., p. I.
[S735] Richard III, Ross, Charles Derek, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), JWML book DA260 .R67 1981., p. 238.
[S743] John of Gaunt, King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Aquitaine and Lancaster, Earl of Derby, Lincoln and Leicester, Seneschal of England (1904, reprint 1964), Armitage-Smith, Sidney, (1904. Reprint, New York: Barnes and Noble, Inc., 1964), JWML book DA 247 J6 A7 1964., p. 2, 14, 407, 460-462.
[S744] #788 County Genealogies: Pedigrees of Essex Families (19--?, filmed 1965), Berry, William, ([S.l.: Sherwood, Gilbert & Piper, 19--?]. Salt Lake City: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1965), FHL book Q 942.67 D2bw; FHL microfilm 452,530 item., p. 71.
[S745] #1600 Memorials of the Family of Tufton, Earls of Thanet: Deduced from Various Sources of Authentic Information (1880), Pocock, Robert, (Gravesend: R. Pocock, 1880), FHL book 929.242 T816p., p. 31.
[S1301] #243 [2nd ed. 1844, reprint 1977] A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England, Ireland, and Scotland (second edition, 1841, reprint 1977), Burke, John, (Second edition, 1844. Reprint, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 1977), FHL book 942 D22bu 1977; FHL microfilm 994,038 ite., p?.
[S1886] #89 A Genealogical History of the Kings of England, and Monarchs of Great Britain, & C. From the Conquest, Anno 1066 to the Year, 1677, Sandford, Francis Esq., (London: Thomas Newcomb, 1677), FHL microfilm 599,670 item 3., p. 312, 313.
[S1888] The Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, Editor: George Burnett, (H.M. General Register House Edinburgh), Film: 994052., vol. 4 p. lxxxv.
[S2318] #1210 The Family of Griffith of Garn and Plasnewydd in the County of Denbigh, as Registered in the College of Arms from the Beginning of the XIth Century (1934), Glenn, Thomas Allen, (London: Harrison, 1934), FHL book 929.2429 G875g; FHL microfilm 994,040 ite., p. 221 fn. 1.
[S2411] #11915 British Genealogy (filmed 1950), Evans, Alcwyn Caryni, (Books A to H. National Library of Wales MSS 12359-12360D. Manuscript filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1950), FHL microfilms 104,355 and 104,390 item 2., book 5 p. E5; book 6 p. F3*, 9*.
[S2420] #11886 The Golden Grove books of pedigrees (filmed 1970), (Manuscript, National Library of Wales manuscript number Castell Gorfod 7. Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1950), FHL microfilms 104,349-104,351., book 9 p. G1187.
[S2434] #2105 Heraldic Visitations of Wales and Part of the Marches Between the Years 1586 and 1613 by Lewys Dwnn (1846), Dwnn, Lewys; transcribed and edited with notes by Sir Samuel Rush Meyrick, (2 volumes. Llandovery: William Rees, 1846), FHL book 942.9 D23d; FHL microfilm 176,668., vol. 2 p. 108.
[S2670] #4372 History of Maunsell, or Mansel . . . (1903), Maunsell, Robert George, (Cork: Guy, 1903), FHL book 929.242 M444m; FHL microfilm 990,078 Item., p. 40.
[S4687] Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica, Authors Vary, (London: Hamilton, Adams, 1868-1938), FHL 942 B2m., 3rd ser. vol. 4 p. 17.
John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster's Timeline
1340
| Henry IV |
In which TV series did Alison Janney play 'C.J. Cregg', a Press Secretary? | John of Gaunt | Article about John of Gaunt by The Free Dictionary
John of Gaunt | Article about John of Gaunt by The Free Dictionary
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/John+of+Gaunt
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Related to John of Gaunt: Richard II
John of Gaunt
[Mid. Eng. Gaunt=Ghent, his birthplace], 1340–99, duke of Lancaster; fourth son of Edward III Edward III,
1312–77, king of England (1327–77), son of Edward II and Isabella. Early Life
He was made earl of Chester in 1320 and duke of Aquitaine in 1325 and accompanied his mother to France in 1325.
..... Click the link for more information. of England. He married (1359) Blanche, heiress of Lancaster, and through her became earl (1361) and duke (1362) of Lancaster. The Lancaster holdings made him the wealthiest and one of the most influential nobles in England. He served under his brother, Edward the Black Prince Edward the Black Prince,
1330–76, eldest son of Edward III of England. He was created duke of Cornwall in 1337, the first duke to be created in England, and prince of Wales in 1343.
..... Click the link for more information. , in the Hundred Years War and went (1367) on his campaign to aid Peter the Cruel Peter the Cruel,
1334–69, Spanish king of Castile and León (1350–69), son and successor of Alfonso XI. His desertion of his wife, Blanche of Bourbon, for María Padilla and his favors to the Padilla family aroused the opposition of the nobles and led to
..... Click the link for more information. of Castile. After the death of Blanche he married (1371) Peter's daughter, Constance, and thus gained a claim to the Castilian throne. When the Black Prince became ill during the French campaign of 1370–71, John took chief command. In 1373 he led his army from Calais to Bordeaux, but the expedition accomplished little. After a truce was reached (1375) he returned to England, where he allied himself with the corrupt court party led by Alice Perrers, mistress of the aging Edward III. For a short time John of Gaunt in effect ruled England. His party was temporarily dislodged from power by the Good Parliament of 1376, but John was soon able to restore his friends and assembled a hand-picked Parliament in 1377. Hostility to the strong clerical party, led by William of Wykeham William of Wykeham
or William of Wickham
, 1324–1404, English prelate and lord chancellor. He is thought to have been the son of a serf. Entering the service of the royal court in 1347, he supervised the building of additions to Windsor Castle and rapidly gained
..... Click the link for more information. , caused him to support the movement of John Wyclif Wyclif, Wycliffe, Wickliffe, or Wiclif, John
, c.1328–1384, English religious reformer. A Yorkshireman by birth, Wyclif studied and taught theology and philosophy at Oxford.
..... Click the link for more information. . After the accession (1377) of his nephew, Richard II Richard II,
1367–1400, king of England (1377–99), son of Edward the Black Prince. Early Life
After his father's death (1376) he was created prince of Wales and succeeded his grandfather, Edward III, to the throne.
..... Click the link for more information. , John remained the most powerful figure in the government, but he devoted himself primarily to military matters. In 1386, allied with John I of Portugal, who married one of his daughters, he led an expedition to make good his Castilian claims against John I of Castile. John of Gaunt finally agreed to peace in 1388, transferred his claims to his daughter by Constance of Castile, and married her to the future Henry III of Castile. He returned to England in 1389, was made duke of Aquitaine, and helped to restore peace between Richard II and the hostile barons led by Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester Gloucester, Thomas of Woodstock, duke of,
1355–97, English nobleman; youngest son of Edward III. He was betrothed (1374) to Eleanor, heiress of Humphrey de Bohun, earl of Hereford, and became earl of Buckingham at the coronation of Richard II (1377).
..... Click the link for more information. . In 1396, John of Gaunt married Catherine Swynford, many years his mistress, and had his children by her, under the name of Beaufort, declared legitimate. He died soon after the king had exiled his eldest son, the duke of Hereford (later Henry IV Henry IV,
1367–1413, king of England (1399–1413), eldest son of John of Gaunt and grandson of Edward III; called Henry of Bolingbroke. He founded the Lancastrian dynasty.
..... Click the link for more information. , first of the royal line of Lancaster). John is also remembered as the patron of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer.
Bibliography
See biography by S. Armitage-Smith (1904, repr. 1964); J. R. Hulbert, Chaucer's Official Life (1912, repr. 1970).
Gaunt, John of:
| i don't know |
Who is the voice of 'King Harold' in the film 'Shrek 2'? | Voice Compare: Shrek - King Harold | Behind The Voice Actors
John Cleese
EDITOR'S OPINION
For most of his appearances , English comedian John Cleese lends his voice to the King. John's voice is instantly recognizeable, and manages to hit a lot of angles of the character. He successfully portrays humour, a caring nature, frustration and the overall ineptitude that comes with being a father.
Michael J. Gough - who already voices Shrek in the vast majority of non-movie appearances - shows off his range and versatility when he took over King Harold for the video game based on the second film . I don't often hear impressions of John Cleese, but I have to say that Michael's...pretty good. Not great, but pretty good. There's times I hear him start to get close to his Shrek voice (minus the Scottish accent), so it kind of takes me out.
I can't not vote for John in this case.
TylerMirage
| John Cleese |
What do the columns on the coat-of-arms of Spain (seen on the national flag) represent? | SCREEN IT! ARTISTIC REVIEW: SHREK 2
"SHREK 2"
(2004) (voices of Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy) (PG)
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QUICK TAKE:
Comedy: An ogre must deal with attempts by his wife's fairy godmother and royal father at undermining his marriage.
PLOT:
Now that's he married to Princess Fiona (voice of CAMERON DIAZ), swamp resident Shrek (voice of MIKE MYERS) would seem to be a happy ogre. Yet, not only must he deal with his persistent sidekick, Donkey (voice of EDDIE MURPHY), but also the fact that Fiona's parents, Queen Lillian (voice of JULIE ANDREWS) and King Harold (voice of JOHN CLEESE), have summoned them to their castle in Far, Far Away Land.
Shrek is reluctant to go, but Fiona convinces him and soon they and Donkey set out on their long trek. While Shrek isn't surprised by his in-laws' reception, Fiona is upset that her parents are disappointed both by how she looks (she's in ogre form) and who she married.
With pressure from Fiona's Fairy Godmother (voice of JENNIFER SAUNDERS) who wanted her son Prince Charming (voice of RUPERT EVERETT), to be the one who rescued and then married Fiona rather than Shrek, King Harold tries to do in the ogre. He does so by hiring the feline assassin Puss in Boots (voice of ANTONIO BANDERAS).
With a magic potion causing Shrek, Donkey and Fiona to become physically attractive, and Fiona being under another spell where she'll fall in love with the first person she kisses, the characters must overcome various obstacles as they try to prevent Harold, Charming and the Fairy Godmother from getting their way.
OUR TAKE: 8 out of 10
The problem with expectations is that, well, they cause people to expect or anticipate something whether it's actually going to happen or not. It's usually a good thing when something meets or exceeds others' expectations about it. Yet, such success -- whether it's having a banner year selling real estate, setting the single season home run baseball record, or having a beloved, hit movie -- often generates two different sorts of expectations about any follow-up attempt.
One is that people will automatically raise the level of success bar, thus making it that much more difficult for any ensuing effort or sequel to match what happened the first time around, at least in their eyes, hearts and/or minds. On the other hand, others will have lowered expectations since they figure there's no way that the previous level of success could possibly be equaled.
Both have likely been running through people's minds upon hearing that "Shrek 2" was being released. After all, the original 2001 film was a highly original, completely engaging and thoroughly entertaining offering that put a unique spin on all sorts of things ranging from fairy tales to pop culture and even some not so subtle jabs at Disney.
I'm happy to report that while the Mouse House might not be as square in the filmmakers' sights, this sequel is every bit as good, funny and enjoyable as its predecessor. Granted, there's only one "first time" for such an offering and thus the novelty factor is thus missing. Yet, the picture obviously benefits from its familiarity in terms of story and character, and sports some new additions -- ranging from quite good to brilliant -- to what's arguably the best assemblage of vocal talent for any animated picture ever.
As in all good fairy tales, the story -- penned by writer/director Andrew Adamson ("Shrek") and Joe Stillman ("Shrek," "Beavis and Butt-Head Do America") and J. David Stem & David N. Weiss ("Clockstoppers," "The Rugrats Movie") -- is simple enough for young kids to understand, yet filled with all sorts of material aimed at older kids and adults.
Like many a sequel, the film does retread some of the themes and plot elements from the first time around. Thankfully, the "been there, seen that" feeling isn't remotely distracting as the writers and trio of directors - Adamson, Kelly Asbury ("Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron") and Conrad Vernon (making his feature debut) -- have infused the film with plenty of humor, romance, action and satire.
In fact, this is one of those rare films that'd you'll likely want to see again, not just because it's that good, but also so that you might catch some of the many cultural references that zoom by from time to time. Whether it's the various visuals spoofing Hollywood and tony Beverly Hills or all sorts of clever word play, the film certainly can't be accused of lacking wit.
From the obvious fairy tale riffs to bits featuring jokes or references to "From Here to Eternity," "Hawaii Five-0," "Rawhide," "Pretty Woman," "Mission: Impossible," Starbucks, Bob's Big Boy, Justin Timberlake, Bob Barker, Joan Rivers and the Red Carpet show, the TV arrest show "Cops," Frankenstein, Godzilla, "Flashdance," and, of course, Michael Jackson, the film is a smorgasbord of witty and clever satire.
Yet, just like the first time around, what makes the film work so well are the characters. As the main plot loosely spoofs "Meet the Parents" (with Shrek having to meet his new wife's royal parental units who obviously won't be pleased with him or his appearance), we follow the characters as they go through the trials and tribulations of just wanting to be loved and/or accepted. That most of it's funny obviously makes it go down quite easily, but there's some real heart behind all of the hilarity and that's what really makes the film so engaging.
To its credit, the characters are done so well that it's easy to forget that we're watching the output of a bunch of computers. Yes, the film is technically amazing and the strides in computer-generated animation since the first film are easily recognized. Yet, it's the "human" characteristics that the filmmakers have captured that are the most magical. The looks and expressions on various characters' faces -- especially when they're not really doing anything active -- are truly priceless.
Mike Myers ("The Cat in the Hat," the "Austin Powers" films), Eddie Murphy ("The Haunted Mansion," "Daddy Day Care") and Cameron Diaz ("Gangs of New York," the "Charlie's Angels" films) return to reprise those characters and are all just as good the second time around.
John Cleese ("Die Another Day," "Rat Race") and Julie Andrews ("The Princess Diaries," "Victor/Victoria") join them playing Princess Fiona's regal parents, but I found them rather bland in comparison. That's more a fault of the script than their vocal performances, but King Harold is clearly no Lord Farquaad in terms of entertaining villainy.
Jennifer Saunders ("Muppet Treasure Island," the TV show "Absolutely Fabulous") gets the "meatier" villain playing a decidedly different fairy godmother, while some fun is had with Rupert Everett ("The Importance of Being Earnest," "The Next Best Thing") voicing her arrogant and vain son, Prince Charming.
Much like Murphy's Donkey character in the first film, however, the scene stealer this time around turns out to be another sidekick. And he's Puss in Boots, the sword-yielding feline assassin hired by the king to dispatch Shrek. Terrifically voiced by Antonio Banderas ("The Mask of Zorro," the "Spy Kids" films) and featuring some of the more entertaining visual moments in the film (the big, pleading cat eye bits are fabulous), the character is an instant film classic and one can only hope he returns for the inevitable sequel.
Yes, you heard me right. It's rare that I look forward to a first sequel, let alone the third film in a series, but this is one of those rare exceptions to the rule. Simply put, if you loved or at least enjoyed the original picture, this one isn't likely to disappoint. The funniest, wittiest and most thoroughly enjoying film I've seen all year, "Shrek 2" equals its predecessor and also rates as an 8 out of 10.
Reviewed May 13, 2004 / Posted May 19, 2004
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| i don't know |
In the Sue Townsend novels, what is the first name of the love of 'Adrian Mole's' life? | Sue Townsend
Sue Townsend
Re-issued with the charming original artwork from 1982, The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole Aged 13 3/4 will rouse the nostalgia of a nation who have Sue Townsend firmly in their hearts.
Tuesday January 1st
Bank Holiday in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. These are my New Year's resolutions: 1. I will help the blind across the road; 2. I will hang my trousers up; 3. I will put the sleeves back on my records; 4. I will not start smoking; 5. I will stop squeezing my spots; 6. I will be kind to the dog; 7. I will help the poor and ignorant; 8. After hearing the disgusting noises from downstairs last night. I have also vowed never to drink alcohol . . .
Meet Adrian Mole, a hapless teenager providing an unabashed, pimples-and-all glimpse into adolescent life. Telling us candidly about his parents' marital troubles, The Dog, his life as a tortured poet and 'misunderstood intellectual'.
Adrian's painfully honest diary is still hilarious and compelling reading thirty years after it first appeared.
'Townsend has held a mirror up to the nation and made us happy to laugh at what we see in it' Sunday Telegraph
Sue Townsend was born in Leicester in 1946. Despite not learning to read until the age of eight, leaving school at fifteen with no qualifications and having three children by the time she was in her mid-twenties, she always found time to read widely. She also wrote secretly for twenty years. After joining a writer's group at The Phoenix Theatre Leicester, she won a Thames Television award for her first play, Womberang, and became a professional playwright and novelist.
After the publication of The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole aged 13 ¾ thirty years ago, Sue continued made the nation laugh and pricked its conscience. She wrote seven further volumes of Adrian's diaries and five other popular novels - including The Queen and I and Number Ten - and numerous well received plays. Sue passed away in 2014 at the age of sixty-eight. She is widely regarded as Britain's favourite comic writer.
Now available as an ebook novella is the brilliantly funny True Confessions of Margaret Hilda Roberts by Sue Townsend
Tuesday May 24th
Had a lie in until 6am. Then got out of bed and had a brisk rub down with the pumice stone. I opened the curtains and saw that the sun was shining brightly. (A suspicion is growing in my mind that the BBC is not to be trusted.)
Margaret Hilda Roberts is a rather ambitious 14 ¼ year old grocer's daughter from Grantham. She can't abide laziness, finds four hours of chemistry homework delightful and believes she is of royal birth - or at least destined for great things. But Margaret knows that good things never come to those who wait . . .
These are the secret diary entries of a girl born into an ordinary life, yet who might just go on to become something really rather extraordinary, and she is brilliantly brought vividly to life by bestselling author Sue Townsend, Britain's favourite comic writer for over three decades.
'Essential reading for Mole followers' Times Educational Supplement
'Wonderfully funny and sharp as knives' Sunday Times
Sue Townsend is Britain's favourite comic author. Her hugely successful novels include eight Adrian Mole books, The Public Confessions of a Middle-Aged Woman (Aged 55¾), Number Ten, Ghost Children, The Queen and I, Queen Camilla and The Woman Who Went to Bed For a Year, all of which are highly acclaimed bestsellers. She has also written numerous well-received plays. She lives in Leicester, where she was born and grew up.
Sue Townsend
Sue Townsend, bestselling author of the Adrian Mole series, will have you laughing out loud with Rebuilding Coventry - a satire on modern Britain and the battle of the sexes.
'There are two things that you should know about me immediately: the first is that I am beautiful, the second is that yesterday I killed a man. Both things were accidents . . .'
When Midlands housewife Coventry Dakin kills her neighbour in a wild bid to prevent him from strangling his wife, she goes on the run. Finding herself alone and friendless in London she tries to lose herself in the city's maze of streets.
There, she meets a bewildering cast of eccentric characters. From Professor Willoughby D'Eresby and his perpetually naked wife Letitia to Dodo, a care-in the-community inhabitant of Cardboard City, all of whom contrive to change Coventry in ways she could never have foreseen . . .
Rebuilding Coventry is Sue Townsend's brilliant, laugh-out-loud satire on modern Britain and the unfinished battle of the sexes.
'Splendidly witty . . . the social observations sharp and imaginative' Sunday Express
'Nasty, naughty, funny, brash. I found this swift novel a delight' Joseph Heller
'A satire in the best, Johnsonian tradition, with nothing and no one spared' New Statesman
Sue Townsend is Britain's favourite comic author. Her hugely successful novels include eight Adrian Mole books, The Public Confessions of a Middle-Aged Woman (Aged 55¾), Number Ten, Ghost Children, The Queen and I, Queen Camilla and The Woman Who Went to Bed for a Year, all of which are highly acclaimed bestsellers. She has also written numerous well-received plays. She lives in Leicester, where she was born and grew up.
Sue Townsend
Sue Townsend, the bestselling author of the Adrian Mole series, returns with The Woman Who Went to Bed for a Year, a funny and touching novel about what happens when someone stops being the person everyone wants them to be.
'Laugh-out-loud . . . a teeming world of characters whose foibles and misunderstandings provide glorious amusement. Something deeper and darker than comedy' Sunday Times
The day her twins leave home, Eva climbs into bed and stays there. For seventeen years she's wanted to yell at the world, 'Stop! I want to get off'. Finally, this is her chance.
Her husband Brian, an astronomer having an unsatisfactory affair, is upset. Who will cook his dinner? Eva, he complains, is attention seeking. But word of Eva's defiance spreads.
Legions of fans, believing she is protesting, gather in the street. While Alexander the white van man brings tea, toast and sympathy. And from this odd but comforting place Eva begins to see both herself and the world very, very differently. . .
Bestselling author Sue Townsend has been Britain's favourite comic writer for over three decades, The Woman Who Went to Bed for a Year is her hilarious new novel.
'She fills the pages with turmoil, anger, passion, love and big helpings of wit. It's full of colour and glows with life' Independent
'Hilarious and totally Townsend. There were parts where I laughed until I cried' Daily Mail
'Touching and hilarious. Bursting with witty social commentary as well as humour' Women's Weekly
'A funny, poignant look at modern family life' Daily Express
Sue Townsend is one of Britain's favourite comic authors. Her hugely successful novels include eight Adrian Mole books, The Public Confessions of a Middle-Aged Woman (Aged 55¾), Number Ten, Ghost Children, The Queen and I, Queen Camilla and The Woman Who Went to Bed for a Year, all of which are highly-acclaimed bestsellers. Sue passed away in 2014 and is survived by her husband, four children, ten grandchildren and millions of avid readers.
Sue Townsend
Sue Townsend's The Public Confessions of a Middle-Aged Woman (Aged 55¾) is a wonderful collection of non-fiction pieces, giving us an insight into Sue's hilarious world. Sue Townsend is the much-loved comic author who brought us the bestselling Adrian Mole series.
Enter the world of Susan Lilian Townsend - sun-worshippers, work-shy writers, garden centre lovers and those in search of a good time are all welcome ...
This sparkling collection of Sue Townsend's hilarious non-fiction covers everything from hosepipe bans to Spanish restaurants, from writer's block to slug warfare, from slob holidays to the banning of beige.
These funny, perceptive and touching pieces reveal Sue, ourselves and the nation in an extraordinary new light. Sit back and chortle away as one of Britain's most popular and acclaimed writers takes a feather to your funny bone.
The Public Confessions of a Middle-Aged Woman (Aged 55¾) is Sue Townsend's brilliantly witty collection on non-fiction pieces.
'Anyone who loved The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole will enjoy this collection of witty and sharply observed jottings from the inimitable Sue Townsend. Great stuff' OK!
'Full of homely, hilarious asides on the absurdities of domestic existence ... What a fantastic advertisement for middle-age - it can't be bad if it's this funny' Heat
'A welcome addition to any bookshelf' Hello!
'It's as if Townsend has caught our idiosyncrasies on candid camera and is showing a rerun of all the silly clips ... the ideal dip-in-and-out book' Time Out
Sue Townsend is Britain's favourite comic author. Her hugely successful novels include eight Adrian Mole books, The Public Confessions of a Middle-Aged Woman (Aged 55¾), Number Ten, Ghost Children, The Queen and I, Queen Camilla and The Woman Who Went to Bed for a Year, all of which are highly acclaimed bestsellers. She has also written numerous well-received plays. She lives in Leicester, where she was born and grew up.
Sue Townsend, one of Britain's most-loved writers and the creator of the much-loved Adrian Mole series, tells a compassionate and gritty story of love and loss in Ghost Children.
'Gripping and disturbing. Utterly absorbing' Independent
Seventeen years ago Angela Carr aborted an unwanted child. The child's father, Christopher Moore, was devastated by the loss and he retreated from the world. Unable to accept what had happened between them both went their separate ways.
However, when Christopher makes a horrifying discovery whilst out walking his dog on the heath he finds that he is compelled to confront Angela about the past. As they start seeing each another again can they avoid the mistakes of the past? And will their future together be eclipsed by those mistakes of yesterday?
A compelling fable of our times, Ghost Children is a compassionate and gritty examination of love and loss from one of Britain's most-loved writers, Sue Townsend.
'Bleak, tender and deeply affecting. Seldom have I rooted so hard for a set of fictional individuals' Mail on Sunday
'Leaves one gasping for more' Daily Telegraph
'Engrossing, memorable and moving' Guardian
'Startling and raw' Observer
Sue Townsend is Britain's favourite comic author. Her hugely successful novels include eight Adrian Mole books, The Public Confessions of a Middle-Aged Woman (Aged 55¾), Number Ten, The Queen and I, Queen Camilla and The Woman Who Went to Bed for a Year, all of which are highly acclaimed bestsellers. She has also written numerous well-received plays. She lives in Leicester, where she was born and grew up.
Number Ten is the brilliantly funny novel by Sue Townsend, author of the Adrian Mole series.
Behind the doors of the most famous address in the country, all is not well.
Edward Clare was voted into Number Ten after a landslide election victory. But a few years later and it is all going wrong. The love of the people is gone. The nation is turning against him.
Panicking, Prime Minister Clare enlists the help of Jack Sprat, the policeman on the door of No 10, and sets out to discover what the country really thinks of him. In disguise, they venture into the great unknown: the mean streets of Great Britain.
And for the first time in years, the Prime Minister experiences everything life in this country has to offer - an English cream tea, the kindness of strangers, waiting for trains that never come and treatment in a hospital - and at last he remembers some of things he once really cared about . . .
Bestselling author Sue Townsend has been Britain's favourite comic writer for over three decades.
'Wickedly entertaining. There is a gem on nearly every page. Nothing escapes Townsend's withering pen. Satirical, witty, observant ... a clever book' Observer
'Poignant, hilarious, heart-rending, devastating' New Statesman
'Hilarious. Sue Townsend's laughter is infectious' John Mortimer, Sunday Telegraph Books of the Year
Sue Townsend is Britain's favourite comic author. Her hugely successful novels include eight Adrian Mole books, The Public Confessions of a Middle-Aged Woman (Aged 55¾), Number Ten, Ghost Children, The Queen and I, Queen Camilla and The Woman Who Went to Bed For a Year, all of which are highly acclaimed bestsellers. She has also written numerous well-received plays. She lives in Leicester, where she was born and grew up.
The Queen and I is the brilliantly funny novel by Sue Townsend, author of the Adrian Mole series.
THE MONARCHY HAS BEEN DISMANTLED
When a Republican party wins the General Election, their first act in power is to strip the royal family of their assets and titles and send them to live on a housing estate in the Midlands.
Exchanging Buckingham Palace for a two-bedroomed semi in Hell Close (as the locals dub it), caviar for boiled eggs, servants for a social worker named Trish, the Queen and her family learn what it means to be poor among the great unwashed. But is their breeding sufficient to allow them to rise above their changed circumstance or deep down are they really just like everyone else?
Bestselling author Sue Townsend has been Britain's favourite comic writer for over three decades.
'No other author could imagine this so graphically, demolish the institution so wittily and yet leave the family with its human dignity intact' The Times
'Absorbing, entertaining ... the funniest thing in print since Adrian Mole' Ruth Rendell, Daily Telegraph
'Kept me rolling about until the last page' Daily Mail
Sue Townsend is Britain's favourite comic author. Her hugely successful novels include eight Adrian Mole books, The Public Confessions of a Middle-Aged Woman (Aged 55¾), Number Ten, Ghost Children, The Queen and I, Queen Camilla and The Woman Who Went to Bed For a Year, all of which are highly acclaimed bestsellers. She has also written numerous well-received plays. She lives in Leicester, where she was born and grew up.
Queen Camilla is the brilliantly funny sequel to The Queen and I by Sue Townsend.
What if being Royal was a crime?
The UK has come over all republican. The Royal Family exiled to an Exclusion Zone with the other villains and spongers. And to cap it all, the Queen has threatened to abdicate.
Yet Prince Charles is more interested in root vegetables than reigning ... unless his wife Camilla can be Queen in a newly restored monarchy. But when a scoundrel who claims to be the couple's secret lovechild offers to take the crown off their hands, the stage is set for a right Royal show down.
And the question for Camilla (and rest of the country) will be:
Queen of the vegetable patch or Queen of England?
Bestselling author Sue Townsend has been Britain's favourite comic writer for over three decades.
'Brilliantly satirical' Evening Standard
'One of our finest living comic writers' The Times
'Brilliantly funny' Closer
'Another fantastic read from Townsend' OK!
Sue Townsend is Britain's favourite comic author. Her hugely successful novels include eight Adrian Mole books, The Public Confessions of a Middle-Aged Woman (Aged 55¾), Number Ten, Ghost Children, The Queen and I, Queen Camilla and The Woman Who Went to Bed For a Year, all of which are highly acclaimed bestsellers. She has also written numerous well-received plays. She lives in Leicester, where she was born and grew up.
Adrian Mole: The Cappuccino Years is the fifth book in Sue Townsend's brilliantly funny Adrian Mole series.
Wednesday August 13th
Here I am again - in my old bedroom. Older, wiser, but with less hair, unfortunately. The atmosphere in this house is very bad. The dog looks permanently exhausted. Every time the phone rings my mother snatches it up as though a kidnapper were on the line.
Adrian Mole is thirty, single and a father. His cooking at a top London restaurant has been equally mocked ('the sausage on my plate could have been a turd' - AA Gill) and celebrated (will he be the nation's first celebrity offal chef?). And the love of his life, Pandora Braithwaite, is the newly elected MP for Ashby-de-la-Zouch - one of 'Blair's Babes'. He is frustrated, disappointed and undersexed.
But a letter from Adrian's past is about to change everything . . .
'Adrian Mole really is a brilliant comic creation. Every sentence is witty and well thought out, and the whole has reverberations beyond itself' The Times
'One of the greatest comic creations. I can't remember a more relentlessly funny book' Daily Mirror
'Three cheers for Mole's chaotic, non-achieving, dysfunctional family. We need him' Evening Standard
Sue Townsend is one of Britain's favourite comic authors. Her hugely successful novels include eight Adrian Mole books, The Public Confessions of a Middle-Aged Woman (Aged 55¾), Number Ten, Ghost Children, The Queen and I, Queen Camilla and The Woman Who Went to Bed for a Year, all of which are highly-acclaimed bestsellers. Sue passed away in 2014 and is survived by her husband, four children, ten grandchildren and millions of avid readers.
The Lost Diaries of Adrian Mole, 1999-2001 is the seventh book in Sue Townsend's brilliantly funny Adrian Mole series.
Monday January 3, 2000
So how do I greet the New Millennium? In despair. I'm a single parent, I live with my mother . . . I have a bald spot the size of a jaffa cake on the back of my head . . . I can't go on like this, drifting into early middle-age. I need a Life Plan . . .
The 'same age as Jesus when he died', Adrian Mole has become a martyr: a single-father bringing up two young boys in an uncaring world. With the ever-unattainable Pandora pursuing her ambition to become Labour's first female PM; his over-achieving half-brother Brett sponging off him; and literary success ever-elusive, Adrian tries to make ends meet and find a purpose.
But little does he realise that his own modest life is about to come to the attention of those charged with policing The War Against Terror . . .
Bestselling author Sue Townsend has been Britain's favourite comic writer for over three decades.
'An achingly funny anti-hero' Daily Mail
'One of the great comic creations of our time. Almost every page of his diaries bring a smile to the face' Scotsman
Sue Townsend is Britain's favourite comic author. Her hugely successful novels include eight Adrian Mole books, The Public Confessions of a Middle-Aged Woman (Aged 55¾), Number Ten, Ghost Children, The Queen and I, Queen Camilla and The Woman Who Went to Bed For a Year, all of which are highly acclaimed bestsellers. She has also written numerous well-received plays. She lives in Leicester, where she was born and grew up.
Sue Townsend
Thursday January 3rd
I have the most terrible problems with my sex life. It all boils down to the fact that I have no sex life. At least not with another person.
Finally given the heave-ho by Pandora, Adrian Mole finds himself in the unenviable situation of living with the love-of-his-life as she goes about shacking up with other men. Worse, as he slides down the employment ladder, from deskbound civil servant in Oxford to part-time washer-upper in Soho, he finds that critical reception for his epic novel, Lo! The Flat Hills of My Homeland, is not quite as he might have hoped.
But Adrian is about to discover that extraordinary and wonderful things may blossom even in the wilderness . . .
True Confessions of Adrian Mole, Margaret Hilda Roberts and Susan Lilian Townsend is the third book in Sue Townsend's brilliantly funny Adrian Mole series.
Monday June 13th.
I had a good, proper look at myself in the mirror tonight. I've always wanted to look clever, but at the age of twenty years and three months I have to admit that I look like a person who has never even heard of Jung or Updike.
Adrian Mole is an adult. At least that's what it says on his passport. But living at home, clinging to his threadbare cuddly rabbit 'Pinky', working as a paper pusher for the DoE and pining for the love of his life, Pandora, has proved to him that adulthood isn't quite what he expected. Still, without the slings and arrows of modern life what else would an intellectual poet have to write about . . .
Included here are two other less well-known diarists: Sue Townsend and Margaret Hilda Roberts, a rather ambitious grocer's daughter from Grantham.
Bestselling author Sue Townsend has been Britain's favourite comic writer for over three decades.
'Essential reading for Mole followers' Times Educational Supplement
'Wonderfully funny and sharp as knives' Sunday Times
Sue Townsend is Britain's favourite comic author. Her hugely successful novels include eight Adrian Mole books, The Public Confessions of a Middle-Aged Woman (Aged 55¾), Number Ten, Ghost Children, The Queen and I, Queen Camilla and The Woman Who Went to Bed For a Year, all of which are highly acclaimed bestsellers. She has also written numerous well-received plays. She lives in Leicester, where she was born and grew up.
Adrian Mole: The Prostrate Years is the eighth book in Sue Townsend's brilliantly funny Adrian Mole series.
Sunday 1st July
NO SMOKING DAY
A momentous day! Smoking in a public place or place of work is forbidden in England. Though if you a lunatic, a prisoner, an MP or a member of the Royal Family you are exempt.
Adrian Mole is thirty-nine and a quarter. He lives in the country in a semi-detached converted pigsty with his wife Daisy and their daughter. His parents George and Pauline live in the adjoining pigsty. But all is not well.
The secondhand bookshop in which Adrian works is threatened with closure. The spark has fizzled out of his marriage. His mother is threatening to write her autobiography (A Girl Called Shit). And Adrian's nightly trips to the lavatory have become alarmingly frequent . . .
Bestselling author Sue Townsend has been Britain's favourite comic writer for over three decades.
'A tour de force by a comic genius and if it isn't the best book published this year, I'll eat my bookshelf' Daily Mail, Books of the Year
'Effortlessly hilarious. Brilliant satire and tragedy' The Times
'Hilarious. Comic gold' Sunday Times
Sue Townsend is one of Britain's favourite comic authors. Her hugely successful novels include eight Adrian Mole books, The Public Confessions of a Middle-Aged Woman (Aged 55¾), Number Ten, Ghost Children, The Queen and I, Queen Camilla and The Woman Who Went to Bed for a Year, all of which are highly-acclaimed bestsellers. Sue passed away in 2014 and is survived by her husband, four children, ten grandchildren and millions of avid readers.
Adrian Mole and The Weapons of Mass Destruction is the sixth book in Sue Townsend's brilliantly funny Adrian Mole series.
Wednesday April 2nd
My birthday.
I am thirty-five today. I am officially middle-aged. It is all downhill from now. A pathetic slide towards gum disease, wheelchair ramps and death.
Adrian Mole is middle-aged but still scribbling. Working as a bookseller and living in Leicester's Rat Wharf; finding time to write letters of advice to Tim Henman and Tony Blair; locked in mortal combat with a vicious swan called Gielgud; measuring his expanding bald spot; and trying to win-over the voluptuous Daisy . . . Adrian yearns for a better more meaningful world. But he's not ready to surrender his pen yet...
Bestselling author Sue Townsend has been Britain's favourite comic writer for over three decades.
'Hilarious. Deft, gleeful mockery impales modish fads, from home make-overs to new-age crazes, while fiercer irony is trained on the country's involvement with Iraq' Sunday Times
'Richly comic ... stuffed full of humour, tragedy, vanity, pathos and, very occasionally, wisdom' Guardian
'Completely hilarious, laugh-out-loud, a joy' Daily Mirror
Sue Townsend is Britain's favourite comic author. Her hugely successful novels include eight Adrian Mole books, The Public Confessions of a Middle-Aged Woman (Aged 55¾), Number Ten, Ghost Children, The Queen and I, Queen Camilla and The Woman Who Went to Bed For a Year, all of which are highly acclaimed bestsellers. She has also written numerous well-received plays. She lives in Leicester, where she was born and grew up.
The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole is the second book in Sue Townsend's brilliantly funny Adrian Mole series.
Sunday July 18th
My father announced at breakfast that he is going to have a vasectomy. I pushed my sausages away untouched.
In this second instalment of teenager Adrian Mole's diaries, the Mole family is in crisis and the country is beating the drum of war. While his parents have reconciled after both embarked on disastrous affairs, Adrian is shocked to learn of his mother's pregnancy.
And even though at the mercy of his rampant hormones and the fickle whims of the divine Pandora, a victim of a broken home and his own tortured (though unrecognised) genius, Adrian continues valiantly to chronicle the pains and pleasures of a misspent adolescence.
Bestselling author Sue Townsend has been Britain's favourite comic writer for over three decades.
'Funny, moving and a poke in the eye for adult morality' Sunday Express
'Written with great verve, and showing an uncanny understanding of the young, Sue Townsend holds the balance between innocence and precocity and the result is both hilarious and salutary' Daily Telegraph
'Life's no fun for an adolescent intellectual. For the reader it's a hoot' New Statesman
Sue Townsend is one of Britain's favourite comic authors. Her hugely successful novels include eight Adrian Mole books, The Public Confessions of a Middle-Aged Woman (Aged 55¾), Number Ten, Ghost Children, The Queen and I, Queen Camilla and The Woman Who Went to Bed for a Year, all of which are highly-acclaimed bestsellers. Sue passed away in 2014 and is survived by her husband, four children, ten grandchildren and millions of avid readers.
Sue Townsend (and others)
To celebrate the 30th anniversary of the first publication of Sue Townsend's Adrian Mole, Penguin Audiobooks are re-releasing the audiobook edition of The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole Aged 13 3/4 in downloadable audio. This classic of comic fiction is hilariously read by Stephen Mangan, who played Adrian Mole in the The Cappuccino Years and also starred in The Green Wing as the hapless Guy Secretan.
Friday January 2nd
I felt rotten today. It's my mother's fault for singing 'My Way' at two o'clock in the morning at the top of the stairs. Just my luck to have a mother like her. There is a chance my parents could be alcoholics. Next year I could be in a children's home.
Meet Adrian Mole, a hapless teenager providing an unabashed, pimples-and-all glimpse into adolescent life. Writing candidly about his parents' marital troubles, the dog, his life as a tortured poet and 'misunderstood intellectual', Adrian's painfully honest diary is still hilarious and compelling reading thirty years after it first appeared.
The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole Aged 13 ¾ is the first book in Sue Townsend's brilliantly funny Adrian Mole series.
Friday January 2nd
I felt rotten today. It's my mother's fault for singing 'My Way' at two o'clock in the morning at the top of the stairs. Just my luck to have a mother like her. There is a chance my parents could be alcoholics. Next year I could be in a children's home.
Meet Adrian Mole, a hapless teenager providing an unabashed, pimples-and-all glimpse into adolescent life. Writing candidly about his parents' marital troubles, the dog, his life as a tortured poet and 'misunderstood intellectual', Adrian's painfully honest diary is still hilarious and compelling reading thirty years after it first appeared.
Bestselling author Sue Townsend has been Britain's favourite comic writer for over three decades.
'I not only wept, I howled and hooted and had to get up and walk around the room and wipe my eyes so that I could go on reading' Tom Sharpe
'A satire of our times. Very funny indeed' Sunday Times
'We laugh both at Mole and with him. A wonderful comic read, that, like all the best comedy, says something rather meaningful' Heat
Sue Townsend is Britain's favourite comic author. Her hugely successful novels include eight Adrian Mole books, The Public Confessions of a Middle-Aged Woman (Aged 55¾), Number Ten, Ghost Children, The Queen and I, Queen Camilla and The Woman Who Went to Bed For a Year, all of which are highly acclaimed bestsellers. She has also written numerous well-received plays. She lives in Leicester, where she was born and grew up.
Sue Townsend
The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole is the second book in Sue Townsend's brilliantly funny Adrian Mole series.
'If I turn out to be mentally deranged in adult life, it will be all my mother's fault.'
Adrian Mole continues to struggle valiantly against the slings and arrows of growing up and his own family's attempts to scar him for life in this second volume of his secret diary.
Bestselling author Sue Townsend has been Britain's favourite comic writer for over three decades.
'I not only wept, I howled and hooted and had to get up and walk around the room and wipe my eyes so that I could go on reading' Tom Sharpe
'A satire of our times. Very funny indeed' Sunday Times
'We laugh both at Mole and with him. A wonderful comic read, that, like all the best comedy, says something rather meaningful' Heat
Sue Townsend is Britain's favourite comic author. Her hugely successful novels include eight Adrian Mole books, The Public Confessions of a Middle-Aged Woman (Aged 55¾), Number Ten, Ghost Children, The Queen and I, Queen Camilla and The Woman Who Went to Bed For a Year, all of which are highly acclaimed bestsellers. She has also written numerous well-received plays. She lives in Leicester, where she was born and grew up.
| Pandora Archive |
How many sharps are there in the key signature for D major? | Sue Townsend | British author | Britannica.com
British author
Originally published in the Britannica Book of the Year. Presented as archival content.
Alternative Title: Susan Elaine Townsend
Sue Townsend
Leicester , England
Sue Townsend (Susan Elaine Townsend), (born April 2, 1946, Leicester, Eng.—died April 10, 2014, Leicester), British author who created one of Britain’s most popular and enduring comic characters, Adrian Albert Mole, whose wry thoughts and self-described misadventures she wrote about in eight fictional diaries, beginning with the best-selling The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 133/4 (1982). The novel was first devised as a radio play (1982; with the main character initially named Nigel) and was later adapted for the stage (1984) and as a TV miniseries (1985). In her lovingly satiric sequels—The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole (1984; filmed for TV 1987), The True Confessions of Adrian Albert Mole (1989), Adrian Mole: The Wilderness Years (1993), Adrian Mole: The Cappuccino Years (1999; filmed for TV 2001), Adrian Mole and the Weapons of Mass Destruction (2004), The Lost Diaries of Adrian Mole (2008), and Adrian Mole: The Prostrate Years (2009)—Townsend followed her hapless protagonist from naive, acne-ridden adolescence through his fruitless love for his childhood friend Pandora Braithwaite, parental divorce, personal relationships, single fatherhood, bankruptcy, and, finally, a bout with prostate cancer in his 30s. After Townsend left school at age 15, she was largely self-educated. An unsuccessful first marriage left her a struggling single mother working at a series of jobs, but in 1975 her second husband encouraged her to join a writing group. Her first one-act play, Womberang (1979; set in a gynecology clinic’s waiting room), received the Thames Television Playwright award. Townsend wrote several more plays and sundry novels, most notably The Queen and I (1992; adapted for the stage 1994), which follows Britain’s royal family as it adapts to life in public housing after having been deposed, and its even more farcical sequel, Queen Camilla (2006). Throughout most of her life, Townsend was beset by serious health problems, including TB peritonitis in her 20s, a heart attack and diabetes in her 30s, diabetic retinopathy that led to blindness (2001), renal failure that culminated in a kidney transplant (2009) from her elder son, and a debilitating stroke (2013). Townsend’s final published work was The Woman Who Went to Bed for a Year (2012).
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In which religion is a 'Gurdwara' a place of worship? | Sikhism: 5 Things To Know About The Sikh Religion | The Huffington Post
Sikhism: 5 Things To Know About The Sikh Religion
08/05/2012 03:34 pm ET | Updated Aug 06, 2012
3.5k
Jahnabi Barooah Assistant Editor, Religion
In light of the tragic shooting at the Wisconsin Sikh Temple , HuffPost Religion offers this brief introduction to Sikhism in hopes of increasing understanding and appreciations for this great world religion.
Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world with a population of upwards of 30 million worldwide. There are an estimated 250,000 Sikhs in the United States having first arrived in the late 19th century.
Below are five basic facts about Sikhism:
1. Belief: Sikhism is a monotheistic religion, and the basic Sikh belief is represented in the phrase Ik Onkar meaning "One God."
2. History: Sikhism was founded in the Punjab region in India in the 15th century by Guru Nanak Dev. Sikhism broke from Hinduism due, in part, to its rejection of the caste system.
3. Scripture: The primary source of Scripture for Sikhs is the Guru Granth Sahib, regarded as the living Guru, after the final Guru in human form, Guru Gobind Singh, passed away.
4. Place of worship: A Sikh place of worship is known as the gurdwara. The word gurdwara means "doorway to God." Men and women normally sit apart in the gurdwara. Traditionally there is no official clergy within the Sikh tradition. Over time however, priests have become more commonplace. Many gurdwaras employ priests to conduct services, while many others are run entirely by members of the local congregation.
5. The Five Ks: The Five Ks are the articles of faith that Sikhs wear as ordered by the 10th Guru, Guru Gobind Singh. Most Sikhs wear one or more of the articles but only Sikhs who have taken amrit, a ritual analogous to baptism, wear all. They include:
Kesh, or unshorn long hair, which is protected by a dastaar, or turban. The dastaar is worn by men and some women to cover their long hair. But most women keep their hair long and uncovered, except for when entering a gurdwara.
A kangha is a small wooden comb meant to keep the hair combed twice a day.
A kara is an iron bangle to be worn on the hand used most.
A kachera is a specific undergarment for men and women.
A kirpan is a short dagger.
Reactions to the shooting at the Wisconsin Sikh Temple
Wisconsin Shooting
| Sikhism |
Which of the five English Classic horse races is run over the longest distance, 1 mile, 6 furlongs and 132 yards? | Sikhism Coursework - Describe and explain the main features of a Gurdwara. - GCSE Religious Studies (Philosophy & Ethics) - Marked by Teachers.com
Sikhism Coursework - Describe and explain the main features of a Gurdwara.
Extracts from this document...
Introduction
Sikhism Coursework a) Describe and explain the main features of a Gurdwara The Gurdwara is the Sikh place of worship. Gurdwara means 'the Guru's door' thus it is God's house. The Gurdwara is a place where all people are welcome as it is God's house. The Gurdwara is also a community centre and many events take place there; such as Punjabi lessons for young people. Outside the Gurdwara building, there is a flag called the Nishan Sahib. It is orange with the Sikh symbol on it (the khanda). The Nishan Sahib is replaced each year during the festival of Baisakhi. The main title of the Nishan Sahib is to show that the building it surrounds is a Sikh place of worship. The most important thing in the Gurdwara is the Guru Granth Sahib Ji (the Sikh Holy book). This holy book is treated with the respect of a living Guru, as Sikhs believe it has the Guru's spirit within it. It is placed on a platform to show respect. This is where a human Guru would stand so that more people could see and hear him. ...read more.
Middle
These began to be held in people's homes and eventually temples began to be built by the Gurus in the places that they visited and in places of special significance. These temples were what are now known as Gurdwaras. The Gurdwara has played a large part in the development of Sikhism. To begin with, they were a place for the first followers of Sikhism to meet and share ideas. This allowed the religion to grow and develop. During times of persecution, Gurdwaras allowed people to meet up and talk about their beliefs. It also offered sanctuary to them from their persecutors. The Gurdwara also offers the chance for people to demonstrate some of the principles of Sikhism. For example, the Langar allows people to show their belief in equality and by serving in the Langar, Sewa (service to others) is practised. The fact people all sit together in the Diwan Hall again shows the Sikh teaching that everyone is equal. It also shows that those who visit the Gurus are nourished physically and spiritually. When the Guru Granth Sahib came into being, it gave Sikhs a place to keep it and hear people reading from it. ...read more.
Conclusion
Sewa (service to others) could be done anywhere and Guru Nanak also said that God is everywhere. When Guru Nanak was rebuked for sleeping with his feet towards the sacred Kabba in Mecca, because it was seen as disrespectful, he replied "Please turn my feet in a direction which the House of God is not". When his feet were turned in the other direction, the caretaker who had scolded him was astonished to find the Kabba in the same direction. Nanak said "You can now see that the House of God is in every direction. He dwells in every place." so therefore the Gurdwara is no more holy than anywhere else. The Guru Granth Sahib can be moved so people could meet at others' homes, which would still give a sense of community and keep the feeling of belonging. In conclusion, I would say that a Gurdwara isn't really necessary to Sikhism, as everything which is done there could happen elsewhere, but I also think that a Gurdwara is a good thing to have as it gives the community a focal point in which many community events can happen in. It is also easier for things to be arranged for the community if they have a central base, which the Gurdwara provides. Gurpal Gahir 11M ...read more.
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What is the stage name of Saul Hudson, the former lead guitarist with 'Guns N' Roses'? | Saul Hudson — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm
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Saul Hudson (born 23 July 1965), better known by the stage name Slash, is a guitarist best known as the former lead guitarist of Guns N' Roses and as the current lead guitarist of Velvet Revolver.
In 1983, Slash formed the band Road Crew with childhood friend Steven Adler. He placed an advertisement in a newspaper for a bassist, and received a response from Duff McKagan.
When Road Crew disbanded, Slash joined a local band known as Black Sheep. Headed… read more
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Who co-presents on BBC Radio 2 from 8 to 10pm on Monday to Wednesday with Mark Radcliffe? | Slash Biography - Saul Hudson
Profession: Guitarist
Slash is the current lead guitarist of Velvet Revolvers and the former lead guitarist of Guns & Roses. He is widely regarded as one of the best guitarists of all time.
Name: Saul Hudson
Other Name: Velvet Revolver, Slash, Guns N’ Roses
Born: July 23, 1965
Birth Place: Hampstead, United Kingdom
Height: 5 feet 10½ inches
Spouse: Perla Ferrar (m. 2001), Renee Suran (m. 1992–1997)
Music groups: Guns N’ Roses, Velvet Revolver, Slash’s Snakepit, Kings of Chaos, Hollywood Rose, Slash’s Blues Ball, Road Crew
Parents: Anthony Hudson, Ola Hudson
Slash Biography
Slash is the only member from the classic GnR lineup to actually keep going at the top level. He was, is and always will be the best. His magic with his guitar is on an insane level. Even when he is fooling around he creates something like “Sweet Child o’Mine”. He is mainly popular for his solos and awesome metal riffs. His early work with Guns n Roses made him really famous and his work was that good. Slash is so popular that while performing on the same stage as Michael Jackson , he was not over shadowed for a second. His guitar riffs of “Paradise City” and “Welcome to the Jungle” are regarded as two of the best metal riffs in history. If you are counting solos then slash is on Jimmy Hendrix level and might be a little better. His work on “Sweet Child o’Mine”, “November Rain” and “Estranged” are proof of the previous statement statement.
After the break up of Guns n Roses, the greatest hard rock band in the world faded away from spotlight for over a decade. But Slash has been performing with his heavy metal super group Velvet Revolvers. Recently he released a solo album called Slash. In this album he collaborated with legends and new stars like Ozzy Osborne, Myles Kennedy and Adam Levine. He is currently touring with his new group “Slash, Myles Kennedy and The Conspirators”.
BTW, He is a Rock n Roll Hall of Fame member. He was inducted in 2012 along with Duff, Izzy, Matt, Adler and Axl.
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Which is the second highest mountain in Scotland? | Scottish Highlands - The Cairngorms
The Cairngorms
Although Ben Nevis, Scotland's highest mountain, lies on the west coast near Fort William, most of the rest of Scotland's highest mountains form a cluster of summits lying to the east of the Perth - Inverness road near Aviemore. These are the Cairngorms.
The Cairngorms form a massive plateau of granite, about 30 kilometers long by 20 kilometers wide. Five of Scotland's nine 4000ft summits lay within the range, plus a further nine mountains higher than 3500ft and four more exceeding 3000ft. The mountains of the Cairngorm plateau are predominantly vast, rounded, dome-like structures; crags and cliffs are few and the gradients are relatively gentle. The vegetation in the hills largely comprises wiry grasses and mosses. Heather is more common in the surrounding foothills, which are often glacial moraines, though the Cairngorms also boast much of Scotland's surviving primeval forest.
Firm rock, good drainage, gentle gradients and the lack of cloying vegetation make the Cairngorms a walking paradise. There are a couple of downsides, however. Distances are vast, and the weather is cruel. The higher parts of the plateau suffer a climate similar to that of the Arctic tundra. Although the area is much drier than the rain-sodden west coast, the high tops suffer extremes of frost, ice and wind. The plateau can be blanketed by snow through much of the year, and patches often survive in sheltered gullies right through to the next winter. The northern slopes of Cairn Gorm have been developed as a ski resort. Weather conditions in summer are subject to rapid change and can vary dramatically with altitude. The high tops are blanketed with cloud for roughly half the year. Walking expeditions in these mountains should be undertaken only in fine, settled weather.
The Cairngorm plateau contains more contiguous ground over 3500ft than anywhere else in Britain, though it is split by several deep, glacial river valleys. Two of these valleys contain ancient rights of way linking Aviemore (on the river Spey) with Braemar (on the river Dee); the distance between the two is roughly 25 miles. The principal through-route is known as the Lairig Ghru and it has a reputation as Britain's toughest public footpath. The Lairg an Laoigh, further east, is less dramatic but is still a considerable undertaking and should only be attempted by experienced hillwalkers. The central Cairngorm massif lies between these two routes and is dominated by Beinn Macdui, the highest mountain in the Cairngorms and the second highest in Britain at 4295ft. A vast, horseshoe-shaped plateau sweeps around from Macdui to Cairn Gorm, 4081ft high. Cairn Gorm is the principal summit in view from the adjacent Spey Valley and the town of Aviemore, and has thus lent its name to the whole range. Cairngorm itself has two lengthy ridges and several prominent outliers, notably Cairn Lochan and Lurcher's Crag, which many feel should be seperate summits in their own right. Ben Macdui also throws out several ridges, one of which juts eastwards and terminates in the dramatic top of Stob Coire Sputan Dearg; the south ridge rises to the seperate summit of Carn a Mhaim, while a complex system of eastern and northeastern ridges forms the summits of Beinn Mheadhoin (3878ft) and Derry Cairngorm (3789ft), plus other satellite tops such as Carn Etchachan, Stacan Dubha, Creagan a Choire Etchachan and Carn Crom. These folds and ridges contain two of Britain's most spectacular mountain lakes; Loch Etchachan sits at an altitude of 3025ft and is the highest lake of any real size in Britain, while Loch Avon sits in the glacial trench between Macdui and Cairngorm and is a scenic gem from almost any vantage point. Cairngorm itself has a northeastern outlier in Bynack More (3576ft), which is connected to its parent mountain only by a narrow col known as the Saddle, via the subsidiary top of A' Choinneach. Cairngorm is the easiest high mountain in Britain to climb; a road serving the ski lift on its northern slopes rises to 2000ft, from where the ski-lift itself can take you to the Ptarmigan restaurant at 3700ft - only 400ft of ascent and 1km of distance from the summit. The Ptarmigan, an igloo-shaped structure, is the highest inhabitable building in Britain.
The other 4000ft tops of the Cairngorms lie immediately west of the Lairg Ghru. Braeriach (4252ft, the third highest mountain in Britain) is the northernmost and is itself a complex plateau with several subsidiary tops and a number of ridges fanning out to the north and west. A horseshoe ridge sweeping round through southwest, south and east rises again to the beautiful cone of Sgor an Lochain Uaine (4127ft, sometimes known as the Angel's Peak) and Cairn Toul (4236ft). Within the horseshoe is the vast bowl of An Garbh Choire, one of Scotland's most spectacular mountain hollows. Cairn Toul has another outlier to the south, the enigmatically-named Devil's Point (3294ft). The real meaning of this mountain's Gaelic name, Bod an Deamhain, is "Devil's penis". A vast, sloping plateau lies to the rear of Cairn Toul; it rises to form another mountain, the lonely and remote Monadh Mor (3652ft), at the head of the forbidding Glen Geusachan. To the south of this corrie is another Munro, Beinn Bhrotain (3796ft).
The Braeriach plateau is terminated abruptly to the west by the deep, glacial chasm of Gleann Einich, containing the beautiful Loch Einich at its head. To the south of Gleann Einich is a remote, sprawling plateau known as the Moine Mhor (great moss). A vehicle track rises to the Moine Mhor from Glen Feshie to the west; it gives access to the plateaux of Braeriach, Cairn Toul and Monadh Mor but distances in all cases are vast. Sandwiched between Glen Feshie and Glen Einich is another high ridge; it comprises the principal summit of Sgor Gaoith (3668ft) and its outliers of Sgoran Dubh Mor and Carn Ban Mor. To the south of the Moine Mhor is another frighteningly remote mountain, the Mullach Clach a Bhlair (3343ft), the highest point of a vast sprawl of featureless moorland.
The southern half of the Lairg an Laiogh occupies the valley of the river Derry. The third group of Cairngorm summits lies to the east of this river. Once again, the principal tops form a vast, complex plateau sweeping around a mountain hollow, in this case the head of the tortuous Gleann Quoich. Beinn a Bhuird (3927ft) and Ben Avon (3842ft), respectively the 11th and 17th highest summits in Britain, stand either side of this corrie and each is the centre of a complex fan of ridges. Beinn a Bhuird is deliniated in the west by the Dubh Gleann; between this and Glen Derry is a wedge of moorland, arguably the poorest walking country in the district, rising to the summits of Beinn a Chaorainn (3553ft) and Beinn Bhreac (3054ft).
The towns of Aviemore and Braemar are the obvious starting points for expeditions into the Cairngorms. The only useful bus service is that from Aviemore up to the Cairn Gorm car park via Glenmore. A car is very useful for the approaches via Linn of Dee and Glen Feshie; otherwise consider mountain bikes to get you down Glen Einich, Glen Derry, Glen an t-Slugain and the Ryvoan pass.
Pick a long summer day with good weather, get yourself out there, and enjoy!
Gallery Index
| Ben Macdui |
What is the English name for the opera bu Rossini 'La Gazza Ladra'? | 'No repeat' of toilet problem on Ben Macdui - BBC News
BBC News
'No repeat' of toilet problem on Ben Macdui
17 August 2015
Image copyright Graham Ellis/Geograph
Image caption Ben Macdui rises to 4,295ft
Conservationists hope a problem with human waste being left on the summit of the UK's second highest mountain has gone away.
RSPB Scotland and National Trust for Scotland raised concerns in October that the faeces on Ben Macdui posed a potential health risk.
The RSPB said there had been no incidents of irresponsible toileting detected since last year.
The two charities own the 4,295ft (1,309m) mountain.
Ben Macdui, second on the list of the UK's tallest peaks after Ben Nevis, is in the Cairngorms.
Some of the waste was left at the ruins of the stone-built Sapper's Bothy.
A spokesman for RSPB Scotland said: "We believe that the problem may have been something of a 'one-off' and have not received any calls about the problem recently.
"I think we can say that people are, on the whole, respecting the mountain environment and we are grateful for that."
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Who won Great Britain's only medal, a gold, at the 2010 Winter Olympics? | Lizzy Yarnold wins first British gold medal at Sochi Winter Olympics on the skeleton track | Daily Mail Online
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As sure and true as a laser, Lizzy Yarnold slid head first through the twists and turns of ice to emerge, as her cold calculation always suggested it would, as an Olympic champion.
Under the floodlights high up here in the Rosa Khutor mountains, the skeleton heroine from Kent held her nerve with a perfect demonstration of how to slide at beyond 80mph on the most technically advanced tea tray in the world.
Her reward was to win only the 10th British gold medal in the history of the Winter Olympics.
VIDEO Scroll down to watch Lizzy Yarnold reflect on becoming Olympic champion
Unbelievable: Yarnold eventually won by 0.97secs from American rival Noelle Pikus-Pace
Track record: Yarnold broke the track record on her first and third runs
She did so 30 Valentine's Days after Torvill and Dean bewitched Sarajevo with Bolero. But that was beauty and this was butchery - her winning margin when the four runs were aggregated stood at nearly a second.
'I was bold enough to learn a Russian term, which is "I'm a champion,"' said Yarnold afterwards.
'It's an inexplicable feeling right know. I'm sure it won't sink in for a few days.' Add Yarnold's name to that of Amy Williams, her friend and landlady in Bath, who won the same title in Vancouver four years ago. They are two of only three British women to win individual golds, the other being figure skater Jeannette Altwegg in 1952.
On paper it was a mere formality for Yarnold. The 25-year-old brought a 0.44sec overnight lead into Friday's final two runs, a lead that approximates to millennia in this sport of high speed and small margins.
Gold! Elizabeth Yarnold won Britain's first gold of the Winter Olympics with a brilliant performance in the Skeleton
Still, there remained the possibility that she would become the most fancied front runner to lose since the hare succumbed to the tortoise.
And these were not tortoises behind her. America's Noelle Pikes-Pace, lay second and dangerous. There was also the Russian challenge, led by Elena Nikitina, the dark horse whose preparations had, it was alleged, been helped by the use of a secret training slope up here in the mountains. Monopolising the facility is against the rules. Foul, cried the Australians on Thursday, only for their appeal to be rejected.
The British did not challenge the hosts, confident that they could prevail no matter what skulduggery - if indeed any - was being perpetrated.
Tears: Friends and family watch Yarnold cruise to victory
Salute: Yarnold waves after completing her fourth and final run
So it proved. Watched by her father Clive, wearing a cowboy hat with a Union Jack poked in it, mother Judith, her sisters Katie and Charlotte, and boyfriend James Roche, a backroom boy with the bobsleigh team, she made a mockery of nerves by executing a fine first run of the night - the third of the competition - in a time of 57.91sec.
That was markedly faster than the existing course record of 58.43sec she herself had set the day before. It was not totally perfect, the odd brush with the wall acting as the lightest of brakes. She still touched 85mph. Her lead extended to 0.78sec.
She had given pre-instructions to the 'Yarny Army' - her family and friends in the stand at the end of the track wearing t-shirts bearing her face - not to celebrate after that run however serenely fast it was. She wanted to keep her focus total. They obliged her as best they could.
The fourth slide awaited her, just one more trip down this snaking fridge of fear - 1500 metres long, descending 132m at an average gradient of 9.3 degrees.
Family affair: Yarnold's family - (left to right) sisters Kate and Charlotte, father Clive and mother Judith - celebrate in Russia
Support back home: Children from St Michael's School in Otford, Kent, support their former pupil
She had one frightening moment en route down but pulled herself back to win with a time of 58.09 sec - confirming her winning margin as 0.97sec. Pikus-Pace was second, Elena Nikitina was third.
She hugged Shelley Rudman, her team-mate who had finished 16m in joy. Rudman told her: 'Go and see your family.' Yarnold climbed into the grandstand. Her mother was in tears.
A word, too, on what was Valentine's Day, for the two men in her life: Roche and Mervyn, the sled.
The name of the sled has its origins in the summer job she took with Hardy Underwriting, an insurance syndicate of Lloyd's of London, where she met senior executive Mervyn Sugden, of Haslemere, Surrey. He was so impressed by her fortitude that he sponsored her on the early stages of her career.
Rival: Noelle Pikus-Pace ended up with a silver medal, finishing just 0.19s behind her
As for Roche, he and Rachel Blackburn constructed Arthur, the sled used by Williams. They were PhD engineering students at the University of Southampton then, but now work at McLaren Applied Technologies, a wing of the Formula One giants which works with British cycling, rowing and sailing. Roche and Blackburn designed Mervyn.
Technology played its part, but when your chin is an inch or two off a floor of ice, this is a test of character as well as skill.
It tells us something important about Yarnold's personality that she buys her Christmas presents in the summer. Preparation, control and steeliness are her watchwords.
In third: Russian Elena Nikitina finished in Bronze medal position
Nothing is left to chance. She even secreted a Valentine's card in a bag before the race.
She duly stood on the podium with a red envelope before handing it over to Roche, whose face was crumpled with delight below his blue team bobble hat.
Yarnold has come a long way in seven years. It was then as a budding heptathlete and an undergraduate at the University of Gloucester that she was identified by UK Sport's talent-spotting team as a skelton star of the future. There were 1,500 of hopefuls picked out that day.
Here in Sochi, carrying a Union Jack behind her, there was just Lizzy Yarnold left, standing as an Olympic champion under a full moon.
Out of contention: Shelley Rudman, who won silver in Turin 2006, was way down the field
TEAM GB WINTER OLYMPIC GOLD MEDALS OVER THE PAST 90 YEARS
2010 – Cambridge-born Skeleton Racer Amy Williams won Gold breaking the track record twice and winning by more than half a second.
2002 – There was joy for the women’s Curling team in Salt Lake as Rhona Martin, Deborah Knox, Fiona MacDonald, Janice Rankin and Margaret Morton picked up Gold medals.
1984 – Who could forget the Gold medal won by skating duo Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean in Sarajevo when they wowed the judges and crowds alike with a perfect rendition of the Bolero.
1980 – Robin Cousins skated to glory in the men's figure skating at Lake Placid, New York.
1976 – John Curry OBE was famous for collaborating both ballet and modern dance into his skating and it helped him earn Gold in Germany.
1964 – Robin Dixon was granted leave from the army to complete in the Innsbruck games and it proved successful as he claimed Gold alongside Tony Nash in the Two-man Bobsleigh.
1952 – Jeanette Altwegg earned Team Great Britain Gold in Oslo with her superb figure skating routine.
1936 – James Foster, Carl Erhardt, Gordon Dailley, Archibald Stinchcombe, Edgar Brenchley, John Coward, James Chappell. Alexander Archer, Gerry Davey, James Borland, Robert Wyman, Arthur Child and John Kilpatrick earned Team Great Britain Gold in the Men’s Ice Hockey in Germany
1924 – William Jackson, Thomas Murray, Robin Welsh and Laurence Jackson won Gold in the men’s curling.
By Daniel Prescott
| Amy Williams |
For what does the 'E' stand in the company EMI? | BBC Sport - Vancouver 2010 - Great Britain hopes for best Winter Olympic medal haul
Great Britain hopes for best Winter Olympic medal haul
10 December 09 10:55 GMT
By Anna Thompson
Despite the obvious handicap of a lack of natural resources when it comes to winter sports facilities, Great Britain tends to win a medal or two every four years when the Winter Olympics come around.
And, if everything goes to plan, the 2010 Games could be the most successful in history from a British perspective.
The current British record for a single Games is four medals, back in the first winter Games at Chamonix in France in 1924.
Great Britain won gold in curling, silver in the four-man bobsleigh and bronze in ice hockey. Ethel Muckeldt, 38, from Manchester, also won a bronze medal in figure skating.
Andy Hunt, the British Olympic Association's chef de mission at Vancouver, will not put a figure on the number of medals Team GB can win, but is positive about their chances.
He told BBC Sport: "It's quite miraculous. We are a non-alpine nation but to get 55 athletes set to qualify for the Games, and to have the medal potential that we do, is quite awesome really."
So where could medals come from? BBC Sport assesses Team GB's chances.
SKELETON
Shelley Rudman was Britain's sole medallist at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin when she unexpectedly took silver in the skeleton.
It was the second time in consecutive Games that Britain had won a medal in the sliding sport, after Alex Coomber's bronze four years earlier.
Despite not possessing a race track in the country, Britain has become a powerhouse in skeleton over the last decade, thanks in no small part to the sled technology developed by slider and former world champion Kristan Bromley, who also happens to have a PhD in the subject.
In Vancouver, Team GB is expecting big things and could win multiple medals as four athletes - Bromley and Rudman have been on the podium this season and Amy Williams and Adam Pengilly won medals at last season's World Championships.
FORM: Rudman is back to her pre-pregnancy best, winning gold in a World Cup race in Italy in December and currently topping the standings. Williams has yet to record a podium but is knocking on the door with a fourth and sixth place and is fifth in the rankings.
Bromley recorded a top-three in the first race of the season in Park City but has struggled since then.
MEDAL CHANCE: Very strong. Team GB will be mightily annoyed if they do not succeed here, expecting at least one medal.
WOMEN'S BOBSLEIGH
Nicola Minichiello and Gillian Cooke became the first British bobsleighers to win a gold medal in the sport for 44 years when they triumphed in the World Championships in Lake Placid last February.
That extraordinary achievement capped a fine season for the duo, who finished third in the World Cup series of races.
It will be Minichiello's third Winter Olympics after finishing 12th in the inaugural event in Salt Lake City, and ninth in Turin four years later.
FORM: Their form has not been headline-grabbing so far - a seventh and two eighth places after the first three races of the World Cup season - and there is a concern over Minichiello's eyesight after she suffered a loss of vision in her left eye.
MEDAL CHANCE: They can definitely win a medal and will be expecting to do so if Minichiello is 100% fit.
CURLING
Scotland's men, led by skip David Murdoch, are the current world champions after defeating Canada 7-6 in April.
The team will essentially be the same but will be rebranded Great Britain for Winter Olympic purposes.
At the past two Winter Olympics, they have been fancied but have bottled it, missing out in the bronze play-off to the United States last time out in Turin.
FORM: The season is just getting under way and they are in action at the European Championships, being held in Aberdeen.
MEDAL CHANCE: Murdoch was bitterly disappointed that Great Britain left empty-handed in 2006, and is determined to succeed this time around. If he can keep a cool head, his team should be among the medals.
FIGURE SKATING
Can you believe it's a quarter of a century since Torvill and Dean's epic gold medal-winning Bolero performance in Sarajevo?
Britain's favourite ice dance couple returned a decade later to win another medal, this time a bronze at Lillehammer in Norway.
Since then, British ice skating has struggled to find medal winners at the Winter Games. Could that change in Vancouver?
Scottish siblings Sinead and John Kerr have quietly gone about their business moving up the rankings and, at the end of last season, won a bronze medal at the European Championships in Helsinki. This season they reached the Grand Prix final for the first time.
FORM: Perception is everything in this sport. This season, the Kerrs have upped the ante with their technical skills and excellent results have followed: two top-three finishes in ISU Grand Prix meetings against the world's best. At the Grand Prix final, in Japan, they finished fourth, just two points off a podium place.
MEDAL CHANCE: Possible, although bronze is the most likely colour.
OTHER MEDAL CHANCES
Short-track speed skater Jon Eley won a silver medal at a World Cup race in Dresden last season and is ranked in the world's top 10 in 500m. He finished fifth in the last Winter Olympics final in that event, and his goal for 2010 is "to push for medals at the Olympics".
Zoe Gillings competes in snowboard-cross and has finished on the podium five times in World Cup races, including winning in Chile in 2004.
She competed in Turin in 2006, finishing 15th, but had only just returned from a serious foot injury and was not 100% fit.
Gillings is ranked fifth in the world and came 10th in the opening race of this season in Chile. The World Cup resumes in Telluride, Colorado, on 19 December.
| i don't know |
What is the name of the submarine commanded by 'Captain Nemo' in 'Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea'? | Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea | Literawiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea
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Front cover of an 1874 German translation of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (French:Vingt mille lieues sous les mers) is a science fiction fantasy adventure novel by the French author Jules Verne . It was first published in 1870. The main characters are a French scientist named Aronnax and the mysterious Captain Nemo. In order to escape repression in his homeland, Nemo has built a submarine called the Nautilus and roams freely through the world's oceans in it. The "twenty thousand leagues" of the title refers to the distance traveled, six times the diameter of the Earth. The greatest depth that the Nautilus descends to is four leagues. [1]
The novel was first published in English in 1873, in an abbreviated translation by Lewis Page Mercier, a British clergyman. Mercier's translation remained the standard one for a hundred years and changes that he made to the French text have continued to be incorporated into more recent translations. These changes include the name, the original title has "seas" in the plural.
Contents
[ show ]
Plot
The novel is narrated by Professor Pierre Aronnax, a French marine biologist who is visiting New York with his assistant Conseil. At the time of Aronnax's visit, there have been several reports of a large sea creature of unknown species. An ocean liner has been damaged by the creature, thought by some to be a narwhal . Aronnax is asked by the United States government to take part in an expedition to seek out and destroy the creature. Aronnax and Conseil join the crew of the Abraham Lincoln, on board which they meet and befriend Ned Land, a French-speaking Canadian harpoonist.
The Abraham Lincoln sails around South America and into the Pacific Ocean. The monstrous sea creature is sighted, the ship charges at it and is damaged. Aronnax, Conseil and Ned Land are thrown overboard, find themselves on the back of the creature and discover that it is a machine made of metal. They are taken inside the electric-powered submarine, the Nautilus, and introduced to its creator and commander Captain Nemo.
Captain Nemo watches the squid from a porthole of the Nautilus. 1870 illustration by Alphonse de Neuville and Edouard Riou.
"Nemo" is Latin for nobody and clearly a false name that the character has adopted.. Nemo has abandonned his former life and built his submarine not only out of scientific curiosity but also to roam the world free of the influences of the governments of any nation. Nemo apparently comes from a country with an oppresive government. It is suggested that the rulers of his country were responsible for the deaths of Nemo's wife and children.
The Nautilus travels around the world. Nemo and his companions see shipwrecks off the coast of Spain, the corals of the Red Sea, the ice shelves of Antarctica and the ruins of the lost city of Atlantis. The Nautilus is attacked by a giant squid [2] which eats one of the crew members. Nemo and his companions sometimes put on diving suits to leave the submarine and hunt for sharks.
Nemo is happy to have Aronnax, a leading scientist in the field of marine biology, on board and to be able to talk with him. However, Nemo insists,Aronnax, Conseil and Ned Land can never leave, for fear that they will reveal his secrets to the world. For his part, Aronnax is delighted to take part in the undersea voyage. Ned Land, however, constantly tries to escape.
Captain Nemo, an accomplished musician, plays the organ. 1870 illustration by Alphonse de Neuville and Edouard Riou.
Towards the end of the novel, a ship from the oppresive goverment from which Nemo escaped begins to track the Nautilus. Ignoring Aronnax's pleas, Nemo attacks the ship and sinks it, drowning everybody on board. Nemo becomes increasingly gloomy after having sunk the ship and either intentionally steers the Nautilus into the Moskstraumen whirlpool off the coast of Norway or does not try hard to steer the submarine away from it.
Aronnax, Conseil and Ned Land manage to escape and make it to shore. The fate of Captain Nemo is uncertain.
Nationality of Captain Nemo
Jules Verne had originally intended Nemo to be a Polish nobleman who was seeking revenge on the forces of Tsarist Russia which had murdered his wife and children. Verne's publisher, Pierre-Jules Hetzel, dissuaded him because the Russian Empire was an ally of France and Verne's books were popular there. Instead, Nemo's origins and the identity of his enemy are left vague in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.
In one of Verne's later novels, The Mysterious Island, Nemo is revealed to be an Indian prince and a descendant of Tipu Sultan whose enemy is the British Empire.
There are suggestions that the British are Nemo's enemy in Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, Nemo has a portrait of Daniel O'Connell , a well known advocate of Irish independence.
Footnotes
↑ A league is equivalent to 4 kilometers or approximately 3.45 miles.
↑ The original French text says poulpe, which means "octopus", but it usually appears as "giant squid" in English translations.
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Which Prime Minister has a statue in St. George's Square, Huddersfield opposite the railway station? | Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (Literature) - TV Tropes
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea
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Literature / Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea
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"That which is far off, and exceeding deep, who can find it out?"
— Ecclesiastes 7:24
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea is an 1869 adventure novel by Jules Verne . It scores a solid 5 on Mohs Scale of Science Fiction Hardness and has a strong focus on technology, existentialism, and marine biology.
During a visit to America, Professor Aronnax, a famous French marine biologist, is invited to join a US Navy expedition in the hunt for a mysterious sea monster (believed to be a giant narwhal) that has attacked and damaged two ships. Once they find the narwhal, it attacks, causing Aronnax, his trusty manservant Conseil and Ned Land, the ship's Canadian harpoonist, to fall overboard (well, Conseil jumped, to rescue the Professor). They clamber onto the only dry spot in the sea, namely the narwhal's back, expecting to drown as soon as it dives. Then a hatch opens...
The mysterious narwhal is in fact not a whale, but a high-tech electric submarine, owned and designed by the mysterious and eccentric Captain Nemo . While refusing to put our heroes ashore, he lets them live, and takes them on a fantastic journey under the seas of the world, showing them the many wonders of the world beneath the waves. Aronnax finds himself torn between his passionate interest in marine biology and his desire for freedom - should he try to escape with his comrades or stay and find out why Nemo sails around the world, sinking British and American ships?
The novel has a sequel, The Mysterious Island , which tells Nemo's Back Story .
Fun fact that people sometimes forget: the title refers to the distance the Nautilus travels horizontally over the course of the book, not the depth it dives to. 20,000 leagues vertically would be impossible, being 80,000 kilometersnote Verne used the metric league, which is 4 km, or twice the circumference of the Earth. The translation is partly to blame ; a closer translation would be Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the 'Seas', which is sometimes used in more modern translations. A Saturday Night Live sketch with guest host Kelsey Grammar as Nemo lampshaded this misconception.
The book is now out of copyright, and the original French text can be obtained from Project Gutenberg here
. This English translation
, done by Verne scholar Frederick Paul Walter, is a modern, highly accurate translation of the book, free of the errors that many other editions of the book have. Alternatively, check out the most common edition here
. This translation, done by the Reverend Lewis Page Mercier, is widely considered to be the worst translation of the book; it is riddled with errors and censorship, as well as incorrect numbers (for example, the density of steel is given as .7 to .8 times that of water, while Verne really wrote 7.8 times that of water, which is the correct value). Sadly, it is also the most common translation - check your bookshelves for this version!
This also allowed life-long fan and mini-submarines builder Pat Regan to publish a sequel (mostly inspired by Disney's movie), titled ''Vulcanium''
The best-known adaptation of the novel is the 1954 live-action Disney film .
The novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea shows examples of the following tropes:
Abnormal Ammo : The Nautilus crew's armament of choice is an air-rifle that fires a glass bullet containing a small capacitor. When the glass shatters, the capacitor unleashes its charge, instantly killing the target.
Above Good and Evil : What Captain Nemo claims to be. He really isn't. See �bermensch below.
Absent-Minded Professor : Aronnax has this a few times. One chapter has him declare a book he's been engrossed in for several hours as utterly brilliant, which Conseil is bemused by. When Aronnax asks what's so funny, Conseil tells him to check the spine to see who wrote it... turns out, it was Aronnax himself, and he'd completely forgotten about it.
A Weapon of Mass Destruction is an Artifact of Doom . No Man Should Have This Power and if he does, he becomes an �bermensch .
No matter what a wholesome Nice Guy you genuinely are, if you become an �bermensch because you have a Weapon of Mass Destruction , for a time you will be The Anti-Nihilist , but slowly but surely you will become a Nietzsche Wannabe .
Affably Evil : Deconstructed by Captain Nemo, who is a genuinely noble Nice Guy who has access to technology enjoyed by none else. How can a truly good man cross the Moral Event Horizon ? Because he is slowly but surely losing his sanity through the novel, and in the end he becomes a Death Seeker .
All-Loving Hero : Professor Aronnax is a humble Wide-Eyed Idealist scientist that already had won the Undying Loyalty of Counseil before he comes to the Nautilus, he also makes Ned Land do a More Expendable Than You sacrifice when they are in the Pole, and he is ultimately the reason why Captain Nemo gets his Villainous Breakdown when Aronnax discovers the Nautilus is a Weapon of Mass Destruction .
Almost Out of Oxygen : When the Nautilus is trapped under the Antarctic ice. Verne, however, did his research. Oxygen is not a problem, due to the Nautilus having plenty of electricity and water around, but without caustic potash to bind the carbon dioxide the heroes are screwed anyway.
Anti-Villain : Nemo. His hatred of the British is perfectly understandable, given his Back Story . However, attacking civilians for happening to be on a ship flying the wrong colours...
And the fact that he is holding everyone captive at that. He's pretty much a crystal clear Well-Intentioned Extremist .
Artifact of Doom : The Nautilus is this for Captain Nemo: by using it as a Weapon of Mass Destruction , Nemo discovers that With Great Power Comes Great Insanity .
Atlantis : Captain Nemo shows Professor Aronnax the ruins of Atlantis.
Atlantis Is Boring : There is a discussion over whether this trope applies or not to this novel.
Awesome, but Impractical : Discussed. When Nemo is telling Aronnax about his vast riches, extracting gold from seawater is mentioned, but it would cost so much as to turn little, if any, profit. Especially when using advanced diving suits to get it from sunken wrecks is so much easier.
Battle Butler : Conseil.
Beard of Evil : Nemo is depicted with a beard in the 1954 Disney film version (probably the most well-known adaptation) and pretty much every adaptation afterwards.
He had a beard before that as well, in the 1916 black and white silent adaptation (which merged it with the sequel, The Mysterious Island into one story, as if the events all took place simultaneously, though the sequel was supposed to be many years later), Nemo has a beard, as well as wearing Blackface .
The beard already appeared in the original illustrations of the book, since the artist used Colonel Charas as a model - fitting as Charas' life was somewhat similar to Nemo's, and he may also have been Verne's inspiration for the character.
Beauty Equals Goodness : Lampshaded when Wide-Eyed Idealist Aronnax uses physiognomy to justify that a stocky character is a fool and the good�looking man is someone good, but rethinks this theory when the good�looking man (Captain Nemo) left him starving with their companions in a cell. Also Deconstructed later on when Aronnax begins seeing just how dangerous Nemo is...
A disciple of such character�judging anatomists as Gratiolet or Engel could have read this man's features like an open book . Without hesitation, I identified his dominant qualities�self�confidence, since his head reared like a nobleman's above the arc formed by the lines of his shoulders, and his black eyes gazed with icy assurance; calmness, since his skin, pale rather than ruddy, indicated tranquility of blood; energy, shown by the swiftly knitting muscles of his brow; and finally courage, since his deep breathing denoted tremendous reserves of vitality.
I might add that this was a man of great pride, that his calm, firm gaze seemed to reflect thinking on an elevated plane, and that the harmony of his facial expressions and bodily movements resulted in an overall effect of unquestionable candor�according to the findings of physiognomists, those analysts of facial character.
I felt "involuntarily reassured" in his presence , and this boded well for our interview.
Berserk Button : Ned Land discovers that he must never surrender to The Empire while Nemo is The Captain of the Nautilus.
Big Eater : Ned Land, whose only interest in an any wildlife species seems to run entirely in a culinary direction.
Broken Pedestal : After spending the novel swimming in Stockholm Syndrome for Captain Nemo, Aronnax sees him crossing the Moral Event Horizon in a terrible Kick the Dog moment. And yet...
I returned to the saloon, fearing and yet hoping to see Captain Nemo, wishing and yet not wishing to see him. What could I have said to him? Could I hide the involuntary horror with which he inspired me? No. It was better that I should not meet him face to face; better to forget him. And yet�
Canada, Eh? : Although the narration constantly reminds us that Ned Land is Canadian, he actually doesn't fit the modern stereotype in that he's loud, arrogant, and rather meatheaded (and whistles "Yankee Doodle"). It's entirely possible that he's a transplanted American who ended up living in Canada one way or another. Although for a Canadian harpoonist it fits, lumberjacks and fishermen aren't the shy ones even in Canada (even Yankee Doodle kind of make sense given how the culture between both countries were open even back then)
The Captain : Deconstructed with Nemo, he is so charismatic a captain and so loved by his crew that nobody notices his Villainous Breakdown .
Character Filibuster : Arronax tends to go off on long digressions about various species of marine life he's observed, interrupting the adventure story of which he's one of the main characters.
Closed Circle : Even when the Nautilus travels around the whole world, Professor Aronnax , Conseil and Ned Land are confined to the submarine . They only talk with Captain Nemo (all the other crew talk a secret language).
Completely Unnecessary Translator : A variation occurs when Professor Aronnax , Conseil and Ned Land failing to understand the language used by their captors, try to talk to them in their respective native languages (French, German (Conseil is Dutch, but presumably uses German because Dutch is a very rare language outside of The Netherlands) and English, respectively). When their captors didn�t react, Aronnax attempted to speak Latin without success. In a second interview, the man that later presented himself as Captain Nemo told them:
...After some moments of silence, which not one of us dreamed of breaking, "Gentlemen," said he, in a calm and penetrating voice, "I speak French, English, German, and Latin equally well. I could, therefore, have answered you at our first interview, but I wished to know you first, then to reflect��
Con Lang : Subverted because even when the Nautilus crew uses a language that Professor Aronnax cannot recognize, Verne didn�t bother himself making any words of it except "Nautron respoc lorni virch." that Aronnax thinks must mean: "There's nothing in sight.". Aronnax describes the language like this:
"� a language I didn't recognize. It was a sonorous, harmonious, flexible dialect whose vowels seemed to undergo a highly varied accentuation".
Given that the Nautilus crew is a N.G.O. Superpower , it makes sense this language is a Con Lang Completely Original, designed to substitute all the other �continental� languages that were original to each of the crew countries that the crew has abandoned. Aronnax observes that just moments before his death, one of the crew forgets to use that Con Lang and ask for help in French. A hungry Ned Land also theorizes:
"Don't you see, these people have a language all to themselves, a language they've invented just to cause despair in decent people who ask for a little dinner! Why, in every country on earth, when you open your mouth, snap your jaws, smack your lips and teeth, isn't that the world's most understandable message? From Quebec to the Tuamotu Islands, from Paris to the Antipodes, doesn't it mean: I'm hungry, give me a bite to eat!"
Conspiracy Theorist : Played for Laughs with Ned Land: As a professional fisher, he doesn�t believe in Sea monsters (giant narwhales or octopus), but he believes that his captors could be cannibals , that the language spoken in the Nautilus is a conspiracy to let him die of hunger (see Con Lang ) and in Artificial Human :
"Haven't seen or heard a thing!" the Canadian replied. "I haven't even spotted the crew of this boat. By any chance, could they be electric too?"
"Electric?"
"Oh ye gods, I'm half tempted to believe it!"
Cool Ship : The Nautilus, which has a greater range than any existing non-nuclear submarine.
Crippling Overspecialization : Conseil can rattle off any animal or plant's exact order, class, phylum, genus and species, but only once he's told their name, being unable to actually identify a single one.
Death Seeker : As Nemo's mental health deteriorates through the course of the story, he becomes more reckless.
Deliberate Values Dissonance : In-Universe : Ned Land asks Captain Nemo�s permission to hunt some whales. Nemo denies it and he accuses Ned of being an Egomaniac Hunter . Next they see some cachalots and Nemo destroys them using the ''Nautilus''� spur . When Ned accuses Nemo as being The Butcher , Nemo answers that the cachalots were mischievous creatures and the Nautilus is his weapon . Verne shows us that no matter how much mistaken is the philosophy of Great White Hunter , they will never do the damage that the Ubersmench can do using science.
Disproportionate Retribution : Conseil and Arronax geek out over a seashell that twists left-handedly instead of to the right. When a lucky shot from one of the attacking natives shatters it, Conseil promptly picks up a gun and shoots the man.
The Dividual : Arronax believes that Ned and Conseil together would have made a remarkable naturalist (the former can identify most of the sea creatures they see, the latter can classify them in seconds).
Dysfunction Junction : There are only four principal characters in the novel due to the Closed Circle : Conseil has so much Undying Loyalty that he considers himself an extension of his employer. Professor Aronnax practically swims in Stockholm Syndrome , Captain Nemo has a slow Villainous Breakdown caused by him, a good man, crossing once and again the Moral Event Horizon . Ned Land slowly Goes Mad From The Isolation .
Dumbass Has a Point : In all of the book, Ned Land opines Captain Nemo is a despot and the Power Trio must attempt the Great Escape as soon as possible. Professor Aronnax and Conseil are impressed with Nemo and their incredible voyage, and it's not until they see Nemo crossing the Moral Event Horizon before they realize Ned was the Only Sane Man .
Egomaniac Hunter : Captain Nemo accuses Ned Land of being one when Ned ask him permission to hunt whales only because he wants to.
"And to what purpose?" replied Captain Nemo; "only to destroy! We have nothing to do with the whale-oil on board."
"But, sir," continued the Canadian, "in the Red Sea you allowed us to follow the dugong."
"Then it was to procure fresh meat for my crew. Here it would be killing for killing's sake. I know that is a privilege reserved for man, but I do not approve of such murderous pastime . In destroying the southern whale (like the Greenland whale, an inoffensive creature), your traders do a culpable action, Master Land. They have already depopulated the whole of Baffin's Bay, and are annihilating a class of useful animals. Leave the unfortunate cetacea alone. They have plenty of natural enemies�cachalots, swordfish, and sawfish�without you troubling them."
Egopolis : Captain Nemo displays a variant when he claims an entire continent for himself, acting like a sovereign (but see Exactly What It Says on the Tin below):
...Well now! In 1868, on this 21st day of March, I myself, Captain Nemo, have reached the South Pole at 90°, and I hereby claim this entire part of the globe, equal to one�sixth of the known continents."
"In the name of which sovereign, Captain?"
"In my own name, sir!"
So saying, Captain Nemo unfurled a black flag bearing a gold "N" on its quartered bunting. Then, turning toward the orb of day, whose last rays were licking at the sea's horizon:
"Farewell, O sun!" he called. "Disappear, O radiant orb! Retire beneath this open sea, and let six months of night spread their shadows over my new domains!"
Go Mad from the Isolation : After seven months of not talking with any other human being except Captain Nemo, Professor Aronnax and Battle Butler Conseil, the independent and Book Dumb Ned Land, not interested in submarine investigation, is slowly going insane.
I'll also mention that the Canadian, at the end of his strength and patience, made no further appearances. Conseil couldn't coax a single word out of him and feared that, in a fit of delirium while under the sway of a ghastly homesickness, Ned would kill himself. So he kept a devoted watch on his friend every instant.
Greater Scope Villain : The Empire that slaughtered Nemo's family, the hunting of whom is a large part of what drove Nemo to become the dangerous man he is. The sequel confirms them to be the British Empire, whom Verne's predominantly French audience would have largely thought of as a Greater Scope Villain in much of Real Life , too.
Great Escape : Aronnax, Counseil and Ned Land are prisoners in the Nautilus . To regain their freedom, they must attempt a successful Great Escape because there will not be a second chance.
Great White Hunter : Ned Land.
Handshake Refusal : Professor Aronnax gets this treatment with Captain Nemo. Nemo doesn't distrust Aronnax , it's just to show how far Nemo has been subject to Madden Into Misanthropy :
I thought the commander would offer me his hand, to seal our agreement. He did nothing of the sort. I regretted that.
Have a Gay Old Time : Goes along with the Stockholm Syndrome and the Ho Yay . For example;
This man was certainly the most admirable specimen I had ever met.
Heel Realization : After Captain Nemos Kick the Dog moment, Wide-Eyed Idealist Aronnax realizes the true price of his travels with Captain Nemo:
"He had made me, if not an accomplice, at least an eyewitness to his vengeance! Even this was intolerable."
He Who Fights Monsters : Captain Nemo Majored in Western Hypocrisy and wants revenge against The Empire . He creates an N.G.O. Superpower with a Oddly Small Organization with her own Con Lang , he claims a continent in his name, creates the Nautilus to conquer The Final Frontier (the sea) and to use it as a Weapon of Mass Destruction , insists in only using sea related products , and the prisoners he considers valuable are placed in a Gilded Cage but those who not are mercilessly destroyed . Trying to destroy The Empire , he ends creating a society very much like it .
He Knows Too Much : The reason Aronnax, Conseil and Ned Land will remain prisoners of the Nautilus and cannot come back to Civilization. Ever. (Captain Nemo lets them abandon the Nautilus and explore land, but it is always on uncivilized shores). Captain Nemo explains:
"... You came to surprise a secret which no man in the world must penetrate�the secret of my whole existence. And you think that I am going to send you back to that world which must know me no more? Never! In retaining you, it is not you whom I guard�it is myself."
Hidden Depths : All of the main characters, from Ned Land (who is surprisingly knowledgeable about marine life despite his Book Dumb personality) to Nemo (see Wicked Cultured ) show this at times.
" It is a massacre of mischievous creatures," replied the Captain; "and the Nautilus is not a butcher's knife."
Hypercompetent Sidekick : Conseil, at least when it comes to cataloging wildlife.
I Am the Noun : Captain Nemo:
"I am the law, and I am the judge! I am the oppressed, and there is the oppressor!"
Idiot Hero : Verne's writing constantly informs us (and Conseil and Aronnax repeatedly lampshade) that Ned Land is a Hot-Blooded , Great White Hunter , Big Eater Real Men Eat Meat Book Dumb badass who is from Canada . Ned Land's personality also makes him the Only Sane Man capable of resisting Captain Nemo's charisma.
I'm a Humanitarian : Ned Land (jokingly) threatens to eat Conseil if he doesn't get something other than fish to eat soon.
Impaled with Extreme Prejudice : The Nautilus's primary weapon is a ramming spur. Nemo has no compunctions about using it against wildlife he doesn't like or against shipping that's flying the flags of nations he doesn't approve of.
Instant Death Bullet : Nemo's electric bullets kill anything in one hit except cephalopods, where it just goes right through.
I Owe You My Life : Ned Land saves Nemo from a shark early on, and later is saved in turn from a giant squid.
Ironic Echo : When the Nautilus is stranded, Nemo refers to it as an incident, not an accident. When trapped beneath the ice in the South Pole, Arronax asks again, only to be told this time it's an accident.
Ironic Name : Conseil (Advice or counsel, in French) never gives advice, be he asked to or not.
Is It Something You Eat? : Stock line from Ned Land, whose only interest in wildlife is culinary.
Just Between You and Me : Subverted because Nemo never shares the evil part of his Evil Plan with Aronnax, just because he is ashamed of it . However, Nemo is constantly sharing all the information about the Nautilus and his scientific investigations about the Sea with Professor Aronnax , not because he will kill him, but because Nemo pretends that Aronnax will never abandon the Nautilus .
Is it indiscreet to ask how you discovered this tunnel?"
"Sir," the captain answered me, "there can be no secrets between men who will never leave each other."
I ignored this innuendo and waited for Captain Nemo's explanation.
Kick the Dog : Captain Nemo is implied to have destroyed ships with civilians and military crew, but the act of following up an attack with the Nautilus observing the horrible death of all the unnamed ship's crew on purpose, without losing any detail, is when Nemo crosses the Moral Event Horizon .
Professor Guinea Pig : In a variation, Professor Aronnax is willing to sacrifice his own freedom for the rest of his life for the rare chance to discover all the sea�s secrets in the Nautilus.
Psycho Electric Eel : Done with an electric ray that shocks Conseil out of his Third-Person Person and Stoic demeanor. In revenge, he eats it for dinner (but as noted by the professor, solely out of vengeance, because it wasn't even that good).
Race Lift : As explained in Mysterious Island , Nemo is an Indian prince, but was originally envisioned as being from Poland (which the original illustrations portray him as).
Rage Against the Heavens : Captain Nemo at times. See Freudian Excuse .
Ramming Always Works : Why the Nautilus needs a custom-built prow.
Real Men Eat Meat : A problem for Ned Land, who is a most manly man, and the Nautilus rarely goes even remotely close to shore. He does eventually get some pork... and promptly stops wailing about not having meat when they almost are murdered by natives.
The Remnant : Nemo and the Sepoy Uprising.
Start My Own : A lesser man would just become jaded and cut all ties with society, but Captain Nemo starts his own society recruiting other jaded men who hate The Empire , training them to build and operate the Nautilus , speak their own language , obtain all their resources from the sea , claim the South Pole , finance the Cretan Rebellion and converting themselves into an N.G.O. Superpower .
"if I can trust my hunches, if I truly understand the captain's way of life, his Nautilus isn't simply a ship. It's meant to be a refuge for people like its commander, people who have severed all ties with the shore."
Stockholm Syndrome : One of the rare non-romantic examples, outside of Ho Yay . (In fact, there are practically no women in the book at all.)
Submarine Pirates : The Trope Maker .
Suspiciously Specific Denial : When Captain Nemo asks the Power Trio to promise not trying to see� �something they must not see�, he could not phrase it without sounding sinister and exciting Aronnax' suspicions:
Sympathy for the Devil : Professor Aronnax is fascinated by Wicked Cultured Captain Nemo and his creation, the Nautilus , for seven months, and he certainly wants to delay the Great Escape to see more submarine marvels� until he sees Nemo Kick the Dog and cross the Moral Event Horizon .
That Man Is Dead : Whoever Nemo was before he became "The Nameless Avenger", that man is so dead there is no reason to even mention him. He used to be an Indian prince, until the British slaughtered the entire royal court for their role in an Indian uprising. That included his wife and his child.
"...I am dead, Professor; as much dead as those of your friends who are sleeping six feet under the earth!"
These Are Things Man Was Not Meant to Know : Ned Land's opinion about the beauty of the South Pole�s icebergs (just before the Nautilus will be trapped by them).
"It's a wonderful sight! Isn't it, Ned?"
"Oh damnation, yes!" Ned Land shot back. "It's superb! I'm furious that I have to admit it. Nobody has ever seen the like. But this sight could cost us dearly . And in all honesty, I think we're looking at things God never intended for human eyes."
True Companions : Captain Nemo claims (and the few interactions Aronnax had with the Nautilus crew never shows us any different) that this is the relationship between the crew:
.."The Nautilus suffered a collision that cracked one of the engine levers, and it struck this man. My chief officer was standing beside him. This man leaped forward to intercept the blow. A brother lays down his life for his brother, a friend for his friend, what could be simpler? That's the law for everyone on board the Nautilus"''
�bermensch Captain Nemo is an Unbuilt Trope : A Wicked Cultured Well-Intentioned Extremist who claims to be Above Good and Evil because he has done with the society and is practically above any law of the civilized nations thanks to the power of his submarine, the Nautilus . �However, he is a Deconstruction of the trope, because the contradiction between his unlimited power (that let him cross the Moral Event Horizon ) and his compassionate nature causes him a Villainous Breakdown . This dialogue between him and Professor Aronnax lampshade it 14 years before Also Sprach Zarathustra:
This was said plainly. A flash of anger and disdain kindled in the eyes of the Unknown, and I had a glimpse of a terrible past in the life of this man . Not only had he put himself beyond the pale of human laws, but he had made himself independent of them, free in the strictest acceptation of the word, quite beyond their reach! Who then would dare to pursue him at the bottom of the sea, when, on its surface, he defied all attempts made against him? What vessel could resist the shock of his submarine monitor? What cuirass, however thick, could withstand the blows of his spur? No man could demand from him an account of his actions; God, if he believed in one -- his conscience, if he had one -- were the sole judges to whom he was answerable .
Undying Loyalty : Exaggerated with Conseil, Professor Aronnax's servant. He risks his life to save his employer not once, but twice in the novel. When Aronnax talks with Ned Land about the Great Escape , Conseil considers himself one with his master's decision.
"Your friend Conseil," the fine lad replied serenely, "has nothing to say for himself. He's a completely disinterested party on this question... He's in Master's employ, he thinks like Master, he speaks like Master, and much to his regret, he can't be counted on to form a majority. Only two persons face each other here: Master on one side, Ned Land on the other. That said, your friend Conseil is listening, and he's ready to keep score."
I couldn't help smiling as Conseil wiped himself out of existence.
What happened that night, how the skiff escaped from the Maelstrom's fearsome eddies, how Ned Land, Conseil, and I got out of that whirlpool, I'm unable to say. But when I regained consciousness, I was lying in a fisherman's hut on one of the Lofoten Islands. My two companions, safe and sound, were at my bedside clasping my hands. We embraced each other heartily .
Villainous Breakdown : Inverted: after Captain Nemo crosses the Moral Event Horizon for the last time, he breaks down not because his plans aren't working but because he is not Above Good and Evil . He also could have voluntarily run the Nautilus into The Maelstrom (an enormous whirlpool).
Wealthy Philanthropist : Captain Nemo is fabulously wealthy thanks to both his initial fortune and that he's the only one with the technology to loot sunken galleons, which he uses to both help the oppressed and any people fighting the British.
Weapon of Mass Destruction : At the state of technology in 1869, the Nautilus is this: a submarine could easily destroy any ship in the sea without possibility of being persecuted when submerged in the sea. Nemo�s Kick the Dog moment shows how terrible its destructive power really is.
| i don't know |
Who had overall command of the US Pacific Fleet at the Battle of Midway in June 1942 and later signed the Japanese surrender document in 1945? | Chapter 14: Japan's Surrender
JAPAN'S SURRENDER
Continued Pressure on Japan
By the end of June 1945, United States forces had advanced their Pacific battle line thousands of miles from Australia and Pearl Harbor to reach the very threshold of the Japanese Homeland. They had overcome an enemy who fought with fierce tenacity and had solved unprecedented problems of logistics and enormous distance as they progressively occupied the coasts of New Guinea and New Britain, secured the strategic islands of the Solomons, Admiralties, Marianas, and Palaus, established airfields on Iwo Jima, moved into the Halmaheras, swept through the entire Philippines, and stood poised on Okinawa, the last military barrier to Japan Proper. (Plate No. 126)
Allied power dominated the land, sky, and sea of the western Pacific. General MacArthur's divisions had retaken vast island territories seized by Japan's armies at the outbreak of war and were now preparing to invade Japan itself. Huge formations of American Superfortresses pounded military and industrial targets on the Japanese mainland with increasing power. The U. S. Pacific Fleet had progressively cleared the ocean of Japanese warships in successive battles which stretched from the waters of Midway to the East China Sea and had bottled the decimated remnants of the Imperial Navy within their base ports. Even in its own Inland Sea and Tokyo Bay, the enemy fleet found neither respite nor refuge as fast American carriers navigated freely off the shores of Honshu and sent their bombing planes to hammer the great anchorages at Kure and Yokosuka. The time was ripe to hurl the whole might of the Allies against the defenses of Kyushu as the first step in Operation "Downfall."
In American hands, Kyushu could accommodate forty groups of the Far East Air Forces and provide unlimited opportunities for the use of air power against the military heart of Japan. In preparation for the main operation, "Coronet," planes from Kyushu could bomb every important target in Honshu, Korea, eastern Manchuria, and northern China. An additional forty air groups based in the Marianas, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa would magnify the potential force of destruction. The planes of these eighty air groups could drop 100,000 tons of bombs in September 1945 and 170,000 tons in January 1946. It was estimated that in March 1946 the projected date of the Honshu invasion, at least 220,000 tons of explosives could be released over the enemy's four main islands. In a single month, therefore, the industrial targets of Japan, contained in about one-tenth the area in which German targets were located, would be saturated by almost one-fourth the total bomb tonnage dropped on the Germans during the entire twelve months of 1944. 1
With the approach of summer, the general air and naval offensive against Japan was
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Allied Landings, August 1942 to August 1945
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intensified to pave the way for the planned invasion of Kyushu. From the middle of May, when fighters based on the island of Ie Shima first attacked targets on southern Japan, the scale of co-ordinated air raids by the Fifth and Seventh Air Forces rose steadily, reaching a peak previously unknown in the Pacific War. 2
On Okinawa, all organized Japanese resistance was ended by 21 June, and within two weeks fighters and bombers of the Fifth and Seventh Air Forces began their powerful assaults against Kyushu, neutralizing enemy air strength, severing lines of communication, and isolating the island from the rest of Japan.
Japanese targets in China also received their share of Allied attacks. Shanghai experienced its first large-scale aerial bombardment on 17-18 July, when the Seventh Air Force sent more than 200 Liberators, Mitchells, Invaders, and Thunderbolts from Okinawa over the great enemy-held industrial center in a two-day demonstration of air power. While the Seventh Air Force maintained its raids against Shanghai, the Fifth and Thirteenth Air Forces struck from bases in the Philippines to hit Formosa, Amoy, Swatow, Canton, and Hong Kong. The long-range bombers from the Marianas maintained a continuous shuttle over Japan itself, reducing its great industrial cities to ashes and rubble. 3
Naval Pre-Invasion Operations
In July, carrier planes from Admiral Halsey's powerful Third Fleet contributed to the cease less strikes against the Japanese capital and its surrounding airfields. After supporting the Okinawa operation, the fast carriers of Vice Adm. John S. McCain's Task Force 38 departed from Leyte Gulf on 1 July and proceeded northward toward Japan. Arriving within striking range of Tokyo on 10 July, the armada launched fighter and bomber sweeps against military installations in the metropolitan area and blasted the targets with bombs and rockets. (Plate No. 127) More than 1,000 carrier-based planes were employed as the relentless assault continued virtually unopposed throughout the day. It was the greatest massing of U.S. naval air power against the Japanese since the beginning of the Pacific War. Simultaneously with the carrier assaults, between 500 and 600 Marianas-based B-29's made their deepest penetration of Japan to that time, in destructive raids against the war factories of the enemy's home islands. 4
In a direct challenge to Japan's remaining air and naval strength, the Third Fleet on 14 July approached to within a few thousand yards of the enemy mainland off the steel plant city of Kamaishi and, in the first direct naval bombardment of the Homeland, fired thundering salvos into shore targets. Then, steaming 250 miles to the north, the mighty dreadnoughts and carriers on 14-15 July struck installations in northern Honshu and southern Hokkaido. Moving southward again, the Third Fleet was augmented by a carrier task force of the British Pacific Fleet and on 17 July carried out the first joint American-British bombardment of Japan. More than 2,000 tons of shells were fired into the coastal area at Hitachi, northeast of Tokyo. The next day over 1,500 United States and British carrier planes climaxed the shore attacks with the greatest carrier strike in history against the
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Third Fleet Pre-Invasion Operations against Japan
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Tokyo area.
Following eight days of continuous assault on enemy airfields, shipping, and industrial targets, the Third Fleet, together with its accompanying British fleet units, turned its attention to eliminating whatever was left of the Japanese Navy. A heavy attack was launched on 18 July, when hundreds of carrier planes concentrated on the enemy warships, including the battleship Nagato, which were anchored at Yokosuka naval base. At the same time, a light detached force of the Third Fleet bombarded military installations at Nojima Saki during the night of 18-19 July.
Five days later, on 24 and 25 July, extensive air raids were launched against Kure and the Inland Sea area by the combined American-British naval force. This sixth carrier strike against the Japanese Homeland since 10 July was followed by another raid on 28 July. Seventh Air Force Liberators from bases on Okinawa joined the attack on Japan's remaining naval units in Empire waters by blasting the anchored warships at Kure. On 30 July, the Tokyo area was again pounded by aircraft from the fast carriers, while battleships poured more than 1,000 tons of shells into the key port, rail center, and industrial city of Hamamatsu on the east coast of central Honshu. Bad weather delayed the naval onslaught for the first few days of August, but on the 9th and 10th, northern Honshu was again subjected to air and sea attacks. The final heavy blow was delivered against Tokyo on 13 August, with carrier planes raking airfields and other military installations as primary targets. 5 The suspension of hostilities early on the morning of the 15th found some carrier planes already airborne for an attack on Tokyo, but only one wave hit the objective area; a second wave was recalled before reaching its targets. 6
Resistance by the Japanese to this stinging nine-tailed lash of Allied naval and air power was scattered and ineffective; the enemy sought to conserve his few remaining planes and ships for the expected invasion. In Asia, meanwhile, several Japanese ground divisions were being steadily deployed to defend the important industrial regions of northern China after the Soviet Union on 5 April had announced its intention not to renew its existing neutrality treaty with Japan. 7
The Potsdam Declaration
Against the background of final military preparations for the invasion of Japan, international negotiations were under way which were ultimately to make the projected operations "Olympic" and "Coronet" unnecessary. On 17 July 1945, the President of the United States, the Prime Minister of Great Britain, and the Premier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics met in a series of conferences at Potsdam, Germany, and discussed, among other things, the acceleration of the campaign against Japan. One result of this tripartite conference was that the Soviet Union finally agreed to enter the Pacific war. Another equally outstanding product of the Potsdam conferences was the Potsdam Declaration. President Truman and Prime Minister Atlee, with the concurrence of the President of the National Government of China, issued a final ultimatum
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to the Japanese Government that gave Japan the choice of surrender or destruction. Set forth in powerful words of warning, the Potsdam Declaration read in part:
... The prodigious land, sea and air forces of the United States, the British Empire and of China, many times reinforced by their armies and air fleets from the west, are poised to strike the final blows upon Japan. This military power is sustained and inspired by the determination of all the Allied Nations to prosecute the war against Japan until she ceases to resist.
The result of the futile and senseless German resistance to the might of the aroused free peoples of the world stands forth in awful clarity as an example to the people of Japan. The might that now converges on Japan is immeasurably greater than that which, when applied to the resisting Nazis, necessarily laid waste the lands, the industry and the method of life of the whole German people. The full application of our military powers, backed by our resolve, will mean the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter destruction of the Japanese homeland.
The time has come for Japan to decide whether she will continue to be controlled by those self-willed militaristic advisers whose unintelligent calculations have brought the Empire of Japan to the threshold of annihilation, or whether she will follow the path of reason ... .
After listing seven terms under which the Allies would accept the Japanese capitulation, the declaration continued:
We call upon the Government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction. 8
The decision rested with Japan. Would it be "prompt and utter destruction," or surrender according to the plans outlined at Cairo 9 and Potsdam, which accorded Japan an opportunity to refit herself for membership in a world of peaceful nations?
"Blacklist" Plan
In anticipation of Japan's possible surrender, it now became necessary to accelerate the preparation of plans for a peaceful entry into the enemy's homeland. The course of events had given the strategic control of the Pacific War to the United States, and as the conflict progressed it became the nation chiefly responsible for the conduct of all operations dealing with Japan. Although the broad policies of occupation were agreed upon by the major Allied governments in accordance with the United Nations Charter, the United States would execute these policies, provide and regulate the main occupation forces, and designate their commander. Such control also would enable the institution of a strong centralized administration to avoid dividing Japan into national zones of independent responsibility as had been done with Germany. 10
In accordance with instructions from the Joint Chiefs of Staff received early in May 1945, General MacArthur had immediately
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directed his staff to prepare a plan for a possible peaceful occupation. The first edition of this plan, designated "Blacklist," was published on 16 July and presented four days later at Guam for comparison with a concurrent plan for occupation termed "Campus" which was being formulated by Admiral Nimitz. 11 General MacArthur's proposals were based on the assumption that it would be his responsibility to impose surrender terms upon all elements of the Japanese military forces within Japan and that he also would be responsible for enforcing the demands of Allied commanders in other areas.
The final edition of "Blacklist" called for the progressive and orderly occupation in strength of an estimated fourteen major areas in Japan and from three to six areas in Korea so that the Allies could exercise unhampered control of the various phases of administration. 12 These operations would employ 22 divisions and 2 regimental combat teams, together with air and naval elements, and would utilize all United States forces immediately available in the Pacific. (Plate No. 128) Additional forces from outside the theater would be requisitioned if occupational duties in Formosa or in China were required. "Blacklist" Plan provided for the maximum use of existing Japanese political and administrative organizations since these agencies exerted an effective control over the population and could obviously be employed to good advantage by the Allies. If the functioning governmental machinery were to be completely swept away, the difficulties of orderly direction would be enormously multiplied, demanding the use of greater numbers of occupation forces. 13
The preliminary opinions of the Joint Chiefs of Staff regarding the initial phase of the occupation inclined generally toward large-scale independent naval landings as envisioned in the Pacific Fleet Headquarters plan "Campus." 14 "Campus," the naval counterpart of "Blacklist," provided for entry into Japan by United States Army forces only after independently operating advance naval units had made an emergency occupation of Tokyo Bay and seized possession of key positions on shore including, if practicable, an operational airfield in the vicinity of each principal anchorage. 15
General MacArthur felt that this concept was strategically unwise and dangerous. Although he agreed that, immediately after capitulation, the United States Fleet should move forward, seize control of Japan's Homeland waters, take positions off critical localities, and begin mine sweeping operations, he thought that these steps should introduce immediate landings by strong, co-ordinated ground and air forces of the army, fully prepared to overcome any potential opposition. General MacArthur believed that naval forces were not designed to effect the preliminary occupation of a hostile country whose ground divisions were still intact and contended that the occupation of large land areas involved operations which were fundamentally and basically a mission of the army. The occupation, he maintained, should proceed along sound tactical lines with each
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Basic Plan for the Occupation of Japan
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branch of the service performing its appropriate mission.
General MacArthur felt also that, in the event landings by light naval units were authorized, army troops should go ashore at the same time to implement the display of force. Occupation by a weak Allied force might encourage opposition from dissident Japanese elements among the bomb-shattered population and lead to grave repercussions. In a radio to Washington, General MacArthur declared, "I hold the firm belief ... that sound military judgment dictates that the occupation should be effected in force in order to impose our will upon the enemy and to avoid incidents which might develop serious proportions." 16 "Blacklist" Plan therefore provided for a co-ordinated movement of ground, naval, and air forces and a gradual but firmly regulated occupation.
The final edition of " Blacklist " issued on 8 August was divided into three main phases of successive occupation, viz: (Plate No. 129)
Phase I: Kanto Plain, Nagasaki-Sasebo, Kobe-Osaka-Kyoto, Seoul (Korea), and Aomori-Ominato.
Phase II: Shimonoseki-Fukuoka, Nagoya, Sapporo (Hokkaido), and Fusan (Korea).
Phase III: Hiroshima-Kure, Kochi (Shikokku), Okayama, Tsuruga, Otomari (Karafuto), Sendai, Niigata, and Gunzan-Zenshu (Korea).
These major strategic areas of Japan and Korea would be seized to isolate Japan from Asia, to immobilize enemy-armed forces, and to initiate action against any recalcitrant elements. Thus, the projected occupations would permit close direction of the political, economic, and military institutions of the two countries. Other areas would be occupied as deemed necessary by army commanders to accomplish their missions. 17
The Final Blows
To lend additional force to the terms of the Potsdam ultimatum, the air and naval offensive was stepped up with even greater power. B-29's from the Marianas, supported by fighters based on Iwo Jima, averaged 1,200 sorties a week over the enemy's homeland, while planes from Okinawa airfields ripped his positions on the Asiatic mainland and destroyed what remained of his shipping. The Third Fleet and its attached British units meanwhile roamed Japanese waters, shelling coastal cities and shore targets with impunity. 18
In an effort to minimize the losses among the civilian population and to counteract false propaganda concerning Allied aims spread by the Japanese High Command, the Twentieth Air Force and the Far East Air Forces on 28 July began dropping warning leaflets to announce seventy-two hours in advance the names of the cities marked for destruction. In addition to notifying all civilians to flee to safety, the leaflets advised them to "restore peace by demanding new and good leaders who will end the war." 19
As a direct consequence of the failure of the Japanese Government to accept promptly the terms of the Potsdam proclamation, Japan became the victim of the most destructive and revolutionary weapon in the long history of warfare-the atom bomb. The first bomb of
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this type ever used against an enemy was released early on 6 August from an American Superfortress over the military base city of Hiroshima and exploded with incomparable and devastating force. The city was almost completely and uniformly leveled.
On 7 August President Truman electrified the world with a broadcast statement which declared:
Sixteen hours ago an American airplane dropped one bomb on Hiroshima, an important Japanese army base. That bomb had more power than 20,000 tons of TNT .... With this bomb we have now added a new and revolutionary increase in destruction to supplement the growing power of our armed forces....
It is an atomic bomb. It is a harnessing of the basic power of the universe ....
We are now prepared to obliterate more rapidly and completely every productive enterprise the Japanese have above ground in any city. We shall destroy their docks, their factories, and their communications. Let there be no mistake; we shall completely destroy Japan's power to make war.
It was to spare the Japanese people from utter destruction that the ultimatum of July 26 was issued at Potsdam. 20
With the echo of this cataclysmic explosion reverberating around the world, another staggering blow befell the Japanese. The Soviet Union on 8 August declared war on Japan and hastily sent troops against the Japanese Kwantung Army in Manchuria. The Japanese were now assailed from every side.
On 9 August a second atomic bomb destroyed the city of Nagasaki amid a cloud of dust and debris that rose 50,000 feet and was visible for more than 175 miles. 20 The two bombs which fell on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were dropped by the 509th Composite Bomb Group based on Tinian. The selection of Nagasaki as the second objective of the atomic bomb was caused by unfavorable weather conditions. After circling for fifty minutes above the smoke-obscured city of Kokura, which was the primary target, the bombing plane flew on to drop the bomb over Nagasaki, the alternate target. 21
The advent of the atomic bomb coming on the heels of a long series of paralyzing military disasters, hastened the surrender which was already being intensively deliberated by Japan's leaders. By 10 August Japan had had enough; she recognized her situation as hopeless. After much internal struggle and argument, the Japanese Government instructed its Minister to Switzerland to advise the United States through the Swiss Government that the terms of the Potsdam ultimatum would be accepted if Japan's national polity could be preserved. The Japanese note read in part
... the Japanese Government several weeks ago asked the Soviet Government, with which neutral relations then prevailed, to render good offices in restoring peace vis-a-vis the enemy power. Unfortunately, these efforts in the interest of peace having failed, the Japanese Government in conformity with the august wish of His Majesty to restore the general peace and desiring to put an end to the untold sufferings entailed by war as quickly as possible, have decided upon the following:
The Japanese Government are ready to accept the terms enumerated in the joint declaration which was issued at Potsdam on July 26th, 1945, by the heads of the Governments of the United States, Great Britain, and China, and later subscribed by the Soviet Government with the understanding that the said declaration does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler.
The Japanese Government sincerely hope that this understanding is warranted and desire keenly that an explicit indication to that effect will be speedily forthcoming. 22
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On 11 August, the United States, acting on behalf of the United Nations, transmitted a reply which stated:
... From the moment of surrender the authority of the Emperor and the Japanese Government to rule the state shall be subject to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers who will take such steps as he deems proper to effectuate the surrender terms.
The Emperor will be required to authorize and ensure the signature by the Government of Japan and the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters of the surrender terms necessary to carry out the provisions of the Potsdam Declaration, and shall issue his commands to all the Japanese military, naval, and air authorities and to all the forces under their control wherever located to cease active operations and to surrender their arms, and to issue such other orders as the Supreme Commander may require to give effect to the surrender terms.
Immediately upon the surrender, the Japanese Government shall transport prisoners of war and civilian internees to places of safety as directed, where they can quickly be placed aboard Allied transports.
The ultimate form of government of Japan shall, in accordance with the Potsdam Declaration, be established by the freely expressed will of the Japanese people.
The armed forces of the Allied Powers will remain in Japan until the purposes set forth in the Potsdam Declaration are achieved. 23
While the Japanese Government pondered the Allied answer, President Truman, on 12 August, directed the Strategic Air Force to cease its attacks. 24 The Far East Air Forces and the Allied Fleet in Japanese waters, however, continued their steady pounding. When no reply was received from the Japanese by 13 August, the Strategic Air Force was ordered to renew its operations 25 and on the same day 1,000 carrier planes from the Third Fleet made their final raid on Tokyo.
Never before in history had one nation been the target of such concentrated air power. (Plate No. 130) In the last fifteen days of the war, the Fifth and Seventh Air Forces flew 6,372 sorties against Kyushu alone. Forty-nine per cent of this devastating effort was directed at manufacturing areas and docks. The remaining percentage was divided among enemy shipping, air installations, and lines of communication. Thus, with a deafening crescendo of blasting bombs, the Far East Air Forces culminated their blows against Japan. During the last seven and one-half months of the war their planes had destroyed or badly damaged 2,846,932 tons of shipping and 1,375 enemy aircraft, dropped 100,000 tons of bombs, and flown over 150,000 sorties. 26
The end of the war in Europe had not only released additional ground, air, and naval forces for the war against Japan but it had also enabled the Soviet Union to mass its forces for an attack upon Manchuria and northern China. The veteran armies of General MacArthur were poised and ready for an invasion of Kyushu and Honshu. The warning to surrender or be destroyed had not been composed of idle words. Stark and ruinous defeat was already a frightening certainty for the Japanese.
Japan Capitulates
While Japan considered its final acceptance of the Allied terms, preparations for the progressive occupation of its cities and military possessions were already completed. The formal directive for the occupation of Japan, Korea, and the China coast was issued by the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 11 August. Arrange-
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Aerial Bombardment of Japan
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ments for the peaceful entry of Allied forces were patterned as far as practicable upon the actual invasion plans. The immediate objectives were the early introduction of occupying forces into major strategic areas, the control of critical ports, port facilities, and airfields, and the demobilization and disarmament of enemy troops. 27
First priority was given to the prompt occupation of Japan, second to the consolidation of Keijo in Korea, and third to the operations on the China coast and in Formosa. General MacArthur was to assume responsibility for the forces entering Japan and Korea. General Wedemeyer was assigned operational control of the forces landing on the China coast and was instructed to co-ordinate his plans with Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. Naval forces entering ports in Japan and China were to remain under the command of Admiral Nimitz until General MacArthur and General Wedemeyer could take over these areas. Japanese forces in Southeast Asia were earmarked for surrender to Admiral Mountbatten, those in China to Generalissimo Chiang, and those in the Russian area of operations to the Soviet High Command in the Far East. 28
Final authority for the execution of the terms of surrender and for the occupation of Japan would rest with a Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers. The British, Soviet, and Chinese Governments concurred in President Truman's proposal that General MacArthur be designated Supreme Commander to assume the over-all administration of the surrender. 29
The 15th of August was an eventful date in history. It was the day Japan's notification of final surrender was received in the United States; it was the day President Truman announced the end of conflict in the Pacific; it was the day the Emperor of Japan made a dramatic and unexampled broadcast to his people; it was the day that General MacArthur was made Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.
The Japanese acceptance of the terms laid down by the Allies at Potsdam read in part:
His Majesty the Emperor has issued an Imperial Rescript regarding Japan's acceptance of the provisions of the Potsdam declaration:
His Majesty the Emperor is prepared to authorize and ensure the signature by his Government and the Imperial General Headquarters of the necessary terms for carrying out the provisions of the Potsdam declaration.
His Majesty is also prepared to issue his commands to all the military, naval, and air authorities of Japan and all the forces under their control wherever located to cease active operations, to surrender arms, and to issue such orders as may be required by the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces for the execution of the above-mentioned terms. 30
As soon as the note of acceptance was received, President Truman announced Japan's capitulation to the world and, at the same time, ordered that all offensive operations against Japan be suspended.
In Japan, meanwhile, the Emperor was making an unprecedented nation-wide broadcast of the Imperial Rescript of surrender, informing the Japanese of their country's first military defeat and exhorting them to unite in peace for the construction of the future:
After pondering deeply the general trend of the world situation and the actual state of Our Empire, We have decided to effect a settlement of the present crisis by resort to an extraordinary measure. To Our
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good and loyal subjects, we hereby convey Our will.
We have commanded Our Government to communicate to the Governments of the United States, Great Britain, China and the Soviet Union that Our Empire accepts the terms of their Joint Declaration ... .
Hostilities have now continued for nearly four years. Despite the gallant fighting of the Officers and Men of Our Army and Navy, the diligence and assiduity of Our servants of State, and the devoted service of Our hundred million subjects-despite the best efforts of all-the war has not necessarily developed in our favor, and the general world situation-also is not to Japan's advantage ....
Should we continue to fight, the ultimate result would be not only the obliteration of the race but the extinction of human civilization. Then, how should We be able to save the millions of Our subjects and make atonement to the hallowed spirits of Our Imperial Ancestors? That is why We have commanded the Imperial Government to comply with the terms of the joint Declaration of the Powers....
The suffering and hardship which Our nation yet must undergo will certainly be great. We are keenly aware of the innermost feelings of all ye, Our subjects. However, it is according to the dictates of time and fate that We have resolved, by enduring the unendurable and bearing the unbearable, to pave the way for a grand peace for all generations to come.
Since it has been possible to preserve the structure of the Imperial State, We shall always be with ye, Our good and royal subjects, placing Our trust in your sincerity and integrity. Beware most strictly of any outburst of emotion which may engender needless complications, and refrain from fraternal contention and strife which may create confusion, lead ye astray and cause ye to lose the confidence of the world. Let the nation continue as one family from generation to generation with unwavering faith in the imperish ability of our divine land and ever mindful of its heavy burden of responsibility and the long road ahead. Turn your full strength to the task of building a new future. Cultivate the ways of rectitude, foster nobility of spirit, and work with resolution so that ye may enhance the innate glory of the Imperial State and keep pace with the progress of the world. We charge ye, Our loyal subjects, to carry out faithfully Our will. 31
To initiate the steps towards the implementation of the surrender terms, President Truman announced the appointment of General MacArthur as the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers and dispatched the following orders to the Japanese Government:
You are to proceed as follows:
Direct prompt cessation of hostilities by Japanese forces, informing the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers of the effective date and hour of such cessation.
Send emissaries at once to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers with information of the disposition of the Japanese forces and commanders, and fully empowered to make any arrangements directed by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers to enable him and his accompaying forces to arrive at the place designated by him to receive the formal surrender.
For the purpose of receiving such surrender and carrying it into effect, General of the Army Douglas MacArthur has been designated as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, and he will notify the Japanese Government of the time, place, and other details of the formal surrender. 32
From the War Department in Washington, the Army Chief of Staff dispatched a message to General MacArthur which read, "Your directive as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers is effective with the receipt of this message." 33
Preparations for Surrender
General MacArthur received the announce-
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ment of Japan's capitulation with an expression of deep gratitude:
I thank a merciful God that this mighty struggle is about to end. I shall at once take steps to stop hostilities and further bloodshed. The magnificent men and women who have fought so nobly to victory can now return to their homes in due course and resume their civil pursuits. They have been good soldiers in war. May they be equally good citizens in peace. 34
The air waves crackled with urgent radio messages between Manila Headquarters and Tokyo. General MacArthur notified the Emperor and the Japanese Government on 15 August that he had been designated Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers and was authorized to arrange for the cessation of hostilities at the earliest practicable date. 35 Accordingly, he directed that the Japanese forces terminate hostilities immediately and that he be notified at once of the effective date and hour of such termination. He further directed that Japan send to Manila on 17 August "a competent representative empowered to receive in the name of the Emperor of Japan, the Japanese Imperial Government, and the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters certain requirements for carrying into effect the terms of surrender."
General MacArthur's stipulations to the Japanese Government included specific instructions regarding the journey of the Japanese representatives to Manila. The emissaries were to leave Sata Misaki, on the southern tip of Kyushu, on the morning of 17 August. They were instructed to travel in a Douglas DC-3-type transport plane, painted white and marked with green crosses on the wings and fuselage, and to fly under Allied escort to an airdrome on Ie Shima in the Ryukus. From there the Japanese would be transported to Manila in a United States plane. The code designation chosen for communication between the Japanese plane and United States forces was the symbolic word " Bataan." 37
On the evening of the 16th, General MacArthur was notified that the Emperor of Japan had issued an order at 1600 that day commanding the entire armed forces of his nation to halt their fighting immediately. 38 The wide dispersion and the disrupted communications of the Japanese forces, however, made the rapid and complete implementation of such an order exceedingly difficult. As the Japanese apologetically explained, the Imperial order would take approximately two to twelve days to reach Japanese forces throughout the Pacific and Asiatic areas, "but whether and when the order will be received by the first line it is difficult to foresee." 39 The radio also stated that members of the Imperial family were being sent to Japan's numerous theaters of operations as personal representatives of the Emperor to expedite and insure full compliance with the Imperial order to cease hostilities.
The departure of the delegates for the Manila negotiations, the Japanese continued, would be slightly delayed "as it is impossible for us to arrange for the flight of our representatives on 17 August due to the scarcity of time allowed us." 40 The radio added, however, that preparations were being made with all possible speed and that General MacArthur
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would be immediately informed of the re-scheduled flight date. 41 A second message from the Japanese Government on the 16th described the tentative itineraries of the Imperial emissaries who were being dispatched by air to the various fronts. 42
General MacArthur's Headquarters assured the Japanese that their intended measures were satisfactory and promised that every precaution would be taken to ensure the safety of the Emperor's representatives on their missions. Further instructions were issued regarding the type of plane to be used in sending the Japanese to Manila, but authorization was given to change the type of plane if necessary. 43
Another communication from the Japanese on the 16th asked for clarification of the phrase, "certain requirements for carrying into effect the terms of surrender." 44 General MacArthur replied that the signing of the surrender terms would not be among the tasks of the Japanese representatives despatched to Manila. 45
On 16 August, Japan's leaders announced that their delegates had been selected and would leave Tokyo for Manila on 19 August. 46 It was now only a matter of days before the long-awaited moment of final surrender would become a reality.
The Manila Conference
Headed by Lt. Gen. Torashiro Kawabe, Vice-Chief of the Army General Staff, the sixteen-man Japanese delegation 47 on the morn-
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ing of 19 August boarded two white, green-crossed, disarmed Navy medium bombers and departed secretly from Kisarazu Airdrome, on the eastern shore of Tokyo Bay. 48 After landing at Ie Shima, according to General MacArthur's instructions, the Japanese passengers were immediately transferred to a U. S. Army transport plane and put down on Nichols Field south of Manila at about 1800 that same day.
On hand to meet the Japanese envoys as they emerged from the plane was a party of linguist officers headed by General Willoughby, General MacArthur's wartime director of intelligence. Following the necessary introductions and identifications, the Japanese were taken immediately to temporary quarters on Manila's Dewey Boulevard to await the meetings scheduled for that evening. 49
Less than three hours after their arrival, the sixteen-man Japanese delegation was led by General Willoughby to the first of two conferences held that night with members of General MacArthur's staff. General MacArthur him self was not present. As the solemn procession moved from Dewey Boulevard through the battered and war-torn streets of Manila and up the broad steps of the City Hall, the stony-faced Japanese officers in their beribboned gray-green uniforms, with their peculiarly peaked caps, and with their two-handed Samurai swords dangling from their waists almost to the ground, made a grim and curious picture. Shortly after 2100, the Japanese and American representatives entered General Chamberlin's office and sat down facing each other across the long, black table of the map-covered conference room. 50
The meetings continued through the night of the 19th and into the next day. 51 As General Sutherland led the discussions, linguists busily scanned, translated, and photostated the various reports, maps, and charts which the Japanese had brought with them. Allied Translator and Interpreter Section personnel worked throughout the night to put General MacArthur's requirements into accurate Japanese before morning. It was a matter of vital importance that all documents be capably and correctly translated so that arrangements for surrender could be completed with a minimum of misunderstanding and a maximum of speed.
The conference proceeded smoothly and all
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major problems were resolved satisfactorily. Results of the negotiations made it advisable to modify some of the original concepts on the problem of occupation. Based upon the full co-operation of the Japanese Government and Imperial General Headquarters, the new modifications provided for gradual occupation of designated areas after the Japanese had disarmed the local troops. No direct demilitarization was to be carried out by Allied personnel; the Japanese were to control the disarmament and demobilization of their own armed forces under Allied supervision. 52
General Kawabe expressed his belief that the Japanese would faithfully carry out all Allied demands, but because of the unpredictable reactions of the Japanese civilian and army elements he requested that Japan be given an additional period of preparation before the actual steps of occupation were taken. General Sutherland allowed three extra days. The target date for the initial landings was postponed from 25 August to 28 August. The arrival of the advance unit at Atsugi Airfield was scheduled for 26 August.
At the close of the conference, General Kawabe was handed the documents containing the "Requirements of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers." 53 These directives stipulated General MacArthur's requirements concerning the arrival of the first echelons of the Allied forces, the formal surrender ceremony, and the subsequent reception of the occupation forces. Also given to General Kawabe were a draft of the Imperial Proclamation by which the Emperor would accept the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and command his subjects to cease hostilities, a copy of General Order No. 1 by which Imperial General Headquarters would direct all military and naval commanders to lay down their arms and surrender their units to designated Allied commanders, and lastly the Instrument of Surrender itself which would later be signed on board an American battleship in Tokyo Bay.
The Manila Conference was over. The Japanese delegation left at 1300 on 20 August and started back to Japan along the same route by which it had come. The homeward trip, however, was marred by an accident which caused a few anxious moments to the bearers of the surrender documents. The plane carrying the key emissaries had to make a forced landing on a beach near Hamamatsu, and it was not until seven hours after their scheduled time of return that the members of the mission were able to report the results of the Manila Conference to their waiting Premier. 54 It now remained for Japan to prepare itself to carry out
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the provisions of surrender and to accept a peaceful military occupation of the Homeland by Allied forces.
General MacArthur anticipated that, subject to weather conditions which would permit the necessary air and naval operations, the Instrument of Surrender would be signed within ten days. "It is my earnest hope," he announced after the departure of Japan's representatives from Manila, "that pending the formal accomplishment of the Instrument of Surrender, armistice conditions may prevail on every front and that bloodless surrender may be effectuated." 55
Reorganization of AFPAC
Simultaneously with President Truman's announcement of Japan's acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, a thorough reorganization of AFPAC forces was effected in preparation for the forthcoming Allied mission in Japan. On 15 August, General MacArthur ordered sweeping changes to strengthen Sixth and Eighth Armies and XXIV Corps (then with Tenth Army in the Ryukyus) for their imminent duties of occupation. (Plate No. 131)
The 11th Airborne Division had moved 800 miles by air with full combat equipment from Luzon to Okinawa in a record time of forty-four hours and had already passed to the control of General Eichelberger's Eighth Army. Eighth Army, which would institute the occupation unassisted until 22 September, was also given control of XI Corps with the Americal, 1st Cavalry, and 43rd Divisions and the 112th Regimental Combat Team, IX Corps with the 77th and 81st Divisions and the 158th Regimental Combat Team, and the 27th Division on Okinawa. In addition Eighth Army included XIV Corps, the 31st Division and the 368th Regimental Combat Team, taken from X Corps, and the 40th Division, taken from Sixth Army. 56
General Krueger's Sixth Army was mean while increased by the addition of V Amphibious Corps, with its 2nd, 3rd, and 5th Marine Divisions located in Saipan, Oahu, Guam, and Hawaii. General Krueger also assumed command of X Corps, with the 24th and 41st Divisions; the 6th Division from Eighth Army, and the 98th Division from AFMIDPAC were also transferred to Sixth Army.
XXIV Corps on Okinawa passed from Tenth Army to the direct control of AFPAC to operate independently as the occupation force in Korea, south of the 38 degree parallel. General MacArthur assigned the responsibility for the security of the Ryukyus to Army Service Command I (ASCOM-I) and directed AFWESPAC to assume combat responsibilities in the Southwest Pacific Area. Lt. Gen. Wilhelm D. Styer, Commanding General of AFWESPAC, established two commands to maintain security in the Philippines: the Luzon Area Command and the Southern Islands Area command. 57 The former SWPA commands, Allied Land Forces, Allied Naval Forces, and Allied Air Forces, were to be abolished with the signing of the surrender terms, at which time control of the southern portion of the Southwest Pacific Area would pass to the British. 58
Initiation of "Blacklist"
As the day of formal surrender drew near, all available troop transports of the Far East
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Organization of Major Ground Forces for the Occupation of Japan Proper
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Air Forces and dozens of the huge Skytrains and Skymasters of the Pacific Air Transport Command were massed at Okinawa to airlift the first occupation forces to Japan in the greatest aerial movement of the Pacific War. On 26 August, General Eichelberger transferred the Eighth Army Command Post from the eastern coastal plain of Leyte to Okinawa and prepared to lead the vanguard forces of the 11th Airborne and 27th Infantry Divisions onto Japanese soil. At this critical juncture, however, a typhoon raging through the Japanese Home Islands caused a delay in Japan's final preparations to receive the occupation forces and resulted in a two-day postponement of the preliminary landings, originally scheduled for 26 August.
The first American landings in Japan were made at 0900 on 28 August by a small airborne advance party of 150 communications experts and engineers. Deplaning at the large navy airfield at Atsugi, some twenty miles southwest of Tokyo, the daring little group fell immediately to the task of setting up the communications and other operational facilities for the swarms of four-engined planes that would bring the 11th Airborne Division to establish the American airhead in the Atsugi area. This advance group was followed three hours later by thirty-eight troop transports carrying protective combat forces and necessary supplies of gasoline, oil, and other equipment. 59
The main phase of the airborne operation began at dawn on 30 August. The first plane, bearing a regular forty-man load, touched the runway at 0600. Practically every three minutes thereafter throughout the day, American planes landed on the huge Japanese airfield, gliding down with clockwork precision and without a single mishap. By evening, 4,200 combat-equipped troops of the 11th Airborne were on the ground and strategically deployed to protect the airhead against any eventuality. 60
It was a great, though calculated, military gamble. The American elements, outnumbered by thousands to one, were landing in a hostile country where huge numbers of enemy soldiers still had access to their arms. The occupation plan was predicated upon the ability of the Emperor to maintain psychological control over his people and to quell any recalcitrant elements. It was doubtful that the majority of the Japanese people would disobey the Imperial command to surrender peaceably, but the possibility that certain dissident extremists would forcibly oppose the occupation despite all orders had to be carefully considered. 61
In view of the unpredictable reactions of the Japanese troops, General Eichelberger flew in to Atsugi early the first day to take personal command of the situation and to make preparations for the arrival of the Supreme Com-
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mander. Fortunately, all apprehensions proved groundless. There was no trouble; not a sign of resistance was apparent. The Japanese had stationed picked and trusted troops around the field and along the main roads of egress to provide security for the greatly outnumbered American soldiers. 62 General MacArthur's calculated risk had been well taken.
Shortly after 1400 a famous C-54-the name "Bataan" in large letters on its nose-circled the field and glided in for a landing. From it stepped General MacArthur, accompanied by General Sutherland and his other staff officers. The Supreme Commander's first words to General Eichelberger and the men of Eighth Army and the 11th Airborne Division who greeted him were:
From Melbourne to Tokyo is a long road. It has been a long and hard road, but this looks like the payoff. The surrender plans are going splendidly and completely according to previous arrangements. In all outlying areas, fighting has practically ceased.
In this area a week ago, there were 300,000 troops which have been disarmed and demobilized. The Japanese seem to be acting in complete good faith. There is every hope of the success of the capitulation without undue friction and without unnecessary bloodshed.
The entire operation proceeded smoothly. General MacArthur paused momentarily to inspect the airfield, then stepped into a waiting automobile for the drive to Yokohama. Thousands of Japanese troops were posted along the fifteen miles of road from Atsugi to Yokohama, to guard the route of the Allied motor cavalcade as it proceeded to the temporary SCAP Head-quarters in Japan's great seaport city. 63
Meanwhile, Admiral Halsey's Third Fleet, including the British warships, steamed into Japan's coastal waters and anchored in Sagami Bay on the 27th. Japanese naval officers met the incoming fleet units to receive instructions for the safe entry of the Allied Fleet into Tokyo Bay in accordance with General MacArthur's surrender directives. On 29 August, the Third Fleet moved forward into Tokyo Bay to prepare for the landings at Yokosuka.
As the 11th Airborne poured into Atsugi Airfield, troops of the 4th Marine Regimental Combat Team, 6th Marine Division, went ashore at Yokosuka Naval Base on the west bank of Tokyo Bay below Yokohama. Immediately after the airborne landing, elements of the 188th Parachute Glider Regiment sped to Yokohama to take control of the huge dock area. Other patrols of the airborne unit fanned out to the south, and contacted troops of the 4th Marines, whose landing was also completed without incident. The Marine Regiment passed to the control of the Commanding General, Eighth Army immediately after it disembarked. 64
The intensive preparation and excitement that attended these first landings on the Japanese mainland did not interfere with the mission of affording relief and rescue to the unfortunate Allied personnel already inside Japan as internees or prisoners. Despite the bad weather that delayed the occupation operation, units of the Far East Air Forces and planes from the Third Fleet continued their surveillance missions. On 25 August they began dropping relief supplies of food, medicine, and clothing to Allied soldiers and civilians in prisoner-of-war and internment camps throughout the main islands.
While the advance echelon of the occupation forces was still on Okinawa, "mercy teams" were organized to accompany the first elements of Eighth Army Headquarters. Immediately
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after the initial landings, these teams established contact with the Swiss and Swedish Legations, the International Red Cross, the United States Navy, and the Japanese Liaison Office and rushed to expedite the release and evacuation, where necessary, of the thousands of Allied internees. 65
By 31 August the 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment had joined the 188th Paragliders in the Yokohama area and established contact with the 4th Marines at Yokosuka. The 187th Parachute Infantry Regiment had consolidated the Atsugi airhead to secure it as a base for subsequent air activities by the Far East Air Forces and to protect the incoming 27th Infantry Division, also to be airborne from Okinawa. 66
The Reconnaissance Troop of the 11th Airborne Division made a subsidiary airlift operation on 1 September, flying from Atsugi to Kisarazu Airfield. This airfield was occupied without incident. On the morning of 2 September, the 1st Cavalry Division began landing at Yokohama as the surrender ceremonies took place in Tokyo Bay. With the exception of Tokyo itself, most of the strategic areas along the shores of Tokyo Bay had by then been secured by Allied forces. 67
Tokyo Bay : 2 September 1945
Japan's formal capitulation to the Allies climaxed a week of historic events as the initial steps of the occupation program went into effect. The surrender ceremony took place aboard the Third Fleet flagship, U. S. S. Missouri, on the misty morning of Sunday, 2 September 1945. As the Missouri lay majestically at anchor in the calm waters of Tokyo Bay, convoys of large and small vessels formed a tight cordon around the surrender ship, while army and navy planes maintained a protective vigil overhead. This was the objective toward which the Allies had long been striving-the unconditional surrender of the previously undefeated military forces of Japan and the final end to conflict in World War II.
The decks of the Missouri that morning were crowded with the representatives of the various United Nations that had participated in the Pacific War. Outstanding among the Americans flanking General MacArthur were Admirals Nimitz and Halsey, and General Wainwright who had recently been released from a Manchurian internment camp, flown to Manila, and then brought aboard to witness the occasion. Present also were the veteran staff members who had fought with General MacArthur since the early dark days of Melbourne and Port Moresby.
Shortly before 0900 Tokyo time, a launch from the mainland pulled alongside the great United States warship and the emissaries of defeated Japan climbed silently and glumly aboard. The Japanese delegation included two representatives empowered to sign the Instrument of Surrender, Mamoru Shigemitsu, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Gen. Yoshijiro Umezu of the Imperial General Staff, in addition to three representatives from the Foreign Office, three representatives from the Army, and three representatives from the Navy. 68
As Supreme Commander for the Allied
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Powers, General MacArthur presided over the epoch-making ceremony, and with the following words he inaugurated the proceedings which would ring down the curtain of war in the Pacific:
We are gathered here, representatives of the major warring powers, to conclude a solemn agreement whereby peace may be restored. The issues, involving divergent ideals and ideologies, have been determined on the battlefields of the world and hence are not for our discussion or debate. Nor is it for us here to meet, representing as we do a majority of the people of the earth, in a spirit of distrust, malice or hatred. But rather it is for us, both victors and vanquished, to rise to that higher dignity which alone befits the sacred purposes we are about to serve, committing all our peoples unreservedly to faithful compliance with the understandings they are here formally to assume.
It is my earnest hope, and indeed the hope of all mankind, that from this solemn occasion a better world shall emerge out of the blood and carnage of the past-a world dedicated to the dignity of man and the fulfillment of his most cherished wish for freedom, tolerance and justice.
The terms and conditions upon which surrender of the Japanese Imperial Forces is here to be given and accepted are contained in the instrument of surrender now before you .... 69
The Supreme Commander then invited the two Japanese plenipotentiaries to sign the duplicate surrender documents: Foreign Minister Shigemitsu, on behalf of the Emperor and the Japanese Government, and General Umezu, for the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters. He then called forward two famous former prisoners of the Japanese to stand behind him while he himself affixed his signature to the formal acceptance of the surrender: Gen. Jonathan M. Wainwright, hero of Bataan and Corregidor and Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur E. Percival, who had been forced to yield the British stronghold at Singapore.
General MacArthur was followed in turn by Admiral Nimitz, who signed on behalf of the United States, and by the representatives of the other United Nations present: Gen. Hsu Yung-Chang for China, Adm. Sir Bruce Fraser for the United Kingdom, Lt. Gen. Kuzma N. Derevyanko for the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Gen. Sir Thomas A. Blarney for Australia, Col. L. Moore-Cosgrave for Canada, Gen. Jacques P. LeClerc for France, Adm. Conrad E. L. Helfrich for the Netherlands, and Air Vice-Marshall Leonard M. Isitt for New Zealand.
The Instrument of Surrender was completely signed within twenty minutes. (Plate No. 132) The first signature of the Japanese delegation was affixed at 0904; General MacArthur wrote his name at 0910; and the last of the Allied representatives signed at 0920. The Japanese envoys then received their copy of the surrender document, bowed stiffly and departed for Tokyo. Simultaneously, hundreds of army and navy planes roared low over the Missouri in one last display of massed air might.
In signing the Instrument of Surrender, the Japanese bound themselves to accept the provisions of the Potsdam Declaration, to surrender unconditionally their armed forces wherever located, to liberate all internees and prisoners of war, and to carry out all orders issued by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers to effectuate the terms of surrender.
On that same eventful day, the Supreme Commander broadcast a report to the people of the United States. Having been associated with Pacific events since the Russo-Japanese war, General MacArthur was able to speak with the authority of long experience to forecast a future for Japan:
We stand in Tokyo today reminiscent of our
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Surrender Document
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countryman, Commodore Perry, ninety-two years ago. His purpose was to bring to Japan an era of enlightenment and progress by lifting the veil of isolation to the friendship, trade and commerce of the world. But, alas, the knowledge thereby gained of Western science was forged into an instrument of oppression and human enslavement. Freedom of expression, freedom of action, even freedom of thought were denied through supervision of liberal education, through appeal to superstition and through the application of force. We are committed by the Potsdam Declaration of Principles to see that the Japanese people are liberated from this condition of slavery. It is my purpose to implement this commitment just as rapidly as the armed forces are demobilized and other essential steps taken to neutralize the war potential. The energy of the Japanese race, if properly directed, will enable expansion vertically rather than horizontally. If the talents of the race are turned into constructive channels, the country can lift itself from its present deplorable state into a position of dignity.... 70
Immediately following the signing of the surrender articles, the Imperial Proclamation of capitulation was issued. The Proclamation, the draft of which had been given to General Kawabe at Manila, read as follows:
Accepting the terms set forth in the Declaration issued by the heads of the Governments of the United States, Great Britain and China On July 26th 1945 at Potsdam and subsequently adhered to by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, We have commanded the Japanese Imperial Government and the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters to sign on Our behalf the instrument of surrender presented by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers and to issue General Orders to the Military and Naval forces in accordance with the direction of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers.
We command all Our people forthwith to cease hostilities, to lay down their arms and faithfully to carry out all the provisions of the Instrument of Surrender and the General Orders issued by the Japanese Imperial Government and the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters hereunder. 71
Surrender throughout the SWPA Areas
In accordance with the Emperor's proclamation, Japanese army commanders took steps to surrender the millions of their forces in overseas areas. (Chart) Offensive action by U. S. troops had been suspended on 15 August with the announcement of Japan's acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration. All fighting did not cease, however, since it took many days, and in some cases weeks, for the official word of surrender to be carried along the badly disrupted Japanese communication channels.
Various devices were employed by the American commanders to transmit the news of final defeat to the dispersed and isolated enemy troops. Plane-strewn leaflets, loudspeaker broadcasts, strategically placed signboards, prisoner-of-war volunteers-all helped in persuading reluctant Japanese to submit themselves peaceably in conformity with the Imperial Rescript.
General MacArthur ordered General Styer, commanding the Army Forces of the Western Pacific, to receive the surrender of the Japanese units remaining in the Philippines. Rounding up the remaining enemy forces, however, was not a simple task. The remnants of the enemy scattered throughout the islands were split into a number of independent groups, all of which were operating from the comparative security of the mountainous terrain of the interior. Although these troops doggedly attempted to continue fighting, their resistance was disorganized and relatively ineffective. Malnutrition,
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ESTIMATES OF JAPANESE STRENGTH AS OF AUGUST 1945
AREA
G-2 ESTIMATE OF ENEMY GROUND FORCES1
JAPANESE STRENGTH ESTIMATES
| Chester W. Nimitz |
What was the name of 'Rigsby's' cat in 'Rising Damp'? | World War II Ends
WORLD WAR II ENDS!
Dr. Charles F. Urbanowicz / Professor Emeritus of Anthropology
California State University, Chico / Chico, California 95929-0400
530-898-6220 [Office: Butte 202]; 530-898-6192 [Department: Butte 311]; 530-898-6143 [FAX]
[This page printed from http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/WorldWarIIEnds2005.html ] [1]
1 September 2005
(1) © [All Rights Reserved.] Placed on the World Wide Web on 1 September 2005, for a presentation (with visuals) at the Anthropology Forum at California State University, Chico, on September 1, 2005. My thanks to Ms. Debra Besnard and Mr. Stan Griffith and their " Digital Asset Management Project " in the Meriam Library at CSU, Chico and the work they did which allowed me to incorporate some historical visuals into the PowerPoint presentation this day. Please remember that "today" it is Thursday September 1, 2005, in the United States of America but across the Pacific Ocean and the International Dateline "today" is "tomorrow" and it is September 2, 2005: the 60th anniversary of the signing of the instrument of surrender on the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945, which meant that World War II Ends!
ABSTRACT
PRELUDE TO WORLD WAR II IN THE PACIFIC
AIR, SEA, & LAND BATTLES IN THE PACIFIC AND SOME ILLUSTRATIVE QUOTES
THE ENDING
ABSTRACT
I was a "Destination Lecturer" on the Pacific Princess in May and June of 2005 as we cruised through selected World War II islands of the Pacific Theatre of Operations. On September 2, 1945, in Tokyo Bay, Japan, Japanese officials signed the instrument of surrender on the United States Battleship Missouri and United States President Harry S Truman (1884-1972) declared September 2 to be V-J Day. The war in Europe had ended on May 5, 1945 with V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day) being celebrated on May 8, 1945.
INTRODUCTION
"We dedicate this book to all those who died in the Pacific War on both sides of the ocean and to all historians who seek the truth." Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon [Editors], 1993, The Pearl Harbor Papers: Inside the Japanese Plans (Dulles, CA: Brassey's), page x.
In May and June of 2005 I was a lecturer on Pacific Princess cruise K515 (Islands of the Pacific Theater). I was one of several content experts that Princess Cruise Line provides for their passengers in their "Scholarship@Sea Program" and for this particular cruise we were at sea for 25 days. Departing Honolulu on Sunday May 29, we cruised through Micronesia and Melanesia en route to Nagasaki, Japan (please see Figure #1 below). My wife Sadie and I left the ship in Xingang, China, as did many other passengers. As an anthropologist who did his fieldwork in the Polynesian Kingdom of Tonga in 1970 and 1971, I have always had an abiding interest in World War II and the impact on the people of the Pacific. At an Anthropology Forum in 1991 I made a presentation entitled Prelude to Pearl Harbor: Operation Hawai'i , dealing with the process and events that led up to December 7, 1941. The chance to provide lectures to interested individuals and for me to learn more, as we cruised through some of the major battle areas of the Pacific, was too good to pass up. Midway, the Marshall Islands, Guadalcanal, Guam, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa all evoke memories for surviving Pacific veterans and family members. A published refrain, but one that was heard on board (and there were many military veterans on the cruise) was "This was many years ago, but it seems like yesterday."(William W. Donner, "Far Away and "Close Up: World War II and Sikiana Perceptions of Their Place in the World." In Geoffrey M. White and Lamont Lindstrom, 1989, The Pacific Theater: Island Representations of World War II (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press), pages 149-163, page 163.)
The Pacific Princess carried approximately 650 passengers and we estimated that close to 100 individuals were veterans of World War II or spouses of veterans. Most were veterans from the Pacific Theater of Operations but some veterans in the European Theatre of Operations during World War II. A map of the itinerary was prepared and distributed at my first lecture on June 1. I also distributed a list of selected historical dates coinciding with the calendar dates of the cruise, from May 29 through June 24, 2005. Incidentally, for twenty days (through December 2004 and January 2005) I was a "Destination Lecturer" in the same "Scholarship@Sea Program" of Princess Cruise Lines on the Tahitian Princess as we cruised through numerous islands of French Polynesia (as well as the independent Cook Islands). That was a most enjoyable and rewarding experience and I decided to provide similar lectures on the Pacific Princess. (Incidentally, on April 26, 2006, the Pacific Princess will begin the K612 cruise, a 21-day "Islands of the Pacific Theater: Sydney to Osaka" journey. The cruise will stop at Brisbane, Guadalcanal, Raubaul, Chuuk (once known as Truk), Guam, Saipan, cruise by Iwo Jima, and stop at Okinawa and Hiroshima. The cruise terminates in Osaka.)
Two other lecturers on the Pacific Princess cruise from Honolulu to China were extremely interesting: one was Anderson Giles, a Professor of Art at the University of Maine, Preque Isle, and Admiral Edwin Wilson (Retired). Andy has been interested in World War II events in the Pacific for decades and made a film in 1996 entitled The Thunder From Tinian. Admiral Wilson was a young pilot in the Pacific during World War II and he celebrated his 87th birthday on June 8th on the Pacific Princess cruise. Admiral Wilson spoke of his days as a young warrior and I learned and listened to my two fellow lecturers and thought about the war and how it came to be and how it eventually ended. The end of World War II in the Pacific did not take place immediately on September 2, 1945: in May 2005 an article appeared in newspapers reporting that two Japanese soldiers might still be alive and hiding in the Philippine Islands! World War II was long and horrific!
On September 2, 1945, on the United States battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay, American General Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964), the Supreme Commander for all the Allied Forces in the Pacific, signed the instrument of surrender as the representative for the following nations: Australia, Canada, China, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom, and the United States. At that same ceremony, the United States Fleet Admiral, Chester W. Nimitz (1885-1966), accepted the formal surrender of Japan on behalf of the United States of America. The War in the Pacific had ended. It has been calculated that there were 1,364 days between the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 (December 8 in Japan) and the instrument of surrender signing on September 2, 1945. Over those 1,364 days, 902,596 Imperial Japanese Army and Navy personnel were killed: Japanese military personnel died at the rate of 662 per day! It is reported that 105,563 American military personnel were killed over the same period of time: individuals from the United States Army, Navy (and Marine Corps) died at the rate of 77 per day in the Pacific Theatre of Operations. The only word which truly describes the War in the Pacific is horrific. The agony, pain, and suffering on all sides (by military personnel and civilians at their home locations) was tremendous and the repercussions are still being felt to this day! (See Anne Sharp Wells, 1999, Historical Dictionary of World War II: The War Against Japan [Lanham, MD & London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.], Appendix 2: pages 309-316.)
PRELUDE TO WORLD WAR II IN THE PACIFIC
"To the overwhelming majority of Europeans the term the Second World War immediately conjures up memories or impressions of the conflict against Hitler's Germany. Perceptions of this war vary greatly from nation to nation.... That Europeans should be Eurocentric in their view of events is natural." H. P. Willmott, 1982, Empires in the Balance: Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies to April 1942 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Insitute Press), page 1.
In order to understand the War in the Pacific, from my perspective, one must go back to 19th Century Japan and the year 1868: that is when the young Emperor Meiji (1852-1912) under the influence of various warlords, relocated his capital from Kyoto to Tokyo and began the "modernization" of Japan. In the Pacific Ocean, the Kingdom of the Ryukus (350 miles south of Japan) was abolished by Emperor Meiji in 1872 and in 1879 the Ryukus (perhaps most famous in World War II for the location of the island of Okinawa) was established as a Japanese Prefecture, governed from Tokyo. In 1894-1895 part of the Chinese Navy had been defeated by the Japanese and China sought peace, signing a treaty with Japan on April 17, 1895. Over the years 1904-1905, Japan defeated Russia, a "European" power, on land and on the sea. The Treaty of Portsmouth, New Hampshire (USA) between Japan and Russia was signed on September 5, 1905 and Japan received the southern half of Sakhalin Island, as well as territory on the Asian mainland. Japan was being viewed as a major power in the world and was in need of land and natural resources for its growing population. The 1905 Peace Treaty was negotiated by the American President Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) and Roosevelt eventually received the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize for that effort. It must be pointed out that when the terms of the treaty were made public in Japan not everyone was happy about it: "there was an immediate outburst of popular indignation" as a result of the American involvement (Richard Story, 1960, A History of Modern Japan, page 142). Perhaps the Japan-Russian war of 1904-1905 gave an indication of not only World War I, which would begin to engulf Europe in 1914, but it also gave an indication of World War II in the Pacific. In 1904 Russian-controlled Port Arthur, in China, was besieged by the Japanese for five months and when it was surrendered to the Japanese on December 31, 1904, it was estimated that almost 58,000 Japanese had lost their lives and 28,000 Russians had died. That war began on February 9, 1904, when the Japanese made a surprise attack on the Russian fleet at Port Arthur and some have suggested that this attack gave inspiration to the "sneak attack" on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.
"The ultimate effect of this [1904] surprise attack before the declaration of war was well-appreciated by subsequent generations of Japanese staff officers. In this sense Port Arthur can be regarded as a dress rehearsal for Pearl Harbor." John N. Westwood, 1973, The Illustrated History of the Russo-Japanese War (Chicago: Henry Regnery Company), page 19.
In her fascinating 1958 book entitled The Zimmerman Telegram, dealing with the entrance of the United States of America into World War I, Barbara Tuchman writes of an event which occurred in 1908:
"...the American Minister in Guatemala advised Washington of a rumor that Japan, by secret treaty, had acquired lease of a naval base at Magdalena Bay, the largest and most secure of Mexico's Pacific Coast, the same place that the [German] Kaiser once coveted. Washington's worried queries were met by official denials, but the reports persisted over the next years, usually accompanied by the story of disguised Japanese soldiers...ready to swarm across the Rio Grande, or, alternatively, seize the Panama Canal [stress added]." Barbara Tuchman, 1958, The Zimmerman Telegram (NY: The MacMillan Company), page 34.
Tuchman added that although there is no archival evidence that the treaty between Japan and Mexico ever existed, in 1908 "Japan was making common cause with the Mexicans, who had not forgiven the loss of Texas" after the United States had a war with Mexico in the 19th Century (Barbara Tuchman, 1958, The Zimmerman Telegram [NY: The MacMillan Company], page 34).
When World War I began on the European continent in 1914 Japan, as an ally of Great Britain, was given the German territories in the Pacific in what is called (by non-islanders) Micronesia. In October 1914 the islands of Jaluit, Kusaie, Ponape, Truk, Yap, Palau, and Saipan were placed under the control of the Japanese (please see Figure #2 below). When war with the United States of America appeared imminent, the Japanese began to fortify these islands and many of these islands were locations of horrific World War II battles. At the conclusion of World War I (1914-1918), Japan continued its modernization and plans for expansion and development into a formidable world power. Just as 19th Century Europeans and Americans saw tremendous opportunities in China, so did the Japanese. After World War I Japan was definitely part of the world-wide economy and there was a need for land and oil.
Although many Americans may date the beginning of World War II with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Europeans see the beginning of the Second World War on September 1, 1939, with German aggression against Poland. Individuals in Asia, on the other hand, view World War II as beginning on September 18, 1931, when the Kwantung Army, a unit of the Imperial Japanese Army, seized the city of Mukden, Manchuria. On February 18, 1932, Manchuria (consisting of three provinces in Northeast China) ceased to exist when the Japanese established the "independent" Republic of Manchukuo in its place. The Chinese complained to the League of Nations but the Japanese refused to withdraw their forces from Manchukuo and, instead, withdrew from the League of Nations!
The powers of the world were gradually moving towards a war in the Pacific and my opinion, a major mistake of the Japanese aggressors in the Pacific Theatre of Operations was their inability to grasp the immense nature of the Pacific Ocean, one-third of planet Earth. (The Pacific Ocean is some 64,186,300 square miles, compared to 33,420,000 square miles in the Atlantic Ocean, and 28,350,500 square miles in the Indian Ocean.) It was difficult, if not impossible, for various Imperial Japanese forces to lend mutual support to one another. The Japanese forces in the Pacific also suffered from a long-standing, and bitter, rivalry that existed between the Imperial Japanese Army and the Imperial Combined Fleet. This rivalry contributed to major problems in strategy and tactics throughout the war in the Pacific. The war in the Pacific Theatre of Operations was a totally different war than was fought in Europe and the various environments of the Pacific were truly different from the European Theatre of Operations. One can analyze warfare in the Pacific Theater of Operations as encompassing the following variables on air, sea, and land battles (described by Sir Winston Churchill [1874-1965], as triphibious): AIR (carrier planes as well as land-based planes, including bombers and fighter planes), SEA (submarines, surface ships, and aircraft carrier planes), and LAND (large islands as well as small islands, including continental, volcanic, and coral islands). In considering the war waged by all nations, one must also keep in mind the following "M" variables: the Allied powers that fought Japan (and Germany) clearly had an advantage when it came to men (meaning women and men), materials, and money. The population of the United States of America in 1940 was 132,164,569 whereas the Japanese Empire had a population of 97,697,555. Numbers, and eventually science and technology, were on the side of the United States of America.
AIR, SEA, & LAND BATTLES IN THE PACIFIC AND SOME ILLUSTRATIVE QUOTES
"The Pacific War began with the invasion of China in 1931. Widely condemned by the League of Nations and many other countries as a violation of the Kellog-Brand Non-Aggression Pact and the Nine Power Treaty on China, the attack made Japan more isolated and desperate and ultimately led to war with America and England [stress added]." Saburo Ienaga, 1968 [1978 translation], The Pacific War, 1931-1945: A Critical Perspective on Japan's Role in World War II (NY: Random House), page 3.
The United States of America was attacked by forces of the nation of Japan on December 7, 1941 (December 8 in Japan): the attack at Pearl Harbor, 'Oahu, Territory of Hawai'i, is perhaps the most memorable from our perspective but Japanese forces also made coordinated strikes at other American bases, as well as British bases, in the Pacific. On December 9, 1941, Japanese forces landed at Tarawa and Makin, in what were then called the Gilbert Islands, in Micronesia. In addition to the attack on Pearl Harbor, American forces on Wake Island (1,994 nautical miles west of Pearl Harbor) was also attacked by the Japanese on December 7/8. Wake Island was successfully defended until it was captured on December 23, 1941.Perhaps the brutality of the future war in the Pacific is suggested by the following words, dealing with the Japanese capture of Wake Island in December 1941:
"By midafternoon the Japanese had all their prisoners, more than sixteen hundred, herded onto the runway at the airfield [on Wake Island]
. The [Imperial Japanese] army officer was more than ready to kill them all. The [Imperial Japanese] admiral was not. He had the rank and he prevailed [stress added]." Gavan Daws, 1994, Prisoners of the Japanese: POWs of World War II in the Pacific (NY: William Morrow), pages 44-45.
The cruise of the Pacific Princess departed Honolulu on May 27, 2005 and ended in Xingang, China, on June 24, 2005. We went to various locations (please see Figure 1): Midway Island, Majuro (Micronesia), Guadalcanal (Solomon Islands, Melanesia), Rabaul (New Britain, Papua New Guinea, Melanesia), Guam, Saipan, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa, as well as Japan itself (Nagasaki). I am a firm believer in the following statement by Paul Fussell:
"The degree to which Americans register shock and extraordinary shame about the Hiroshima bomb [on August 6, 1945] correlates closely with lack of information about the Pacific war." Paul Fussell, 1988, Thank God For the Atomic Bomb And Other Essays (NY: Summit Books), page 25.
Numerous authors and individuals have their own interpretations of World War II: those who were active in combat have different views than those who did not go overseas; historians born long after the fact have a different view from those who participated in the war. Americans have a different perspective than the Japanese and many individuals tend to view their country as the most important country in the world. My own perspective comes from my thinking as an anthropologist, my background and training, and my year of birth (1942) in the United States of America. I have no recollection of any of the battles of World War II but I argue in all of my classes that World War II was the greatest cultural phenomenon to strike us to date and we are still living with the effects of World War II. I appreciate the following words of the author Clive Cussler in his fictional 1999 Atlantis Found: "To anyone born after 1980, World War Two must seem as distant as the Civil War was to our parents." (Atlantis Found, 1999, [2001 Berkley paperback], page 503.)
Political systems varied around the world and the environment that World War II battles were fought in were different (Pacific islands were certainly different from European landscapes), and technology came into play in all parts of the world. The triphibous actions in the air, on (and under the) sea, and on land were combined to defeat the Japanese. The Allies were successfully able to deal with the battles which took place over one-third of the globe. The "M" variables of men (meaning women and men), materials, and money were mentioned. These three variables should be combined with an additional set of variables that came into play by both Japanese and American forces (but the Americans and their allies were obviously more successful). Looking at the following helps me to interpret and understand World War II in the Pacific Theatre of Operations: Intelligence, attrition, production, and propaganda. Intelligence meant espionage and the Americans cracked the Japanese code for the Battle of Midway (June 1942), resulting in a major victory for the United States which was a turning point six months after Pearl Harbor. There were also numerous other successful military actions which were based on intercepted messages. Attrition included deaths: the Japanese were losing troops (especially skilled pilots) at an extremely high rate while the Allies (primarily the Americans) were increasing their number of troops. Production meant exactly what the word entails. America was able to obtain the raw materials to turn into an "Arsenal for Democracy" and had the logistic skills necessary to transport the vital supplies across the globe: first to the European Theatre of Operations and then simultaneously to Europe and the Pacific. Finally, propaganda played an important role for all combatants: the Japanese people were deceived by their leaders and deception was a part of the war on all fronts during World War II. It was a complex war but it can, to some extent, be understood.
"At Midway, the scoring punch of the Japanese Navy had been blunted [during the Battle of Midway, June 3-6, 1942]: four carriers and one cruiser were sunk, 5,000 Japanese had lost their lives, and 322 planes were lost. Worse, the pilots who were lost--many of whom had a thousand hours in combat experience over the skies of China, not to mention experience gained since then--were irreplaceable. American losses comprised ninety-nine carried-based aircraft, thirty-eight Midway-based planes, and the [Aircraft Carrier] Yorktown [stress added]." William A. Renzi and Mark D. Roehrs, 1991, Never Look Back: A History of World War II In The Pacific, page 76.
"The road to Tokyo began on an island in the Pacific that few Americans had ever heard of and none of the military planners knew much about. But on Guadalcanal, one of the Solomon [Islands, Melanesia], the Japanese were building an air base from which to strike at American convoys to Australia. The island had to be taken, and quickly. The landing was America's first big amphibious assault. On August 7, 1942, some 10,000 Marines went ashore almost unopposed [stress added]." C.L. Sulzberger, 1966, The American Heritage History of World War II (NY: Simon & Schuster), page 232.
"And when he gets to Heaven,
To Saint Peter he will tell:
One more marine reporting, sir--
I've served my time in Hell.
(from a United States Marine's grave marker on Guadalcanal in C.L. Sulzberger, 1966, The American Heritage History of World War II (NY: Simon & Schuster), page 400.
"The distinction of being the first Japanese territory to be taken by the U.S. forces in the Pacific, or anywhere else, fell to Majuro Atoll, lying approximately seven degrees north of the Equator in the Micronesia group known as the Marshall Islands. Its capture constituted only a single phase, and a not-very-spectacular one, on an important and somewhat complicated operation [stress added]." Frank O. Hough, 1947, The Island War: the United States Marine Corps In The Pacific (J.B. Lippincott Company), page 184.
"Declared secure on November 27, 1944, Peleliu [Palau Islands, Micronesia] went down in history as one of the worst, and most needless, battles of the war. It got scant press in the United States during the first five weeks, for the dramatic advances in the European theater overshadowed events in the pacific. But the devastation in terms of human loses eventually drew attention to Peleliu, as did its dubious worth. Life magazine artist Tom Lea's haunting paintings dramatized the terror. Total marine and army casualties numbered 9,615 for Peleliu, Angaur and Ngesebus, including 1,656 dead. The Japanese lost 10,900, almost all killed (of some 202 prisoners taken, all but 19 were laborers). For each defender killed, the Americans used 1,589 rounds of ammunition [stress added]." Thomas W. Zeiler, 2004, Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, And The End of World War II (Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, Inc.), page 105.
[Saipan was] "...captured by U.S. forces, June 15-July 9, 1944, after which the Japanese government of Hideki Tojo [1884-1948]... fell. Saipan, the first of the Mariana Islands targets by the offensive of the Central Pacific Area (CENPAC)..., had been administered as a mandate... since World War I by Japan, which considered it Japanese home territory.... The invasion of Saipan began on June 15 under the overall direction of Admiral Raymond A. Spruance's... Fifth Fleet.... An amphibious invasion of the nearby island of Tinian...was launched from Saipan on July 24. Bombing raids originating in Saipan formed an important part of the strategic air campaign...against Japan [stress added]." Anne Sharp Well, 1999, Historical Dictionary of World War II: The War Against Japan (Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.), pages 236-237..
"Of the 21,000 Japanese defending the island [of Iwo Jima in 1945], only 216 were taken prisoner. If this was the cost of taking an island of only eight square miles and which had been Japanese only since 1891, what would be the cost of the conquest of Japan?" E. Bauer, 1979, The History of World War II (NY: The Military Press), page 639.
"The casualties [on Okinawa] were the heaviest that any single island had cost the American forces. About 7,400 American died outright on the island, but the navy had lost perhaps 5,000 more men who were killed while offshore, mostly from Kamikazes. Japanese losses can only be estimated. About 107,000 were killed outright, while an additional 20,000 were sealed in caves to die of starvation, suffocation, or cremation if gasoline had been poured in after them. About 4,000 Japanese planes were lost, while the number of U.S. naval aircraft lost was 763, with no fewer than 458 falling in combat with Japanese aircraft [stress added]. William A. Renzi and Mark D. Roehrs, 1991, Never Look Back: A History of World War II In The Pacific, page 174.
THE ENDING
"In Volume III of this series, The Rising Sun in the Pacific, we traced the process by which the [Imperial] Japanese Army obtained control of the government, dictated foreign policy, and maneuvered the country into war against the advice of wiser minds, including high-ranking officers of the Imperial navy. Once that irrevocable step was taken, national pride refused to admit any other end to the war than victory. The Japanese people were never told that their country was losing the war; even our capture of such key points as Saipan, Manila and Okinawa was explained as a strategic retirement [stress added]." Samuel Eliot Morison, 1960, Victory in the Pacific 1945 (History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume XIV) (Boston: Little, Brown and Company), page 336.
The war was getting closer-and-closer to Japan and the results were, and would continue to be, horrific! On Iwo Jima in 1945, 17,232 United States Marines were wounded and 5,931 died. The war in the Pacific was beginning to "wind down" and instead of "island hopping" through the Pacific Ocean, it was more an "island isolation" campaign: some islands were invaded and captured and some islands were by-passed, leaving Japanese troops isolated (and with dwindling supplies) as the Allied forces moved closer to Japan. Okinawa was only 350 miles south of the Japanese island of Kyushu and the invasion of Okinawa (and the main Japanese Islands themselves) were being planned (and anticipated). The recapturing of the Philippine Islands by Allied Forces in the Southwest Pacific had been decided upon after a meeting at Pearl Harbor over the days of July 26-28, 1944: the American President Franklin D. Roosevelr (1882-1945) was there, along with Admirals Leahy (1875-1959) and Nimitz (1885-1966). In fall 1944, the Joint Chiefs of Staff authorized the invasion of the Philippine Islands and eventually the dates for the invasion of Japan was decided upon: in November 1945, the island of Kyushu would be attacked by more than 800,000 United States Army, Navy, and Marine personnel. In March 1946 the island of Honshu, location of the capital of Tokyo, would be invaded by an even larger force. (And see http://www.ww2pacific.com/downfall.html .)
The Normandy invasion in Europe, which began on June 6, 1944, resulted in some 42,000 Americans dying in the first days. It was estimated that there would be some 230,000 casualties in the November 1, 1945 invasion of the Japanese islands! The war in Europe had been successfully concluded by the Allied forces in May 1945 and the American President Franklin D. Roosevelt had died on April 12, 1945. His Vice President, Harry S Truman was quickly sworn in as the 33rd President of the United States of America and the war in Europe eventually came to a halt, with Germany surrendering on May 5, 1945 and "Victory in Europe" Day, or V-E day being celebrated on May 8, 1945: President Truman's 61st birthday. Plans were then implemented to move American troops to the Pacific Theatre of Operations:
"No sooner had the ink dried on the unconditional surrender document at Reims [Germany] in May 1945 than thirty American divisions, along with air corps and naval units, began rushing from Europe to join in Operation Downfall, the looming invasion of Japan. Douglas MacArthur [1880-1964] planned a two-step assault, the largest amphibious and airborn invasion that history had known. Downfall would begin with Operation Olympic--a frontal assault on Kyushu, the southernmost island, by nearly eight hundred thousand men--on November 1, 1945. The second phase, Operation Coronet--the landing by two million more troops on the largest island, Honshu--would follow on March 1, 1946 [stress added]." William B. Breuer, 1995, Feuding Allies: The Private Wars of the High Comman (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.), page 302.
By August 1945 the war in the Pacific was winding down, but it was not yet over. Yes the Japanese were being defeated, but their eventual defeat would be tremendously expensive in terms of Allied and Japanese lives lost, both military and civilian. Millions would have died because the Japanese people were prepared to fight to the bitter end: kamikazee planes, suicide boats, 2,350,000 military personnel, 250,000 garrison troops, and 32,000,000 men and women in the militia were "pledged, even eager, to die for the emperor" (William B. Breuer, 1995, Feuding Allies: The Private Wars of the High Comman [John Wiley & Sons, Inc.], page 304.) Yes, the bomb had to be used:
"You think of the lives which would have been lost in an invasion of Japan's home islands--a staggering number of American lives but millions more of Japanese--and you thank God for the atomic bomb." William Manchester, 1979, Goodbye Darkness: A Memoir of the Pacific War (Little, Brown and Company), page 210.
William Manchester served in the Pacific Theatre of Operations and almost every individual who attended the lectures by Giles, Urbanowicz, and Wilson on the Pacific Princess in May and June of 2005 would agree with this statement! I will also argue that every World War II veteran who who attended the lectures on the Pacific Princess cruise would also agree with William Manchester's statement!
"On 1 June [1945] the President's Interim Committee, composed of high officials and top atomic scientists, recommended that the new bomb be used again Japan as soon as possible, without warning, and against a target that would reveal its 'devastating strength.' A well-considered alternative, to drop one bomb on a relatively uninhabited part of Japan, after due warning, in order to demonstrated the uselessness of further struggle, was rejected. It was feared that Japan would move in Allied P.O.W.s as 'guinea pigs'; and nobody could predict whether or not the bomb would work. If, after a warning, it proved a dud, the United States would be placed in a ridiculous position. And anyone who has followed our account of the senseless destruction and suffering inflicted by the kamikazes around Okinawa will appreciate the fact that compassion for Japan formed no factor in this decision [stress added]." Samuel Eliot Morison, 1960, Victory in the Pacific: 1945 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company), pages 339-340.
Barbaric acts in the war, by both Japanese and American combatants, were horrific. Japanese troops subjected American (and British and other) Prisoners of War to inhumane acts, including forced labor, imprisonment, decapitation, and the infamous "Bataan Death March" in April 1942 after the Japanese captured Luzon, Philippine Islands. On the other hand, after the American victory on Guadalcanal, Japanese graves were opened and skulls (and other items) were taken as souvenirs: Gavan Daws pointed this out in his authoritative 1994 Prisoners of the Japanese, writing about a picture in Life magazine:
"Arizona war worker writes her Navy boyfriend a thank-you note for the Jap skull he sent her. To the Japanese, who were scrupulous about the bones of their dead, that was the ultimate barbarism." Gavan Daws, 1994, Prisoners of the Japanese: POWs of World War II In The Pacific [NY: William Morrow], page 277.
From Banzai suicide charges across various Pacific locations (from the islands of Alaska to Guadalcanal and Okinawa) to the dropping of the "Little Boy" Uranium atomc bomb on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 and the the dropping of the "Fat Man" plutonium atomc bomb on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, the war was brutal and horrific! Consider the words of President Harry S Truman (1884-1972) after the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima:
"Sixteen hours ago an American airplane dropped one bomb on Hiroshima, an important Japanese Army base. That bomb had more power than 20,000 tons of T.N.T....The Japanese began the war from the air at Pearl Harbor. They have been repaid many fold. And the end is not yet. With this bomb we have now added a new and revolutionary increase in destruction to supplement the growing power of our armed forces. In their present forms these bombs are now in production and even more powerful forms are in development....Both science and industry worked under the direction of the United States Army, which achieved a unique success in managing so diverse a problem in the advancement of knowledge in an amazingly short time. It is doubtful is such another combination could be got together in the world. What has been done is the greatest achievement of organized science in history. It was done under high pressure and without failure [stress added]." White House Press Release on Hirsoshima, August 6, 1945 as quoted in David C. Cassidy, 2005, J. Robert Oppenheimer and the American Century (NY: Pi Press), page 251. Cassidy is providing the quote from Robert C. Williams and Philip L. Cantelon [editors], 1984, The American Atom: A Documentary History of Nuclear Policies from The Discovery of Fission to the Present, 1939-1984. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press), pages 68-69.
On August 15, 1945, the people of Japan heard Emperor Hirohito's voice, via a recording, for the first time:
"To our good and loyal subjects....But now the war has lasted nearly four years. Despite the best that has been done by everyone...the war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan's advantage, while the general trends of the world have all turned against her interest....Moreover, the enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to do damage is indeed incalculable, taking the toll of many innocent lives. Should we continue to fight, it would not only result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but would also lead to the total extinction of human civilization. Such being the case, how are we to save the millions of our subjects, or to atone ourselves before the hallowed spirits of our Imperial Ancestors? This is the reason why we have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the Joint Declaration of the Powers. ...We cannot but express the deepest sense of regret to our Allied nations of East Asia, who have consistently cooperated with the Empire towards the emancipation of East Asia [stress added]." As it appears in William Craig, 1967, The Fall of Japan, NY: Dial Press, pages 210-211. (And see: http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/hirohito.htm for the translation and transcript of the recording made by the Federal Communications Commission, 14 August 1945.)
The Second World War was finally over and jubilation prevailed but there were celebrations that turned ugly. In 1967 William Craig published The Fall of Japan and one can read the following about Washington, D.C. and San Francisco, California:
"In the nation's capital, crowds milled around the White House and waited for [President Harry S] Truman to appear. He did so, and made a short speech to the masses lining the railings. They cheered his every sentence, then applauded him as he moved back inside to call his mother in Independence, Missouri. The exicited throngs spread to the downtown area and proceeded to lose their inhibitions. Soldiers jumped into passing cars to kiss unprotesting women. In front of the Washington Post newspaper bullding, a soldier and a girl got out of a taxi and started to take off their clothes, to the encouragement of an enthusiastic group of well-wishers shouting, 'Take it off!' 'All the way!' 'Atta girl!' The couple stripped completely, then dressed in each others clothes; the girl put on shorts, pants and shirt while the soldier struggled into bra, panties, slip and dress, to the applause of bystanders. Then the two exhibitionists jumped into the cab and were swallowed up in the dark.
Though few cities could claim such ardent demonstrations of joy, the pattern of behavior was similar in many places. That night the G. I. was king and he knew it. The police in most places tried to be as inconspicuous as possible. Their orders were to maintain some semblance of peace but to avoid excessive controls.
In San Francisco, more control was a desperately needed. In this city, surrounded by Navy installations, the news of surrender had come just before four o'clock in the afternoon. The navy immediately took over. Sailors got drunk and civilians joined them. By evening the celebration was out of hand.
Car after car was stolen and driven by crazed men who tore recklessly through the busy streets. Several people were struck down and killed while the motorists drove on, oblivious to the horror behind them. Young women found that being out among celebrating countrymen could be disastrous. People stood by horrified as at least six girls were forcibly thrown to the sidewalks, held down and repeatedly raped. No one moved to their aid. Policemen watching the assaults looked the other way, afraid to confront the liquor-sodden servicemen. Windows were smashed in the downtown shopping area, liquor stores were looted clean. A pedestrian walking down a side street was hit on the head by a basketful of bottles loosed from an upper-story window, and died of a fractured skull. Well into the morning hours, San Francisco continued in the grip of rioters who knew no authority. During the nightlong celebration of peace in that city, twelve people died [stress added]." William Craig, 1967, The Fall of Japan (NY: The Dial Press), pages 204-205.
Sixty years after Americans heard of Emperor Hirohito's broadcast in 1945 and thirty-eight years after William Craig published his book in 1967, on August 15, 2005, the San Francisco Chronicle published an article entitled "The dark side of V-J Day" which dealt with August 1945 events: "a victory riot that left 11 dead, 1,000 injured and the city's reputation besmirched" (Carl Nolte, 2005, August 15, pages B1 + B6, page B1). As James W. Loewen pointed out in his 1999 publication entitled What Our Historic Sites get Wrong: Lies Across America (NY: The New Press), pages 18 and 22), "All across America, the landscape suffers from amnesia, not about everything, but about many crucial events and issues of our past. ... If we cannot face our history honestly, we cannot learn from the past [stress added]." We can easily "forget" the past, unless we work at remembering it! I am an anthropologist and I truly believe that ideas of anthropology are important. I also believe that history is important: we need an understanding of where we came from to help us deal with the present as we move into the future. One cannot "predict" the future, only "invent" it but we desperately need a sense of history to understand where we might be going. As mentioned above, there were two other lecturers on the May-June 2005 Pacific Princess cruise, Professor Andy Giles and Admiral Edwin Wilson: at one lecture Admiral Wilson spoke of his youthful days in the Pacific Theatre of Operations and he made a statement similar to the published refrain of Andy Rooney (born in 1919 and who earned a Bronze Star for his actions in the European Theatre of Operations during World War II): "They were all my age. I think of the good life I have lived and they never had a chance to live. They didn't give their lives. Their lives were taken." Andy Rooney, 1995, 2000, My War (NY: Public Affairs), page xiii; and see page 311.)
CONCLUSIONS
"This book [and presentation and web paper] is dedicated to the memory of all the people of Japan who were killed by the firebombings, and to all the Americans who were killed in killing them. Both sides were victims of the same malady: Man's inability to refrain from the mass murder called war. If this book [or web paper and presentation] has any lasting value, it will be to remind its readers [and those in attendance at California State University, Chico on 1 September 2005] of the horrors that war in the twentieth-century wreaks on civilian populations [stress added]." Hotio Edoin, 1987, The Night Tokyo Burned (NY: St. Martin's Press), n.p.
On November 1, 1945, Operation Olympic, the invasion of the island of Kyushu was to begin. Several hundred thousand United States military personnel would have been involved and the casualties on both sides would have been horrific! Because of the two atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the planned invasion of the main islands of the Japanese Empire did not occur. In California, today is Thursday September 1, 2005 but it is "already tomorrow" September 2, 2005 across the International Dateline and it is, therefore, the 60th anniversary of the signing of the instrument-of-surrender on the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay! In an interesting twist-of-fate (which would have implications decades later), on September 2, 1945 the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was established by Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969) and for another important September 1 date: on September 1, 1972 Charles F. Urbanowicz was offically awarded "the degree of Doctor of Philosophy with a major in Anthropology" from the University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon!
"The official ceremony of Japan's surrender took place on board the American battleship, Missouri, on Sunday, 2 September [1945] - henceforth decreed by President Truman as VJ Day. ... The American flag flown by Commodore Perry when he entered Tokyo Bay in 1853 had been brought from a naval museum and now hung from a bulkhead overlooking the scene [stress added]." Tatsuichiro Akizuki, 1981, Nagasaki: The First full-length eyewitness account of the atomic bomb attack on Nagasaki [translated by Keiichi Nagata and Edited and with an introduction by Gordon Honeycombe) London: Quarter Books), page 130. And See http://www.law.ou.edu/hist/japsurr.html [The University of Oklahoma Law Center} The Japanese Surrender Documents of World War II].
"At 7:30 A.M., the Japanese [delegation] boarded the destroyer [Lansdowne], which headed out to the enormous bay for the sixteen-mile run to the Missouri. On every side they could see the truly awesome might of the American Navy, which had converged from all parts of the Pacific and now crowded Tokyo Bay. Attention centered on Admiral William Halsey's flagship. The choice of the Missouri as the surrender site had its origins in Washington and reflected the intense rivalry between Army and Navy. Though [Secretary of the Navy] James Forrestal had wanted Nimitz to conduct the ceremony, MacArthur as Supreme Commander got that assignment. The Navy Secretary then badgered [Secretary of State] James Byrnes into at least making a naval ship the setting for the drama. As an added lure, he suggested the one named for President Truman's home state. Thanks to this political horse trade back in America, Bull Halsey [1882-1959] was to be host to the ceremony. Whatever the reason, no more fitting choice could have been made [stress added]." William Craig, 1967, The Fall of Japan (NY: The Dial Press), page 300.
President Truman made the following announcement:
"As President of the United States, I proclaim Sunday, September 2, 1945, to be V-J Day, the day of the formal surrender of Japan. It is not yet the day for the formal proclamation of the end of the war nor of the cessation of hostilities, but it is a day of retribution as we remember that other day, the day of infamy [stress added]. [See: http://millercenter.virginia.edu/scripps/diglibrary/prezspeeches/truman/hst_1945_0901.html ]
The War in the Pacific, and indeed, the war from 1931 through 1945, changed the world. The atomic age was upon us and on August 9, 2005 (the 60th Anniversary of the second atomic bomb being dropped on the inhabitants of Nagasaki), the San Francisco Chronicle had the following words from Pope John Paul II (1920-2005):
"A sculpture in the Hiroshima Peace museum carried a quote from Pope John Paul II that encapsulated the spirit of the city this month. 'To remember Hiroshima is to abhor nuclear war,' the pontiff said in Hiroshima in 1981. 'To remember Hiroshima is to commit oneself to peace [stress added].'" Kathleen E. McLaughlin, 2005, Survivors of bombings telling their stories now. San Francisco Chronicle, August 9, 2005, page A9.
On December 5, 1991, I made an Anthropology Forum presentation entitled Prelude to Pearl Harbor: Operation Hawai'i , dealing with the events that led up to December 7, 1941. With today's presentation on September 1, 2005, I have completed a project which began fourteen years ago. The Second World War lasted for many days and a single word that came to mind, when working on this paper (and lectures for the Pacific Princess) was horrific (or "causing horror"). May there never be a Third World War, or any war or act of terrorism, which would use nuclear weapons.
EPILOGUE NUMBER ONE, 1945
"Shortly after World War II had ended, American intelligence in the Pacific received a shocking report: The Japanese, just prior to their surrender, had developed and successfully test-fired an atomic bomb. The project had been housed in or near Konan (Japanese name for Hungnam), Korea, in the peninsula's North. The war had ended before the weapon could be used, and the plant where it had been made was now in Russian hands [stress added]." Robert K. Wilcox, 1985, Japan's Secret War (NY: William Morrow and Company, Inc.), page 15.
EPILOGUE NUMBER TWO, 2005
"Still stinging with anger and sorrow, Asians on Sunday [August 14, 2005] marked the 60th anniversary of Japan's World War II surrender by honoring their dead, burning [Japan's] Rising Sun flags and demanding compensation over Japanese atrocities.... Japan invaded China in 1931. Its troops massacred as many as 300,000 people after taking the city of Nanjing in December 1937, and Japanese scientists performed germ warfare experiments on Chinese prisoners [stress added]." Hans Greimel, 2005, Asians remember Japan's surrender. The Sacramento Bee, August 15, 2005, page A6.
"Japan's leader apologized for Tokyo's wartime colonization and invasion today, a day after other Asian nations marked the 60th anniversary of the Japanese World War II surrender by honoring their dead and demanding compensation for their losses.... Protesters in Hong Kong Sunday [August 14, 2005] burned Japan's flag and marched on Tokyo's consulate chanting 'Down with Japanese imperialism.' In the Philippines, elderly women once forced to act as sex slaves for Japanese soldiers renewed demands for compensation and apologies. Former Australian prisoners of war returned to the Thai jungles where they laboured under brutal conditions to build the notorious Death Railway. China exhorted its citizens to remember Tokyo's surrender on Aug. 15, 1945, with 'a fresh wave of patriotism,' as state-run media whipped up memories of Japanese atrocities. The outpouring of emotion revealed the unhealed wounds six decades after Japan's Emperor Hirohito conceded defeat in a radio broadcast just days after the United States incinerated the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki with atomic bombs.... Bitterness runs especially deep in China. Riots erupted earlier this year over Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi's visits to the Yasakuni war shrine--which deifies Japan's war dead, including convicted war criminals--and over Tokyo's approval of history textbooks that critics say gloss over wartime atrocities [stress added]." Anon., 2005, New tensions, old memories haunt Asia on 60th anniversary of World War II surrender. The Chico Enterprise-Record, August 15, 2005, page 4B.
# # #
Instrument of Surrender Location, USS Missouri.
# # #
(1) © [All Rights Reserved.] Placed on the World Wide Web on 1 September 2005, for a presentation (with visuals) at the Anthropology Forum at California State University, Chico, on September 1, 2005. My thanks to Ms. Debra Besnard and Mr. Stan Griffith and their " Digital Asset Management Project " in the Meriam Library at CSU, Chico and the work they did which allowed me to incorporate some historical visuals into the PowerPoint presentation this day. Please remember that "today" it is Thursday September 1, 2005, in the United States of America but across the International Dateline "today" is "tomorrow" and it is September 2, 2005: the 60th anniversary of the signing of the instrument of surrender on the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on September 2, 1945, which meant that World War II Ends! To return to the beginning of this paper, please click here .
# # #
| i don't know |
In the novel 'Brigit Jones' Diary', what is the first name of her boss? | Bridget Jones's Diary (2001) - IMDb
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A British woman is determined to improve herself while she looks for love in a year in which she keeps a personal diary.
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Title: Bridget Jones's Diary (2001)
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Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 8 wins & 29 nominations. See more awards »
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Storyline
Bridget Jones is an average woman struggling against her age, her weight, her job, her lack of a man, and her many imperfections. As a New Year's Resolution, Bridget decides to take control of her life, starting by keeping a diary in which she will always tell the complete truth. The fireworks begin when her charming though disreputable boss takes an interest in the quirky Miss Jones. Thrown into the mix are Bridget's band of slightly eccentric friends and a rather disagreeable acquaintance who Bridget cannot seem to stop running into or help finding quietly attractive. Written by Anuja Varghese <[email protected]>
For anyone who's ever been set up, stood up or felt up. See more »
Genres:
Rated R for language and some strong sexuality | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
13 April 2001 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
El diario de Bridget Jones See more »
Filming Locations:
£5,720,292 (UK) (13 April 2001)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Sally Phillips auditioned for the title character, but was turned down. However, she impressed the producers who offered her the part of Shazza. See more »
Goofs
After the dinner party, Darcy is talking to Bridget at the bottom of the stairs and his position changes between shots. See more »
Quotes
Natasha : So how autobiographical is your work, Salman?
Salman Rushdie : You know, its an amazing thing, nobody has ever asked me that question.
See more »
Crazy Credits
The European and Australian version of Bridget Jones's Diary does not contain footage of the birthday party during the credits. Instead, it has interviews with Daniel Cleaver (twice), Mark Darcy's parents, and the boss at 'Sit up Britain'. See more »
Connections
Courtesy of Mowtown Records Co LP/Universal-Island Records Limited
Licensed by kind permission from The Film & TV Licensing Division, part of the Universal Music Group
(England) – See all my reviews
What made this film work? What made this film break the usual British romantic conventional route? One actress! Her name is Renee Zellwegger, seriously, if the actress was British, this film would've been -'been there, done that'. Instead, this clever casting has made Bridget Jones a wonderful little picture.
Renee Zellwegger is an actress who changed to suit the screenplay, now that is ACTING! Her mannerisms, her weight, her enthusiasm and cutesy style are a wonder to behold.
Colin Firth does a great job, he plays his role well, a future James Bond perhaps? Hugh Grant finally gives us something different, he was actually quite funny at times.
Maguire as the director handles the proceedings extremely well, this is her debut and I think she will become quite successful with small films. The Super35 wide-screen frame is used well, bravo! The screenplay is lightweight, but written well, plenty of ad-lib and spontaneity transcend the script.
As a male, sit back and have a laugh. Quality!
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| daniel cleaver |
In Musical notation what is the name of the note which has half the value of a semiquaver? | 7 Big Ways 'Bridget Jones' Diary' References 'Pride & Prejudice'
7 Big Ways 'Bridget Jones' Diary' References 'Pride & Prejudice'
By Caitlin Gallagher
Apr 13 2016
If you love the movie Bridget Jones' Diary, which turns 15 years old on April 13, 2016, then you most likely love Pride and Prejudice — and vice versa. That's because the plot of Bridget Jones' Diary is inspired by Pride and Prejudice . While the movie based off of Helen Fielding's novel is much more bonkers than Jane Austen's classic piece of literature (which does have its own hilarious moments), Bridget Jones' romance with Mark Darcy mirrors Elizabeth Bennet's romance with Fitzwilliam Darcy. And fans of any version of Darcy can't help but love Fielding's Austen-influenced masterpiece.
Bridget Jones' Diary writer Fielding told the BBC in a video interview that when she started writing her first novel about Bridget, she only had a collection of her original newspaper columns from the Independent featuring the character, but no plot. At the same time, the BBC Pride and Prejudice miniseries — starring Bridget Jones actor Colin Firth — was airing and she was "infatuated" with it. Fielding said,
"And so I just stole the plot ... and then the book increasingly began to mimic and nick stuff from Pride and Prejudice. But it's a very good plot and I thought Jane Austen wouldn't mind, and anyway she's dead."
For those who love Pride and Prejudice, you already know about the little and big references to the novel in Bridget Jones' Diary. There is the fact that Bridget works at Pemberley Press, a reference to the name of Darcy's estate in Austen's classic novel, and that Fielding stole the last name of "Darcy" for the stoic male lead.
Besides the allusions, the people who worked on the Bridget Jones' Diary movie also have connections to Pride and Prejudice. Screenwriter Andrew Davies wrote the 1995 Austen miniseries and also contributed to the screenplay for the 2001 Bridget Jones' Diary movie. And the casting of Bridget Jones is enough to make any Austen fan squeal in delight since Fitzwilliam Darcy actor Colin Firth played the role of Mark Darcy. Not to mention, the actor who portrayed Mr. Bingley in the Pride and Prejudice miniseries , Crispin Bonham-Carter, also makes brief appearances in Bridget Jones as an employee of Pemberley. You can see him during the Kafka's Motorbike launch in a conversation with author Salman Rushie and when Bridget quits.
Since Fielding unabashedly admitted to stealing Austen's beloved plot, let's get back to business and compare the two stories that were written nearly 200 years apart. While Lizzy will never be as wacky as Bridget, the parallels between the stories of two of my favorite heroines are hard to deny.
1. A Bad First Impression With Darcy
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An earlier version of Pride and Prejudice was titled First Impressions , which really highlights the importance of the first meeting between Elizabeth and Darcy, and also pertains to Bridget and Mark. Instead of meeting at a turkey curry buffet, Elizabeth and Darcy first met at a ball where Elizabeth overhears Darcy saying about her, "She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me" along with other disparaging remarks. While Mark and Bridget had met as children when she played in his paddling pool naked, their adulthood relationship began with a rough start when Bridget overheard Mark saying he didn't need a blind date with "some verbally incontinent spinster who smokes like a chimney, drinks like a fish, and dresses like her mother." It's amazing how much I love any version of Darcy when his character always starts off as such a jerk.
2. George Wickham & Daniel Cleaver Being Scoundrels
The details differ significantly when it comes to George Wickham and Daniel Cleaver, but the general premise is the same. In Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth enjoys Mr. Wickham's company — although nothing truly romantic ever goes down between the two — and he tells her how Mr. Darcy ruined him financially by not keeping him employed on the Pemberley estate as the clergyman. Daniel tells Bridget that he and Mark were friends from Cambridge and that Mark had an affair with Daniel's fiancée. Of course, both Wickham and Daniel used Lizzy's and Bridget's already not-great opinions of Darcy to their advantage by telling these fictionalized stories. Wickham really broke Darcy's younger sister's heart and Daniel really slept with Mark's wife. Besides their lying ways, both characters continue to be philanderers in both stories, with Wickham running away with Lizzy's sister Lydia and Daniel cheating on Bridget with Lara.
3. "It Is A Truth Universally Acknowledged ..."
This is not necessarily a plot point, but I can't ignore Bridget directly quoting Pride and Prejudice. The first sentence of Pride and Prejudice is, "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife." (I used to have that quote on a T-shirt, don't be jealous.) Bridget riffs on this line when she goes to meet her mom by saying, "It's the truth universally acknowledged that the moment one area of your life starts going OK, another part of it falls spectacularly to pieces."
4. The Overbearing Mother & The Soft-Spoken Father
Speaking of Bridget's mom, both Mrs. Bennet and Mrs. Jones are pretty insufferable, though they do at least sometimes offer comedic relief. Elizabeth has a great relationship with her father and Bridget clearly gets along better with her dad than her mom. Mrs. Bennet is obsessed with marrying her five daughters off and Pam Jones is fixated on setting Bridget up. Unlike Lizzy, Bridget does get a break from her mother when Pam gets sidelined by her own crazy love life with Julian (echoing Lydia Bennet's story line). Either way, in both stories, you are grateful for Mr. Bennet and Mr. Jones.
5. The Wet Shirt Scenes
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OK, this one is cheating a bit, but can you really blame me? In the BBC version of Pride and Prejudice, the six-hour miniseries decided to spice it up by having Darcy take a dip in the water by Pemberley to cool down, even before he knew Lizzy was visiting his home. (This scene does not happen in Austen's book, but most of us aren't complaining.) In Bridget Jones, Firth took time off from the shirt-soaking department and let Hugh Grant do the dirty work. While on a mini-break with Bridget, Daniel drunkenly tries to board her rowboat and falls into the water. I cannot believe I'm about to say this, but in the battle of wet shirts, Grant wins when it comes to physique. But before my Jane Austen ladies freak out — don't worry, Firth's bath still wins overall.
6. Darcy's Turning Point
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Lizzy and Bridget both become utterly confounded when halfway through their stories Darcy tells them he actually likes them, despite how he has treated them in the past. Fitzwilliam Darcy told Lizzy how he loved her when she was visiting Charlotte and Collins. Mark Darcy told Bridget after a dinner party full of smug married couples. Both female characters were not onboard to fall for Darcy's change of heart since in true Darcy form, he managed to insult both characters while professing his love, among other transgressions.
7. The Dreamy Endings
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In a simplification of both plots, Lizzy and Bridget eventually realize they care for Darcy when they discover he was the noble one in his interactions with Wickham/Daniel. While Pride and Prejudice the book doesn't have a big make out moment worthy of swooning, the BBC miniseries and the 2005 Keira Knightley versions do have Lizzy and Darcy kissing. (The additional final kissing moments of Knightley's Pride and Prejudice were added specifically for the American audience and caused controversy since Austen purists did not approve .) After unnecessarily worrying that Mark no longer wanted her upon discovering her diary, Mark and Bridget shared one of my favorite movie kisses ever (I even wrote a blog post about it when I was approximately 16-years-old) in the snow. Whether or not Austen would have approved of Mark Darcy's language when he responds to Bridget saying, "Wait a minute. Nice boys don't kiss like that," I know that Bridget Jones' Diary purists absolutely f*cking do.
Images: Caitlin Gallagher/Bustle; Miramax (5); Focus Features (3); Giphy (8)
| i don't know |
Which athlete completes the Gold Medal winning USA team in the 1936 Olympic Men's 4x100 metre relay - Ralph Metcalfe, Foy Draper, Frank Wykoff and ............? | Ralph Metcalfe - Biography, Photos, Videos and Career History | ARHE Network
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Ralph Metcalfe
College: Marquette
A track athlete who jointly held the world record for the 100 meter sprint. Metcalfe was known as the world?s fastest human from 1932 through 1934. +more
Born in Atlanta, Georgia, Metcalfe studied at Marquette University and equalled the record of 10.3 seconds on a number of occasions, as well as equaling the 200 meter record of 20.6 seconds. At the 1932 Summer Olympics he virtually dead-heated with his rival Eddie Tolan, with the medal awarded to Tolan only after extended study of the photograph. Both recorded a time of 10.38 seconds. He received a bronze medal in the 200 meter event at these games. Metcalfe competed again in the 200 meters at the 1936 Summer Olympics, placing second to the great Jesse Owens. He received a gold medal as part of the winning 4x100 relay team.
Metcalfe completed a master's degree at the University of Southern California. After his college career, he joined the armed forces and served in World War II. Metcalfe later coached track at Xavier University of Louisiana before becoming a successful businessman in Chicago, Illinois.
In 1949, Metcalfe became a politician, first as a South Side Alderman for the city of Chicago; then as a Democrat representing Illinois' 1st congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1971 until his death in 1978 at age sixty-eight. He is interred at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Alsip, Illinois. He was a co-founder of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC).
In 1975, Metcalfe was inducted into the United States Track and Field Hall of Fame (USATF) and named a member of the President's Commission on Olympic Sports.
| Jesse Owens |
What is the name of the place of worship of Jehovah's Witnesses? | Legends, The long and 1936 olympics on Pinterest
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Jesse Owens was the most successful athlete in the 1936 Olympics. At a time when the Nazi authorities in Berlin were propagating Aryan supremacy, Jesse Owens’ superb performance was looked upon as a fitting answer to Adolf Hitler. This image, put into context, speaks volumes of Owens’ timely victories
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Who is the voice of 'Stinky Pete', the prospector, in the film 'Toy Story 2'? | Voice Compare: Toy Story - Stinky Pete the Prospector | Behind The Voice Actors
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Stinky Pete the Prospector
Comparision of the voice over actors who have been the voice of Stinky Pete the Prospector with sound clips and images.
Stinky Pete is a mint-condition collectible toy from Toy Story 2 .
Created by solidejake on Jun 24 2015
Stephen Stanton
EDITOR'S OPINION
Hello all, another day, another Voice Compare to honor Inside Out for Pixar Month here on BtVA! Today we're looking at the surprise-antagonist of Toy Story 2 , Stinky Pete the Prospector . Over time, he has had two English voice actors, so let's go right on ahead and compare them.
Kelsey Grammer - In the movie, Toy Story 2, Stinky Pete is played by Grammer, It turns out that this, once thought to be sweet miner, is really selfish and willing to harm in order to get Woody to do what he wants (I would say spoiler, but this movie came out 16 years ago, get with the times). The voice was very nice and was shown to be able to handle kindness, as well as authority.
Stephen Stanton - Now in Toy Story 3: The Video Game , Prospector Pete makes an appearance as a character in the town that Woody is the sheriff of. This version of the character is based more on the in-universe character, rather than the grumpy toy like in the movie. So he only has nice words to ask, and doesn't try to attack you. I do like this version of the character, and while Stanton doesn't really sound like Grammer, he sounds great all on his own.
While I do appreciate that Stephen Stanton was doing his own thing, not entirely emulating Grammer, I still do prefer the original.
solidejake
| Kelsey Grammer |
The seal of which US city contains the inscription 'Sigillum Civitatis Novi Eboraci'? | Stinky Pete | Villains Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
I tried reasoning with you, Woody, but you keep forcing me to take extreme measures.
„
~ Stinky Pete revealing his true nature.
Stinky Pete the Prospector, also known as either Stinky Pete or Prospector, is the hidden but true main antagonist of Pixar's 3rd animated feature film Toy Story 2.
He is a prospector doll who was on the Woody's Roundup TV show, (alongside Sheriff Woody , Jessie and Bullseye ) and never experienced a child's love, which is what made him bad in the first place. He wanted a greedy toy collector named Al McWhiggin to have him sent to a toy museum in Tokyo. Stinky Pete hates space toys, including Buzz Lightyear .
He was voiced by Kelsey Grammer, who also played Harold Attinger , Sideshow Bob , Dr. Ivan Krank and most recently Hunter .
Contents
Jessie: He's Mint in the Box! Never been opened!
„
~ Jessie telling Woody about the Prospector, a possible foreshadowing at his true role in the film.
Stinky Pete spent a lifetime on a dime-store shelf, watching every other toy be sold to their new owners. Because of the fact that he was never sold to a kid, he grew to be very bitter and selfish in nature. Stinky Pete was soon sold to Al McWhiggin , but he never took him out of his box, which made him even more insane and angry. Since Al was grown up, he decided to sell Stinky Pete to a toy museum in Tokyo, Japan. Stinky Pete found this to be good news, thinking that if kids didn't want him, they couldn't have him. However Al learned that the museum wanted the whole Woody's Roundup gang and went to collect them all. Al eventually found Jessie the cowgirl and Bullseye the horse and Stinky Pete became their friend while they waited for Al to find Sheriff Woody .
The Events of Toy Story 2
Greeting Woody
Why the prodigal son has returned.
„
~ Stinky Pete seeing that Al has finally found a Woody doll.
Stinky Pete is first seen when Woody , finally arrives at Al's apartment. He first appears as a good friend to Woody, becoming happy and pleased that he has returned. He welcomes Woody, tells him who he really is, and even shows him the television show called Woody's Roundup, which lasted a few seasons.
A Hidden Agenda
Stinky Pete learning about Andy.
“
We've been in storage a long time waiting for you. (Woody: Why me?) The museum is only interested in the collection if you're in it, Woody. Without you, we go back into storage. It's that simple.
„
~ Stinky Pete telling Woody about Al's plan to sell the Roundup toys.
When Stinky Pete reveals that Al plans to sell him, Woody, Jessie and Bullseye to the Konshi Toy Museum in Tokyo, Japan, Woody reveals that he is still owned by a 7-year-old boy named Andy Davis and that Al actually stole him from a yard sale. Upon learning this, Stinky Pete must think of a way to stop Woody from going back to Andy. When Al unintentionally rips off Woody's right arm completely, Woody starts to panic, but Stinky Pete calms him down by saying that his arm can be fixed. However, Woody cannot wait and attempts to retrieve his arm while Al is sleeping in his couch. Stinky Pete secretly leaves his box by using his pick and turning on the TV, causing Al to wake up. He also frames Jessie by putting the TV remote near her before getting back in his box. Once Woody is back in his case, he then accuses Jessie of messing up his escape, causing her to attack him until Stinky Pete tells them to stop. Stinky Pete then tells Woody he should just wait until morning as Al has called in a cleaner to fix Woody's arm.
Convincing Woody To Stay
“
How long will it last, Woody? Do you really think Andy is going to take you to college? Or on his honeymoon? Andy is growing up and there's nothing you can do about it. It's your choice, Woody. You can go back. Or you can stay with us and last forever. You'll be adored by children for generations.
„
~ Stinky Pete persuades Woody to stay.
The next day, sfter Woody's arm is repaired, Stinky Pete convinces Woody to make amends with Jessie before he leaves. After Woody listens to Jessie's story about when she was abandoned by her owner Emily, Stinky Pete tells him that Andy would do the same to him one day and Woody agrees to stay. However Woody's friends Buzz Lightyear , Rex , Hamm , Slinky Dog and Mr. Potato Head soon later arrive at the penthouse (along with another Buzz Lightyear action figure ) to rescue Woody (as Al stole Woody) and convince Woody to go back with them. At first, Woody refuses but after hearing himself sing "You've Got a Friend In Me", Woody decides he will go home and runs to the vent. When a panicking and devastated Stinky Pete asks Woody where he's going, he tells him that he's right that he can't stop Andy from growing up, but he wouldn't miss it for the world. He then persuades Jessie, Bullseye and Stinky Pete to come with him.
Showing His True Colors
Stinky Pete revealing his true colors.
“
I tried reasoning with you, Woody. But you keep forcing me to take extreme measures.*Walks over to the TV remote and Turns the TV off* (Woody: Wait a minute, you turned on the TV last night, not Jessie!) Look, we have an eternity to spend together in the museum. Let's not start off by pointing fingers, shall we? (Woody: You really are Stinky Pete, aren't you?) (Jessie: Prospector, this isn't fair!) "Fair"!? I'll tell you what's not "fair"! Spending a lifetime on a dime store shelf watching every other toy be sold. Well, finally my waiting has paid off! And no hand-me-down cowboy doll IS GONNA MESS IT UP FOR ME NOW!
„
~ Stinky Pete shows Woody, Jessie and Bullseye his true colors.
Ultimately, this is where Stinky Pete reveals his true colors and seals the vents shut, preventing Woody's escape. Woody, Jessie and Bullseye then learn that Stinky Pete ruined Woody's escape last night and framed Jessie. Jessie is outraged by Stinky Pete's betrayal; however Stinky Pete declares he was never sold to a child and that is why he will go to Japan by any means possible. When Woody calls out to Buzz, Stinky Pete tells Woody that he's too late and calls Buzz's surname Lightweight, causing Woody to yell at him, saying that Buzz's surname is Lightyear and Stinky Pete tells Woody he always hated those space toys before going back into his box. While the toys try to rescue Woody, Stinky Pete keeps shoving him back into Al's luggage and foiling the toys' rescue plans.
Airport Fight
“
IDIOTS! Children destroy toys! You'll all be ruined! Forgotten! Spending eternity rotting in some landfill!(Woody: Well, Stinky Pete, I guess it's time you learned the true meaning of "playtime". *smiles and points off screen* Right over there, guys!) No! NO! NOOOOOO!!
„
~ Stinky Pete's last words.
Sooner or later, the toys arrive at the airport to save Woody. They seem to find Al's luggage, but it turns out to be a different one with cameras inside. Buzz goes to find the other luggage, which he does. But when he opens it to get Woody, Stinky Pete pops out and punches Buzz off the ramp. This made Woody so furious that he fights Stinky Pete for harming Buzz, only for Stinky Pete to kick Woody off of him and re-open his old rip in his right arm. He gives Woody a choice: he can go to Japan either together or in pieces, assuring that Al will have him fixed again like before. He orders Woody to get back in the box, but Woody angrily refuses. This leaves the infuriated Prospector no choice but to rip Woody apart. Before he can, Buzz (who survived the fall) and the other toys suddenly show up again and save Woody by flashing the cameras in Stinky Pete's eyes, temporarily blinding him. This gives Buzz a chance to capture Stinky Pete by the collar of his shirt. Stinky Pete rants that the toys are idiots for wanting to go with Andy, saying that children destroy toys and they'll soon be taken away to rot in a landfill.
A New Owner
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Trivia
Even though Al McWhiggin is the one behind the plot to sell the Roundup toys to the museum, Stinky Pete is the true main villain as he was a direct threat to Woody and had bigger plans than anyone else.
Stinky Pete is mentioned in one of the phrases of the 2013-current Disney Store Exclusive Woody doll.
Stinky Pete was one of the three real toy villains in the Toy Story movies (along with Emperor Zurg and Lotso ), though there was an element of sympathy given the fact that he has been confined to a box since the 1950s when Woody's Roundup was made.
Stinky Pete didn't appear once in Toy Story 3, but he predicted some of the events.
Pete's talk with Woody about what would happen to him and the gang when Andy grew up became a big plot point in Toy Story 3.
In one Toy Story 2 outtake, he was talking to two Barbie dolls in his box, promising them a role in Toy Story 3 , which one of them did with a Ken doll .
Also, his prediction of Andy being unlikely to take Woody to college with him as a teenager came true in Toy Story 3, though at first, Andy considered taking Woody along while putting all his other toys in his attic, therefore almost defying the Prospector's expectations. However at the end, Andy gave Woody, Jessie and the gang to a little girl named Bonnie Anderson.
He even predicted the climax of Toy Story 3 where the toys would end up at a landfill.
Stinky Pete was probably originally going to appear in Toy Story 3 (Pixar even made him a little poster) perhaps as the main antagonist; however he is replaced by a teddy bear named Lots-O' Huggin' Bear .
The suitcase Al put Stinky Pete in has the word "KRUMM" on it. This was also on the truck Lotso ends up on in Toy Story 3.
In another Toy Story 2 outtake, while giving Woody a choice to go back or stay, the Prospector accidentally farted, which he guesses is why he is called "Stinky Pete." Then again, it is also implied he sometimes ate beans on Woody's Roundup.
Although he is now Stinky Pete's nemesis, Woody did agree with him on the fact that he can't stop Andy from growing up, saying that he wouldn't miss it for the world.
According to his box, he had only a total of 9 sayings, such as "There's gold in them hills!", "Help! I think I'm stuck!", "Aw, shucks-a-roo!", and "Oh, boy! Beans for dinner!".
Although Stinky Pete does not appear in Toy Story 3, he appears in Toy Box mode on the Xbox 360, Playstation 3, Wii and PC versions of the Toy Story 3 video game.
There is an Epcot version and a Lego version of Stinky Pete.
Unlike in the film Toy Story 2, Stinky Pete had supporters (Gunslinger and Blacksmith) in the video game version on Nintendo 64, Playstation and PC.
Stinky Pete is the first main Pixar movie villain who doesn't reveal his evil side at first.
| i don't know |
Which English king was the son of Edward, the Black Prince? | Edward the Black Prince
Edward the Black Prince
Location of death: Westminster, England
Cause of death: unspecified
Nationality: England
Executive summary: Eldest son of King Edward III
Edward, Prince of Wales, known as "The Black Prince", the eldest son of King Edward III and Philippa of Hainaut , was born at Woodstock on the 15th of June 1330. Contemporaries called him Edward of Woodstock, and his surname of the Black Prince cannot be traced back earlier than the 16th century. It is supposed to have been derived from his wearing black armor. In 1333 he was made Earl of Chester, and in 1337 Duke of Cornwall, being the first duke ever created in England. Nominal warden of England during his father's absences abroad in 1338 and 1342, he was created Prince of Wales in 1343, and in 1345 he first accompanied his father on a foreign expedition.
His real career begins, however, with Edward III's Norman campaign of 1346. On landing at La Hogue he was knighted by his father, and took a prominent part in the whole of the campaign. He commanded the right wing of the English forces at Crecy, and, though hard pressed for a time by the French, took his full share in gaining the victory. Next year he was at the siege of Calais, and returned to England in October 1347 with his father. He was one of the original Knights of the Garter, and participated in his father's chivalrous adventures at Calais in 1349 and in the battle off Winchelsea in 1350. In September 1355 he was sent to Gascony at the head of an English army, having been appointed his father's lieutenant there in July. He was warmly welcomed by the Gascons, and at once led a foray through Armagnac and Languedoc. By November he had got as far as Narbonne, whence he returned to Bordeaux, where he kept his Christmas court. In August 1356 he started from Bergerac on another marauding expedition, this time in a northerly direction. He penetrated as far as the Loire, but was there compelled to retire before the superior forces of King John of France. On the 19th of September the two armies met in the battle of Poitiers, fought about 6 miles southeast of the city. It was the hardest-fought and most important battle of the Hundred Years' War, and Edward's victory was due both to the excellence of his tactical disposition of his forces and to the superior fighting capacity of his army. The flank march of the Captal de Buch, which decided the fate of the day, was of Edward's own devising, and the captivity of King John attested the completeness of his triumph. He treated his prisoner with almost ostentatious magnanimity, and took him to Bordeaux, from where they sailed to England in May 1357. On the 24th of that month he led his prisoner in triumph through the streets of London. In 1359 he took part in his father's invasion of northern France, and had a large share in the negotiations at Br�tigny and Calais.
In October 1361 Edward married his cousin Joan, Countess of Kent (1328-1385), the daughter and heiress of Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent, the younger son of King Edward I by his second wife Margaret of France. The lady, who enjoyed a great reputation for beauty, was in her thirty-third year, and the widow of Sir Thomas Holand, by whom she had had three children. Froissart says that the marriage was a love match, and that the king had no knowledge of it. However, Edward III approved of his son's choice, and in July 1362 handed over to him all his dominions in southern France, with the title of Prince of Aquitaine. In February 1363 Edward and Joan took ship for Gascony, which became his ordinary place of residence for the next eight years. He maintained a brilliant court at Bordeaux and Angoul�me, and did his best to win the support of the Gascons. He was not, however, successful in winning over the greater nobles, who, with John, count of Armagnac, at their head, were dissatisfied with the separation from France, and looked with suspicion upon Edward's attempts to reform the administration as being likely to result in the curtailment of their feudal rights. Edward was better able to conciliate the towns, whose franchises he favored and whose trade he fostered, hoping that they would prove a counterpoise to the aristocracy. He kept the chief posts of the administration mainly in English hands, and never really identified himself with the local life and traditions of his principality. He succeeded in clearing Aquitaine of the free companies, and kept good peace for nearly six years.
In 1367 Pedro the Cruel , the deposed king of Castile, visited Edward at Bordeaux, and persuaded him to restore him to his throne by force. In February 1367 Edward led an army into Spain over the pass of Roncesvalles. After a difficult and dangerous march Edward reached the Ebro, and on the 3rd of April defeated Bertrand du Guesclin at N�jera, the last of his great victories. He then proceeded to Burgos, and restored Peter to the throne of Castile. He remained in Castile for four months, living principally at Valladolid. His army wasted away during the hot Spanish summer, and Edward himself contracted the beginnings of a mortal disease. In August 1367 Edward led the remnant of his troops back through the pass of Roncesvalles, and returned to Bordeaux early in September. He had exhausted all his resources on the Spanish expedition, and was forced to seek from the estates of Aquitaine extraordinary sources of supply. A hearth tax for five years was willingly granted to him, and generally paid. The greater barons, however, found in this impost a pretext for revolt. The count of Armagnac, who had already made a secret understanding with Charles V, appealed against the hearth tax to the parlement of Paris. Cited before this body in January 1369, Edward declared that he would answer at Paris with sixty thousand men behind him. War broke out again, and Edward III resumed the title of King of France. Thereupon Charles V declared that all the English possessions in France were forfeited, and before the end of 1369 all Aquitaine was in full revolt. With weak health and impaired resources, the Black Prince showed little activity in dealing with his insurgent subjects, or in warding off French invasion. Though too ill to ride on horseback, he insisted upon commanding his troops, and on the 19th of September 1370 won his last barren success, by capturing the revolted city of Limoges and putting the population to the sword. Early in 1371 he returned to England, leaving the impossible task of holding Gascony to his brother John of Gaunt . In August 1372 he joined his father in an abortive expedition to France, but contrary winds prevented their landing, and he now abandoned military life for good. In October he resigned his principality on the ground that he could not afford to retain any longer so expensive a charge. His health now rapidly declined, but he still followed politics with interest, and did what he could to support the constitutional opposition of the great ecclesiastics to the administration of John of Gaunt and the anti-clerical courtiers. His last public act was to inspire the attack on Lancaster's influence made by the Good Parliament in the spring of 1376. The famous parliament was still in session when he died at Westminster on the 8th of July. He was buried in the east end of Canterbury cathedral on the 29th of September, where his magnificent tomb, erected in accordance with the instructions in his will, may still be seen. By Joan, "the fair maid of Kent", who died on the 7th of August 1385, the Black Prince left an only son, afterwards King Richard II .
| Richard II of England |
In 'The West Wing' of which state was 'Josiah Bartlett' Governor before he was elected President? | Edward, the Black Prince of Wales (1330-1376) [English History: Hundred Years' War]
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EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES, called the BLACK PRINCE, and sometimes Edward IV and Edward of Woodstock, the eldest son of Edward III and Queen Philippa, was born at Woodstock on 15 June 1330. His father on 16 Sept. allowed five hundred marks a year from the the profits of the county of Chester for his maintenance, and on 25 Feb. following, the whole of these profits were assigned to the queen for maintaining him and the king's sister Eleanor.1 In the July of that year the king proposed to marry him to a daughter of Philip VI of France.2
On 18 March 1333 he was invested with the earldom and county of Chester, and in the parliament of 9 Feb. 1337 he was created Duke of Cornwall and received the duchy by charter dated 17 March. This is the earliest instance of the creation of a duke in England. By the terms of the charter the duchy was to be held by him and the eldest sons of kings of England.3 His tutor was Dr. Walter Burley of Merton College, Oxford. His revenues were placed at the disposal of his mother in March 1334 for the expenses she incurred in bringing up him and his two sisters, Isabella and Joan.4
Rumours of an impending French invasion led the king in August 1335 to order that he and his household should remove to Nottingham Castle as a place of safety.5 When two cardinals came to England at the end of 1337 to make peace between the king and Philip, the Duke of Cornwall is said to have met them outside the city of London, and in company with many nobles to have conducted them to the king.6 On 11 July 1338 his father, who was on the point of leaving England for Flanders, appointed him guardian of the kingdom during his absence, and he was appointed to the same office on 27 May 1340 and 5 Oct. 1342;7 he was of course too young to take any nominal part in the administration, which was carried on by the council.
In order to attach John, Duke of Brabant, to his cause, the king in 1339 proposed a marriage between the young Duke of Cornwall and John's daughter Margaret, and in the spring of 1345 wrote urgently to Pope Clement VI for a dispensation for this marriage.8 On 12 May 1343 Edward created the duke Prince of Wales, in a parliament held at Westminster, investing him with a circlet, gold ring, and silver rod. The prince accompanied his father to Sluys on 3 July 1345, and Edward tried to persuade the burgomasters of Ghent, Bruges, and Ypres to accept his son as their lord, but the murder of Van Artevelde put an end to this project.
Both in September and in the following April the prince was called on to furnish troops from his principality and earldom for the impending campaign in France, and as he incurred heavy debts in the king's service, his father authorised him to make his will, and provided that in case he fell in the war his executors should have all his revenue for a year.9 He sailed with the king on 11 July, and as soon as he landed at La Hogue received knighthood from his father.10
Then he 'made a right good beginning,' for he rode through the Cotentin, burning and ravaging as he went, and he distinguished himself at the taking of Caen and in the engagement with the force under Godemar du Faÿ, which endeavoured to prevent the English army from crossing the Somme by the ford of Blanquetaque. Early on Saturday, 26 Aug., he received the sacrament with his father at Crécy, and took command of the right, or van, of the army with the Earls of Warwick and Oxford, Geoffrey Harcourt, Chandos, and other leaders, and at the head, it is said, though the numbers are by no means trustworthy, of eight hundred men-at-arms, two thousand archers, and a thousand Welsh foot.
When the Genoese bowmen were discomfited and the front line of the French was in some disorder, the prince appears to have quitted his position in order to fall on their second line. At this moment, however, the Count of Alençon charged his division with such fury that he was much in peril, and the leaders who commanded with him sent a messenger to tell his father that he was in great straits, and to beg for succour. When Edward learned that his son was unwounded, he bade the messenger go back and say that he would send no help, for he would that the lad should win his spurs (the prince was, however, already a knight), that the day should be his, and that he and those who had charge of him should have the honour of it.
It is said that the prince was thrown to the ground11 and was rescued by Richard de Beaumont, who carried the banner of Wales, and who threw the banner over the prince, bestrode his body, and beat back his assailants.12 Harcourt now sent to Arundel for help, and he forced back the French, who had probably by this time advanced to the rising ground of the English position. A flank attack on the side of Wadicourt was next made by the Counts of Alençon and Ponthieu, but the English were strongly entrenched there, and the French were unable to penetrate the defences and lost the Duke of Lorraine and the Counts of Alençon and Blois.
The two front lines of their army were utterly broken before King Philip's division engaged. Then Edward appears to have advanced at the head of the reserve, and the rout soon became complete.When Edward met his son after the battle was over, he embraced him and declared that he had acquitted himself loyally, and the prince bowed low and did reverence to his father. The next day he joined the king in paying funeral honours to the King of Bohemia.13
It is commonly said that the prince received the name of the Black Prince after the battle of Crécy , and that he was so called because he wore black armour at the battle. The first recorded notices of the appellation seem to be given by Leland14 in a heading to the 'Itinerary' extracted from 'Eulogium.' The 'Black Prince,' however, is not in the 'Eulogium' of the Rolls Series, except in the editor's marginal notes. Leland15 repeats the appellation in quotations 'owte of a booke of chroniques in Peter College Library.' This 'booke' is a transcript from a copy of Caxton's 'Chronicle,' with the continuation by Dr. John Warkworth, master of the college, 1473-98.16 The manuscript has Warwork's autograph, 'monitum,' but on examination is found not to contain the words 'Black Prince.'
Other early writers who give Edward his well-known title are: Grafton (1563), who writes,17 'Edward, prince of Wales, who was called the blacke prince;' Holinshed18; Shakespeare, 'Henry V,' II. iv. 56; and in Speed. Barnes, 'History of Edward III' (1688), p. 363, says: 'From this time the French began to call him Le Neoir or the Black Prince,' and gives a reference which implies that the appellation is found in a record of 2 Richard II, but his reference does not appear sufficiently clear to admit of verification.
The name does not occur in the 'Eulogium,' the 'Chronicle' of Geoffrey le Baker, the 'Chronicon Angliæ,' the 'Polychronicon' of Higden or of Trevisa, or in Caxton's 'Chronile' (1482), nor is it used by Jehan le Bel or Froissart. Jehan de Wavrin (d.1474?), who expounds a prophecy of Merlin as applying to the prince, says that he was called 'Pie-de-Plomb.'19 Louandre20 asserts that before the battle Edward arrayed his son in black armour, and it seems that the prince used black in his heraldic devices.21 It is evident from the notices of the sixteenth-century historians that when they wrote the name was traditional.22
As regards the story that the prince took the crest of three ostrich feathers and the motto 'Ich dien' from the king of Bohemia, who was slain in the battle of Crécy , it may be noted, first, as to the ostrich feathers, that in the manuscript of John of Arderne's ' Medica,' written by William Seton,23 is an ostrich feather used as a mark of reference to a previous page, on which the same device occurs, 'ubi depingitur penna principis Walliæ,' with the remark: 'Et nota quod talem pennam albam portabat Edwardus, primogenitus E. regis Angliæ, super eristam suam, et illam pennam conquisivit de Rege Boemiæ, quern interfecit apud Cresy in francia.'24 Although the reference and remark in Sloane MS. 56 may be by Seton and not by Arderne, the prince's physician, it is evident that probably before the prince's death the ostrich feather was recognised as his peculiar badge, assumed after the battle of Crécy.
While the crest of John of Bohemia was the entire wings of a vulture 'besprinkled with linden leaves of gold,'25 the ostrich seems to have been the badge of his house ; it was borne by Queen Anne of Bohemia, as well as by her brother Wenzel, and is on her effigy on her tomb.26 The feather badge occurs as two feathers on four seals of the prince,27 and as three feathers on the alternate escutcheons placed on his tomb in accordance with the directions of his will. The prince in his will says that the feathers were 'for peace,' i.e. for jousts and tournaments, and calls them his badge, not his crest. Although the ostrich feather was his special badge, it was placed on some plate belonging to his mother, was used in the form of one or more feathers by various members of the royal house, and, by grant of Richard II , by Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk.28 The story of the prince's winning the feathers was printed, probably for the first time, by Camden in his 'Remaines.' In his first edition (1605) he states that it was 'at the battle of Poictiers,' p. 161, but corrects this in his next edition (1614), p. 214.
Secondly, as to the motto, it appears that the prince used two mottoes, 'Houmout' and 'Ich dien,' which are both appended as signature to a letter under his privy seal.29 In his will he directed that 'Houmout' should be written on each of the escutcheons round his tomb. But it actually occurs only over the escutcheons bearing his arms, while over the alternate escutcheons with his badge, and also on the escroll upon the quill of each feather, are the words' ich diene' (sic). 'Houmout' is interpreted as meaning high mood or courage.30 No early tradition connects 'Ich dien' with John of Bohemia. Like ' Houmout,' it is probably old Flemish or Low German. Camden in his ' Remaines' (in the passage cited above) says that it is old English, 'Ic dien,' that is 'I serve,' and that the prince 'adjoyned' the motto to the feathers, and he connects it, no doubt rightly, with the prince's position as heir, referring to Ep. to Galatians, iv. 1.
The prince was present at the siege of Calais, and after the surrender of the town harried and burned the country for thirty miles round, and brought much booty back with him.31 He returned to England with his father on 12 Oct. 1347, took part in the jousts and other festivities of the court, and was invested by the king with the new order of the Garter. He shared in the king's chivalrous expedition to Calais in the last days of 1349, came to the rescue of his father, and when the combat was over and the king and his prisoners sat down to feast, he and the other English knights served the king and his guests at the first course and then sat down to meat at another table.32
When the king embarked at Winchelsea on 28 Aug. 1350 to intercept the fleet of La Cerda, the prince sailed with him, though in another ship, and in company with his brother, the young Earl of Richmond ( John of Gaunt ). His ship was grappled by a large Spanish ship and was so full of leaks that it was likely to sink, and though he and his knights attacked the enemy manfully, they were unable to take her. The Earl of Lancaster came to his rescue and attacked the Spaniard on the other side; she was soon taken, her crew were thrown into the sea, and as the prince and his men got on board her their own ship foundered.33
In 1353 some disturbances seem to have broken out in Cheshire, for the prince as earl marched with the Duke of Lancaster to the neighbourhood of Chester to protect the justices, who were holding an assize there. The men of the earldom offered to pay him a heavy fine to bring the assize to an end, but when they thought they had arranged matters the justices opened an inquisition of trailbaston, took a large sum of money from them, and seized many houses and much land into the prince's, their earl's, hands. On his return from Chester the prince is said to have passed by the abbey of Dieulacres in Stafordshire, to have seen a noble church which his grandfather, Edward I, had built there, and to have granted five hundred marks, a tenth of the sum he had taken from his earldom, towards its completion; the abbey was almost certainly not Dieulacres but Vale Royal.34
When Edward determined to renew the war with France in 1355, he ordered the prince to lead an army into Aquitaine while he, as his plan was, acted with the king of Navarre in Normandy, and the Duke of Lancaster upheld the cause of Montfort in Brittany. The prince's expedition was made in accordance with the request of some of the Gascon lords who were anxious for plunder. On 10 July the king appointed him his lieutenant in Gascony, and gave him powers to act in his stead, and, on 4 Aug., to receive homages.35 He left London for Plymouth on 30 June, was detained there by contrary winds, and set sail on 8 Sept. with about three hundred ships, in company with the Earls of Warwick, Suffolk, Salisbury, and Oxford, and in command of a thousand men-at-arms, two thousand archers, and a large body of Welsh foot.36
At Bordeaux the Gascon lords received him with much rejoicing. It was decided to make a short campaign before the winter, and on 10 Oct. he set out with fifteen hundred lances, two thousand archers, and three thousand light foot. Whatever scheme of operations the king may have formed during the summer, this expedition of the prince was purely a piece of marauding. After grievously harrying the counties of Juliac, Armagnac, Astarac, and part of Comminges, he crossed the Garonne at Ste.-Marie a little above Toulouse, which was occupied by the Count of Armagnac and a considerable force. The count refused to allow the garrison to make a sally, and the prince passed on, stormed and burnt Mont Giscar, where many men, women, and children were ill-treated and slain,37 and took and pillaged Avignonet and Castelnaudary.
All the country was rich, and the people 'good, simple, and ignorant of war,' so the prince took great spoil, especially of carpets, draperies, and jewels, for 'the robbers' spared nothing, and the Gascons who marched with him were specially greedy.38 Carcassonne was taken and sacked, but he did not take the citadel, which was strongly situated and fortified. Ourmes (or Homps, near Narbonne) and Trébes bought off his army. He plundered Narbonne and thought of attacking the citadel, for he heard that there was much booty there, but gave up the idea on finding that it was well defended. While he was there a messenger came to him from the papal court, urging him to allow negotiations for peace. He replied that he could do nothing without knowing his father's will.39
From Narbonne he turned to march back to Bordeaux. The Count of Armagnac tried to intercept him, but a small body of French having been defeated in a skirmish near Toulouse the rest of the army retreated into the city, and the prince returned in peace to Bordeaux, bringing back with him enormous spoils. The expedition lasted eight weeks, during which the prince only rested eleven days in all the places he visited, and without performing any feat of arms did the French king much mischief.40 During the next month, before 21 Jan. 1350, the leaders under his command reduced five towns and seventeen castles.41
On 6 July the prince set out on another expedition, undertaken with the intention of passing through France to Normandy, and there giving aid to his father's Norman allies, the party headed by the king of Navarre and Geoffrey Harcourt. In Normandy he expected, he says, to be met by his father.42 He crossed the Dordogne at Bergerac on 4 Aug.,43 and rode through Auvergne, Limousin, and Berry, plundering and burning as he went until he came to Bourges, where he burnt the suburbs but failed to take the city. He then turned westward and made an unsuccessful attack on Issoudun, 25-7 Aug. Meanwhile King John was gathering a large force at Chartres, whence he was able to defend the passages of the Loire, and was sending troops to the fortresses that seemed in danger of attack.
From Issoudun the prince returned to his former line of march and took Vierzon. There he learnt that it would be impossible for him to cross the Loire or to form a junction with Lancaster, who was then in Brittany. Accordingly he determined to return to Bordeaux by way of Poitiers, and after putting to death most of the garrison of the castle of Vierzon set out on the 29th towards Romorantin. Some French knights who skirmished with his advanced guard retreated into that place, and when he heard it he said: 'Let us go there; I should like to see them a little nearer.' He inspected the fortress in person and sent his friend Chandos to summon the garrison to surrender. The place was defended by Boucicault and other leaders, and on their refusing his summons he assaulted it on the 31st. The siege lasted three days, and the prince, who was enraged at the death of one of his friends, declared that he would not leave the place untaken. Finally he set fire to the roofs of the fortress by using Greek fire, reduced it on 3 Sept., and on the 6th proceeded on his march through Berry.
On the 9th King John, who had now gathered a large force, crossed the Loire at Blois and went in pursuit of him. When the king was at Loches on the 12th he had as many as twenty thousand men-at-arms, and with these and his other forces he advanced to Chauvigny. On the 16th and 17th his army crossed the Vienne. Meanwhile the prince was marching almost parallel to the French and at only a few miles distance from them. It is impossible to believe Froissart's statement that he was ignorant of the movements of the French. From the 14th to the 16th he was at Châtelherault, and on the next day, Saturday, as he was marching towards Poitiers, some French men-at-arms skirmished with his advance guard, pursued them up to the main body of his army, and were all slain or taken prisoners. The French king had outstripped him, and his retreat was cut off by an army at least fifty thousand strong, while he had not, it is said, more than about two thousand men-at-arms, four thousand archers, and fifteen hundred light foot. Lancaster had endeavoured to come to his relief, but had been stopped by the French at Pont-de-Cé.44
When the prince knew that the French army lay between him and Poitiers, he took up his position on some rising ground to the south-east of the city, between the right bank of the Miausson and the old Roman road, probably on a spot now called La Cardinerie, a farm in the commune of Beauvoir, for the name Maupertuis has long gone out of use, and remained there that night. The next day, Sunday, the 18th, the cardinal, Hélie Talleyrand, called 'of Périgord,' obtained leave from John to endeavour to make peace. The prince was willing enough to come to terms, and offered to give up all the towns and castles he had conquered, to set free all his prisoners, and not to serve against the king of France for seven years, besides, it is said, offering a payment of a hundred thousand francs. King John, however, was persuaded to demand that the prince and a hundred of his knights should surrender themselves up as prisoners, and to this he would not consent. The cardinal's negotiations lasted the whole day, and were protracted in the interest of the French, for John was anxious to give time for further reinforcements to join his army.
Considering the position in which the prince then was, it seems probable that the French might have destroyed his little army simply by hemming it in with a portion of their host, and so either starving it or forcing it to leave its strong station and fight in the open with the certainty of defeat. Anyway John made a fatal mistake in allowing the prince the respite of Sunday; for while the negotiations were going forward he employed his army in strengthening its position. The English front was well covered by vines and hedges; on its left and rear was the ravine of the Miausson and a good deal of broken ground, and its right was flanked by the wood and abbey of Nouaillé. All through the day the army was busily engaged in digging trenches and making fences, so that it stood, as at Crécy, in a kind of entrenched camp.45 The prince drew up his men in three divisions, the first being commanded by Warwick and Suffolk, the second by himself, and the rear by Salisbury and Oxford. The French were drawn up in four divisions, one behind the other, and so lost much of the advantage of their superior numbers. In front of his first line and on either side of the narrow lane that led to his position the prince stationed his archers, who were well protected by hedges, and posted a kind of ambush of three hundred men-at-arms and three-hundred mounted archers, who were to fall on the flank of the second battle of the enemy, commanded by the Duke of Normandy.
At daybreak on the 19th the prince addressed his little army, and the fight began. An attempt was made by three hundred picked men-at-arms to ride through the narrow lane and force the English position, but they were shot down by the archers. A body of Germans and the first division of the army which followed were thrown into disorder; then the English force in ambush charged the second division on the flank, and as it began to waver the English men-at-arms mounted their horses, which they had kept near them, and charged down the hill. The prince kept Chandos by his side, and his friend did him good service in the fray. As they prepared to charge he cried: 'John, get forward; you shall not see me turn my back this day, but I will be ever with the foremost,' and then he shouted to his banner-bearer, 'Banner, advance, in the name of God and St. George!' All the French except the advance guard fought on foot, and the division of the Duke of Normandy, already wavering, could not stand against the English charge and fled in disorder. The next division, under the Duke of Orleans, also fled, though not so shame-fully, but the rear, under the king in person, fought with much gallantry. The prince, 'who had the courage of a lion, took great delight that day in the fight.'
The combat lasted till a little after 3 P.M., and the French, who were utterly defeated, left eleven thousand dead on the field, of whom 2,426 were men of gentle birth. Nearly a hundred counts, barons, and bannerets and two thousand men-at-arms, besides many others, were made prisoners, and the king and his youngest son, Philip, were among those who were taken. The English loss was not large.
When the king was brought to him the prince received him with respect, helped him to take off his armour, and entertained him and the greater part of the princes and barons who had been made prisoners at supper. He served at the king's table and would not sit down with him, declaring that 'he was not worthy to sit at table with so great a king or so valiant a man,' and speaking many comfortable words to him, for which the French praised him highly.46
The next day the prince continued his retreat on Bordeaux ; he marched warily, but no one ventured to attack him. At Bordeaux, which he reached on 2 Oct., he was received with much rejoicing, and he and his men tarried there through the winter and wasted in festivities the immense spoil they had gathered. On 23 March 1357 he concluded a two years' truce, for he wished to return home. The Gascon lords were unwilling that the king should be carried off to England, and he gave them a hundred thousand crowns to silence their murmurs. He left the country under the government of four Gascon lords and arrived in England on 4 May, after a voyage of eleven days, landing at Plymouth,47 not at Sandwich.48 When he entered London in triumph on the 24th, the king, his prisoner, rode a fine white charger, while he was mounted on a little black hackney. Judged by modern ideas the prince's show of humility appears affected, and the Florentine chronicler remarks that the honour done to King John must have increased the misery of the captive and magnified the glory of King Edward; but this comment argues a refinement of feeling which neither Englishmen nor Frenchmen of that day had probably attained.49
After his return to England the prince took part in the many festivals and tournaments of his father's court, and in May 1359 he and the king and other challengers held the lists at a joust proclaimed at London by the mayor and sheriffs, and, to the great delight of the citizens, the king appeared as the mayor and the prince as the senior sheriff.50 Festivities of this sort and the lavish gifts he bestowed on his friends brought him into debt, and on 27 Aug., when a new expedition into France was being prepared, the king granted that if he fell his executors should have his whole estate for four years for the payment of his debts.51 In October he sailed with the king to Calais, and led a division of the army during the campaign that followed. At its close he took the principal part on the English side in negotiating the treaty of Bretigny, and the preliminary truce arranged at Chartres on 7 May 1360 was drawn up by proctors acting in his name and the name of the regent of France.52 He probably did not return to England until after his father, 53 who landed at Rye on 18 May. On 9 July he and Henry, duke of Lancaster, landed at Calais in attendance on the French king. As, however, the stipulated instalment of the king's ransom was not ready, he returned to England, leaving John in charge of Sir Walter Manny and three other knights.54 He accompanied his father to Calais on 9 Oct. to assist at the liberation of King John and the ratification of the treaty, rode with John to Boulogne, where he made his offering in the Church of the Virgin, and returned with his father to England at the beginning of November.
On 10 Oct. 1361 the prince, who was then in his thirty-first, year, married his cousin Joan, countess of Kent, daughter of Edmund of Woodstock, earl of Kent, younger son of Edward I, by Margaret, daughter of Philip III of France, and widow of Thomas lord Holland, and in right of his wife earl of Kent, then in her thirty-third year, and the mother of three children. As the prince and the countess were related in the third degree, and also by the spiritual tie of sponsorship, the prince being godfather to Joan's elder son Thomas, a dispensation was obtained for their marriage from Innocent VI, though they appear to have been contracted before it was applied for.55 The marriage was performed at Windsor , in the presence of the king, by Simon, archbishop of Canterbury. It is said that the marriage—that is, no doubt, the contract of marriage—was entered into without the knowledge of the king.56 The prince and his wife resided at Berkhampstead in Hertfordshire.
On 19 July 1362 the king granted him all his dominions in Aquitaine and Gascony, to be held as a principality by liege homage on payment of an ounce of gold each year, together with the title of Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony.57 During the rest of the year he was occupied in preparing for his departure to his new principality, and after Christmas he received the king and his court at Berkhampstead, took leave of his father and mother, and in the following February sailed with his wife and all his household for Gascony, and landed at Rochelle. There he was met by Chandos, the king's lieutenant, and proceeded with him to Poitiers, where he received the homage of the lords of Poitou and Saintonge; he then rode to various cities and at last came to Bordeaux, where from 9 to 30 July he received the homage of the lords of Gascony. He received all graciously, and kept a splendid court, residing sometimes at Bordeaux and sometimes at Angoulême.
He appointed Chandos constable of Guyenne, and provided the knights of his household with profitable offices. They kept much state, and their extravagance displeased the people.58 Many of the Gascon lords were dissatisfied at being handed over to the dominion of the English, and the favour the prince showed to his own countrymen, and the ostentatious magnificence they exhibited, increased this feeling of dissatisfaction. The lord of Albret and many more were always ready to give what help they could to the French cause, and the Count of Foix, though he visited the prince on his first arrival, was thoroughly French at heart, and gave some trouble in 1365 by refusing to do homage for Bearn.59
Charles V, who succeeded to the throne of France in April 1364, was careful to encourage the malcontents, and the prince's position was by no means easy. In April 1363 the prince mediated between the Counts of Foix and Armagnac, who had for a long time been at war with each other. He also attempted in the following February to mediate between Charles of Blois and John of Montfort, the rival competitors for the duchy of Brittany. Both appeared before him at Poitiers, but his mediation was unsuccessful. The next month he entertained the king of Cyprus at Angoulême, and held a tournament there. At the same time he and his lords excused themselves from assuming the cross. During the summer the lord of Albret was at Paris, and his forces and several other Gascon lords upheld the French cause in Normandy against the party of Navarre. Meanwhile war was renewed in Brittany; the prince allowed Chandos to raise and lead a force to succour the party of Montfort, and Chandos won the battle of Auray against the French.
As the leaders of the free companies which desolated France were for the most part Englishmen or Gascons, they did not ravage Aquitaine, and the prince was suspected, probably not without cause, of encouraging, or at least of taking no pains to discourage, their proceedings.60 Accordingly on 14 Nov. 1364 Edward called upon him to restrain their ravages.61 In 1365 these companies, under Sir Hugh Calveley and other leaders, took service with Du Guesclin, who employed them in 1366 in compelling Peter of Castile to flee from his kingdom, and in setting up his bastard brother, Henry of Trastamare, as king in his stead. Peter, who was in alliance with King Edward, sent messengers to the prince asking his help, and on receiving a gracious answer at Corunna, set out at once, and arrived at Bayonne with his son and his three daughters. The prince met him at Cap Breton, and rode with him to Bordeaux.
Many of his lords, both English and Gascon, were unwilling that he should espouse Peter's cause, but he declared that it was not fitting that a bastard should inherit a kingdom, or drive out his lawfully born brother, and that no king or king's son ought to suffer such a despite to royalty; nor could any turn him from his determination to restore the king. Peter won friends by declaring that he would make Edward's son king of Galicia, and would divide his riches among those who helped him. A parliament was held at Bordeaux, in which it was decided to ask the wishes of the English king. Edward replied that it was right that his son should help Peter, and the prince held another parliament at which the king's letter was read. Then the lords agreed to give their help, provided that their pay was secured to them. In order to give them the required security, the prince agreed to lend Peter whatever money was necessary.
He and Peter then held a conference with Charles of Navarre at Bayonne, and agreed with him to allow their troops to pass through his dominions. In order to persuade him to do this, Peter had, besides other grants, to pay him 56,000 florins, and this sum was lent him by the prince. On 23 Sept. a series of agreements were entered into between the prince, Peter, and Charles of Navarre, at Libourne, on the Dordogne, by which Peter covenanted to put the prince in possession of the province of Biscay and the territory and fortress of Castro de Urdialès as pledges for the repayment of this debt, to pay 550,000 florins for six months' wages at specified dates, 250,000 florins being the prince's wages, and 300,000 florins the wages of the lords who were to serve in the expedition. He consented to leave his three daughters in the prince's hands as hostages for the fulfilment of these terms, and further agreed that whenever the king, the prince, or their heirs, the kings of England, should march in person against the Moors, they should have the command of the van before all other christian kings, and that if they were not present the banner of the king of England should be carried in the van side by side with the banner of Castile.62
The prince received a hundred thousand francs from his father out of the ransom of the late king of France,63 and broke up his plate to help to pay the soldiers he was taking into his pay. While his army was assembling he remained at Angoulême, and was there visited by Peter.64 He then stayed over Christmas at Bordeaux, for his wife was there brought to bed of her second son Richard . He left Bordeaux early in February, and joined his army at Dax, where he remained three days, and received a reinforcement of four hundred men-at-arms and four hundred archers sent out by his father under his brother John, duke of Lancaster . From Dax he advanced by St. Jean-Pied-de-Port through Roncesvalles to Pamplona. When Calveley and other English and Gascon leaders of free companies found that he was about to fight for Peter, they threw up the service of Henry of Trastamare, and joined him 'because he was their natural lord.'65
While he was at Pamplona he received a letter of defiance from Henry.66 From Pamplona he marched by Arruiz to Salvatierra, which opened its gates to his army, and thence advanced to Vittoria, intending to march on Burgos by this direct route. A body of his knights, which he had sent out to reconnoitre under Sir William Felton, was defeated by a skirmishing party, and he found that Henry had occupied some strong positions, and especially St. Domingo de la Calzada on the right of the Ebro, and Zaldiaran on the left, which made it impossible for him to reach Burgos through Alava. Accordingly he crossed the Ebro, and encamped under the walls of Logroño. During these movements his army had suffered from want of provisions both for men and horses, and from wet and windy weather. At Logroño, however, though provisions were still scarce, they were somewhat better off, and there on 30 March the prince wrote an answer to Henry's letter. On 2 April he quitted Logroño and moved to Navarrete de Rioja. Meanwhile Henry and his French allies had encamped at Najara, so that the two armies were now near each other.
Letters passed between Henry and the prince, for Henry seems to have been anxious to make terms. He declared that Peter was a tyrant, and had shed much innocent blood, to which the prince replied that the king had told him that all the persons he had slain were traitors. The next morning the prince's army marched from Navarrete, and all dismounted while they were yet some distance from Henry's army. The van, in which were three thousand men-at-arms, both English and Bretons, was led by Lancaster , Chandos, Calveley, and Clisson; the right division was commanded by Armagnac and other Gascon lords; the left, in which some German mercenaries marched with the Gascons, by the Captal de Buch and the Count of Foix; and the rear or main battle by the prince, with three thousand lances, and with the prince was Peter and, a little on his right, the dethroned king of Majorca and his company; the numbers, however, are scarcely to be depended on.
Before the battle began the prince prayed aloud to God that as he had come that day to uphold the right and reinstate a disinherited king, God would grant him success. Then, after telling Peter that he should know that day whether he should have his kingdom or not, he cried: 'Advance, banner, in the name of God and St. George; and God defend our right.' The knights of Castile teased his van sorely, but the wings of Henry's army behaved ill, and would not move, so that the Gascon lords were able to attack the main body on the flanks. Then the prince brought the main body of his army into action, and the fight became hot, for he had under him 'the flower of chivalry, and the most famous warriors in the whole world.' At length Henry's van gave way, and he fled from the field.67
When the battle was over the prince besought Peter to spare the lives of those who had offended him. Peter assented, with the exception of one notorious traitor, whom he at once put to death, and he also had two others slain the next day. Among the prisoners was the French marshal Audeneham, whom the prince had formerly taken prisoner at Poitiers, and whom he had released on his giving his word that he would not bear arms against him until his ransom was paid. When the prince saw him he reproached him bitterly, and called him 'liar and traitor.' Audeneham denied that he was either, and the prince asked him whether he would submit to the judgment of a body of knights. To this Audeneham agreed, and after he had dined the prince chose twelve knights, four English, four Gascons, and four Bretons, to judge between himself and the marshal. After he had stated his case, Audeneham replied that he had not broken his word, for the army the prince led was not his own; he was merely in the pay of Peter. The knights considered that this view of the prince's position was sound, and gave their verdict for Audeneham.68
On 5 April the prince and Peter marched to Burgos, and there kept Easter. The prince, however, did not take up his quarters in the city, but camped outside the walls at the monastery of Las Helgas. Peter did not pay him any of the money he owed him, and he could get nothing from him except a solemn renewal of his bond of the previous 23 Sept., which he made on 2 May before the high altar of the cathedral of Burgos.69 By this time the prince began to suspect his ally of treachery. Peter had no intention of paying his debts, and when the prince demanded possession of Biscay told him that the Biscayans would not consent to be handed over to him. In order to get rid of his creditor he told him that he could not get money at Burgos, and persuaded the prince to take up his quarters at Valladolid while he went to Seville, whence he declared he would send the money he owed.
The prince remained at Valladolid during some very hot weather, waiting in vain for his money. His army suffered so terrible from dysentery and other diseases that it is said that scarcely one Englishman out of five ever saw England again.70 He was himself seized with a sickness from which he never thoroughly recovered, and which some said was caused by poison.71 Food and drink were scarce, and the free companies in his pay did much mischief to the surrounding country.72 Meanwhile Henry of Trastamare made war upon Aquitaine, took Bagnères and wasted the country. Fearing that Charles of Navarre would not allow him to return through his dominions, the prince negotiated with the king of Aragon for a passage for his troops. The king made a treaty with him, and when Charles of Navarre heard of it he agreed to allow the prince, the Duke of Lancaster, and some of their lords to pass through his country; so they returned through Roncesvalles, and reached Bordeaux early in September.
Some time after he had returned the companies, some six thousand strong, also reached Aquitaine, having passed through Aragon. As they had not received the whole of the money the prince had agreed to pay them, they took up their quarters in his country and began to do much mischief. He persuaded the captains to leave Aquitaine, and the companies under their command crossed the Loire and did much damage to France. This greatly angered Charles V, who about this time did the prince serious mischief by encouraging disaffection among the Gascon lords. When the prince was gathering his army for his Spanish expedition, the lord of Albret agreed to serve with a thousand lances. Considering, however, that he had at least as many men as he could find provisions for, the prince on 8 Dec. 1366 wrote to him requesting that he would bring two hundred lances only.
The lord of Albret was much incensed at this, and, though peace was made by his uncle the Count of Armagnac, did not forget the offence, and Froissart speaks of it as the 'first cause of hatred between him and the prince.' A more powerful cause of this lord's discontent was the non-payment of an annual pension which had been granted him by Edward. About this time he agreed to marry Margaret of Bourbon, sister of the queen of France. The prince was much vexed at this, and, his temper probably being soured by sickness and disappointment, behaved with rudeness to both D'Albret and his intended bride. On the other hand, Charles offered the lord the pension which he had lost, and thus drew him and his uncle, the Count of Armagnac, altogether over to the French side.
The immense cost of the late campaign and his constant extravagance had brought the prince into difficulties, and as soon as he returned to Bordeaux he called an assembly of the estates of Aquitaine to meet at St. Emilion in order to obtain a grant from them. It seems as though no business was done then, for in January 1368 he held a meeting of the estates at Angoulême, and there prevailed on them to allow him a fouage, or hearth-tax, of ten sous for five years. An edict for this tax was published on 25 Jan. The chancellor, John Harewell, held a conference at Niort, at which he persuaded the barons of Poitou, Saintonge, Limousin, and Rouergue to agree to this tax, but the great vassals of the high marches refused, and on 30 June and again on 25 Oct. the Counts of Armagnac, Périgord, and Comminges, and the lord of Albret laid their complaints before the king of France, declaring that he was their lord paramount.73 Meanwhile the prince's friend Chandos, who strongly urged him against imposing this tax, had retired to his Norman estate.
Charles took advantage of these appeals, and on 25 Jan. 1369 sent messengers to the prince, who was then residing at Bordeaux, summoning him to appear in person before him in Paris and there receive judgment. He replied: 'We will willingly attend at Paris on the day appointed since the king of France sends for us, but it shall be with our helmet on our head and sixty thousand men in our company.' He caused the messengers to be imprisoned, and in revenge for this the Counts of Périgord and Comminges and other lords set on the high-steward of Rouergue, slew many of his men, and put him to flight. The prince sent for Chandos, who came to his help, and some fighting took place, though war was not yet declared. His health was now so feeble that he could not take part in active operations, for he was swollen with dropsy and could not ride. By 18 March more than nine hundred towns, castles, and other places signified in one way or another their adherence to the French cause.74
He had already warned his father of the intentions of the French king, but there was evidently a party at Edward's court that was jealous of his power, and his warnings were slighted. In April, however, war was declared. Edward sent the Earls of Cambridge and Pembroke to his assistance, and Sir Robert Knolles, who now in took service with him, added much to his strength. The war in Aquitaine was desultory, and, though the English maintained their ground fairly in the field, every day that it was prolonged weakened their hold on the country. On 1 Jan. 1370 the prince sustained a heavy loss in the death of his friend Chandos. Several efforts were made by Edward to conciliate the Gascon lords, but they were fruitless and can only have served to weaken the prince's authority. It is probable that John of Gaunt was working against him at the English court, and when he was sent out in the summer to help his brother, he came with such extensive powers that he almost seemed as though he had come to supersede him.
In the spring Charles raised two large armies for the invasion of Aquitaine; one, under the Duke of Anjou, was to enter Guyenne by La Reole and Bergerac, the other, under the Duke of Berry, was to march towards Limousin and Queray, and both were to unite and besiege the prince in Angoulême. Ill as he was, the prince left his bed of sickness75 and gathered an army at Cognac, where he was joined by the Barons of Poitou and Saintonge, and the Earls of Cambridge, Lancaster, and Pembroke. The two French armies gained many cities, united and laid siege to Limoges, which was treacherously surrendered to them by the bishop, who had been one of the prince's trusted friends. When the prince heard of the surrender, he swore 'by the soul of his father' that he would have the place again and would make the inhabitants pay dearly for their treachery. He set out from Cognac with an army of twelve hundred lances, a thousand archers, and three thousand foot. His sickness was so great that he was unable to mount his horse, and was carried in a litter.
The success of the French in Aquitaine was checked about this time by the departure of Du Guesclin, who was summoned to the north to stop the ravages of Sir Robert Knolles. Limoges made a gallant defence, and the prince determined to take it by undermining the walls. His mines were constantly countermined by the garrison, and it was not until the end of October, after a month's siege, that his miners succeeded in demolishing a large piece of wall which filled the ditches with its ruins. The prince ordered that no quarter should be given, and a terrible massacre took place of persons of all ranks and ages. Many piteous appeals were made to him for mercy, but he would not hearken, and three thousand men, women, and children are said to have been put to the sword. When the bishop was brought before him, he told him that his head should be cut off, but Lancaster begged him of his brother, and so, while so many innocent persons were slain, the life of the chief offender was spared. The city was pillaged and burnt.76
The prince returned to Cognac; his sickness increased, and he was forced to give up all hope of being able to direct any further operations and to proceed first to Angoulême and then to Bordeaux. The death of his eldest son Edward, which happened at this time, grieved him greatly; he became worse, and his surgeon advised him to return to England. He left Aquitaine in charge of Lancaster , landed at Southampton early in January 1371, met his father at Windsor , and put a stop to a treaty the king had made the previous month with Charles of Navarre, for he would not consent to the cession of territory that Charles demanded,77 and then went to his manor of Berkhampstead, ruined alike in health and in fortune.
On his return to England the prince was probably at once recognised as the natural opponent of the influence exercised by the anti-clerical and Lancastrian party, and it is evident that the clergy trusted him; for on 2 May he met the convocation of Canterbury at the Savoy, and persuaded them to make an exceptionally large grant.78 His health now began to improve, and in August 1372 he sailed with his father to the relief of Thouars; but the fleet never reached the French coast. On 5 Oct. he resigned the principality of Aquitaine and Gascony, giving as his reason that its revenues were no longer sufficient to cover expenses, and acknowledging his resignation in the parliament of the next month. At the conclusion of this parliament, after the knights had been dismissed, he met the citizens and burgesses 'in a room near the white chamber,' and prevailed on them to extend the customs granted the year before for the protection of merchant shipping for another year.79
It is said that after Whitsunday (20 May) 1374 the prince presided at a council of prelates and nobles held at Westminster to answer a demand from Gregory XI for a subsidy to help him against the Florentines. The bishops after hearing the pope's letter, which asserted his right as lord spiritual, and, by the grant of John, lord in chief, of the kingdom, declared that 'he was lord of all.' The cause of the crown, however, was vigorously maintained, and the prince, provoked at the hesitation of Archbishop Wittlesey, spoke sharply to him, and at last told him that he was an ass. The bishops gave way, and it was declared that John had no power to bring the realm into subjection.80
The prince's sickness again became very heavy, though when the ' Good parliament ' met on 28 April 1376 he was looked upon as the chief support of the commons in their attack on the abuses of the administration, and evidently acted in concert with William of Wykeham in opposing the influence of Lancaster and the disreputable clique of courtiers who upheld it, and he had good cause to fear that his brother's power would prove dangerous to the prospects of his son Richard.81 Richard Lyons, the king's financial agent, who was impeached for gigantic frauds, sent him a bribe of 1,000l. and other gifts, but he refused to receive it, though he afterwards said that it was a pity he had not kept it, and sent it to pay the soldiers who were fighting for the kingdom.82
From the time that the parliament met he knew that he was dying, and was much in prayer, and did many good and charitable works. His dysentery became very violent, and he often fainted from weakness, so that his household believed that he was actually dead. Yet he bore all his sufferings patiently, and 'made a very noble end, remembering God his Creator in his heart,' and bidding his people pray for him.83 He gave gifts to all his servants, and took leave of the king his father, asking him three things, that he would confirm his gifts, pay his debts quickly out of his estate, and protect his son Richard. These things the king promised. Then he called his young son to him, and bound him under a curse not to take away the gifts he had bestowed.Shortly before he died Sir Richard Stury, one of the courtiers of Lancaster's party, came to see him. The prince reproached him bitterly for his evil deeds. Then his strength failed.
In his last moments he was attended by the Bishop of Bangor, who urged him to ask forgiveness of God and of all those whom he had injured. For a while he would not do this, but at last joined his hands and prayed that God and man would grant him pardon, and so died in his forty-sixth year. His death took place at the palace of Westminster84 on 8 July, Trinity Sunday, a day he had always kept with special reverence.85 He was buried with great state in Canterbury Cathedral on 29 Sept., and the directions contained in his will were followed at his funeral, in the details of his tomb, and in the famous epitaph placed upon it. Above it still hang his surcoat, helmet, shield, and gauntlets.*
He had two sons by his wife Joan: Edward, born at Angoulême on 27 July 1364 (Eulogium), 1365 (Murimuth), or 1363 (Froissart), died immediately before his father's return to England in January 1371, and was buried in the church of the Austin Friars, London;86 and Richard , who succeeded his grandfather on the throne; and it is said, two bastard sons, Sir John Sounder and Sir Roger Clarendon.
1 Fœdera, ii. 798, 811.
2 p. 822.
| i don't know |
In mathematics what is the sum of the internal angles of a pentagon? | Interior Angles of Polygons
Interior Angles of Polygons
An Interior Angle is an angle inside a shape
Triangles
The Interior Angles of a Triangle add up to 180°
Let's try a triangle:
It works for this triangle
Now tilt a line by 10°:
80° + 70° + 30° = 180°
One angle went up by 10°,
and the other went down by 10°
Quadrilaterals (Squares, etc)
(A Quadrilateral has 4 straight sides)
Let's try a square:
90° + 90° + 90° + 90° = 360°
A Square adds up to 360°
Now tilt a line by 10°:
80° + 100° + 90° + 90° = 360°
It still adds up to 360°
The Interior Angles of a Quadrilateral add up to 360°
Because there are 2 triangles in a square ...
The interior angles in a triangle add up to 180° ...
... and for the square they add up to 360° ...
... because the square can be made from two triangles!
Pentagon
A pentagon has 5 sides, and can be made from three triangles, so you know what ...
... its interior angles add up to 3 × 180° = 540°
And when it is regular (all angles the same), then each angle is 540° / 5 = 108°
(Exercise: make sure each triangle here adds up to 180°, and check that the pentagon's interior angles add up to 540°)
The Interior Angles of a Pentagon add up to 540°
The General Rule
Each time we add a side (triangle to quadrilateral, quadrilateral to pentagon, etc), we add another 180° to the total:
| five hundred and forty |
In which film does 'Holly Golightly' visit Mafia boss 'Sally Tomato' in Sing Sing Prison? | What do the interior angles of a pentagon add up to? | Reference.com
What do the interior angles of a pentagon add up to?
A:
Quick Answer
The sum of the interior angles of a pentagon is 540 degrees. Each of the five interior angles of a regular pentagon measures 108 degrees.
Full Answer
Pentagons are two-dimensional shapes, characterized by five co-planar sides that are connected to form enclosed figures. A special type of pentagon called regular pentagon, contains 108-degree interior angles, 72-degree exterior angles and an estimated area of 1.72 S2, where "S" denotes the length of a segment.
All pentagons consist of three triangles, where each triangle contains three interior angles that total 180 degrees. The sum of a pentagon's interior angles is taken by multiplying 180 by 3, which is equivalent to 540. In general, the formula for obtaining the sum of all interior angles of any polygon is (n-2) multiplied by 180 degrees, where "n" indicates the number of sides.
| i don't know |
Which musical features the songs 'Sherry', 'My Eyes Adored You' and 'Walk Like A Man'? | Frankie Valli · 2017 Tour Dates and Concert Tickets | Thrillcall
Track Artist for New Show Alerts
Frankie Valli (born Francesco Stephen Castelluccio; May 3, 1934) is an American popular singer, most famous as frontman of The Four Seasons beginning in 1960. He is well known for his unusually powerful falsetto voice. Valli scored 29 Top 40 hits with T...
Frankie Valli (born Francesco Stephen Castelluccio; May 3, 1934) is an American popular singer, most famous as frontman of The Four Seasons beginning in 1960. He is well known for his unusually powerful falsetto voice.
Valli scored 29 Top 40 hits with The Four Seasons, one Top 40 hit under The Four Seasons' alias 'The Wonder Who?', and nine Top 40 hits as a solo artist. As a member of The Four Seasons, Valli's number one hits included "Sherry" (1962), "Big Girls Don't Cry" (1962), "Walk Like a Man" (1963), "Rag Doll" (1964) and "December 1963 (Oh, What A Night)" (1975). Valli's recording of the song "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" reached number two in 1967. "You're Ready Now", a Valli solo recording from 1966, became a surprise hit in Great Britain as part of the Northern soul scene and hit number eleven on the British pop charts in December 1970. As a solo artist, Valli scored number one hits with the songs "My Eyes Adored You" (1974) and "Grease" (1978).
Valli, Tommy DeVito, Nick Massi, and Bob Gaudio—the original members of The Four Seasons—were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990 and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1999.
Early life
Valli was born Francesco Stephen Castelluccio to an Italian family in the First Ward of Newark, New Jersey. His father, Anthony Castelluccio, was a barber; his mother, Mary Rinaldi, was a homemaker. He was inspired to take up a singing career at the age of seven after his mother took him to see the young Frank Sinatra at the Paramount Theater in New York City. His early mentor was singer Texas Jean Valli, from whom he obtained his last name, although it took him some time to settle on the spelling "Valli". Until he could support himself with music, he worked as a barber.
As with many other celebrities, Valli's birth year has been called into question. Valli never addressed the issue himself, until the 2007 posting at the Official Frankie Valli Site, sponsored by his current record label, Universal Records. Much of the previous official publicity surrounding his career had used 1937 as the birth year. It is hard to tell when and why this occurred, but inference can be made that by chopping a few years off his age, he would seem more commercially viable to a younger audience. Other sources, such as the Bear Family Records release, titled "The Four Lovers" (BCD 15424), as well as a 1965 "mug shot", available through The Smoking Gun, all identify his year of birth as 1934.
Music career
1950s–1960s
Valli began his professional singing career in 1951 with the Variety Trio (Nickie DeVito, Tommy DeVito and Nick Macioci). Valli's desire to sing in public was initially granted when, having heard Valli sing, the group offered him a guest spot when the group performed. In late 1952, the Variety Trio disbanded and Valli, along with Tommy DeVito, became part of the house band at The Strand in New Brunswick, New Jersey. For his part, Valli played bass and sang. He cut his first single, "My Mother's Eyes", in 1953 as "Frankie Valley", a variation on a name he adopted from "Texas" Jean Valli, a favorite female singer. Around this time, Valli and Tommy DeVito left the house band at The Strand and formed The Variatones with Hank Majewski, Frank Cattone and Billy Thompson. In 1956, as part of an audition backing a female singer, the group impressed New York record man Peter Paul, who had them auditioning at RCA Victor a week later. Renamed The Four Lovers, the group recorded several singles and one album's worth of tracks. They had a minor hit with "You're the Apple of My Eye" in 1956. Nickie DeVito and Hank Majewski left in 1958 to be replaced by Nick Macioci (now Nick Massi) and Hugh Garrity. Massi was in and out of the group, and, occasionally Charles Calello joined on accordion. The group continued to perform until 1959, when Bob Gaudio became a member. After a few more changes, the group was renamed "The 4 Seasons" in 1960.
As the lead singer of The Four Seasons, he had a string of hits beginning with the number one hit "Sherry" in 1962. As a footnote to this period of Frankie's career with The Four Seasons, the group's bassist and vocal arranger Nick Massi was replaced in 1965 by Charlie Calello, the group's instrumental arranger, and, then shortly thereafter, Charlie was replaced by Joseph LaBracio, who went by the pseudonym Joe Long.
During the 1960s, Gaudio and his then songwriting partner, producer Bob Crewe (born Stanley Robert Crewe on November 12, 1931), worked with Valli to craft solo recordings with varying degrees of success. This concept of a major recording artist performing solo in opposition to his or her own group performances was rare in the rock/pop world (Buddy Holly and The Crickets were an exception) and may have given tacit approval to other groups and members of other groups to pursue such a path. The potential to dominate the charts with group and solo recordings was great, and Valli, Gaudio and Crewe occasionally rose to the occasion with both great performances and commercial hits. Valli was the original artist to record the Gaudio-Crewe composition "The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)", a performance that was copied nearly note for note when recorded by The Walker Brothers, an American group based in England. The Walker Brothers version was a huge success. Valli continued to record solo performances and finally reached major success with the release of "Can't Take My Eyes Off You". Though it only reached number two in the charts, the song itself was widely recorded by many other artists.
Valli's debut solo album was a gathering together of various single releases and a few new recordings. Before the release of Valli's second solo album, a single was released in July 1967 with the A-side "I Make A Fool Of Myself," a record that reached number 18. Timeless, Valli's second solo album release was more coherent and Valli took more time in recording it. Timeless contains one Top 40 hit, "To Give (The Reason I Live)."
Finally, Valli ended the '60s with a string of recordings that were included in the Valli/Four Seasons album 'Half & Half' or released as various singles. The only hit to emerge at this time was the recording of "The Girl I'll Never Know (Angels Never Fly This Low)," reaching number 52.
1970s–present
"You're Ready Now", a Valli solo recording from 1966, became a surprise hit the UK as part of the Northern soul scene and hit number eleven on the UK pop charts in December 1970.
In 1975, Valli's single "My Eyes Adored You" hit number 1 on Billboard's Hot 100. In the same year, he also had a number 6 Billboard hit with the disco-laden "Swearin' To God", while a further UK Chart success came with "Fallen Angel" written by Guy Fletcher & Doug Flett and produced by Bob Gaudio; Valli was in the UK charts with this at the same time as The Four Seasons enjoyed a UK hit with "Silver Star" on which Valli did not appear as lead.
In 1976, Valli covered the Beatles song "A Day in the Life" for the ephemeral musical documentary All This and World War II.
In 1978, Valli sang the theme song for the film version of the stage play, Grease, a song written by Barry Gibb of the Bee Gees, which became a number 1 hit. He had two further chart successes the following year, "Save Me, Save Me" in November 1978, which entered the Billboard Easy Listening chart, and "Fancy Dancer" in January 1979, which entered the pop charts.
Valli suffered from otosclerosis in the 1970s, forcing him to "sing from memory" in the latter part of the decade. Surgery restored most of his hearing by 1980.
In 1992, a new Four Seasons album was released entitled Hope and Glory.
In 2005, the Broadway musical Jersey Boys opened on the "Great White Way". Besides performances of many of Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons hit recordings, the musical features a biographical narrative, told as four separate points of view by each of the members of The Four Seasons (Tommy DeVito, Frankie Valli, Nick Massi, and Bob Gaudio). The musical dramatizes several real-life incidents from Valli's life, including his estrangement from his daughter Francine, who died in 1980. The show was widely acclaimed, financially successful, and won six Tony awards. The musical has touring companies around the world, as well as a version at Paris Las Vegas.
In October 2007, Valli released Romancing the 60s, an album containing covers of his favorite songs from the 1960s, two of which he had previously recorded. Those songs were "Sunny" and "Any Day Now".
In October 2010, a duet version of "The Biggest Part of Me" by Frankie Valli and Juice Newton was released on Newton's album Duets: Friends & Memories.
In October 2012, Valli made his Broadway debut with a week-long concert engagement at the Broadway Theatre in New York starting October 19.
Acting career
Valli made several appearances in Seasons 5 and 6 of the HBO series The Sopranos as mobster Rusty Millio (once referred to as "The Mayor of Munchkin Land"). Also, his and the Four Seasons' music is heard in other Sopranos episodes, especially in the one eponymously titled "Big Girls Don't Cry".
Valli also made a special guest appearance (as himself) during Season 8 of Full House, on the episode "DJ's Choice".
Philanthropic activities
Valli has been a supporter of heritage-related causes, particularly the National Italian American Foundation (NIAF). In 2006, he received the NIAF Lifetime Achievement Award at the Foundation's Anniversary Gala. In 2008, NIAF presented a scholarship in his name to an Italian American music student during the Foundation's East Coast Gala.
In May 2012, Valli received the Ellis Island Medal of Honor for his commitment to many humanitarian causes.
Discography
| Jersey Boys |
Who was the manager of Liverpool FC between 1991 and 1994? | Frankie Valli Q&A: Looking Back at 50 Years of The Four Seasons | Billboard
Frankie Valli Q&A: Looking Back at 50 Years of The Four Seasons
Courtesy of Dean Egnater
Frankie Valli
There is a scene in the hit Broadway musical "Jersey Boys" that represents the sustained success of Frankie Valli, Bob Gaudio and their group, the Four Seasons, for more than 50 years.
It portrays a pact made by Valli, the singer, and Gaudio, a founding performer who soon stepped offstage to focus on songwriting for Valli and the group.
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Valli and Gaudio realize their success is so intertwined, their human harmony so true, that they decide to be partners in each other's careers and share the revenue that each generated for the rest of their lives. And, in the manner of two guys raised in the housing projects of Newark, N.J., during the Great Depression, they seal the deal with nothing more, and nothing less, than a handshake.
The scene makes for great theater. It also happens to be true. The deal contained an escape clause-Valli and Gaudio could bow out of the deal at any time simply by saying so.
"I grew up in the projects, and we didn't know about giving lawyers contracts," Valli says. "You gave your word to somebody, and that was good enough. I still feel very strongly that way, although it's a very, very difficult thing to do nowadays."
It's also difficult for an individual and group to sustain the kind of success Valli and the Four Seasons have had since the act debuted in 1962 with "Sherry," which shot to No. 1 immediately after Dick Clark introduced it on "American Bandstand."
The distinctive sound was both intensely rhythmic (Valli says the earliest hits were "like chants"), with emphatic drum introductions and foot stomps, and melodically innovative thanks to Gaudio's brilliance. The lyrics, by multifaceted producer/entrepreneur Bob Crewe, made most of the Four Seasons' hits aspirational story songs, concise and evocative as the tunes written by Carole King & Gerry Goffin and Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil.
Front, center and top was Valli's voice, crowned with the kind of falsetto rarely heard before or since in pop music. It was a street fighter's falsetto, a cocky, muscular sound that could go from hope to heartbreak in a New Jersey minute. It was a sound as distinctly regional as California's Beach Boys-and just as universal. It's no coincidence that the Beach Boys and the Four Seasons, along with Motown and Memphis soul, were among the few American acts to remain entrenched on the charts during the full run of the Beatles and the British Invasion.
After a largely unproductive move from Phillips to Motown's Mowest subsidiary, Valli and the Four Seasons resurfaced at the top of the charts in 1975, with "My Eyes Adored You" and "Swearin' to God" on Private Stock, "Who Loves You" and "December 1963 (Oh, What a Night)" on Warner/Curb.
"Jersey Boys," the story of the Four Seasons as told by each member, won four Tony Awards including best musical after its premiere in 2005 at Broadway's August Wilson Theater, where it is still going strong.
To mark the 50th anniversary of the Four Seasons, Valli met with Billboard for an expansive conversation at a coffee shop in Manhattan.
How has "Jersey Boys" affected your touring and your audience?
It's created a new awareness, especially with younger people. A lot of groups stayed in the same bag. We never did that. The first three records we did-"Sherry," "Big Girls Don't Cry" and "Walk Like a Man"-were all self-contained. [Almost all the instruments and singing were performed by the band.] Then, depending on the song, Gaudio and Crewe were writing so many songs in those days, they weren't trying to follow a pattern. If they felt a song required a bigger orchestra, we used a bigger orchestra.
Wall of Four Seasons
The Four Seasons were always thought of as a singles band. It wasn't until "Working My Way Back to You" in early 1966 that you had songs and sounds with a kind of FM radio flow.
There's another album, [1969's] "The Genuine Imitation Life Gazette," which was a total departure from doing pop music, but never got any acceptance. It was done like a newspaper; all the songs were articles. It had a sports section, comics, horoscopes ... Shortly after that, Jethro Tull did something exactly like that [in 1972 with "Thick As a Brick"]. Rolling Stone said that if anybody else had done "The Genuine Imitation Life Gazette," it would have been a smash album. It was different. Some of the subject matter [music by Gaudio with lyrics by Greenwich Village folk favorite Jake Holmes] dealt with war, racial tensions and other things going on at the time. We loved it. It was completely different. But we did what we really wanted to do, and if it was a hit, it was a hit. We had a lot of resistance from record companies. That's why we left Phillips Records. They wanted us to stay in a pop place. We left right after The Genuine Imitation Life Gazette. We didn't want to be locked in to anything.
That would include the version of Bob Dylan's "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right," credited to the Wonder Who?, which peaked at No. 12 on the Hot 100, right around the time "Rag Doll" reached No. 3, near the end of 1965.
It did create a lot of confusion. We had an album, six Bacharach-David songs on one side and six Dylan songs on the other [The 4 Seasons Sing Burt Bacharach ... Hal David ... and Bob Dylan]. In the studio, I started to clown around with "Don't Think Twice." In reality, it was an impression of a very famous black singer, Rose Murphy. She did "I Can't Give You Anything but Love." We played it for a disc jockey in Atlantic City [N.J.], and he said, "Please give it to me. I just want to play it. I won't tell anybody who it is. I'll run a contest." He actually broke it. When the record company found out, they were really pissed. They said, "Now we have to put it out ... But we already have a Four Seasons song out, and this will kill it. So we'll say it's the Wonder Who?"
On the other hand, you did have your first solo hit with Cole Porter's "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" in June 1967, which "stalled" at No. 2 for two weeks, behind Aretha Franklin's "Respect."
I always believed a singer should be able to sing any kind of song. If I wanted to sing a Cole Porter song, I should be able to do that. Or "Sherry," I should be able to do that. Or a Dylan song. I didn't go to any professional school to learn how to sing. I bought people's records, listened to them, tried to do what the singer did by imitating them, as close as I could possibly get. We cover every kind of music. That's important for anybody. We can do anything from working with a four- or five-piece band to working with a symphony orchestra.
You even flourished during the disco era. How did you get to sing the title song from "Grease"?
Barry Gibb called and said, "I wrote a song. I think it's for you. It's going to be the title song for this motion picture." My manager at the time was Allan Carr, who was partners in "Grease" with Robert Stigwood. He called and said, "What do you want to do? Do you want to be in the movie? Or sing the title song?" Well, I had already heard the title song, and I loved it. I called [famed arranger] Don Costa up and told him to come over right away and hear this song. He said, "If you don't record this song, you're crazy." So I said, "What's the song if I want to be in the movie?" And they said "Beauty School Dropout." It was done by Frankie Avalon. It never became a hit, but he made a lot of money from it being on the soundtrack. But "Grease" was one of the biggest records I ever had in my career.
Was there ever a time when you weren't as busy as you wanted to be?
There were a lot of frustrating periods in my life. In 1967, I found out I was losing my hearing. I went 10 years without any help. I had otosclerosis-hardening of the bone in the middle of the ear. [Renowned Los Angeles ear specialist] Dr. Victor Goodhill did the surgery and it saved my life. He went to the bone bank at UCLA and made me a new stapes bone for each ear. He brought my hearing from about 35% in one ear to about 98%, and a year later operated on the other ear and brought it up to 87%. That was a moment of truth for me.
Of course, losing a kid was a very, very tough experience. [Valli's stepdaughter, Celia, died in an accident, and his daughter, Francine, reportedly died from a drug overdose, both in 1980.] It's not something you ever, ever get over. It's just not supposed to be that way.
You're on the road, and you're involved with the upcoming "Jersey Boys" movie, to be directed by Clint Eastwood. Why work so hard?
I think [back on] all of the things I did as a kid, how hard it was getting into the business. I did everything in my power ... I worked construction. I went to school to learn to be a hairdresser. I worked at a wholesale florist, where I delivered to florists all over New Jersey. I'd come home and go out to work down at the Shore. The early jobs, I remember, were $5, $6 a night. And I lived in the projects right until the time I became successful. It wasn't easy, but I was really determined.
Just before "Sherry," I thought that was it. I said to myself, "If this doesn't happen, I don't know what I'm going to do." I was at that crossroads of life.
You have to really be in something 100%. Because if you're not, the day you're not there may be the day it was important for you to be there, so that it could happen.
Becoming successful is a relentless pursuit. It's good that it's that way: When it does come, you learn to know how to appreciate it, and know how lucky you are to be doing something that you love so much.
| i don't know |
Which detective has been played on TV by John Hannah and Ken Stott? | John Hannah vs Ken Stott: Who's The Better Rebus? | Rebus | Drama Channel
Rebus
John Hannah vs Ken Stott: Who's The Better Rebus?
The Hannah and Stott episodes differ in tone, plotlines and character. We explored the two eras and decided who came out on top for portrayal, darkness, depth, and faithfulness to the books.
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In series 1 and 2 of Scottish crime drama Rebus, John Hannah plays the protagonist of the show: a surly detective with many personal demons. In series 3, Ken Stott takes over from Hannah, and it's almost as if a completely different show begins.
1. PORTRAYAL
PORTRAYAL WINNER: KEN STOTT
HANNAH: DI Rebus is a world-weary, pessimistic detective, both in Ian Rankin's novels and in the television adaptation. So when John Hannah was cast in the role, fans of the books questioned why a young, fresh-faced actor had been chosen to play such a gritty character. Although the character is written as a traditional hardboiled detective in Hannah's episodes, the actor's youth and suaveness mean that viewers need to suspend their disbelief in order to see him as the experienced cynic he portrays.
STOTT: Ken Stott, with his gravelly voice, gruff mannerisms and aura of grumpiness, was born to play a hardened Scottish detective. His age means that he exudes the air of experience required to play the surly Rebus. When the team comes across a murder suspect who claims to be clairvoyant, Stott's exasperation is perfectly clear without him having to say a word - his scepticism comes across effortlessly, and his portrayal of Rebus is thoroughly believable as a result.
2. DARKNESS
DARKNESS WINNER: JOHN HANNAH
HANNAH: Rebus is known for being relatively dark compared to a lot of other police procedurals. Despite Hannah's youth, his episodes of Rebus are darker in tone than Stott's. Brutal murders are depicted in gruesome detail, like in the graphically violent opening scene of 'Black & Blue'.
STOTT: While Stott's episodes are by no means light-hearted - he's still John Rebus, after all - some of the bleakness of earlier episodes is gone. The opening credits are slightly more upbeat: while Hannah's era saw every episode opened with shots of dark corridors played to eerie music, Stott's title sequence uses music and clips that lend themselves more to excitement and action than dark retrospection. Even though the overall tone of the episodes loses some of the unique darkness that made earlier episodes more distinctively Rebus, the dark side of the character himself is still there - one scene in which the Inspector sets his car on fire and reports it as stolen with disturbing indifferent proves that he's still the same complicated DI.
3. DEPTH
DEPTH WINNER: JOHN HANNAH
HANNAH: Unlike those of the Stott era, Hannah's episodes are narrated by Rebus himself. This means that there's an extra dimension to the narrative that makes up for insights that are lost in the translation from text to screen, especially in 'The Hanging Garden' when the narration reveals important details about John's relationship with his daughter. In one episode we're even shown one of Rebus's dreams, giving viewers an insight into the character's subconscious. When Hannah's the protagonist, we really get to know Rebus on a deeper level.
STOTT: In Stott's episodes, there is more of a focus on external events than on Rebus's own thoughts. Other characters, like Siobhan and Gill, get more screen time, and the detectives feel more like a team. Without the narration we sometimes don't know what the Inspector is thinking, and it's another intriguing mystery for the viewer to solve. When Rebus is accused of being involved with the Daniel Carr drug case, this ambiguity means the viewer is as stumped as the other characters.
4. FAITHFULNESS TO THE BOOKS
FAITHFULNESS TO THE BOOKS WINNER: KEN STOTT
HANNAH: Although Hannah wasn't what most fans of the books expected Rebus to be, his era is characterised by darker episodes that are truer to Rankin's stories. The Hannah era was at the beginning of the show's run when it was new and still crafting an identity. As a result, these episodes remain close to the original book series - like a baby bird unwilling to stray too far from its nest.
STOTT: Stott's episodes, which are slightly more light-hearted in tone, are more television-friendly than Hannah's. As a result they often do not follow the books as closely. Stott's era also contains the only episode that is not based on any of Ian Rankin's novels: 'The First Stone'. Nevertheless, Stott's portrayal of the character remains loyal to how he was written by Rankin.
Rebus Trailer
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Which now just leaves it up to you: who's your favourite Rebus?
Can you think of any other actors who could have played the DI? Tell us in the comments below...
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| Rebus |
What is the diameter in centimetres (a whole number) of a CD (not a mini-CD)? | Rebus redux - TV & Radio - Entertainment - theage.com.au
Ken Stott as Detective Inspector John Rebus.
Photo: Supplied
April 23, 2006
Like Scottish author Ian Rankin's testy detective, actor Ken Stott knows all about timing. At a rehearsal in Glasgow, he tells Brian Courtis why it took him so long to take a part that seemed made for him ...
Rebus is the well-worn, crumpled, nicotine-tainted star of Scottish "tartan noir". When, through a hangover haze earned at the Oxford Bar in Edinburgh's New Town, he gazes into the shaving mirror, the reflection, as given by author Ian Rankin in his novel The Falls, is not that of a young Sean Connery.
"Jowly, even when he stuck out his chin," is how Rankin puts it. "Tried smiling, saw teeth which had missed their last two appointments. His dentist was threatening to strike him from his list." The hard-bitten, laconic policeman is guilty of a life lived to the limits.
Detective Inspector John Rebus is, in effect, Edinburgh's response to Glasgow's Taggart, perhaps more subtle, more at ease in the darker shadows of history's villainy, and, while just as likely to regard a discarded haggis with suspicion in a murder case, more likely to take us gazing into the night with his mysterious front-room flights of introspection.
Rebus, now a must-read and must-see favourite of British crime fiction, first appeared in Rankin's 1985 book Knots and Crosses. Five years ago the author was said to have been paid more than $3 million for two more novels in which he would appear.
There are 15 books now and Rankin, who is 46 on Friday, continues to use him through the mean streets, the windswept hills and wild concrete estates of his city.
Perfect material for any actor, then. Perfect, you might think, for that gritty, experienced and well lived-in Scottish actor Ken Stott. But the star of the Messiah series, The Vice, Vicious Circle and Takin' Over the Asylum, who has managed to make a virtue of those non-Hollywood baggy-eyed, craggy-faced looks, was, it seems, initially reluctant.
The TV role went to John Hannah, who had worked well as a forensic pathologist in the series McCallum. Hannah, who was the star and executive producer in a series of four Rebus telemovies - Black and Blue, The Hanging Garden, Dead Souls, and Mortal Causes - captured the edge of darkness in the stories, though some felt he was a little too lean, too cool and too young to be a convincing DI Rebus.
During the lunch break in rehearsals at that roomy Glasgow TV studio building, Ken Stott admits that, though from Edinburgh himself, he had not been an Ian Rankin reader. "But I've never been a crime novel reader," he says. "I suppose Graham Greene is probably the closest I've come."
Stott tells me he never had fears of taking the role, even after Hannah's series had been broadcast. But he had been playing troubled cop Pat Chappell in the series The Vice and he felt the part was just a little too close to that offered through Rebus.
"I hesitated before doing it," he agrees. "I did turn it down ... I think on two occasions before now, because of Pat Chappell. I really wanted to put some distance between us. But then there was sufficient time between their first inquiry and the last inquiry."
A series of four new dramas starring Stott has been planned. The first, Rebus: The Falls (Friday 8.30pm, ABC), enjoys the same title as the novel and some of the story's major elements, but is very much a sweeping adaptation of Rankin's version adapted by writer Daniel Boyle. I asked Stott about the reaction to this reworking, and to his portrayal of Rebus when the first two programs were shown in the UK.
"Well, after they had come out, I was fully expecting to be stopped on the street by people saying, 'What on earth have you done? You've missed out my favourite part in the book'. But that hasn't materialised, I'm glad to say.
"It really was one fear that we did have because, after all, it's very difficult to do justice to a book in an hour-and-a-half's drama. What we wanted to do was to capture the spirit of the book and not necessarily do so page by page."
The darker days of DI John Rebus have been sketched with tantalising economy through 15 Ian Rankin novels (with the 16th, The Naming of the Dead, expected here in October). Darker days? Most of his days are seen through that cool, crepuscular lens the author seems to favour.
Stott's own work also takes place under more slating skies than most Australians imagine. From Jimmy McGovern's Dockers and Takin' Over The Asylum to the grim Messiah, it has been a trip through hardship to unimaginable hell. So what attracts him to troubled cops, villains, and the suffering?
"It's always a challenge to explore emotion and depth of emotion, because that's really what, for an actor, is the spiritual centre," he says.
"I feel as though I'm working if there is an emotional strength, be it a dark character or be it a character who is righteous. Good or bad is really not the question."
And Ken Stott believes that he is getting some of that out of Rebus now.
"There are moments where there are flashpoints. Rebus seems to me to be stable, but there's a lot of emotion underneath that is always in danger of simmering over, boiling over."
Will he continue to be Rebus? There is hesitancy there, again, I suspect. But the actor stresses the realities.
"We're doing four more which is a sizeable amount," he says. "You know, I'm not making any decision until later on. I think all of us working on it have the same response. We'll do these four, and we'll see how they go."
Not that it is likely to get any easier for him. At the end of March, Scotland's ban on smoking in public places came into effect. What Rebus will do about it has apparently been all the talk at his favorite watering hole, the Oxford Bar, a real-life establishment which locals delight in telling you is one of the few with "an emergency entrance".
Stott, like Rebus, is a smoker. For the detective, a packet of cigarettes, a box of Scottish Bluebell matches, a 35ml measure of Teacher's whisky, and a pint of Belhaven Best goes with a visit. But, as we are likely to see after Rebus: The Falls and Rebus: Fleshmarket Close, the debate is likely to be extended into the next drama in the series, with the occasionally irascible detective copping it for attempting to light up in the Oxford Bar. Scotland's most famous cop, not at all pleased, could indeed soon be committing a crime instead of solving one.
Rebus: The Falls is on ABC this Friday at 8.30pm.
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Which African country has land borders with Algeria and Libya? | Libya
Libya
Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Al-Jamahiriyah al-'Arabiyah al-Libiyah ash-Sha'biyah al-Ishtirakiyah
COUNTRY OVERVIEW
LOCATION AND SIZE.
Libya is a North African country, which shares a border with the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt and Sudan to the east, Niger, Chad and Sudan to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west. With 1,759,540 square kilometers of area (679,358 square miles), it is slightly larger than the State of Alaska. The length of its land border and its coastline is 4,383 kilometers (2,723 miles), and 1,770 kilometers (1,099 miles), respectively. With the exception of Sabha, located in the south, all its major cities—including the capital city of Tripoli—are along its coastline.
POPULATION.
Libya's population of roughly 5,115,450 (est. July 2000) has seen an annual growth rate of 3.5 percent since 1975, when it was 2,400,000. With a predicated annual growth rate of 2.1 percent, the population will reach 7,600,000 in 2015. In 2000, the birth and death rates were 27.68 births per 1,000 population, and 3.51 deaths per 1,000 population, respectively.
The Arabic-speaking Berbers and Arabs constitute 97 percent of Libya's population. Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, and Tunisians are the significant minority groups.
The Libyan population is relatively young, with 64 percent of the population between the ages of 15 and 64. Only 4 percent of Libyans are over the age of 64. (In contrast, almost 13 percent of the population in the United States is over the age of 64.) In 1998, 86.8 percent of the population was living in urban areas, particularly in Tripoli and Benghazi; this percentage marks a significant growth in urban population since 1975, when it accounted for 60.9 percent of the population. Urban dwellers will constitute roughly 90 percent of the population by 2015.
INDUSTRY
While its share of GDP is only 52.8 percent (est. 1994), industry is by far the most important segment of Libya's economy, since it encompasses the oil industry, which is vital to the country's economic survival.
OIL.
As the main export item, oil dominates Libya's mining industry. Estimated at 29.5 billion barrels in 1998, Libya's oil reserves ensure exports until 2053 at the 1999 export level of 1,137,000 barrels per day (b/d). The Libyan government owns 5 oil refineries in Libya as well as a network of oil refineries in Italy, Switzerland, and Germany in partnership with European oil companies.
Libya's oil production has decreased significantly since the 1970s. In 1975, the Libyans reduced their production from 3.32 million b/d to 1.48 million b/d, for fear of drying up their resources. Managerial problems, OPEC quotas, and sanction-created shortages of spare parts and investments have further lowered production. Sanctions have also resulted in a decrease or stoppage in production of certain oil products (e.g., gasoline), which then had to be imported. American sanctions are still in force, but the 1999 suspension of UN sanctions opened the way for Europe's involvement in Libya's oil industry.
MINING.
With estimated gas reserves of 1.5 trillion cubic meters, Libya is also rich in natural gas, but most of its reserves are undeveloped. The Libyan government has tried to develop them to increase the life of its oil reserves by replacing oil with gas for domestic consumption, and also to increase its gas exports. Development projects include 2 gas pipelines to connect 4 new gas-powered electricity generators to the national grid, and a US$5.5 billion project with Italy for the development of onshore and offshore gas reserves and the construction of an undersea pipeline to export gas to Italy. On average, 20 to 25 percent of annual gas production (6.4 billion cubic meters in 1998) is exported mainly to Italy and Spain.
Iron ore and salt are other major resources that play a role in Libya's economy. The iron ore resources are estimated at 700 million metric tons and are located in southern Libya far from its iron and steel complex. Their development has been delayed due to the absence of financing for building the required rail link. Libya's salt mines—located mainly around Tripoli and Benghazi—produce 30,000 metric tons annually. There is also a limited extraction of construction materials (e.g., limestone, clay, and stone).
MANUFACTURING.
Libya's manufacturing industry is not well-developed. Ambitious projects in heavy industries (e.g., aluminum and fertilizer complexes) have been partially realized at best, as various sanctions have limited funds, denied foreign investments, and severely restricted transfer of technology and sale of required equipment. Manufacturing establishments suffer from a shortage of spare parts and poor maintenance, which lower their production. The current share of this industry of GDP must be well below its 1994 share of about 10 percent.
Besides a few joint ventures (mainly with Italy), most manufacturing establishments are Libyan. They are mostly small- and medium-sized factories producing light and consumer goods (e.g., foodstuffs, wood, paper, textiles, and VCRs). The limited heavy industries include an iron and steel complex, a petrochemical complex, and a pharmaceuticals plant. Libya produces about 3,000 cars a year, and assembles trucks in joint venture with Italy. The manufacturing products are far short of domestic demand, making Libya very dependent on imports.
CONSTRUCTION.
Thanks to extensive hydrocarbon supplies and water projects, construction is a major industry. Two long-term major projects are the construction of the Great Man-Made River to transfer water from Libya's southern water resources to its major urban and farming areas in the north. It has received an average of 10 percent of government annual expenditures since 1984. Another project is a large gas development and pipeline construction with Italy. There have been modernization projects in major cities including Tripoli since the suspension of UN sanctions.
SERVICES
Services form a growing economic sector, which accounted for about 40 percent of GDP in 1994. Given the suspension of the UN air embargo against Libya in 1999, the expected growth in tourism in the first decade of the 21st century should strengthen the role of this sector in the Libyan economy.
FINANCIAL SERVICES.
The Libyan government controls the financial system, including banking, insurance, and investment activities. In 1970, it nationalized all financial institutions, but economic problems forced it to allow the operation of private banks in 1993. With one exception in Misurata, no private bank has been established yet. Nor is there any foreign bank, excluding the Arab Banking Corporation, a Baharini bank partly owned by Libya. The banking system consists of the Central Bank of Libya and 8 major banks: the Agriculture Bank, the Jamahiriya Bank, the National Commercial Bank, the Savings and Real Estate Investment Bank, the Umma Bank, the Wahda bank, the Sahara Bank, and the Libyan Arab Foreign Bank. The last 2 are among the top 1,000 banks of the world. State-run companies provide insurance and business services. The Libyan finance ministry conducts foreign investments through the Libyan Arab Foreign Investment Company, which has invested US$500 million in 45 countries.
TOURISM.
Libya has an underdeveloped tourist industry, although it has the potential to grow. As a Mediterranean country with long warm beaches and historic sites, Libya could attract many Europeans who currently vacation on the inexpensive warm coastlines of Libya's North African neighbors Egypt and Tunisia. The industry, however, lacks an adequate infrastructure such as hotels. Furthermore, the sanction-related fall of tourism has turned many Libyan beaches into garbage dumps. Anticipating an upsurge in the tourist trade in the wake of the lifting of UN sanctions, a tourist center, including a large hotel and entertainment facilities, is being built in Tripoli.
TRANSPORTATION.
The Libyan transportation industry is significant, but has suffered a great deal from sanctions. Its merchant fleet consists of 27 vessels and is oriented towards oil and gas exports. Libya's civilian air fleet, under-utilized from the sanctions, will be expanded by the purchase of 24 Airbuses as part of a government plan announced in 2000.
DEPENDENCIES
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From 1960 to 1966 who was the first President of independent Ghana? | Country Reports on Terrorism 2013 Middle East and North Africa Overview
Country Reports on Terrorism 2013
Report
The Near East region experienced significant levels of terrorist activity in 2013, with instability and weak governance in North Africa, Syria, Iraq, and Yemen continuing to have ramifications for the broader region. Al-Qa’ida and its affiliates exploited opportunities to conduct operations amid this fragile political and security climate.
In Libya, lack of countrywide security coverage contributed to a high threat environment. Libya’s weak security institutions, coupled with ready access to loose weapons and porous borders, provided violent extremists significant opportunities to act and plan operations.
Reflecting its greater regional ambitions, al-Qa’ida in Iraq changed its name in 2013 to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and stepped up its attacks across Syria and Iraq. Iraqi security forces demonstrated some ability to confront this challenge in terms of protecting larger installations and events, and finding and arresting terrorist suspects. ISIL also took advantage of the permissive security environment in Syria. The Syrian government historically had an important role in the growth of terrorist networks in Syria through the permissive attitude the Asad regime took towards al-Qa’ida’s foreign fighter facilitation efforts during the Iraq conflict. Syrian government awareness and encouragement of violent extremists’ transit through Syria to enter Iraq for many years, for the purpose of fighting Coalition Troops, is well documented – Syria was a key hub for foreign fighters en route to Iraq. Those very networks were the seedbed for the violent extremist elements that terrorized the Syrian population in 2013.
Shia militants continued to threaten Iraqi security in 2013, and were alleged to have been responsible for numerous attacks against Mujahadin-e Khalq members that continued to reside at Camp Hurriya near Baghdad. Hizballah provided a wide range of critical support to the Asad regime – including clearing regions of opposition forces, and providing training, advice, and logistical assistance to the Syrian Army – as the regime continued its brutal crackdown against the Syrian people.
Al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) has also taken advantage of the instability in the region, particularly in Libya and Mali. In January, an AQIM offshoot led by Mokhtar Belmokhtar attacked an oil facility near In Amenas, Algeria, resulting in the deaths of 39 foreign hostages including three Americans. Kidnapping for ransom operations continued to yield significant sums for AQIM, and it conducted attacks against members of state security services within the Trans-Sahara region.
In Tunisia, the terrorist group Ansar al-Shari’a in Tunisia (AAS-T) precipitated a government crisis by assassinating, among others, two secular politicians in February and July 2013. Ansar al-Shari’a was designated a Terrorist Organization by the Tunisian government in August.
The Government of Yemen continued its fight against al-Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), although struggling somewhat in this effort due to an ongoing political and security restructuring within the government itself. AQAP continued to exhibit its capability by targeting government installations and security and intelligence officials, but also struck at soft targets, such as hospitals. President Hadi continued to support U.S. counterterrorism objectives in Yemen, and encouraged greater cooperation between U.S. and Yemeni counterterrorism forces.
Despite these persistent threats, governments across the region continued to build and exhibit their counterterrorism capabilities, disrupting the activities of a number of terrorists. Although AQ affiliate presence and activity in the Sahel and parts of the Maghreb remains worrisome, the group's isolation in Algeria and smaller pockets of North Africa grew as partner efforts in Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia increased.
In Egypt, significant political instability presented various security challenges for the government, leading to an increase in violent extremist activity in the Sinai and parts of lower Egypt, including Cairo. Government security forces aggressively targeted violent extremist activity in these areas.
In Gaza, sporadic rocket attacks launched by Hamas and other Gaza-based terrorist groups continued, as well as ongoing and related smuggling activity by these groups along the Gaza-Sinai border region. Israeli officials expressed concerns about the smuggling of long-range rockets from the Sinai Peninsula through tunnels into Gaza, but also recognized the positive impact of increased Egyptian government efforts to fight smuggling through such tunnels in preventing weapons and dual-use materials from reaching Gaza.
In 2013, Iran’s state sponsorship of terrorism worldwide remained undiminished through the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Qods Force (IRGC-QF), its Ministry of Intelligence and Security, and Tehran’s ally Hizballah, which remained a significant threat to the stability of Lebanon and the broader region. The U.S. government continued efforts to counter Iranian and proxy support for terrorist operations via sanctions and other legal tools. The United States also welcomed the EU’s July 2013 designation of Hizballah’s military wing as a terrorist organization.
ALGERIA
Overview: Algeria remained a key U.S. counterterrorism partner. Within Algeria, al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) remained the most active terrorist threat. AQIM attacked Algerian security forces, local government targets, and westerners in the Sahel, operating primarily in the mountainous areas east of Algiers and in the expansive desert regions near Algeria's southern border.
The security situation in neighboring countries, the threat of retaliatory attacks following the international military intervention in Mali, the proliferation of weapons smuggled out of Libya, low-intensity violence in the south central and northeast border zones and along the Algeria-Tunisia border all contributed to the terrorist threat to Algeria.
Once part of AQIM, the al-Mulathamun Battalion (AMB) became a separate organization in late 2012 and its sub-battalion, “Those Who Sign in Blood,” led by Mokhtar Belmokhtar, claimed responsibility for the January 16, 2013 attack against a gas facility near In Amenas, Algeria. In August 2013, the Mali-based Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) and AMB announced that the two organizations merged and adopted the name al-Murabitoun.
Algeria has a long history of fighting terrorism, and continued its aggressive campaign against AQIM. In 2013, Algerian security forces decreased the number of successful terrorist attacks, sustained pressure on the group’s Algeria-based leadership, seized equipment and arms caches, and further isolated AQIM in the north, in the area east of Algiers, and in the southeast. Press sources reported 27 terrorists surrendered under the Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation in 2013, in exchange for amnesty measures.
Algeria’s sustained military, security, and policing efforts undercut AQIM’s capabilities in northern Algeria, largely limiting the group’s operations to more rural areas. However, AQIM’s Sahel-based battalions have increasingly taken advantage of regional instability to expand their areas of control and assert autonomy after long serving as support nodes for Algeria-based AQIM. The Algerian government sees AQIM and its affiliates as posing a threat comparable to violent criminal organizations, and has frequently cited links between AQIM and narco-traffickers in the Sahel.
The Government of Algeria maintains – and advocates that others also maintain – a strict “no concessions” policy with regard to individuals or groups holding its citizens hostage. Algeria played a leadership role in the Global Counterterrorism Forum’s (GCTF’s) efforts to raise awareness among governments to prevent the payment of ransoms to terrorist organizations.
2013 Terrorist Incidents: AQIM continued attacks using improvised explosive devices (IEDs), bombings, false roadblocks, kidnappings, and ambushes in areas east and south of Algiers. The press reported at least 196 terrorist acts in 2013. As in years past, Algeria experienced a spike in terrorist incidents during Ramadan. In 2013, however, the Algerian government observed AQIM’s yearly Ramadan offensive was significantly reduced relative to the past decade.
On January 16, AMB attacked the Tiguentourine gas facility (a joint venture among Algerian, British, and Norwegian companies) near In Amenas, in southeastern Algeria. Over 800 people were taken hostage for four days and the attackers killed 39 foreign hostages, including three U.S. citizens. The group’s leader, Algerian national Mokhtar Belmokhtar, remains a threat and was at-large in the region, at year’s end.
There is a high threat of kidnapping in isolated parts of Algeria. Although much lower profile than the kidnappings of westerners by AQIM in neighboring Mali, kidnappings of Algerian citizens continued to occur within the country’s borders. In October, Foreign Minister Lamamra said the four Algerian diplomats kidnapped in April 2012 from the Algerian consulate in northern Mali are alive and that the government is fully mobilized to ensure the diplomats' release. MUJAO claimed responsibility for the kidnapping.
Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: Algeria amended Article 87 of the Penal Code in 2013 to define terrorist acts in accordance with relevant international terrorism conventions. In 2013, Algeria made efforts to build the capacity of the National Gendarmerie’s National Institute of Forensic Science and Criminology to eventually obtain International Organization for Standardization certification. Algeria also acquired the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) – a milestone in creating a platform for future sharing of DNA data with other Algerian and international partners.
The Government of Algeria has multiple law enforcement, intelligence, and security agencies with delineated responsibilities to address counterterrorism, counter-intelligence, media monitoring, investigations, border security, crisis response, and anti-corruption. These include the National Gendarmerie, the Department of Intelligence and Security (DRS) and the Department of National Security (DGSN). In 2013, the Algerian President reorganized parts of the DRS, removing some judicial police authority to units under the control of the Deputy Defense Minister and Chief of Staff.
The Government of Algeria has demonstrated that it has the will and capability to investigate and to disrupt terrorist and criminal activity. Since 2010, the Algerian government has increased the number of police officers from 166,348 to 200,000, and has worked to professionalize and modernize its police force.
Algerian security forces, primarily the Gendarmerie under the Ministry of National Defense, continued to conduct periodic sweep operations in the Kabylie region southeast of the capital to capture AQIM fighters. Algerian law enforcement has been effective in protecting diplomatic missions and strengthening security assets when necessary.
Algerian security forces made a number of arrests in 2013. As of November, press reported that security forces arrested 545 individuals on terrorist charges, although it is difficult to confirm the accuracy of this number. As of mid-December, 220 terrorists were killed in 2013, according to the President of the Judicial Unit for the Application of the Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation, a consultative body to the Algerian Office of the Presidency.
In 2013, Algerian law-enforcement personnel participated in a variety of U.S. Department of State Antiterrorism Assistance (ATA) program courses that were designed to enhance investigative and screening capacities, strengthen border security, prevent terrorist transit or operations, and build response capacity to critical incidents. The majority of these courses combined students from different ministries in an effort to promote inter-ministerial cooperation and coordination in law enforcement.
In 2013, the U.S. Department of Justice’s International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance Program and the Algerian Gendarmerie Nationale focused on targeted capacity-building consultations and training in forensics, criminal investigation, and border security.
Countering the Financing of Terrorism: Algeria is a member of the Middle East and North Africa Financial Action Task Force (MENAFATF), a Financial Action Task Force (FATF)-style regional body. In July 2013, Algeria was admitted as a member of the Egmont Group, an informal network of financial intelligence units.In October 2013, the FATF called on Algeria to continue working on its action plan and address its remaining deficiencies: adequately criminalizing terrorist financing and establishing and implementing an adequate legal framework for identifying, tracing, and freezing terrorist assets. Despite the FATF action in October, the Algerian government maintained that it had taken measures sufficient to meet international standards. Measures included building on 2012 legislation regarding the prevention of money laundering and terrorist financing, and authorizing judges to freeze or seize funds belonging to terrorist organizations. Algeria has a cash-based economy and a vast informal sector that poses challenges to monitoring and regulating money and value transfer services. For further information on money laundering and financial crimes, see the 2014 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), Volume 2, Money Laundering and Financial Crimes: http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm .
Regional and International Cooperation: Algeria is a founding member of the GCTF and co-chairs the group’s Sahel Working Group (SWG), in which capacity it championed the development of the Algiers Memorandum on Good Practices on Preventing and Denying the Benefits of Kidnapping for Ransom by Terrorists. In September, the Governments of Algeria and Canada announced that they would seek to renew their terms as co-chairs until 2015. Algeria hosted the GCTF-SWG’s second plenary meeting in June. Regional and international experts discussed donor coordination and programming in the Sahel and the evolution of local terrorism-related threats. Also in June, with the active support of the United States and the United Kingdom, the G-8 Summit expressed support for the principles contained in the Algiers Memorandum.
In September 2010, Algeria in collaboration with Mali, Mauritania, and Niger, formed the Comite d’ État-Major Opérationnel Conjoint (CEMOC). Algeria participated in CEMOC meetings in March and November. Algeria is home to the African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism (CAERT) of the AU and CEMOC’s Liaison and Fusion Center for information sharing. The Algerian government supported CAERT’s Seventh Annual Focal Points Meeting in December that examined current and future CAERT Strategic Plans, terrorist threats in Africa, radicalization to violence and violent extremism, and terrorist financing.
Algeria also participates in the 5+5 Defense Initiative, which brings together five European and five North African countries to address security issues in the Western Mediterranean.
The Algerian Prime Minister and his Libyan and Tunisian counterparts met in January 2013 to enhance security along their common borders to reduce the flow of arms and drugs and organized crime. Measures included new joint checkpoints and patrols along the frontiers, which stretch for miles through sparsely-populated desert. In September, Algeria participated in a two-day workshop in Tripoli on enhancing operational land border security cooperation in the Sahel-Saharan region. In November in Rabat, Algeria participated in the second conference on regional border security with counterparts from the Sahel and Maghreb countries.
While Morocco and Algeria both participated in the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership and the GCTF, the level of their bilateral CT cooperation did not improve. Algeria and Morocco’s political disagreement over the Western Sahara remained an impediment to bilateral and regional counterterrorism cooperation in 2013.
Countering Radicalization to Violence and Violent Extremism: Algeria's 2006 Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation offered amnesty to former terrorists who laid down their weapons and disavowed violence. Perpetrators of particularly egregious acts, such as rape and bombings, were excluded from this amnesty. The program was controversial but succeeded in demobilizing a number of former militants.
The Algerian government appoints, trains, and pays the salaries of imams. The penal code outlines strict punishments, including fines and prison sentences, for anyone other than a government-designated imam who preaches in a mosque. The Algerian government monitors mosques for possible security-related offenses and prohibits the use of mosques as public meeting places outside of regular prayer hours. The government has the authority to pre-screen and approve sermons before they are delivered during Friday prayers, but more often it provides preapproved sermon topics prior to Friday prayers. In practice, each province and county employed religious officials to review sermon content. The Ministry of Religious Affairs' educational commission is responsible for establishing policies for hiring teachers at Quranic schools and ensuring that all imams are well qualified and follow governmental guidelines aimed at stemming violent extremism.
BAHRAIN
Overview: Amid a third consecutive year of political and social unrest, Bahrain developed its counterterrorism capacities while taking some steps to better protect human rights in the conduct of its counterterrorist effort. Violent opposition groups’ use of real and hoax improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and increasingly sophisticated weapons and detonators remained a key threat to security services. Bahrain-U.S. counterterrorism cooperation remained strong.
2013 Terrorist Incidents:
On February 15, a policeman died from injuries he sustained from an improvised-projectile launcher fired by rioters.
During April 12-15, three separate bombs detonated, injuring one police officer and damaging both a police vehicle and a girls’ school.
On May 30, a device exploded in Bani Jamra village, injuring several policemen.
On July 6 in Sitra, a homemade bomb exploded, killing one policeman and severely injuring two others.
On July 17, a gas cylinder exploded inside a parked car outside a mosque in Riffa without any injuries.
On August 17, an explosion in the village of Al-Dayr injured five policemen, one of whom later succumbed to his injuries.
In October, two separate explosions injured at least five policemen.
On December 17, a homemade bomb exploded in the town of Dimistan, injuring two police officers. A vehicle-borne gas cylinder exploded on December 23 near a shopping mall in Seef without causing injuries.
Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: Penalties for terrorism-related acts are spelled out in the Antiterrorism Law of 2006 and Articles 155 and 168 of the Penal Code. King Hamad issued royal decree-laws in July amending the 2006 law to increase penalties for some terrorism-related offenses. Separate royal decrees issued in August and September amended the Charity Fundraising Law of 1956 to tighten terrorist finance monitoring and penalties, to increase penalties for parents of juveniles involved in terrorism, and to strengthen the ability of the Minister of State for Communications to monitor and impede the use of social media to facilitate or promote terrorism. The royal decrees were in response to a July 28 special joint session of parliament, which sent 22 recommendations to the King for strengthening laws and state powers to counter terrorism and violent extremism.
The Ministry of the Interior (MOI) is the lead government agency regarding the detection and prevention of acts of terrorism and the arrest of suspects in terrorist-related acts. The Bahrain National Security Agency provides intelligence support. The Bahraini Coast Guard monitors and interdicts the seaborne movement of weapons and terrorists into and out of the country.
The Bahraini authorities stepped up border security in recent years primarily in response to terrorist threats, and in November 2013 announced that they will introduce biometric testing at all ports of entry within the next couple of years. Deterrents to more effective law enforcement and border security are the lack of both interagency coordination and training to develop requisite law enforcement skills.
Bahrain’s ongoing investment in border control and security yielded some major successes in 2013, including:
In February, a MOI explosives team defused a two kilogram bomb placed on the King Fahd Causeway linking Bahrain and Saudi Arabia.
On July 4, police discovered and seized a large weapons cache in the Tubli area of Manama containing rifles, ammunition, silencers, and material used to make explosives.
On July 26, police and firefighters foiled an attempt to detonate a vehicle-borne gas cylinder.
On September 24 in Bani Jamra, a police raid yielded two homemade bombs.
On December 28 and 29, an MOI operation uncovered a large cache of arms and explosive materials and interdicted a boat heading to Bahrain loaded with explosives, including C4 and TNT.
On December 29, police defused an explosive-laden vehicle.
Prosecutions in 2013 included:
In March, Bahraini criminal courts convicted and sentenced more than 30 individuals to 15 years in prison for bombings in April 2012 and January 2013.
In June, a court handed down 10-year sentences for six people involved in a 2012 bomb blast.
On September 30, the government sentenced two men to 15 years in prison for being part of an Iran-backed terrorist cell.
In early October, sentences were handed to more than 25 individuals convicted of planting explosives in November 2012, hiding weapons caches uncovered in June 2012, and for attending terrorist training in Syria, Iraq, and Iran.
On November 3, four men received life sentences and six men were sentenced to 15-year terms from their role in the “Imam Army” terrorist cell police uncovered in February 2013.
On December 29-30, six men were sentenced to five- to 15-year terms for their role in hoax and live IEDs discovered in April and November 2012.
Countering the Financing of Terrorism: Bahrain is a member of the Middle East North Africa Financial Action Task Force (MENAFATF), a Financial Action Task Force-style regional body. The country is an important regional financial hub, which makes it vulnerable to large cash flows through the Gulf region to support various terrorist and violent extremist groups. The United States is not aware of any public prosecutions of terrorist finance cases in 2013, although the Bahraini government did not formally reply to multiple requests for information on prosecutions. For further information on money laundering and financial crimes, see the 2014 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), Volume 2, Money Laundering and Financial Crimes: http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm .
Regional and International Cooperation: Bahrain worked closely and cooperatively with international partners throughout the region. Since formally endorsing the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism in March 2008, Bahrain has proactively worked to expand air, sea, and causeway border control points. On December 30, the Bahraini Cabinet endorsed a Gulf Cooperation Council collective security agreement, which outlines mutual responsibilities to preserve regional security and stability and help combat terrorism and transnational and organized crime through information exchanges and coordination.
Countering Radicalization to Violence and Violent Extremism: The Ministry of Justice and Islamic Affairs (MOJIA) heads Bahrain’s efforts to counter radicalization to violence and violent extremism, in part by organizing regular workshops for clerics and speakers from both the Sunni and Shia sects. The MOJIA also undertakes an annual review of schools’ Islamic Studies curricula to evaluate interpretations of religious texts.
EGYPT
Overview: During 2013, Egypt witnessed an increase in terrorism and violent extremism following the July 3 removal of the elected government. Although the majority of attacks were concentrated in northern Sinai, some significant incidents occurred in the eastern Nile Delta between Cairo and the Suez Canal city of Ismailiya. This violence was primarily directed against Egyptian government security forces and rarely targeted Egyptian civilians, foreigners, or foreign economic interests, although there were several bombings or attempted bombings of public buses in Cairo in late December. The Sinai-based terrorist organization Ansar Bayt al-Maqdis (ABM) claimed responsibility for the majority of the more complex attacks on the security services.
While Egyptian security services struggled in July and August to contain the wave of violent extremist attacks, close coordination between the National Security Sector (NSS), the Egyptian General Intelligence Service (EGIS), and the Egyptian Armed Forces (EAF) ultimately led to a reduction in the number of terrorist attacks in the Sinai. By the end of 2013, the EAF were continuing an aggressive military campaign in northern Sinai in an effort to disrupt the smuggling of arms and explosives between Gaza and Egypt, as well as to kill suspected militants and deny extremist groups a place from which to plan attacks. In an effort to restore internal security and combat violent extremism, the interim Egyptian government focused its 2013 efforts on protecting critical infrastructure and restoring basic security.
The Egyptian government also cracked down on those opposed to the interim government throughout the country. This crackdown targeted the Muslim Brotherhood and non-violent secular political opponents, as well as violent Islamist extremist elements. On December 25, the Government of Egypt designated the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) as a terrorist organization, but did not provide any substantiating evidence that the MB was directly involved in the terrorist attacks that followed President Mohamed Morsy’s removal.
2013 Terrorist Incidents: Egypt witnessed hundreds of terrorist attacks in 2013, the vast majority occurring after the July 3 removal of the elected government, within the north Sinai and the eastern Nile Delta region. The Egyptian military and police forces were the primary targets of these attacks. A majority of the attacks in July through September employed rudimentary tactics, such as drive-by shootings and crude explosives, but since September, an increasing number have used more lethal and sophisticated tactics, including rocket-propelled grenades (RPGs) and suicide vehicular-borne improvised explosive devices (VBIEDs) attacks.
Significant attacks included:
On July 7, unknown assailants attacked the Sinai pipeline that transports natural gas between Egypt and Jordan. This was the first attack on the pipeline since June 2012.
On August 19, unknown gunmen stopped two police buses carrying Central Security Forces (CSF) conscripts to a base in Al-Arish in Northern Sinai and killed at least 24. On August 31, the al-Furqan Brigades launched two RPGs at a merchant vessel transiting the Suez Canal.
On September 5, a suicide VBIED attack attempted to target Egyptian Minister of Interior Muhammad Ibrahim in the Nasr City neighborhood of Cairo, resulting in one dead and over twenty injured. Ibrahim was not hurt. ABM claimed responsibility for the attack.
On September 11, near simultaneous suicide VBIED attacks targeted the Egyptian Directorate of Military Intelligence office in Rafah, wounding 20; and an armored personnel carrier at an Army checkpoint nearby, killing nine.
On October 7, the al-Furqan Brigades launched two RPGs at a NileSat uplink facility’s satellite dish in the Maadi neighborhood of Cairo.
On October 7, ABM launched a suicide VBIED attack against the south Sinai security directorate in al-Tor, killing five security force personnel and wounding 50.
On October 10, a suicide VBIED attack at an Al-Arish checkpoint killed four and injured five security personnel.
On October 19, ABM launched a suicide VBIED attack against an Egyptian Directorate of Military Intelligence building in Ismailia, wounding six.
On November 18, ABM launched a VBIED attack against an Army transport bus east of Al-Arish killing 11 soldiers and wounding 35 others.
On December 24, ABM launched a VBIED attack against the Daqahliya Police Directorate in the eastern Nile Delta city of Mansura, killing 16 and injuring over 130 others.
On December 26, a small, rudimentary IED exploded next to a bus in the Nasr City neighborhood of Cairo, wounding five; a second IED was discovered in the vicinity and dismantled.
On December 29, a VBIED went off near the military intelligence headquarters in Sharqiya injuring four.
Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: Egypt’s most recent State of Emergency (SoE) declaration expired on November 14, 2013, ending implementation of the Emergency Law that had been reinstated since August 14, 2013. On June 2, the Supreme Constitutional Court declared warrantless searches and arrests, even under the Emergency Law, unconstitutional.
Interim government officials insisted that all arrests since July 3, when the 2012 constitution was suspended, were made in accordance with the Penal Code and denied any warrantless arrests, although these were reported by human rights groups. Warrantless searches and arrests did occur under an SoE in early 2013, following a January 27 decision by then-President Morsy to declare a 30-day SoE in Port Said, Suez, and Ismailiya after violent clashes on the anniversary of the January 25, 2011 revolution, left more than 50 people dead in those governorates.
Egyptian law enforcement entities continued to take proactive measures against identified terrorist cells. While Egypt appeared to have limited its counterterrorism exchanges with some foreign partners, it continued to participate – with periodic interruptions due to security concerns and instability – in the Department of State's Antiterrorism Assistance (ATA) program in 2013. ATA training and equipment deliveries for Egypt were shaped to try to meet objectives and needs specific to Egypt amid the country's evolving political landscape, specifically in the areas of leadership and management, border security, and building investigative capacity.
Egypt continued its efforts to improve border security. This included achieving significant control over the illicit border trade, including weapons, through tunnels beneath northeastern Sinai and Gaza. In response to unrest through the year, Egypt reinforced its security and protection measures at airports, ports, and the Suez Canal. While Egyptian border officials maintain a watchlist for suspected violent extremists, it is not shared with the relevant agencies involved in the processing of people and goods. The United States provided some technical assistance at the Rafah border crossing with Gaza; however, the Egyptian Customs Authority lacks a central database to track the movement of cargo and passengers and to establish patterns and trends across all of Egypt. The Egyptian Ministry of Defense continues to coordinate with the U.S. Department of Defense for the procurement of border security items such as ground monitoring sensors and cameras.
To combat weapons and explosives smuggling, the Egyptian government completed installation of nonintrusive inspection equipment at the Ahmed Hamdi tunnel site near Suez; additional sites on the Suez Canal, the Sinai, and in western Egypt were under development. Due to the July change of government, there has been little progress to enhance the capabilities and modernize the Border Guard Forces. The Ministries of Defense, Finance, and Interior, who all contribute to border security, share border-related information minimally.
Countering the Financing of Terrorism: Egypt is a member of the Middle East North Africa Financial Action Task Force, a Financial Action Task Force (FATF)-style regional body. The country has a well-developed financial sector, but a significant amount of funds moves through the informal sector, raising the risks for abuse by terrorist groups. Egyptian authorities have accused its main political opposition, the MB, of funding al-Qa'ida, although they have not provided substantiating evidence. Egypt’s terrorist finance regulations are broadly in line with relevant UNSCRs regarding terrorist financing. Egypt regularly informed its own financial institutions of any individuals or entities that are listed by UNSCRs 1267/1989 and 1988 sanctions committees, and its Code of Criminal Procedures and Penal Code adequately provides for the freezing, seizure, and confiscation of assets related to terrorism.
With regard to implementation of the UNSC 1267/1989 (al-Qa’ida) sanction regime, the Egyptian notification process falls short of FATF standards, particularly with respect to authorities to freeze or seize assets without delay. According to current procedures, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs receives the UN lists and sends such lists to the Egyptian Money Laundering Combating Unit, which then directs concerned agencies to take the required actions. There are no specific procedures related to the un-freezing of assets.
For further information on money laundering and financial crimes, see the 2014 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), Volume 2, Money Laundering and Financial Crimes: http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm .
Regional and International Cooperation: Egypt is a founding member of the Global Counterterrorism Forum and together with the United States, co-chairs its Rule of Law and Justice Working Group. Egypt participated in the Arab League’s Counterterrorism Committee.
Countering Radicalization to Violence and Violent Extremism: The Ministry of Islamic Endowments (Awqaf) is legally responsible for issuing guidance to imams throughout Egypt, including how to avoid extremist language in sermons. Al-Azhar University cooperated with international programs to help train imams who promote tolerance and non-violence, interfaith cooperation, and human rights. The Ministry of Islamic Endowments is also required to license all mosques; however, many operate without licenses. The government has the authority to appoint and monitor the imams who lead prayers in licensed mosques and pays their salaries. In practice, government control over mosques decreased after the 2011 revolution, but strengthened following the removal of former President Mohamed Morsy in July. In September, the ministry issued a decree banning imams who are not graduates of Al-Azhar from preaching in mosques. The decree prohibited holding Friday prayers in mosques smaller than 80 square meters, banned unlicensed mosques from holding Friday congregational prayer services, and required that Friday sermons follow government “talking points” that preach tolerance and non-violence. Local media reported that the ministry did in fact stop some non-Azharite preachers from delivering sermons in mosques later in the year.
IRAQ
Overview: The terrorist organization previously known as al-Qa’ida in Iraq (AQI) changed its name in 2013 to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). ISIL remained an al-Qa’ida (AQ) affiliate in 2013, despite continued disputes between its leaders and AQ senior leadership. The group and its affiliates are herein referred to as al-Qa’ida in Iraq/Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (AQI/ISIL) to account for attacks carried out during the year under both names.
Despite a significant increase in the level of terrorist violence, the Iraqi Security Forces (ISF) made some progress combating AQI/ISIL and other Sunni insurgent groups in 2013. The Iraqi government largely succeeded in securing large religious gatherings at holy sites in Najaf and Karbala and high-profile government events, but terrorist bombings and other attacks continued to occur against provincial level interests, the ISF, and some soft targets. The number of both large-scale terrorist attacks aimed at soft targets, which have become the hallmark tactics of groups like AQI/ISIL, and smaller-scale tactics such as small arms fire and improvised explosive devices (IEDs), reached levels not seen since 2007. There were no significant attacks on U.S. interests and no U.S. fatalities in 2013 from these attacks.
AQI/ISIL significantly increased the lethality, complexity, and frequency of terrorist attacks in Iraq in 2013. According to UN estimates for 2013, more than 7,800 civilians (including civilian police) and over 1,000 ISF personnel were killed in acts of terrorism and violence – an average of 24 deaths per day. Press, host nation reports, and other public sources of information compiled for the time period from January through November estimated the death toll of civilians and ISF due to terrorist and criminal violence at 7,058 (4,817 civilians, 2,241 security personnel). Throughout the year, AQI/ISIL grew increasingly indiscriminate in its attacks and demonstrated increasing capabilities to plan, coordinate, and conduct large-scale attacks effectively. AQI/ISIL carried out numerous high-profile suicide bombings and vehicle-borne explosive device (VBIEDs) attacks on government and civilian targets, aiming to increase tensions among Iraqi sectarian groups and ethnic minorities and undercut public perceptions of the government’s capacity to provide security. In addition to targeting government facilities and the ISF, the group targeted Shia places of worship, large religious processions such as the Shia pilgrimage to Karbala, funerals, schools, minority groups, journalists, critical infrastructure, and public spaces such as parks, cafes, and markets.
While AQI/ISIL continued to rely predominantly on suicide bombings and VBIEDs, it has increasingly relied on gunmen using assault rifles or silenced weapons to carry out targeted assaults on government and security officials, as well as against Sunnis affiliated with the government through the Sahwas (Sunni Awakening Councils), in areas where the group exercised greater control, such as Anbar, Ninawa, and Salah ad Din Provinces. The police and judiciary continued to face threats to their personal safety and that of their families. Terrorists increasingly targeted families of ISF who were operating within their home provinces. Journalists were also increasingly targeted by terrorist groups.
Jaysh Rijal al-Tariqah al-Naqshabandiyah (JRTN), a Sunni nationalist insurgent group with links to the former Baath Party, also continued attacks during 2013, largely targeting the ISF in northern Iraq.
The ISF proved to have some capability in finding, arresting, and charging terrorism suspects. In October, the ISF arrested at least 560 people, mostly under the Antiterrorism Law of 2005, according to media and host government reports. In addition, the ISF found and cleared at least 135 IEDs of various types and found and cleared 32 weapons caches. Among the confiscated items were 48 IEDs, almost 400 mortar and artillery of varying caliber, 42 rockets, 21 rocket-propelled grenade rounds, several kilograms of C-4 explosives, over 30 kilograms of TNT, over 120 hand- and stun-grenades, and two landmines. As of the end of September, Iraq’s Counterterrorism Service (CTS) had made over 700 terrorism-related arrests, based on the service’s own reporting.
In October, the Government of Iraq established the Joint Operations Command (JOC). The JOC was designed to facilitate intelligence coordination among the various national security ministries and agencies. Each ministry or agency had a senior representative at the JOC headquarters. The representatives submitted actionable information to the JOC commander regarding terrorist threats, who in turn ordered the relevant provincial Operations Commands to carry out operations against specified targets.
Iraq-U.S. counterterrorism cooperation remained strong but limited to training, advisory, and information-sharing programs.
2013 Terrorist Incidents: Terrorist groups significantly increased the number of attacks throughout the country in 2013, many of which involved suicide bombs, VBIEDs, and targeted shootings, hallmark tactics of AQI/ISIL. In 2013, an average of 68 suicide and VBIED attacks per month were attributed to AQI/ISIL. Terrorist groups grew more indiscriminate in their attacks and increasingly targeted schools, oil infrastructure, and public spaces such as parks, cafes, and markets. Following is a partial listing highlighting some of the most egregious incidents:
On March 4, the Ministry of Defense issued a statement claiming that terrorists from Syria had entered Iraq and killed 48 unarmed Syrian soldiers. The 48 Syrian soldiers had fled to Iraq following clashes on March 1-2 between Syrian Army and Free Syrian Army forces on the Syrian side of the Rabiah border crossing that connects to Ninewa Province. The ISF were escorting the 48 Syrian soldiers back to Syria when their convoy came under attack in Anbar Province. Nine Iraqi soldiers were also killed in the attack, with many more wounded. The Free Syrian Army denied any involvement in the attack. Iraqi press speculated AQI/ISIL involvement in the attack.
On July 21, AQI/ISIL conducted well-coordinated simultaneous attacks against Taji and Abu Ghraib prisons. At least 10 ISF personnel were killed and more than 500 suspected AQI/ISIL prisoners reportedly escaped.
On July 29, a wave of coordinated VBIED attacks in rapid succession targeted predominantly Shia areas in Southern Iraq, killing more than 50 people and wounding an estimated 190. At least 17 VBIEDs detonated, including at least nine in Baghdad, and six in the southern provinces of Muthanna, Basrah, and Wasit.
On July 31, an IED blast in a café in Diyala Province left 20 people dead and wounded.
On September 21, two VBIEDs were employed in an attack on a Shia funeral in Sadr City. The coordinated attack killed at least 50 and wounded at least 120.
On September 29, AQI/ISIL carried out a complex attack involving VBIEDs and small arms fire against the Asayish (the Kurdistan Regional Government’s internal security force) headquarters in Erbil. The attack killed six security personnel and wounded more than 60 bystanders.
On October 6, in Ninewa Province, two VBIEDs were detonated in the al-Aiyathiya neighborhood. The first VBIED was detonated near an elementary school and the second one targeted an Iraqi Police checkpoint. The attacks killed up to 13 school children and one Iraqi police officer. Another 140 were wounded, mostly students from the school. On October 17, near the end of the Eid al-Adha holiday, a suicide bomber detonated a VBIED in a Shabak minority neighborhood in eastern Mosul, killing 15, including seven children, and wounding more than 50 others.
On December 1, unidentified gunmen killed a Sunni tribal leader in Fallujah, Anbar Province.
On December 3, a VBIED outside the mayor’s office in Tarmiya, Baghdad Province, killed at least 14 and wounded 40 others.
On December 6, gunmen attacked local area mayors in Diyala and Salah ad Din provinces. The attack in Diyala resulted in the mayor’s death, while the official in Salah ad Din sustained injuries.
On December 23, five people were killed in a suicide bombing after armed militants stormed a television complex in the city of Tikrit. The violence unfolded when a car bomb exploded outside Salah ad Din TV and the local offices of al-Iraqiyya State TV. Militants then stormed the offices of Salah ad Din TV and a suicide bomber killed the chief news editor, a copy editor, a producer, a presenter, and the archives manager. Five other employees were wounded. Security forces arrived at the scene, fought the attackers, and regained control of the building.
Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: Iraq’s Antiterrorism Law, Number 13, of 2005, is the primary means of prosecuting terrorism crimes. Iraqi Courts use various provisions of the Penal Code, Number 111, of 1969, to address crimes that do not fall squarely within the Antiterrorism Law. The U.S. government engaged with judicial and law enforcement authorities in numerous activities designed to strengthen criminal justice institutions and promote the rule of law.
Draft legislation for a law that formalizes the CTS as a ministerial-level organization and codifies the Service’s mission and authorities under Iraqi law has been under consideration by the Council of Representatives since 2009. The CTS relies on the Ministry of Defense for its budget.
Violent sectarian strife was one of the greatest deterrents to effective law enforcement and border security. Iraq’s law enforcement capacity as it pertains to proactively detecting, deterring, and preventing acts of terrorism strengthened in 2013 but needs improvement.
Iraq has a number of counterterrorism units that fall under the Ministries of Interior (MOI), Defense, and other agencies. However, there is no mechanism to determine which agency should lead or respond to particular counterterrorism incidents. This leads to a significant lack of coordination and cooperation among the Iraqi entities that lessens Iraq’s effective response to the overwhelming threat from terrorism.
The Iraqi government is working to improve its law enforcement capacity via U.S.-assisted training in various areas of border control, chemical weapons threat mitigation, explosive incident countermeasures, post-blast investigations, vital infrastructure security, protection of national leaders, maritime port and harbor security, crisis response, police leaders’ role in combating terrorism, fraudulent document recognition, and forensic examination of terrorist crime scenes. Other projects sponsored by the United States included financial investigation training to combat money laundering and terrorist financing, as well as capacity building in the Iraqi judiciary, corrections service, and police. In October, a U.S.-funded program helped the Iraqi government open a free legal clinic at its Rusafa court complex in Baghdad. The help desk was a critical link between the Iraqi government and its citizenry, and served as a mechanism for assisting some of Iraq’s more vulnerable segments of society, such as women who suffered from domestic violence and juveniles who were exposed to sexual or other abuse.
Iraq’s MOI and Ministry of Transportation continued to strengthen their border security capabilities, and information-sharing within the Government of Iraq regarding travel documents is improving. For example, Iraq uses the Personal Identification Secure Comparison and Evaluation System (PISCES) System, which registers and screens travelers entering and exiting the country. As of the end of 2013, Iraq’s PISCES system was operational at six international airports, 11 land border locations, and one seaport. This program is run and coordinated by the Iraq National Information Service.
In 2013, the Department of State’s Antiterrorism Assistance (ATA) program worked to improve Iraqi law enforcement capabilities in the areas of investigations, border security, and crisis response. ATA provided courses in border control management, maritime port and harbor security, and identifying fraudulent document recognition.
The deteriorating security situation in Syria has made it increasingly difficult for the ISF to secure Iraq’s 400-mile border with its western neighbor. Since 2012, terrorist groups have gained greater access to weaponry as a result of increased smuggling and ease of movement along Iraq’s border with Syria. In an effort to improve security along the border, the government formed the al-Jazirah and al-Badiyah Operations Command.
During 2013, the Syrian refugee population in Iraq soared from approximately 68,000 on January 1 to 148,000 in mid-May, when the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) closed the unofficial border crossing that most refugees had used to enter Iraq. The KRG authorities reopened the border from August 15 through September 22, during which time as many as 75,000 more Syrian refugees entered the Iraqi Kurdistan Region (IKR). In the wake of the September 29 attack against Asayish headquarters in Erbil, officials in the IKR maintained tight controls on refugee flows and tightened restrictions on Iraqi Arabs attempting to enter the region from other provinces of Iraq. The UN estimated the Syrian refugee population to be at 210,000 in December. However, the total Syrian refugee population in 2013 is estimated to possibly have reached as high as 225,000.
Iraq’s Higher Judicial Council reported an estimated 2,252 terrorism cases in 2013. Of those, 363 resulted in convictions, with the remainder dismissed. The Federal Court of Cassation reviewed 2,225 of the decisions. Arrests in Iraq are often used as a means to corral potential offenders, but the counterterrorism conviction rate does not correlate with the number of arrests.
In 2013, the U.S. Federal Bureau of InvestigationI submitted more than 35 requests for information regarding a variety of counterterrorism investigations to the Ministry of Interior’s (MOI) Federal Intelligence and Investigations Agency (FIIA). FIIA’s responses have been sporadic; nevertheless, FIIA continued to articulate its need for counterterrorism investigative training and its intent to provide more comprehensive responses. A Statement of Intent was drafted and passed to FIIA which would structure and reinforce communication with FIIA, and at year’s end was awaiting approval from the MOI.
Countering the Financing of Terrorism: Since 2005, Iraq has been a member of the Middle East and North Africa Financial Action Task Force (MENAFATF), a Financial Action Task Force (FATF)-style regional body. Late in 2013, Iraq assumed the presidency of MENAFATF for a period of one year. In November 2012, MENAFATF adopted Iraq’s first-ever mutual evaluation to review compliance with international anti-money laundering/combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) standards. The report identified significant risks and Iraq agreed on an action plan to address its vulnerabilities. In September 2013, the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) submitted an interim report to the MENAFATF Secretariat. Iraq also underwent a FATF Targeted Review, negotiating an action plan to address deficiencies in its AML/CFT regime. The international community, including the United States, provided subject matter expertise to assist Iraq.
In June, CBI Acting Governor Abdul Basit Turki replaced the previous director of the Iraqi financial intelligence unit (the Anti-Money Laundering Unit or AMLU). The AMLU is not independent of the CBI and suffers from lack of capacity and human and material resource constraints.
The Iraqi legal framework for AML/CFT is based on the Anti-Money Laundering Law of 2004, the Antiterrorism Law of 2005, and the Penal Code.
Iraq acceded to the Terrorist Financing Convention in November 2012. In March 2013, the Government of Iraq published in its official gazette the Arab Agreement to Combat Money Laundering and Terrorism Finance, which the Government of Iraq previously signed in Cairo in December 2010. There was no formal mechanism in place to implement UNSCR 1267/1989 (al Qa’ida) sanctions and no mechanism at all to implement UNSCR 1373 (2001). Further, neither the CBI nor the AMLU has legal grounds to impose freezing of assets.
Iraq’s implementation of UNSCRs pertaining to CFT depends on the approval of the draft law by the Cabinet and the Parliament. The delay is due to a combination of lack of institutional capacity, political consensus, and a backlog of pressing political and economic reform issues. The Iraqi government had requested technical assistance to finalize the law by September 2015. The nationwide criminalization of terrorist financing in accordance with international standards and the establishment and implementation of appropriate procedures to freeze terrorist assets in line with international standards depend on the passage of the draft law.
The CBI and AMLU lack the institutional capacity to monitor money and value transfer services (MVTS) effectively. The Government of Iraq has imposed few penalties for non-compliance and issued no enforceable regulations regarding internal AML/CFT controls to the MVTS sector. The CBI and AMLU do not require such data collection because there is no provision in Iraqi law that requires the inclusion of the originator’s account number in all segments of wire transfers. It is unclear if banks and other financial institutions are monitoring for compliance regarding the inclusion of full originator and beneficiary information in wire transfers.
Iraq’s suspicious transaction report requirement is inadequate due to the delay and the threshold for reporting. While the Government of Iraq has required non-profit organizations (NPOs) to file suspicious transaction reports, which it has monitored and regulated, there has been no review of the adequacy of existing laws and regulations regarding exploitation or abuse of NPOs by terrorists or terrorist organizations. It is likely that the Government of Iraq lacks the institutional capacity and resources to enforce and prevent NPO exploitation by terrorist organizations.
For further information on money laundering and financial crimes, see the 2014 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), Volume 2, Money Laundering and Financial Crimes: http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2014/index.htm .
Regional and International Cooperation: Iraq continued to engage with its neighbors through the Arab League. Iraqi Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) experts from the Ministry of Defense attended a “Train-the-Trainer” course on “Countering the Threat of Home-made Explosives.” The course was held at the NATO-accredited EOD Centre of Excellence in Slovakia in November 2013. This training was the first activity with Iraq funded under the NATO Science for Peace and Security Program.
Iraq hosted its first International Conference for Counterterrorism on November 27-28. Representatives from the UN Assistance Mission for Iraq, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Japan, and China attended.
Countering Radicalization to Violence and Violent Extremism: Various U.S. entities offered programs to the Government of Iraq during 2013 aimed at helping it counter radicalization to violence and violent extremism. The programs varied from those rooted in economic development to community engagement. The active members of the more than 5,000 alumni of U.S. government exchange programs in Iraq conducted a variety of community development programs targeting marginalized populations in Iraq.
ISRAEL, THE WEST BANK AND GAZA, AND JERUSALEM
Overview: Israel continued to be a committed counterterrorism partner in 2013. Israel again faced terrorist threats from Hamas, the Popular Resistance Committees, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), particularly from Gaza but also from the West Bank; and from Hizballah in Lebanon. According to Israeli government sources, six Israelis were killed as a result of terrorist attacks in 2013. Three individuals were stabbed, two were killed by sniper fire, and one was abducted and murdered.
Gaza-based Palestinian terrorist organizations continued rocket and mortar attacks into Israeli territory, and multiple terrorist attacks were launched along the Gaza security fence. Gaza also remained a base of operations for several Salafist splinter groups. 2013 saw the lowest number of rocket and mortar launchings on Israel from Gaza and the Sinai in more than a decade with 74 launchings compared to 2,557 in 2012. According to Israeli authorities, 36 rocket hits were identified in Israeli territory in 2013 compared to 1,632 in 2012. Of the 74 launchings on southern Israel, 69 were launched from Gaza and five from the Sinai Peninsula. Only 36 of the total launchings were identified as landing in Israeli territory – others either landed in Gaza territory or in the Mediterranean Sea.
The Government of Israel responded to these threats with operations directed at terrorist leaders, infrastructure, training facilities, and rocket launching sites. Arms smuggling from Iran through Egypt into Gaza to Palestinian terrorist organizations significantly decreased. Israeli officials continued to be concerned about the smuggling of weapons from Libya and via Sudan into Gaza.
Israeli experts noted that militants successfully smuggled long-range rockets from the Sinai Peninsula through tunnels into Gaza and subsequently began producing rockets in Gaza. However, these experts recognized the positive impact of increased Egyptian government efforts to fight smuggling through such tunnels in preventing weapons and dual-use materials from reaching Gaza.
Israeli counterterrorism officials said Gaza militants made significant quantitative and qualitative advances in capabilities in the five years since Operation Cast Lead (December 2008-January 2009). The Government of Israel continued to hold Hamas, as the dominant organization in effective control of Gaza, responsible for attacks emanating from Gaza, and Israeli officials pointed to these attacks as proof that Hamas has not abandoned terrorism.
Over the course of the year, the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) discovered several tunnels from Gaza into Israeli territory. These tunnels are believed to have been designed to undertake kidnappings or attacks on Israeli border communities. The most intricate of these tunnels, a reinforced concrete structure over one mile long and up to 59 feet deep, was discovered in October and destroyed by the IDF a few weeks later.
Israeli security officials and politicians remained concerned about the terrorist threat posed to Israel from Hizballah and its Iranian patron, highlighting that Iran, primarily through the efforts of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps-Quds Force (IRGC-QF), continued to transfer arms to Hizballah. Also, Israeli officials were concerned about the proliferation of conventional and non-conventional weapons from Syria to terrorist organizations. According to the Government of Israel, Hizballah has stockpiled some 60-70,000 missiles in Lebanon since the 2006 Lebanon War, some of which are capable of striking anywhere in Israel, including population centers.
The Israel Security Agency (ISA, or “ShinBet”) reported a total of 1,271 of what it defined as terrorist attacks originating in the West Bank against Israeli citizens in 2013. Of these, 858 involved firebombs, but the attacks also included shootings, stabbings, grenade and IED incidents, and rock throwing. The ISA identified an additional 126 attacks in Jerusalem, 122 of which involved firebombs. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and ISA continued to conduct operations in the West Bank, in part to maintain pressure on Palestinian terrorist organizations and their supporters. The improved capacity of Palestinian Authority Security Forces (PASF) also constrained those terrorist organizations' ability to carry out attacks.
In November, Israel and the United States held an interagency counterterrorism dialogue to discuss the broad range of threats in the region and to determine areas of collaboration to address these challenges.
In 2013, Israel engaged with the United States, Canada, the UK, Germany, and France on preventing possible terrorist attacks by foreign fighters (especially those fighting in Syria) once they return home.
2013 Terrorist Incidents: Israel faced a variety of terrorist attacks and threats in 2013, including: rocket and mortar fire from Gaza; a bus bombing; attacks along the Gaza security fence; and limited rocket fire from Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula towards the southernmost city of Eilat, and from southern Lebanon into northern Israel. Rocket and mortar fire emanating from Gaza continued to be the most prevalent form of attack by Palestinian terrorist organizations, albeit at a significantly reduced rate from previous years.
Attacks included the following:
On July 14, two masked gunmen in the Sinai fired across the border at IDF soldiers just west of the town of Nitzana. They then retreated from the border area and continued exchanging fire with Egyptian forces.
In November, there were two politically-motivated stabbing attacks within the Green Line area, which the ISA characterized as terrorism. One Israeli soldier was stabbed to death in Afula (November 13), and a female soldier was slightly injured in Jaffa (November 22).
On December 22, an abandoned bag left on the rear seat of a bus in a south Tel Aviv suburb Bat Yam exploded after a passenger alerted the driver, who parked the bus on the side of the street and evacuated the passengers from the vehicle, according to the Israeli military radio station. One policeman was slightly injured when the medium-sized explosive went off. Initial Israeli investigations indicated that it was an act of terrorism.
During 2013, five rockets were launched from Sinai toward Israel according to data released by the ISA. Remnants of three of the rockets fired were located in areas surrounding Eilat and one rocket was intercepted by the Iron Dome missile defense system. The remaining rocket was not located in Israeli territory and may have landed in neighboring Aqaba, Jordan.
Incidents along the Gaza Security Fence:
In March, the IDF uncovered and defused three explosive devices adjacent to the Gaza security fence.
On May 1, IDF soldiers came under fire near the security fence in the central Gaza; two armored vehicles were damaged.
On June 1, an Israeli soldier was killed when a terrorist attempting to enter Israel from southern Gaza opened fire on IDF soldiers.
On October 23, an IDF officer was injured in an IED attack on the Gaza border. Israeli forces subsequently uncovered additional explosive devices near the security fence.
On October 31, five IDF soldiers were injured by an explosive device, which exploded in an attack tunnel leading from central Gaza into Israel while the soldiers were demolishing the tunnel.
On October 31, five IDF soldiers were injured while demolishing a tunnel leading from central Gaza into Israel. The tunnel contained an explosive device which exploded, injuring the soldiers.
On November 9, explosives in a tunnel on the Gaza border detonated during an operational activity by the IDF.
On November 10, an anti-tank missile was fired at an IDF patrol along the security fence in the northern Gaza, injuring four Israeli soldiers.
Explosive devices were also located near the Gaza border on two separate occasions in January, once in February, and once in September.
Incidents of Rocket Fire from Lebanon:
On August 22, four rockets were fired from southern Lebanon towards communities in northern Israel. One rocket was intercepted by the Iron Dome system, two rockets fell in Israeli territory in open areas without causing damage or injuries, and the remaining rocket did not reach Israeli territory. The IDF reported that global jihadists were responsible for the attack.
On December 29, at least five rockets were fired from southern Lebanon towards Israel. One rocket landed near the community of Kiryat Shmona on Israel’s northern border.
Hizballah-linked incidents:
Since the Bulgaria attacks in July, 2012, there have been no serious overseas incidents targeting Israelis or Israeli interests. However, in Nigeria, a case involving Hizballah planning against Western and Israeli targets underwent local investigation and led to a conviction on criminal charges.
In Azerbaijan, an October arrest of an Iranian, possibly Quds Force, was investigated by local Azerbaijan police before the suspect was released.
Previously reported cases of terrorist attacks or plots targeting Israeli interests and citizens abroad have advanced within legal systems in Bulgaria, Cyprus, India, and Thailand, and in many cases led to convictions and sentencing. See individual country reports for details regarding the investigations and legal proceedings about these cases.
Price Tag Attacks:
“Price tag” attacks (property crimes and violent acts by extremist Jewish individuals and groups in retaliation for activity they deemed to be anti-settlement) expanded into Israel from the West Bank in 2013. The Israeli government formed a new unit of the national police designated specifically to investigate these crimes in both Israel and the West Bank and in June the Security Cabinet authorized the Ministry of Defense to classify groups that perpetrated “price tag” attacks as “illegal associations,” which allowed security authorities greater leeway in collecting information on and seizing the property of groups, and of their members, that perpetrated “price tag” attacks. Incidents included:
In July, gravestones in a Christian Orthodox cemetery in Jaffa were vandalized with the words “revenge” and “price tag.” Price tag graffiti was also found on a residential building near the cemetery.
In August, the Beit Jamal Monastery near Jerusalem was firebombed and spray-painted with the words “death to the Gentiles” and other slogans.
Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: Israel has a robust legal framework to combat terrorism and promote international legal assistance in the investigation and prosecution of terrorists.
On January 2, Israel's Security Cabinet updated its list of foreign terrorist organizations and individuals involved in terrorism in order to better align with the UN Security Council (UNSC) sanctions lists. As part of this update, the Security Cabinet designated eight organizations as Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs), repealed the terrorist designation of 23 other organizations, declared 119 foreign individuals to be terrorists, and canceled the terrorist designation of nine other individuals. The update was issued pursuant to Israel’s Prohibition of Terror Financing Law, 2005, which allows the Israeli Security Cabinet to declare a foreign association to be an FTO on the basis of a relevant determination by a foreign country or by the UNSC. This is the first terrorist designation process that has taken place since this law was amended to authorize the Security Cabinet to designate FTOs and individual terrorists solely on the basis of UNSCRs (prior to this, an Israeli examination of the evidence was also required).
In December, the Minister of Defense approved the designation of 16 Hamas-related entities, 12 individuals, and four institutions, all operating out of Europe on fundraising, radicalization, recruitment, or incitement. Other than compliance with UNSCR 1267/1989 (al-Qa’ida) sanctions regime, this is the first time that Israel designated individuals.
On the law enforcement front, the ISA and Israel National Police (INP) continued to cooperate with U.S. law enforcement agencies on cases involving U.S. citizens killed in terrorist attacks, as well as other counterterrorism initiatives of mutual interest.
The Israeli Ministry of Interior maintains a voluntary biometric passport control system at Tel Aviv’s Ben Gurion International Airport, which is available for Israeli passport holders over the age of 18. The system facilitates both entry into and exit from Israel via an automatic kiosk for Israeli citizens who successfully pass a background check and provide a scan of the back of their hand. In July, Israel began issuing its new biometric passport via a voluntary pilot program and has been rolling out the initiative in stages to select geographic locations. The new passport has been available for residents of Tel Aviv since September 2013. Israel recently completed construction of a border fence along the length of its border with the Sinai Peninsula to stem the flow of illegal immigrants into Israel, but it has been augmented with cameras and sensors to reduce the threat of terrorism as well. Israel does not collect advance passenger name records on commercial flights.
Iranian and Belgian dual-national Ali Mansouri, 55, was arrested September 11 in Tel Aviv’s Ben Gurion Airport as he attempted to leave the country. The state prosecution charged him with espionage and aiding an enemy in war. According to the indictment, Mansouri had been recruited by Iranian intelligence services, visited Israel three times, and passed along to Iran information about starting a company in Israel, about security procedures at Ben Gurion International Airport such as security checks and the kinds of questions asked, as well as photographs of the airport, the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv, and a classified security installation.
On January 2, the military advocate general’s office filed an indictment with the West Bank Military Court against Ahmed Salah Ahmed Musa for his role as the alleged mastermind of the November 21, 2012 bombing of a bus in central Tel Aviv. The bomb exploded in a city bus on Shaul Hamelech Street in central Tel Aviv, near the headquarters of the Ministry of Defense, wounding 26 Israeli civilians. On October 22, 2013, Muhammad Asi, suspected as one of the planners of the bus bombing, was killed in an exchange of fire with Israeli security forces near the West Bank village of Bil’in when they attempted to capture him. On December 2, 2013, 19 year old Israeli Arab Muhammad Abed Al Jfar Nasser Mafarja pleaded guilty to planting the bomb on the bus and was convicted of attempted murder, attempting to assist the enemy, and assault. His sentencing is set for February 17, 2014. According to the ISA, the cell planned additional attacks against soldiers in various locations, including drive-by shootings.
Countering the Financing of Terrorism: Israel is a member of the Council of Europe's Select Committee of Experts on the Evaluation of Anti-Money Laundering Measures (Moneyval), a Financial Action Task Force-style regional body. While the Ministry of Foreign Affairs says that Israel received high marks on its fourth round Moneyval evaluation in 2013, at year’s end that report was not available on the website for public consultations.
The Israeli financial intelligence unit, known as the Israeli Money Laundering and Terror Finance Prohibition Authority, is a member of the Egmont Group. Israel's counterterrorist finance regime continued to be enhanced through enforcement operations and the inclusion of new groups under national terrorist finance laws. The well-regulated Israeli banking industry worked to address suspected terrorist activity. Financing of Hamas through charitable organizations remained a concern for Israeli authorities, as did the funding of Hizballah through charities and criminal organizations.
For further information on money laundering and financial crimes, see the 2014 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), Volume 2, Money Laundering and Financial Crimes: http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm .
Regional and International Cooperation: Israel continued its counterterrorism cooperation with a range of regional and international institutions, including the UN, the OAS, and the OSCE. In 2013, Israel conducted strategic dialogues that included counterterrorism discussions with the United States, Canada, Russia, the UK, Germany, India, and Singapore. Israel also engaged on counterterrorism with the EU, France, Greece, Cyprus, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Nigeria, Kenya, Japan, Thailand, South Korea and Australia, and hosted a delegation of prosecutors from Kazakhstan. After changes to the Global Counterterrorism Forum’s (GCTF) procedures for non-member states’ participation, Israel took part in GCTF activities. Israel continued to cooperate with the OAS Inter-American Committee against Terrorism (CICTE) to assist Latin American states in counterterrorism efforts. Israel also deepened its cooperation with the UN Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force (CTITF). As a full member of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia (CICA), Israel presented a proposal for hosting a seminar on legal aspects of counterterrorism. Israel also engaged with the EU on transportation and aviation security efforts and sought to deepen its counterterrorism cooperation with NATO.
The West Bank and Gaza
The Palestinian Authority (PA) continued its counterterrorism efforts in the West Bank. Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) remained present in the West Bank, although the improved capacity of PA Security Forces (PASF) significantly constrained those organizations' ability to carry out attacks. The PA exercised varying degrees of authority over the West Bank due to the IDF continuing presence in certain areas per Oslo-era agreements. The IDF and Israeli security service (ISA or “Shin Bet”) continued arresting members of terrorist organizations operating in the West Bank, including some who were reportedly planning to kidnap Israeli soldiers and civilians.
Gaza continued to be administered by Hamas. Hamas, PIJ, and other Gaza-based terrorist and militant groups launched attacks against Israel from Gaza. Hamas continued to consolidate its control over Gaza, eliminating or marginalizing potential rivals. Hamas and other armed groups in Gaza continued to smuggle weapons, cash, and other contraband into Gaza through an extensive network of tunnels from Egypt, although the Egyptian government severely curtailed smuggling from the Sinai in the second half of the year. Gaza remained a base of operations for several Salafist splinter groups, such as the Mujahideen Shura Council; and clan-based terrorist groups that engaged in or facilitated terrorist attacks.
Palestinian militants initiated attacks against Israelis inside the West Bank and Israel. In April, for the first time in the previous 18 months, an Israeli was killed in the West Bank when a Palestinian stabbed settler Evyatar Borovsky at Tapuach Junction, south of Nablus. Also in September, an Israeli soldier in Hebron City died from a bullet wound; the identity and nationality of the perpetrator are unknown. Additional incidents in the West Bank and Gaza included:
In January, a Palestinian from Ramallah stabbed a 17-year-old Israeli at a hitchhiking post near Tapuach Junction (an Israeli settlement in the West Bank), who sustained light to moderate wounds.
In April, Israeli settlers, suspected to be from Yitzhar settlement, vandalized and attempted to set fire to a mosque and staged multiple attacks against civilians in the Palestinian village of Urif in response to the killing of Israeli settlers at Tapuach Junction.
In April, an Arab Jerusalemite was stabbed and critically injured in the Me’a Shearim section of West Jerusalem shortly after the murder of a settler at Tapuach junction.
In October, a Palestinian crashed a tractor through the perimeter fence of an Israeli military base in the village of al-Ram; the IDF shot and killed him.
In October, per press reports, PA security forces in Hebron disrupted a cell attempting to construct a drone aimed at launching attacks on Israel.
In November, Israeli security personnel killed three Salafist Jihadist militants leading a cell in the West Bank who reportedly took “inspiration” from al-Qa’ida, but were not affiliated with the group. According to press reports, PA security officials also detained a number of other suspects in the ring.
Shin Bet reported a total of 918 of what it defined as terrorist attacks originating in the West Bank against Israeli citizens from January through November. Of these, 760 involved firebombs, but the attacks also included shootings, stabbings, grenade and improvised explosive device incidents, and rock throwing. Shin Bet further identified an additional 360 attacks in Jerusalem, 312 of which involved firebombs.
In December, a Palestinian stabbed an Israeli policeman stationed at a traffic circle outside Ramallah.
Attacks by extremist Israeli settlers against Palestinian residents, property, and places of worship in the West Bank continued and were largely unprosecuted according to UN and NGO sources. The UN Office of the Coordinator for Humanitarian Affairs reported 399 attacks by extremist Israeli settlers that resulted in Palestinian injuries or property damage. Violent extremists, including Israeli settlers, vandalized five mosques and three churches in Jerusalem and the West Bank, according to data compiled by the UN.
The United States continued to assist the PA's counterterrorism efforts through programs that continued to strengthen the capacity of the PASF, primarily through training, equipping, and the provision of infrastructure to PA personnel in the West Bank. U.S.-funded training of PASF primarily took place at the Jordan International Police Training Center, and the PASF’s Central Training Institute in Jericho. Concurrently, the United States continued to assist the larger PA criminal justice system to conduct more thorough investigations and prosecutions of terrorist related activity, and to ensure safe incarceration of those being held for trial or convicted of such crimes.
Israeli authorities, among others, have noted continuing improvements in the capacity and performance of PASF as a leading contributor to the improved security environment in the West Bank, and a dramatic reduction in terrorist incidents in and emanating from the West Bank over the past seven years. For example, in early October, PASF personnel conducted a large-scale crackdown in the restive Jenin refugee camp aimed at arresting PIJ members and criminal elements, including rogue members of the ruling Fatah party.
PA President Mahmoud Abbas consistently reiterated his commitment to nonviolence and recognition of the State of Israel. He continued to support a security program involving disarmament of fugitive militants, arresting members of terrorist organizations, and gradually dismantling armed groups in the West Bank. President Abbas’s Fatah party also continued efforts to end the division resulting from Hamas’s control of the Gaza. In February, Hamas permitted the Central Elections Commission to register voters in Gaza for national elections, a precursor for reconciliation. In May, Fatah and Hamas agreed on a timeline to form an interim Palestinian government and hold elections, but implementation stalled because of disagreements between the factions, and there have been no formal talks since then.
Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: The PA continues to lack legislation that is specifically tailored to counterterrorism, although existing Palestinian laws criminalize actions that constitute terrorist acts. Presidential Decree No. 3 of 1998, titled “Enhancement of National Unity and Prohibition of Incitement,” prohibits incitement to violence, illegal associations, and acts against Palestine Liberation Organization agreements with other states (an indirect reference to the Oslo Accords with Israel). PA officials frequently enforce Presidential Decree No. 17 of 2007, which criminalizes armed militias and any assistance to such militias, as well as carrying unlicensed weapons and explosives. Presidential Decision No. 257 of 2007 bans “all Hamas militias” and states that any affiliation therewith will be punished in accordance with the laws and regulations in effect. The PA’s parliament, the Palestinian Legislative Council, has not met since 2007 due to the Hamas-Fatah rift, and is unable to pass new legislation.
The PA continued to detain terrorists in the West Bank, and PA authorities tried some detainees in civilian and military courts. Despite on-again, off-again factional reconciliation talks between Hamas and Fatah, PASF personnel continued to detain Hamas elements, operations often protested by Hamas officials. The PA continued to develop its civilian justice institutions (e.g., judiciary, police, prosecutors) to improve both investigative and prosecutorial functions. In partnership with international donors, the PA has made efforts to reduce case backlogs, improve warrant executions, and forensic services.
After 2007, many terrorism and security-related cases were processed through the Palestinian military (security) court system. Following numerous objections by civil society groups, the PA decided in 2011 to prosecute all cases involving civilian suspects in the civilian court system. In 2013, a committee formed by the PA drafted legislation to govern the military court system which, in part, confirms that its jurisdiction is limited to members of the security services. The draft legislation was completed in December 2013 and was awaiting submission to the Council of Ministers for consideration.
The key PA institution by mandate and law that works to prevent internal terrorist events and investigates security-related criminal conduct is the Preventive Security Organization (PSO). The PSO conducts investigations in coordination with public prosecutors, but this cooperation could be improved, especially the PSO’s ability to conduct criminal investigations and gather evidence usable in civil court. PA law enforcement units display mediocre command and control. PA security forces have a mixed although steadily improving record of accountability and respect for human rights. International donors, primarily the United States and the EU, continued to provide assistance to the PA to improve its capacity in this field. Since the PA committed to moving the prosecution of all civilian cases, including those involving terrorism and security-offenses, to the exclusive jurisdiction of the civilian courts, increased efforts are needed to: enhance cooperation between security service investigators and civilian prosecutors and improve the ability of the security forces to conduct investigations that produce evidence for use in civilian prosecutions; and strengthen the ability of selected civilian judges and prosecutors to deal with security-related cases.
Per the Oslo-era Accords, Israel controls border security in the West Bank.
The primary limitation on PA counterterrorism efforts in Gaza remained Hamas’ control of the area and the resulting inability of PASF to operate there. Limitations on PA counterterrorism efforts in the West Bank included restrictions on the movement and activities of PASF in and through areas of the West Bank for which the Israeli government retained responsibility for security under the terms of Oslo-era agreements.
The PA continued to lack modern forensic capability. The Canadian International Development Agency, through the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, announced a multi-year project to initiate forensic criminal capacity within Palestinian law enforcement and project activity commenced in late 2012. The project progressed slowly in 2013 in the areas of training, facilities development and the initiation of the equipment procurement process. Eight physicians were sent to Jordan for a four-year course of forensic training.
PA justice and security leaders continued to participate in regional conferences and meetings to combat terrorism. PASF personnel attended a variety of international training courses related to counterterrorism at training facilities in Jordan, Europe, and the United States.
Countering the Financing of Terrorism: The PA is an observer to the Middle East and North Africa Financial Action Task Force (MENAFATF), but in 2013 the Palestinian Monetary Authority postponed the submission of its membership application to that body. The PA continued to increase its capacity to combat illicit finance in 2013. The Palestinian financial intelligence unit, known as the Financial Follow up Unit (FFU), added staff and continued building its technical capacity, while conducting outreach to other parts of the PA. Presidential Decree No. 9 of 2007 and subsequent regulations issued in accordance with the law in 2009 established a regime for the prevention, investigation, and prosecution of money laundering. The banking sector in Gaza continued to repel Hamas attempts to influence and tax the sector. The PA Interior and Awqaf and Religious Affairs Ministries monitored the charitable sector for signs of abuse by terrorist organizations.
Countering Radicalization to Violence and Violent Extremism: The PA has taken significant steps to ensure that official institutions in the West Bank that fall under its control do not create content that leads to incitement to violence. According to the PA’s Palestinian Broadcasting Company’s code of conduct, no programming is allowed that encourages “violence against any person or institution on the basis of race, religion, political beliefs, or sex.” The PA maintains control over the content of Friday sermons delivered in over 1800 West Bank mosques to ensure that they do not endorse incitement to violence. Weekly, the PA Minister of Awqaf and Religious Affairs distributes approved themes; the guidance is that no sermon can discuss politics or lead to incitement to violence. The PA’s ability to enforce these guidelines varies depending upon its location and it has limited authority to control the context of sermons in Israeli-controlled Area C. As part of a policy codified in 2003, the PA provided significant financial packages to Palestinian security prisoners released from Israeli prisons in 2013 in an effort to reintegrate them into society.
JORDAN
Overview: In 2013, Jordan remained a strong ally in combating terrorism and violent extremist ideology. Jordan’s geographic location renders it susceptible to a variety of regional threats, while also making it a natural regional leader in confronting them. During 2013, the radicalization of segments within the Syrian opposition further entrenched terrorism as a top concern for Jordanian security services. Jordan continued to provide diplomatic and political support to the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, in addition to its support for a political resolution to the Syrian conflict. Jordan also continued to assist Palestinian Authority law enforcement institutions through training at the Jordan International Police Training Center, where both advanced-level and refresher courses were offered to Palestinian security services, in addition to basic-level courses.
Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: The State Security Court (SSC) is the primary legal apparatus for prosecuting terrorist suspects, although its role continued to be an issue of parliamentary and public debate during 2013. The SSC oversees the prosecution of civilians charged with crimes considered to touch on national security. Civil society organizations have criticized the SSC’s jurisdiction as too broad and its procedures as opaque.
In December, the Parliament amended the SSC Law to conform to 2011 Constitutional Amendments. The amendment would restrict the SSC’s jurisdiction to try civilians for crimes pertaining only to terrorism, treason, espionage, drugs, and counterfeiting. However, Article 149 of the penal code defines the term “terrorism” in part as “undermining the political system.” This language infers that the SSC can prosecute cases of political expression or other acts typically considered outside the realm of terrorism. The bill was still being debated at year’s end.
Jordan has advanced capabilities to proactively detect, deter, and prevent acts of terrorism within its territory. Comprehensive training programs, detailed planning, and recurring surveys of key facilities have enabled Jordan to engineer a coordinated national response to crises. The General Intelligence Directorate (GID) has legislative authority to investigate acts of terrorism. The Public Security Directorate (PSD) has authority over non-terrorism-related crimes, but frequently supports GID counterterrorism activities through the PSD Special Branch, the intelligence branch of PSD. The GID also occasionally coordinates with the Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF) and its intelligence branch, particularly on cases involving border security, which the JAF oversees. The division of authority is clear, and the different agencies communicate and coordinate effectively during emergencies. Prosecutors typically are not consulted until the back end of investigations, when terrorism cases are referred to the SSC.
Jordan remained committed to securing its borders and denying safe haven to terrorists. Jordan continued to develop its border security infrastructure, largely through the Jordan Border Security Program (JBSP), which began in 2009. JBSP consists of a sophisticated package of sensors to help improve situational awareness along the border and prevent infiltrations into Jordan or unauthorized departures. Phase 1B neared completion at the end of 2013.
During 2013, Jordanian authorities took legal action against individuals deemed to be terrorists under local law. The following legal procedures took place in 2013:
In September, the SSC sentenced five Jordanians to five years in prison for attempting to join al-Nusrah Front. Jordanian border guards originally arrested the men in February 2012 when they were trying to cross the Syrian border carrying AK-47 assault rifles.
In November, the longtime terrorist Raed Hijazi was detained by Jordanian authorities. Hijazi, a U.S.-Jordanian national, was jailed from 2001 to 2011 for his role in al-Qa’ida’s planned Millennium attacks in Jordan. Authorities did not make public the reasons for Hijazi’s most recent detention.
In November, authorities charged 15 university students from Al-Balqa University with carrying out “terrorist acts” following a tribal fight on campus that resulted in five injuries. The students were subsequently released, although it is unclear whether the charges were dropped or changed.
In December, the public trial began of Abu Qatada, a radical Muslim cleric who was deported from the UK in July 2013. The SSC previously convicted Qatada in absentia for his involvement in conspiring to carry out acts of terrorism in 1998 and another foiled attempt in 2000 against Western and Israeli targets during Millennium celebrations.
Throughout the year, the State Security Court moved swiftly to detain, and in some cases, charge individuals who illegally entered Syria with the intention of joining the armed opposition. Individuals illegally entering Syria were charged with either the misdemeanor of illegal border entry or a major felony of illegal border crossing with the intent to destabilize regional security.
On October 1, the Government of Jordan signed a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty with the United States.
Jordan is a key participant in the State Department’s Antiterrorism Assistance (ATA) program. Close to 1,000 Jordanians participated in the ATA program in 2013; key areas of focus included strengthening law enforcement investigative capacity and border security capacity, and institutionalizing counterterrorism law enforcement capacities in Jordan’s own training programs.
Countering the Financing of Terrorism: Jordan is a member of the Middle East and North Africa Financial Action Task Force, a Financial Action Task Force-style regional body; its financial intelligence unit has been a part of the Egmont Group since 2012. The country’s anti-money laundering/counterterrorist finance framework has been significantly strengthened in the last several years. While Jordan’s Anti-Money Laundering Law does not oblige non-profit organizations to file suspicious transaction reports, the country has reportedly monitored charitable contributions to ensure they are not being diverted to fund terrorists. For further information on money laundering and financial crimes, see the 2014 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), Volume 2, Money Laundering and Financial Crimes: http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm .
Regional and International Cooperation: Jordan is a founding member of the Global Counterterrorism Forum, and is also a member of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and the Arab League.
Countering Radicalization to Violence and Violent Extremism: Jordan has sought to confront and weaken the violent ideology that underpins al-Qa’ida and other violent extremist organizations. Jordanian prisons have a religiously based de-radicalization program that seeks to re-engage violent extremist inmates into the peaceful mainstream of their faith. Based upon the individual needs of the inmate, this program can include basic literacy classes, employment counseling, and theological instruction.
The Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Thought, under the patronage of Prince Ghazi bin Mohammad, promotes religious tolerance and coexistence. Building upon the foundations of the 2005 Amman Message, this institute continued its sponsorship of a series of ecumenical events promoting interfaith dialogue. Jordanian officials, including King Abdullah II, strongly condemned extremist violence and the ideology that promotes it.
Jordan hosted events geared toward rejecting terrorism and sectarianism. In November, Islamist leaders, researchers, academics, and politicians participated in a two-day event titled “Political Islam Movements” which stressed the need to create a democratic atmosphere to achieve political reforms, justice, and development in the Arab world. Prince Ghazi also convened two conferences in Jordan this year highlighting challenges facing Arab Christians and the importance of religious tolerance.
KUWAIT
Overview: Kuwait is an important non-NATO ally located in the critical Gulf region and a valued partner in promoting policies that strengthen regional security and stability. While Kuwait passed comprehensive anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) legislation in 2013, there were also increased reports of Kuwait-based private individuals funneling charitable donations and other funds to violent extremist groups outside the country, particularly to Syria.
Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: Prior to the May 26, 2013, passage of Kuwait Law 106/2013, the Government of Kuwait lacked a clear legal framework for prosecuting terrorism-related crimes, often having to resort to other legal statutes to try suspected terrorists, which hampered enforcement efforts. The 2013 law includes a definition of terrorism, which may provide better legal grounds for prosecuting all terrorism-related crimes.
Some specialized law enforcement units have the capacity for investigations and crisis response, but multiple agencies have jurisdiction, and inadequate legislation made prosecution of terrorism-related offenses a challenge.
Following the 2012 application of a biometric fingerprinting system to include all land and sea entry points, the government began the third phase of an integrated border security system that will link to law enforcement databases.
On May 6, Kuwait’s Court of Cassation upheld the life sentences given to four defendants (two Iranians, a Kuwaiti, and a stateless man) convicted of belonging to an Iranian espionage cell. The cell’s seven members (four Iranians, a Kuwaiti, a Syrian, and a stateless man) were apprehended in May 2010 on charges of espionage, terrorist plotting, and vandalism. The rulings of the Court of Cassation are final.
Countering the Financing of Terrorism: Kuwait is a member of the Middle East North Africa Financial Action Task Force, a Financial Action Task Force (FATF)-style regional body. Kuwait Law 106/2013 was drafted in consultation with the International Monetary Fund to address the FATF recommendations. Law 106/2013 provides new mandates and powers to the government including the criminalization of the financing of terrorism, the requirement to report suspected terrorist financing, and the ability to freeze terrorist assets without delay. In October, FATF noted that Kuwait had made progress but called for the country to continue its effort to establish and implement adequate procedures to identify and freeze terrorist assets, ensure its financial intelligence unit (FIU) is effective, and ensure that institutions file suspicious transaction reports to the FIU. At year’s end, Kuwait was still operationalizing its FIU; the first chairman of the FIU was named in December. In preparation, Kuwaiti financial and designated non-financial institutions were reportedly upgrading their systems and processes and preparing to train their personnel to implement the new law.
The law also includes an article that calls for the implementation of UNSCRs 1267/1989 and 1373 (2001) and their successor resolutions with respect to freezing terrorist assets, although this has not yet been implemented.
In 2013, however, there were increased reports of Kuwait-based private individuals funneling charitable donations and other funds to violent extremist groups outside the country, particularly to Syria. The Ministry of Social Affairs and Labor is responsible for monitoring and supervising government-authorized charities, including enforcing the ban on cash donations except during Ramadan; implementing an enhanced receipt system for Ramadan cash donations; and coordinating closely with the Ministry of Islamic Affairs to monitor and prosecute fraudulent charitable operators.
For further information on money laundering and financial crimes, see the 2014 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), Volume 2, Money Laundering and Financial Crimes: http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm .
Regional and International Cooperation: As in previous years, the Kuwaiti Armed Forces, National Guard, and Ministry of Interior conducted a number of exercises aimed at responding to terrorist attacks, including joint exercises with regional and international partners.
Kuwait also cooperated regionally and internationally on counterterrorism issues. Kuwait is a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and holds the rotating GCC presidency for 2014. Kuwaiti officials issued statements encouraging enhanced cooperation among GCC and Arab League states on counterterrorism issues, including following the U.S.-GCC Strategic Cooperation Forum in New York in September 2013.
Throughout the year, Kuwaiti security professionals regularly participated in joint training programs around the world. In addition to Kuwait’s bilateral cooperation with the United States, Kuwaiti officials also worked with other international counterparts to conduct missions and exchange information.
LEBANON
Overview: Lebanon’s security situation deteriorated in 2013 as a result of the spillover from the violence in Syria, the involvement of Lebanese fighters in the conflict (including Hizballah, which openly backed the Asad regime, as well as Sunni individuals and groups supporting various opposition forces), and continuing internal political deadlock that prevented formation of a new Lebanese government that is fully empowered to respond to these challenges. Prime Minister Najib Mikati resigned on March 22 amidst political disagreements over the leadership of the Internal Security Forces (ISF) and timing of parliamentary elections. The Lebanese caretaker government is headed by a centrist caretaker Prime Minister, but the cabinet remains dominated by the Hizballah and pro-Syrian regime-aligned March 8 coalition. PM Mikati and his cabinet remained in caretaker status following the resignation while Prime Minister-Designate Tammam Salam tried to form a new government. Although the Lebanese Parliament extended its term for 17 months in May, Parliament did not reconvene for the remainder of the year due to a boycott by various political parties. Although various branches of the Lebanese state, including the Central Bank, ISF and Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF), continued to cooperate with international partners in combating terrorism, the political stalemate in Beirut has hindered progress on many fronts such as rigorous prosecution of long-standing and new terrorism-related cases.
The challenges emanating from the Syrian spillover include issues dealing with border security, internal stability, and terrorism. Lebanese towns and villages near the border with Syria regularly experienced shelling from Syria – both by the Syrian regime and Syrian opposition forces – because of regime allegations that opposition fighters use Sunni-dominated areas as safe havens and opposition allegations that Hizballah uses Shia-dominated areas to enter Syria or launch attacks. Lebanon, a country of approximately four million, now hosts nearly a million refugees from Syria. Lebanese authorities are challenged not only by the significant burden the refugees place on its financial and natural resources, but also by concerns over potential terrorists hiding within the refugee population who may perpetrate violent acts in both Lebanon and Syria.
Although Hizballah, with considerable support from Iran and Lebanon’s Shia population, remains the most capable and prominent terrorist group in Lebanon, radical Sunni groups based in Syria but operating in Lebanon constitute a visible and growing terrorist threat. Al-Nusrah Front announced in December its presence in Lebanon and al-Qa’ida in Iraq/Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant has threatened to enter Lebanon because of Hizballah’s involvement in the Syrian conflict. At the same time, other groups, including Hamas, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine General Command (PFLP-GC), Asbat al-Ansar, Fatah al-Islam, Fatah al-Intifada, Jund al-Sham, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Abdullah Azzam Brigades, and several other splinter groups, continued to operate within Lebanon's borders, although primarily out of Lebanon’s 12 Palestinian refugee camps. The LAF did not maintain a daily presence in the camps, but it conducted operations and patrols near the camps and across Lebanon to counter terrorist threats, including attempts to launch rockets against Israel from south Lebanon. In November, the UN Interim Forces in Lebanon (UNIFIL) reported that there has been no progress in efforts to dismantle military bases maintained by the PFLP-GC and Fatah al-Intifada, which are primarily located along the Lebanese-Syrian border.
Despite Lebanon’s official disassociation policy regarding the Syrian conflict, Hizballah dramatically increased its military role in support of the Syrian regime in 2013, including openly participating in major armed offensives against Syrian opposition forces, which exacerbated the already tenuous security situation inside Lebanon. Various radical Sunni groups and individuals from Lebanon actively participated in the Syrian conflict as well. Hizballah and its Sunni extremist rivals had largely kept their fighting limited to Syria, but Lebanon was increasingly affected by spillover violence originating from Syria.
2013 Terrorist Incidents: Attacks conducted in Lebanon included:
On January 18, a convoy carrying the Lebanese Minister for Youth and Sports, Faisal Karame, was attacked in Tripoli, wounding five. Tripoli continued to suffer from armed clashes between the pro-Syrian Alawite community of Jabal Mohsen and various Sunni groups in Bab al-Tabanneh throughout 2013. In March at least six people were killed during such clashes, and a weeklong round of violence commenced on May 19, killing at least 36 and injuring over 200.
On May 26, following a speech by Hizballah Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah announcing Hizballah’s military role in support of the Syrian regime, the Shia-dominated areas of south Beirut were hit by rockets.
On May 28, in the northern Bekaa Valley town of Arsal, unknown assailants killed three soldiers at a LAF checkpoint. On June 23, followers of Sunni extremist preacher Sheikh Ahmed al-Asir killed two soldiers at a checkpoint in the southern city of Sidon. The LAF responded to the Sidon attacks by conducting a military operation against al-Asir and his followers, during which at least 17 soldiers and over 20 armed al-Asir supporters died. Al-Asir escaped and was hiding in an undisclosed location at year’s end.
On July 9, a car bomb exploded in Bir al-Abed, a predominantly Shia neighborhood in the southern suburbs of Beirut, wounding at least 53. On August 1, two rockets also landed near the Presidential Palace.
On August 9, two Turkish Airlines pilots were kidnapped near Beirut International Airport, reportedly by relatives of Lebanese Shia who were held for several months by groups in Syria allied with the Syrian opposition. The Lebanese citizens and Turkish pilots were released on October 19.
On August 15, a car bomb targeted Rouweiss, another Shia neighborhood in the southern suburbs of Beirut, killing at least 24 and wounding over 200.
On August 22, two car bombs hit two different Sunni mosques in Tripoli, killing over 40 and wounding several hundred.
Also on August 22, four rockets were fired towards Israel from the outskirts of the southern Lebanese city of Tyre, at least three of which landed inside Israeli territory. Although the Abdullah Azzam Brigades later claimed responsibility for these rockets, Israel responded on August 23 by striking sites reportedly belonging to PFLP-GC near the city of Sidon.
On November 19, two suicide bombers from the southern city of Sidon attacked the Iranian Embassy, located in the Shia neighborhood of Bir Hassan in the southern suburbs of Beirut. Abdallah Azzam Brigades took responsibility for this attack that killed at least 25, including an Iranian diplomat and four guards, and wounded several dozen.
On December 25, a car bomb exploded in the Ein al-Hilweh Palestinian refugee camp. The blast reportedly targeted a supporter of Sheikh Ahmed al-Asir, but it resulted only in material damage to the car and surrounding area.
On December 27, Mohammad Chatah, former ambassador to the United States and advisor to former Prime Minister Saad Hariri, was assassinated in downtown Beirut using a remote-controlled car bomb. At least seven other individuals were killed by the bomb blast.
Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: Several articles of Lebanon’s criminal code deal with terrorism, but their implementation has at times been hindered by Lebanon’s complex political and confessional system, and also at times by Hizballah restricting access to attack sites that were within areas under its control. By definition, the caretaker government’s legislative power is circumscribed, but the fully empowered cabinet before PM Mikati’s March resignation did not consider legislative initiatives that could potentially threaten Hizballah’s operations, as Hizballah and its allies were members of the cabinet.
Neither the caretaker cabinet nor the parliament considered counterterrorism initiatives in response to the EU’s July terrorist designation of Hizballah’s military wing.
The LAF and ISF remain functional in combating terrorism, but they would benefit from stronger political support from state institutions, including a fully functional cabinet and parliament.
Several agencies focus on combating terrorism, including the LAF, ISF, and the Directorate of General Security (DGS). Lebanon has been a participant in the Department of State’s Antiterrorism Assistance (ATA) program since 2006, and this assistance focused on border security as well as building law enforcement’s investigative and leadership capabilities. Lebanon has also been working with Department of State’s Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement (INL) to improve the capabilities of the ISF through a multi-year program.
Lebanon has a Megaports and Container Security Initiative program, and it participated in Export Control and Related Border Security programs. Through INL and the Criminal Justice Information Service (CJIS), a biometric assessment will be conducted for the ISF. The LAF also partnered with several friendly nations on a bilateral basis to conduct training programs that focused on strengthening its counterterrorism capabilities.
Lebanon did not have biometric systems in place at the official points of entry into the country. Lebanese passports were machine readable, and the government was considering the adoption of biometric passports. The DGS, under the Ministry of Interior (MOI), controls immigration and passport services, and it uses an electronic database to collect biographic data for travelers at all points of entry. The Lebanese government maintained bilateral agreements for information sharing with Syria.
Although the case against Michel Samaha, a former Lebanese Minister of Information arrested on terrorism charges in 2012, made some progress, a Lebanese court in June postponed trial proceedings until December. On February 4, Lebanese authorities also issued an arrest warrant for General Ali Mamlouk, the head of the Syrian National Security Bureau, due to his ties to the Samaha case.
On October 14, the State Commissioner to the Military Court announced the indictment of seven suspects alleged to have been involved in the August 22 Tripoli bombings, at least three of whom had been arrested.
Lebanese authorities maintained that amnesty for Lebanese involved in acts of violence during the 1975-90 civil wars prevented terrorism prosecutions of concern to the United States.
Countering the Financing of Terrorism: Lebanon is a member of the Middle East and North Africa Financial Action Task Force, a Financial Action Task Force-style regional body. Lebanon’s Central Bank, the Banque du Liban, issued circulars to improve its anti-money laundering/countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) regime:
Basic Circular No. 128 dated January 12, 2013 – and amended by intermediate Circular No. 338 dated September 23, 2013, requested that banks establish an AML/CFT Compliance Unit
Intermediate Circular No. 325 dated June 6, 2013, regulated electronic funds transfers
Intermediate Circular No. 337 dated September 20, 2013, regulated cash transfers in the hawala system.
From January 2013 to November 20, 2013, the ISF prepared files on three suspected cases of terrorism and was in the process of investigating each of these cases at year’s end. The Special Investigation Commission (SIC), Lebanon’s financial intelligence unit, is an independent legal entity empowered to investigate suspicious financial transactions and freeze assets. The SIC is a member of the Egmont Group, and reported that there were no allegations of terrorist financing in 2013, and that no related accounts were found and frozen in Lebanon’s banking sector.
Hizballah continued to use its Lebanese connections to further its agenda. Lebanese nationals in Latin America and Africa continued to provide financial support to Hizballah, including through the laundering of criminal proceeds using Lebanese financial institutions. In June, the Lebanese Canadian Bank paid a fine of US $102 million to U.S. regulators for laundering drug profits that also benefitted Hizballah. Requests for designation or asset freezes regarding Hizballah and affiliated groups are sent to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, but the Lebanese government does not require banks to freeze these assets, because it does not consider Hizballah a terrorist organization.
Only NGOs are subject to enhanced due diligence from the banking sector, which reports suspicious transactions to the SIC. Monitoring the finances and management of all registered NGOs is the responsibility of the Ministry of Interior, but it was inconsistent in applying these controls. The deficiency could be attributable to an absence of laws, lack of political will to effectively prosecute cases, corruption, and lack of training for effective CFT law enforcement.
For further information on money laundering and financial crimes, see the 2014 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), Volume 2, Money Laundering and Financial Crimes: http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm .
Regional and International Cooperation: Lebanon continued to voice its commitment to fulfilling relevant UNSCRs, including 1559 (2004), 1680 (2006), and 1701 (2006). The Special Tribunal for Lebanon, an international body investigating the 2005 assassination of PM Rafiq Hariri, received Lebanon’s annual contribution of approximately US $40 million on December 30. Lebanon is a member of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.
LIBYA
Overview: Libya is a willing partner in the fight against international terrorism, but the country continued to lack a coherent national security bureaucracy to develop a comprehensive counterterrorism plan and functional and capable national security forces to implement it. Numerous factors contributed to Libya proving a permissive environment for terrorists: a central government with weak institutions and only tenuous control over its expansive territory; the ubiquity of uncontrolled weapons and ammunition; porous and inaccessible borders; heavily armed militias and tribes with varying loyalties and agendas; high unemployment among young males along with slow-moving economic improvement; divisions between the country’s regions, towns, and tribes; political paralysis due to infighting and distrust among and between Libya’s political actors; and the absence of a functioning police force or national army. The central government and municipalities have largely failed to provide services to their constituencies, thereby providing fertile soil to terrorist organizations, such as Ansar al-Shari’a (AAS) Benghazi and AAS Darnah, to fill that void and recruit. This confluence of factors has allowed violent extremist elements to use platforms in Libya to conduct short-term training for Libyan and third-country recruits en route to terrorist attack destinations in the region and to Syria. Libya-based violent extremists continued to supply arms throughout the region and to fighters in Syria. Regional terrorist organizations exploited the vulnerabilities of the relatively isolated and ungoverned border regions to the south and west to launch the In Amenas attack in Algeria in January.
Although the government is making efforts and cooperates with the international community to improve its counterterrorism capabilities, progress has been hampered by a lack of trust among stakeholders, in particular between the central government, the General National Congress (GNC), militia groups, and civil society. The only notable initiatives to curb or prevent terrorist activities were the deployment of militia notionally under government control to secure Tripoli – which itself created complications due to the separate agendas and varying degrees of professionalism of those forces; the dispatch of a security coordinator and Special Forces (Sai’qa) to try to evict AAS from Benghazi; efforts to destroy the country’s declared stockpile of chemical weapons; a declaration of intent to increase cooperation in law enforcement investigations and fulfill international crime-fighting obligations; a request to the United States and other international partners to train a General Purpose Force; and the stated ambition to build or improve a domestic intelligence service, the diplomatic police, and law enforcement, in general.
2013 Terrorist Incidents: The list of incidents below highlights terrorist attacks by violent extremist groups acting against U.S., Western, and Libyan government facilities and interests. It is not exhaustive and excludes many incidents in an ongoing campaign of bombings and assassinations – committed at least in part by AAS Darnah and AAS Benghazi – of dozens of security forces, government officials, and civilians, and peaking during the Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr holidays. Most of those attacks have gone without claims of responsibility, although the attacks below were all presumably launched by violent extremists. The goals of these attacks appear to be undermining the fragile democratic transition and spreading fear.
On January 12, the vehicle of the Italian Consul General was attacked in Benghazi, purportedly by terrorists that had a role in the 2012 attacks against U.S. facilities in Benghazi. No one was injured.
On March 14 and 28, assaults on Christian Coptic Churches in Benghazi and damage to a major Sufi shrine followed an explosion in the Tajoura neighborhood near Tripoli. There were no injuries or casualties.
On April 23, a car bomb rumored to be in retaliation for the French military mission in Mali, detonated in front of the French Embassy before working hours, injuring two people, and significantly damaging the Embassy.
On July 23, an improvised mortar hit a high-rise apartment building located between the Corinthia Hotel, which houses the Prime Minister, Western businessmen, the Qatari Embassy, and Tripoli Towers – home to the British, Canadian, and Maltese Embassies – as well as western companies. There were no injuries or casualties.
On July 30, a bomb attached to an Italian embassy car detonated near the Italian embassy, destroying the vehicle. No one was injured.
On August 17, unidentified masked assailants threw a small briefcase bomb toward the Egyptian Consulate General in the Fuwaihat District of Benghazi. One Egyptian security guard sustained minor injuries as the explosion damaged the front of the consulate, neighboring buildings, and nearby automobiles.
On October 11, in Benghazi, a car bomb caused severe damage to the building housing the joint honorary consulates of Finland and Sweden, private commercial offices, and a number of apartments. There were no injuries or casualties.
On October 15, 26, and 28, as well as November 3, large bombs exploded outside of a municipal office, a wedding hall, a hospital, and café in Benghazi, but caused no casualties.
On November 27, an explosion triggered presumably by violent extremists, targeted the shrine of Murad Agha in the area of Tajoura and caused serious damage, but no injuries.
On December 5, an American teacher was assassinated in Benghazi by gunmen who remained at large at year's end.
Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: Libya continued to work on establishing a functioning framework of laws in all areas of governance, but does not have a comprehensive counterterrorism law. However, Title 2, Section 1, Chapter 1, Article 170 and Title 2, Chapter 2, Article 207 of the Libyan penal code provides for crimes or offenses prejudicial to state security, and for felonies to the state including terrorism, the promotion of terrorist acts, and the handling of money in support of such acts. Libya has ratified the Organization of African Unity’s Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism, which requires states to criminalize terrorist acts under their national laws. In 2013, the GNC adopted two laws (Nos. 27 and 53) as part of a security plan to disband all non-state militia groups, including through their integration as individual members into the State’s official institutions. Implementation continues to prove challenging, although some progress has been made, in particular in Tripoli. The Libyan interim parliament also passed a Transitional Justice Law late in the year, which will provide some means to address grievances underlying groups opposing the State.
Libyan law enforcement personnel demonstrated a limited capacity to detect, deter, and respond to terrorist incidents. Law enforcement agencies and officers do not have adequate training – particularly in the area of collecting and managing evidence, do not have delineated roles, lack coordination, and are fearful of retribution. Prosecution of terrorism-related crimes was nearly non-existent, with poorly-trained prosecutors and judges often afraid to pursue cases. Although the government has successfully assumed control over a large number of previously militia-controlled prisons, several remain outside of the government’s aegis.
The Libyan government is increasingly seeking to take advantage of training opportunities and other assistance offered by the international community to improve its counterterrorism capabilities, although that assistance is only slowly having an impact on the performance of the country’s security institutions, in part due to absorptive capacity challenges across Libya’s security institutions. Government forces acted in a concerted manner as the bombing and assassination campaign became a chronic feature of life in Benghazi, with additional Special Forces deployed to establish security and combat violent extremist elements theretofore operating with few constraints. Results of the deployment of the additional forces was mixed, however, and violence in Benghazi continued.
Libya’s vast territory and thousands of miles of uncontrolled desert border continued to present a massive security challenge for the government. Border security at Libya’s airports is minimal, with no collection of passenger name records, biometric screenings, or thorough travel document screening, and only limited biographic screening or use of terrorist watchlists. At land crossings, border security is normally either provided by poorly trained, underpaid, and ill-equipped government border guards or by local brigades or tribes with tenuous loyalties to the State and often themselves involved in illicit cross-border trade. As a result, there are considerable illicit flows of goods, people, and weapons across Libya’s porous borders, as evinced by the many refugees sailing from the shores of Libya, by foreign fighters coming to train in Libya, and by the vast number of illicit weapons transiting Libya for the Maghreb, Sahel, and places beyond.
In fulfillment of plans developed at the February 2013 Paris ministerial meeting, Libya has been striving to improve its border management capabilities, notably by working with the EU Border Assistance Mission to Libya that was established during the year, and through cooperation with other partners, including the United States. Progress has been slow, however, as weak national institutions have struggled to absorb this assistance. The Libyan authorities have intensified regional cooperation with their neighbors, especially Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, to exert better control over shared borders. They have agreed on joint checkpoints, coordinated border patrols, increased information exchanges about movements in the border zones, and regular meetings for security staff. Libya has also agreed to set up a joint border security training center in Libya with an eye to promoting regional cooperation in North Africa and the Sahel region, boosting security, and tackling organized crime, smuggling, and illegal migration. Libya has actively participated in regional ministerial dialogue on border security, the latest in Rabat in November, and endorsed its objectives and plans for strengthening practical cooperation, and has sought opportunities to enhance regional links and build the capacity of its officials and institutions.
Despite its limited capacity, Libya is cooperating in the investigation of terrorist attacks against U.S. citizens and interests and its political leadership has repeatedly pledged to do everything possible to arrest and bring perpetrators to justice. The Libyan government is cooperating with the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation’s probe and conducting its own investigation into the September 2012 killing of Ambassador J. Christopher Stevens and three other Americans at U.S. government facilities in Benghazi. The Ministry of Interior also opened an investigation into the December 5 murder of Ronald Thomas Smith II, an American teacher working at an international school in Benghazi; the gunmen who carried out the killing remain at large.
Countering the Financing of Terrorism: Libya is a member of the Middle East and North Africa Financial Action Task Force and has committed to the implementation of a national identification database to improve transparency in government salary and programs. Libya has asked for IMF technical assistance for its anti-money laundering/countering the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) regime. Since the fall of the Qadhafi regime, there has been little reliable data on Libya’s AML/CFT efforts. In 2013, Libya did not pass new legislation or add significant new tools to prevent terrorist financing.
Libya’s Central Bank has established a Financial Information Unit (FIU) as an independent body directly reporting to the Central Bank Governor. Additionally, Libya has had discussions with international donors to provide technical assistance to the FIU and other government entities in combating money laundering, terrorist financing, and other financial crimes; and reorganizing law enforcement and financial entities to help better detect, investigate, and prosecute complex international financial crimes. Libya is also looking to become a member in the Egmont Group’s network of FIUs that are supporting governments in the fight against money laundering, terrorism financing, and other financial crimes. For further information on money laundering and financial crimes, see the 2014 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), Volume 2, Money Laundering and Financial Crimes: http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm .
Regional and International Cooperation: Libya has shown considerable engagement in regional and international counterterrorism fora, participating in a Global Counterterrorism Forum (GCTF) and UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) conference on regional cooperation in criminal matters related to terrorism in the Maghreb and the Sahel, and a GCTF Sahel Working Group meeting to discuss international crime, arms trafficking, and terrorism. Libya has also supported counterterrorism initiatives by the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the AU, the AU’s African Center for Studies and Research on Terrorism (ACSRT), and the UN General Assembly, where then-Libyan Prime Minister Ali Zeidan reiterated the government’s commitment to work with the international community to address weaknesses in the security and justice sectors and expressed support for the completion of a comprehensive UN convention on terrorism. Meanwhile, Libya has welcomed international efforts to build counterterrorist capacity, in particular following the In Amenas attacks staged from its territory. Libya’s neighbors have reported difficulty in addressing security and counterterrorism issues with the Libyan government, principally due to an inability to identify reliable and sustainable avenues for cooperation.
Countering Radicalization to Violence and Violent Extremism: Although Libya does not yet have a comprehensive strategy for countering violent extremism, then-Prime Minister Zeidan publicly criticized violent extremist ideology, and the Ministries of Culture and Youth and Sports have launched ad campaigns against violent extremism. The Ministry of Interior and the Warriors Affairs Commission also launched educational and mental health campaigns to assist in the reintegration of former revolutionaries into society and the State, thus providing an alternative to violent extremist ideology. Libya has also been working with the ACSRT in developing strategies for preventing and countering terrorism, and has participated in an ASCRT and UN Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute regional workshop on the rehabilitation of violent extremist offenders.
Libya’s population is predominantly Muslim, and the society is deeply religiously conservative. Most religious leaders have repeatedly and strongly advocated for a “moderate” Islam to counter the rise of violent extremism, and have publicly denounced violence and criminal groups.
MOROCCO
Overview: Morocco has a comprehensive counterterrorism strategy that includes vigilant security measures, regional and international cooperation, and counter-radicalization policies. In 2013, Morocco’s counterterrorism efforts effectively mitigated the risk of attack, although the country continued to face threats, largely from numerous small, independent violent extremist cells. Those groups and individuals, referred to collectively as adherents of the so-called Salafiyya Jihadiyya ideology, remained isolated from one another, small in size, and limited in both capabilities and international connections. Morocco and the United States continued robust counterterrorism collaboration, and both countries committed to deepening that relationship during the November visit by King Mohammed VI to Washington, DC.
During the year, authorities disrupted multiple groups with ties to international networks that included al-Qa’ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). AQIM continued its efforts to recruit Moroccans for combat in other countries, calling for attacks against the Moroccan monarchy and against French and U.S. interests in Morocco and the region. There were reports of Moroccans attempting to join AQIM and other violent extremists in Mali and Syria, and the government was concerned about the return of those individuals to Morocco. The government was also concerned about veteran Moroccan violent extremists returning from Afghanistan, Iraq, and Libya to conduct terrorist attacks at home, and about Moroccans radicalized during their stays in Western Europe.
Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: The government views counterterrorism as a top policy priority. The country experienced suicide attacks in Casablanca in 2003 and 2007 and in Marrakech in 2011. Additionally, Moroccan nationals were implicated in the 2004 attacks in Madrid. The government continued to enforce the 2003 counterterrorism law, which supplements the criminal code. That law defines terrorism broadly to include incitement to terrorism, but does not penalize participation in terrorist training, communication with a terrorist group, or intimidation of foreign governments and populations. The law also sets strict penalties for active participation in terrorism. The 2003 counterterrorism law and the criminal code were used in several convictions in terrorism-related cases. The government has publicly committed itself not to use the struggle against terrorism to deprive individuals of their rights. It has emphasized adherence to human rights standards and the increased transparency of law enforcement procedures as part of its approach.
Morocco aggressively targeted and effectively dismantled terrorist cells within the country by leveraging intelligence collection, police work, and collaboration with regional and international partners. The National Brigade of the Judiciary Police – the investigative arm of the General Direction of National Security (DGSN), the national police force – is the primary law enforcement entity responsible for counterterrorism efforts. It works closely with the internal security service, the General Directorate of Territorial Surveillance (DGST). The DGSN is the body primarily responsible for border security, handling border inspections at established ports of entry such as the Mohammed V Airport in Casablanca, where most border crossings occur. Law enforcement officials and private carriers work regularly with the United States to detect and deter individuals attempting to transit illegally. Government authorities work directly with U.S. Customs and Border Protection’s Regional Carrier Liaison Group to address watch-listed or mala fide travelers. Government airport authorities have excellent capabilities in detecting fraudulent documents but lack biometric screening capabilities.
Morocco’s counterterrorism efforts led to numerous disruptions of alleged terrorist cells and prosecutions of associated individuals, including the cases highlighted below:
In January, the Rabat Court of Appeals reviewed the case of 12 individuals convicted under the counterterrorism law of recruiting young men to fight abroad with AQIM. Those arrests reportedly resulted from the investigation of two individuals said to have been detained in facilities at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. According to a Ministry of Interior (MOI) statement, the cell operated in Al Hoceima, Fnideq, Meknes, and Tangier and had recruited more than 40 Moroccans to fight in Syria.
In May, the DGST and BNPJ dismantled two cells in the suburbs of Nador. Investigations connected the cells with elements fighting in Mali, and to a network charged with recruiting and sending volunteers to fight in the Sahel region. According to an MOI statement, those arrested included former prisoners, held under the counterterrorism law, who had ties to international violent extremist circles.
In August, authorities dismantled an al-Qa’ida-linked cell active in the central cities of Fez, Meknes, Taounate, and Tiznit following investigations by the DGST. Four to seven suspects were arrested for having ties to AQIM leaders and intentions of plotting attacks against Morocco. According to the investigation, the suspects were commissioned to hire new recruits and to carry out targeted operations against foreign missions in Morocco, particularly against the AFRICAN LION joint military exercise and against French military flights that allegedly originated from Guelmim airport in support of the intervention in Mali. Press reported that the cell was composed of several teachers of Islamic studies and one student who had allegedly joined one of the Ansar al-Shari’a groups operating in Libya in 2012.
In August, the Salé Criminal Court of Appeals sentenced nine individuals belonging to Ansar al-Shari’a to one to six years in prison. According to an MOI statement, the group was planning attacks against strategic sites in several Moroccan cities. The group had been dismantled in November 2012 after an ongoing investigation.
In December, the Salé Criminal Court of Appeals sentenced 17 to 20 individuals to two to 20 years in prison for affiliation with the Moroccan Mujahedin movement, a terrorist cell with connections to the 2003 Casablanca bombers and AQIM, according to the MOI. The individuals were arrested in May 2012.
In December, authorities dismantled a terrorist cell allegedly operating in several cities. The largest group arrested included at least 13 people in the city of Sidi Slimane near Meknes. According to an MOI statement, the suspects had received training in weapons and explosives and were preparing to go to Syria to fight. According to press reports, several of the individuals arrested had links to the “Sham al-Islam” movement, a group of Moroccans fighting in Syria under Moroccan ex-detainees at Guantanamo. Several of those individuals had allegedly returned from Syria through Turkey and were raising funds in preparation to return with new recruits.
Morocco, a long-standing and effective partner, continued to participate in the Department of State’s Antiterrorism Assistance (ATA) program, which provided DGSN and the Royal Gendarmerie with training in cyber forensics, crime scene forensics, and executive leadership. Morocco also participated in Global Counterterrorism Forum (GCTF) and Department of Justice programs to improve technical investigative training for police and prosecutors.
Countering the Financing of Terrorism: Morocco is a member of the Middle East and North Africa Financial Action Task Force, a Financial Action Task Force (FATF)-style regional body. Its Financial Intelligence Unit is a member of the Egmont Group. In April, Parliament amended the penal code to criminalize money laundering and terrorist financing, bringing legislation in line with international standards. Those amendments fulfilled the last remaining requirements that the FATF had identified in a 2010 action plan. As a result, the FATF announced in October that Morocco was no longer subject to ongoing compliance monitoring, and in November, removed Morocco from its follow-up process. For further information on money laundering and financial crimes, see the 2014 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), Volume 2, Money Laundering and Financial Crimes: http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm .
Regional and International Cooperation: Morocco maintained cooperative relationships with European and African partners by sharing information, conducting joint operations, and participating in military, security, and civilian capacity-building events. Morocco is a founding member of the GCTF. In April, it hosted the UNODC/GCTF conference on regional cooperation in terrorist criminal matters. In September, it hosted the GCTF Criminal Justice Sector/Rule of Law Working Group meeting. Morocco also chairs the UNSC’s Counter-Terrorism Committee and is a member of the Global Initiative to Counter Nuclear Terrorism (GICNT).
Morocco is a Mediterranean Dialogue (5+5) partner of the EU’s Barcelona Process and a Major Non-NATO Ally. Morocco participates in multilateral peacekeeping operations in Africa as well as in training exercises such as maritime-focused PHOENIX EXPRESS, the FLINTLOCK regional security cooperation exercise, and special operations exercises. It is also host to the annual AFRICAN LION exercise. These engagements, coupled with Morocco’s initiative to modernize its force through Foreign Military Sales, have enhanced border security and improved capabilities to counter illicit traffic and terrorism. Morocco also participates in the 5+5 Defense Initiative, which brings together five European and five North African countries to address security issues in the Western Mediterranean. During the year, Morocco was active in the efforts of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to address the conflict in northern Mali. In November, it hosted the second regional ministerial conference on border security, which brought together 17 countries to improve border security in the Sahel; however, cooperation among countries in the region remains inconsistent. Specifically, while Morocco and Algeria participate in the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership (TSCTP) and the GCTF, the level of bilateral CT cooperation did not improve. Algeria and Morocco’s political disagreement over the status of the Western Sahara remained an impediment to bilateral and regional counterterrorism cooperation in 2013. Finally, Morocco, a long-standing and effective partner in counterterrorism, seeks to play a more prominent role in the training of its neighbors in North and West Africa, an effort which the State Department seeks to support in the coming years.
Countering Radicalization to Violence and Violent Extremism: Morocco has a three-pillar strategy for countering violent extremism (CVE). First, the government takes a law and order approach to CVE, working closely with the United States and other international and regional partners to strengthen its security and counterterrorism capabilities. Second, Morocco has accelerated its rollout of education and employment initiatives for youth and expanded the legal rights and political empowerment of women. Finally, to counter what the government perceives as the dangerous importation of violent Islamist extremist ideologies, it has developed a national strategy to confirm and further institutionalize Morocco’s widespread adherence to the Maliki school of Sunni Islam.
The Department of State’s Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement (INL) funds a program to improve the overall management of Morocco’s corrections system to stanch potential radicalism and the recruitment of prisoners to terrorist ideology.
Every year during the month of Ramadan, the King hosts a series of religious lectures, inviting Muslim speakers from around the world to promote peaceful interpretations of Islam. In the past decade, and particularly since the Casablanca and Madrid terrorist bombings, Morocco has focused on countering youth radicalization, upgrading places of worship, promoting the teaching of moderate Islam, and strengthening the Ministry of Endowments and Islamic Affairs (MEIA). The MEIA has developed an educational curriculum for Morocco’s nearly 50,000 imams in the Maliki school of Sunni Islam. To counter the radicalization of Moroccans living abroad, the Moroccan Council of Ulema for Europe and the Minister Delegate for Moroccans Living Abroad also undertook similar programs to promote religious moderation among Moroccan expatriate communities in Europe. In September, Morocco expanded its regional counter-radicalization efforts by agreeing to train 500 Malian imams.
OMAN
Overview: Oman is an important regional counterterrorism partner and worked actively to prevent terrorists from conducting attacks within Oman and using the country for safe haven or to transport terrorists, weapons, and materiel. The Omani government actively sought training and equipment from U.S. government and commercial entities as well as from other countries to support its efforts to control its land and maritime borders. At the request of the Government of Bahrain, Omani authorities arrested three members of the alleged terrorist group “Army of the Imam” in February, according to regional press reports. Oman used U.S. security assistance to improve counterterrorism tactics, techniques, and procedures. Omani officials engaged regularly with U.S. officials on the need to counter violent extremism and terrorism.
Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: Omani criminal law does not explicitly criminalize terrorism. However, certain general provisions of the Penal Code may be used to prosecute acts of terrorism. Oman’s criminal procedure law permits those suspected of posing a threat to national security to be held for 30 days without a charge.
Although there was strong U.S.-Omani cooperation, there was little interagency coordination among the many Omani agencies with jurisdiction over counterterrorism. Roles and responsibilities between law enforcement and the armed forces were not clearly delineated.
The Government of Oman recognizes the need to improve its capabilities and participated in the State Department’s Antiterrorism Assistance (ATA) program in 2013. FY 2012 was to be the final year of funding for the ATA program in Oman, but as a result of the growing security challenges in the Arabian Peninsula, the program was extended. Priorities for the ATA program in Oman are to build border security capacity and enhance investigative capacity. U.S. Export Control and Related Border Security (EXBS) training included land border training for Omani security forces responsible for securing Oman’s border with Yemen.
Countering the Financing of Terrorism: Oman is a member of the Middle East North Africa Financial Action Task Force, a Financial Action Task Force-style regional body. A 2010 Royal Decree, number 79/2010, is the country’s main legislation on Anti-Money Laundering/ Combating the Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT). The Royal Oman Police Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), a member of the Egmont Group, is responsible for enforcing AML/CFT laws and regulations. Oman has increased the funding for its FIU. However, the country lacks any statistics on the number and nature of its suspicious transaction reports and has not had any apparent investigations or prosecutions for money laundering or terrorist financing.
The Government of Oman and its Central Bank have a high degree of oversight of its commercial banking sector. In 2012, Oman formally introduced Islamic banking services into the financial system through Royal Decree 69/2012. Hawalas are not permitted in the financial service sector and Omani authorities have acted to shutter attempted hawala operations.
For further information on money laundering and financial crimes, see the 2014 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), Volume 2, Money Laundering and Financial Crimes: http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm .
Regional and International Cooperation: Oman cooperated in the Gulf Cooperation Council, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and the Arab League.
QATAR
Overview: Terrorist activity historically has been low in Qatar; restrictive immigration policies and security services capable of monitoring and disrupting nascent violent extremist activity have helped to maintain that status quo. However, Qatar’s monitoring of private individuals’ and charitable associations’ contributions to foreign entities remained inconsistent. Qatari-based terrorist fundraisers, whether acting as individuals or as representatives of other groups, were a significant terrorist financing risk and may have supported terrorist groups in countries such as Syria. The ascension of the new Emir, Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani did not result in any political changes that would affect the Government of Qatar’s ability to counter terrorism.
Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: Qatar passed its Combatting Terrorism Law in 2004 and the Combating Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Law in 2010. The Law on Combating Terrorism set forth broad provisions for defining and prosecuting terrorist-related activities in Qatar.
The State Security Bureau maintains an aggressive posture toward monitoring internal violent extremist or terrorism-related activities and the Ministry of Interior is well-positioned to respond to incidents with rapid reaction forces and trained internal security forces that routinely pursue and engage in structured counterterrorism training and exercises. Qatar also maintains an interagency National Antiterrorism Committee (NATC) within the Ministry of Interior composed of representatives from more than 10 government ministries and official institutions. The NATC is tasked by law with formulating Qatar’s counterterrorism policy, ensuring thorough and transparent interagency coordination within the government, fulfilling Qatar’s obligations to combat terrorism under international conventions, and participating in international or UN conferences on terrorism. Qatar’s Office of the Public Prosecutor is tasked with prosecuting all crimes, including any related to terrorism.
Qatar maintains a watchlist of suspected terrorists that it uses to screen passengers on international flights. Qatar also conducts extensive vetting and background checks on all applicants for work visas. The Qatari Government uses biometric scans for arrivals at Doha International Airport. Qatari officials have indicated an interest in adding fingerprinting to the tracking measures they use at entry points.
Countering the Financing of Terrorism: Qatar is a member of the Middle East North Africa Financial Action Task Force, a Financial Action Task Force (FATF)-style regional body. The Government of Qatar routinely engages with international interlocutors on terrorist financing and has taken some steps to improve oversight of foreign charities that receive contributions from Qatari institutions and to work with the banking sector to identify suspicious transactions.
Qatar’s Combating Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Law of 2010 requires Qatar’s Public Prosecutor to freeze the funds of terrorist organizations designated by the UN Security Council, and the government distributes lists of UN-designated terrorist entities and individuals to financial institutions. Qatar did not pass or implement any new legislation in 2013 although a law on charities oversight based on FATF standards was in development throughout the year, but remained in draft status as of December 31. Formally, Qatar’s Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs monitors and licenses nongovernmental charitable organizations and requires that Qatari organizations’ foreign partners submit to a vetting and licensing process before receiving Qatari funds. The Qatari government in the past has ordered Qatari institutions to cut ties with certain foreign charities over concerns about their activities.
Despite a strong legal framework, judicial enforcement and effective implementation of Qatar’s anti-money laundering/counterterrorist the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) law are lacking. Qatar’s lack of outreach and enforcement activities to ensure terrorist financing-related transactions are not occurring and the lack of referrals by the financial intelligence unit of cases are significant gaps.
The NATC is authorized to designate by resolution those who finance terrorism, terrorists, and terrorist organizations, independently of lists forwarded to the Government of Qatar by the UNSC 1267/1989 (al-Qa’ida) Sanctions Committee. No designations were made in 2013. Qatar does require financial institutions to file suspicious transactions reports. The Financial Intelligence Unit referred one suspicious transaction report case to the Public Prosecutor for investigation as of November 2013, with no judgment issued as of year’s end.
For further information on money laundering and financial crimes, see the 2014 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), Volume 2, Money Laundering and Financial Crimes: http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm .
Regional and International Cooperation: Qatar participates in the UN, the Global Counterterrorism Forum, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), the OIC, and the Arab League. Qatari military and security services participated in several bilateral and multilateral exercises aimed at responding to terrorist attacks. Qatar also supported and participated in GCC efforts this year to develop sanctions targeting Hizballah terrorist activities region-wide, although these efforts were not finalized as of December 31.
SAUDI ARABIA
Overview: Although unsuccessful in conducting a terrorist attack in Saudi Arabia in 2013, al-Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), working primarily from Yemen, continued its efforts to inspire sympathizers to support, finance, or engage in conflicts outside of Saudi Arabia and encouraged individual acts of terrorism within the Kingdom. AQAP’s lack of success in Saudi Arabia can be attributed to the Saudi government’s continued domestic and bilateral efforts to build, augment, and refine its capacity to counter terrorism and violent extremist ideologies in the Kingdom, while increasing participation in international counterterrorism efforts. Saudi authorities continued public trials of individuals suspected of engaging in or supporting terrorism. The government pursued convictions of terrorism supporters, including prosecuting a religious cleric who issued fatwas (religious edicts) allowing suicide operations outside the Kingdom. Saudi Arabia continued to maintain a strong counterterrorism relationship with the United States and supported enhanced bilateral cooperation to ensure the safety of both U.S. and Saudi citizens within Saudi territories and abroad.
Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: In an effort to more clearly define terrorism, the Council of Ministers approved an updated draft of the Terrorism and Terrorist Financing Law in mid-December. Throughout 2013, Saudi Arabia continued its efforts to disrupt terrorist activities in the Kingdom by tracking, arresting, and prosecuting terrorist suspects. The Saudi General Investigations Directorate, also known as the Mabahith, is responsible for conducting counterterrorism investigations in the Kingdom and, upon its discretion, will cooperate with other elements of the Saudi government to further investigations into specific cases. Once the investigation is complete, the case is transferred to the Special Investigations and Public Prosecutions Office in the Saudi Ministry of Justice for the duration of the trial. In addition to continuing programs to improve physical border security through the employment of biometric systems, aerial reconnaissance, thermal imaging, and remote unattended sensors along the border region (primarily the border with Yemen), Saudi Arabia moved forward with its efforts to work with neighboring countries to build and maintain joint security programs and explore areas of mutual border security interest.
Neighborhood police units engaged and worked directly with community members in Saudi Arabia, encouraging citizens to provide tips and information about suspected terrorist activity. The government offered rewards for information on terrorists and Saudi security services made several announcements throughout the year pertaining to the arrest of AQAP militants and supporters.
The Saudi government continued its efforts to bring to trial groups and individuals suspected of terrorism. On September 25, Saudi courts convicted three Saudi nationals on charges related to coordinating the sending of youths to participate in violent extremism in conflict areas. Saudi prosecutors also convicted one of the three defendants of preparing to conduct a suicide operation. On October 1, the Specialized Criminal Court in Riyadh convicted 19 members of a group of 63 defendants on various terrorism charges. Additionally, the court found a cleric guilty of financing terrorism, issuing fatwas in support of terrorist suicide operations, and interfering in the affairs of foreign sovereign nations.
Saudi Arabia continued to cooperate with the United States to prevent acts of terrorism both through engagement in bilateral programs and through information exchange agreements with the United States.
Countering the Financing of Terrorism: Saudi Arabia is a member of the Middle East and North Africa Financial Action Task Force, a Financial Action Task Force (FATF)-style regional body. Saudi Arabia’s Financial Crimes Unit was accepted into the Egmont Group in 2009. The Saudi government affirmed its commitment to combating terrorist fundraising and sought to further establish itself as a regional leader in disrupting terrorist finance efforts. It provided training programs for bankers, prosecutors, judges, customs officers, and other officials from government departments and agencies in this area. The Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency has standing requirements for all Saudi financial institutions to implement all the FATF recommendations regarding money laundering and terrorist finance. Notwithstanding Saudi Arabia’s increased control over the formal financial sector, bulk cash smuggling from individual donors and charities has reportedly been a major source of terrorist financing. For further information on money laundering and financial crimes, see the 2014 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), Volume 2, Money Laundering and Financial Crimes: http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm .
Regional and International Cooperation: Saudi Arabia cooperated regionally and internationally on counterterrorism issues, including its participation as a founding member of the Global Counterterrorism Forum (GCTF). In January, the Saudi government participated in a two-day workshop under the auspices on the GCTF Criminal Justice Sector and Rule of Law Working Group.
In February under the auspices of the UN Center for Counter-Terrorism (UNCCT), the Saudi government hosted an international terrorism conference with participants from 49 governments and representatives from international organizations and counterterrorism centers. On August 8, Saudi Arabia pledged US $100 million to UNCCT.
Saudi Arabia has been a member of the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism (GICNT) and the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) since 2008. Saudi Arabia is also a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Saudi officials issued statements encouraging enhanced cooperation among GCC and Arab League states on counterterrorism issues, and the government hosted international counterterrorism conferences on subjects including, but not limited to, combating violent extremist ideology and counterterrorist financing.
Countering Radicalization to Violence and Violent Extremism: As part of its strategy to counter violent extremism, the Saudi government focused on increasing public awareness campaigns and conducting outreach, counter-radicalization, and rehabilitation programs. Some of these efforts involved seminars that refuted violent Islamist extremist ideology. Public awareness campaigns were aimed at reinforcing the values of the Islamic faith and educating Saudi citizens about the dangers of violent extremism and terrorism. Methods used included advertisements and programs on television, in schools and mosques, and at sporting events. Additionally, in March, Saudi security officers participated in the GCTF Countering Violent Extremism Working Group on Community Engagement and Community-Oriented Policing, held in the United States.
The Ministry of Interior continued to operate its flagship deradicalization program (the Sakina Campaign for Dialogue), as well as its extensive prison rehabilitation program to reduce recidivism among former inmates. The Saudi government also continued its ongoing program to modernize the educational curriculum, including textbooks used in religious training. The Ministry of Islamic Affairs continued to re-educate imams, prohibiting them from incitement of violence, and continued to monitor mosques and religious education.
TUNISIA
Overview: Over the past year, the Tunisian government has increased its counterterrorism cooperation with the United States. The rise of violent extremist organizations in Tunisia since the January 2011 revolution – most notably Ansar al-Shari’a in Tunisia (AAS-T) – has posed serious security challenges to a post-revolutionary government previously inexperienced in counterterrorism operations. The assassination of two opposition politicians in February and July, as well as the attack on the U.S. Embassy and the American Community School in Tunis in September 2012, demonstrated the extent of the terrorist threat. The Tunisian government continued to face challenges that included the potential for terrorist attacks, the influx of arms and violent extremists from across the Algerian and Libyan borders, and the use of improvised explosive devices. The disproportionate numbers of Tunisians among those traveling to fight in Libya, Mali, and Syria – and the ensuing return of these fighters – is another cause for concern.
In response to these incidents, the government has taken increasingly bolder steps to counter terrorism and violent extremism in Tunisia. Following the revolution, Tunisia experienced the emergence of hard-line Salafists, who sought the reestablishment of an Islamist Caliphate, contended the Tunisian government was too accommodating to the West, despite the presence of the ruling Islamist party a-Nahda in the government, and rejected Western values. Salafists repeatedly disrupted social order in 2013. While the government initially vacillated in responding to excesses by Tunisia’s Salafist movement, following the assassination of opposition figure Chokri Belaid in February, the government banned AAS-T’s annual conference in Kairouan. Following the July 25 assassination of a second opposition politician, Mohammed Brahmi, the government officially designated AAS-T a terrorist organization and intensified efforts to capture and arrest members of the group.
2013 Terrorist Incidents: There was a marked increase in the number of incidents fueled by violent extremism, which was in part a reaction to the government’s escalating campaign against terrorist groups. The list of incidents below highlights some of the most significant terrorist attacks that occurred during the year.
On February 6, head of the leftist Popular Front coalition Chokri Belaid was assassinated in front of his home by unknown assailants. The killing prompted nationwide protests against the government for failing to address security concerns that eventually resulted in the resignation of the Prime Minister and a cabinet reshuffle. The government has since blamed AAS-T violent extremists with reported connections to al-Qa’ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) for the killing.
In defiance of the Ministry of Interior order banning its annual conference, members of AAS-T clashed with police in Kairouan on May 18 and in the Tunis suburb of Ettadhamen on May 19, resulting in the death of a protester. Several hundred AAS-T supporters, armed with rocks, knives, and Molotov cocktails, stormed a National Guard office and police station.
On July 25, opposition member of the National Constituent Assembly Mohamed Brahmi was assassinated outside his home on Tunisia’s Republic Day. The Ministry of Interior announced the following day that the same individuals reportedly responsible for the murder of Chokri Belaid had also killed Brahmi.
On October 17, two National Guard members were killed in clashes with an armed group in the town of Goubellat, when their vehicle reportedly came under fire. A third National Guard member was injured.
On October 23, a total of six police officers were killed in clashes with militants near the central town of Sidi Bouzid. Two militants were also killed. The killings resulted in a two-day postponement of the National Dialogue aimed at negotiating a solution to the ongoing political impasse spurred by the July 25 killing of Mohamed Brahmi.
On October 30, a man wearing explosives blew himself up outside a hotel in the resort town of Sousse after being chased by security, but killed no others. That same day, police prevented a suicide bombing in Monastir when they arrested a would-be bomber at the Tomb of Habib Bourguiba. Five other men were detained in Sousse. The government claimed the arrested men had ties to AAS-T and that both bombers were Tunisian. The Sousse bombing was the first attempted suicide attack in Tunisia since 2002 when 21 people were killed in a bombing at a synagogue on the island of Djerba.
On November 30, the Ministry of Interior reported clashes in El Kef following the arrest of 10 alleged members of AAS-T. Some of the group’s supporters attempted to storm a police station while others tried to block roads by setting tires on fire.
Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: The 2003 counterterrorism law remains the primary piece of legislation for dealing with terrorism offenses, although lesser offenses can still be charged under the penal code. A new law, designed to address concerns raised by human rights groups, has been approved by the cabinet and was before the National Constituent Assembly at year’s end. On August 27, the Tunisian government designated AAS-T as a terrorist organization. The designation makes it a crime to be a member of the group or to offer it logistical or financial support and allows the government to freeze the group’s assets. AAS-T is the first group to be designated a terrorist organization in Tunisia since January 2011. The group has been implicated in attacks against Tunisian security forces, assassinations of Tunisian political figures (including Belaid and Brahmi), and an attempted bombing of a tourist hotel. AAS-T is ideologically aligned with AQ and has links to AQIM.
The Ministry of Interior and Ministry of Defense share responsibility for detecting, deterring, and preventing acts of terrorism in Tunisia. In particular, the Antiterrorism Brigade (BAT) – an elite unit under the Ministry of Interior’s National Police – is responsible for SWAT and tactical operations related to counterterrorism. The newly formed National Unit for the Investigation of Terrorist Crimes (UNECT) is a key partner to the BAT and takes the lead in investigating and liaising with the judicial system to encourage successful prosecutions. The military’s role in counterterrorism increased substantially since the spring of 2013 when fighting around Mount Chaambi began and again in fall 2013 when the military reinforced its control of the southern third of the country.
Tunisian security services suffer from the legacy of the previous regime, which created a culture of red tape and a lack of communication and coordination between ministries. Security forces were also inexperienced in tackling terrorist threats and lacked appropriate equipment and training. In the past year, the government’s efforts have intensified, with successes including the seizure of weapons, arrests, and operations against armed groups throughout the country. At the tactical level, Ministry of Interior and Ministry of Defense forces reportedly work together, but communication and coordination between the military and law enforcement could be enhanced, especially with regard to strategic and operational planning.
Tunisia has an Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) and maintains fingerprint records for identification cards, criminal records, and latent prints. Tunisia currently has only one AFIS system and it is not known if the records can be shared with other government agencies via automated responses. Tunisia also maintains a DNA data base and has expressed an interest in becoming a Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) member. Tunisia does not currently share its biometric data with any counties.
Regional insecurity, particularly in Libya and in Mali, presents an additional challenge. Border security remained a priority in 2013 as Tunisian authorities sought to collaborate with their Libyan and Algerian counterparts in stemming the flow of weapons and insurgents across their common borders. Algeria and Tunisia signed an agreement in December 2012 to strengthen border security coordination, including the creation of joint patrols to combat terrorism, human trafficking, smuggling, and illegal migration. Efforts to root out militants in the Mount Chaambi region continued at year’s end. While the operation has achieved some success, it has been hampered by Tunisian security forces’ inexperience in this type of engagement.
The year has seen increased arrests and raids by security forces. The Government of Tunisia claimed to have arrested and detained hundreds of members of AAS-T, although successful prosecutions lagged behind. Significant law enforcement and proactive disruptions, arrests and prosecutions related to counterterrorism activities included:
On February 20, the Tunisian National Guard seized a large weapons cache in the Ariana Governorate in northeastern Tunisia, including rocket propelled grenades and Kalashnikov assault rifles.
On September 10, security forces arrested AAS-T military wing leader Mohamed Aouadi and Mohamed Khiari. Both were allegedly involved in the assassinations of opposition politicians Chokri Belaid and Mohamed Brahmi, according to a statement by the Ministry of Interior.
On September 28, National Guard units conducted a raid in the town of Mornaguia in Tunisia’s interior region, seizing home-made bombs, explosives, and tasers. Security forces arrested two terrorists allegedly affiliated with AAS-T.
On October 19, following the launch of an operation to apprehend terrorists who killed two National Guard officers and injured a third on October 17, security forces arrested AAS-T leaders Abdelouehed Alargoubi in Jendouba and Adel Hanachi in Beja. Eight other alleged members of the terrorist group were killed in military operations in response to the deaths of the National Guard officers.
On November 30, the Ministry of the Interior announced special security forces had arrested 10 members of AAS-T in El Kef, in Tunisia’s northwest.
The Government of Tunisia arrested more than 120 individuals for their alleged involvement in the September 14, 2012 attacks on the U.S. Embassy and American Cooperative School of Tunis. Out of those arrested, many suspects were released or subjected to small fines. Several court cases related to the attacks were ongoing or on appeal at year’s end. In one instance, 20 suspects were issued two-year suspended sentences in May 2013, and those still in custody were released. The public prosecutor was appealing this case, which has been postponed several times.
Tunisia continued to participate in the Department of State’s Antiterrorism Assistance (ATA) program. Tunisian Ministry of Interior professionals received ATA training in 2013 in the areas of crisis response and tactical and command training. Department of State International Narcotics and Law Enforcement programs supported leadership development, police reform, prison reform, hostage rescue, and crowd control management for the Justice and Interior ministries, and provided vehicles to enhance internal and border security. Leadership development included travel for Tunisian police and corrections professionals to the United States to meet U.S. law enforcement counterparts. In September, Tunisia and the United States signed an amendment to the 2012 letter of agreement to expand programming to reform and improve the capacity of the police and corrections officials. The Tunisian Armed Forces consider counterterrorism and border security their principal mission. The armed forces have successfully employed U.S.-funded patrol craft, equipment, and training in border security and counterterrorism operations. In 2013, the special operations Joint Combined Exchange Training program restarted.
Countering the Financing of Terrorism: Tunisia is a member of the Middle East and North Africa Financial Action Task Force, a Financial Action Task Force-style regional body. Since Tunisia has strict currency controls, it is likely that remittance systems such as hawala are operating. Trade-based money laundering is also a concern. Throughout the region, invoice manipulation and customs fraud were often involved in the process of hawala financial reconciliations. Tunisia’s financial intelligence unit, the Tunisian Financial Analysis Commission (CTAF), is headed by the governor of the Central Bank and includes representatives from a range of other agencies. The Tunisian penal code provides for the seizure of assets and property tied to narcotics trafficking and terrorist activities. For further information on money laundering and financial crimes, see the 2014 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), Volume 2, Money Laundering and Financial Crimes: http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm .
Regional and International Cooperation: Tunisia participates in multinational efforts to counter terrorism, such as those at the UN, the Global Counterterrorism Forum, and the AU. Tunisia is an active member of the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership, a U.S. multi-year regional program aimed at building the capacity of governments in the Maghreb and Sahel to confront the threats posed by violent extremists. Tunisian authorities intensified their coordination on border security with Libyan and Algerian counterparts over this past year. The Prime Ministers of Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria met January 12 in the southwest Libyan town of Ghadames to discuss border security and agreed to hold regular meetings on the topic. Algeria’s cooperation with Tunisia on counterterrorism is particularly robust: an agreement between the two countries established military-to-military communications and a coordination committee in order to improve information sharing related to counterterrorism activities. The (former) Tunisian Foreign Minister Othman Jarandi conducted a two-day visit to Algeria on August 6-7, following the killings of eight soldiers in an ambush on Mount Chaambi, to expand security cooperation and intelligence coordination.
Countering Radicalization to Violence and Violent Extremism: Tunisia is making concerted efforts to improve socioeconomic conditions in the country through economic development and education programs in order to counter radicalization and violence. It is working closely with USAID’s Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI) on several programs designed to counter violent extremism. The programs, which include awareness campaigns, youth centers, and educational activities, seek to engage youth who are at risk of being recruited by violent extremist organizations.
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Overview: The Government of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) continued to build its counterterrorism capacity and strengthened its international counterterrorism cooperation. Over the course of the year, the UAE government improved its border security measures and renewed its efforts to counter terrorist financing. The UAE and U.S. governments signed an agreement to establish a pre-clearance facility for travelers boarding direct flights to the United States at the Abu Dhabi International Airport. Prominent officials and religious leaders continued to publicly criticize violent extremist ideology.
Legislation, Law Enforcement, and Border Security: The UAE government continued to make use of Federal Law No. 1 of 2004 on combating terrorism offenses which outlined terrorism-related offenses and corresponding punishments. The State Security Directorate in Abu Dhabi and the Dubai State Security share principal responsibility for counterterrorism functions. Specialized law enforcement units exist that have advanced investigations, crisis response, and border security capacity. These specialized units are properly equipped and supported with relevant training.
The UAE participated in the Megaports and Container Security Initiatives (CSI). The CSI, which became operational at Port Rashid and Jebel Ali Port in the emirate of Dubai in 2005, co-locates two U.S. Customs and Border Protection officers with the Dubai Customs Intelligence Unit at Port Rashid. On average, CSI reviewed approximately 250 bills of lading each week, resulting in about 25 non-intrusive inspections per month of U.S.-bound containers. Examinations were conducted jointly with Dubai Customs officers, who shared information on transshipments from high risk areas, including those originating in Iran.
In 2012, the UAE initiated the use of retina scanning devices at international airport arrival terminals. The process for determining who is subjected to the scans was unclear.
In 2010, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) signed two Memoranda of Cooperation (MOCs) to support the respective training academies of the UAE Ministry of Interior’s (federal) Immigration Authority and the Abu Dhabi (emirate-level) Customs Authority (ADCA) and to enhance capacity building of its police and customs authorities. The aforementioned MOCs remain in effect.
A critical challenge to the effectiveness of the UAE’s law enforcement, border security, and judicial systems is the country’s shortage of human capacity. These sectors are generally reserved for Emirati citizens, who compose only 11 percent of the country’s total population, making it structurally difficult to develop the country’s human resources to counter the full range of terrorist activities. Despite this, the UAE government remained vigilant in its overall counterterrorism pursuits.
U.S. training initiatives included post-blast investigation and evidence response team training, which were designed to provide the UAE with the ability to develop instructors who would then train UAE police departments.
Countering the Financing of Terrorism: The UAE is a member of the Middle East and North Africa Financial Action Task Force, a Financial Action Task Force (FATF)-style regional body, and chairs the Task Force’s Training and Typologies Working Group. The UAE Central Bank’s (CBUAE) financial intelligence unit (FIU), the Anti-Money Laundering and Suspicious Cases Unit (AMLSCU), is a member of the Egmont Group. The UAE continued efforts to strengthen its institutional capabilities to combat terrorist financing, but challenges remained with its enforcement of local and international law. The UAE’s last mutual evaluation report, in 2008, included a recommendation to amend the federal anti-money laundering (AML) law and increase dedicated resources available to the AMLSCU. The amended law has been in draft since 2010 and was reportedly in the final stages of drafting at year’s end. The amended Law conforms to the FATF Recommendations according to the AMLSCU. This law had not been passed by the end of 2013.
The Central Bank conducted AML training both locally and regionally, and expanded its cooperation with foreign FIUs. Exploitation by illicit actors of money transmitters including licensed exchange houses, hawalas; and trading firms acting as money transmitters, remained significant concerns. With an expatriate population comprising around 90 percent of the country’s residents, a significant amount of money flows out of the country in remittances. Since formal financial services are limited in large parts of many guest workers’ home countries, hawaladars are prevalent in the UAE. There were some indications that trade-based money laundering occurs in the UAE, including through the use of commodities as a means of reconciling accounts in hawala transactions or through trading companies, and that such activity might support sanctions evasion networks and terrorist groups in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Somalia.
The CBUAE promulgated new regulations in 2013 that made hawala registration mandatory instead of voluntary. This represents a significant step towards improved oversight of informal value transfers systems although concerns remain about CBUAE’s capacity to supervise the vast number of hawalas in the country. The United States and the UAE continued to work together to strengthen efforts to counter terrorist finance, including: training on cross-border Bulk Cash Smuggling and money laundering, which remain of significant concern; collaborative engagement with the local financial communities; and other bilateral government cooperation.
In 2012, the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Legal Attaché established a sub-office at the U.S. Consulate in Dubai to assist with Counterterrorist Financing matters and to provide a viable means to enhance cooperation between the FBI and UAE.
While it issued updated guidance in 2013 regarding the compliance obligations of UAE banks under UN-based sanctions programs, CBUAE does not routinely distribute UN lists of designated terrorists or terrorist entities to financial institutions. Terrorist organizations have used the UAE to send and receive financial support. Operational capability constraints and political considerations sometimes prevented the UAE government from immediately freezing and confiscating terrorist assets absent multilateral assistance. The UAE’s communication with the local financial community is largely driven by follow-up on suspicious transactions reports and close bilateral cooperation with partner governments.
For further information on money laundering and financial crimes, see the 2014 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), Volume 2, Money Laundering and Financial Crimes: http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/index.htm .
Regional and International Cooperation: The UAE is a founding member of the Global Counterterrorism Forum (GCTF), and chaired the Working Group on Countering Violent Extremism with the UK. The International Center of Excellence for Countering Violent Extremism, known as Hedayah, was formally launched in Abu Dhabi on December 13-14, 2012, at the GCTF's Third Coordinating Committee and Ministerial meetings. The UAE is Hedayah’s permanent host, and in November 2013, the UAE President Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al Nahyan issued federal Law No. (7) of 2013 which officially established Hedayah.
The UAE government routinely invited participation from GCC countries at counterterrorism-related training sessions conducted by the FBI in the UAE.
Countering Radicalization to Violence and Violent Extremism: To prevent violent extremist preaching in UAE mosques, the General Authority of Islamic Affairs and Endowments provided guidelines for all Friday sermons and monitored compliance. Abroad, the General Authority has trained cohorts of Afghan imams on preaching messages of non-violence and tolerance, a program they have conducted since 2010. During key periods of Muslim religious observance, especially the fasting month of Ramadan, the UAE government aired commercials on television warning its Muslim citizens and residents to refrain from donating money at mosques, as the funds could unknowingly go to support terrorist causes. The UAE worked to keep its education system free of violent extremist influences, and it emphasized social tolerance. Also, the UAE has a cybercrime law criminalizing the use of the internet by terrorist groups to “promote their ideologies and finance their activities." The UAE government repeatedly condemned terrorist acts in Libya, Syria, and elsewhere.
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How was the Pakistani cricketer Mohammad Yousuf formerly known? | Cricket: Pakistan ponders the conversion of Mohammad Yousuf | Sport | The Guardian
Pakistan ponders the conversion of Mohammad Yousuf
Alex Brown on the issues raised when the Christian formerly known as Yousuf Youhana embraced Islam
Wednesday 9 November 2005 05.12 EST
First published on Wednesday 9 November 2005 05.12 EST
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In England, supporters await word on wrenched knees and wretched batting. In Pakistan, however, the most emotive topic of conversation ahead of the first Test in Multan has not been Michael Vaughan's fitness or England's woes with the willow, but religion - in particular the decision of Yousuf Youhana to abandon Christianity, embrace Islam and adopt the name Mohammad Yousuf .
Just before the tourists' arrival here last month Yousuf, then the only Christian in Pakistan's team, shocked many by praying with team-mates, including his captain Inzamam-ul-Haq, and announcing that he had changed religions. The response was immediate and intense.
His mother was quoted in a newspaper as saying: "I don't want to give Yousuf my name after what he has done." The Pakistan Cricket Board felt compelled to issue a release stating that "no religious-oriented pressure or influence was brought to bear on him by current or former players". Social commentators debated his religious shift and how it would be received by the nation.
Yousuf, meanwhile, has kept a low profile since his announcement. Anxious to avoid reigniting the issue that attracted so much attention, Pakistan's top-order mainstay - and veteran of 59 Tests - agreed to be interviewed only on condition that his conversion was not raised.
"The one thing I will tell you straight away is that I am not talking about religion in this series," he said. "I am totally focused on my game."
The leg-spinner Danish Kaneria, a Hindu, is now the only non-Muslim senior member of the squad. More than any other team in international cricket, the Pakistanis are centred on religion. Prayer sessions are common and holy periods - such as Ramadan, the month of fasting that ended last week - are observed.
It was not always thus, as noted recently by Osman Samiuddin, the Pakistan editor of the Cricinfo website, in an essay titled Finding Faith. Attempting to explain the increasingly devout nature of Pakistan's cricketers, Samiuddin touched on factors including the involvement of Saeed Anwar, the former batsman turned Islamic teacher, and the influx of players from rural areas and towns outside the traditional powerhouses of Lahore and Karachi.
A national trend towards stricter adherence to the teachings of the Qur'an was also cited, and as Sharda Ugra, a senior editor of the publication India Today, observed last year: "As sportsmen not only are they under scrutiny for their professional conduct, they have also become characters in a public morality play, always vulnerable to being accused of match-fixing should they fail."
All interesting points. But how does such religious devotion sit with the demands of professional sport? Has the home side been disadvantaged by the fact that, for example, Ramadan coincided with the build-up to the first Test?
Pakistan's coach Bob Woolmer, a former England Test player who describes himself as "not very religious", sees both advantages and disadvantages in his squad's religious beliefs. "It has created a terrific discipline in the side, and I am very happy about that," he said. "I have spoken to Inzamam a lot about it. Everyone understands that in the dressing room it is cricket first. There is a very serene atmosphere and one of discipline.
"But there is the odd problem. You have to train the players with less intensity during Ramadan, or do it at a time of day when they have more strength. In some respects that can be frustrating as a coach, if you are trying to prepare for something like an important Test series."
This, of course, is not Woolmer's first international coaching assignment, nor is it his first association with a religious team. During his time with South Africa, Hansie Cronje, along with his team-mates Jonty Rhodes and Andrew Hudson, formed a devout Christian core of the Proteas. The similarities in the two teams are clear, Woolmer said, despite the different faiths involved. "It tends to bind teams together very solidly," he said.
According to some, Yousuf's decision to convert was in part motivated by an eagerness to blend in with the team and improve his captaincy chances. But that theory was dismissed at the time by the Pakistan board and queried by Woolmer, who described his players as tolerant towards other faiths - the squad hosted a Christmas dinner for the coach and Yousuf in Melbourne last year. "In today's world there are people who use religion as a means to an end which is wrong and something that doesn't happen in this team," Woolmer said.
And Yousuf? Ahead of a series in which his sound right-handed batting, which has produced 4,272 Test runs at an impressive 47.46, should figure prominently, he would comment only on Pakistan's "good mood at practice" and that England had "the best bowling attack in the world".
Earlier, though, he told the BBC what a "great feeling" he got from conversion. And provided Mohammad Yousuf reproduces the batting feats he performed as Yousuf Youhana, most in Pakistan would share that sentiment. His mother, presumably, excluded.
| Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer) |
How is February 3rd. 1959 referred to in the Don McLean song 'American Pie'? | Mohammad Yousuf | Batsman | PakistanHerald.com
Mohammad Yousuf
Talk Shows
Mohammad Yousuf (formerly Yousuf Youhana) (born 27 august 1974, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan) is a Pakistani cricketer who has been a member of the Pakistani national cricket team since 1998. He is best known for his achievement in 2006 when he broke the great West Indian batsman, Sir Vivian Richards'', world record for the most Test runs in a single calendar year. Prior to his conversion to Islam in 2005, Yousuf was one of the few Christians to play in the Pakistan national cricket team.
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osama usman ( karachi,Pakistan) Sunday, August 01, 2010 1:32:09 PM (MDT - USA)
Salam i want to tell u that pakistani team have alrady lost the test match against england by 354 runs .we all are very sad to see that .so please help pakistan to be the best in cricket team.aap ka bhot bhot ihsaan ho ga agar aap ne pakistani team ko jita dia .I love u
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| i don't know |
Who is the husband of the actress and model Summer Phoenix? | Summer Phoenix - Biography - IMDb
Summer Phoenix
Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (1) | Trivia (23)
Overview (4)
5' 7" (1.7 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Born on 10 December 1978, Summer Joy Phoenix is the fifth and youngest child of Arlyn Phoenix and John Bottom, a carpenter. Summer was raised in Southern California, but spent her teen years in Central Florida, where she was born. She is an active supporter of numerous charities and activist groups, mainly concerning the environment, animal rights and vegetarianism. Summer has also appeared in many print ads in Europe.
Summer is married to actor Casey Affleck.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: Anonymous
Spouse (1)
( 3 June 2006 - present) (separated) (2 children)
Trivia (23)
Born at 2:34 AM EST
Competed with her sister, Liberty Phoenix , for the part of "Candi" in Russkies (1987)
Is a vegan.
(January 1997 - May 1998) Attended New York University's Tisch School of the Arts film school.
Was a member of the (now defunct) quasi-religious alternative band "The Causey Way" (along with her elder sister Rain Phoenix ). She played keyboards and sang back vocals, occasionally. In keeping with the pseudo-religious "Causey" theme, each band member, when they were inducted, was given a new Causey name. Summer's Causey name was "Sum Sum Causey".
April/May 2002: Appeared at London's Garrick Theatre, in "This Is Our Youth", alongside Matt Damon and Casey Affleck .
Her name, Summer Joy, represented her family's reaction to being back in the United States after leaving the religious cult, The Children of God.
Wrote/Played some piano pieces on her sister Rain Phoenix 's new CD.
Often works with good friend Clea DuVall .
Her brother, the late River Phoenix , played the young Harrison Ford in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989). Her brother-in-law, Ben Affleck , played the younger version of Harrison Ford 's character in The Sum of All Fears (2002).
Is a member of "The Paper Cranes", an alternative band that plays the New York City club scene. She plays the Rhodes, piano and guitar. They have released an EP and have plans to produce more. Her sister, Rain Phoenix , is the band's lead vocalist. "Paper Cranes" plays mostly shows in Gainesville, Florida.
Opened a recycled vintage clothing boutique on Manhattan's Lower East Side called "Some Odd Rubies" which she co-owns with Odessa Whitmire ( Matt Damon 's ex-girlfriend) and Ruby Canner (a childhood friend). [May 2003]
Appears in Girl (1998) with Sean Patrick Flanery , who, like her brother River Phoenix , played the young Indiana Jones.
| Casey Affleck |
'J. Wellington Wimpey' is a character in which comic strip? | Summer Phoenix - Biography - IMDb
Summer Phoenix
Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (1) | Trivia (23)
Overview (4)
5' 7" (1.7 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Born on 10 December 1978, Summer Joy Phoenix is the fifth and youngest child of Arlyn Phoenix and John Bottom, a carpenter. Summer was raised in Southern California, but spent her teen years in Central Florida, where she was born. She is an active supporter of numerous charities and activist groups, mainly concerning the environment, animal rights and vegetarianism. Summer has also appeared in many print ads in Europe.
Summer is married to actor Casey Affleck.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: Anonymous
Spouse (1)
( 3 June 2006 - present) (separated) (2 children)
Trivia (23)
Born at 2:34 AM EST
Competed with her sister, Liberty Phoenix , for the part of "Candi" in Russkies (1987)
Is a vegan.
(January 1997 - May 1998) Attended New York University's Tisch School of the Arts film school.
Was a member of the (now defunct) quasi-religious alternative band "The Causey Way" (along with her elder sister Rain Phoenix ). She played keyboards and sang back vocals, occasionally. In keeping with the pseudo-religious "Causey" theme, each band member, when they were inducted, was given a new Causey name. Summer's Causey name was "Sum Sum Causey".
April/May 2002: Appeared at London's Garrick Theatre, in "This Is Our Youth", alongside Matt Damon and Casey Affleck .
Her name, Summer Joy, represented her family's reaction to being back in the United States after leaving the religious cult, The Children of God.
Wrote/Played some piano pieces on her sister Rain Phoenix 's new CD.
Often works with good friend Clea DuVall .
Her brother, the late River Phoenix , played the young Harrison Ford in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989). Her brother-in-law, Ben Affleck , played the younger version of Harrison Ford 's character in The Sum of All Fears (2002).
Is a member of "The Paper Cranes", an alternative band that plays the New York City club scene. She plays the Rhodes, piano and guitar. They have released an EP and have plans to produce more. Her sister, Rain Phoenix , is the band's lead vocalist. "Paper Cranes" plays mostly shows in Gainesville, Florida.
Opened a recycled vintage clothing boutique on Manhattan's Lower East Side called "Some Odd Rubies" which she co-owns with Odessa Whitmire ( Matt Damon 's ex-girlfriend) and Ruby Canner (a childhood friend). [May 2003]
Appears in Girl (1998) with Sean Patrick Flanery , who, like her brother River Phoenix , played the young Indiana Jones.
| i don't know |
"Which beer produced by Thwaites is advertised as ""Beer worth walking for""?" | Tandleman's Beer Blog: Crafty Dan
Tandleman's Beer Blog
Tandleman's Random and Particular Thoughts on Beer.
Thursday, 9 May 2013
Crafty Dan
Set in a very cramped town centre location where it has been since 1807, Daniel Thwaites is one of the biggest, if not the biggest of the surviving family brewers, owning around 350 pubs. You won't find a Thwaites on the board though, the family name having been Yerburgh since the female line inherited and married one. It is still firmly family controlled however.
The brewery itself is rather large, with a lot being crammed into the site. When I visited it last night though, it wasn't to see the large automated modern brewery it has become, but the fairly recently installed "Craft Brewery" where, shall we say, the more interesting beers are brewed. Set in a spacious part of the brewery, this self contained 20 barrel plant is in no small measure where Thwaites sees a major part of its future. Our guide was at pains to point out that when he first started doing the tours, the brewery only used five different hop varieties and now uses at least 25 to produce a range of 12 "Signature" seasonal beers plus quarterly beers and "one offs". In addition experimental, development beers and beers commissioned by individual customers are produced. The plant itself is a full part of the production of the brewery, as its beers mostly go out to trade, but this is very much a hands on operation. We did visit Fermentation Room 1 in the main brewery, where a large number of traditional open squares produce the brewery's main output of Original, Nutty Black, Lancaster Bomber and of course Wainwright's which is now their biggest selling beer. The brewery is very self contained, with all racking, bottling and kegging done on site.
In the bar, we (National Winter Ales Fest workers) enjoyed the hospitality of the brewery, with Original, Bomber, Wainwrights, TBC and BB1 on offer. BB1 and TBC (Thwaites Best Cask) are produced in the micro brewery with the others coming from the larger main brewery. All were in the tip top form you'd expect and I particularly enjoyed the dark BB1 (it's their postcode) which has added cherries and a touch of sourness, at a very drinkable 3.7%. Think Belgian Dark Mild and you won't be far out. It was enjoyable too to talk to the very enthusiatic team that looked after us and to glean snippets of interest. Thwaites, like many others including Lees have more or less got out of the contract brewing game, as margins are so low. (Most supermarket beers are brewed by the likes of Burtonwood and Robert Cain) but they did brew (off and on) Punk IPA for you know who and still contract bottle and can as required.
I first visited this site over 20 years ago and last night may have been my last chance to visit the brewery again, as it will move in the next couple of years to a new, less cramped green field site near the motorway, as soon as planning permission has been gained for Sainsbury to buy the site, knock it down and build a supermarket. Oh and of course for Thwaites in the meantime to build a new brewery. A shame, but one thing is for sure. While the "old" brewery will be scrapped, the craft brewery will be dismantled and taken to the new site.
Thwaites see producing a wide variety of interesting craft cask beers as very much a part of their future. Craft Cask? Of course and why not?
We were all given a lovely 3 pack of a new beer too. Name? Crafty Dan. It is made with UK and Munich malts, Amarillo, Pacific Gem and Fuggles hops.
Posted by Tandleman at 18:38
| Alfred Wainwright |
Which British city is served by 'Elmdon Airport'? | Tandleman's Beer Blog: Crafty Dan
Tandleman's Beer Blog
Tandleman's Random and Particular Thoughts on Beer.
Thursday, 9 May 2013
Crafty Dan
Set in a very cramped town centre location where it has been since 1807, Daniel Thwaites is one of the biggest, if not the biggest of the surviving family brewers, owning around 350 pubs. You won't find a Thwaites on the board though, the family name having been Yerburgh since the female line inherited and married one. It is still firmly family controlled however.
The brewery itself is rather large, with a lot being crammed into the site. When I visited it last night though, it wasn't to see the large automated modern brewery it has become, but the fairly recently installed "Craft Brewery" where, shall we say, the more interesting beers are brewed. Set in a spacious part of the brewery, this self contained 20 barrel plant is in no small measure where Thwaites sees a major part of its future. Our guide was at pains to point out that when he first started doing the tours, the brewery only used five different hop varieties and now uses at least 25 to produce a range of 12 "Signature" seasonal beers plus quarterly beers and "one offs". In addition experimental, development beers and beers commissioned by individual customers are produced. The plant itself is a full part of the production of the brewery, as its beers mostly go out to trade, but this is very much a hands on operation. We did visit Fermentation Room 1 in the main brewery, where a large number of traditional open squares produce the brewery's main output of Original, Nutty Black, Lancaster Bomber and of course Wainwright's which is now their biggest selling beer. The brewery is very self contained, with all racking, bottling and kegging done on site.
In the bar, we (National Winter Ales Fest workers) enjoyed the hospitality of the brewery, with Original, Bomber, Wainwrights, TBC and BB1 on offer. BB1 and TBC (Thwaites Best Cask) are produced in the micro brewery with the others coming from the larger main brewery. All were in the tip top form you'd expect and I particularly enjoyed the dark BB1 (it's their postcode) which has added cherries and a touch of sourness, at a very drinkable 3.7%. Think Belgian Dark Mild and you won't be far out. It was enjoyable too to talk to the very enthusiatic team that looked after us and to glean snippets of interest. Thwaites, like many others including Lees have more or less got out of the contract brewing game, as margins are so low. (Most supermarket beers are brewed by the likes of Burtonwood and Robert Cain) but they did brew (off and on) Punk IPA for you know who and still contract bottle and can as required.
I first visited this site over 20 years ago and last night may have been my last chance to visit the brewery again, as it will move in the next couple of years to a new, less cramped green field site near the motorway, as soon as planning permission has been gained for Sainsbury to buy the site, knock it down and build a supermarket. Oh and of course for Thwaites in the meantime to build a new brewery. A shame, but one thing is for sure. While the "old" brewery will be scrapped, the craft brewery will be dismantled and taken to the new site.
Thwaites see producing a wide variety of interesting craft cask beers as very much a part of their future. Craft Cask? Of course and why not?
We were all given a lovely 3 pack of a new beer too. Name? Crafty Dan. It is made with UK and Munich malts, Amarillo, Pacific Gem and Fuggles hops.
Posted by Tandleman at 18:38
| i don't know |
Which country's national flag comprises two overlapping triangles? | 25 world flags and their hidden meanings
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25 world flags and their hidden meanings
23-06-2016
Flags originated on battlefields as a means of identification and hierarchy. Over the years, they have evolved to incorporate symbols significant to the countries they represent. Click through as we put together a list of 25 national flags and their respective meanings.
1. India
© Ajay Aggarwal/Hindustan Times via Getty Images
Known as the “tiranga,” which means “tricolor,” the Indian flag originally was meant to represent the two main religious groups of the nation — the saffron denoting the Hindus, and the green denoting the Muslims. The white stripe was to signify the peace desired between the two communities. The meanings have evolved over time though. The saffron now signifies courage and sacrifice, the white represents truth and purity, and the green symbolizes faith, fertility and chivalry. The "wheel of law" represents the endless circle of life, while its 24 spokes are meant to denote each hour of the day. The flag was adopted on July 22, 1947.
2. United Kingdom
© Peter Burnett/Getty Images
Though officially called the Union Flag, the flag of the U.K. is popularly known as the Union Jack - the name given to the same flag when flown while at sea. One of the oldest flags of the world, the Union Jack is a combination of three separate flags with symbols of the patron saints of the three countries — England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland — that are united under one sovereign. England and Wales are represented by the bold red St. George’s cross on the white background; Scotland is represented by the white-colored St. Andrew's cross on the blue background; and Northern Ireland is represented by St. Patrick’s cross, the red diagonal cross on the white background. The British flag was adopted on Jan. 1, 1801.
3. Bangladesh
© Björn Kindler/Getty Images
The Bangladeshi flag comprises a red circle on a green background. The red color denotes the rising sun and the sacrifices made by the nation’s people for their independence. The green, on the other hand, signifies the country’s greenery and vitality. Interestingly, the red circle is placed slightly toward the left so that it appears to be at the center when the flag is flying on a mast. The flag was adopted on Jan. 17, 1972.
4. Nepal
© Roland Magnusson/Getty Images
The flag of Nepal is one-of-a-kind — it is the only national flag not rectangular in shape. The flag comprises two overlapping triangles in crimson that represent the Himalayan mountains and the two main religions of the nation — Hinduism and Buddhism. The blue outline is symbolic of the country’s peaceful nature. Originally, the moon and the sun represented the royal family and the prime minister’s family. They are now known to represent the nation’s desire to exist as long as the heavenly bodies. The current flag was adopted on Dec. 12, 1962.
5. United States of America
© kaarsten/Getty Images
Often called “The Stars and Stripes” or “Old Glory,” the American flag features 13 stripes representing the original 13 colonies: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia. The 50 stars denote the 50 individual states of the nation. While the red color signifies hardiness and valor, the blue represents vigilance and justice, and the white signifies purity and innocence. The flag was adopted on June 14, 1777.
6. Malaysia
© supparsorn/Getty Images
The 14 red-and-white stripes as well as the 14 arms in the star represent the 13 member states and the federal district of Kuala Lumpur — signifying their equality in status. While the crescent and star symbols signify the country’s dominant religion, Islam, the color yellow is the country's traditional royal color. The blue rectangle, originally adopted from the Union Flag since erstwhile Malaya was a British colony, now means unity of the people of the country. The flag was adopted on May 26, 1950.
7. Argentina
© Fredex8/Getty Images
The Argentine flag consists of three horizontal stripes: while the blue bands denote the country's clear skies, the white color represents the snow of the Andes. The sun with a human face on the white band — called Sun of May and bearing features of the Inca god of Sun — symbolizes Argentina's independence. The flag was adopted on Feb. 27, 1812.
8. Nigeria
© meshmerize/Getty Images
The Nigerian flag comprises three equal-sized vertical stripes. While the green color represents the nation's lush vegetation and its agricultural industry, the white signifies the country’s desire for peace and unity. The flag was adopted on Oct. 1, 1960.
9. Ethiopia
© Zloyel/Getty Images
The flag comprises the Pan-African colors — green, yellow, and red — in three horizontal bands. The green denotes hope and fertility of the land, the yellow signifies justice and harmony, and the red symbolizes sacrifice and heroism in defense of the country. The blue disc at the center represents peace, and the pentagram stands for unity and equality among the Ethiopian people. The flag was adopted on Oct. 31, 1996.
10. Austria
© 3dmitry/Getty Images
Another one of the oldest flags in the world, the Austrian flag has a bloody history, literally. After a battle during the Third Crusade, the Duke of Austria, Leopold V’s white tunic was completely stained in blood, barring the area under his belt. This red-white-red combination is believed to have been the inspiration for the nation’s flag. The flag has been in use since 1191, and was re-adopted after World War II on May 1, 1945.
11. Canada
© baona/Getty Images
Known as the "Maple Leaf Flag," the Canadian flag has two colors — red, derived from St. George’s cross, and white, derived from the French royal emblem. An 11-point maple leaf is placed at the center of the white stripe. It was included after a prolonged campaign led by Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson, who noticed that during World War I, many Canadian battalions included a maple leaf in their insignia. The flag in its current form was adopted Feb. 15, 1965.
12. Denmark
© supparsorn/Getty Images
Believed to be the oldest continuously used national flag in the world, the Danish flag features an uneven white cross on a red background. The cross represents Christianity. According to legend, the flag fell from the skies on June 15, 1219, when King Waldemar II defeated the Estonians. However, according to historians, the flag's design was derived from old crusader banners. The flag was officially adopted as the state flag in 1625.
13. Myanmar
© AP Photo/Khin Maung Win
The ruling military junta replaced Myanmar's erstwhile red-blue flag with the current yellow, green, and red variant after the introduction of a new constitution in 2008. Yellow stands for solidarity among all ethnic groups, green denotes peace and tranquility, and red signifies courage and decisiveness. The central five-pointed white star symbolizes the country consolidated union. The flag was adopted on Oct. 21, 2010.
14. Germany
© Nellmac/Getty Images
The colors on the German flag are reminiscent of the medieval banner of the Holy Roman Empire. The banner had a two-headed black eagle with red claws and beak on a golden field. The three colors can also be traced back to the colors of the soldiers’ uniforms who fought for the country during the Napoleonic wars. The current flag was adopted on May 23, 1949.
15. North Korea
© narvikk/Getty Images
The broad red portion is symbolic of the country’s communism and revolutionary patriotism. The two blue stripes represent sovereignty, while the narrow white bands denote purity. The red star signifies communist philosophy, and the white circle is symbolic of the yin-yang philosophy. The flag was adopted on Sept. 8, 1948.
16. Australia
© chameleonseye/Getty Images
The Australian flag features a Union Flag in the upper left corner, which signifies its colonization by the British. Just under the Union Flag is a seven-pointed star — the star of federation — representing each of the country’s six states and one point for its territories. The right half of the flag features the Southern Cross constellation, which is visible from every Australian state and territory. The flag was adopted on Sept. 3, 1901.
17. France
© sylv1rob1/Getty Images
Commonly referred to as the “French Tricolore,” the flag of France is inspired from a red, white and blue cockade (a badge of eccentric circles), which was worn by King Louis XVI during a revolutionary gathering in Paris. White is a traditional color of the French royalty, while red and blue are an ode to the lively colors of Paris, the national capital. Over the years, the colors red, white, and blue have come to represent liberty, equality, and fraternity — the ideals of the French Revolution. The flag was officially adopted on Feb. 15, 1794.
18. Philippines
© Gilmanshin/Getty Images
The blue horizontal stripe denotes justice, while the red signifies courage. The white triangle on the hoist represent equality. The sun at the center of the triangle stands for the country’s independence, while the Sun rays are symbolic of the eight provinces that revolted against Spanish rule leading to the Philippine uprising. The three stars on each corner of the triangle represent the main geographical divisions of the nation — Luzon, Mindanao and Visayas. Though originally adopted in 1898, the current flag with minor alterations was re-adopted on Sept. 16, 1997.
19. China
© baona/Getty Images
The four small stars symbolize the social classes of the Chinese society — the working class, the peasantry, the urban petty bourgeoisie, and the national bourgeoisie. The large gold star and the red color are symbolic of the communist revolution. The flag was officially adopted on Oct. 1, 1949.
20. Bahrain
© typhoonski/Getty Images
The white serrated band with five points represent the five pillars of Islam. The red color is a traditional choice of all the Persian Gulf states’ flags. Until 2002, the flag had eight white points, which was later reduced to five to avoid confusion with the Qatari flag. The original flag was officially adopted in 1932.
21. South Korea
© narvikk/Getty Images
The South Korean flag is officially called “Taegukgi,” which means “great polarity.” The base color, white, is the traditional color of the Korean people, and signifies peace and purity. The emblem at the center symbolizes the yin (blue) and yang (red) cosmic forces that are necessary to maintain a harmonious balance. The four black trigrams, or "kwae," on each corner of the flag represent heaven, Earth, water, and fire. The flag was adopted on Jan. 25, 1950.
22. Vatican City
© Carl Court/Getty Images
The flag of the Vatican City comprises two vertical halves: the yellow half signifies the pope’s spiritual power, while the white denotes his worldly authority. The coat of arms on the white portion consists of two crossed keys of St. Peter, and a three-tiered papal tiara on top. Though introduced in 1825, it was officially adopted on June 8, 1929.
23. Cambodia
© Gil-Design/Getty Images
The flag of Cambodia consists of three horizontal stripes in blue-red-blue combination. While the blue color denotes the nation’s royalty, the red represents the nation. A three-towered temple at the center signifies Angkor Wat, the world’s largest religious monument that is located in the country. Adopted following Cambodia's independence in 1948 until 1970, it was re-introduced in 1993.
24. South Africa
© Zloyel/Getty Images
Designed by former State Herald F. Brownell, the colors on the South African flag do not have any official symbolism. However, they do have historical significance. While the black, green and yellow colors are an ode to Nelson Mandela’s political party, the African National Congress, the red, white and blue are reminiscent of the flags of the European colonists and the former Boer republics. The “Y” represents the nation’s diverse elements and their convergence toward a unified path. The flag was adopted on April 27, 1994.
25. Mexico
© Zloyel/Getty Images
The Mexican flag consists of three equal vertical stripes in green, white and red colors. The green denotes hope and joy, the white is symbolic of peace and religion, and the red stripe represents independence of the nation. The Mexican coat of arms on the white stripe is symbolic of the nation’s Aztec heritage. According to legend, the gods advised the wandering Aztec people to settle at a location where they saw an eagle feeding on a snake, perched atop a cactus. The city that they founded was Tenochtitlan, which is presently known as Mexico City. The current flag was adopted on Sept. 16, 1968.
Also Watch: Viral video of the day
Replay Video
| Nepal |
In which country did the breed of dog, the 'Great Dane' originate? | 15 of the World's Strangest Flags (swaziland flag, funny flags) - ODDEE
15 of the World's Strangest Flags
10/12/2009
1
Fryslan (Netherlands)
Someone from Fryslan in the Netherlands must love Frogger. Or Chinese fortune cookies. Either way, they made this flag odd and ugly enough to be our first on the list. ( Source )
2
Guam
Guam's flag is just horrible, it looks as if they've just bought a T-shirt from the nearest souvenir shop and put it on a flag pole. Even if this was the case, we have a hard time believing that they couldn't find a better T-shirt. ( Source )
3
Benin
This was the flag of the Benin Empire, that was situated in modern Nigeria. A pre-colonial African state, it lasted from 1440 to 1897. ( Source )
4
Swaziland
Swaziland's flag. The colors go well together and the design is interesting; unfortunately, this is not a kitchen towel. While we're sure the shield and spears are traditional and part of Swaziland's culture, having weapons in your flag just sends the wrong message, not to mention the poor school children in Swaziland. Trying to make an accurate drawing of this flag for independence day must be a nightmare. ( Source )
5
Isle of Man
The flag of the Isle of Man shows a triskelion, the Three Legs of Man emblem, in the centre of a red flag. The three legs are joined at the thigh and bent at the knee. In order to have the toes pointing clockwise on both sides of the flag, a two-sided emblem is used. ( Source )
6
Antwerp (Belgium)
One of the worst flags in the world comes from the state of Antwerp in Belgium. It's a chess set on acid. The flag is made of 24 square pieces, in 4 rows and 6 columns. The pieces in the upper right and lower left corners of the flag are white, the neighbouring pieces are blue, yellow, red and white, respectively. ( Source )
7
Mozambique
The hoe and the book in Mozambique's flag convey the best characteristics a nation wants in its people. But, an AK-47?! ( Source )
8
Kyrgyzstan... Is that a tennis ball on this flag?
9
Bhutan's flag wins the award for the most bad-ass ever.
10
Northern Marianas Islands' flag appears to have been created from clip art. ( Source )
11
U.S. Virgin Islands
Another unspeakably horrible flag from a U.S. territory, the U.S. Virgin Islands. They actually have to use it. ( Source )
12
Central African Republic
The Central African Republic's flag has managed to make an incredibly busy flag with just five straight lines, and one lonely star. While this flag looks horrible enough as it is, if it is seen waving in the wind, it actually induces seizures. ( Source )
13
Lombardy (Italy)
Lombardy in Italy must have invented the game of Jacks, mustn't it? Not much else can explain this flag, that is simple to point of boredom, but still includes a slightly nauseous shade of green. ( Source )
14
Nepal
Nepal is the only country in the world that doesn't have a rectangular flag; Nepalese flag is shaped like two overlapping triangles. ( Source )
15
Libya
Libya's flag, adopted on an uninspired night of 1977, consists of a simple green field with no other characteristics. It is the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, insignia, or other details. ( Source )
From the Web
| i don't know |
Which musical has the songs 'Another Suitcase In Another Hall' and 'Oh What A Circus'? | Evita Medley - Oh What a Circus/Another Suitcase in Another Hall - YouTube
Evita Medley - Oh What a Circus/Another Suitcase in Another Hall
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Uploaded on Jul 3, 2009
St. Mary's College Hull, annual cabaret night, Monday 29th June 2009.
A medley of songs from Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Evita, about the life of Eva Peron.
"Oh What a Circus" and "Another Suitcase in Another Hall", performed by Ellis Todd, Reuben Driver, Helen Clark, Rebbekah Thompson and Eilish Jennison.
Category
| Evita |
Which other museum would you find opposite the Natural History Museum? | Karaoke Hits from - Evita - The Musical by Ameritz Karaoke Band on Spotify
Requiem For Evita (In The Style Of Evita – The Musical)
1:510:30
On This Night Of A Thousand Stars (In The Style Of Evita – The Musical)
1:470:30
Buenos Aires (In The Style Of Evita – The Musical)
3:460:30
Another Suitcase In Another Hall (In The Style Of Evita – The Musical)
3:210:30
Don’t Cry For Me Argentina (In The Style Of Evita – The Musical)
5:380:30
High Flying, Adored (In The Style Of Evita – The Musical)
3:080:30
Waltz For Eva and Che (In The Style Of Evita – The Musical)
4:200:30
Oh What A Circus (In The Style Of Evita – The Musical)
3:090:30
| i don't know |
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