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Although humans feature in several Beatrix Potter tales, which is the only one to have a human as the title character?	The Complete Tales by Beatrix Potter — Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists Nov 13, 2012 Jason Koivu rated it really liked it Don't let this innocent looking book fool you! It's all death and despair right from the get-go when a mother bunny relates with such nonchalant callousness the death of their father to four impressionable young rabbits. One suspects she wasn't all that sad to see the old man go. Perhaps he was beating her. Love the fantastic illustrations! Sure they border on Kinkadian quaintness and might be too cute for their own good, but without them most of these stories quite frankly never would've been r Don't let this innocent looking book fool you! It's all death and despair right from the get-go when a mother bunny relates with such nonchalant callousness the death of their father to four impressionable young rabbits. One suspects she wasn't all that sad to see the old man go. Perhaps he was beating her. Love the fantastic illustrations! Sure they border on Kinkadian quaintness and might be too cute for their own good, but without them most of these stories quite frankly never would've been read. Beatrix Potter had a quirky writing style that was adequate most of the time, unexpectedly fun some of the time, and completely useless a time or two. If it weren't for the pictures, at least once or twice the reading would've ground to a "what huh?" halt. If there's an over-arching theme, aside from "FUZZY BUNNIES! SQUEEEEE!!!!!", it would be that of "Thievery in the world of the common man (or mouse)". Many of Potter's stories revolve around thieving, from petty pilfering to wholesale theft on a grand scale such as in "The Tale of the Tailor of Gloucester". The focal story of the collection, and the story everyone thinks of first, "The Tale of Peter Rabbit" is about a young thief eluding a vindictive farmer, who (view spoiler) [upon failing to capture the little thief (hide spoiler) ] creates an effigy using Peter's clothes in which "to frighten the blackbirds," a thinly veiled nod to the farmer's apparent racist attitude towards minorities. In each story the thief occasionally gets their comeuppance, other times they get away with it, and sometimes they are heralded like a Robin Hood for their acts. It's difficult to decipher Potter's stance, but it is clear the crime weighed heavily upon her mind. NOTE: I decided to write this serious (well, semi-serious) review after realizing my original review lacked much depth and insight. ORIGINAL REVIEW: Shelves: xx-dnf-skim-reference Ok, no, I didn't read the whole book, not even all the ones I didn't know before. After all, they're at Project Gutenberg, so I can read them on my tablet at any time. But I picked this up at the library to have an idea of just how prolific Potter (second cousin's great-aunt of Harry?) was. And I have to admit, the variety of what she created is more than I realized, and the quantity less. I'm finding that I'm enjoying the ones that are not so cutesy bunny more than those that are. The Tale of M Ok, no, I didn't read the whole book, not even all the ones I didn't know before. After all, they're at Project Gutenberg, so I can read them on my tablet at any time. But I picked this up at the library to have an idea of just how prolific Potter (second cousin's great-aunt of Harry?) was. And I have to admit, the variety of what she created is more than I realized, and the quantity less. I'm finding that I'm enjoying the ones that are not so cutesy bunny more than those that are. The Tale of Mr. Tod is killer. I never knew that Mr. Tod is a nickname for a fox, and Tommy Brock is a badger. And when a mother rabbit finds her children missing, we read that she "wrung her ears." Did you know also that Potter bought country lands to preserve it, and "When she died in 1943 she left over 4,000 acres and fifteen farms to the nation." ...more Shelves: childrens-books , classics , fairy-tales , owned-books I did not read these gorgeous tales when I was a child. I have no nostalgia for Peter Rabbit and his friends. But oh, how I wish I had! How I wish I had read about the wonderful rabbit in his lovely blue jacket with shiny golden buttons and his tiny pair of shoes. How I wish I had lost myself in Beatrix Potter's wonderful, pastel-coloured water-paintings and gasped of the wickedness and cunning of Tommy Brock, and sighed with delight with each happy ending, each last word wrapping up the story i I did not read these gorgeous tales when I was a child. I have no nostalgia for Peter Rabbit and his friends. But oh, how I wish I had! How I wish I had read about the wonderful rabbit in his lovely blue jacket with shiny golden buttons and his tiny pair of shoes. How I wish I had lost myself in Beatrix Potter's wonderful, pastel-coloured water-paintings and gasped of the wickedness and cunning of Tommy Brock, and sighed with delight with each happy ending, each last word wrapping up the story in a delicate ribbon. But even if I didn't read them as a child and even if I don't possess that cherished sense of nostalgia towards Beatrix Potter's universe of foxes, birds, squirrels and rabbits, I still found these tales to be an absolute delight, adorably simple and perfectly fitting for any child (or any child hiding within an adult). I can easily understand why these tales are so beloved and so dear to so many people. I can't understand why I haven't read them sooner. ...more Aug 17, 2012 Emma Long rated it it was amazing Beatrix Potter's Complete Tales holds a very dear place in my heart. This collection has never lost its popularity. Beatrix Potter's first story in 1902, "The Tale of Peter Rabbit" was published in a small edition by Frederick Warne, within a year it was an instant best seller. To this day the appeal of the tales is just as strong. The animals seem to almost take on human personalities. In fact, these magical stories are often connected with real people, places or animals. Stories that involve an Beatrix Potter's Complete Tales holds a very dear place in my heart. This collection has never lost its popularity. Beatrix Potter's first story in 1902, "The Tale of Peter Rabbit" was published in a small edition by Frederick Warne, within a year it was an instant best seller. To this day the appeal of the tales is just as strong. The animals seem to almost take on human personalities. In fact, these magical stories are often connected with real people, places or animals. Stories that involve animals as the main characters in books always seem to fascinate young children and Peter Rabbit has always been up there with the best. The Tale of Mr Jeremy Fisher can provide the perfect introduction into mini-beasts such as beetles, grasshoppers and worms in KS1 science lessons. The life cycle of a frog can also be explored. Beatrix Potter can also be used in conjunction with History lessons on the Victorians. By studying Beatrix Potter's childhood, children can compare/contrast it with their own world. This can also lead way to discussions as to why Potter wrote simple stories about animals rather than people. Children can then go on to write their own animal themed story. With regards to Art lessons, children can draw a variety of animals and plants, they can then work with watercolour, just as Beatrix Potter did with her own illustrations. These tales are most certainly tailored to a younger audience, most certainly EYFS, yet these tales can and still are enjoyed by older audiences, including myself. Shelves: children-s-books PRELUDE; A few weeks ago went to see the film of the Royal Ballet dancing several Tales of Beatrix Potter. The ballet choreographed by Frederick Ashton with music, really delightful, by John Lanchbery was first made into a film some years ago.This recent production was filmed in the actual theatre. There were only two of us in the movie theatre.I was sitting right at the back and was sorely tempted to get up and dance to my heart's content across the large open area behind the last row of seats. I PRELUDE; A few weeks ago went to see the film of the Royal Ballet dancing several Tales of Beatrix Potter. The ballet choreographed by Frederick Ashton with music, really delightful, by John Lanchbery was first made into a film some years ago.This recent production was filmed in the actual theatre. There were only two of us in the movie theatre.I was sitting right at the back and was sorely tempted to get up and dance to my heart's content across the large open area behind the last row of seats. I didn't but I did cavort round the house when I got home and played the music. I came to Beatrix Potter late, about age 31.(It's never TOO late!!) Took a break from my job in Athens to join my Mum and Step-father in a motoring holiday around the U.K. Was reading BP's biography by Margaret Lane - an excellent one. And so of course when we hit the Lake District we ended up at her wonderful house left exactly as she had left it. Mum photographed me standing in the doorway where BP had her photo taken.(I knew because the photo was in the book!!) Later Mum was to run around the moors on the edge of Haworth crying out "Heathcliff!!Heathcliff!!!"in a much darker literary clime. After which we got caught in a Yorkshire storm and staggered into our hotel dying of laughter, while my step-father gave us fierce disapproving looks which made us laugh all the more.(He WAS an Accountant, and I'm sure had NEVER read a Beatrix Potter!!) So now I am going to read first the several Tales that were recreated for the ballet. And then follow up with ALL the rest. Ah, blisssssss!!! MUCH LATER: Now aged almost 62, short of a couple of weeks, I have read All the Tales in Chronological Order. And discovered that Beatrix has a Dark Side!!!(Scarey!!!) In the VERY FIRST story, The Tale of Peter Rabbit", Mrs Rabbit tells her children where they may and may not go, warning them off Mr.McGregor's garden :"...your Father had an accident there; he was put in a pie by Mrs McGregor."(Ouch!!There goes Junior's slumberful night!) Often Beatrix's Own Inspirations didn't live to tell their Tale. Mr Jeremy Fisher - dissected. Peter Rabbit - death by chloroform, followed by dissection and drawn for illustrative purposes. Jemima Puddleduck - ditto. And Squirrel Nutkin shot - at Beatty's request for drawing. And Guess Who performed the dissections. (Not a question!) Is it surprising then, given the blood on Beatty's hands, that every Tale has at least one sentence that lets Junior know all is NOT well with the World. Life itself is under threat. Even if its just Ginger, (the cat who shared ownership of the popular village shop with Pickles the terrier, popular because it gave generous credit), who had to ask Pickles to serve their mouse customers because they made his mouth water. ("I cannot bear to see them going out at the door carrying their little parcels," he confessed.) Pickles had to make a similar confession about rats, but being a Realist added:"..but it would never do to eat our own customers; they would leave us and go to Tabitha Twitchet's."(The cat whose shop did NOT give credit.)Being much more of a realist, which one would expect of a cat, Ginger replied gloomily: "On the contrary,they would go nowhere." Ginger"s and Pickle's business finally collapses because of their customers' greed( ALL characters from the Tales I am shocked to tell you!!!).They NEVER paid a penny, so poor Ginger and Pickles were forced to eat their own goods...but never laid claw or tooth on their clientele, to their credit.(No pun intended, I assure you!)Pickles became a gamekeeper and Ginger went to live on the warren and became stout and comfortable. Would it surprise you to learn that a warren is a place where rabbits abound? Although Miss Potter tells us:"I do not know what occupation he pursues", her drawing shows Ginger laying nasty traps with big metal teeth - on the warren!!!(Miss Potter's illustrations often convey information she does NOT provide in the text!!)And Miss Tabitha Twitchett put up all her prices and refused to give credit!!!!! After this Tale of 1909 Miss Potter's Tales just get nastier and nastier. They are thrilling and delightful!! I'm sure All those Edwardian era Mums and Dads had no idea what subversiveness and violence was being smuggled into Junior's nursery under innocent covers. By 1912 Miss Potter had declared that she was tired of writing: "goody goody books about nice people." No wonder World War One broke out only a couple of years later. And yet the History Books never mention Miss Potter as one of the chief underlying causes. Feminism has a lot to answer for. EPILOGUE: Miss Potter knew a lot. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder??? Tom Kitten,victim of the rat, Anna Maria, who tied him up; and her husband, Mr.Samuel Whiskers, who helped her encase him in dough to be cooked and eaten.Poor Tom is rescued just in time. But ever afterwards "he has always been afraid of a rat; he never durst face anything that is bigger than - a mouse!" And I doubt any sensitive reader will either. Except the Insensitive who will no doubt join the Army. Shelves: children-s-lit , british-literature , animals , reviewed , by-women , ebooks-kindle , 2011-2016 The Kindle edition included audio files which I didn't listen to, although I might try them at some future time. When one thinks of Beatrix Potter, Peter Rabbit immediately springs (or hops) to mind, but there is so much more. Other stories feature rabbits, mice, cats, dogs, frogs, ducks, pigs, squirrels and other animals. Human beings usually appear only incidentally, and play a major role in only a few stories. The level of the narration varies: some stories seem geared to the very young, and s The Kindle edition included audio files which I didn't listen to, although I might try them at some future time. When one thinks of Beatrix Potter, Peter Rabbit immediately springs (or hops) to mind, but there is so much more. Other stories feature rabbits, mice, cats, dogs, frogs, ducks, pigs, squirrels and other animals. Human beings usually appear only incidentally, and play a major role in only a few stories. The level of the narration varies: some stories seem geared to the very young, and some to more mature audiences. They often feature animals getting into trouble through their own carelessness, which is a plot element often found in fairy tales. Problems are solved sometimes through ingenuity, sometimes through sheer luck. This edition contains Potter's illustrations, some in black and white, many in colour. I'm glad to say that none of the little animals moved mischievously when no one else was looking. ...more Shelves: fiction , children-s-books , classics , favorites , short-stories , own , picture-books The first book I can remember reading was The Tale of Peter Rabbit, so Beatrix Potter is very near and dear to my heart. This collection of her tales is simply wonderful. Between her stunning artwork and her entertaining stories, there is something here for everyone. These would definitely be fun stories to read out loud to children. In regards to this edition, I really enjoyed how before each tale, there was some background information on the story and what inspired Ms. Potter to write them. I The first book I can remember reading was The Tale of Peter Rabbit, so Beatrix Potter is very near and dear to my heart. This collection of her tales is simply wonderful. Between her stunning artwork and her entertaining stories, there is something here for everyone. These would definitely be fun stories to read out loud to children. In regards to this edition, I really enjoyed how before each tale, there was some background information on the story and what inspired Ms. Potter to write them. I never realized before reading this that so many of her tales have interconnected characters and details, which was neat. It was fun to see favorite characters popping up again. ...more Shelves: naptimecafé After reading the little handheld sizes many times, we now listen on Audible narrated by Katherine Kellgren. She has a lovely cadence, esp on The Tale of Mr. Tod! We also like the Tailor of Gloucester narrated by Meryl Streep because the music by the Chieftans makes it extra festive & enhances the Christmas vibe. Aug 18, 2013 Nicola Mansfield rated it it was amazing · review of another edition Review written in 2007: I've been reading this aloud to my 7yo for a month or so, reading one story every now and then. The stories are presented here in chronological order as published with 4 unpublished works at the end. The stories are wonderful, darling tales of anthropomorphic animals. Once she married in 1913 she didn't have as much time for her painting and writing and I think it shows as the stories in the first half of the book are much more enjoyable than the latter ones. The stories Review written in 2007: I've been reading this aloud to my 7yo for a month or so, reading one story every now and then. The stories are presented here in chronological order as published with 4 unpublished works at the end. The stories are wonderful, darling tales of anthropomorphic animals. Once she married in 1913 she didn't have as much time for her painting and writing and I think it shows as the stories in the first half of the book are much more enjoyable than the latter ones. The stories are somewhat didactic but not overly so. They are also much more violent than I would have remembered them to be. Naughty children are spanked frequently and Potter presents as a matter of fact that animals are often killed by hunters, farmers and other animals. The 7yo really enjoyed the stories, especially the ones in which Peter Rabbit or members of his family appeared. Also, while each story stands alone there are references to prior events and characters and this was fun to notice when reading them in order. This edition itself includes a brief biography of Beatrix Potter at the front and prior to each story is a short introductory paragraph detailing connections in the story with Potter's real life. All the original illustrations, including the original front covers illustrations, are included and this is a book that can be browsed through just for the gorgeous watercolours and sketches. ...more May 19, 2014 Shawn Thrasher rated it really liked it · review of another edition I listened to the magnificently read Blackstone audio version, and really, I can't recommend it enough. It's like having a British gran read you the stories before a crackling fire while English weather does what English weather does outside, with a cup of chamomile tea. Tennyson wrote "Nature, red in tooth and claw" and while he wasn't writing about the brutal world of Beatrix Potter, he could have been. Peter Rabbit and friends may be late Victorian yeomen and gentry wearing blue coats and sel I listened to the magnificently read Blackstone audio version, and really, I can't recommend it enough. It's like having a British gran read you the stories before a crackling fire while English weather does what English weather does outside, with a cup of chamomile tea. Tennyson wrote "Nature, red in tooth and claw" and while he wasn't writing about the brutal world of Beatrix Potter, he could have been. Peter Rabbit and friends may be late Victorian yeomen and gentry wearing blue coats and selling peppermints in shops, but they also have no absolutely no compunction about eating, skinning and wearing one another. "Would you care for a piece of pie, Duchess?" Ribby asks. "It WAS Mrs. Tittlemouse." Some of them also, horror of horrors, smoke (albeit rabbit tobacco). Some of these stories go absolutely no where, fast ("The Tale of Pigling Bland", for example) and don't really work all that well as stories - but when they do work, they are brilliant little gems; it's no wonder they are still in print, and will continue to be in print, until Peter Rabbit is a folk character the same as his cousin Br'er Rabbit. So long live the stories of Beatrix Potter! Jan 28, 2012 Helen rated it liked it These are kids' books?!?!?! Seriously?!?! I have no problem with anthropomorphic personifications, talking rabbits etc, but surely if you're making the animals talk you should stay away from making them eat each other! It may be because I was 'reading' the complete series on audiobook, one after the other, but do we have to have one story telling the tale of the mice that 'live' in the dolls house when the kids aren't playing with it and then in the very next story have the dog eating mouse pie? These are kids' books?!?!?! Seriously?!?! I have no problem with anthropomorphic personifications, talking rabbits etc, but surely if you're making the animals talk you should stay away from making them eat each other! It may be because I was 'reading' the complete series on audiobook, one after the other, but do we have to have one story telling the tale of the mice that 'live' in the dolls house when the kids aren't playing with it and then in the very next story have the dog eating mouse pie? Or the cat running the general store refuse to serve the mice because his mouth waters too much?!?! If we're personifying the creatures surely that's canibalism? And yes, I'm aware these are classics and have been around for close to 100 years, this is only my take on it. ...more Shelves: 2012 , read-aloud This was a read aloud book to Emma. I think I loved the stories as much as she did! I read most, if not all, of these when I was little, but I had forgotten much of the stories. Children's stories certainly are not written like this anymore. I love that Beatrix Potter uses brilliant and colorful language. Her characters and descriptions were simple, endearing, and full of life. The illustrations are simple but there is something about them that captures your heart. She was a gifted lady to be sur This was a read aloud book to Emma. I think I loved the stories as much as she did! I read most, if not all, of these when I was little, but I had forgotten much of the stories. Children's stories certainly are not written like this anymore. I love that Beatrix Potter uses brilliant and colorful language. Her characters and descriptions were simple, endearing, and full of life. The illustrations are simple but there is something about them that captures your heart. She was a gifted lady to be sure. Shelves: children-s-books-and-literature , classics You might think that the big words and adult phrasing in these books would deter a child's interest... not so! Children love stories about animals, and even if they don't understand every word (or -sometimes - even the plot!), they enjoy the rhythm of the language, the pictures and the funny situations. Besides, reading books like this with more advanced vocabulary and sentence structure teaches them how to speak with more advanced vocabulary and more complex sentences. Oct 01, 2010 Joanne Valiukas rated it really liked it I adore these little stories which are always so delightfully engaging and fun. I used to make my husband read them to me when I couldn't sleep and my favourite was always The Pie and the Patty Pan. Just like Ribby or Mrs Ribston as she is known in the tale, my husband came home to a chicken pot pie that had just underneath the crust...yes, you guessed it...a patty pan. Me and our children roared with laughter at the delighted shock on his face. Ms Potter and I...we got him good. Dec 12, 2007 W.B. rated it it was amazing Recommends it for: Everyone I love her art and her writing is very funny. I've been reading a lot of children's lit lately...things like The Brothers Grimm and just weird contemporary children's lit...this is a splendid volume...I hear the Cocteau Twins when I read her books...the places between the sentences sort of turn into Cocteau Twins chiming tunes....usually ones from Treasure... Aug 11, 2009 Karen B rated it it was amazing Beatrix Potter remains one of my favourite authors. I discovered her tales when I was about 7 years old and have revisited her stories over and over. I love the illustrations in particular. Having visited Beatrix Potter's Lake District I have become even more fascinated by her stories. The places in her tales remain largely unchanged even today. Dec 06, 2008 Stacey rated it it was amazing Recommends it for: anyone with children or those interested in perfecting a British accent... How do I love this book? Let me count the ways... Children of all ages adore it, the tales of peter rabbit (and friends) are incredibly clever, the illustrations are charming, and perhaps best of all it's fun reading these stories in a faux British accent (I'm actually getting quite good). A perfect little book! Oct 15, 2015 Elijah Libert rated it it was amazing · review of another edition There is a lot of mice in this story. The story of Piggy Robinson reminded me The Owl and The Pussycat by Edward Lear and Robinson Crusoe. I liked that all the stories were related to each other. Feb 28, 2016 Bridget rated it really liked it Great book. Took me back to my own childhood. I love reading these to my kids, especially my eldest who really enjoyed the wee characters, cute names etc Shelves: favorites , vinkkaukset Oh Beatrix Potter, where do I start? She has been my idol since childhood and her work inspired me to start drawing at a young age which lasted until little before high school. I stopped drawing because of my lack of talent and time, but I still read Potter's stories over and over again or watch The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends (1992). Last year I got the best Christmas present ever and it was this complete tales collection in original English with bigger pictures than translated Finnish ed Oh Beatrix Potter, where do I start? She has been my idol since childhood and her work inspired me to start drawing at a young age which lasted until little before high school. I stopped drawing because of my lack of talent and time, but I still read Potter's stories over and over again or watch The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends (1992). Last year I got the best Christmas present ever and it was this complete tales collection in original English with bigger pictures than translated Finnish edition and it's in a cute blue and green box! I thought I would list my top five favourite tales and explain a little why I like them. The stories are in the order they were published (just like in this collection). The Tale of Peter Rabbit (1902) Who doesn't know the mascot character of the world of Beatrix Potter, I list him in the same category with Mickey Mouse and Totoro because he's that popular. The animation series and the official website is named after him and usually the place where the tales are happening is called The World of Peter Rabbit (and other animal friends). I was also enchanted by the story and Peter himself, that cute little rule breaker. The story of Peter stealing vegetables from Mr. McGregor’s garden would quickly seem like a basic tale where bad little boy doesn’t listen to his parents and learns his lesson the hard way but that’s not the case. Peter isn’t punished that badly by her mother. He just gets sick and has go to bed while her sisters eat the berries they collected while being nice and obedient, but I didn’t even remember that as a child. I think that’s because Beatrix Potter didn’t write her stories to teach children. She just wanted everyone to enjoy the tales about her animal friends which everyone could understand just with her illustrations so even the smallest children in the family can keep up. The part everyone remembers from Peter’s tale is the chase between our rabbit with a little blue jacket (which is cutest thing ever) and scary Mr. McGregor which is exciting every time. The Tailor of Gloucester (1903) This story is also Beatrix Potter’s own favourite and it’s a wonderful Christmas story (Christmas is my favourite holiday too btw) which should have the same popularity as the Christmas Carol and The Snowman. Story is quite basic: in a town there lives Tailor who has to finish dresses and gowns for the party but he gets sick and it seems he can’t finish them on time. Lucky for him the mice who live in the house notice this, finish Tailor’s work for him and Tailor is praised by his great work which is so detailed. I also like the pictures in this story so much because there’s snow and cold but also warmth and light which makes Christmas such a great holiday in my opinion. The Tale of Two Bad Mice (1904) Again, characters who behave badly and just mess around the place. It’s simple story but it’s also has great humour when the mice don’t understand that the house they are visiting isn’t a real house but a doll house so everything is plastic, even food. My favourite part is when they try several foods just to throw them away in a childish rage. In the end the mice weren’t that bad and they paid for the damages to the dolls with a crooked sixpence they found. I also chose to read this story to a group of little children and they enjoyed it a lot and we just love these mischievous characters because they’re so funny. The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse (1910) Mrs. Tittlemouse is one of my favourite characters because she is so hard-working and wants to keep things in order which is quite uncommon in the world of Peter Rabbit. Usually the characters live like animals and don’t care so much are their nests tidy or not. Mrs. Tittlemouse in other hand doesn’t want any dirty footprints inside her house and every guest who is even a little bit dirty is not welcome. The story starts with several insects walking inside her house, which is rude but Mrs. Tittlemouse sends them outside (even the cute spider who has walked in the rain to the wrong house). Then she notices a huge bee called Babbitty Bumble who is quite angry and Mrs. Tittlemouse tries to send her away too but then she finds out that there's a full nest of bees in her tidy little house! Now Mrs. Tittlemouse needs help from Mr. Jackson, who (oh dear) DOESN’T WIPE HIS FEET! The Tale of Mr. Tod (1912) I still remember this as the most exciting episode of the whole animated series because this time there wasn’t just one enemy to fool, but two and one of them is the most feared animal of the whole Peter Rabbit universe, Mr. Tod! I like Mr. Tod a lot and always have. I've never thought of him as the main villain of this story but more as a protector of his own house because Tommy Brock was really awful, disgusting and rotten character who first tricked babies from the bunnies and then intruded to Mr. Tod’s house and even slept in his bed (eww, I get your anger Mr. Tod). In this story Peter Rabbit and Benjamin Bunny are already grown up and have their own families but Benjamin’s children, the Flopsy Bunnies, are taken by Tommy Brock the badger so they have to run for the scary rescue mission. The story actually two sides to it: the two villains, the badger and the fox fighting for the house (and just because they hate each other) and then Benjamin and Peter waiting for the chance to save the little bunnies, while fearing that the villains find their hideout. Mr. Tod actually appears only in three stories: in The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck (where he isn’t even given a proper name), The Fox and The Stork which is a version of Aesop fable and in this tale which is even named after him, but his character design is just wonderful. I think he might be one of the best of all the fox characters in children’s literature. He dresses like a gentleman with his tweed jacket, black thigh boots, cane and not mention his handsome “sandy” whiskers while being polite as ever until the point he just snaps. Then to finish this (kind of) review with the honourable mentions: The Tale of Samuel Whiskers Scariest one of them all and rat trying to bake a kitten to a pie is quite disturbing. Love it. The Tale of Johnny Town-Mouse Another Aesop fable version but country and city setting is great and Beatrix Potter’s love for the country side is shown so well. The Rabbits Christmas Party Rabbits having a Christmas party, what could be cuter? Dec 11, 2016 James Perkins rated it really liked it · review of another edition Ms Potter's stories about Peter Rabbit are a staple for almost all native-English children learning to read. My sister had the first, The Tale of Peter Rabbit, with a list of the others in the back; I'd read about Peter Rabbit many times, and always wondered about those titles, so I decided to finally read the full set of stories collected together in this volume. Each animal in the stories has its own personality and apart from being anthropomorphic, acts mostly according to its species. The wa Ms Potter's stories about Peter Rabbit are a staple for almost all native-English children learning to read. My sister had the first, The Tale of Peter Rabbit, with a list of the others in the back; I'd read about Peter Rabbit many times, and always wondered about those titles, so I decided to finally read the full set of stories collected together in this volume. Each animal in the stories has its own personality and apart from being anthropomorphic, acts mostly according to its species. The watercolour paintings and ink sketches by the author are exquisite in their detail and illustrate her tales with early 20th century charm. Even as an adult, I enjoyed reading them, and if I had children, I am sure I would have fun reading them out loud and playing the role of each character with a different voice. The only disappointment is that some of the stories are terribly bland, with goody-goody characters that do very little; the story notes indicate that even Ms Potter became tired of this format, so she then wrote about Mr Tod, a wily fox. Unfortunately the less entertaining stories really stand out because some of the better tales are very well-written, with a definite plot structure, progress for the characters, excitement and a final denouement, like in any book for older readers. Overall, the book stands very well even today, and is well worth the time of both you and your children. ...more Jan 04, 2017 Orbi Alter rated it really liked it · review of another edition Ilustracije su famozne, a price i ne bas (izuzev tri bas predivne). Iznenaduje me njezina beskompromisnost u oslikavanju seoskih prizora s obzirom na njezne ilustracije. (Neki ostanu traumatizirani, netko bez repa, brkova ili mrkve, nekome pojedu djecu, a netko zavrsi u piti). Jedna od prica mi je bas bila jako strasna, sto nisam ocekivala... Ali ovo je ljubav <3 " Sam macak bio je osujecen u ljubavi. Njegov mrzovoljni i mracni svjetonazor djelomicno je bio posljedica razdvojenosti od sove. Ta Ilustracije su famozne, a price i ne bas (izuzev tri bas predivne). Iznenaduje me njezina beskompromisnost u oslikavanju seoskih prizora s obzirom na njezne ilustracije. (Neki ostanu traumatizirani, netko bez repa, brkova ili mrkve, nekome pojedu djecu, a netko zavrsi u piti). Jedna od prica mi je bas bila jako strasna, sto nisam ocekivala... Ali ovo je ljubav <3 " Sam macak bio je osujecen u ljubavi. Njegov mrzovoljni i mracni svjetonazor djelomicno je bio posljedica razdvojenosti od sove. Ta mila ptica, snjezna sova iz Laponije, plovila je na sjevernjackom kitolovcu na Grenland. A "Funta svijeca" plovila je na tropska mora." Nisu li sve ljubavi opreke izmedu zime i ljeta? :D Srecom, macak i sova proveli su medeni mjesec na pustom otoku kod prascica Robinsona :) ...more Dec 03, 2016 Stacie rated it it was ok I enjoy Peter Rabbit, but none of the other tales grabbed me. Most likely because they are short stories and they can easily be missed when I'm listening to them at work or it could be that I find them bland with all the new fresh weird stories out there. All in all a cute collection for little readers and their parents.	The Tailor of Gloucester
In rowing, what name is given to the race in which losing crewsin the heats have a second chance to qualify for the next round?	Acorn Stairlifts Acorn Stairlifts Tales from Beatrix that shaped our childhood Tales from Beatrix that shaped our childhood Posted: Jul 29, 2016 by Admin - Acorn Stairlifts UK & filed under News A new set of stamps issued by Royal Mail this week celebrates the life and work of one of Britain's most enduring and endearing authors, Beatrix Potter. Although written in the early 1900s, her series of 23 timeless and charming children's books continue to sell in their millions around the world, translated into countless languages. The first and best known of the series, The Tale of Peter Rabbit, has sold more than 40 million copies alone. The books, which tell the stories of various small animals and their adventures, are especially popular in Japan, where their use in teaching English to young children has captivated generations of young learners. The new stamps feature six of her favourite characters – Peter Rabbit, Jemima Puddle-Duck, Squirrel Nutkin, Tom Kitten, Benjamin Bunny and hedgehog Mrs Tiggy-Winkle. As well as a great storyteller, Potter was also a skilled artist who illustrated her own books, and the images on the stamps are her own drawings. Their launch marks the 150th anniversary of Potter's birth, with the Royal Mint also issuing a commemorative 50p coin. Born to wealthy parents in the London borough of Kensington on July 28th, 1866, Potter was educated at home by a series of governesses and grew up largely isolated from other children. She and her younger brother, Bertram, had several pets which would inspire her later writing. She also enjoyed family holidays to Scotland and the Lake District, where she developed a love of nature and the countryside. Both her parents were artistic and young Beatrix inherited their talent and love of painting, focusing particularly on plants and fungi, in which she became expert. She also enjoyed sketching and painting small animals, often dressing them in clothing such as capes and hats and giving them human traits. By her late 20s Potter was a prolific letter writer who particularly enjoyed writing to children, especially those of her last governess, often illustrating her letters with quick sketches. It was while on holiday in Scotland in 1893 that she wrote just such a letter to her former governess's eldest son, Noel, telling the story of four rabbits named Flopsy, Mopsy, Cottontail and Peter. It was the earliest incarnation of The Tale of Peter Rabbit, although it wasn't published as a book until seven years later. Even then it was only in a very limited print run for family and friend, self-published by Potter at her own expense after the work was rejected by several publishers. It was a family friend who then took the self-published book around the London publishing houses, eventually persuading Frederick Warne & Co to give it a proper print run. Despite having previously rejected the work, the publisher was keen to break into the booming market for small format children's books and decided to take a chance on "the bunny book". It was a gamble the publishing house would never regret! When it was finally published in October 1902, The Tale of Peter Rabbit, written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter, became an immediate hit. It was followed the next year by The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin and The Tailor of Gloucester, both adapted from Potter's earlier picture letters, with the author then producing two or three stories per year for her now eager publisher. A canny businesswoman, in many ways ahead of her time, Potter also realised the potential of "merchandising" and many other products based on her books were made and sold, including character dolls, wallpaper, painting books, china tea sets and board games. She used the income from her work to pursue her love of country life, buying Hill Top Farm in the Lake District village of Near Sawrey, close to Hawkshead. Here she bred the local Herdwick Sheep, which had been threatened with extinction due to the rise of other non-native but more profitable breeds. Over the following decades she bought other farms in the district, determined to preserve the unique Lakeland landscape. On her death in 1943, at the age of 77, she left almost all her land to the National Trust and is credited with conserving much of the landscape which is now the Lake District National Park, as well as saving the Herdwick sheep. Her home at Hill Top Farm is preserved just as she would have known it, run as a museum by the National Trust and attracting thousands of Beatrix Potter fans every year. Those fans have another treat in store later this year, when a 24th Beatrix Potter book will be published. The previously unpublished manuscript for The Tale of Kitty-in-Boots was only discovered last year in the Victoria and Albert Museum archive. It will be published on September 1st, with illustrations by Quentin Blake.	i don't know
What name is given to ashield or emblem within a flag?	Emblems and Heraldry Emblems and Heraldry By Måns Björkman Elves, Men, Dwarves, and even Maiar in Middle-earth are all known to have used emblems, arms and heraldic devices of various kinds. These were used to distinguish kingdoms, groups of people, or individuals, much in the same way as in medieval Europe. Below I discuss and give examples of known heraldry and emblems of Arda. The accompanying illustrations are either based on preserved and published material, or reconstructed from written descriptions. The Elves had formulated rules or principles for the shaping of heraldic devices, which can be summarized in the following way: Devices for males were placed within a lozenge. Devices for females were placed within a circle. Devices for families, houses or countries were placed within a square. The rank of the owner was shown by the number of "points" reaching the outer rim of the device (see below ). Four points signified a prince, six to eight signified a king. The oldest of the Elven kings, like Finwe, could sometimes have as many as 16 points. [ 1 ] Origins and History The rules of heraldry were usually followed by both the Noldor and the Sindar, which might indicate that they were already in existence (albeit in a crude form) at Cuiviénen; but it is tempting to argue that at that time the Elves were not yet culturally "sophisticated" enough for such ideas. The rules may also have evolved over time, and become known by oral tradition before recieving written form. If the rules were invented by the Noldor, which would otherwise seem likely, it seems strange that the Sindarin heraldry follows these rules, considering Thingol's anti-Noldorin politics. One thing that supports the Noldor as being the originators of the rules is that the Noldorin royals generally seem to have been given higher "status" in their devices, according to the rules above. That the Sindar invented the rules must be considered a possibility; the Noldor adopted the language of the Sindar when they arrived in Beleriand, so why not the heraldry? Devices are known for Noldor who never had a chance to get aquainted with the Sindar, but that might be explained with that those devices were created at a later time; cf. Finwe's device . What was the original purpose of the Elvish heraldry? In medieval Europe, heraldry was always connected with warfare: the knights needed a way to be easily recognizable on the battle-field, even in full armour. The heraldic devices thus had to be recognizable from a fair distance, invoking the necessity of stylized symbols and strict use of colours. These demands were clearly not met by the Elvish heraldry, which might either indicate that the devices weren't originally intended for warfare (which seems like a possibility; see below) or that the Elves had extremely good eyesight (which is known for a fact). Further, in early medieval Europe the shape of the devices was usually restricted by the shield to which it was applied. Does this indicate that the Elves had lozengal and round shields? Round shields are very common in the early civilizations of the world, whereas lozengal shields are rare. The shape of a lozenge also seems a little unpractical for defence purposes. The inevitable conclusion seems to be that the Elvish heraldry was not originally intended for identification in the battle plain (even though it may have gained such a rôle in the later ages). More likely, its primary function was to represent the kings and queens of Eldalie, and identify them in records and art. Thus it seems even more likely that some or many of the devices were constructed posthumously. Samples of Eldarin Heraldry A large number of Elvish heraldic devices has been preserved to this day. The samples below are all based on these preserved and published illustrations. Finwe. Finwe's heraldic device shows a "winged sun", opposing Elwe 's device of a winged moon. Though Finwe actually died before the first rising of the sun, he was the king of the Noldor that reached the light of Aman and saw the Two Trees. Sixteen "points" reach the edges of the sign, signifying Finwe's position as one of the oldest of the Quendi and the High King of the Noldor. His bright yellow and red colours seem to be echoed in the devices of his heirs Feanor , Fingolfin , and Finarfin [ 2 ]. There was also a similar device for Finwe's house, identical except for being tipped forty-five degrees to form a square. This was the device of the High Kings of the Noldor and descended from Finwe to his son Fingolfin and then on to Fingon and Turgon [ 1 ]. Elwe. The device of Elwe Sindicollo, better known as Elu Thingol, shows a "winged moon" on black surrounded by stars. It is the antipole to Finwe 's winged sun. The reason for this is probably that both started on the Great Journey, but Elwe was enchanted by Melian and never left Middle-earth, at that time lit only by the stars of Elbereth. Finwe, on the other hand, came to Aman and settled in the light of the Trees. Judging by the number of "points" in Elwe's device (eight), he only got half the "rank" of Finwe. [ 1 ] Melian. The Maia of Doriath is given a complex device, very unlike any other male or female device. Within it both stars and flower-like shapes are found, reflecting both the devices of Elwe (her husband) and Lúthien (her daughter). It might also recall (or, indeed, be) her seal, which was "a single flower of Telperion". Within the circle that marks her as female is seen a lozenge, which is usually the escutcheon of male devices. This might symbolize her ability as a Maia, to determine her bodily "raiment" and sex herself. [ 1 ] Feanor. Feanor's device shares the fiery colours of his father 's device, and carries the connotation of fire further by having wavy flames that go from the centre outwards. These may be associated with Feanor's name, meaning "Spirit of Fire". (But these flames are also found in Fingolfin 's device, where the same association can't be made.) In the centre is depicted a Silmaril, the greatest of Feanor's creations. It is surrounded by a number of coloured fields, possibly representing the art of creating crystals, which he invented. [ 2 ] The Star of Feanor, seen on the west gate of Moria, was apparently an emblem for all the Noldor in Feanor's following. It was properly silver-coloured, and had eight rays and eight "spikes" which were arranged much in the same way as in Feanor's heraldic device. This indicates that the former was based on the latter, or vice versa. [ 4 ] Fingolfin. Fingolfin's device shows a distinct relatedness with the device of Fingolfin's brother Feanor , with the natural exception of Feanor's Silmaril. The silver stars on blue background is probably the source of the blue and silver of Fingolfin's banners mentioned in The Silmarillion. Eight "points" reach the edges, as is the case with all the devices for the sons of Finwe. [ 1 ] Finarfin. Though sharing the "fiery" appearance of the devices of his father and brothers, the fire-rays in Finarfin's device are calmer, giving the device a more balanced appearance. Being distinctly set apart from the devices of his brothers, an inclination is perhaps made to the fact that he, at the rebellion of the Noldor, stayed in Aman, while his brothers proceeded to Middle-earth. This device was also used by Finarfin's heirs, and apparently especially Finrod (though he was also given another device ). [ 1 ] Finrod. Finrod Felagund was given a device much different from any of the other Elvish devices: it is not symmetrical and the colours are distinctly earth-like. The image of a harp and a torch recalls the legend about Finrod walking in the woods of east Beleriand and his appearing among Men playing a harp. The Men that Finrod met belonged to the people of Beor, and it is possible that the device was made by one of that people. [ 2 ] Finrod also used a badge that depicted a crown of golden flowers. The motive of the badge was probably directly or indirectly related to the device of Finarfin . Lúthien. Lúthien Tinúviel is the only person known to have had two distinct heraldic devices; both are based on patterns with flowers. The first shows the white niphredil that grew at her birth (it has been described as similar to a delicate snowdrop). The second probably holds an elanor in the centre. The stars in this device echo those found in her father Thingol 's device. At a first glance it is hard to tell if there are any "points" that reach the rim, but it seems like they would be no more than four in both devices. In the first device they point in the compass directions northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest. In the second, the only thing similar to "points" are the white flowers that each symbolizes one point. This would give her the correct status as a princess of Doriath. [ 1 ] Idril. The device of Idril Celebrindal reveals a cornflower-like pattern. Apparently Idril was especially associated with this flower, possibly through the golden corn that echoed her golden hair. An inscription found together with the device reads Menelluin Írildeo Ondolindello ("Cornflower of Idril from Gondolin"; Írilde is a Quenyaization of Idril's name). It is possible Menelluin (literally "Sky-blue") was the name, or designation, of the device. In it, twelve points reach the edge of the circle, suggesting the status fitting for the daughter of a High King. [ 1 ] The device of Idril was preserved and brought from Gondolin to Númenor, where it became the inspiration of many similar Númenorean designs. It was then brought to Gondor by Elendil. Even though Gondolin is known to have had its very own heraldic customs , these do not apply to this device, which might indicate that the customs were reserved for the Twelve Houses of the city (q.v.). Gil-galad. His name means "Radiant star", and remembering also the words from The Fall of Gil-galad: "The countless stars of heaven's field / were mirrored in his silver shield" [ 5 ], it is only natural that Gil-galad's device shows a star-covered sky. It is hard to tell how many "points" meet the edge, but his status should allow at least four. [ 1 ] The Silmarils. There is only one known device that is designated for objects instead of a person. Why the Silmarilli should have their own heraldic device is unclear. Perhaps the device was used as a banner by the Noldor in the wars with Morgoth, to mark their intentions. The tree in the background is probably Laurelin, the Golden Tree, from which the Silmarils got part of their light. [ 2 ] The Silmarils are also used as emblems in the devices of Feanor , Earendil , and Beren . THE TWELVE HOUSES OF GONDOLIN Turgon's followers had, already in his old realm of Nevrast, developed heraldic customs that seem to have been unique in Middle-earth, and closer to the heraldry of the middle ages. Their emblazonry consisted of symbols set against a single-coloured background, and the shields they were applied to were "long and tapering". In Gondolin this heraldry was probably not used for personal devices, but were -- perhaps solely -- applied to the devices of the "Twelve Houses" (c.f. Idril ). These were groups of nobles, possibly household or guilds, who appears to have been responsible for the defense of the city. The detailed description of the heraldry comes from a source which is usually considered rather unreliable [ 10 ]; but the design of one of the devices has been confirmed by a much more trustworthy text [ 11 ], and apart from slight discrepancies I see no reason to believe that the other devices aren't accurately described as well. The coats of arms below are all reconstructed from the descriptions, and should of course not be considered authorial in any way. The House of the King. Turgon and his house had the emblems of "the moon and the sun and the scarlet heart" and their signifying colours were white, gold, and red, each doubtless connected with one of the emblems. I have here grouped the three symbols into one device, although it is possible the house actually had three different devices. The heart represented the heart of Fingolfin, Turgon's father, who was buried north of the city. I have assumed that the sun is connected with the sun in the device of Finwe 's house (Turgon being Finwe's grandson), and therefore given it the same number of rays. The House of the White Wing. The stoutest of the King's men wore swans' or gulls' wings on their helmets, and the device of their shields was a swan's wing on blue. Of this kind was the shield and helm that Tuor found in Nevrast, destinying him to ultimately join and lead the house. [ 11 ] The House of the Mole. Maeglin, who led the House of the Mole, was a masterful miner, and apparently associated himself with a mole. But the shields of the house were sable and unblazoned, just like Morgoth 's shield. In the end, it was Maeglin who betrayed Gondolin to Morgoth. The House of the Swallow. This house consisted of formidable archers, dressed in white, dark blue, purple and black. Their leader was called Duilin and their shields were charged with an arrowhead. The Swallow might be reminiscent of an arrow, flying speedily through the air and always finding its mark. The House of the Heavenly Arch. The members of Egalmoth's house were all very wealthy and enjoyed jewels and gold. On their helmets was set a large opal, and their shields were sky-blue. In the centre of the shields was "a jewel built of seven gems": ruby, amethyst, sapphire, emerald, chrysoprase, topaz and amber. The arrangement of the gems is my own; the "Heavenly Arch" was most likely intended to be the rainbow, and I have assumed that the topaz was yellow, to complete the rainbow colour gradient indicated in the order of the other stones. The House of the Golden Flower. Glorfindel led this house, whose device was charged with a rayed sun. The background colour I have chosen because of the house's name, and the description of Glorfindel's clothing as reminding of "a field in spring". The House of the Harp. The members of this house wore tassels of silver and gold, and on their shields were set a silver harp on a sable background. The leader of the house, Salgant, fawned on Maeglin, and his on device only the harp was golden. It is notable that the device shares the black of the House of the Mole , perhaps by direct influence of Maeglin on Salgant. The House of the Hammer of Wrath. A group of smiths and craftsmen, this courageous and strong house, lead by Rog, fought with maces and had heavy shields. Their emblem was the stricken anvil, but their shields showed "a hammer that smiteth sparks about it". No indication is given of the colouring of the device, but a clue might be that "red gold and black iron was their delight". The devices of the remaining houses aren't described. What we know is this: THE EDAIN OF THE FIRST AGE When the Edain entered Beleriand, they seem to have adopted the rules (and perhaps the very concept) of heraldry almost immediately. A forerunner of this was doubtless Beor , whose close friendship with Finrod gave him the oldest of the known Human devices. The first of these tended to use more warm and earth-like colours than their Elvish counterparts, and the designs were usually only symmetrical around the vertical axis, distinguishing them from the entirely symmetrical devices of the Elves. They also seem to have ignored the "point" symbology, with one exception . The illustrations below are all based on preserved devices. Beor. Beor's device was probably the first to be created for a Man according to the Elvish rules of heraldry , and in many ways it is the most elf-like of the Human devices (not counting Earendil the Half-elf's device). It is entirely symmetrical and has the common Eldarin shape for males. Still it lacks the splendour of the Elvish devices, and seems more earth-bound with its warm and natural colours. [ 2 ] Hador. The reason for the design of Hador's device is not clear. Hador was a great friend of Fingolfin, and one might perhaps discern the "fiery" colours of Finwe and his heirs in this device. The symmetry is vertical, even in the "spearhead" designs, the one at the bottom being more pointed than the one at the top. [ 2 ] Beren. In the centre of Beren Erchamion's device is the Silmaril that Beren and Lúthien took from Morgoth. Above it the Thangorodrim looms, the three peaks of Angband, where the Silmarils were. Below the Silmaril is a red hand, seemingly stretched out to grab the stone. It may also symbolize the hand that Beren lost to Carcharoth. The meaning of the star at the top is unclear, unless it is a foreboding of the star of Earendil as the fate of the Silmaril. The device shows the vertical symmetry common for Men, broken only by the naturally assymetric hand. [ 2 ] Earendil. The focus in Earendil's device lies in the Silmaril of Earendil depicted in the centre, radiating six light beams towards the edges. In the dark corners the moon in its phases is shown. The presence of the moon might reflect Earendil's destiny to become a star, but it is also the only thing that prevents this device from being entirely symmetrical. This perhaps distinguishes him as being Half-elven. The six light rays are accompanied by six others, that seem to go in the opposite direction. Thus forming twelve "points", a clear relatedness with Idril 's device is seen (Idril being Earendil's mother), which is reinforced by the shared blue background of the two devices. [ 1 ] The House of Haleth. The device of the Haladin shows a tree of an unspecified order, a pair of white flowers, and a number of orange dots that might be stylized nuts or leafs. The tree seems to be entwined with a trailer. The Haladin in general were fond of solitude and forests, which might be indicated in this device. It is notable that the device breaks the Elvish rules of heraldry , using a lozenge for an impersonal device. [ 2 ] THE THIRD AGE: ARNOR AND GONDOR In the Third Age, when the civilization of the Dúnedain had advanced in technology as well as in level of sophistication, their heraldry had diverged from the Eldarin customs, maturing into a more stylized and elegant tradition. They often applied a single (usually white/silver) charge to a coloured background, approaching the heraldic customs of the middle ages. This tendency was perhaps inspired by the heraldry of the Twelve Houses of Gondolin , from which two of the ancestors of the Dúnedain had come. No samples of any of these devices have survived in their proper form, but there exist vivid oral descriptions, and many pictorial clues regarding their design. These clues are accounted for below. The emblem of Elendil and his heirs was seven five-pointed stars, each representing one of the palantíri that Elendil brought from Númenor. In Gondor they were set on a sable coat of arms, together with the White Tree, which represented any of the descendants of Nimloth that grew in Minas Ithil and, later, Minas Tirith. To this device the Kings of the line of Elendil added the Silver Crown, which was the chief mark of royalty. In Arnor a single five-pointed star became used as a device, the Elendilmir, representing the Star of Earendil. In Gondor the device including the stars and the Silver Crown fell out of general use, until the time of Elessar and the Reunited Kingdom. [ 6 ] The crown of Gondor is depicted most clearly in letter 211 of Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien. The tree here is based on the tree of a suggested dustjacked for The Return of the King made by Professor Tolkien. Elendil himself is reported to have used his name, written in tengwar without vowel marks, as "a badge and a device upon his seals." This badge was found on his tomb on Amon Anwar. The Stewards of Gondor never took any heraldic device of their own, and their banners were white with no charge. The Seal of the Stewards , used by Cirion to summon the Éothéod, reportedly showed the letters "R · ND · R" for arandur ("steward"), surmounted by three stars. [ 7 ] The city of Dol Amroth had the emblems of a white ship and a swan. These were sometimes combined in a device showing a white swanship on blue water [ 8 ]. A swanship is depicted by Professor Tolkien on his painting of Taniquetil, reproduced in Pictures By J.R.R. Tolkien, No 31. Dol Amroth was used as a port by the Elves of Lórien sailing west in their swanships during the Second and Third Age. Rohan and The House of Eorl had a white horse on a green field as its emblem [ 9 ]. The reason for this is obvious. Most of the land of Rohan was covered by green plains, and the horses were the greatest assets of the Rohirrim. The horse depicted is likely one of the Mearas , the white horses of the Kings of Rohan. The Rohirrim weren't Edain, nor did they belong to either of the Realms in Exile, but by the end of the Third Age they occupied an area that had earlier belonged to Gondor [ 7 ], and the dealings between the two peoples were extensive. THE ISTARI Both Gandalf and Saruman, the two most important Wizards in the westlands, used cirth (runes) as seals. Gandalf used both a G-tengwa and a G-certh as his seals, though he seems to have preferred the certh. It was the tengwa that the Hobbit-children identified when Gandalf arrived in Hobbiton, but both in Bree and on Weathertop he only used the certh. [ 12 ] Saruman's soldiers had helmets decorated with an S-certh. Their black shields also portrayed a small white hand in the middle. The white hand of Saruman appears in other places as well. The hand that is drawn here is based on a proposed dustjacket design for The Two Towers by Professor Tolkien. [ 13 ] THE KHAZÂD Our knowledge of Dwarvish heraldic or emblematic customs is extremely limited. What we know of it comes from one sole example: the carvings on the Doors of Durin, the west gate of Moria. On the gate was seen, among other things, the emblems of Durin the Deathless. They consisted of a hammer and an anvil, surmounted by a crown which was surrounded by seven stars. The stars represented the constellation of the Valacirca, or the Plough, which Durin saw above his head when he looked into the Kheled-zâram. The Dwarves were always associated with smithying, a tribute to their maker Aule the Smith of the Valar, which should explain the hammer and anvil. [ 4 ] THE HOBBITS We know virtually nothing about Hobbit customs regarding emblems. We do know that they used logotypes, however: when Merry and Pippin investigated the wreck of Isengard, they found two barrels of pipeweed. Both were marked with "the Hornblower brandmarks" -- but we are not told what they looked like [ 14 ]. MORGOTH AND HIS LEGACY A common denominator of the heraldry for the two Dark Lords and their followers is the preference of black. When Morgoth slew Fingolfin, his shield was "sable unblazoned" and his armour was black. The lack of any charge is not only fitting for the personification of the Darkness, but also hints at Morgoth's nihilistic disposition. [ 15 ] Sauron's device echoes Morgoth's sable background. The Red Eye was the common symbol for Sauron in the Third Age, even when talking about him as a person [ 13 , 16 ]. It symbolizes his watching from the Dark Tower all over Middle-earth, especially after the One Ring. The eye drawn here is based on the dustjacket designs for The Lord of the Rings made by Professor Tolkien. When Sauron overran Minas Ithil, the city aquired a new emblem. The emblem of Minas Morgul showed a moon "disfigured by a ghastly face of death" [ 16 ]. The exact arrangement of the skull and the moon is of course difficult to tell. The moon was probably a remnant from before the takeover by Sauron: Minas Ithil means "Tower of the Moon". The Mordor Special Mission Flying Corps Emblem is described out of context, but (being preserved) the complex design of this emblem makes it unique in all the known Arda. It apparently was a badge that applied to Sauron's air-borne troops, probably including the later incarnations of the Nazgûl and, perhaps, any remaining dragons under Sauron's command. The "wings" at the side of the emblem are given a feather-like texture, which might indicate that they were originally real wings. A mystifying scribble, saying "Seen from below", actually hints that the emblem portrays one of Sauron's flying creatures, and the small "horns" indicated between the wings and the body of the creature could then be the feet of someone riding the beast. But it is clear that if so, the portrait must be extremely stylized. On the wings can be seen the image of Sauron's eye , multiplied like the eyes on peacock's wings. [ 1 ] In the Battle of the Pelennor Fields one of the chieftains of the Haradrim under Saurons command had a "black serpent upon scarlet" on his standards. It seems that that very battle was also the end of this device, because the chieftain and his followers fell victims for the wrath of the Rohirrim, "and the black serpent foundered." [ 17 ]	Charge
What word can mean either a type of ribbed cloth or a measure of cut wood?	State Flag Descriptions State Flag Descriptions ALABAMA STATE FLAG The crimson and white colors of the Alabama flag were officially adopted in the year 1895 by the Alabama legislature. The flag has two crimson bars in an X pattern that is similar to the St. Andrews Cross. There has been much debate since the creation of the flag over whether or not it is supposed to be rectangular or square shaped. It was not until 1987 that this matter was settled by then Attorney General Don Siegelman, who determined that since the flag had been reproduced so many times in the shape of a rectangle that it should continue in that manner from that point onwards. ALASKA STATE FLAG The dark blue flag of Alaska was originally created in 1927 by thirteen year old John Bell Benson who submitted his design as part of a state-wide contest. Young Bensons’ flag beat out 142 other entrants, most of which are on display at the Alaska Historical Library & Museum. This beautiful flag contains eight gold stars, seven of which form the Big Dipper and the eighth is representative of the North Star. ARIZONA STATE FLAG The magnificent setting sun flag of Arizona incorporates symbolism from both the past and the present. The yellow and red alternating stripes represent the original thirteen colonies and the star in the middle of the flag is copper in color to show Arizona’s status as the country’s largest producer of copper even today. The colors utilized are also symbolic, with the red and blue being the state colors of Arizona while the red and yellow are reminiscent of the Spanish influence on the state. ARKANSAS STATE FLAG Arkansas’s red, white, and blue flag is filled with the history of the state. The large blue diamond encompassing the artwork stands for the fact that Arkansas is the countries only diamond-producing state. There are 25 white stars within the blue diamond which account for Arkansas being the 25th state to be admitted into the union. The three blue stars at the bottom of the flag represent the three countries that controlled the state throughout its history: France, Spain, and the United States. The two parallel blue stars are symbolic for both Arkansas and Michigan, which were admitted at the same time in 1836. The star at the top of the flag stands for Arkansas role in the Confederacy during the Civil War. Arkansas’s red, white, and blue flag is filled with the history of the state. For example, the 25 white stars within the blue diamond account for Arkansas being the 25th state to be admitted into the union. CALIFORNIA STATE FLAG The captivating flag of California was originally used to declare their independence from Mexico in 1846. Quickly designed and built with materials they had available, the settlers raised the flag at the Mexican garrison in Sonoma after taking the commander there as prisoner and the flag declared the land as “California Republic.” The other symbols on the flag include the grizzly bear, which stands for strength, and the red star, which is representative of the “Lone Star” of Texas. The California legislature officially declared this as the state flag in 1911. COLORADO STATE FLAG Colorado’s state flag was designed with the state’s natural beauty in mind. This handsome flag was originally created in 1911 by Andrew Carlisle Johnson who used each color in the flag to stand for a different Coloradan theme: the blue symbolizes the clear blue skies, the white is used to represent the snowcapped mountains, the red pertains to the color of the earth throughout the state, and the gold stands for the sunshine that the state receives. CONNECTICUT STATE FLAG Up until 1897 Connecticut did not have an official state flag. Citizens of CT can thank Abby Day who lobbied the state legislature relentlessly until she achieved her goal of making sure that a state flag was created. This blue flag contains a white shield with three grapevines on it, which stand for religion, liberty, and knowledge as well as the original three colonies of Connecticut Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield. Below the shield is the state motto “Qui transtulit Sustinet' - 'He who hath transplanted will sustain.” DELAWARE STATE FLAG Even though the date December 7, 1787 appears on the flag of Delaware, it was not until July 24th 1913 that their state flag was adopted. The date at the bottom of the flag is representative of the fact that they were the first state to ratify the Constitution of the USA and therefore the first official state within the Union. The diamond in the center of the flag is symbolic of Thomas Jefferson’s comment that DE is a “jewel” among the states due to its location on the eastern coast of the country. With many symbols and history on this flag, it too is a “jewel” among flags. FLORIDA STATE FLAG The official flag of Florida, adopted in 1900, contains a red, diagonal cross over a white background and in the center is the Seal of the state. There are several symbols on the State Seal that were updated for accuracy in 1985 including a Seminole Indian female, an enhanced steamboat, as well as a sabal palm tree. The red cross in the center of the flag, added in 1899, was suggested by the Governor at that time, Francis Fleming, to make sure that the flag did not appear to be one of surrender or truce while it is being hung on a flagpole. GEORGIA STATE FLAG The flag of Georgia has had many different variations throughout the years and in 2003 the most recent version was settled upon. This red, white, and blue flag contains the state’s Seal and thirteen white stars. Although the Seal of Georgia has also been redesigned many times, several aspects have remained constant: the arch that is held up by the three columns, the words Wisdom, Justice, and Moderation which have always appeared on banners, and finally the soldier representing defense of the constitution have been present since the Seals inception in 1799. HAWAII STATE FLAG The Hawaiian flag was adopted in 1845 and combines elements of two of the most influential countries of the time: the United States of America and the United Kingdom. The Union Jack in the corner is representative of the UK, while the eight stripes signify the USA. The eight stripes also stand for the eight main islands in the chain: Hawaii, Kahoolawe, Kauai, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, Niihau, and Oahu. The eight stripes stand for the eight main islands in the chain: Hawaii, Kahoolawe, Kauai, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, Niihau, and Oahu. IDAHO STATE FLAG The state flag of Idaho contains the only state seal in the country that was designed by a woman, Emma Edwards. The right of women to vote was being debated at the time that she created the seal and she placed the man and woman in the seal next to one another and at equal heights. While designing the seal she spoke with many prominent citizens within the state to determine the most important symbols of Idaho. Some of the symbols include the miner, the scales (to denote liberty and justice), the trees, the shield, the stamp mill, the cornucopia, and the elk’s head. ILLINOIS STATE FLAG The Illinoisan flag was originally designed by the Rockford Chapter of Daughters of the American Revolution and officially adopted in 1915. Their chapter won a contest sponsored by the D.A.R. to create a state flag for IL. The bald eagle pictured on the flag is representative of the United States of America and in its beak is the state motto. The word Illinois was added to the flag during the Vietnam War because it was difficult to discern its identity. INDIANA STATE FLAG The dark blue flag of Indiana incorporates symbolism to portray the history of the USA as well as two values that Americans hold in high regard, liberty and enlightenment. The torch in the center of the flag is representative of those values, while the rays emanating from it show how their influence has spread. The thirteen outer stars stand for the original thirteen colonies and the five inner stars are a reference to the next fives states that will be brought into the Union. The largest star at the top of the flag, right below the name of the state, represents the state itself. IOWA STATE FLAG The tri-color Iowa state flag is another flag that while appearing simple in design, actually has many symbols within the flag. The creator of the flag, Dixie Cornell Gebhardt, designed it with the history of Iowa in mind. The red, white, and blue colors are representative of Iowa’s close ties to France. The white stripe in the center is indicative of the Native Americans that had roamed the land prior to it being settled by Europeans. Finally, the eagle in the center of the flag is used to symbolize Iowa’s integration within the United States of America. KANSAS STATE FLAG Adopted in 1927, the Kansas state flag is a dark-blue rectangle including the state seal and a sunflower. The seal, located in the center of the flag, tells the story of Kansas with its motto, “Ad Astra per Aspera,” meaning “To the Stars through Difficulties.” The thirty-four stars above the motto signify Kansas as the 34th state to be accepted into the Union. The word “Kansas” was added to the bottom of the flag in 1961. KENTUCKY STATE FLAG On a background of navy blue, the words “Commonwealth of Kentucky” headline the Kentucky state flag, along with two sprigs of goldenrod, the state flower. At the center of the flag, the Kentucky state seal depicts two men shaking hands, a pioneer and a statesman. The belief is that these two figures represent all men as captured in the state motto, “United We Stand, Divided We Fall.” LOUISIANA STATE FLAG Remarkably, ten very different flags flew over Louisiana before the legislature officially adopted a state flag in 1912. Prior to the territory being purchased in 1803 by the United States from France, Louisiana proudly flew the banner of Spain, France, and Great Britain among others. Louisiana even flew a flag as an independent nation for two months after seceding from the Union in 1861. On an azure background a pelican, the state bird, feeds her three young with drops of blood gouged from her own breast, affectionately referred to as a “pelican in her piety.” Below the pelicans is Louisiana’s state motto, “Union, Justice & Confidence.” MAINE STATE FLAG The first official flag for the state of Maine, adopted in 1901, consisted of a blue North Star shining down on a pine tree on a buff-colored background. Eight years later, the Maine legislature approved a new design, one featuring the Maine Coat of Arms on a blue field. The shade of blue is identified as the blue used in the United States flag. A farmer and a seaman represent Maine’s traditional reliance on agriculture and the sea. Above the shield and beneath the North Star is the word, “Dirigo,” the state’s motta meaning “I lead.” A banner beneath the shield bears the state’s name. MARYLAND STATE FLAG Taken from the shield in the coat of arms of the family of George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore, the Maryland state flag embodies the yellow-and-black arms of his paternal family with the red-and-white colors and cross-bottony design of his maternal family, the Crosslands. (It has been disputed that the red-and-white colors are instead from the Mynne family, the family name of the wife of George Calvert.) Despite the fact that Maryland remained in the Union, many Marylanders wore the red-and-white “secession colors” in sympathy with the South. Although a pre Civil War version consisted of the Maryland state seal on a blue background, by the end of the war, both the yellow-and-black Calvert arms and the red-and-white cross-bottony design epitomized Maryland, and this version was adopted as the state flag in 1904. MASSACHUSETTS STATE FLAG Massachusetts, one of the original 13 colonies of the United States, is one of only two states to have a state flag and a naval and maritime ensign. The original design of the Massachusetts state flag had a design on one side and a green pine tree on a field of white on the back. The pine tree design serves now as the naval ensign. The state flag, approved in its final form, consists of the Massachusetts coat of arms on both sides. On the coat of arms is an Algonquin Native American from the Massachuset tribe, who is carrying a bow and arrow pointing downward in peace. A white star by the figure’s head signifies Massachusetts as the 6th state admitted into the Union. On a blue ribbon around the shield are the Latin words meaning “By the Sword We Seek Peace, but Peace Only under Liberty,” the state motto. This motto is also reflected by the bent arm at the top of the shield holding a broadsword blade up. MICHIGAN STATE FLAG The present flag, adopted in 1911, is the third official flag of the state of Michigan. The first state flag featured Michigan’s first governor, Stevens Thomson Mason, on one side and the Michigan coat of arms on the other. Mason was replaced by the United States coat of arms in the second version in 1865. The present flag consists of the coat of arms on a field of blue as required by Michigan law. The coat of arms features a bald eagle holding an olive branch and arrows on top of a shield, along with a man standing on a grassy peninsula waving with one hand while holding a rifle in the other. The shield is supported by an elk and a moose. Three state mottos encircle the coat of arms, translated from Latin to mean “From many, one”; “I will defend”; and “If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look about you.” The Michigan state flag, with its coat of arms, represents these mottos pictorially. MINNESOTA STATE FLAG The official flag for the state of Minnesota is made up of the state seal surrounded by a wreath of flowers on a medium blue background. Three dates appear on the wreath: 1858, the year Minnesota became a state; 1819, the year the first settlement at Fort Snelling was established; and 1893, the year the first official flag was adopted. A red ribbon at the top of the seal proclaims the state motto: “L’Etoile du Nord,” French for star of the north. Surrounding the seal is a circular banner containing 19 stars denoting Minnesota as the 19th state to join the union after the original 13 colonies. The largest star, located at the top, represents the North Star, and the word “Minnesota” is located at the bottom. An error in the original flag displaying a wreath of white lady’s slipper flowers, not native to the state, was corrected in 1957. Now the flag displays the pink and white lady’s slipper, the state flower. MISSISSIPPI STATE FLAG As was the case in neighboring Louisiana, as many as seven different flags of sovereign nations have flown over the territory known now as Mississippi. When Mississippi seceded from the Union, the leaders adopted the Magnolia flag in January of 1861. This design incorporated a magnolia tree on a white field with its canton corner made up of a white star on a blue field (the Bonnie Blue flag). Mississippi became part of the Confederacy in March of that year and flew its flag until the State Legislature adopted its present-day flag in 1894. This flag has the Confederate battle flag in its canton corner (instead of the Bonnie Blue design) with a field made up of equal bars of blue, white, and red at the bottom. In 2001, a proposal to remove the Confederate battle flag was soundly defeated by Mississippi voters, keeping the original design. MISSOURI STATE FLAG As the second state to be carved from the territory acquired from France in the Louisiana Purchase, Missouri joined the Union as the 24th state in 1820. Like many of its neighboring states, the state of Missouri was deeply divided on the issue of secession. During this troubled time, the state militia carried a flag bearing the Missouri coat of arms showing a Bald Eagle with olive branches (peace) and arrows (war), a grizzly bear, and a crescent moon. On top are the words “United We Stand, Divided We Fall.” Some 92 years later, this shield would become the central feature of a design by Marie Elizabeth Watkins Oliver adopted as the official Missouri State Flag in 1913. On horizontal bars of red, white, and blue (representing its French heritage), the coat of arms is supported by two more grizzly bears standing on a scroll inscribed with the words “Salus populi suprema lex esto” meaning “Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law.” Below the scroll are the Roman numerals for 1820. A band of 24 stars denotes Missouri’s induction into the union. MONTANA STATE FLAG The Montana state flag, officially adopted in 1905, was born of the initiative of Colonel Harry C. Kessler in 1898. Colonel Kessler, head of the 1st Montana Infantry (a group of volunteers recruited to fight in the Spanish-American War), created a flag to distinguish his men from other forces. This flag consisted of the Montana state seal on a dark blue background with the words “1st Montana Inft’y U.S.V.” at the top. On the seal are a miner’s pick and shovel with the Great Falls of the Missouri River running nearby surrounded by beautiful mountain scenery. A ribbon beneath the pick and shovel displays the words “Oro y Plata” (gold and silver in Spanish). Upon their return, the flag grew in popularity and was officially honored in 1905 (minus the Infantry headline). In 1981, the Montana Legislature added the word “Montana” in Roman lettering above the seal, and further detail was approved in 1985, specifically requiring Helvetica Bold type to be used in displaying the state name. NEBRASKA STATE FLAG The state of Nebraska is typically known as being one of the last states to officially adopt a State Flag, which it finally did in 1963. As was popular in the 19th century, many regimental flags, which were made up of the state seal on a blue background, became unofficially recognized as the state flag. Such was the case in Nebraska until Representative J. Lloyd McMaster introduced a bill in 1925 to designate a Nebraska state banner as “the Great Seal of the State charged on the center in gold and silver on a field of national blue.” The state seal, as described in legislation in 1867, is represented by a steamboat on the Missouri River, a blacksmith with a hammer and anvil, and a settler’s cabin with wheat and corn in the foreground; a train on the transcontinental railroad heads for the Rocky Mountains in the background. A ribbon above the landscape bears the state motto: “Equality Before the Law.” Also on the seal are the words “Great Seal of the State of Nebraska” and “March 1st, 1867,” marking Nebraska’s admittance into the Union. NEVADA STATE FLAG The state of Nevada, the 36th to join the Union, has had several flags during its history. The first flag was created in 1905 by Governor John Sparks and Colonel Harry Day. On a blue background, this flag featured 36 stars with the words “Silver” and “Gold” at the top and bottom respectively and the state’s name in the center. This design, reflective of Nevada’s mineral resources, was changed in 1915 to feature the Nevada Coat of Arms instead of the silver and gold resources. The state name is at the top of the Coat of Arms and the words “All For Our Country” are beneath it. The gold and silver stars were resized and rearranged in an oval around the Coat of Arms. Since this flag was expensive to reproduce, a design contest was held in 1926 to come up with a flag that would be more economical to produce. Louis Schellbach, III won the contest with a design made up of a wreath of sagebrush (the state flower) cradling a silver star with “Nevada” circling its points. A ribbon at the top of the wreath contains the words “Battle Born” in recognition of the fact that Nevada became a state during the Civil War. The background was still blue, but gone was the Coat of Arms. In 1929, after some political disagreements over the placement of the state’s name were worked out, the bill adopting this design was signed into law—or so they thought! The bill, however, did not contain the legislative compromise regarding the name placement (in a semi circle beneath the star), and so the word “Nevada” continued to be placed around the star in error for more than 60 years. Finally, in 1991, the legislature corrected the error and further defined the background as cobalt blue. NEW HAMPSHIRE STATE FLAG New Hampshire, named for Hampshire, England by Captain John Mason, became the ninth state to join the Union in 1788. The New Hampshire legislature officially adopted a state flag in 1909, although several regimental flags represented the state prior to that. The New Hampshire state flag, in use since 1784, appears with the State Seal on a deep blue background. On the seal is the frigate USS Raleigh in front of the rising sun. The Raleigh, built in 1776 as one of the first 13 warships to fight the British in the Revolutionary War, is sailing near a large gray granite boulder. (The state nickname is “the Granite State.”) Encircling the frigate are the words “Seal of the State of New Hampshire” with the date “1776” below it. A wreath of yellow laurel leaves interspersed with nine stars surrounds the seal. The New Hampshire state flag has been changed one time in 1931 by the legislature to add more specific detail to the elements of the State Seal. NEW JERSEY STATE FLAG Although the New Jersey legislature did not officially recognize its state flag as such until 1896, its design and use can be traced back to 1780. The year before, General George Washington had directed that the color of the coats for his regiment be dark blue faced with buff (light yellow-brown), in honor of the original Dutch settlers. New Jersey regiments of the Civil War period carried two flags: one representing the United States and one featuring the state coat of arms in the center on the regimental color. The coat of arms, designed in 1777 by Pierre Eugene du Simitiere, is composed of a blue shield with three plows on it supported by two goddesses on either side. On the left, the Goddess of Liberty is holding a staff with the cap of freedom on it; Ceres, the Goddess of Agriculture, is on the right holding a cornucopia full of food. New Jersey’s rich agricultural tradition has given it the nickname “the Garden State.” Beneath them is a blue ribbon with the state motto “Liberty and Prosperity” and the date “1776.” Above the shield is a knight’s helmet representing state sovereignty and a horse’s head denoting speed and strength. NEW MEXICO STATE FLAG Since New Mexico had no official state flag during the early years of its statehood, an unofficial flag was displayed at the San Diego World’s Fair in 1915. This flag, one of very few state flags that featured the Stars and Stripes on its canton, was composed of the words “New Mexico” and the numeral “47” in silver and the state seal in the lower right corner. In 1920, the Daughters of the American Revolution sponsored a competition to create a new design for a state flag. Dr. Harry Mera, a physician and archeologist from Santa Fe, won the contest with an interpretation of a Zia sun symbol discovered on a 19th century water jar found at the Zia Pueblo. The sun symbol contains four groups of rays at right angles with four rays in each group, with the inner rays longer than the outer ones. Four is a sacred number for the Zia Indians, repeating itself in the rays radiating from the center of the sun, which symbolizes the Circle of Life. The sun is red in the center of a yellow background, colors chosen to honor the Spanish explorers who came to Mexico in the 1500s. NEW YORK STATE FLAG As early as 1858, New York militia regulations called for the coat of arms to appear on a white background as the state flag. In 1896, the legislature adopted a law changing the white to buff to match the facing color of the uniforms worn by the troops serving in the Continental Army. However, since the custom at the time was for regimental flags to display the coat of arms on a blue background, the New York state legislature adopted a blue background in 1901. On the coat of arms, which was adopted in 1788, are two goddesses supporting a shield with a sun rising over two ships sailing the Hudson River. On the left, Liberty is dressed in blue holding a staff with the cap of freedom on it and a discarded crown at her feet, symbolizing freedom from British control. The Goddess Justice, in gold, stands on the right wearing a blindfold and holding the scale of justice. Beneath them is the state motto “Excelsior,” Latin meaning “ever upward” on a white scroll. Above the shield is an American eagle perched on a globe showing the Western hemisphere. NORTH CAROLINA STATE FLAG North Carolina, known as “The Old North State” and “The Tarheel State,” adopted an official State Flag in 1885. This red, white, and blue flag features a white star with the letters “N” and “C” in gold on either side. A gold scroll above displays the date “May 20, 1775,” commemorating the “Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence.” A scroll below has the date “April 12, 1776,” the date of the “Halifax Resolves.” Although North Carolina Infantry carried a regimental and Confederate flag throughout the Civil War, the 1885 design remains unchanged to this day. NORTH DAKOTA STATE FLAG North Dakota, which became the 39th state to join the Union in 1889, outfitted infantry regiments during the Spanish-American War and the Phillipine Island Insurrection in the late 1800s. The regimental flag carried into battle was made up of a field of deep blue with a Bald Eagle clutching an olive branch (representing peace) and arrows (representing liberty) in its claws. A shield on the bird’s breast bears 13 red and white stripes denoting the original 13 colonies, and a ribbon in its beak displays the words “E Pluribus Unum,” meaning “Out of Many, One” in Latin. Above the eagle is a yellow fan in the shape of a sunburst containing an array of 13 yellow stars representing the birth of a nation. The North Dakota State Flag of today, officially adopted in 1911 by the Legislative Assembly, is the same as the regimental flag with one exception: a red scroll beneath the eagle displays the words “North Dakota.” A bill to change the state flag was defeated in 1953. OHIO STATE FLAG The Ohio State Flag, officially adopted in 1902, is the only American state flag that is not rectangular in shape. Based on the pennant flown by the Ohio cavalry during both the Civil and Spanish-American Wars, its swallowtail shape is technically known as a burgee. Designed by John Eisemann for the Pan-American Exposition, the Ohio burgee is made up of a large blue triangle representing the hills and valleys of the state and five alternating red and white stripes representing its roads and waterways. Within the triangle are 17 stars around a large white circle with a red center. The 17 stars denote Ohio as the 17th state to join the Union, and the circle represents the first letter of the state name as well as the state’s nickname “the Buckeye State.” A special method for folding the Ohio State Flag was created in 2005 by Alex Weinstock, an Ohio Boy Scout, and signed into law later that year. OKLAHOMA STATE FLAG The first Oklahoma State Flag was adopted in 1911, four years after Oklahoma became the 46th state to join the Union. Remarkably, prior to that as many as 14 different flags flew proudly over what is now the state of Oklahoma, including the flag of Great Britain, Spain, France, Mexico, and the Choctaw Indian Nation to name a few. The flag of 1911, a white star outlined in blue with a blue “46” centered on a red field, lost popularity because it too closely resembled the symbols of Communism. So in 1924, a contest was held to come up with a new design to represent the unity of its Native American and European-American cultures. The winner of the contest (sponsored by the Daughters of the American Revolution) was Mrs. Louise Fluke, and her design featured an Osage Nation buffalo-skin shield with seven eagle feathers hanging from it. On the shield are an olive branch and a peace pipe, symbols of peace to Europeans and Native Americans, and six white crosses represent stars, symbolizing high ideals to Native American cultures. The shield is centered on a blue background, the color based on the flag carried by Choctaw soldiers during the Civil War. Mrs. Fluke’s flag was officially adopted in 1925. The state name in white letters was added to the design in 1941, and in 1988 the Oklahoma legislature added specific detail to the coloring of the flag. OREGON STATE FLAG Adopted in 1925, Oregon has the only state flag with a different design on each side. Both sides are navy with a design in gold, with the reverse side featuring a beaver (the state animal). The front of the flag displays the words “State of Oregon” and the date “1859” at the top and bottom with a heart-shaped shield surrounded by 33 stars. The stars and date denote Oregon as the 33rd state to join the Union in 1859. A sun, mountains, forests, and a covered wagon make up the scene on the shield, while a plow and a pickax are beneath a banner with the words “The Union.” The crest of the shield is an American eagle with two ships sailing on the Pacific Ocean below. The ships, a British ship departing and an American trade vessel arriving, symbolize commerce and the emergence of the United States as a new power. PENNSYLVANIA STATE FLAG As the second state to join the Union in 1787, Pennsylvania authorized its first State Flag in 1799 composed of the State Coat of Arms on a deep blue field. Containing the elements of the State Seal, the Coat of Arms was that of Provincial Pennsylvania’s Penn family, first appearing on printed money issued by the state in 1777. On it two black draft horses are supporting a shield with an American eagle as a crest and a red ribbon with the words “Virtue, Liberty and Independence” beneath it. On the shield are a ship, a plough, and three sheaves of wheat with a corn stalk and an olive branch below. During the Civil War, Pennsylvania regiments carried the Stars and Stripes, substituting the Pennsylvania Coat of Arms for the field of stars. The legislature further standardized the design in 1907, specifying the blue as the same as “Old Glory.” RHODE ISLAND STATE FLAG As the last of the original 13 colonies to join the Union, it took the state of Rhode Island over 100 years to formally adopt a state flag. Although the flag’s main feature, an anchor, was adopted as the official seal when “Providence Plantations” was established in the mid 1600s, Rhode Island only officially adopted a state flag in 1897. It was the third state to do so, after New York and New Jersey. On a white field is a gold anchor encircled by 13 gold stars representing the 13 original colonies. Beneath the anchor is the motto “Hope” in gold letters on a blue ribbon. The stars and anchor are outlined in the same blue. The colors blue and white were carried over from flags flown by Rhode Island regiments during the American Revolution, the War of 1812, and the Mexican War. SOUTH CAROLINA STATE FLAG While the crescent shape on the South Carolina flag is considered by many to symbolize the moon, it actually is representative of the crescent shape on the front of the caps worn by Revolutionary War soldiers from SC. The palmetto tree, also indicative of the Revolutionary War, was added in 1861 to recognize their importance in defending the soldiers on Sullivan’s Island during bombardment from the British. The soft wood of the palmetto was able to absorb the force of the cannon balls launched by British ships keeping the soldiers safe. The final aspect of the flag is the dark blue color of the background, which signifies the color of the uniforms worn by South Carolina’s soldiers during the Revolutionary War. SOUTH DAKOTA STATE FLAG South Dakota adopted its first state flag in 1909, a decade after achieving statehood. This official flag featured a golden sun with the words “South Dakota” above and “The Sunshine State” below, also in gold. On the reverse side was the Great Seal of the State of South Dakota picturing a steamboat on a river with a farmer plowing a field in the foreground and mountains in the distance. Above the scene on a ribbon is the state motto “Under God the People Rule.” Since it was more expensive to produce a flag with different designs on each side, the legislature passed a bill adding the seal to the center of the sun and making the design the same on both sides. South Dakota conceded “The Sunshine State” motto to Florida in 1992 when legislation was enacted changing the official state motto to “The Mount Rushmore State.” Flags made prior to July 1, 1992, however, remained legal until supplies were depleted. TENNESSEE STATE FLAG In 1917, a National Geographic magazine article explained that the three stars on the Tennessee flag characterized the fact that TN was the third state to be admitted into the Union after the original thirteen. The creator of the flag, Capt. LeRoy Reeves, admitted after the article was circulated that this fact had nothing to do with his design. Rather, Capt. Reeves utilized the stars to represent the three different regions of the state of Tennessee: West, Middle, and East. The three stars remain together due to the blue circle that encompasses them, “an indissoluble trinity” as described by the captain. TEXAS STATE FLAG Seemingly simple in design, the Texas state flag incorporates many values that both Texans and Americans in general hold in the highest regard. The red, white, and blue colors used for the flag represent bravery, purity, and loyalty respectively. The Lone Star flag was officially adopted in 1839 and each point of the star on the flag has been given an unofficial meaning. The author Adina de Zavala described how each point stands for the characteristics of an outstanding citizen which are: fortitude, loyalty, righteousness, prudence, and broadmindedness. UTAH STATE FLAG In 1913, Utah adopted an official state flag consisting of a gold circle around the Great Seal of Utah, adopted in 1896, which was the year Utah became the 45th state to join the Union. Centered on a dark blue background, the Seal is made up of the coat of arms featuring a beehive flanked by sego lilies, the state flower. The state motto “Industry” arches above the beehive with “Utah” below. An eagle ready for flight perches on top of the coat of arms with six arrows beneath it. Two American flags flank the arms with their flagstaffs crossed to enclose two dates: 1847, the year Brigham Young and his Mormon followers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley, and 1896, the year of statehood. Initially, Utah code called for “1847” to be placed on the coat of arms. However, an error was made in 1922 placing the date beneath the arms on the Seal itself, and this design remains on the flag to this day. VERMONT STATE FLAG Although Vermont’s legislature adopted an official state flag in 1923, several designs of record prior to that should be noted. The first Vermont flag, created in 1803, was a militia flag and had 17 stars and 17 alternating red and white stripes with “Vermont” in upper case above the stars and stripes. In 1837, Vermont changed its design to include 13 stripes and one large star on a blue background. Within the star was the State Coat of Arms. A large pine tree, a cow, and three sheaves of wheat form a landscape on the Coat of Arms with mountains rising in the background. A buck’s head forms the crest of the arms with two pine boughs on either side crossed under a red ribbon with the words “Vermont” and “Freedom and Unity” below. Since this design was readily confused with the United States flag, especially at a distance, Vermont regiments traditionally went into battle carrying a flag composed of the State Coat of Arms on a field of blue. In 1923, this design became the official state flag as we know it today. VIRGINIA STATE FLAG The Virginia flag, like those of several other original colonies, incorporates symbols representative of the time in which they were created, mainly during the Revolutionary War. The VA seal was conceived around 1776 and it shows two figures, a female standing over a fallen male. The female, who is garbed in ancient Greek apparel holding both spear and sword, is a portrayal of Virginia and Liberty. The male is shown wearing the uniform of a Roman soldier with a fallen crown on the ground near him, his role is that of King George III and Tyranny. The seal may have been created decades prior, but the actual flag of Virginia was not created until 1861 where the seal was placed on a dark blue flag. WASHINGTON STATE FLAG Although Washington became the 42nd state to join the Union in 1889, it did not adopt an official state flag until more than 30 years later in 1923. This design includes the State Seal centered on a field of deep green. The State Seal is composed of a bust of George Washington, the first American president, on an oriental blue background. Designed in 1889 by Charles Talcott, the seal is encircled by the words “The Seal of the State of Washington” on a yellow background with “1889” at the bottom. Since the State Seal appears on both sides of the flag, it is one of the most expensive flags to produce. The Washington State Flag is also the only flag featuring a green field and a person, much less an American president. WEST VIRGINIA STATE FLAG West Virginia broke away from the state of Virginia and joined the Union as a free state on June 20, 1863. Later that year, the legislature adopted an official State Seal, the central part of the West Virginia Coat of Arms, which would become the most prominent element of the state flag. The State Seal pictures a farmer and a miner standing on either side of a large boulder featuring the date “June 20, 1863” with two crossed rifles in front of them. A red liberty cap, the symbol of freedom, rests on top of the rifles. Below is a red ribbon with the state motto: “Montani Semper Liberi” which means “Mountaineers are always free” in Latin. The Seal is topped by a red ribbon with the words “State of West Virginia” and encircled by a wreath of Rhododendron maximum or “great laurel,” the state flower. The legislature adopted this design as the official flag of West Virginia in 1929. WISCONSIN STATE FLAG The Wisconsin State Flag was adopted in 1913 and amended in 1979 to include the name of the state as well as the date of statehood. The flag features the state motto “Forward” at the top and just below is the state animal, the badger. The sailor and miner represent the people working on water and land. The cornucopia and lead highlight the states farm products and minerals. A shield is featured in the center of the flag highlighting Wisconsin’s main industries: Navigation, Mining, Agriculture and Manufacturing. WYOMING STATE FLAG The Wyoming State Flag was designed by Verna Keays, who was 24 at the time, as part of a contest sponsored by the Wyoming DAR in 1916. It is said that the original design had the bison facing the fly end but that was reversed to the current state with the Bison facing the hoist as bison are known to weather the harsh winter by facing into the wind. The Great Seal of the State of Wyoming serves as the heart of the flag; as well as the bison. By Chad Creech, All Star Flags	i don't know
Damon Albarn, Graham Coxon, Alex James and Dave Rowntree were members of which pop group?	Graham Coxon on the Blur reunion: ‘Pop doesn’t have to be a fleeting thing’ \| Music \| The Guardian The Observer Graham Coxon on the Blur reunion: ‘Pop doesn’t have to be a fleeting thing’ The former Britpop superstars surprised everyone by announcing their first album together for 16 years. Guitarist Graham Coxon explains how it began with a chance meeting in Hong Kong … From left, Graham Coxon, Alex James, Damon Albarn and Dave Rowntree of Blur. Photograph: Dave J Hogan/Getty Images Saturday 28 February 2015 19.05 EST Last modified on Saturday 28 February 2015 19.08 EST Share on Messenger Close When a big-name pop band gets back together after a long gap it sometimes counts as more than a music industry event or a news headline. For those people who fell in love with a group during their youth, the reunion can feel like meeting up with their younger selves again. Vocals and sounds that once defined a mood are suddenly back in currency. So the members of Blur – singer Damon Albarn, guitarist Graham Coxon, bass player Alex James and drummer Dave Rowntree – trod very carefully and quietly as they put all the pieces in place before going public with news of their album The Magic Whip , the first they have made as a four-piece for 16 years. In the 1990s their band stood for a cocky, clever sort of dissent and, as Coxon told the Observer, they did not want to say they were back until they knew what they had. “It has helped that we have been able to keep it to ourselves to the last minute,” he said. “We had only just mixed it and mastered it and two weeks before that Damon was still doing vocals. I was very aware the process was fragile right up until the announcement, and I didn’t want to tempt fate in any way.” So Coxon behaved as if nothing was going on, despite his excitement. “I would be leaving the studio every day feeling really good about it, because the recording process is my favourite thing. But I had to say nothing special was happening .” Whatever the verdict of fans and of critics when The Magic Whip comes out at the end of next month, its release marks a great achievement in artistic and personal understanding between musicians who have been apart for a long time. Four artists with tastes and interests that have only become more distinct over the years, and yet who felt compelled to work together again. Coxon describes their new music as familiar, but different; there is a trademark Blur sound, yet produced with greater maturity through a fresh process. “It is partly because I was in charge for a while, but I was restraining myself. I have a default setting to go to guitar, but this time I tried not to smother it.” The Coxon chords are there, he says, together with a recognisable “strolling tempo and a very cheeky vocal line”, but there are also “moments where it floats off into very fluid bits”. It was Coxon who provided the momentum behind the album, putting his tangled history with fellow band members aside. But he is not daunted. In fact, he says he feels relieved. “I feel less alone and less redundant, even if it is for only one album. My solo stuff has been just me, and sometimes that is not easy. It is a relief, because I have absolute faith the record is good and I know I did everything I could to make it good and Damon did everything he could.” The Blur comeback brings them closer to Monty Python , Coxon suggests, than to rock veterans like the Rolling Stones. “We can’t take ourselves seriously and we haven’t been afraid to make music that feels a bit foolish at times.” Like all British pop stars worth their salt, interviews last week proved they were still funny together. “We still have the ability to bewilder each other with what we say, and that is important. The scary thing is that we have not come together to make a record as a four-piece for 16 years. Is our sound and what we are saying relevant to anybody?” Musical comebacks are not rare now, but are often uninspired, he admits. “Lots of groups come back and it doesn’t really set the world alight. Even diehard fans are slightly unenthused. Yet it is a weird idea that simply because you are past a certain age you stop. This isn’t the 1950s, the era of the teenager, any more. I always think of the old blues men carrying on making music and having children until they are 80. Pop music doesn’t have to be a fleeting, age-related thing either.” Pinterest Graham Coxon was determined not to waste the opportunity for a new Blur album. Photograph: Joby Sessions/Future Publishing Bassist Alex James has referred to The Magic Whip as a miracle late baby, something that has “brightened our lives”. Coxon sees it as a happy accident. “It has been a series of fortunate events, because every hurdle I could have come across in making this record didn’t appear.” Even the chance circumstance that first threw them together for five days in a recording studio in Hong Kong in 2013 now looks fated. The cancellation of a festival date in Japan meant they had nowhere else to go. It also meant that “Damon’s overwork and my very bad work ethic” could no longer keep them apart. Then last autumn Coxon became increasingly frustrated about not working. “I kept thinking about the recordings we had made in Hong Kong and remembering how good it felt. I wouldn’t have forgiven myself if I hadn’t had another look.” On Albarn’s advice he worked on the recordings with producer Stephen Street, relying on his uncanny sense of Albarn’s musical intentions. “Communication between us has got to a point where it is like telepathy. I am comfortable in my role as sonic interpreter of what I think Damon is getting at. Sometimes I get it wrong: sometimes I don’t. I was very respectful of the sounds we had made in Hong Kong and careful that phrases were reappearing as I structured it and added things. I wanted to change the musical environment in such a way that would still support those musical lines. It was a real learning curve for me.” All the while Coxon was dogged by the worry he might be seen as “an upstart”: “Blur, I guess, is quite hierarchical and I am not sure sometimes about my place and what I am allowed to do. But Damon was quite enthusiastic about me taking the recordings and taking it off his shoulders. I still had to think of him at every turn.” The fact that Albarn has since declared that as soon as he heard Coxon’s work he felt unable to walk away is, the guitarist says, “pretty cool”. Albarn promptly returned to Hong Kong to write lyrics that would fit. The result is a remarkably cohesive take on the city and on the modern world that Coxon describes as a bit “sci-fi”. “The recordings we did during those five days there are imbued with the noise of the tube and the sounds of the street. The electricity is different, the air is different, and we made the studio quite small by crowding in this hot little room and working quite intensely. We didn’t have our usual arsenal of instruments either. I was trying out this new Stratocaster that my road tech Steve had made. We were in a very intuitive, open place, so everything around us was seeping in.” The band members, he believes, have not been creatively corrupted by living rich pop-star lives and, in any case, have always relied on narratives and fantasy to inspire them. “We have never had much interest in singing about lifestyle or aspirations,” he says, adding that his reputation as one of the most talented guitarists of his generation has not affected him either. “I have no trouble keeping grounded. I know my own bad habits on the guitar.” There is a place, he thinks, for a wider range of pop music today and a mature Blur album may help. Agreeing with old rival Noel Gallagher’s recent comments, Coxon argues against the dominance of what he calls a “self-pitying and lightweight” variety of singer-songwriting at the moment. “I am kind of with Noel on that. I don’t mind a bit of sentimentality, but a lot of it is so commercial now. There needs to be room for beautiful mistakes, that is how the best music gets made.” The Magic Whip is out on 27 April. Blur play Hyde Park on 20 June . TRACK RECORD ■ Blur formed in London in 1988. Childhood friends Damon Albarn and Graham Coxon met Alex James when they began studying at London’s Goldsmiths College. They were joined by drummer Dave Rowntree later that year. ■ In 1994 they released the album Parklife, which defined Britpop and turned Blur into megastars. It entered the British charts at number one and stayed on the album charts for 90 weeks. ■ Britpop reaches its peak in 1995, with Blur breaking a Brits record and winning four awards (best album for Parklife, best single and best British video for the album’s title track, and best band). ■ In 1995 the band released their fourth album, The Great Escape. The album’s lead single Country House outsold Oasis’s Roll With It (released the same day) by 274,000 copies to 216,000, and was Blur’s first number one single. ■ Blur, the band’s fifth studio album, was released in February 1997. Its first single, Beetlebum, debuted at number one in the UK. ■ The band have announced that their new album, The Magic Whip , will be released in April.	Clark Kent (Smallville)
In which American city do the 'Supersonics' play their home basketball games?	Blur: 'We used to take it in turns to punch each other' \| Music \| The Guardian The G2 interview Blur: 'We used to take it in turns to punch each other' Back in Hong Kong, where they recorded their album The Magic Whip, Damon, Graham, Alex and Dave talk about falling out and making up, the state of British pop music and why 90s Britpop was a wasted opportunity Blur in Hong Kong. Photograph: Inga Beckmann for the Guardian Thursday 30 July 2015 14.27 EDT Last modified on Wednesday 11 November 2015 10.13 EST Share on Messenger Close Hong Kong in July can be a disorientating place for outsiders: the suffocating humidity, the density of human bodies, the mind-jarring collision of east and west. Perhaps the last thing you need when you’ve arrived there, brain fuddled with jetlag, is a conversation with Damon Albarn in full manic flow. One minute he’s talking about refusing to leave the stage after a five-hour gig with Africa Express (“Am I addicted to work? Clearly”), the next he’s revealing his passion for picking wild flowers. Then he starts talking about fairies ... “I’ve a house that’s built on a piece of land which was a recognised fairy community,” he says, with a straight face, when we meet backstage at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, where Blur are due to play that night. “We had to get a fairy lawyer in. When people come and stay at my house, they go and give them an offering just to keep them happy because we’ve built on their land.” Hang on ... are you saying you believe in fairies? Albarn grins, possibly imagining the headlines. “Let’s say I believe in the presence of other things. But have I seen a fairy? I’m not going to tell you ...” Hong Kong might be fairy-free, but it’s a magical place for Blur. It’s the city they were stranded in for five days in 2013 when the Tokyo Rocks festival they were due to play was cancelled, leaving them with nothing to do but spend a week jamming together on the demos Albarn had knocking around on his iPad. The end result was The Magic Whip, Blur’s first album in 12 years , and one which was almost entirely inspired by the city, from the neon ice-cream artwork to the lyrics concerning overpopulation (There are Too Many of Us) and the recent pro-democracy protests (Ice Cream Man). Walk around the city and you’ll spot traces of the record: right outside the Landmark hotel, where the band are staying, I spy the entrance to New World Towers, which Damon walked past right when he needed a four-syllable title for his song about modern-day loneliness. Damon came back to Hong Kong to write the lyrics the day after authorities had scrubbed clean the protestors’ graffiti following the island’s “umbrella revolution”. “I know that for people here it means quite a lot that I mentioned it,” he says. “Because it’s difficult to talk politically here. That’s why they like this record. It’s done abnormally well here. There will be a lot of people here tonight who were at the protests, so it will be interesting to see the reaction.” It’s an album of serendipity and spontaneity. It’s also an album Albarn has described as “the last piece of the jigsaw of us getting our friendship back together” – a statement of unity from a band of old friends whose frazzled, turbulent relationship almost came to and end when guitarist Graham Coxon, fresh from a spell in the Priory for his drink problems, was asked to leave the band in 2002. Coxon responded by describing his time in the band less than favourably, saying he was “dragged around the fucking world on [Albarn’s] megalomaniacal trip”. He rejoined the band in 2008, but save for a handful of songs , they’ve existed largely as a brilliant nostalgia act, wheeling out the Britpop hits to rapturous response. Bassist Alex James says it was a miracle this new album was ever made, but in a way, it’s a miracle Blur ever existed in the first place, such are the wildly different personalities in the band. There’s Albarn, the intense workaholic who will collaborate with anyone from Malian kora players to cartoons; Coxon, the cripplingly shy guitar nerd who couldn’t cope with the band’s gigantic 90s fame; James, the party animal who subsequently reinvented himself as a gentleman farmer; and drummer Dave Rowntree, about whom people still know so little that they describe him as the “everyman” or “normal bloke” despite the fact he works as a criminal solicitor, has a pilot’s licence and stood as the Labour party candidate for the Cities of London and Westminster , which doesn’t seem very everyman. Blur: The Magic Whip review – friends reunited for a beautiful comeback Read more My first encounters with each band member (they like to be interviewed separately) highlight just how different they are. Where Albarn greets me with a theatrical zombie walk and a cry of: “I bet you’re thinking, ‘Why the fuck have they flown me all the way here?’”, Rowntree is a bit guarded and suspicious (he frets that the headline will end up being “Rowntree says ...”, which, without wanting to be rude, sounds like the words of a man who’s never read a Blur headline). Before those two encounters, I meet James and Coxon in their respective hotel rooms. Coxon is nervy and awkward and barely acknowledges my arrival, whereas James opens the door to the sound of blaring hip-hop and jumps into action as the perfect host – making me coffee, telling me to sit anywhere, saying I can have as long as I need. He’s a charmer. “I’m like a little boy again,” James says of the band’s current position – rave reviews, sold-out shows. He never wanted Blur to stop, knows he was born to do this. “I remember rehearsing in this horrible theatre in Elephant and Castle, in London,” he recalls. “And the first time the lights came on I caught sight of my silhouette, with a bass, and thought: ‘Yep!’” Coxon is an altogether more complex character. He might struggle to make eye contact and shuffle around the sofa nervously, but he knows how to be cutting: “Ask some stuff that people haven’t asked and people don’t know,” he says at one point, bored by my line of questioning. Coxon’s relationship with Albarn has long been the focal point of the group, and Albarn addresses this relationship on the new song My Terracotta Heart . “I don’t know if I’m losing you again,” he sings in that instantly recognisable melancholic tone. What did Coxon think when he first heard it? “I thought: ‘Oh shit, he’s writing about me again ... What’s he saying?’ It’s odd because it’s pretty bittersweet. It’s not a statement of certainty. Maybe his head was still pretty confused. Because it’s all very well going on stage and having good fun, but brotherly relationships are deeper than people imagine, and it does take time.” Coxon says things are always going to be delicate between them. “You can’t ever go back to being 28 and resolve what was happening then. So even for the last few years, the second-guessing about whether our relationship was OK was still there. But I think with this record we don’t have to worry about it any more.” Why does your friendship matter so much to other people? “It’s a stupid soap opera for them. It’s obsessed people writing fan fiction and spinning it into some bullshit on the internet, when actually they don’t know anything about it at all. It’s some weird thrill for them. In the old days, they probably wrote it in a letter and it went into a big sack that was never looked at by the band. Now we have to read all that shit ... Well, you don’t have to, but sometimes you click a button ...” Albarn offers a different perspective. “I think bands need to have that dynamic, whether it’s the Smiths or the Stone Roses or the Pixies. There’s less of that nowadays; you sense that relationships aren’t as important in electronic pop music.” He says his relationship with Graham is “as good as it’s ever been”. “The most important thing was that Graham took the reins entirely by himself,” Albarn says, of Coxon’s decision, 18 months later, to revisit the Hong Kong recording sessions and stitch them into The Magic Whip with longtime producer Stephen Street. “This was him very clearly saying: ‘I want to be a creative partner again.’ And that was the reason I took it seriously as a proposition.” Pinterest Blur in the 1990s. Photograph: Brian Rasic / Rex Features Of course, there’s another relationship in Blur that has become increasingly fascinating of late – that of James and Rowntree. Musically, they’re in partnership, as the rhythm section. But while James has become something of a cartoon Guardian hate figure thanks to his connections to the Chipping Norton set, and a notorious photograph of him hanging out with Jeremy Clarkson and David Cameron at his Harvest cheese festival in 2011, Rowntree is a Labour councillor, quietly concerned with campaigning and knocking on doors. He’s devoted to the party, and is backing Liz Kendall for the leadership. “We were short on leadership, and Liz would make the best leader. You have to win elections – there’s no benefit being right if nobody is going to put what you’re saying into action.” He’s also open about his frustrations with the party’s general election campaign. “Even on the doorstep it was hard to articulate what our vision was for the country,” he says, after a massive sigh. “When people said: ‘What are Labour going to do?’ it was unclear even to the activists exactly what Labour’s vision for the future was. You look at the Ed Stone – that was our core message, and it was vague, wishy-washy, aspirational. It wasn’t an inspiring call to arms.” Given all this, he must surely feel annoyed when he sees James embedded with the enemy. Pinterest “No, nothing about Alex annoys me,” he says, with the skilful swerve of someone who, well, works in politics. “He’s one of my dearest friends, but I don’t know what Alex’s political views are. We do music, not politics. We’re not a four-piece political act. So whether we agree or disagree is neither here nor there. Besides, I don’t surround myself with people who agree with me. Where’s the fun in that?” I feel bad asking James about the picture with Cameron and Clarkson, partly because he has been such good company – leaning back in his chair, regaling me with old Blur tales with a flourish of cigarette smoke – and partly because I see his face drop when I mention it. “Oh, God. How long ago was it? Four years ago!” he says, before grimacing: “That picture will be on my fucking obituary, won’t it? I knew you were going to ask me about that fucking picture. Haven’t you fucking moved on? Jesus Christ ...” He says he doesn’t regret the prime minister coming to his festival – Cameron is his local MP and he wanted all the big names there – and doesn’t understand why people assume he has turned Tory. “I’ve also spent the last 28 years as one-half of a rhythm section with a Labour party candidate ... and nobody assumes that means I’m a Labour voter.” So did he vote Tory? “Ummm ...” he gets up and paces the room. He sits down, then stands up again. He goes to make another coffee. “I really don’t want to talk about politics. If there’s one thing I’ve learned it’s that, for anyone with a media profile, party politics is just completely toxic.” He allows himself a smile: “I remember speaking to [the band’s publicist] Regine after that photo was taken, and I said: ‘It’s a double-edged sword, isn’t it?’ and she said: ‘No, Alex, it’s a single-edged sword’ – it’s just bad. But I think the Guardian has had enough fun with that photo over the years and there are other things to talk about now.” Were the band annoyed by it? “No. Not at all. Dave and Graham were there when that picture was taken!” Did he speak to Clarkson after he was dropped from Top Gear for punching a producer ? James continues to squirm, muttering something about the show’s producer and how they’re all brilliant at what they do, while the coffee machine whirs at volume. Then he says, out of nowhere: “It’s a shame really. There was one tour in America that I had two black eyes. One from Graham and one from Dave. And Damon broke my nose once. But you know ... there was never any question we would split up. We were tighter than ever.” I can’t tell if this is a reference to Clarkson’s punch or just an attempt to blurt out something that will move the conversation on, but we leave it there. “Dave used to play this game called the Punching Game,” he continues. “We all took it in turns to punch each other. I remember playing it with the bass player from Dinosaur Jr ... he was fucking massive. Taller than me. He lumped the shit out of everyone.” Rowntree remembers the game, too. “It wasn’t playful, it really hurt,” he says. “We’d sit on chairs in a big circle and everyone would punch the person to their left as hard as they liked in the head, and it would go on round. Generally it wasn’t too bad. You rarely fell off your chair from being punched in the head too hard, mainly because we were always too drunk.” The game emerged during a gruelling American tour in 1992, when the band were forced to play their Anglocentric songs in tiny venues to bewildered crowds while they tried to pay back debts racked up by their previous manager. Coxon remembers the culture shock: “We ended up being chased out of one radio station by people with shotguns,” he says. “Just because we cussed on air.” Those were the days when Blur were so broke that they would spend their downtime back in London hanging around Matrix Studios, because the owner would buy them pizza and cigarettes. They’d go there “just so we had something to eat”, Rowntree says. “Although we got pretty good at sitting down and chucking around ideas.” Pinterest They never forgot those days, so when they got their chance to spend a few days jamming together in a Kowloon studio as cramped and scuzzy as Matrix had been, they felt at home, feeding off each other’s ideas and sprinkling Albarn’s song sketches with the Blur magic. Though Albarn was the galvanising force behind getting the band into the studio, Coxon was the most determined to do something with the results, and pull the album over the finishing line. “I guess I wanted to show some form of commitment to fans or friends in the group,” he says. “And I really, really thought – with each passing day – that it contained something really brilliant.” You imagine Albarn might once have struggled with handing over the reins in this way, but a decade of working with Africa Express , Gorillaz and a multitude of other projects seems to have taught him the value of loosening a grip on things. “You mean ever since I became a pathological collaborator?” he says, smiling. Is that how he feels? “I don’t, but I’ve seen it put like that. There was a Viz cartoon about me making bands with anyone ... at one point I went into the toilet and ended up making a band with the toilet duck.” If Albarn is a changed man, then so is Coxon. He says in the past he was always fighting with himself on records, “blocking everything up with guitars”. This time, he was conscious of leaving space for his bandmates. “I was bearing Damon in mind an awful lot,” he says. “Damon likes trains, so for me these songs had to each be a train journey in which I imagined him looking out the window. And I didn’t want a brick wall of guitars as his view. So the rhythm section had to have horizon, the sky and landscape had to be one he wanted to enter. And all the elements had to move and reveal other things behind. It had to be deep and have a sense of parallax. I’m not so insecure these days, I don’t feel like I have to impose things as much as I once did.” When Coxon talks about insecurity, he’s mostly referring to the 90s and the height of Britpop , a period he found pretty much unbearable. Did he enjoy any of it? “I suppose there was good times, but at the time I wasn’t allowing myself to enjoy it. I was ruining it for myself. So I can’t look back and change that now. I just felt like I was very immature. I left home and within two years I was playing at the Marquee, then suddenly earning all this money to pay off massive debts. I didn’t really know what the hell had happened. Mentally, I wasn’t even a teenager, I was still pre-teen. Life doesn’t seem long enough for me to catch up with my real age.” Lack of concern for his personal wellbeing isn’t the only thing he regrets. “I think the 90s was a massive wasted opportunity to make good music,” he says. “Most of the decade was full of groups boasting that they’d made Revolver and I didn’t think that was the point of music. The Revolver the Beatles made was good enough for me.” He sighs, then mutters: “Radiohead never seemed bothered with making Beatles records.” Pinterest Albarn during Blur’s Hong Kong concert. Photograph: Philippe Lopez/AFP/Getty Images The state of pop might have depressed him back then, but he doesn’t seem any more satisfied with it now. “Really, the whole music business is shit, isn’t it?” he says. “We need more groups that have a bit more passion or sexiness or politics or something going for them. Instead, it just seems like a splurge of shit all over the internet. And it’s just so boring – people in too much makeup with session musicians.” I cite Kanye West as an example of a mainstream musician doing interesting things, which proves to be a mistake. “He’s a fucking idiot, isn’t he? Does he even make his own albums?” There’s another sigh and he scrunches up his eyes. “People aren’t interested in learning instruments and putting effort and time into it. They want it immediately. It’s McDonalds, isn’t it? It’s convenient. But all I hear is a loop starting, some bloke starts to sing or rap, and the loop finishes. There’s no shape to this stuff. And the lyrics just seem to be idiotic.” Whether or not you agree with his assesment, Blur’s shared musicality, forged through years of playing together, is what makes them such a unique proposition. Despite their diverging characters, it’s the one trait they all share. “For 15 years we were on a massive rags-to-riches caper,” says James. “But we spent all those years playing together. That’s a precious craft that we developed together. Maybe you don’t get that now. The big acts today are singers with session musicians. We played with Pharrell on the Isle of Wight , and I love Pharrell, but it’s weird because it’s all smoke and mirrors really. There are musicians there but it’s mainly backing tapes. And that’s because it’s fucking hard – it takes years to fucking develop into a band that can really fucking knit together like that. And I think that’s why we were able to miraculously make a record in five days, like how they did it in the old days.” Albarn agrees, and thinks the band’s past – through good and bad – is why the fans connect: “You get something with a real history to it. It’s an accumulative thing, everything we’ve ever experienced is played out again each night. And by not doing a huge amount of shows you do get a wonderful sense of occasion.” Pinterest There’s been talk all day about the nature of Hong Kong audiences, whether or not the atmosphere will be too reserved, especially in a seated venue that looks like a conference hall. But such fears are misfounded – the chairs get abandoned in a stampede to the front the second the band walk onstage. “We’re going to play some songs about your town,” announces Albarn, to huge cheers as he sprays the front row with water. “Your very wet, rainy town.” Earlier on, Albarn told me that the show was going to be emotional. “Because I’m coming back to sing about my experiences here. And when there’s an alignment between what I’m singing and what I’m feeling, that’s when I get emotional.” He frequently does, solemnly staring into the crowd, even while James – completely oblivious to the gravity of the situation – turns his back to the crowd and wiggles his bum. The night’s most infectious moment comes when a bunch of fans join the band onstage to sing Parklife – at least that’s what they’re supposed to be doing, but they’re more interested in hugging Albarn, or asking for photographs. “No, no, it wasn’t the deal that we did loads of selfies!” beams the frontman, before agreeing to one massive joint picture. While all this is going on, Coxon keeps his head down, occasionally kneeling for a puff on his electronic cigarette, but largely happy to just lose himself in the noise. Watching Blur interact onstage it seems crazy to think that such a tight group probably wouldn’t even exist any more if it wasn’t for a festival in Tokyo being cancelled. That’s fate for you. Even now, James admits that, with all their hectic schedules, the band’s existence remains on a knife’s edge. So are we witnessing the last chapter of Blur? Rowntree thinks probably not; Albarn says it doesn’t concern him if it is or it isn’t; James says he hasn’t got a clue, he just treats every show like the last. Only Coxon answers with any certainty: “I think it probably is, yeah.” And would he be content with that? “Yeah, I think so.” And why not? After all the black eyes and misjudged photographs, they have worked out a way to tie up loose ends and make things work. You could call it a fairytale ending. If, that is, you believe in fairies.	i don't know
'The Five Pillars Of Faith' are part of which major religion?	The Five Pillars of Faith: Major Religions of the World The Five Pillars of Faith In Islam, to be a Muslim, one must believe in, and follow, the Five Pillars of Faith. That there is one God, and Muhammad was his messenger The most important duty of every Muslim in Islamic tradition is the recitation of the creed, or profession of faith, in one version or another: "There is no god but ALLAH, and Muhammad is his prophet." Muslims will also preface the profession with the words, "I bear witness that...," and replace the word "prophet" favoring the word "messenger" over the more westernized and Judeo-Christian idea of a prophet. You must pray 5 times a day. Prayer towards Mecca (facing Mecca from any earthly point to guide the directions of prayer) five times per day, knelling with the forehead touching the ground. They are warned to be constant in prayer to keep their lives in perspective. Public prayer is encouraged.. You must give to the poor on Alms day for ALLAH. Alms giving to the poor and needy of approximately 2.5% annually. (For those that cannot afford money, families give various food stuff with a popular alm being to butcher sheep, giving pieces of the meat to poor people on the streets.) You must fast during the month of Ramadan. Fasting (neither food nor drink nor smoke passes their lips) from sunrise to sunset during the ninth month, Ramadan. The Muslim calendar is lunar, so it rotates around the year. This is Islam's holy month when Muhammad received his initial revelation. Its purpose is to make one think, and teaches self-discipline. Further, fasting sensitizes compassion -- only those who have been hungry can know what hunger means. You must go to Mecca at least once in your life, and this applies to men and women. Pilgrimage to Mecca for all who can afford it, at least once in a Muslim's lifetime. The purpose is to heighten the person's devotion to God. Further, it is a remainder of human equality -- remove their normal attire, and dons two sheet-like garments (neither status nor distinctions of rank and hierarchy is important). Finally, it brings people together to share a loyalty that transcends loyalty to their nations, or ethnic group. Following these Five Pillars of Faith is critical to being a good Muslim. The Five Pillars of Faith Video Top ^ ARTICLES OF FAITH The Five Pillars of Faith are supplemented by the Articles of Faith. The Islam faith has six main articles of faith, which outline their beliefs in God, prophets, books of revelation, angels, the hereafter, and destiny. Faith in ALLAH Faith in the Day of Judgment Faith in Destiny (Divine Decree) So, Islam's doctrine is often summarized in these Six Articles of Faith. According to this list, to be a Muslim, one must believe in: 1. One God, ALLAH Islam's fundamental theological concept is tawlid - the doctrine of one God. The Arabic term for God is ALLAH (always shown in capital letters to show respect); most scholars believe it was derived from a contraction of the words al- (the) and il_h (deity, masculine form), meaning "the god" (al-il_h). The first of the Five Pillars of Islam, tawhid is expressed in the Shahadah, which declares that there is no god but God, and that Muhammad is God's messenger. God is described in a sura (meaning, chapter) of the Qur'an as "...ALLAH, the One and Only; ALLAH, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him." (Qur'an 112:1-4). In traditional Islamic theology, ALLAH is beyond all comprehension; Muslims are not expected to visualize ALLAH, but to worship, and adore him as a protector. However, ALLAH is to feared and strictly obeyed, but his attributes cannot be personally experienced in a person's heart -- there is no personal relationship with ALLAH. Adhering to Islam's all encompassing way of life and good works are very important part of receiving salvation, and gaining entrance into Paradise (Heaven). It is worth noting that while Jesus is a prophet in Islamic theology, he was just a man, and not the son of God. 2. The Angels of ALLAH Belief in angels is crucial to the faith of Islam. The Arabic word for angel is malak, which means "messenger," like its counterparts in Hebrew (malakh) and Greek (angelos). According to the Qur'an, angels do not possess free will, and worship ALLAH in perfect obedience. The duties for angels include communicating revelations from ALLAH, glorifying ALLAH recording every person's actions, and taking a person's soul at the time of death. They are also thought to intercede on humankind's behalf. The Qur'an describes angels as "messengers with wings - two, or three, or four (pairs): He [God] adds to Creation as He pleases. 3. The Books of God, Especially the Qur'an It is taught that the Qur'an (Koran is English) continues the Old Testament and New Testament of the Judeo-Christian Bible, God's earlier revelations, and is their culmination. In the Qur'an (sura 5:70, 68), there is this passage: "We have made a covenant of old with the Children of Israel, and you have nothing of guidance until you observe the Torah and the Gospel." Oddly, Jews and Christians are to be included with Muslims as "People of the Book." The Islam religion teaches that the Qur'an to be the literal word of ALLAH; it is the central religious text of Islam. It teaches that the verses of the Qur'an were revealed to Muhammad by ALLAH through the angel Gabriel on many occasions between 610 and his death on June 8, 632. The Qur'an was reportedly written down by Muhammad's companions (Muhammad could not read or write) while he was alive; although, the prime method of transmission was oral. It was compiled in the time of Abu Bakr, the first caliph, and was standardized under the administration of Uthman, the third caliph. From textual evidence, Islamic studies scholars find that the Qur'an of today has not changed significantly over the centuries. 4. The Prophets of ALLAH, Especially Muhammad Muhammad (c.570 - June 8, 632) was an Arab religious, political, and military leader who founded the religion of Islam. Muslims view him not as the creator of a new religion, but as the restorer of the original, uncorrupted monotheistic faith of Adam and Abraham, and continued with the other prophets -- Abraham, Moses, and all the prophets of the Jewish Bible. Jesus is included with these prophets. In Muslim tradition, Muhammad is viewed as the last, and the greatest, in a series of prophets - as the man closest to perfection, the possessor of all virtues. For the last 23 years of his life, beginning at age 40, Muhammad reported receiving revelations from ALLAH. The content of these revelations, known as the Qur'an, was memorized, and recorded by his companions. Based on the Qur'an, it needs to be noted, Muhammad taught there is no separation between Church and State -- both are one. Islam is not considered to be something separate from the rest of life; rather, it is a way of life. Islam is a complete system of life: physical, mental, business, civic, social, family, spiritual, and academic. It is an all encompassing way of life, even with its own judicial system. 5. The Day of Judgment, as-s_`a, "the Last Hour," and Belief in the "Day of Resurrection", Yawm al-Qiyamah. Islam teaches that the time of Qiyamah (the Day of Resurrection) is God's final assessment of humanity. This day is preordained by ALLAH, but unknown to man. The trials and tribulations preceding, and during, the Qiyamah are described in the Qur'an and the hadith, and also in the commentaries of Islamic scholars. The Qur'an emphasizes bodily resurrection, a break from the pre-Islamic Arabian understanding of death. It states that resurrection will be followed by the gathering of humankind, culminating in their judgment by God, ALLAH. The Qur'an lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell, such as disbelief (Muhammad's teachings, Islamic theology), usury, and dishonesty. Along this line, there are various practices aimed at controlling the evil and sinfulness of humankind, while giving glory to ALLAH. Some of these practices include: abstinence from gambling, drinking alcohol, and eating pork (an unclean meat according to Hebrew Scripture Law). In order to remove as much sexual temptation as possible, have women cover their hair (the crown of their beauty), veil their faces in some Muslim societies, and have men and women completely cover their body with loose clothing so as not to show, or display, physical attributes of the person. Islam's view of paradise (jannah) is a place of joy and bliss, with Qur'anic references describing its features and the physical pleasures. There are also references to a greater joy - acceptance by ALLAH. Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of ALLAH. 6. The Supremacy of ALLAH's Will (or Predestination). In accordance with the Sunni Islamic belief in predestination, or divine pre ordainment (al-qada wa'l-qadar), ALLAH has full knowledge and control over all that occurs. This is explained in Qur'anic verses such as... "Say: 'Nothing will happen to us except what ALLAH has decreed for us: He is our protector:' and on ALLAH let the Believers put their trust." Qur'an 9:51 In the Islam religion, everything in the world that occurs, good or evil, has been preordained, and nothing can happen unless permitted by ALLAH. According to Islam theologians, although events are pre-ordained, humankind possesses free-will in that they have the faculty to choose between right and wrong; thus, responsible for their actions. According to Islamic tradition, all that has been decreed by ALLAH is written in al-Lawh al-Mahfuz, the "Preserved Tablet." The Shi'a understanding of free-will is called "divine justice" (Adalah). This doctrine, originally developed by the Mu'tazila (an Islamic distinct school of speculative theology that flourished in Basra and Baghdad (8th-10th centuries, and still adopted by a small dispersed minority of Muslims and some Islamic intellectuals) stresses the importance of man's responsibility for his own actions. In contrast, the Sunni de-emphasize the role of individual free-will in the context of ALLAH's creation, and foreknowledge of all things. This list is sometimes shortened to Five Articles of Faith, which leaves off belief in the supremacy of God's will. So The Five Pillars of Faith combined with the Articles of Faith form the basis of the Islamic belief system.	islam muslim
Which English city has districts named 'Belgrave', 'Stoneygate',and 'Aylestone'?	The Five Pillars of Faith: Major Religions of the World The Five Pillars of Faith In Islam, to be a Muslim, one must believe in, and follow, the Five Pillars of Faith. That there is one God, and Muhammad was his messenger The most important duty of every Muslim in Islamic tradition is the recitation of the creed, or profession of faith, in one version or another: "There is no god but ALLAH, and Muhammad is his prophet." Muslims will also preface the profession with the words, "I bear witness that...," and replace the word "prophet" favoring the word "messenger" over the more westernized and Judeo-Christian idea of a prophet. You must pray 5 times a day. Prayer towards Mecca (facing Mecca from any earthly point to guide the directions of prayer) five times per day, knelling with the forehead touching the ground. They are warned to be constant in prayer to keep their lives in perspective. Public prayer is encouraged.. You must give to the poor on Alms day for ALLAH. Alms giving to the poor and needy of approximately 2.5% annually. (For those that cannot afford money, families give various food stuff with a popular alm being to butcher sheep, giving pieces of the meat to poor people on the streets.) You must fast during the month of Ramadan. Fasting (neither food nor drink nor smoke passes their lips) from sunrise to sunset during the ninth month, Ramadan. The Muslim calendar is lunar, so it rotates around the year. This is Islam's holy month when Muhammad received his initial revelation. Its purpose is to make one think, and teaches self-discipline. Further, fasting sensitizes compassion -- only those who have been hungry can know what hunger means. You must go to Mecca at least once in your life, and this applies to men and women. Pilgrimage to Mecca for all who can afford it, at least once in a Muslim's lifetime. The purpose is to heighten the person's devotion to God. Further, it is a remainder of human equality -- remove their normal attire, and dons two sheet-like garments (neither status nor distinctions of rank and hierarchy is important). Finally, it brings people together to share a loyalty that transcends loyalty to their nations, or ethnic group. Following these Five Pillars of Faith is critical to being a good Muslim. The Five Pillars of Faith Video Top ^ ARTICLES OF FAITH The Five Pillars of Faith are supplemented by the Articles of Faith. The Islam faith has six main articles of faith, which outline their beliefs in God, prophets, books of revelation, angels, the hereafter, and destiny. Faith in ALLAH Faith in the Day of Judgment Faith in Destiny (Divine Decree) So, Islam's doctrine is often summarized in these Six Articles of Faith. According to this list, to be a Muslim, one must believe in: 1. One God, ALLAH Islam's fundamental theological concept is tawlid - the doctrine of one God. The Arabic term for God is ALLAH (always shown in capital letters to show respect); most scholars believe it was derived from a contraction of the words al- (the) and il_h (deity, masculine form), meaning "the god" (al-il_h). The first of the Five Pillars of Islam, tawhid is expressed in the Shahadah, which declares that there is no god but God, and that Muhammad is God's messenger. God is described in a sura (meaning, chapter) of the Qur'an as "...ALLAH, the One and Only; ALLAH, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him." (Qur'an 112:1-4). In traditional Islamic theology, ALLAH is beyond all comprehension; Muslims are not expected to visualize ALLAH, but to worship, and adore him as a protector. However, ALLAH is to feared and strictly obeyed, but his attributes cannot be personally experienced in a person's heart -- there is no personal relationship with ALLAH. Adhering to Islam's all encompassing way of life and good works are very important part of receiving salvation, and gaining entrance into Paradise (Heaven). It is worth noting that while Jesus is a prophet in Islamic theology, he was just a man, and not the son of God. 2. The Angels of ALLAH Belief in angels is crucial to the faith of Islam. The Arabic word for angel is malak, which means "messenger," like its counterparts in Hebrew (malakh) and Greek (angelos). According to the Qur'an, angels do not possess free will, and worship ALLAH in perfect obedience. The duties for angels include communicating revelations from ALLAH, glorifying ALLAH recording every person's actions, and taking a person's soul at the time of death. They are also thought to intercede on humankind's behalf. The Qur'an describes angels as "messengers with wings - two, or three, or four (pairs): He [God] adds to Creation as He pleases. 3. The Books of God, Especially the Qur'an It is taught that the Qur'an (Koran is English) continues the Old Testament and New Testament of the Judeo-Christian Bible, God's earlier revelations, and is their culmination. In the Qur'an (sura 5:70, 68), there is this passage: "We have made a covenant of old with the Children of Israel, and you have nothing of guidance until you observe the Torah and the Gospel." Oddly, Jews and Christians are to be included with Muslims as "People of the Book." The Islam religion teaches that the Qur'an to be the literal word of ALLAH; it is the central religious text of Islam. It teaches that the verses of the Qur'an were revealed to Muhammad by ALLAH through the angel Gabriel on many occasions between 610 and his death on June 8, 632. The Qur'an was reportedly written down by Muhammad's companions (Muhammad could not read or write) while he was alive; although, the prime method of transmission was oral. It was compiled in the time of Abu Bakr, the first caliph, and was standardized under the administration of Uthman, the third caliph. From textual evidence, Islamic studies scholars find that the Qur'an of today has not changed significantly over the centuries. 4. The Prophets of ALLAH, Especially Muhammad Muhammad (c.570 - June 8, 632) was an Arab religious, political, and military leader who founded the religion of Islam. Muslims view him not as the creator of a new religion, but as the restorer of the original, uncorrupted monotheistic faith of Adam and Abraham, and continued with the other prophets -- Abraham, Moses, and all the prophets of the Jewish Bible. Jesus is included with these prophets. In Muslim tradition, Muhammad is viewed as the last, and the greatest, in a series of prophets - as the man closest to perfection, the possessor of all virtues. For the last 23 years of his life, beginning at age 40, Muhammad reported receiving revelations from ALLAH. The content of these revelations, known as the Qur'an, was memorized, and recorded by his companions. Based on the Qur'an, it needs to be noted, Muhammad taught there is no separation between Church and State -- both are one. Islam is not considered to be something separate from the rest of life; rather, it is a way of life. Islam is a complete system of life: physical, mental, business, civic, social, family, spiritual, and academic. It is an all encompassing way of life, even with its own judicial system. 5. The Day of Judgment, as-s_`a, "the Last Hour," and Belief in the "Day of Resurrection", Yawm al-Qiyamah. Islam teaches that the time of Qiyamah (the Day of Resurrection) is God's final assessment of humanity. This day is preordained by ALLAH, but unknown to man. The trials and tribulations preceding, and during, the Qiyamah are described in the Qur'an and the hadith, and also in the commentaries of Islamic scholars. The Qur'an emphasizes bodily resurrection, a break from the pre-Islamic Arabian understanding of death. It states that resurrection will be followed by the gathering of humankind, culminating in their judgment by God, ALLAH. The Qur'an lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell, such as disbelief (Muhammad's teachings, Islamic theology), usury, and dishonesty. Along this line, there are various practices aimed at controlling the evil and sinfulness of humankind, while giving glory to ALLAH. Some of these practices include: abstinence from gambling, drinking alcohol, and eating pork (an unclean meat according to Hebrew Scripture Law). In order to remove as much sexual temptation as possible, have women cover their hair (the crown of their beauty), veil their faces in some Muslim societies, and have men and women completely cover their body with loose clothing so as not to show, or display, physical attributes of the person. Islam's view of paradise (jannah) is a place of joy and bliss, with Qur'anic references describing its features and the physical pleasures. There are also references to a greater joy - acceptance by ALLAH. Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of ALLAH. 6. The Supremacy of ALLAH's Will (or Predestination). In accordance with the Sunni Islamic belief in predestination, or divine pre ordainment (al-qada wa'l-qadar), ALLAH has full knowledge and control over all that occurs. This is explained in Qur'anic verses such as... "Say: 'Nothing will happen to us except what ALLAH has decreed for us: He is our protector:' and on ALLAH let the Believers put their trust." Qur'an 9:51 In the Islam religion, everything in the world that occurs, good or evil, has been preordained, and nothing can happen unless permitted by ALLAH. According to Islam theologians, although events are pre-ordained, humankind possesses free-will in that they have the faculty to choose between right and wrong; thus, responsible for their actions. According to Islamic tradition, all that has been decreed by ALLAH is written in al-Lawh al-Mahfuz, the "Preserved Tablet." The Shi'a understanding of free-will is called "divine justice" (Adalah). This doctrine, originally developed by the Mu'tazila (an Islamic distinct school of speculative theology that flourished in Basra and Baghdad (8th-10th centuries, and still adopted by a small dispersed minority of Muslims and some Islamic intellectuals) stresses the importance of man's responsibility for his own actions. In contrast, the Sunni de-emphasize the role of individual free-will in the context of ALLAH's creation, and foreknowledge of all things. This list is sometimes shortened to Five Articles of Faith, which leaves off belief in the supremacy of God's will. So The Five Pillars of Faith combined with the Articles of Faith form the basis of the Islamic belief system.	i don't know
"In which film does Jack Nicholson persistently write""Allwork and no play makes Jack a dull boy""?"	The Shining (1980) - Quotes - IMDb The Shining (1980) Jack Torrance : Why? Wendy Torrance : Well, I'm very confused, and I just need time to think things over! Jack Torrance : You've had your whole fucking life to think things over, what good's a few minutes more gonna do you now? Wendy Torrance : Please! Don't hurt me! Jack Torrance : I'm not gonna hurt you. Wendy Torrance : Stay away from me! Jack Torrance : Wendy? Darling? Light, of my life. I'm not gonna hurt ya. You didn't let me finish my sentence. I said, I'm not gonna hurt ya. I'm just going to bash your brains in! [Wendy gasps] Jack Torrance : [laughs] Gonna bash 'em right the fuck in! Wendy Torrance : Stay away from me! Don't hurt me! Jack Torrance : [sarcastically] I'm not gonna hurt ya... Wendy Torrance : Stay away! Stop it! Jack Torrance : Stop swingin' the bat. Put the bat down, Wendy. Wendy? Give me the bat... Danny Torrance : Redrum. Redrum. REDRUM! [Wendy sees the word in the mirror which spells "murder" backwards] Lloyd : Women: can't live with them, can't live without them. Jack Torrance : Words of wisdom, Lloyd my man. Words of wisdom. Delbert Grady : Your son has a very great talent. I don't think you are aware how great it is. That he is attempting to use that very talent against your will. Jack Torrance : He is a very willful boy. Delbert Grady : Indeed he is, Mr. Torrance. A very willful boy. A rather naughty boy, if I may be so bold, sir. Jack Torrance : It's his mother. She, uh, interferes. Delbert Grady : Perhaps they need a good talking to, if you don't mind my saying so. Perhaps a bit more. My girls, sir, they didn't care for the Overlook at first. One of them actually stole a pack of matches, and tried to burn it down. But I "corrected" them sir. And when my wife tried to prevent me from doing my duty, I "corrected" her. Jack Torrance : Now, we're going to make a new rule. When you come in here and you hear me typing [types] Jack Torrance : or whether you don't hear me typing, or whatever the fuck you hear me doing; when I'm in here, it means that I am working, that means don't come in. Now, do you think you can handle that? Share this: Facebook \| Twitter \| Permalink Hide options Jack Torrance : Mr. Grady, you were the caretaker here. Delbert Grady : I'm sorry to differ with you sir, but you are the caretaker. You've always been the caretaker. I should know sir. I've always been here. Jack Torrance : Little pigs, little pigs, let me come in. Not by the hair of your chiny-chin-chin? Well then I'll huff and I'll puff, and I'll blow your house in. [axes the door] Jack Torrance : What are you doing down here? Wendy Torrance : [sobbing] I just wanted to talk to you. Jack Torrance : Okay, let's talk. What do you wanna talk about? Wendy Torrance : I can't really remember. Jack Torrance : You can't remember... Maybe it was about... Danny? Maybe it was about him. I think we should discuss Danny. I think we should discuss what should be done with him. What should be done with him? Wendy Torrance : I don't know. Jack Torrance : I don't think that's true. I think you have some very definite ideas about what should be done with Danny and I'd like to know what they are. Wendy Torrance : Well, I think... maybe... he should be taken to a doctor. Jack Torrance : You think "maybe" he should be taken to a doctor? Wendy Torrance : As soon as possible...? Jack Torrance : [mocking/imitating her] As soon as possible...? Wendy Torrance : Jack! What are... you... Jack Torrance : You think his health might be at stake. Wendy Torrance : Of course I am! Jack Torrance : Of course you are! Have you ever thought about my responsibilities? Wendy Torrance : Oh Jack, what are you talking about? Jack Torrance : Have you ever had a single moment's thought about my responsibilities? Have you ever thought, for a single solitary moment about my responsibilities to my employers? Has it ever occurred to you that I have agreed to look after the Overlook Hotel until May the first. Does it matter to you at all that the owners have placed their complete confidence and "trust" in me, and that I have signed a letter of agreement, a "contract," in which I have accepted that responsibility? Do you have the slightest idea what a "moral and ethical principal" is? Do you? Has it ever occurred to you what would happen to my future, if I were to fail to live up to my responsibilities? Has it ever occurred to you? Has it? Wendy Torrance : [swings the bat] Stay away from me! Danny Torrance : Do you like this hotel? Jack Torrance : Yes, I do. I love it. Don't you? Danny Torrance : I guess so. Jack Torrance : Good. I want you to like it here. I wish we could stay here forever... and ever... and ever. Stuart Ullman : I don't suppose they told you anything in Denver about the tragedy we had in the Winter of 1970. Jack Torrance : I don't believe they did. Stuart Ullman : My predecessor in this job left a man named Charles Grady as the Winter caretaker. And he came up here with his wife and two little girls, I think were eight and ten. And he had a good employment record, good references, and from what I've been told he seemed like a completely normal individual. But at some point during the winter, he must have suffered some kind of a complete mental breakdown. He ran amuck and killed his family with an axe. Stacked them neatly in one of the rooms in the West wing and then he, he put both barrels of a shot gun in his mouth. Jack Torrance : Mr. Grady, you were the caretaker here. I recognize ya. I saw your picture in the newspapers. You, uh, chopped your wife and daughters up into little bits. And then you blew your brains out. Delbert Grady : That's strange, sir. I don't have any recollection of that at all. Jack Torrance : Uh... Wendy? Wendy Torrance : I'm gonna try and get Danny down to Sidewinder in the Snow Cat. I'll send back a doctor... Wendy Torrance : Yes? Jack Torrance : You got a big surprise coming to you. You're not going anywhere! Go check out the Snow Cat and the radio and you'll see what I mean. Go check it out. Go! Go check it out! Go check it out! Wendy Torrance : Hey. Wasn't it around here that the Donner Party got snowbound? Jack Torrance : I think that was farther west in the Sierras. Wendy Torrance : Oh. Danny Torrance : What was the Donner Party? Jack Torrance : They were a party of settlers in covered-wagon times. They got snowbound one winter in the mountains. They had to resort to cannibalism in order to stay alive. Danny Torrance : You mean they ate each other up? Jack Torrance : They had to, in order to survive. Danny Torrance : Don't worry, Mom. I know all about cannibalism. I saw it on TV. Jack Torrance : See, it's okay. He saw it on the television. Delbert Grady : [referring to Jack murdering his wife and son] Mr. Torrance, I see you can hardly have taken care of the business we discussed. Jack Torrance : No need to rub it in, Mr. Grady. Jack Torrance : The most terrible nightmare I ever had. It's the most horrible dream I ever had. Wendy Torrance : It's okay, it's okay now. Really. Jack Torrance : I dreamed that I, that I killed you and Danny. But I didn't just kill ya. I cut you up in little pieces. Oh my God. I must be losing my mind. Danny Torrance : Do you really want to go and live in that hotel for the winter? Wendy Torrance : Sure I do. It'll be lots of fun. Danny Torrance : Yeah, I guess so. Anyway, there's hardly anybody to play with around here. Wendy Torrance : Yeah, I know. It always takes a little time to make new friends. Danny Torrance : Yeah, I guess so. Wendy Torrance : What about Tony? He's lookin' forward to the hotel, I bet. Danny Torrance : [Moving his finger to speak as "Tony"] No he isn't, Mrs. Torrance. Wendy Torrance : Now come on, Tony, don't be silly. Danny Torrance : [as Tony] I don't want to go there, Mrs. Torrance. Wendy Torrance : Well, how come you don't want to go? Danny Torrance : [as Tony] I just don't. Wendy Torrance : Well, let's just wait and see. We're all going to have a real good time. Jack Torrance : Hi, Lloyd. Little slow tonight, isn't it? [laughs maniacally] Share this: Facebook \| Twitter \| Permalink Hide options [about Wendy] Delbert Grady : I feel you will have to deal with this matter in the harshest possible way, Mr. Torrance. Jack Torrance : There's nothing I look forward to with greater pleasure, Mr. Grady. Share this: Facebook \| Twitter \| Permalink Hide options Jack Torrance : Well, that is quite a story. Stuart Ullman : Yeah it is. It's still hard for me to believe it happened here. It did, and I think you can appreciate why I wanted to tell you about it. Jack Torrance : I certainly can and I also understand why your people in Denver left it for you to tell me. Stuart Ullman : Well obviously some people can be put off by staying alone in a place where something like that actually happened. Jack Torrance : Well you can rest assured, Mr. Ullman, that's not going to happen with me. Lloyd : What will you be drinking, sir? Jack Torrance : Hair of the dog that bit me, Lloyd. Stuart Ullman : When the place was built in 1907, there was very little interest in winter sports. And this site was chosen for its seclusion and scenic beauty. Jack Torrance : [laughs] Well, it's certainly got plenty of that. Stuart Ullman : ...The winters can be fantastically cruel. And the basic idea is to cope with the very costly damage and depreciation which can occur. And this consists mainly of running the boiler, heating different parts of the hotel on a daily, rotating basis, repair damage as it occurs, and doing repairs so that the elements can't get a foothold. Jack Torrance : Well, that sounds fine to me. Stuart Ullman : Physically, it's not a very demanding job. The only thing that can get a bit trying up here during the winter is, uh, a tremendous sense of isolation. Jack Torrance : Well, that just happens to be exactly what I'm looking for. I'm outlining a new writing project and, uh, five months of peace is just what I want. Stuart Ullman : That's very good Jack, because, uh, for some people, solitude and isolation can, of itself become a problem. Jack Torrance : Not for me. Stuart Ullman : How about your wife and son? How do you think they'll take to it?	Shining
In which county are Corfe Castle and the Isle of Purbeck?	Project MUSE - Jill McCorkle: In Conversation with Michael Kreyling In Conversation with Michael Kreyling Jill McCorkle and Michael Kreyling Editor’s note: The following interview took place on the morning of April 5, 2013, from 9–10 am in the Melbern G. Glasscock Center for Humanities Research at Texas A&M University. The surrounding occasion was “Everybody to their own visioning”: Eudora Welty in the Twenty-First Century. The conference was generously sponsored by Texas A&M University’s Melbern G. Glasscock Center for Humanities Research, Department of English, and Academy for Visual and Performing Arts, and by Baylor University. The format for the interview was simple: Michael Kreyling and Jill McCorkle exchanged questions and responses for roughly forty minutes, then questions were requested from the audience. The previous evening, McCorkle had read from her 2013 novel, Life After Life. This print transcript of the interview has been made from an audio recording. Louis D. Rubin, Jr., whose loyalty and support figures so prominently in Jill McCorkle’s comments, died November 16, 2013, at the age of 89. Michael Kreyling: We’re here to talk about Jill McCorkle’s work and, especially since this is a Eudora Welty conference, the connections between her mind and Eudora’s, or her creative imagination and Eudora’s. So, I wanted to start off with a sort of an apology or a disclaimer. I made an honest attempt to read your most recent novel. I ordered it from Amazon Prime. I thought I would get it the next day, right? Before I hit the “complete this order” button, I neglected to look at the delivery address, and, since the last time I ordered books, I had them sent to the house we live in in California…. So Life After Life is now in zip code 95497, and I look forward to reading it in June. [laughter] But I heard some really good parts of it last night. And I wish I could, when I read it, I wish I could hear your voice reading it in my head. I’ll have to read it in my voice. Jill McCorkle: Well, that’s so sad. [laughter] MK: Maybe we’ll do some sort of introductory question. The last time I saw you was at the Southern Festival of Books in Nashville [October 2011], and you were trying to interview Marshall Chapman, and Marshall Chapman is a former debutante, former southern debutante, now a rockabilly musician. And it struck me that that transition from southern debutante to rockabilly is sort of like a transition from Cassie Morrison to Virgie [End Page 137] Rainey [characters in The Golden Apples] all in one person. And I wondered if you ever, if it ever occurred to you that a lot of your heroines, if that’s even the right word for your characters, (it seems like calling them heroines is almost dragging them back into the male dominated sort of discourse and I apologize or I asterisk that word right away), but I wondered if you ever thought of Jo Spencer in The Cheer Leader or some of your other female characters as Cassie and Virgie in one body. JM: That’s an interesting question. I think all of my characters have something at the core, just sort of chomping at the bit and waiting for that moment to come up for air and for everything to erupt. So, there’s definitely the southern genteel surface or what may be perceived as the right thing, and then there’s the just primal burst of emotion. Again, back to something like Welty’s “Why I Live at the P. O.” or just the switch gets flipped, and out it comes. MK: I also read that you had this interesting thing called “Cuss Time,” which you talked about in an essay. Well, you can probably talk about—tell everybody here more about that than I can. Your kids coming home from school, and they say forbidden words. And you say they can use those words for five minutes and then when those five minutes are up, you can’t say that anymore for the day. JM: You know, I tried to publish this in all the parenting magazines, and I found that nobody would print it with the profanities. But basically, what happened is, my son, eight at the time, I would hear him sounding out words, just phonetically sounding things, and trying them on. I was cooking dinner one night, and he said, “I hear you use bad words in your fiction.” And obviously he had been talking to his grandmother. I think I told you my mother for the past thirty years, if anybody mentions my work, my mother will say, “Are you sure you want to read it? Because you will never find her work in the Christian bookstore.” [laughter] So obviously he had overheard my mother. And I said, “Well, I do use.… Sometimes my characters do say things. But I like to think it’s appropriate.” “So, can I use bad words?” And I said, “Sure, when you write your novel, you go for it. Poetic license.” And he pulls this ratty piece of notebook paper from behind his back. And he said, “Would you like to hear the start of my book?” And he said, “Now, keep in mind this is a fourteen-year-old girl being made to marry someone she’s [End Page 138] never met.” I don’t know what they were reading or talking about in school. And I said, “Okay,” and his first sentence is, “God damn it. Why would I marry that piece of shit boy? I’m mad as hell.” [laughter] And I said, “Well, you certainly captured her frustration.” [laughter] And so it continued: just this fascination with language. Finally I was afraid he was going to get in trouble at school, so I made a deal that every day, when he came home from school, I would set the stove timer for five minutes, for five minutes he could say anything he wanted to in the whole wide world. And I describe it in this essay as Trampoline Tourette’s, because he would get on the sofa and bounce, and every time he went up in the air, he would scream what he thought was a bad word. I was always afraid that the UPS man would arrive. And what was really charming to my ear was that in his mind a word like “fanny” was the same as the other F-word. [laughter] Everything weighed the same, and it was just this spouting of language. And then the bell would go off, and he stopped. And then other little boys started getting off the school bus asking if they could have cuss time. And I said, “Only your own parents can give you cuss time.” [laughter] Anyway, the good news is that it came out in the American Scholar [Winter 2008], and all kinds of letters came in. One woman said, “What’s she gonna do when the police pick him up, and he’s using that language?” But I’m proud to say that he is writing poetry. The language thing was just in his head. And he’s an English major, and he’s totally interested in language and sound. And I like to think that having had the freedom to experiment was a positive thing, and he never got in trouble at school for saying these things. The Lenny Bruce training method. [laughter] Lenny Bruce for Parents. MK: Are there any keywords other than the whole lexicon of the four-letter words, that you think that when your characters say them, that could be a sign that that breakthrough comes? I remember that there is a scene in Tending to Virginia. All of the women get together around Virginia Ballard, and they’re talking about men. And then they get a little loopier; they get a little whatever. They start to say a word for the penis. And everybody just laughs. They’re just having a great time, because they said the one word that now frees them from whatever magic is hidden … JM: I think I’m interested in those reversals. Sometimes when a serious conversation is going on, to flip it on its head and have that kind of comical exchange go on. When at the core of it, it is a more serious story for all [End Page 139] of the women in that room. And I was thinking of those scenes obviously influenced by Welty’s great comic ear for dialogue and perfect comic timing. What I have learned so much from her work as a writer is the use of descriptions that set the stage and the place and the sound. One of my favorites is taken from that terribly violent moment in “Where’s the Voice Coming From?” And the description of the blood on the back [of murdered character Roland Summers, modeled on Medgar Evers] is pure poetry. It’s absolutely beautiful, “Something darker than him spread like a bird. Pulling him down.…” 1 And I thought “whoa,” and that is more powerful than … so many contemporary writers would be all about the gun, the sound, and the fumes, and the gore, and the blood, and the bone fragments. And you would lose so much, I think, with that graphic detail. So, to have a violent situation and reach for the poetry or to have a comical situation on the surface and in a moment reach for that darker undercurrent just gives pause. I think that is what I’m looking for with the language. You do that with language. You do that sometimes with the white space on the page, noting that what’s not said is just as powerful as what is. MK: So you would think that one of the Eudoras, that you feel sort of at your back, is the one who undercuts that sort of tragedy with something poetic or almost comedic…. I mean thinking about a phrase about somebody, like, say, Uncle Rondo in “Why I Live at the P. O.”: “Do you think it wise to disport with ketchup in Stella-Rondo’s flesh-colored kimono?” We’re talking about a guy who probably suffers severe PTSD from World War I, and you just sort of undercut with “don’t spill ketchup on your niece’s kimono.” But you always feel that there are both of those things in the frame? JM: Yes, I think you miss something if you aren’t aware that there’s a different kind of story. I mean we are all familiar with slapstick, and Welty is not slapstick. MK: All of the guys who adapted The Ponder Heart for the Broadway stage [Jerome Chodorov and Joseph Fields] thought she was, and what you got was a slapstick version of something that was a lot more serious. JM: And as southerners protecting our literature, we’re always at risk of what I call “the deep-fried goobers.” Nothing insults my ear more than [End Page 140] that kind of phony southernness or belittling stereotypes of what’s going on. You know, it’s a very complicated language. And, if you grow up in the South, too, you sometimes think you could use subtitles. I have had friends from other places at parties where there’s all kinds of talking. And I’ll say to them: “You know what she really meant, right?” And someone will say, “Oh, wasn’t she just sweet?” And I say to myself: “You missed it. You missed the whole conversation.” And you think of those little subtitles, like in Annie Hall where two things are happening at once, and I think it’s very common in southern experience that two things are happening at once, what’s being thought, what’s being said. MK: You must have had plenty of experiences like that, living so many years in New England. JM: I did. But you know, what I discovered that was a wonderful discovery is that I think that at the core of it we humans all like to connect. And once people would warm up and start talking, it was a wonderful community for me. But when I first got there, I was shocked because nobody had told me that you’re not supposed to make eye contact with people when you’re walking around and say “hello.” And so, I’m sure that people thought that I was a street person, maybe, because I’d be walking along and make eye contact and say “hello.” And one day I was with a friend from there who said, “What are you doing?” And then my parents came to visit one time and, oh, my wonderful sweet Dad…. Every time a woman or someone elderly got on the train, he would stand up. I told him: “You are never going to have a seat in this town if you keep doing that. I am nine months pregnant, and the only person who has ever offered me a seat was a woman who was so old that we fought over who needed to sit down.” [laughter] But so it was an interesting experience. The good thing is that if I ever left my purse somewhere, or something I had bought, I would just have to call over the phone, and they definitely remembered. Actually, my favorite story there was being with my mother. This is one of the many notes in the box. 2 And we were in Macy’s shoe department, and the man overheard us talking and said, “Where are you from?” and my mother said, “Lumberton.” [laughter] And I said, “North Carolina.” And then my mother said, “I know you’ve heard of our county.” She said, “We have bad things happening all the time, but it’s still a wonderful place to [End Page 141] live.” I mean my mother is right out of a Welty story. [laughter] But those are the kinds of wonderful things that people say. I’m talking a lot, but I’m going tell one more story. I’ll pull a Marshall Chapman on you. My mother would routinely call me on Sunday with what I call the “who’s dead or dying report,” and it would be a long list. So-and-so’s had surgery, and it went on and on. And I said, “Don’t you have any good news?” And she said, “Well, yes, I do. They finally found that body they had been dragging the river for.” [laughter] She said it was an Indian man who had been shot in the head three times. I thought, “Well, I can have a good day now.” [laughter] It was just classic. That’s the kind of thing you can’t make up. It comes from being in a family. Obviously Welty often drew on family and what’s in the news, and was an active listener and participant in life. I tell my students that if you just walk around with your eyes and ears and mind open, you cannot possibly live long enough to write all the stories you encounter. There’s just something at every turn. And so for me, I think reading One Writer’s Beginnings was such an experience that I can’t imagine anybody saying any of it better. Why do people keep trying with these books about writing? There is that great passage where Welty writes about learning to listen for the story, and I think that’s the real trick, you know. You’re out in the world, and you’re like an antenna, picking up all these signals, and yet, everywhere there’s a beginning or the ending or some important piece of what could be a story. 3 MK: You mentioned North Carolina just a minute ago. When I was on Amazon, ordering your book … JM: I wish I had known; they would have loved to have sent you one. MK: But then you get this line on the bottom. “People who have ordered this book would also order this….” “You might like….” And there was a whole list of North Carolina writers, and I wondered if there was a vast conspiracy of North Carolina writers. And I wrote down for myself like how many writers do I know who are, who make a point of being from North Carolina. Now, Reynolds Price is from North Carolina. You just mentioned before, Elizabeth Spencer lives there now. Clyde Edgerton is in North Carolina? JM: He’s still there. [End Page 142] MK: Randall Kenan. MK: And I was wondering what is it about North Carolina that, I mean, what is it about North Carolina that … Audience: We’re not surrendering Elizabeth Spencer. We’re just … [laughter] JM: And you know what? She claims those Mississippi roots. We just get to have her as an honored guest. MK: I just wondered if that’s an active presence in your imagination or your consciousness. I mean, I was thinking again about the parallel with Eudora, and maybe that’s my own prejudice…. She’s in Jackson, Mississippi, writing alone. You know, sort of … isolated splendor or something like that. JM: OK, I said it was my own fantasy. [laughter] JM: You know what I think? She was such a vital part of her community, and I like to think that that’s what happened to North Carolina. At least for me, as a student, as somebody aspiring to write, I got to Chapel Hill having come from a small town where the only writers I knew about were [End Page 143] dead, not what you aspire to be as high school students. But I got to UNC Chapel Hill. And suddenly here were these people, pretty well-respected by society, whose whole lives were about writing, telling, reading stories. And they were very much part of the community, too, so you might just as easily see Lee Smith in the grocery store or Louis Rubin at the gas station, and so all of these people were real. And so suddenly writers weren’t these birds, you know, up in a tower cage somewhere. They were very much part of the landscape. And I like to think about the rich tradition of teaching in North Carolina; so many of the writers, yes, by way of financial need, are also teaching, but it’s just a real, generous community. I know at least I personally felt that generosity from people like Lee Smith and Max Steele and Louis Rubin, who, if not for Louis Rubin, I would not be sitting here. I don’t know what I would be doing. I think I’d be a landscape architect or something. You know, Louis Rubin really changed my whole life, and it’s because they were just real people. MK: Can you tell a little more about that? There is the story about Eudora being published first in Manuscript. 4 There’s that moment when you realize you’re a writer. You spoke a little about that last night, and you read Eudora and thought, “Every door and window’s open, then I could be a writer.” But there’s also that moment when you get published, which is also necessary. And Eudora got Manuscript to take a couple of stories, and then, we know, the rest was history, which it isn’t, but anyway. Can you tell a little about … I mean Algonquin was the first to publish you, correct? And that’s Louis Rubin. JM: And that was Louis Rubin. MK: And Algonquin was relatively new at the time? JM: Brand new. I was really in the right place at the right time. Louis, who was my teacher, had asked me to send him things, and he would continue to read. I went to Hollins [College], because of Louis Rubin and Lee Smith. And so, I’d sent him my first novel, and I didn’t know that he had come home from MLA feeling pretty down about the whole publishing industry and how it seemed so commercial, and no one was taking young writers in and nurturing them with the idea that this novel’s pretty good, but we really want your third, your fourth, your fifth. And he had this whole idea [End Page 144] of how he wanted to get back to a small literary house. So, he pitched. He said I want to publish this, and by that time, I did have an agent who was also showing it around New York, and I told her about this. And she said, “You know, I think I could eventually find you a home in New York, but I don’t think I can find you someone like Louis Rubin who is as committed to you as a person and writer. But she said, let’s see what happens.” People were so interested in what Louis wanted to do, that I think the books, those early books, got a lot more attention than they ever would have from a big house. So, he just has been a real godfather to many writers getting started. And then in that same little stretch, Lewis Nordan, Clyde Edgerton, Kaye Gibbons, Larry Brown. So it was really a launching place. And Louis—talk about the devoted Welty fan! When I was his student, I think probably the nicest compliment I ever got was in his class. Louis would sit there with his pipe, and sometimes when someone’s story was being read and discussed, he’d get up and take his dog out. I was, I remember coming home from workshop, so excited, and my roommate was like “what did he say?” Well, he didn’t say anything, but he smiled at me. And he did not leave the room while I was reading. And I said, “This means something.” And then, two different times, about a story, he said, “Well, you know, it needs work, but here’s what you need to read.” And I remember he sent me to some of the quieter Welty stories. “A Piece of News.” “The Whistle.” “A Memory.” And I learned so much but I remembered specifically what he wanted me to get from “A Piece of News”: that interior life and this one moment. And I just learned so much and he fed me what to read at the right time. And it’s something as a teacher that I really try to imitate: always have the right thing for the student to read to compare their work to. I’m constantly feeding Flannery O’Connor and Welty. MK: Do you write reviews? JM: I used to write a lot. I haven’t in a while. It’s satisfying work, but it’s also an enormous amount of time, I think, because I always feel an obligation to know the whole body of the work, which is a big undertaking to me. MK: Have you ever made any enemies? [End Page 145] JM: The last big review I wrote, part of the reason I think I hit a snag is I just didn’t want to write a negative review, and if you know you really appreciate the work and have a lot to say about it, it’s very satisfying. But I’m not someone who really wants to pull out my sword and go at it. It just…, I don’t know. I think I must feel too close to knowing what it feels like to be at the other end of that bloody sword, and so I have steered clear in recent years, and, as I say, it’s an enormous amount of time. Balancing teaching and trying to write has been enough of a juggling act over the years without the addition of reviewing. MK: A couple of papers we’re going to have here [at the conference] have to do with Eudora as a critic, which we can argue about just what percentage of her time was as a critic. She always said it took a different part of the mind to do that, and it was hard to change gears and write something, write a story in the morning and a review in the afternoon. She couldn’t do it. Didn’t she say her mother always told her, “If you don’t have anything nice to say, don’t say anything at all?” [laughter] JM: You know, I always try to give my students at the beginning of the semester a piece that ran in the Times, gosh, now probably fifteen years ago. They reprinted a letter that Steinbeck had written to a grad student. Did you see this? This grad student had written a paper on The Grapes of Wrath and sent it to Steinbeck, and Steinbeck had proceeded to sit down, and on a legal pad write a three or four page handwritten letter that’s just a beauty. It’s all about thanking this student for having the vision to see what it was he was attempting to do, that he had gotten so many unkind reviews. Basically, the gist of this letter is you never get too old or big for your breeches to really get your feelings hurt. His letter was just this pondering about what he had wanted to do and the great appreciation that this student had brought to that. I remember once thanking the writer Jack Butler for a review. They had sent my short stories to him. They had taken these sometimes really angry feminist characters of mine and fed them to Jack Butler, good ol’ boy, and I thought, “Oh my god, you threw me to the wolves.” And the review came out, and I just thought it was such a smart, great review. 5 And, yes, there were the negative parts, but they were so smart and so well-written, and I wrote him a note about how much I appreciated his review. He was shocked because I guess several of his friends are also my friends. They said, “Why did you do that? That was a mean review!” But [End Page 146] it wasn’t. It was smart. I think that there’s a part of me that trusts a mixed review when it is smart and someone has considered all the angles. It’s so different from just a thrashing or something that’s just filled with false praise. It was just so honest, and so I think for me just dead honest is the best kind of criticism delivered in a way that’s smart and respectful. And that takes a lot of time to do. You know, I try to encourage my students to deliver that kind of criticism. MK: Anybody in the crowd have a question? Q: I wanted to pick up on the back and forth about reviewing and writing and I think switching gears. One of the things in the reviews is you’re turning on the critical function, thinking critically about another writer’s works, and I wanted to ask you where does the critical function go when you’re writing? On some level, do you feel like you have to turn it off in order to make room for your imagination, or do you have to re-channel it somewhere, like it’s still involved? JM: That is a very good question. I really have to turn it off. Turn it back on when it’s time to revise. The writer George Garrett gave me the best advice I’ve ever gotten. He visited my class when I was in grad school, and he said, “Whoever haunts you in your writing room—parents, spouse, best friend, whoever is breathing down your neck, saying, ‘Oh I never said that.’ ‘Oh, that could never happen.’ ‘Oh, that’s a terrible way to put it.’” He said, “Get them out of the room.” And the first draft is all about total freedom. I don’t think about punctuation, grammar. I’m thinking, “Okay, I’m going to write today, and if I don’t like it, if I want to go out in the backyard at the end of the day and burn every scrap of it, that’s my business.” And I try to write it with that kind of freedom in mind. I once had a student at the Sewanee Conference, this wonderful woman who was talking about, well, her personal life. She had been born with a lot of physical difficulty and had had numerous surgeries, and she told me that her mother had told her when she was about five or six, “You know, chances are you won’t be able to go off to college like other people, and I’m sure you’ll never get married.” And I said, “Well, there’s your first sentence.” And she looked at me, and I said, “Because how did that little girl being handed that terrible prophecy grow up to be you? You have a law degree. You have a fabulous husband. What in you survived this?” I said, “That’s the story I want to hear.” And [End Page 147] she said, “My Momma would kill me.” And I said, “You need to put your momma in the closet, and write your book and … and then worry about it.” And so when I got to the workshop door, I heard her telling the class that story, and she said, “And Jill said, lock your momma in the closet and brick up the door.” [laughter] Then she saw me, and she said “All right, well, I added the bricks.” She just wrote this beautiful memoir that I hope will find a good home. Every now and then, I get an email saying, “Momma’s still in the closet.” So you know … Q: I can’t believe you would go out and burn something you wrote just because you did a bad job. But I don’t believe you were seeing Louis D. Rubin, Jr. at a gas station. [laughter] JM: Yes! Yes! Yes! In fact, he for a while, told me where to take my car. You know, Louis, as long as I’ve known him, has had a lot of car trouble. [laughter] He’s got that great mind and sharp as a tack, so much better to have car trouble. Rebecca Mark: Because you’re teaching all the time, and you’re just a fabulous writer, Who do you think is the new young Jill or Eudora who’s coming up? Who do you see as a young person who’s just doing phenomenal work, and you’re really excited about it? JM: Well, there are several, but there’s a young writer named Megan Mayhew Bergman whose first short story collection Birds of a Lesser Paradise came out last year and [includes] just really beautiful short stories. She was in the same class in the Bennington Workshop with Jamie Quatro [I Want to Show You More] who had gotten a lot of press also, a really fine short story writer and someone who’s doing real risky things with sex and religion. Megan’s stories are southern. She spent a lot of time in Raleigh and now lives in Vermont, but there’s just a real kind of old southern feel. One of my favorite stories of hers is [the title story] about a young mother who is taking her son to this little zoo, down around Myrtle Beach, and it’s because she knows the parrot that her mother had owned for many years is there. And that parrot has her mother’s voice. It’s a pilgrimage, just a beautiful, really beautiful story. That story has been reprinted and anthologized: worth checking out, but the kind of story I would say is very much in the vein of a Welty story. [End Page 148] Q: I love your story about “Cuss Time.” It’s really great, and it made me remember that Eudora Welty sent “Why I Live at the P. O.” or actually [Diarmuid] Russell [Welty’s literary agent] sent it to Good Housekeeping. And I love you reminding us of all the great lines, like the almost non-sentences in Welty such as “he took her,” 6 and the whole sex scene for your imagination to take place. She doesn’t need to say any more. And in Delta Wedding, there’s one moment between the period and the capital where the wedding takes place. 7 JM: You know, those are great. I need to write down those examples, because I had done a craft lecture at Sewanee a couple of years ago about show-and-tell. I said, “Sometimes, don’t show at all.” I was talking about those wonderful things that happened in the white space. In [O’Connor’s] “A Good Man is Hard to Find,” the whole car accident occurs just as you say, between sentences. Welty handles that beautifully, and I think the way you can get away with the power of something like “he took her,” is because you’ve done all the work on the front end, setting up the stage and the setting. Welty paid so much attention to that sense of place. One of my favorites is the whole opening of “The Whistle,” and the way that reads like a fairy tale, like “Little Match Girl,” that frenzy of burning the matches. 8 “The Whistle” is the story with that great description of night as the sleazy, sleazy dress that had been worn and worn, and just by way of that opening and the description of the night and the darkness and the cold, she’s describing their lives. And God help us when you realize they’re only fifty. That’s just very disturbing. [laughter] But that kind of beautiful setup, I think, allows for the sparse action, and as a writer, I’m much more drawn to that. I think that when the balance goes otherwise and we get no introduction or exposition and then a graphic sex scene, I don’t care. You know? Close your door! I mean, I’d much prefer the imagination. It’s the language that pulls us in and then allows our own imagination to take over. MK: Anybody else? I had a question that occurred to me last night, but after your reading. How did you know, when you were doing Life After Life, and you had apparently all those pieces of paper, how did you know, it was a novel and not a box full of short stories? JM: Well, I had pulled a lot of short stories out of it. I don’t always know when I write down the idea. It really is like what we were talking about last [End Page 149] night, saving scraps, and I love hearing about Welty using the straight pins to revise. 9 I did nothing of that detail. I love it. It really … when I spread it all out, there were pieces that did not fit, and I still have those pieces. I think they are stories, or part of something else. That’s the big leap of faith, that you’re collecting something you will be able to make something out of, because when I knew I had the time to really sit down and start going through things, I almost panicked, not wanting to open it. It felt like Pandora’s box or that scene in The Shining, “all work and no play.” 10 You know, I have had periods of time in my life before when I’ve bought the same purse twice or paid the same bill three times, and I thought: what if I’ve written the same scene twenty times, and there’s not as much there as I think? But it started coming together in my mind. Again, drawing on people like Welty and McCullers and Wilder’s Our Town, which affected me very young in life. I’m so interested in the microcosm that is a small town or any community, and in this new novel [Life After Life] the nursing home is that. But once you’ve given yourself that boundary, then go in and just spend some time working with each individual. I feel safely contained in that I know it’s only taking place here. Maybe I know I’ve given myself so much time. And then you’re limited, you’re really limited in the present, and you’re limited in your place. But what you can do with the memories and the other parts of these peoples’ histories is portable. So, I could work on all these pieces that I knew. This is a memory that goes to this person’s life, even though I hadn’t figured out where in the structure of the whole it would go. MK: Can you only write at home? I mean, the reason I’m asking is you’re on a book tour, right? So, say you’re in Marriott Town Suites, College Station, Texas, somewhere, when an idea comes. I mean, how much of it can you write out in a foreign place like that? JM: Well, I’m always taking notes, and I always bring a little work with me. Sometimes I get to it, and sometimes I don’t. But I think that as a young writer I had all these grand ideas about the perfect writing day. You wear your pajamas and get up at 5:00, and you work until 11:00, and then you take a walk. And then realistic things like paying the bills start to happen. And when I had children, I knew that that was totally blown. If I was going to keep doing this, I had to just write whenever I could. What I learned very quickly is if you tell your friends and loved ones that what [End Page 150] you want to do on this beautiful sunny day is to go into this room all by yourself and think about what you think, and write about what you think, and read aloud what you think, they’re not going to be real happy with you. But if you say you’re going to the grocery store to buy their favorite things for dinner and what they’re going to take in their lunch box next week, everybody’s good with that. I have written many scenes parked outside the Super Stop and Shop and Harris Teeter. And when you get home so much later, you say, “Oh my God, I don’t know what’s going on. The line was so long.” [laughter] But nobody cares. They’re just happy as can be. So I have so merged my writing life with my life so much that I don’t even know how to separate the two anymore. It’s just a little quiet time in the morning, end of the day, sometimes there’s just a sentence you’re working on, an image. I like to work in those little small spaces. I really am a great admirer of poetry. I’m going to misquote Faulkner. One of you in here probably knows the right version, but it’s something like, “We all want to be poets, and then we fail and we write stories, and then we fail so we write novels.” 11 And then that great line that’s either Twain or Thoreau. It gets attributed to many. “If I had more time, I would have written a shorter letter.” 12 So I find, for me as a writer, the time to spend working on those little small nuggets that then grow into something else. It usually is something that’s portable to my mind, a memory, a place. I’m kind of always working on the backdrop. Maybe I would have been a set designer. I feel like the work spent doing the background sets the stage, but it also informs the tone. I think Welty is a writer who seemed so driven by her ear in a wonderful way, and I think McCullers was too. I think there’s a kind of music and rhythm that is just pure poetry at times. MK: It feels like we have time for one more. Does anybody have a question? No? The one thing I have left to ask: Do you think you’re an acoustic writer or a visual writer? I mean, you said you did like writing like this just now when you were talking about hearing the story. Do you hear the story in your head? JM: I do, and I think a lot of times I’m more driven by ear. And then, the hearing makes the visual easier somehow. Some examples? Well, I’ll give one. I may have a lot of readers who never hear this, but it was a challenge to me as a writer. In those death passages [in Life After Life], a lot of times I have what is in Joanna’s [the central character who works in a retirement [End Page 151] home] notebook, something in the present that might be making a sound. Then when you get the passage of the person dying, the sound is still there but it has shifted to something else. So in one scene Joanna writes about a cardinal who’s right outside in a tree, and you’re getting that cheer, cheer, cheer. Then the woman’s death scene follows and she’s recalling a time when she collected all these little boxes that she treasured and loved. But her husband got tired of all the little tchotchkes, and in her death-dream scene, he is berating her, and she’s hearing him saying here, here, here. The very cheerful cardinal gets turned to a memory that’s not cheerful at all. For me, that experience of hearing is crucial, because it is the last thing to go. So, when you’re thinking of someone at the end, the way the sounds might come in are the same way that we incorporate sound into our dreams. You’re dreaming, and all of a sudden something’s going on outside and it changes your dream. And that was my goal: to simulate the power of sound, the last things before life flickers out, goes quiet. MK: Well, I guess we can thank Jill McCorkle for this wonderful morning’s conversation. [applause] N otes 1. “Something darker than him, like the wings of a bird, spread on his back and pulled him down” ( “Where Is the Voice Coming From?” 728 ). 2. A reference to a remark made the night before at her reading. McCorkle explained that potentially useful snippets of incidents or dialogue are kept in a file box until she has time to get to them. 9. See Suzanne Marrs, 47–48 . [End Page 152] 10. The Shining’s main character, Jack, is a failed novelist whose opus turns out to be the line “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy” typed over and over on a ream of paper. Novelist Diane Johnson co-wrote the screenplay, so there is real writer’s dread in the allusion. 11. Faulkner said, “I’m a failed poet. Maybe every novelist wants to write poetry first, finds he can’t, and then tries the short story, which is the most demanding form after poetry. And, failing at that, only then does he take up novel writing” (par. 12). 12. The many include not only Mark Twain and Henry David Thoreau, but Blaise Pascal, John Locke, Benjamin Franklin, and several others. W C ited Butler, Jack Armand. “Is There Anything Worse Than a Man?” Rev. of Crash Diet by Jill McCorkle. New York Times Book Review. 14 June 1992: 15. Print. Faulkner, William. “Interviews: William Faulkner, The Art of Fiction No. 12.” By Jean Stein. The Paris Review 12 (Spring 1956). Web. 19 Dec. 2013. Marrs, Suzanne. Eudora Welty: A Biography. New York: Harcourt, 2005. Print. McCorkle, Jill. Life After Life: A Novel. Chapel Hill: Algonquin, 2013. Print. The Shining. Dir. Stanley Kubrick. Jack Nicholson, Shelley Duvall. Warner Bros. 1980. Film. Steinbeck, John, and Herbert Sturz. “The Author, On ‘Grapes of Wrath.’” The New York Times. 6 Aug. 1990. Web. 20 Dec. 2013. Welty, Eudora. “At the Landing.” Stories, Essays, & Memoir 291–312. ———. Delta Wedding. 1973. Welty: Complete Novels. New York: Library of America, 1998. 89–337. Print. ———. One Writer’s Beginnings. Stories, Essays, & Memoir 831–951. ———. Stories, Essays, & Memoir. New York: Library of America, 1998. Print. ———. “Where Is the Voice Coming From?” Stories, Essays, & Memoir 727–33. ———. “The Whole World Knows.” Stories, Essays, & Memoir 451–73. [End Page 153] Copyright © 2014 Department of English, Georgia State University	i don't know
Of which African country, the most populous on the continent, is Abuja the capital?	Africa Map / Map of Africa - Facts, Geography, History of Africa - Worldatlas.com African History African Origin of Modern Humans As for Africa, scientists have formerly concluded that it is the birthplace of mankind, as large numbers of human-like fossils (discovered no where else) were found on the continent, some dating back 3.5 million years. About 1.75 million years ago, early man spread throughout parts of Africa. They became aggressive hunters, lived in caves and used fire and their ability to create stone tools just to survive. The Neanderthals arose some 200,000 years ago and inhabited regions in northern Africa and across parts of southern Europe. There is also clear evidence that they had control of fire, lived in caves, as well as open-air structures of stone and vegetation. One of the most important developments of primitive man was the creation of stone tools. By 5000 BC farming was somewhat common in the northern areas of Africa, as people were growing crops and herding livestock. During that time the Sahara Desert was a fertile area. Ancient African History In 3200 BC the Egyptian culture emerged along the lower reaches of the Nile River; it was among the earliest civilizations and their tools and weapons were made of bronze. They also pioneered the building of massive pyramids and temples. Egyptians also developed mathematics, an innovative system of medicine, irrigation and agricultural production techniques, writing and the first ships. In short, the Egyptians left a lasting legacy upon the world. Around 600 BC the use of metal tools spread across small population bases and farming groups in North Africa, and their use gradually spread south into what is now called South Africa. The Phoenicians were an enterprising maritime trading culture from Lebanon who spread across the Mediterranean from 1550 BC to 300 BC. In 814 BC, they founded the city of Carthage in what is now Tunisia in north Africa; only to be destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC. Meanwhile, the Egyptians continued to spread their culture across Northern Africa, and kingdoms were created in Ethiopia and Sudan. The then-growing Roman Empire continued to expand its influence, and in 30 BC Egypt became a province of Rome; Morocco the same in 42 AD. Before the Middle Ages began, the Roman Empire collapsed and the Arabs quickly took their place on the continent. In 698-700 they invaded Tunis and Carthage and soon controlled all of coastal North Africa. The Arabs were Muslims, and most of North Africa converted to Islam; Ethiopia was the exception. Soon kingdoms emerged in Africa; they traded with the Arabs using gold plus a valuable commodity - slaves. One of the first kingdoms was Ghana, located in what is now southeastern Mauritania and western Mali. The empire grew rich from the trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt, but then lost its power in the 11th century. Additional kingdoms developed across the continent, including those in Benin and Mali. Both became rich by trading in gold, horse salt, and of course, slaves. And like most kingdoms before them on any continent, they were invaded and in the end destroyed. Mogadishu, the now largest city in Somalia, was settled by Arabs who traveled and traded on the east coast of Africa. The Arabs' reach extended to Zanzibar, which was used as a base for voyages between the Middle East and India. As other organized kingdoms were formed in central and southern Africa, the Portuguese began to explore the western coast of Africa. By 1445 they reached the Cape Verde Islands and the coast of Senegal, and the mouth of the River Congo in 1482. They even sailed around the Cape of Good Hope. African Colonization and the Slave Trade The continent-changing 16th Century began with Europeans transporting African slaves to the Americas for profit. A slave purchased on the African coast for the equivalent of 14 English pounds in bartered goods could sell for 45 pounds in the American market. The best-known method of commerce at the time was called the Triangular Trading System. It involved British and other European countries' manufactured goods which were shipped to Africa, then slaves from there to the West Indies and then sugar and other products back to Europe. At the same time, Barbary pirates along the North African coast captured thousands of ships. From the 16th to 19th century, an estimated 800,000 to 1.25 million people were taken captive as slaves. The pirates' impact on the continent, however, peaked in the early to mid-17th century. As tales of African riches spread north, the Europeans founded their first real colonies in the early 16th century, when the Portuguese settled in what is now Angola. Later, the Dutch founded a colony in what is now South Africa. Strong movements to end slavery began in the late 18th century. France became one of the first countries to abolish slavery in 1794. Britain banned slave trade in 1807, but it was not officially abolished for good until 1848. In some parts of Africa, slave-like practices continue to this day and have proven difficult to eliminate. Wholesale colonization of Africa by European countries began in 1814 when the British snatched the Dutch Colony of South Africa. Carved up like a large pie, the Brits, Dutch, French, Germans and Portuguese grabbed all of the available pieces. By the end of the 19th century, from Algeria to Zimbabwe, and from Botswana to Niger, the continent was now all but controlled by European powers. In the early 20th century the land grab continued as the British took control of Egypt. By 1920, the forced occupation of African lands began to sour in Europe, and change was in the wind. Africans were also driven by their passionate desire for independence and the movement for same became unstoppable. By mid-century most of the continent was independent, with Angola finally free in 1975. Post-Colonial Africa Self-government brought more than its share of civil wars, coup d'états and ethnic conflicts to the newly emerged countries. Add to that mix some horrible genocides, along with famines and out-of-control disease (HIV/AIDS), and Africa was teetering on the edge, and in many areas still does today. Although Africa remains the world's poorest inhabited continent, there are many bright spots in this land of over one billion people and its 2,000 + languages. Significant economic and social gains have taken place over the last few years, with South Africa, Nigeria, Morocco and Egypt leading the way. The largest segments of modern Africa's economies are agriculture and mining, with tourism growing in some areas. Manufacturing industries have grown large enough to ship products across the planet, and the oil export revenues of Angola, Libya and Nigeria have the potential to change the lives of millions. Today the 54 countries of Africa have great potential, but this question must be asked: "Can it change soon enough to meet the needs of its people?" We can only hope so. Africa Geography Facts For additional geography details please use the yellow navigation bar at the top of this page. Algeria is Africa's largest country The Seychelles are Africa's smallest country Nigeria is Africa's largest country by population The Seychelles are Africa's smallest country by population Africa's highest point is Mt Kilimanjaro in Tanzania Africa's lowest point is Lake Assal in Djibouti Interesting Facts About Africa Two of Africa's most interesting geographical features are the Nile River System and Sahara Desert; both impressive in so many ways. Nile River System: The Nile is a north-flowing river considered the longest river in the world at 6,650 km (4,130 mi) long. It is shared by and benefits eleven countries. The White Nile and Blue Nile are its major tributaries. The White Nile is longer and rises in the Great Lakes region of central Africa, flowing north from Tanzania to South Sudan . The Blue Nile is the source of most of the water and both rivers join near Khartoum, Sudan The northern section of the river flows almost entirely through desert, from Sudan into Egypt. The Nile ends in a large delta that empties into the Mediterranean Sea. Sahara Desert: It's the world's hottest desert, the third largest desert after Antarctica and the Arctic, and almost as large as China. Covering almost one-third of the continent, the Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world at approximately 3,500,000 sq. miles (9,065,000 sq. km) in total size. Topography includes areas of rock-strewn plains, rolling sand dunes and numerous sand seas. It ranges in elevation from 100 ft. below sea level, to peaks in the Ahaggar and Tibesti Mountains, that exceed 11,000 ft. (3,350m). Regional deserts include the Libyan, Nubian and the Western desert of Egypt, just to the west of the Nile. Almost completely without rainfall, a few underground rivers flow from the Atlas Mountains, helping to irrigate isolated oases. In the east, the waters of the Nile help fertilize smaller parts of the landscape. Africa Information Africa weather forecasts and current conditions Maps of Africa Africa, the planet's 2nd largest continent and the second most-populous continent (after Asia) includes (54) individual countries, and Western Sahara, a member state of the African Union whose statehood is disputed by Morocco. Note that South Sudan is the continent's newest country. With a 2011 population of 1,032,532,974, it accounts for just over 14% of the world's human population. It also contains the Nile River system, the world's longest, and the massive Sahara Desert, the world's largest. Africa is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the east and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Country Map of Africa Outline Outline map of the Africa continent including the disputed territory of Western Sahara	Nigeria
What, in the Jewish religion, is the 'Scroll of Mosaic Law'called?	Abuja, capital city of Nigeria All... Abuja, capital city of Nigeria Abuja is quickly becoming one of Africa's most exuberant cities. The purpose-built capital is in the heart of the Nigeria, a neutral location amid a country with a history of religious and ethnic clashes. Wide, leafy roads divided the city into four distinct districts, marked by sprawling apartment buildings, government institutions and high office towers. A relatively new capital, the city is still being built, providing an exciting and always-changing environment for travelers. Aso Rock is a dominant feature of the Abuja landscape, and the ancient 400-meter tall monolith is the city's biggest tourist draw. Caused by water erosion, the monolith looms behind some of the capital's most attractive government buildings. The green-domed National Assembly Building, home to the Senate and House of Representatives, sits near the Supreme Court of Nigeria, the country's highest court. The trifecta at Aso Rock is completed with the Nigerian Presidential Complex, known simply as “the villa” by locals. Jabi Lake is already a popular destination for visitors and locals, even though its development as a resort is not yet complete. The man-made lake is surrounded by verdant vegetation and is a lovely place to catch a cool breeze while escaping some of the city's chaos. Visitors can also seek shade and respite at Millennium Park, the city's largest public green space. In 2003, the space was inaugurated by the United Kingdom's Queen Elizabeth II. Located in the Maitama district, the park is halved by a river. One side is dedicated to untouched nature, and a terrace system is planted with some of Nigeria's natural vegetation representing the rainforest, savanna, mountains, deciduous forest and brushwood. Extensive greenhouses in the park are filled with tropical birds and butterflies from around the country. The other half of Millennium Park is dedicated to environmental science. The flora in this half grow in very traditional and rigid layouts based on Italian gardens, and Roman white travertine paves the walking paths. A number of refreshing fountains cool visitors on even the hottest days, and the Cotton Tree, an enormous tree considered holy by locals, provides shade. Designed by Italian architect Manfredi Nicoletti, the park is visited by thousands of people each day. Abuja is also home to the National Mosque, built in 1984 and open to the public with the exception of congregational prayer times. The gold-domed mosque features four towering minarets, a lush courtyard and an extensive library of Islamic reading materials. One of the best times to visit Abuja is during November, when the capital hosts its annual carnival. The festival is an opportunity for local groups, including women and youth, to exercise their creativity through music, theater and dance performances. Many countries participate in the festivities, bringing an international feel to the event. Parties erupt in the streets, parades entertain throughout the city, boats race down the river, masquerade balls last until the wee hours and after-parties keep going for days. The city is constantly under construction, and many developments are planned for Abuja's future. In the works are Nigeria's tallest building, the Millennium Tower, and Heritage City Park, the continent's first theme park. The park will feature architectural models of ancient African buildings that house interactive rides, exhibit spaces, stunt shows and animatronics that highlight the continent's history, culture and arts. Abuja Geographical Location Abuja is located in the center of Nigeria to the south of Aso Rock. Abuja is one of the wealthiest cities in Africa and has a population of 777,000 people. Abuja Language English is the official language of Nigeria but over 500 indiginous languages are spoken throughout the country. The most common languages spoken in Nigeria, as English is not widely spoken in urban areas or among poorer groups, are Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo, and Fulani. Abuja Predominant Religion 40% Christian 10% Indigenous Beliefs	i don't know
Who succeeded Woodrow Wilson as President of the USA in 1921,his administration being marred by political corruption on a large scale?	United States: History United States History European Exploration and Settlement Exploration of the area now included in the United States was spurred after Christopher Columbus , sailing for the Spanish monarchy, made his voyage in 1492. John Cabot explored the North American coast for England in 1498. Men who were important explorers for Spain in what now constitutes the United States include Ponce de León , Cabeza de Vaca , Hernando De Soto , and Coronado ; important explorers for France were Giovanni da Verrazano , Samuel de Champlain , Louis Jolliet , Jacques Marquette , and La Salle . These three nations—England, Spain, and France—were the chief nations to establish colonies in the present United States, although others also took part, especially the Netherlands in the establishment of New Netherland (explored by Henry Hudson ), which became New York, and Sweden in a colony on the Delaware River (see New Sweden ). The first permanent settlement in the present United States was Saint Augustine (Florida), founded in 1565 by the Spaniard Pedro Menéndez de Avilés . Spanish control came to be exercised over Florida, West Florida, Texas, and a large part of the Southwest, including California. For the purposes of finding precious metals and of converting heathens to Catholicism, the Spanish colonies in the present United States were relatively unfruitful and thus were never fully developed. The French established strongholds on the St. Lawrence River (Quebec and Montreal) and spread their influence over the Great Lakes country and along the Mississippi; the colony of Louisiana was a flourishing French settlement. The French government, like the Spanish, tolerated only the Catholic faith, and it implanted the rigid and feudalistic seignorial system of France in its North American possessions. Partly for these reasons, the French settlements attracted few colonists. The English settlements, which were on the Atlantic seaboard, developed in patterns more suitable to the New World, with greater religious freedom and economic opportunity. The first permanent English settlement was made at Jamestown (Virginia) in 1607. The first English settlements in Virginia were managed by a chartered commercial company, the Virginia Company; economic motives were paramount to the company in founding the settlements. The Virginia colony early passed to control by the crown and became a characteristic type of English colony—the royal colony. Another type—the corporate colony—was initiated by the settlement of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Colony in 1620 and by the establishment of the more important Massachusetts Bay colony by the Puritans in 1630. Religious motives were important in the founding of these colonies. The colonists of Massachusetts Bay brought with them from England the charter and the governing corporation of the colony, which thus became a corporate one, i.e., one controlled by its own resident corporation. The corporate status of the Plymouth Colony, evinced in the Mayflower Compact , was established by the purchase (1626) of company and charter from the holders in England. Connecticut and Rhode Island, which were offshoots of Massachusetts, owed allegiance to no English company; their corporate character was confirmed by royal charters, granted to Connecticut in 1662 and to Rhode Island in 1663. A third type of colony was the proprietary, founded by lords proprietors under quasi-feudal grants from the king; prime examples are Maryland (under the Calvert family) and Pennsylvania (under William Penn ). The religious and political turmoil of the Puritan Revolution in England, as well as the repression of the Huguenots in France, helped to stimulate emigration to the English colonies. Hopes of economic betterment brought thousands from England as well as a number from Germany and other continental countries. To obtain passage across the Atlantic, the poor often indentured themselves to masters in the colonies for a specified number of years. The colonial population was also swelled by criminals transported from England as a means of punishment. Once established as freedmen, former bondsmen and transportees were frequently allotted land with which to make their way in the New World. Colonial America The colonies were subject to English mercantilism in the form of Navigation Acts , begun under Cromwell and developed more fully after the Stuart Restoration. As shown by C. M. Andrews, G. L. Beer, and later historians, the colonies at first benefited by these acts, which established a monopoly of the English market for certain colonial products. Distinct colonial economies emerged, reflecting the regional differences of climate and topography. Agriculture was of primary importance in all the regions. In New England many crops were grown, corn being the closest to a staple, and agricultural holdings were usually of moderate size. Fur trade was at first important, but it died out when the New England Confederation defeated Philip in King Philip's War and the Native Americans were dispersed. Fishing and commerce gained in importance, and the economic expansion of Massachusetts encouraged the founding of other New England colonies. In the middle colonies small farms abounded, interspersed with occasional great estates, and diverse crops were grown, wheat being most important. Land there was almost universally held through some form of feudal grant, as it was also in the South. Commerce grew quickly in the middle colonies, and large towns flourished, notably Philadelphia and New York. By the late 17th cent. small farms in the coastal areas of the South were beginning to give way to large plantations; these were developed with the slave labor of Africans, who were imported in ever-increasing numbers. During the 18th cent. some 1.5 million African slaves were transported to the colonies, more than three times the number of free immigrants. Plantations were almost exclusively devoted to cultivation of the great Southern staples—tobacco, rice, and, later, indigo. Fur trade and lumbering were long important. Although some towns developed, the Southern economy remained the least diversified and the most rural in colonial America. In religion, too, the colonies developed in varied patterns. In Massachusetts the religious theocracy of the Puritan oligarchy flourished. By contrast, Rhode Island allowed full religious freedom; there Baptists were in the majority, but other sects were soon in evidence. New Jersey and South Carolina also allowed complete religious liberty, and such colonies as Maryland and Pennsylvania established large measures of toleration. Maryland was at first a haven for Catholics, and Pennsylvania similarly a haven for Quakers, but within a few decades numerous Anglicans had settled in those colonies. Anglicans were also much in evidence further south, as were Presbyterians, most of them Scotch-Irish. Politically, the colonies developed representative institutions, the most important being the vigorous colonial assemblies. Popular participation was somewhat limited by property qualifications. In the proprietary colonies, particularly, the settlers came into conflict with the executive authority. Important points of difference arose over the granting of large estates to a few, over the great power of the proprietors, over the failure of the proprietors (who generally lived in England) to cope with problems of defense, and over religious grievances, frequently stemming from a struggle for dominance between Anglicans and other groups. In corporate Massachusetts religious grievances were created by the zealous Puritan demand for conformity. These conflicts, together with England's desire to coordinate empire defenses against France and to gain closer control of the colonies' thriving economic life, stimulated England to convert corporate and proprietary colonies into royal ones. In general, royal control brought more orderly government and greater religious toleration, but it also focused the colonists' grievances on the mother country. The policies of the governors, who were the chief instruments of English will in the colonies, frequently met serious opposition. The colonial assemblies clashed with the governors—notably with Edmund Andros and Francis Nicholson —especially over matters of taxation. The assemblies successfully resisted royal demands for permanent income to support royal policies and used their powers over finance to expand their own jurisdiction. As the 18th cent. progressed, colonial grievances were exacerbated. The British mercantile regulations, beneficial to agriculture, impeded the colonies' commercial and industrial development. However, economic and social growth continued, and by the mid-18th cent. there had been created a greater sense of a separate, thriving, and distinctly American, albeit varied, civilization. In New England, Puritan values were modified by the impact of commerce and by the influence of the Enlightenment, while in the South the planter aristocracy developed a lavish mode of life. Enlightenment ideals also gained influential adherents in the South. Higher education flourished in such institutions as Harvard, William and Mary, and King's College (now Columbia Univ.). The varied accomplishments of Benjamin Franklin epitomized colonial common sense at its most enlightened and productive level. A religious movement of importance emerged in the revivals of the Great Awakening , stimulated by Jonathan Edwards ; the movement ultimately led to a strengthening of Methodism . Also inherent in this movement was egalitarian sentiment, which progressed but was not to triumph in the colonial era. One manifestation of egalitarianism was the long-continued conflict between the men of the frontiers and the wealthy Eastern oligarchs who dominated the assemblies, a conflict exemplified in the Regulator movement . Colonial particularism, still stronger than national feeling, caused the failure of the Albany Congress to achieve permanent union. However, internal strife and disunity remained a less urgent issue than the controversy with Great Britain. The States in Union After the British and colonial forces had combined to drive the French from Canada and the Great Lakes region in the French and Indian War (1754–60; see under French and Indian Wars ), the colonists felt less need of British protection; but at this very time the British began colonial reorganization in an effort to impose on the colonists the costs of their own defense. Thus was set off the complex chain of events that united colonial sentiment against Great Britain and culminated in the American Revolution (1775–83; the events are described under that heading). The Revolution resulted in the independence of the Thirteen Colonies: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia; their territories were recognized as extending north to Canada and west to the Mississippi River. The Revolution also broadened representation in government, advanced the movement for separation of church and state in America, increased opportunities for westward expansion, and brought the abolition of the remnants of feudal land tenure. The view that the Revolution had been fought for local liberty against strong central control reinforced the particularism of the states and was reflected in the weak union established under the Articles of Confederation (see Confederation, Articles of ). Before ratification of the Articles (1781), conflicting claims of states to Western territories had been settled by the cession of Western land rights to the federal government; the Ordinance of 1787 established a form of government for territories and a method of admitting them as states to the Union. But the national government floundered. It could not obtain commercial treaties or enforce its will in international relations, and, largely because it could not raise adequate revenue and had no executive authority, it was weak domestically. Local economic depressions bred discontent that erupted in Shays's Rebellion , further revealing the weakness of the federal government. Advocates of strong central government bitterly attacked the Articles of Confederation; supported particularly by professional and propertied groups, they had a profound influence on the Constitution drawn up by the Constitutional Convention of 1787. The Constitution created a national government with ample powers for effective rule, which were limited by "checks and balances" to forestall tyranny or radicalism. Its concept of a strong, orderly Union was popularized by the Federalist papers (see Federalist, The ) of Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , and John Jay , which played an important part in winning ratification of the Constitution by the separate states. Washington, Adams, and Jefferson The first person to be elected President under the Constitution was the hero of the Revolution, George Washington . Washington introduced many government practices and institutions, including the cabinet. Jay's Treaty (1794) allayed friction with Great Britain. Hamilton, as Washington's Secretary of the Treasury, promulgated a strong state and attempted to advance the economic development of the young country by a neomercantilist program; this included the establishment of a protective tariff, a mint, and the first Bank of the United States as well as assumption of state and private Revolutionary debts. The controversy raised by these policies bred divisions along factional and, ultimately, party lines. Hamilton and his followers, who eventually formed the Federalist party , favored wide activity by the federal government under a broad interpretation of the Constitution. Their opponents, who adhered to principles laid down by Thomas Jefferson and who became the Democratic Republican or Democratic party , favored narrow construction—limited federal jurisdiction and activities. To an extent these divisions were supported by economic differences, as the Democrats largely spoke for the agrarian point of view and the Federalists represented propertied and mercantile interests. Extreme democrats like Thomas Paine had ebullient faith in popular government and popular mores; Joel Barlow , too, envisioned a great popular culture evolving in America. From such optimists came schemes for broad popular education and participation in government. Men like John Adams had mixed views on the good sense of the masses, and many more conservative thinkers associated the "people" with vulgarity and ineptitude. The Federalists generally represented a pessimistic and the Democrats an optimistic view of man's inherent capacity to govern and develop himself; in practice, however, the values held by these two groups were often mixed. That a long road to democracy was still to be traveled is seen in the fact that in the late 18th cent. few but the economically privileged took part in political affairs. The Federalists were victorious in electing John Adams to the presidency in 1796. Federalist conservatism and anti-French sentiment were given vent in the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 and in other acts. Deteriorating relations with France were seen in the XYZ Affair and the "half war" (1798–1800), in which U.S. warships engaged French vessels in the Caribbean. The so-called Revolution of 1800 swept the Federalists from power and brought Jefferson to the presidency. Jefferson did bring a plainer and more republican style to government, and under him the Alien and Sedition Acts and other Federalist laws were allowed to lapse or were repealed. Jefferson moved toward stronger use of federal powers, however, in negotiating the Louisiana Purchase (1803). In foreign policy he steered an officially neutral course between Great Britain and France, resisting the war sentiment roused by British impressment of American seamen and by both British and French violations of American shipping. He fostered the drastic Embargo Act of 1807 in an attempt to gain recognition of American rights through economic pressure, but the embargo struck hardest against the American economy, especially in New England. Madison, Monroe, and Adams Under Jefferson's successor, James Madison , the continued depredations of American shipping, combined with the clamor of American "war hawks" who coveted Canada and Florida, led to the War of 1812 , which was, however, opposed in New England (see Hartford Convention ). The Treaty of Ghent (see Ghent, Treaty of ) settled no specific issues of the war, but did confirm the independent standing of the young republic. Politically, the period that followed was the so-called era of good feeling. The Federalists had disintegrated under the impact of the country's westward expansion and its new interests and ideals. Democrats of all sections had by now adopted a Federalist approach to national development and were temporarily in agreement on a nationalist, expansionist economic policy. This policy was implemented in 1816 by the introduction of internal improvements, a protective tariff, and the second Bank of the United States. The same policies were continued under James Monroe . The Monroe Doctrine (1823), which proclaimed U.S. opposition to European intervention or colonization in the American hemisphere, introduced the long-continuing U.S. concern for the integrity of the Western Hemisphere. Domestically, the strength of the federal government was increased by the judicial decisions of John Marshall , who had already helped establish the power of the U.S. Supreme Court. By 1820, however, sectional differences were arousing political discord. The sections of the country had long been developing along independent lines. In the North, merchants, manufacturers, inventors, farmers, and factory hands were busy with commerce, agricultural improvements, and the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution. In the South, Eli Whitney's cotton gin had brought in its wake a new staple; cotton was king, and the new states of Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi were the pride of the cotton kingdom. The accession of Florida (1819) further swelled the domain of the South. The American West was expanding as the frontier rapidly advanced. Around the turn of the century settlement of territory W of the Appalachians had given rise to the new states of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio. Settlers continued to move farther west, and the frontier remained a molding force in American life. The Missouri Compromise (1820) temporarily resolved the issue of slavery in new states, but under the presidency of John Quincy Adams sectional differences were aggravated. Particular friction, leading to the nullification movement, was created by the tariff of 1828, which was highly favorable to Northern manufacturing but a "Tariff of Abominations" to the agrarian South. In the 1820s and 30s the advance of democracy brought manhood suffrage to many states and virtual direct election of the President, and party nominating conventions replaced the caucus. Separation of church and state became virtually complete. Jackson to the Mexican War An era of political vigor was begun with the election (1828) of Andrew Jackson to the presidency. If Jackson was not, as sometimes represented, the incarnation of frontier democracy, he nonetheless symbolized the advent of the common man to political power. He provided powerful executive leadership, attuned to popular support, committing himself to a strong foreign policy and to internal improvements for the West. His stand for economic individualism and his attacks on such bastions of the moneyed interests as the Bank of the United States won the approval of the growing middle class. Jackson acted firmly for the Union in the nullification controversy. But the South became increasingly dissident, and John C. Calhoun emerged as its chief spokesman with his states' rights doctrine. Opponents of Jackson's policies, including both Northern and Southern conservative propertied interests, amalgamated to form the Whig party , in which Henry Clay and Daniel Webster were long the dominant figures. Jackson's successor, Martin Van Buren , attempted to perpetuate Jacksonian policies, but his popularity was undermined by the panic of 1837. In 1840, in their "Log Cabin and Hard Cider" campaign, the conservative Whigs adopted and perfected the Democratic party's techniques of mass appeal and succeeded in electing William Henry Harrison as President. The West was winning greater attention in American life, and in the 1840s expansion to the Pacific was fervently proclaimed as the "manifest destiny" of the United States. Annexation of the Republic of Texas (which had won its own independence from Mexico), long delayed primarily by controversy over its slave-holding status, was accomplished by Harrison's successor, John Tyler , three days before the expiration of his term. Tyler's action was prompted by the surprising victory of his Democratic successor, James K. Polk , who had campaigned on the planks of "reoccupation of Oregon" and "reannexation of Texas." The annexation of Texas precipitated the Mexican War ; by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo the United States acquired two fifths of the territory then belonging to Mexico, including California and the present American Southwest. In 1853 these territories were rounded out by the Gadsden Purchase . Although in the dispute with Great Britain over the Columbia River country (see Oregon ), Americans demanded "Fifty-four forty or fight," under President Polk a peaceful if more modest settlement was reached. Thus the United States gained its Pacific Northwest, and "manifest destiny" was virtually fulfilled. In California the discovery of gold in 1848 brought the rush of forty-niners, swelling population and making statehood for California a pressing question. The westward movement was also stimulated by many other factors. The great profits from open-range cattle ranching brought a stream of ranchers to the area (this influx was to reach fever pitch after the Civil War). The American farmer, with his abundant land, was often profligate in its cultivation, and as the soil depleted he continued to move farther west, settling the virgin territory. Soil exhaustion was particularly rapid in the South, where a one-crop economy prevailed, but because cotton profits were frequently high the plantation system quickly spread as far west as Texas. Occupation of the West was also sped by European immigrants hungry for land. Slavery, Civil War, and Reconstruction By the mid-19th cent. the territorial gains and westward movement of the United States were focusing legislative argument on the extension of slavery to the new territories and breaking down the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The Wilmot Proviso illustrated Northern antislavery demands, while Southerners, too, became increasingly intransigent. Only with great effort was the Compromise of 1850 achieved, and it was to be the last great compromise between the sections. The new Western states, linked in outlook to the North, had long since caused the South to lose hold of the House of Representatives, and Southern parity in the Senate was threatened by the prospective addition of more free states than slaveholding ones. The South demanded stronger enforcement of fugitive slave laws and, dependent on sympathetic Presidents, obtained it from Millard Fillmore and especially from Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan . The passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), which repealed the Missouri Compromise, led to violence between factions in "bleeding Kansas" and spurred the founding of the new Republican party . Although there was sentiment for moderation and compromise in both North and South, it became increasingly difficult to take a middle stand on the slavery issue, and extremists came to the fore on both sides. Southerners, unable to accept the end of slavery, upon which their entire system of life was based, and fearful of slave insurrection (especially after the revolt led by Nat Turner in 1831), felt threatened by the Sections in this article: Bibliography abolitionists , who regarded themselves as leaders in a moral crusade. Southerners attempted to uphold slavery as universally beneficial and biblically sanctioned, while Northerners were increasingly unable to countenance the institution. Vigorous antislavery groups like the Free-Soil party had already arisen, and as the conflict became more embittered it rent the older parties. The Whig party was shattered, and its Northern wing was largely absorbed in the new antislavery Republican party. The Democrats were also torn, and the compromise policies of Stephen A. Douglas were of dwindling satisfaction to a divided nation. Moderation could not withstand the impact of the decision in the Dred Scott Case , which denied the right of Congress to prohibit slavery in the territories, or the provocation of John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (1859). The climax came in 1860 when the Republican Abraham Lincoln defeated three opponents to win the presidency. Southern leaders, feeling there was no possibility of fair treatment under a Republican administration, resorted to secession from the Union and formed the Confederacy . The attempts of the seceding states to take over federal property within their borders (notably Fort Sumter in Charleston, S.C.) precipitated the Civil War (1861–65), which resulted in a complete victory for the North and the end of all slavery. The ensuing problems of Reconstruction in the South were complicated by bitter struggles, including the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson in 1868. Military rule in parts of the South continued through the administrations of Ulysses S. Grant , which were also notable for their outrageous corruption. A result of the disputed election of 1876, in which the decision was given to Rutherford B. Hayes over Samuel J. Tilden , was the end of Reconstruction and the reentry of the South into national politics. The Late Nineteenth Century The remainder of the 19th cent. was marked by railroad building (assisted by generous federal land grants) and the disappearance of the American frontier. Great mineral wealth was discovered and exploited, and important technological innovations sped industrialization, which had already gained great impetus during the Civil War. Thus developed an economy based on steel, oil, railroads, and machines, an economy that a few decades after the Civil War ranked first in the world. Mammoth corporations such as the Standard Oil trust were formed, and "captains of industry" like John D. Rockefeller and financiers like J. P. Morgan (see under Morgan , family) controlled huge resources. In the latter part of the 19th cent. rapid industrialization had made the United States the world's largest, most productive, and most technically advanced nation, and the era saw the rise of the modern American city. These urban areas attracted huge numbers of people from foreign countries as well as rural America. The widespread use of steel and electricity allowed innovations that transformed the urban landscape. Electric lighting made cities viable at night as well as during the day. Electricity was also used to power streetcars , elevated railways, and subways. The growth of mass transit allowed people to live further away from work, and was therefore largely responsible for the demise of the "walking city." With the advent of skyscrapers , which utilized steel construction technology, cities were able to grow vertically as well as horizontally. Into the "land of promise" poured new waves of immigrants; some acquired dazzling riches, but many others suffered in a competitive and unregulated economic age. Behind the facade of the "Gilded Age," with its aura of peace and general prosperity, a whole range of new problems was created, forcing varied groups to promulgate new solutions. In the 1870s the expanding Granger movement attempted to combat railroad and marketing abuses and to achieve an element of agrarian cooperation; this movement stimulated some regulation of utilities on the state level. Labor, too, began to combine against grueling factory conditions, but the opposition of business to unions was frequently overpowering, and the bulk of labor remained unorganized. Some strike successes were won by the Knights of Labor , but this union, discredited by the Haymarket Square riot , was succeeded in prominence by the less divisive American Federation of Labor (see American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations ). Massachusetts led the way (1874) with the first effective state legislation for an eight-hour day, but similar state and national legislation was sparse (see labor law ), and the federal government descended harshly on labor in the bloody strike at Pullman, Ill., and in other disputes. Belief in laissez faire and the influence of big business in both national parties, especially in the Republican party, delayed any widespread reform. The Presidents of the late 19th cent. were generally titular leaders of modest political distinction; however, they did institute a few reforms. Both Hayes and his successor, James A. Garfield , favored civil service reforms, and after Garfield's death Chester A. Arthur approved passage of a civil service act; thus the vast, troublesome presidential patronage system gave way to more regular, efficient administration. In 1884 a reform group, led by Carl Schurz , bolted from the Republicans and helped elect Grover Cleveland , the first Democratic President since before the Civil War. Under President Benjamin Harrison the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed (1890). The attempt of the Greenback party to combine sponsorship of free coinage of silver (see free silver ) and other aids to the debtor class with planks favorable to labor failed, but reform forces gathered strength, as witnessed by the rise of the Populist party . The reform movement was spurred by the economic panic of 1893, and in 1896 the Democrats nominated for President William Jennings Bryan , who had adopted the Populist platform. He orated eloquently for free silver, but was defeated by William McKinley , who gained ardent support from big business. Expansionists and Progressives By the 1890s a new wave of expansionist sentiment was affecting U.S. foreign policy. With the purchase of Alaska (1867) and the rapid settlement of the last Western territory, Oklahoma, American capital and attention were directed toward the Pacific and the Caribbean. The United States established commercial and then political hegemony in the Hawaiian Islands and annexed them in 1898. In that year expansionist energy found release in the Spanish-American War , which resulted in U.S. acquisition of Puerto Rico, the Philippine Islands, and Guam, and in a U.S. quasi-protectorate over Cuba. American ownership of the Philippines involved military subjugation of the people, who rose in revolt when they realized that they would not be granted their independence; the Philippine Insurrection (1899–1901) cost more American lives and dollars than the Spanish-American War. Widening its horizons, the United States formulated the Open Door policy (1900), which expressed its interest in China. Established as a world power with interests in two oceans, the United States intervened in the Panama revolution to facilitate construction of the Panama Canal ; this was but one of its many involvements in Latin American affairs under Theodore Roosevelt and later Presidents. By the time of Roosevelt's administration (1901–9), the progressive reform movement had taken definite shape in the country. Progressivism was partly a mode of thought, as witnessed by the progressive education program of John Dewey ; as such it was a pragmatic attempt to mold modern institutions for the benefit of all. Progressives, too, were the muckrakers , who attacked abuse and waste in industry and in society. In its politics as shaped by R. M. La Follette and others, progressivism adopted many Populist planks but promoted them from a more urban and forward-looking viewpoint. Progressivism was dramatized by the magnetic Roosevelt, who denounced "malefactors of great wealth" and demanded a "square deal" for labor; however, in practice he was a rather cautious reformer. He did make some attacks on trusts, and he promoted regulation of interstate commerce as well as passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) and legislation for the conservation of natural resources . Roosevelt's hand-picked successor, William H. Taft , continued some reforms but in his foreign policy and in the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act , passed in his administration, favored big business. Taft's conservatism antagonized Roosevelt, who split with the Republican party in 1912 and ran for the presidency on the ticket of the Progressive party (see also Insurgents ). But the presidency was won by the Democratic reform candidate, Woodrow Wilson . Wilson's "New Freedom" brought many progressive ideas to legislative fruition. The Federal Reserve System and the Federal Trade Commission were established, and the Adamson Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act were passed. Perhaps more than on the national level, progressivism triumphed in the states in legislation beneficial to labor, in the furthering of education, and in the democratization of electoral procedures. Wilson did not radically alter the aggressive Caribbean policy of his predecessors; U.S. marines were sent to Nicaragua, and difficulties with Mexico were capped by the landing of U.S. forces in the city of Veracruz and by the campaign against Francisco (Pancho) Villa . World War I The nation's interest in world peace had already been expressed through participation in the Hague Conferences , and when World War I burst upon Europe, Wilson made efforts to keep the United States neutral; in 1916 he was reelected on a peace platform. However, American sympathies and interests were actively with the Allies (especially with Great Britain and France), and although Britain and Germany both violated American neutral rights on the seas, German submarine attacks constituted the more dramatic provocation. On Apr. 6, 1917, the United States entered the war on the side of the Allies and provided crucial manpower and supplies for the Allied victory. Wilson's Fourteen Points to insure peace and democracy captured the popular imagination of Europe and were a factor in Germany's decision to seek an armistice; however, at the Paris Peace Conference after the war, Wilson was thwarted from fully implementing his program. In the United States, isolationist sentiment against participation in the League of Nations , an integral part of the Treaty of Versailles (see Versailles, Treaty of ), was led by Senator William E. Borah and other "irreconcilables." The majority of Republican Senators, led by Henry Cabot Lodge , insisted upon amendments that would preserve U.S. sovereignty, and although Wilson fought for his original proposals, they were rejected. Isolationist sentiment prevailed during the 1920s, and while the United States played a major role in the naval conferences for disarmament and in the engineering of the Kellogg-Briand Pact , which outlawed war, its general lack of interest in international concerns was seen in its highly nationalistic economic policies, notably its insistence (later modified) on collecting the war debts of foreign countries and the passage of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act . From Prosperity to Depression The country voted for a return to "normalcy" when it elected Warren G. Harding President in 1920, but the ensuing period was a time of rapid change, and the old normalcy was not to be regained. The Republican governments of the decade, although basically committed to laissez faire, actively encouraged corporate mergers and subsidized aviation and the merchant marine. Harding's administration, marred by the Teapot Dome scandal, gave way on his death to the presidency of Calvin Coolidge , and the nation embarked on a spectacular industrial and financial boom. In the 1920s the nation became increasingly urban, and everyday life was transformed as the "consumer revolution" brought the spreading use of automobiles, telephones, radios, and other appliances. The pace of living quickened, and mores became less restrained, while fortunes were rapidly accumulated on the skyrocketing stock market, in real estate speculation, and elsewhere. To some it seemed a golden age. But agriculture was not prosperous, and industry and finance became dangerously overextended. In 1929 there began the Great Depression , which reached worldwide proportions. In 1931, President Herbert Hoover proposed a moratorium on foreign debts, but this and other measures failed to prevent economic collapse. In the 1932 election Hoover was overwhelmingly defeated by the Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt . The new President immediately instituted his New Deal with vigorous measures. To meet the critical financial emergency he instituted a "bank holiday." Congress, called into special session, enacted a succession of laws, some of them to meet the economic crisis with relief measures, others to put into operation long-range social and economic reforms. Some of the most important agencies created were the National Recovery Administration , the Agricultural Adjustment Administration , the Public Works Administration , the Civilian Conservation Corps , and the Tennessee Valley Authority . This program was further broadened in later sessions with other agencies, notably the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Works Progress Administration (later the Work Projects Administration ). Laws also created a social security program. The program was dynamic and, in many areas, unprecedented. It created a vast machinery by which the state could promote economic recovery and social welfare. Opponents of these measures argued that they violated individual rights, besides being extravagant and wasteful. Adverse decisions on several of the measures by the U.S. Supreme Court tended to slow the pace of reform and caused Roosevelt to attempt unsuccessfully to revise the court. Although interest centered chiefly on domestic affairs during the 1930s, Roosevelt continued and expanded the policy of friendship toward the Latin American nations which Herbert Hoover had initiated; this full-blown "good-neighbor" policy proved generally fruitful for the United States (see Pan-Americanism ). Roosevelt was reelected by an overwhelming majority in 1936 and won easily in 1940 even though he was breaking the no-third-term tradition. World War II The ominous situation abroad was chiefly responsible for Roosevelt's continuance at the national helm. By the late 1930s the Axis nations (Germany and Italy) in Europe as well as Japan in East Asia had already disrupted world peace. As wars began in China, Ethiopia, and Spain, the United States sought at first to bulwark its insular security by the Neutrality Act . As Axis aggression led to the outbreak of the European war in Sept., 1939, the United States still strove to stay out of it, despite increasing sympathy for the Allies. But after the fall of France in June, 1940, the support of the United States for beleaguered Britain became more overt. In Mar., 1941, lend-lease aid was extended to the British and, in November, to the Russians. The threat of war had already caused the adoption of selective service to build the armed strength of the nation. Hemisphere defense was enlarged, and the United States drew closer to Great Britain with the issuance of the Atlantic Charter . In Asian affairs the Roosevelt government had vigorously protested Japan's career of conquest and its establishment of the "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere." After the Japanese takeover of French Indochina (July, 1941), with its inherent threat to the Philippines, the U.S. government froze all Japanese assets in the United States. Diplomatic relations grew taut, but U.S.-Japanese discussions were still being carried on when, on Dec. 7, 1941, Japanese bombs fell on Pearl Harbor . The United States promptly declared war, and four days later Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. (For an account of military and naval events, see World War II .) The country efficiently mobilized its vast resources, transforming factories to war plants and building a mighty military force which included most able-bodied young men and many young women. The creation of a great number of government war agencies to control and coordinate materials, transportation, and manpower brought unprecedented government intervention into national life. Rationing, price controls, and other devices were instituted in an attempt to prevent serious inflation or dislocation in the civilian economy. The war underscored the importance of U.S. resources and the prestige and power of the United States in world affairs. A series of important conferences outlined the policies for the war and the programs for the peace after victory; among these were the Moscow Conferences , the Casablanca Conference , the Cairo Conference , the Tehran Conference , and the Yalta Conference , at which Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin planned for postwar settlement. Roosevelt was also a key figure in the plans for the United Nations . After Roosevelt's sudden death in Apr., 1945, Harry S. Truman became President. A month later the European war ended when Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945. Truman went to the Potsdam Conference (July–August), where various questions of the peacetime administration of Europe were settled, many on an ad interim basis, pending the conclusion of peace treaties. Before the war ended with the defeat of Japan, the United States developed and used a fateful and revolutionary weapon of war, the atomic bomb . The Japanese surrender, announced Aug. 14, 1945, and signed Sept. 2, brought the war to a close. Peacetime readjustment was successfully effected. The government's "G.I. Bill" enabled many former servicemen to obtain free schooling, and millions of other veterans were absorbed by the economy, which boomed in fulfilling the demands for long-unobtainable consumer goods. The shortening of the postwar factory work week and the proportionate reduction of wages precipitated a rash of strikes, causing the government to pass the Taft-Hartley Labor Act (1947). Some inflation occurred by 1947 as wartime economic controls were abandoned. Congress passed a host of Truman's measures relating to minimum wages, public housing, farm surpluses, and credit regulation; thus was instituted acceptance of comprehensive government intervention in times of prosperity. The nation's support of Truman's policies was signified when it returned him to the presidency in 1948 in an upset victory over Thomas E. Dewey. The United States in a Divided World The most striking postwar development was America's new peacetime involvement in international affairs. U.S. support for the United Nations symbolized its desire for peace and order in international relations. However, relations between the United States and the Soviet Union worsened during the late 1940s. In addition, a serious human problem was presented by Europe, prostrated and near starvation after years of war. The Truman Doctrine attempted to thwart Soviet expansion in Europe; massive loans, culminating in the Marshall Plan , were vital in reviving European economies and thus in diminishing the appeal of Communism. As the cold war intensified, the United States took steps (1948) to nullify the Soviet blockade of Berlin and played the leading role in forming a new alliance of Western nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). In the Korean War , U.S. forces played the chief part in combating the North Korean and Chinese attack on South Korea. Thus the United States cast off its traditional peacetime isolationism and accepted its position as a prime mover in world affairs. International policy had significant repercussions at home. The fear of domestic Communism and subversion almost became a national obsession, culminating in such sensational events as the Alger Hiss case and the trial and execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg (see Rosenberg Case ). Security measures and loyalty checks in the government and elsewhere were tightened, alleged Communists were prosecuted under the Smith Act of 1940, and employees in varied fields were dismissed for questionable political affiliations, past or present. The most notorious prosecutor of alleged Communists was Senator Joseph McCarthy , whose extreme methods were later recognized as threats to freedom of speech and democratic principles. Two decades of Democratic control of the White House came to an end with the presidential election of 1952, when Dwight D. Eisenhower was swept into office over the Democratic candidate, Adlai E. Stevenson . Although it did not try to roll back the social legislation passed by its Democratic predecessors, the Eisenhower administration was committed to a laissez-faire domestic policy. By the mid-1950s, America was in the midst of a great industrial boom, and stock prices were skyrocketing. In foreign affairs the Eisenhower administration was internationalist in outlook, although it sternly opposed Communist power and threatened "massive retaliation" for Communist aggression. Some antagonism came from the neutral nations of Asia and Africa, partly because of the U.S. association with former colonial powers and partly because U.S. foreign aid more often than not had the effect of strengthening ruling oligarchies abroad. In the race for technological superiority the United States exploded (1952) the first hydrogen bomb, but was second to the USSR in launching (Jan. 31, 1958) an artificial satellite and in testing an intercontinental guidedmissile. However, spurred by Soviet advances, the United States made rapid progress in space exploration and missile research. In the crucial domestic issue of racial integration , the U.S. Supreme Court in a series of decisions supported the efforts of African-American citizens to achieve full civil rights. In 1959, Alaska and Hawaii became the 49th and 50th states of the Union. Despite hopes for "peaceful coexistence," negotiations with the USSR for nuclear disarmament failed to achieve accord, and Berlin remained a serious source of conflict. In 1961, the older Eisenhower gave way to the youngest President ever elected, John F. Kennedy , who defeated Republican candidate Richard M. Nixon . President Kennedy called for "new frontiers" of American endeavor, but had difficulty securing Congressional support for his domestic programs (integration, tax reform, medical benefits for the aged). Kennedy's foreign policy combined such humanitarian innovations as the Peace Corps and the Alliance for Progress with the traditional opposition to Communist aggrandizement. After breaking relations with Cuba, which, under Fidel Castro, had clearly moved within the Communist orbit, the United States supported (1961) an ill-fated invasion of Cuba by anti-Castro forces. In 1962, in reaction to the presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba, the United States blockaded Soviet military shipments to Cuba and demanded the dismantling of Soviet bases there. The two great powers seemed on the brink of war, but within a week the USSR acceded to U.S. demands. In the meantime, the United States achieved an important gain in space exploration with the orbital flight around the earth in a manned satellite by Col. John H. Glenn . The tensions of the cold war eased when, in 1963, the United States and the Soviet Union reached an accord on a limited ban of nuclear testing. The Great Society and the Vietnam War On Nov. 22, 1963, President Kennedy was assassinated while riding in a motorcade in Dallas, Tex. His successor, Lyndon B. Johnson , proclaimed a continuation of Kennedy's policies and was able to bring many Kennedy measures to legislative fruition. Significant progress toward racial equality was achieved with a momentous Civil Rights Act (1964), a Voting Rights Act (1965), and the 24th Amendment to the Constitution, which abolished the poll tax. Other legislation, reflecting Johnson's declaration of a "war on poverty" and his stated aim of creating a "Great Society," included a comprehensive Economic Opportunity Act (1964) and bills providing for tax reduction, medical care for the aged, an increased minimum wage, urban rehabilitation, and aid to education. Public approval was given in the landslide victory won by Johnson over his Republican opponent, Senator Barry Goldwater , in the 1964 presidential election. The victory also represented voter reaction against Senator Goldwater's aggressive views on foreign policy. Ironically, international problems dominated Johnson's second term, and Johnson himself pursued an aggressive course, dispatching (Apr., 1965) troops to the Dominican Republic during disorders there and escalating American participation in the Vietnam War . Authorization for the latter was claimed by Johnson to have been given (Aug., 1964) by Congress in the Tonkin Gulf resolution , which was passed after two U.S. destroyers were allegedly attacked by North Vietnamese PT boats in the Gulf of Tonkin. The federal military budget soared, and inflation became a pressing problem. The Vietnam War provoked increasing opposition at home, manifested in marches and demonstrations in which casualties were sometimes incurred and thousands of people were arrested. An impression of general lawlessness and domestic disintegration was heightened by serious race riots that erupted in cities across the nation, most devastatingly in the Watts district of Los Angeles (1965) and in Detroit and Newark (1967), and by various racial and political assassinations, notably those of Martin Luther King , Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy (1968). Other manifestations of social upheaval were the increase of drug use, especially among youths, and the rising rate of crime, most noticeable in the cities. Opposition to American involvement in the Vietnam War so eroded Johnson's popularity that he chose not to run again for President in 1968. The Nixon Years Johnson's position as leader of the Democratic party had been seriously challenged by Senator Eugene McCarthy , who ran as a peace candidate in the primary elections. Antiwar forces in the Democratic party received a setback with the assassination of Senator Kennedy, also a peace candidate, and the way was opened for the nomination of Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey , a supporter of Johnson's policies, as the Democratic candidate for President. Violence broke out during the Democratic national convention in Chicago when police and national guardsmen battled some 3,000 demonstrators in what a national investigating committee later characterized as "a police riot." The Republican candidate, Richard M. Nixon, ran on a platform promising an end to the Vietnam War and stressing the need for domestic "law and order"; he won a narrow victory, receiving 43.4% of the popular vote to Humphrey's 42.7%. A third-party candidate, Gov. George C. Wallace of Alabama, carried five Southern states. The Congress remained Democratic. Pronouncing the "Nixon doctrine"—that thenceforth other countries would have to carry more of the burden of fighting Communist domination, albeit with substantial American economic aid—Nixon began a slow withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam. Criticism that he was not moving fast enough in ending the war increased and massive antiwar demonstrations continued, and when Nixon in the spring of 1970 ordered U.S. troops into neutral Cambodia to destroy Communist bases and supply routes there, a wave of demonstrations, some of them violent, swept American campuses. Four students were killed by national guardsmen at Kent State Univ. in Ohio, and 448 colleges and universities temporarily closed down. Antiwar activity declined, however, when American troops were removed from Cambodia after 60 days. The institution of draft reform, the continued withdrawal of U.S. soldiers from Vietnam, and a sharp decrease in U.S. casualties all contributed toward dampening antiwar sentiment and lessening the war as an issue of public debate. Racial flare-ups abated after the tumult of the 1960s (although the issue of the busing of children to achieve integration continued to arouse controversy). The growing movement of women demanding social, economic, and political equality with men also reflected the changing times. A dramatic milestone in the country's space program was reached in July, 1969, with the landing of two men on the moon, the first of several such manned flights. Significant unmanned probes of several of the planets followed, and in 1973 the first space station was orbited. In domestic policy Nixon appeared to favor an end to the many reforms of the 1960s. He was accused by civil-rights proponents of wooing Southern support by seeking delays in the implementation of school integration. Such actions by his administration were overruled by the Supreme Court. Nixon twice attempted to appoint conservative Southern judges to the U.S. Supreme Court and was twice frustrated by the Senate, which rejected both nominations. In an attempt to control the spiraling inflation inherited from the previous administration, Nixon concentrated on reducing federal spending. He vetoed numerous appropriations bills passed by Congress, especially those in the social service and public works areas, although he continued to stress defense measures, such as the establishment of an antiballistic missiles (ABM) system, and foreign aid. Federal budget cuts contributed to a general economic slowdown but failed to halt inflation, so that the country experienced the unprecedented misfortune of both rising prices and rising unemployment; the steady drain of gold reserves after almost three decades of enormous foreign aid programs, a new balance-of-trade deficit, and the instability of the dollar in the international market also affected the economy. In Aug., 1971, Nixon resorted to the freezing of prices, wages, and rents; these controls were continued under an ensuing, more flexible but comprehensive program known as Phase II. Another significant move was the devaluation of the dollar in Dec., 1971; it was further devalued in 1973 and again in 1974. In keeping with his announced intention of moving the United States from an era of confrontation to one of negotiation, Nixon made a dramatic visit to the People's Republic of China in Feb., 1972, ending more than 20 years of hostility between the two countries and opening the way for a normalization of relations. A trip to Moscow followed in the spring, culminating in the signing of numerous agreements between the United States and the Soviet Union, the most important being two strategic arms limitations accords, reached after lengthy talks begun in 1969. The attainment of a degree of friendly relations with China and the USSR was especially surprising in view of the provocative actions that the United States was taking at that time against North Vietnam. Although U.S. ground troops were being steadily withdrawn from Vietnam, U.S. bombing activity was increasing. Finally Congress halted the bombing and limited Nixon's power to commit troops. A cease-fire in Vietnam was not achieved until Jan., 1973. In the presidential election of 1972, the Democratic party reforms that increased the power of women and minority groups in the convention resulted in the nomination of Senator George S. McGovern for President. Senator McGovern called for an immediate end to the Vietnam War and for a drastic cut in defense spending and a guaranteed minimum income for all citizens. His candidacy was damaged by the necessity to replace his original choice for Vice President and by the continuing perception of McGovern as a radical. Nixon was reelected (Nov., 1972) in a landslide, losing only Massachusetts and the District of Columbia. But Nixon's second term was marred, and finally destroyed, by the Watergate affair , which began when five men (two of whom were later discovered to be direct employees of Nixon's reelection committee) were arrested after breaking into the Democratic party's national headquarters at the Watergate apartment complex in Washington, D.C. Nixon resigned on Aug. 9, the first president in the history of the republic to be driven from office under the threat of impeachment. Ford and Carter Nixon was succeeded by Vice President Gerald R. Ford . (Nixon's first Vice President, Spiro T. Agnew , had resigned in Oct., 1973, after being charged with income tax evasion.) Ford promised to continue Nixon's foreign policy, particularly the improvement of relations with China and the USSR (in his last days in office, Nixon had made trips to the Middle East and the Soviet Union to promote peace). In domestic affairs, the United States was hurt by skyrocketing fuel prices due to an Arab oil embargo. The embargo was imposed (1973) in retaliation for U.S. support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War (see Arab-Israeli Wars ). Ford attempted to formulate new policies to stem the ever-increasing inflation rate, which by late 1974 had reached the most severe levels since the period following World War II. He was also confronted with mounting unemployment and with the threat of a devastating world food crisis. Ford's popularity suffered a sharp setback when he granted Nixon a complete and unconditional pardon for any crimes that Nixon may have committed during his term as President. The public disapproval of this decision, along with the deteriorating economy, contributed to a sharp reversal in Republican fortunes in the elections of 1974. In Dec., 1974, Nelson A. Rockefeller , a former governor of New York, was sworn in as Vice President following extensive hearings before Congressional committees. Thus, neither the President nor the Vice President had been popularly elected, both having been chosen under the terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment. Ford's tenure as President was hindered by difficult economic times and an inability to work with the Democrat-controlled Congress. Ford vetoed dozens of bills, many of which were overridden by Congress to provide funding for social programs. Ford also lacked broad support within his own party, as former California governor (and future President) Ronald Reagan made a strong challenge for the Republican presidential nomination. The Democratic contender in the 1976 presidential election, former Georgia governor James E. "Jimmy" Carter , ran a brilliant and tireless campaign based on populist appeals to honesty and morality. His position as a newcomer to national politics was considered an asset by an untrusting nation in the wake of the Watergate scandal. In spite of a late surge by Ford, Carter narrowly won the election. The day after being sworn in as President, Carter pardoned thousands of draft evaders from the Vietnam War. In domestic affairs, Carter focused a great deal of attention on energy issues, creating the Department of Energy in 1977 and insisting on the necessity of nuclear energy as an alternative to fossil fuel consumption. However, nuclear energy in the United States suffered a severe setback in 1979 when an accident at the Three Mile Island power facility near Harrisburg, Penn. resulted in the partial meltdown of the reactor core. States with large energy industries such as Texas, Louisiana, Wyoming, and Colorado all benefited from extremely high energy prices throughout the 1970s. Alaska's economy also boomed as the Alaska pipeline began transporting oil in 1977. Soaring oil prices as well as increased foreign competition dealt a severe blow to American industry, especially heavy industries such as automobile and steel manufacturing located in America's Rust Belt . Central cities in the United States experienced great hardship in the 1960s and 70s. Rising crime rates and racial unrest during the 1960s accelerated the outmigration of people and businesses to the suburbs . By the late 1970s, many large cities had lost their middle class core populations and suffered severe budgetary problems. Inflation continued to rise dramatically as it had during Ford's administration and eventually reached a 30-year high in 1979. Efforts to control inflation such as raising interest rates plunged the economy into recession. In 1977 Carter signed the Panama Canal Treaty and a year later Congress voted to turn over the canal to Panama in 1999. Carter's greatest achievement in foreign policy came in 1978 when he mediated unprecedented negotiations between Egypt and Israel at Camp David, Md. The talks led to the signing of a peace treaty (see Camp David accords ) by Egyptian president Anwar al- Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin in 1979. Also in that year the United States resumed official diplomatic relations with China and Carter entered into a second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II) with the Soviet Union. Carter's pledge to stand against nations that abused human rights resulted in a grain and high-technology embargo of the Soviet Union in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Carter also organized a boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics. His decision in 1979 to allow Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlevi , the deposed leader of Iran, to receive medical treatment in the United States inflamed the already passionate anti-American sentiment in that nation. On Nov. 4, 1979, a group of militants seized the U.S. embassy in Iran, taking 66 hostages. The Iran hostage crisis destroyed Carter's credibility as a leader and a failed rescue attempt (1980) that killed eight Americans only worsened the situation. (The hostages were only released on Jan. 20, 1981, the day Carter left office.) With the hostage crisis omnipresent in the media and the nation's economy sliding deeper into recession, Carter had little to run on in the 1980 presidential election. Republican nominee Ronald Reagan promised to restore American supremacy both politically and economically. The Reagan Years The nation enthusiastically responded to Ronald Reagan's neoconservative message as he soundly defeated Carter and third-party candidate John Anderson to become, at the age of 70, the oldest man to be elected president. Reagan's coattails proved to be long as the Republicans made large gains in the House of Representatives and won control of the Senate for the first time since 1954, ushering in a new wave of conservatism. His program of supply-side economics sought to increase economic growth through reduced taxes which would in turn create even greater tax revenue. Critics argued that his tax cuts only benefited corporations and wealthy individuals. Reagan drastically cut spending on social programs as part of his vow to balance the federal budget. In labor disputes, Reagan was decidedly antiunion. This was never more evident than in 1981 when he fired 13,000 striking air traffic controllers. In Mar., 1981, Reagan was wounded in an assassination attempt but fully recovered, dispelling doubts regarding his age and health. The U.S. economy continued to worsen; in 1983 the unemployment rate reached its highest point since the Great Depression at almost 11%. By the end of that year, however, oil prices began to drop, slowing the inflation rate and helping the economy to begin a recovery. Reagan's deregulaton of the banking, airline, and many other industries spurred enormous amounts of economic activity. In 1984 the unemployment rate fell and the dollar was strong in foreign markets. With the economy recovering, Reagan was unstoppable in the 1984 presidential election. Democratic nominee Walter F. Mondale chose U.S. Representative Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate; she was the first woman to gain a major party's vice presidential nomination. Reagan scored an overwhelming victory, carrying 49 states and winning a record 525 electoral votes. Economic recovery did not last, however; while Reagan was cutting government funding for social programs the defense budget skyrocketed to levels not seen since World War II. The federal budget deficit also soared and in 1987, Reagan submitted the first trillion-dollar budget to Congress. In addition, the deregulated economy proved extremely volatile; financial scandals were prevalent and the trade imbalance grew. Finally in 1987 the stock market crashed, falling a record 508 points in a single day. Reagan's foreign policy was aggressively anti-Communist as he discarded the policy of détente employed by Nixon, Ford, and Carter. He revived Cold War rhetoric, referring to the Soviet Union as the "evil empire" and used increased defense spending to enlarge the U.S. nuclear arsenal and fund the Strategic Defense Initiative , a plan popularly known as "Star Wars." In 1981, Reagan imposed sanctions against Poland after the establishment of a military government in that country. Reagan also sought aid for the Contras—counterrevolutionaries seeking to overthrow the Marxist-oriented Sandanista government in Nicaragua. At the same time the United States was secretly mining Nicaraguan harbors. In 1983 241 U.S. marines stationed in Beirut, Lebanon as part of a UN peacekeeping force were killed by terrorists driving a truck laden with explosives in a suicide mission. Later that year Reagan ordered the invasion of the tiny Caribbean nation of Grenada; the action was roundly criticized by the world community, but succeeded in toppling the pro-Cuban regime. In 1986 the space shuttle Challenger exploded shortly after liftoff, killing the entire seven-person crew, including six astronauts and a civilian schoolteacher. Reagan's aggressive policies in the Middle East worsened already bad relations with Arab nations; he ordered (1986) air strikes against Libya in retaliation for the Libyan-sponsored terrorist attack in West Berlin that killed two American servicemen. Although the president had vowed never to negotiate with terrorists, members of his administration did just that in the Iran-contra affair . Against the wishes of the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Defense, Reagan officials arranged the illegal sale of arms to Iran in exchange for the release of American hostages in the Middle East. The profits from the sales were then diverted to the Contra rebels in Nicaragua. Reagan improved his image before he left office, however, by agreeing to a series of arms reduction talks initiated by Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev . Reagan was also able leave a powerful legacy by appointing three conservative Supreme Court justices, including Sandra Day O'Connor , the first woman to serve on the high court. Bush, Clinton, and Bush Reagan had groomed his Vice President, George H. W. Bush , to succeed him. The presidential election of 1988 was characterized by negative campaigning, low voter turnout, and a general disapproval of both candidates. The mudslinging especially hurt the Democratic nominee, Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis , who rapidly lost his lead in the polls and eventually lost by a substantial margin. Bush vowed a continuation of Reagan's policies and in foreign affairs he was as aggressive as his predecessor. In 1989, after a U.S.-backed coup failed to oust Panamanian President Manuel Noriega , Bush ordered the invasion of Panama by U.S. troops. Noriega was eventually captured in early 1990 and sent to Miami, Fla. to stand trial for drug trafficking (see Panama ). Bush's major military action, however, was the Persian Gulf War . After Iraq invaded Kuwait on Aug. 2, 1990, Bush announced the commencement of Operation Desert Shield, which included a naval and air blockade and the steady deployment of U.S. military forces to Saudi Arabia. In November the United Nations Security Council approved the use of all necessary force to remove Iraq from Kuwait and set Jan. 15, 1991, as the deadline for Iraq to withdraw. A few days before the deadline Congress narrowly approved the use of force against Iraq. By this time the United States had amassed a force of over 500,000 military personnel as well as thousands of tanks, airplanes, and personnel carriers. Less than one day after the deadline, the U.S.-led coalition began Operation Desert Storm, beginning with massive air attacks on Baghdad. Iraqi troops were devastated by continual air and naval bombardment, to the point that it took only 100 hours for coalition ground forces to recapture Kuwait. On Feb. 27, with the Iraqi army routed, Bush declared a cease-fire. The quick, decisive U.S. victory, combined with an extremely small number of American casualties, gave President Bush the highest public approval rating in history. Mounting domestic problems, however, made his popularity short-lived. When Bush took office, he announced a plan to bail out the savings and loan industry, which had collapsed after deregulation during the Reagan administration. In 1996 it was determined that the savings and loan crisis had cost the U.S. government some $124 billion. The United States went through a transitional period during the 1980s and early 90s, economically, demographically, and politically. The severe decline of traditional manufacturing which began in the 1970s forced a large-scale shift of the economy to services and other sectors. States with large service, trade, and high-technology industries (such as many Sun Belt states) grew in population and thrived economically. Meanwhile, states heavily dependent on manufacturing, including much of the Midwest, suffered severe unemployment and outmigration. Midwestern states grew less than 5% during the 1980s while Sun Belt states grew between 15% and 50%. In addition, the end of the Cold War, precipitated by the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact and the collapse of Soviet Communism, resulted in a reduction of the U.S. armed forces as well as the opening of new markets in an increasingly global economy. In Apr., 1992, after the severe police beating of an African American, one of the worst race riots in recent U.S. history erupted in Los Angeles, killing 58, injuring thousands, and causing approximately $1 billion in damage. Smaller disturbances broke out in many U.S. cities. After the Persian Gulf War the nation turned its attention to the domestic problems of recession and high unemployment. Bush's inability to institute a program for economic recovery made him vulnerable in the 1992 presidential election to the Democratic nominee, Arkansas governor Bill Clinton . Clinton won the election, gaining 43% of the popular vote and 370 electoral votes. Incumbent Bush won 38% of the popular vote and 168 electoral votes. Although independent candidate H. Ross Perot did not win a single electoral vote, he made a strong showing with 19% of the popular vote, after a populist campaign in which he vowed to eliminate the $3.5 trillion federal deficit. Clinton, generally considered a political moderate, was particularly successful in appealing to voters (especially in the Midwest and West) who had previously abandoned the Democratic party to vote for Reagan. Bush, for his part, was unable to convince voters that he could transform his success in international affairs into domestic recovery. One of his last actions as president was to send (Dec., 1992) U.S. troops to Somalia as part of a multinational peacekeeping force administering famine relief. The economy gradually improved during Clinton's first year in office, and this, along with a tax increase and spending cuts, caused some easing of the budget deficit. The North American Free Trade Agreement , signed by the United States, Canada, and Mexico in 1992 and designed to make its participants more competitive in the world marketplace, was ratified in 1993 and took effect Jan. 1, 1994. During his first two years in office, Clinton withdrew U.S. troops from Somalia after they had suffered casualties in an ill-defined mission; he also sent troops to Haiti to help in reestablishing democratic rule there. The president proposed a major overhaul of the way American health care is financed, but it died in Congress. Clinton's problems with Congress were exacerbated in 1994 after the Republicans won control of both the Senate and the House and attempted, largely unsuccessfully, to enact a strongly conservative legislative program, dubbed the "Contract with America." There were prolonged stalemates as the president and Congress clashed over the federal budget; in Apr., 1996, a fiscal 1995 budget was agreed upon after seven months of stopgap spending measures and temporary government shutdowns. In Apr., 1995, in the worst act of terrorism ever on American soil, a bomb was exploded at the federal building in Oklahoma City, Okla., killing 169 people. Late in 1995, the antagonists in the Yugoslavian civil war (see Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Croatia ) accepted a U.S.-brokered peace plan, which U.S. troops were sent to help monitor. U.S. efforts also contributed to Arab-Israeli acceptance of agreements to establish limited Palestinian self-rule in the West Bank and Gaza. By 1996, President Clinton had improved his standing in the polls by confronting House Republicans over the federal budget, and he subsequently adopted a number of Republican proposals, such as welfare reform, as his own, while opposing the more conservative aspects of those proposals. Clinton won his party's renomination unopposed and then handily defeated Republican Bob Dole and Reform p arty candidate Ross Perot in the November election. As his second term began, Clinton's foes in and out of Congress pursued investigation of Whitewater and other alleged improprieties or abuses by the president. By late 1997 independent prosecutor Kenneth Starr had been given information that led to the Lewinsky scandal , which burst on the national scene in early 1998. Battle lines formed and remained firm through Clinton's impeachment (Oct., 1998), trial (Jan., 1999), and acquittal (Feb., 1999), with a core of conservative Republicans on one side and almost all Democrats on the other. The American people seemed to regard the impeachment as largely partisan in intent. Lying behind their attitude, however, was probably the sustained economic boom, a period of record stock-market levels, relatively low unemployment, the reduction of the federal debt, and other signs of well-being (although critics noted that the disparity between America's rich and poor was now greater than ever). This, combined with the afterglow of "victory" in the cold war, continued through the end of the 1990s. In foreign affairs, the United States (as the only true superpower) enjoyed unprecendented international influence in the late 1990s, and in some areas it was able to use this influence to accomplish much. There was steady, if sometimes fitful, progress toward peace in the Middle East, and George Mitchell, a U.S. envoy, brokered what many hoped was a lasting peace in Northern Ireland. On the other hand, America had little influence on Russian policy in Chechnya , and it remained locked in a contest of wills with Iraq's President Saddam Hussein nine years after the end of the Persian Gulf War. The reluctance of the Congress to pay the country's UN dues nearly led to the embarrassment of the loss of the American General Assembly vote in 1999 even as Secretary-General Kofi Annan expressed a desire for greater American involvement in the organization. Meanwhile, in Kosovo the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, led by the United States, was unable to prevent a Yugoslav campaign against Kosovar Albanians but ultimately forced the former Yugoslavia to cede contral of the province; U.S. and other troops were sent into Kosovo as peacekeepers. That conflict showed that the United States was again reluctant to commit military forces, such as its army, that were likely to suffer significant casualties, although it would use its airpower, where its great technological advantages enabled it strike with less risk to its forces. Negotiations in the Middle East, which continued in 2000, broke down, and there was renewed violence in Israel, Gaza, and the West Bank late in the year. The Clinton administration worked to restart the negotiations, but the issues proved difficult to resolve. In the United States, the NASDAQ Internet and technology stock bubble, which had begun its rise in 1999, completely deflated in the second half of 2000, as the so-called new economy associated with the Internet proved to be subject to the rules of the old economy. Signs of a contracting economy also appeared by year's end. The George W. Bush Presidency, 9/11, and Iraq The 2000 presidential election, in which the American public generally appeared uninspired by the either major-party candidate (Vice President Al Gore and the Republican governor of Texas, George W. Bush ) ended amid confusion and contention not seen since the Hayes-Tilden election in 1876. On election night, the television networks called and then retracted the winner of Florida twice, first projecting Gore the winner there, then projecting Bush the winner there and in the race at large. The issue of who would win Florida and its electoral votes became the issue of who would win the presidency, and the determination of the election dragged on for weeks as Florida's votes were recounted. Gore, who trailed by several hundred votes (out of 6 million) in Florida but led by a few hundred thousand nationally, sought a manual recount of strongly Democratic counties in Florida, and the issue ended up being fought in the courts and in the media. Ultimately the U.S. Supreme Court called a halt to the process, although its split decision along ideological lines was regarded by many as tarnishing the court. Florida's electoral votes, as certified by the state's Republican officials, were won by Bush, who secured a total of 271 electoral votes (one more than needed) and 48% of the popular vote (Gore had 49% of the popular vote). Bush thus became the first person since Benjamin Harrison in 1888 to win the presidency without achieving a plurality in the popular vote. The slowing economy entered a recession in Mar., 2001, and unemployment rose, leading to continued interest rate reductions by the Federal Reserve Board. The Bush administration moved quickly to win Congressional approval of its tax-cut program, providing it with an early legislative victory, but other proposed legislation moved more slowly. The resignation of Senator Jeffords of Vermont from the Republican party cost it control of the Senate, a setback due in part to administration pressure on him to adhere to the party line. Internationally, the United States experienced some friction with its allies, who were unhappy with the Bush administration's desire to abandon both the Kyoto Protocal (designed to fight global warming ) and the Antiballistic Missile Treaty (in order to proceed with developing a ballistic missile defense system). Relations with China were briefly tense in Apr., 2001, after a Chinese fighter and U.S. surveillance plane collided in mid-air, killing the Chinese pilot. The politics and concerns of the first eight months of 2001 abruptly became secondary on Sept. 11, when terrorists hijacked four planes, crashing two into the World Trade Center , which was destroyed, and one into the Pentagon ; the fourth crashed near Shanksville , Pa. Some 3,000 persons were killed or missing as a result of the attacks. Insisting that no distinction would be made between terrorists and those who harbored them, Bush demanded that Afghanistan's Taliban government turn over Osama bin Laden , a Saudi-born Islamic militant whose Al Qaeda group was behind the attacks. The U.S. government sought to build an international coalition against Al Qaeda and the Taliban and, more broadly, against terrorism, working to influence other nations to cut off sources of financial support for terrorists. In October, air strikes and then ground raids were launched against Afghanistan by the United States, with British aid. Oman, Pakistan, and Uzbekistan permitted the use of their airspace and of bases within their borders for various operations. The United States also provided support for opposition forces in Afghanistan, and by December the Taliban government had been ousted and its and Al Qaeda's fighters largely had been routed. Bin Laden, however, remained uncaptured, and a force of U.S. troops was based in Afghanistan to search for him and to help with mopping-up operations. The terrorist attacks stunned Americans and amplified the effects of the recession in the fall. Events had a severe impact on the travel industry, particularly the airlines, whose flights were temporarily halted; the airlines subsequently suffered a significant decrease in passengers. Congress passed several bills designed to counter the economic effects of the attacks, including a $15 billion aid and loan package for the airline industry. A new crisis developed in October, when cases of anthrax and anthrax exposure resulted from spores that had been mailed to media and government offices in bioterror attacks. Although consumer spending and the stock market rebounded by the end of the year from their low levels after September 11, unemployment reached 5.8% in Dec., 2001. Nonetheless, the economy was recovering, albeit slowly, aided in part by increased federal spending. In early 2002 the Bush administration announced plans for a significant military buildup; that and the 2001 tax cuts were expected to result in budget deficits in 2002–4. Prompted by a number of prominent corporate scandals involving fraudulent or questionable accounting practices, some of which led to corporate bankruptcies, Congress passed legislation that overhauled securities and corporate laws in July, 2002. The fighting in Afghanistan continued, with U.S. forces there devoted mainly to mopping up remnants of Taliban and Al Qaeda forces. U.S. troops were also based in Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan to provide support for the forces in Afghanistan. In the Philippines, U.S. troops provided support and assistance to Philippine forces fighting guerrillas in the Sulu Archipelago that had been linked to Al Qaeda, and they also trained Georgian and Yemeni forces as part of the war on terrorism. During 2002 the Bush administration became increasingly concerned by the alleged Iraqi development and possession of weapons of mass destruction, and was more forceful in its denunciations of Iraq for resisting UN arms inspections. In March, Arab nations publicly opposed possible U.S. military operations against Iraq, but U.S. officials continued to call for the removal of Saddam Hussein. President Bush called on the United Nations to act forcefully against Iraq or risk becoming "irrelevant." In November the Security Council passed a resolution offering Iraq a "final opportunity" to cooperate on arms inspections, this time under strict guidelines, and inspections resumed late in the month, although not with full Iraqi cooperation. Meanwhile, the U.S. Congress voted to authorize the use of the military force against Iraq, and the United States continued to build up its forces in the Middle East. The November election resulted in unexpected, if small, gains for the Republicans, giving them control of both houses of Congress. After the election, Congress voted to establish a new Department of Homeland Security , effective Mar., 2003. The department regrouped most of the disparate agencies responsible for domestic security under one cabinet-level official; the resulting government reorganization was the largest since the Department of Defense was created in the late 1940s. Dec., 2002, saw the negotiation of a free-trade agreement with Chile (signed in June, 2003), regarded by many as the first step in the expansion of NAFTA to include all the countries of the Americas. President Bush ordered the deployment of a ballistic missile defense system, to be effective in 2004; the system would be designed to prevent so-called rogue missile attacks. In advance of this move the United States had withdrawn from the Anti-Ballistic Missile treaty with Russia in June. North Korea, often described as one of the nations most likely to launch a rogue attack, had admitted in October that it had a program for developing nuclear weapons, and the United States and other nations responded by ending fuel shipments and reducing food aid. In the subsequent weeks North Korea engaged in a series of well-publicized moves to enable it to resume the development of nuclear weapons, including withdrawing from the nuclear nonproliferation treaty. The United States, which had first responded by refusing to negotiate in any way with North Korea, adopted a somewhat less confrontational approach in 2003. President Bush continued to press for Iraqi disarmament in 2003, and expressed impatience with what his administration regarded as the lack of Iraqi compliance. In Feb, 2003, however, the nation's attention was pulled away from the growing tension over Iraq by the breakup of the space shuttle Columbia as it returned to earth. Seven astronauts were killed in this second shuttle mishap, and focus was once again directed toward the issues of the safety of the space shuttle and the dynamics of the decision-making process at NASA. Despite vocal opposition to military action from many nations, including sometimes rancorous objections from France, Germany, and Russia, the United States and Great Britain pressed forward in early 2003 with military preparations in areas near Iraq. Although Turkey, which the allies hoped to use as a base for opening a northern front in Iraq, refused to allow use of its territory as a staging area, the bulk of the forces were nonetheless in place by March. After failing to win the explicit UN Security Council approval desired by Britain (because the British public were otherwise largely opposed to war), President Bush issued an ultimatum to Iraqi president Saddam Hussein on March 17th, and two days later the war began with an airstrike against Hussein and the Iraqi leadership. Ground forces invaded the following day, and by mid-April the allies were largely in control of the major Iraqi cities and had turned their attention to the rebuilding of Iraq and the establishment of a new Iraqi government. No weapons of mass destruction, however, were found by allied forces during the months after the war, and sporadic guerrilla attacks on the occupying forces occurred during the same time period, mainly in Sunni-dominated central Iraq. The cost of the military campaign as well as of the ongoing U.S. occupation in Iraq substantially increased what already had been expected to be a record-breaking U.S. deficit in 2003 to around $374 billion. The size of the deficit, the unknown ultimate cost of the war, and the continued weak U.S. economy (the unemployment rate rose to 6.4% in June despite some improvement in other areas) were important factors that led to the scaling back of a tax cut, proposed by President Bush, by more than half to $350 billion. In Aug., 2003, a massive electrical blackout affected the NE United States. Much of New York and portions of Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, and neighboring Ontario, Canada, lost power, in many cases for a couple days. The widespread failure appeared to be due in part to strains placed on the transmission system, its safeguards, and its operators by the increased interconnectedness of electrical generation and transmission facilities and the longer-distance transmission of electricity. An investigation into the event, however, laid the primary blame on the Ohio utility where it began, both for inadequate system maintenance and for failing to take preventive measures when the crisis began. The economy improved in the latter half of the 2003. Although the unemployment rate inched below 6% and job growth was modest, overall economic growth was robust, particularly in the last quarter. A major Medicare overhaul was enacted and signed in December, creating a prescription drug benefit for the first time. The same month the Central American Free Trade Agreement was finalized by the United States, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Nicaragua, and in early 2004, Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic agreed to become parties to the accord. The United States also reached free-trade agreements with Australia and Morocco. U.S. weapons inspectors reported in Jan., 2004, that they had failed to find any evidence that Iraq had possessed biological or chemical weapons stockpiles prior to the U.S. invasion. The assertion that such stockpiles existed was a primary justification for the invasion, and the report led to pressure for an investigation of U.S. intelligence prior to the war. In February, President Bush appointed a bipartisan commission to review both U.S. intelligence failures in Iraq and other issues relating to foreign intelligence; the commission's 2005 report criticized intelligence agencies for failing to challenge the conventional wisdom about Iraq's weapon systems, and called for changes in how U.S. intelligence gathering is organized and managed. The Senate's intelligence committee, reviewing the situation separately, concluded in its 2004 report that much of the CIA's information on and assessment of Iraq prior to the war was faulty. Also in February, U.S., French, and Canadian forces were sent into Haiti to preserve order. Haitian president Jean-Bertrand Aristide had resigned under U.S.-French pressure after rebel forces had swept through most of the country and threatened to enter the capital. U.S. forces withdrew from Haiti in June when Brazil assumed command of a UN peacekeeping force there. By March, John Kerry had all but secured the Democrat nomination for president. With both major party nominees clear, the focus of the political campaigns quickly shifted to the November election. Both Bush and Kerry had elected not to accept government funding, enabling them each to raise record amounts of campaign funding, and the post-primary advertising campaign began early. In July, Kerry chose North Carolina senator John Edwards , who had opposed him in the primaries, as his running mate. U.S. forces engaged in intense fighting in Iraq in Apr., 2004, as they attempted to remove Sunni insurgents from the town of Falluja. The battling there was the fiercest since the end of the invasion, and ultimately U.S. forces broke off without clearing the fighters from the city, a goal that was not achieved until after similar fighting in November. Guerrilla attacks by Sunni insurgents continued throughout the year. Also in April a radical cleric attempted to spark a Shiite uprising, and there was unrest and fighting in a number of other Iraqi cities. By mid-April the Shiite militia was in control only in the region around An Najaf, but the militia did not abandon its hold there until after intense battling in August. At the end of June, Paul Bremer, the head of the U.S.-led Coalition Provisional Authority, turned over sovereignty to an Iraqi interim government. Nonetheless, the unrest called into question the degree to which Iraq had been pacified, and the 160,000 U.S.-led troops still in Iraq were, for the time being, the true guarantor of Iraqi security. Meanwhile, the prestige of the U.S. military had been damaged by revelations, in May, that it had abused Iraqis held in the Abu Ghraib prison during 2003–4. In July, 2004, the U.S. commission investigating the terror attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, criticized especially U.S. intelligence agencies for failings that contributed to the success of the attacks, and called for a major reorganization of those agencies, leading to the passage of legislation late in the year. In the following months the country's focus turned largely toward the November presidential election, as the campaigns of President Bush and Senator Kerry and their surrogates escalated their often sharp political attacks. In a country divided over the threat of terrorism and the war in Iraq, over the state of the economy and the state of the nation's values, election spending reached a new peak despite recent campaign financing limitations, and fueled a divisive and sometimes bitter mood. Ultimately, the president appeared to benefit from a slowly recovering economy and the desire of many voters for continuity in leadership while the nation was at war. Amid greatly increased voter turnout, Bush secured a clear majority of the popular vote, in sharp contrast to the 2000 election that first made him president. Republicans also increased their margins of control in both houses of Congress, largely through victories in the more conservative South. The very active 2005 hurricane season saw several significant storms make landfall on the U.S. coast. In August, Hurricane Katrina devastated the Mississippi and SE Louisiana coasts, flooded much of New Orleans for several weeks, and caused extensive destruction inland in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, making it the most expensive natural disaster in U.S. history. The following month, Hurricane Rita caused devastation along the SW Louisiana coast and widespread destruction in inland Louisiana and SE Texas. Katrina displaced many Louisiana residents, some permanently, to other parts of the state and other states, particularly Texas. Some 200,000 persons were left at least temporarily unemployed, reversing job gains that had been made in the preceding months. The storm had a noticeable effect on the economy, driving up the already higher prices of gasoline, heating oil, and natural gas (as a result of well and refinery damage) to levels not seen before, and causing inflation to rise and industrial output to drop by amounts not seen in more than two decades. The striking ineffectiveness of federal, state, and local government in responding to Hurricane Katrina, particularly in flooded New Orleans but also in other areas affected by the storm, raised questions about the ability of the country to respond to major disasters of any kind. President Bush—and state and local officials—were criticized for responding, at least initially, inadequately to Katrina, but the Federal Emergency Management Agency in particular seemed overwhelmed by the disaster's scale and incapable of managing the federal response in subsequent weeks. Many Americans wondered if the lessons of the events of Sept. 11, 2001, and the changes in the federal government that followed had resulted in real improvements or if those very changes and their emphasis on terror attacks had hindered the ability of the United States to respond to natural disasters. The perceived failings in the federal response to Katrina seemed to catalyze public dissatisfaction with President Bush, as Americans became increasingly unsettled by the ongoing war in Iraq, the state of the U.S. economy, and other issues less than a year after Bush had been solidly reelected. Congress, meanwhile, passed a $52 billion emergency spending bill to deal with the effects of Katrina, but did not make any significant spending cuts or reductions in tax cuts to compensate for the additional outlays until Feb., 2006, when Congress passed a bill cutting almost $40 billion from a variety of government benefit programs, including Medicare, Medicaid, and student loans. Internationally and domestically, the United States government was the subject of condemnation from some quarters for aspects of its conduct of the "war on terror" in the second half of 2005. In Aug., 2005, Amnesty International (AI) denounced the United States for maintaining secret, underground CIA prisons abroad. Subsequent news reporting indicated that there were prisons in eight nations in E Europe and Asia, and in December the United States acknowledged that the International Committee of the Red Cross had not been given access to all its detention facilities. (A year after the AI report the U.S. for the first time acknowledged that the CIA had maintained a group of secret prisons.) A Swiss investigator for the Council of Europe indicated (Dec., 2005) that reports that European nations and the United States had been involved in the abduction and extrajudicial transfer of individuals to other nations were credible, and he accused (Jan., 2006) the nations of "outsourcing" torture. In Jan., 2006, the New York–based Human Rights Watch accused the U.S. government of a deliberate policy of mistreating terror suspects. The U.S. policy toward terror suspects was subsequently denounced in 2006 by the UN Human Rights Council, the UN Committee on Torture, and the European Parliament. In Dec., 2005, the National Security Agency was revealed to be wiretapping some international communications originating in the United States without obtaining the legally required warrants. The practice had begun in 2002, at the president's order. The administration justified it by asserting that the president's powers to defend the United States under the Constitution were not subject to Congressional legislation and that the legislation authorizing the president to respond to the Sept., 2001, terror attacks implicitly also authorized the wiretapping. Many politicians, former government officials, and legal scholars, however, criticized the practice as illegal or unconstitutional. The revelations and assertions did not derail the renewal of most nonpermanent parts of the USA PATRIOT Act, a sometimes criticized national security law originally enacted in 2001 after the Sept. 11th attacks; with only minor adjustments most of the law was made permanent in Mar., 2006. President Bush subsequently agreed (July, 2006) to congressional legislation that would authorize the administration's domestic eavesdropping program while placing a few limitations on it, but House and Senate Republicans disagreed over aspects of the proposed law, and it was not passed before the November elections. Meanwhile, in August, a federal judge declared the program illegal, a decision that the Justice Dept. appealed. In Jan., 2007, however, the Bush administration indicated the eavesdropping program would be overseen by the secret federal court responsible for issuing warrants for foreign intelligence surveillance. The administation's position on the president's powers had been implicitly criticized by the Supreme Court when it ruled in June, 2006, that military commissions that had not been authorized by Congress could not be used to try the foreign terror suspects held at Guantánamo Bay. The Court also ruled that the Geneva Conventions applied to the suspects, who had been taken prisoner in Afghanistan; that ruling was a defeat for the administration, which had also come under increasing foreign government criticism for holding the suspects without trying them. As a result of the ruling, the Bush administration won the passage (Sept., 2006) of legislation that established special military tribunals to try foreign terror suspects, such as those held at Guantánamo, but the law was criticized by human rights advocates and others for stripping suspects of habeas corpus and other rights long enshrined as part of American law. Illegal immigration also became a contentious political topic in 2006. While the House of Representatives, dominated by conservative Republicans, sought to require greater government efforts to restrict illegal immigration and greater penalities for illegally entering the United States, the Bush administration and the Senate emphasized developing a guest-worker program and allowing some long-term illegal immigrants the opportunity to become citizens as well as increasing border security. The differences between the houses of Congresses stalled legislative action on illegal immigration while maintaining it as a political issue as the 2006 congressional elections approached; ultimately the only legislation passed on the issue was a Oct., 2006, law that called for adding 700 mi (1,100 km) of fencing along the U.S.-Mexico border. A new attempt at passing an immigration overhaul in 2007 died in Congress in June. In the 2006 congressional elections the Republicans suffered significant reversals, losing control of both the Senate and the House, although the some of the seats lost in the Senate were the result of very narrow Democratic wins. Congressional corruption and sex scandals during 2006 appeared to loom large with many voters, as did the ongoing lack of significant progress in the fighting in Iraq. The president had hoped to benefit from improvement in the economy—the national unemployment rate had gradually dropped during 2005–6 and high oil prices earlier in the year had fallen—but some polls indicated the economy was a significant issue mainly in areas where voters felt that they had not benefited from the broad national trends. Iraq, where 3,000 U.S. military personnel had died by the end of 2006, remained the nation's focus into early 2007. The congressionally commissioned Iraq Study Group, headed by James Baker and including prominent Republicans and Democrats, recommended a number of changes in U.S. efforts relating to Iraq, including greatly diminishing the role of U.S. combat forces and replacing them with Iraqi troops, making diplomatic overtures to Syria and Iran to gain their support for a resolution of the fighting in Iraq, and attempting to bring peace to Iraq as part of a broader Middle East peace initiative. Military aspects of the plan were received with skepticism by U.S. military experts, but the president ultimately choose to increase U.S. forces in Iraq temporarily, beginning in Jan., 2007, an attempt to control sectarian strife and increase security, principally in Baghdad. The president's decisio n was not well received in Congress, both by the newly empowered Democrats and some Republicans, but congressional opponents of the course pursued by the administration in Iraq lacked both the numbers and the unanimity necessary to confront the president effectively, as was demonstrated when a war funding bill was passed (May, 2007) without any binding troop withdrawal deadlines. By the mid-2008, when the "surge" in U.S. forces in Iraq had ended, it, along with a change in counterinsurgency tactics and other factors, appeared to have been successful in reducing violence and helping to establish control over some parts of Iraq. The second half of 2007 saw the economy become a significant concern as problematic mortgage lending involving adjustable rate mortgages and, often, borrowers of marginal creditworthiness roiled U.S. and international financial markets and companies as a result of the securitization of mortgages, which both had hidden the risk involved in such mortgages and distributed that risk among many financial companies and investors. Concerns over creditworthiness issues led to a contraction in mortgage lending and housing construction and also led to some difficulties in commercial lendings. By the end of 2007, it was clear that a housing bubble that had contributed significantly to economic growth since 2001 had burst, and many banks and financial firms suffered significant losses as a result. That, dramatic increases in crude oil prices, and other worsening economic conditions contributed to the beginning of a recession by year's end. In early 2008 the economic slowdown led to job losses and increased unemployment, while credit uncertainties contributed to the near-collapse of a major Wall Street investment firm; mortgage deliquencies also rose. The deteriorating economy led to the passage of a federal economic stimulus package, government measures designed to increase the availability of federally insured mortgages, lower interest rates, and moves by the Federal Reserve Board to assure the availability of credit and shore up the financial markets. In July, 2008, the president also signed a housing bill designed to help shore up the U.S. corporations that guarantee most American mortgages and also to provide mortgage relief to some homeowners, but ongoing problems with mortgage defaults led to increasing losses at those corporations and resulted in a government takeover of the institutions in September. The deterioration of financial and economic conditions in the country and the world accelerated in mid-September, forcing the government and the Federal Reserve to intervene still more actively. The government also took over insurance giant AIG, whose financial health been undermined by credit default swaps it had sold (credit default swaps are contracts that pay, in return for a fee, compensation if a bond, loan, or the like goes into default). The nation also experienced its largest bank failure ever as the FDIC took over and sold Washington Mutual. By the end of the month the four remaining major Wall Street investment banks had disappeared through bankruptcy, merger, or conversion to bank holding companies, and banks had become unusually reluctant to lend. The economic crisis, which was the most severe since the early 1980s, also became increasingly international in scope, with particularly dramatic consequences in such diverse nations as Iceland, Russia, and Argentina. Congress passed a $700 billion financial institution rescue package in early October, giving the Treasury secretary broad leeway in using government funds to restore financial stability, but the unsettling economic situation led stock prices to erode daily in early October, compounding the nation's financial difficulties and anxieties. The government subsequently moved to recapitalize the banking system in an attempt to restart lending, and the Federal Reserve began buying commercial paper (short-term debt with which companies finance their day-to-day operations), becoming the lender of last resort not just for the banking system but the economy at large. The Federal Reserve also eventually lowered its federal funds interest rate target to below 0.25%. The effects of housing price drops, mortgage difficulties, the credit crunch, and other problems meanwhile slowed consumer spending, which contributed to a decrease in the GDP in the third and fourth quarters of 2008. By October unemployment had increased to 6.5% (and rose to 7.2% by the end of the year), and the economy had become a major factor in the presidential election campaign. Democrat Barack Obama handily defeated Republican John McCain in Nov., 2008, to become the first African American to be elected to the presidency, and Democrats also increased their majorities in the U.S. Congress. Although the inauguration of President Obama in Jan., 2009, was acknowledged by most Americans as a historic watershed, the economic difficulties and international conflicts confronting the United States were sobering and had all but forced Obama to name his cabinet and highest advisers as quickly as possible once he became president-elect. The economy continued in recession in 2009, with unemployment reaching 9.8% in September. The Obama administration continued and expanded the previous administration's antirecessionary measures, winning passage of a $787 billion stimulus package and offering aid especially to the U.S. financial industry; the automobile industry, with Chrysler and General Motors forced into bankruptcy and reorganized by July, 2009; and (to a more limited extent) to homeowners. Those and other measures were expected to result in a series of budget deficits that, as a percentage of GDP, were the largest since World War II. By mid-2010 congressional anxiety about voter reaction to the deficit made it difficult to pass additional jobs measures. In October, when the administration announced the 2009 deficit was $1.4 trillion (roughly triple that of the year before), it appeared clear that a depression had been avoided, and subsequently there were signs of a likely end to the recession, with the economy reported to have expanded moderately in the third quarter and significantly in the last quarter of 2009. Housing, however, remained in the doldrums at best at year's end and into 2010, and the unemployment rate increased to 10% in the last months of 2009 and diminished only a little by mid-2010. Also in 2009, Obama announced that U.S. forces in Afghanistan would increase in 2010 by 30,000 combat and training troops in an escalation designed to counteract Taliban gains. In Mar., 2010, the Obama administration secured passage of health insurance legislation that was intended to increase the number of Americans covered by such insurance. The most significant piece of social welfare legislation since the 1960s, it called for a combination of expanding Medicaid, providing subsidies to low- and middle-income families, and tax increases on high-income families in addition to other measures to achieve that goal. Passage of the legislation proved the most difficult and divisive achievement of Obama's presidency to date, with Republicans in Congress strongly opposed and many conservatives participating in public protests against it. The law was challenged in the courts, but largely upheld (2012) by the U.S. Supreme Court. Russia and the United States signed the New START treaty in Apr., 2010. Replacing the START I nuclear disarmament treaty that had expired at the end of 2009, it established lower levels for deployed nuclear warheads. In August, U.S. combat operations in Iraq officially ended. In July, 2010, Congress enacted legislation overhauling the U.S. financial regulatory system; the law gave expanded tools to regulators to respond to crises similar to the those that occurred in 2008 and also provided for increased consumer protections. The second half of the year saw the Federal Reserve Board resume its measures to stimulate the economy, which remained in a lackluster recovery with persistent high unemployment, a situation that did not show much improvement until the end of 2011. Those economic conditions coupled with an invigorated conservative movement that at times was unhappy even with conservative Republicans contributed to a Republican resurgence in the 2010 midterm elections. The party won control of the U.S. House of Representatives and also made gains in the U.S. Senate and many statehouses. Obama nonetheless won passage of additional legislation, with varying degrees of Republican support, in the post-election lame-duck session of Congress. In Jan., 2011, a Democratic congresswoman, Gabrielle Giffords, and 13 others were injured and 6 persons killed in a shooting in Tucson, Ariz. Although the attack on Giffords and those at her constituent event did not appear politically motivated, it focused attention on the rancor that had marked the election year of 2010 and, for a time at least, subdued the political rhetoric and the nation's mood. Weeks later, however, partisan disagreements over cutting the budget threatened to stall the budget's passage and force a federal government shutdown, but that was avoided (Apr., 2011) with a last minute agreement on $38.5 billion in reductions. The normally routine approval of an increase in the national debt ceiling was delayed in mid-2011 by renewed partisan conflicts over the budget and debt; those conflicts subsequently affected bills concerned with disaster aid, jobs creation, and other issues into 2012. The last U.S. forces in Iraq were withdrawn in Dec., 2011, ending all U.S. military operations there. Economic conditions in general gradually improved beginning in 2011, but by the fall of 2012 unemployment had only returned to level it was at when Obama had been elected in 2008. In the summer of 2012 the country experienced the worst drought it had seen in roughly 50 years; some two thirds of the country was affected, and in some areas the drought continued into 2013. Despite the economic situation, Obama won reelection in Nov., 2012, defeating Mitt Romney , his Republican challenger. With some attrition, the voters who had elected Obama in 2008—women, racial minorities, Hispanics, and younger voters—voted for him again. Democrats also made modest gains in the Congress and in the state houses, but Republicans retained control of the House. In Dec., 2012, the country was horrified by the killings of 26 children and teachers at a Newtown, Conn., elementary school. The murders led President Obama to propose (Jan., 2013) an assault weapons ban and other gun-control measures, but passage of any measures in Congress proved impossible. In Mar., 2013, an across-the-board reduction in federal spending known as a sequester took effect under the debt ceiling legislation enacted in Aug., 2011; the failure to enact an alternative made the cuts automatic. The annual Boston Marathon, in April, was the target of a double bombing that killed three people and injured more than 260; it was the most serious terror attack against civilians in the United States since Sept., 2011. June, 2013, saw the beginning of a series of revelations concerning the massive telecommunications data collection efforts of the National Security Agency , based on documents collected by a former agency employeee, Edward Snowden . The details of the data collection (which in some cases was generally known prior to the revelations and in some cases occurred in cooperation with U.S. allies) caused international controversy and created public difficulties with some U.S. allies. A chemical weapons attack in August that killed more than 1,400 in Damascus, Syria, was linked by Western governments to the Syrian government, and led to the threat of an attack from the United States, but President Obama decided to seek congressional approval first. Ultimately, however, the Syrian government agreed to the supervised destruction of its chemical weapons stockpile. In the fall of 2013, conservative Republicans in the House of Representatives insisted on a defunding or delay of the 2010 health insurance legislation, which was begin to come into effect in Oct., 2013, as a condition for the passage of a new budget, a condition Democrats refused to agree to. The resulting failure to enact budget legislation led to a partial federal government shutdown in the first half of October, but the health-care legislation took effect unimpeded (though there were some difficulties in late 2013 with the implementation of the law). The budget impasse grew into a threat once again to deny an increase in the national debt ceiling, potentially resulting in a more severe curtailment of government operations and debt payments as well as international financial difficulties (because of the role played by the dollar as a reserve currency). The threatened crisis was averted, but the agreement to continue federal funding and suspend the debt ceiling was temporary (until early 2014). In Dec., 2013, however, Congress agreed to a two-year budget deal. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.	Warren G. Harding
Give a year in the life of Emile Zola?	Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com Presidential Elections A+E Networks Introduction Departing from the monarchical tradition of Britain, the founding fathers of the United States created a system in which the American people had the power and responsibility to select their leader. Under this new order, George Washington, the first U.S. president, was elected in 1789. At the time, only white men who owned property could vote, but the 15th, 19th and 26th Amendments to the Constitution have since expanded the right of suffrage to all citizens over 18. Taking place every four years, presidential campaigns and elections have evolved into a series of fiercely fought, and sometimes controversial, contests, now played out in the 24-hour news cycle.The stories behind each election—some ending in landslide victories, others decided by the narrowest of margins—provide a roadmap to the events of U.S. history. Google 1789: George Washington – unopposed The first presidential election was held on the first Wednesday of January in 1789. No one contested the election of George Washington , but he remained reluctant to run until the last minute, in part because he believed seeking the office would be dishonorable. Only when Alexander Hamilton and others convinced him that it would be dishonorable to refuse did he agree to run. The Constitution allowed each state to decide how to choose its presidential electors. In 1789, only Pennsylvania and Maryland held elections for this purpose; elsewhere, the state legislatures chose the electors. This method caused some problems in New York , which was so divided between Federalists who supported the new Constitution and Antifederalists who opposed it that the legislature failed to choose either presidential electors or U.S. senators. Before the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment, each elector cast two votes for president. The candidate with a majority won the presidency, and the runner-up became vice president. Most Federalists agreed that John Adams should be vice president. But Hamilton feared that if Adams was the unanimous choice, he would end in a tie with Washington and might even become president, an outcome that would be highly embarrassing for both Washington and the new electoral system. Hamilton therefore arranged that a number of votes be deflected, so that Adams was elected by less than half the number of Washington’s expected unanimous vote. The final results were Washington, 69 electoral votes; Adams, 34; John Jay , 9; John Hancock , 4; and others, 22. 1792: George Washington – unopposed As in 1789, persuading George Washington to run was the major difficulty in selecting a president in 1792. Washington complained of old age, sickness, and the increasing hostility of the Republican press toward his administration. The press attacks were symptomatic of the increasing split within the government between Federalists, who were coalescing around Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, and Republicans, forming around Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson . James Madison , among others, convinced Washington to continue as president by arguing that only he could hold the government together. Speculation then shifted to the vice presidency. Hamilton and the Federalists supported the reelection of John Adams. Republicans favored New York governor George Clinton, but Federalists feared him partly because of a widespread belief that his recent election to the governorship was fraudulent. In addition, the Federalists feared that Clinton would belittle the importance of the federal government by retaining his governorship while serving as vice president. Adams won relatively easily with support from New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, except New York. Only electoral votes are recorded here, because most states still did not select presidential electors by popular vote. Nor was there a separate vote for president and vice president until the Twelfth Amendment took effect in 1804. The results were Washington, 132 electoral votes (unanimous); Adams, 77; Clinton, 50; Jefferson, 4; and Aaron Burr, 1. 1796: John Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson The 1796 election, which took place against a background of increasingly harsh partisanship between Federalists and Republicans, was the first contested presidential race. The Republicans called for more democratic practices and accused the Federalists of monarchism. The Federalists branded the Republicans “Jacobins” after Robespierre’s faction in France. (The Republicans sympathized with revolutionary France, but not necessarily with the Jacobins.) The Republicans opposed John Jay’s recently negotiated accommodationist treaty with Great Britain, whereas the Federalists believed its terms represented the only way to avoid a potentially ruinous war with Britain. Republicans favored a decentralized agrarian republic; Federalists called for the development of commerce and industry. State legislatures still chose electors in most states, and there was no separate vote for vice president. Each elector cast two votes for president, with the runner-up becoming vice president. The Federalists nominated Vice President John Adams and tried to attract southern support by running Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina for the second post. Thomas Jefferson was the Republican standard-bearer, with Aaron Burr as his running mate. Alexander Hamilton, always intriguing against Adams, tried to throw some votes to Jefferson in order to elect Pinckney president. Instead, Adams won with 71 votes; Jefferson became vice president, with 68; Pinckney came in third with 59; Burr received only 30; and 48 votes went to various other candidates. 1800: Thomas Jefferson vs. John Adams The significance of the 1800 election lay in the fact that it entailed the first peaceful transfer of power between parties under the U.S. Constitution: Republican Thomas Jefferson succeeded Federalist John Adams. This peaceful transfer occurred despite defects in the Constitution that caused a breakdown of the electoral system. During the campaign, Federalists attacked Jefferson as an un-Christian deist, tainted by his sympathy for the increasingly bloody French Revolution . Republicans (1) criticized the Adams administration’s foreign, defense, and internal security policies; (2) opposed the Federalist naval buildup and the creation of a standing army under Alexander Hamilton; (3) sounded a call for freedom of speech, Republican editors having been targeted for prosecution under the Alien and Sedition Acts ; and (4) denounced deficit spending by the federal government as a backhanded method of taxation without representation. Unfortunately, the system still provided no separate votes for president and vice president, and Republican managers failed to deflect votes from their vice-presidential candidate, Aaron Burr. Therefore, Jefferson and Burr tied with 73 votes each; Adams received 65 votes, his vice-presidential candidate, Charles C. Pinckney, 64, and John Jay, 1. This result threw the election into the House of Representatives, where each state had one vote, to be decided by the majority of its delegation. Left to choose between Jefferson and Burr, most Federalists supported Burr. Burr for his part disclaimed any intention to run for the presidency, but he never withdrew, which would have ended the contest. Although the Republicans in the same election had won a decisive majority of 65 to 39 in the House, election of the president fell to the outgoing House, which had a Federalist majority. But despite this majority, two state delegations split evenly, leading to another deadlock between Burr and Jefferson. After the House cast 19 identical tie ballots on February 11, 1801, Governor James Monroe of Virginia assured Jefferson that if a usurpation was attempted, he would call the Virginia Assembly into session, implying that they would discard any such result. After six days of uncertainty, Federalists in the tied delegations of Vermont and Maryland abstained, electing Jefferson, but without giving him open Federalist support. 1804: Thomas Jefferson vs. Charles Pinckney The 1804 election was a landslide victory for the incumbent Thomas Jefferson and vice-presidential candidate George Clinton (Republicans) over the Federalist candidates, Charles C. Pinckney and Rufus King. The vote was 162-14. The election was the first held under the Twelfth Amendment, which separated electoral college balloting for president and vice president. The Federalists alienated many voters by refusing to commit their electors to any particular candidate prior to the election. Jefferson was also helped by the popularity of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase and his reduction of federal spending. The repeal of the excise tax on whiskey was especially popular in the West. 1808: James Madison vs. Charles Pinckney Republican James Madison was elevated to the presidency in the election of 1808. Madison won 122 electoral votes to Federalist Charles C. Pinckney’s 47 votes. Vice President George Clinton received 6 electoral votes for president from his native New York, but easily defeated Federalist Rufus King for vice president, 113-47, with scattered vice-presidential votes for Madison, James Monroe, and John Langdon of New Hampshire . In the early stages of the election campaign, Madison also faced challenges from within his own party by Monroe and Clinton. The main issue of the election was the Embargo Act of 1807. The banning of exports had hurt merchants and other commercial interests, although ironically it encouraged domestic manufactures. These economic difficulties revived the Federalist opposition, especially in trade-dependent New England. 1812: James Madison vs. DeWitt Clinton In the 1812 contest James Madison was reelected president by the narrowest margin of any election since the Republican party had come to power in 1800. He received 128 electoral votes to 89 for his Federalist opponent DeWitt Clinton, the lieutenant governor of New York. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts won the vice presidency with 131 votes to Jared Ingersoll’s 86. The War of 1812 , which had begun five months earlier, was the dominant issue. Opposition to the war was concentrated in the northeastern Federalist states. Clinton’s supporters also made an issue of Virginia’s almost unbroken control of the White House , which they charged favored agricultural states over commercial ones. Clintonians accused Madison, too, of slighting the defense of the New York frontier against the British in Canada. In the Northeast Madison carried only Pennsylvania and Vermont, but Clinton received no votes south of Maryland. The election proved to be the last one of significance for the Federalist party, largely owing to anti-British American nationalism engendered by the war. 1816: James Monroe vs. Rufus King In this election Republican James Monroe won the presidency with 183 electoral votes, carrying every state except Massachusetts, Connecticut , and Delaware . Federalist Rufus King received the votes of the 34 Federalist electors. Daniel D. Tompkins of New York was elected vice president with 183 electoral votes, his opposition scattered among several candidates. After the bitter partisanship of the Jefferson and Madison administrations, Monroe came to symbolize the “Era of Good Feelings.” Monroe was not elected easily, however; he barely won the nomination in the Republican congressional caucus over Secretary of War William Crawford of Georgia . Many Republicans objected to the succession of Virginia presidents and believed Crawford a superior choice to the mediocre Monroe. The caucus vote was 65-54. The narrowness of Monroe’s victory was surprising because Crawford had already renounced the nomination, perhaps in return for a promise of Monroe’s future support. In the general election, opposition to Monroe was disorganized. The Hartford Convention of 1814 (growing out of opposition to the War of 1812) had discredited the Federalists outside their strongholds, and they put forth no candidate. To some extent, Republicans had siphoned off Federalist support with nationalist programs like the Second Bank of the United States . 1820: James Monroe – unopposed During James Monroe’s first term, the country had suffered an economic depression. In addition, the extension of slavery into the territories became a political issue when Missouri sought admission as a slave state. Also causing controversy were Supreme Court decisions in the Dartmouth College case and McCulloch v. Maryland , which expanded the power of Congress and of private corporations at the expense of the states. But despite these problems, Monroe faced no organized opposition for reelection in 1820, and the opposition party, the Federalists, ceased to exist. Voters, as John Randolph put it, displayed “the unanimity of indifference, and not of approbation.” Monroe won by an electoral vote of 231-1. William Plumer of New Hampshire, the one elector who voted against Monroe, did so be-cause he thought Monroe was incompetent. He cast his ballot for John Quincy Adams . Later in the century, the fable arose that Plumer had cast his dissenting vote so that only George Washington would have the honor of unanimous election. Plumer never mentioned Washington in his speech explaining his vote to the other New Hampshire electors. 1824: John Quincy Adams vs. Henry Clay vs. Andrew Jackson vs. William Crawford The Republican party broke apart in the 1824 election. A large majority of the states now chose electors by popular vote, and the people’s vote was considered sufficiently important to record. The nomination of candidates by congressional caucus was discredited. Groups in each state nominated candidates for the presidency, resulting in a multiplicity of favorite-son candidacies. By the fall of 1824 four candidates remained in the running. William Crawford of Georgia, the secretary of the treasury, had been the early front-runner, but severe illness hampered his candidacy. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts had a brilliant record of government service, but his Federalist background, his cosmopolitanism, and his cold New England manner cost him support outside his own region. Henry Clay of Kentucky , the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and Andrew Jackson of Tennessee , who owed his popularity to his 1815 victory over the British at the Battle of New Orleans , were the other candidates. With four candidates, none received a majority. Jackson received 99 electoral votes with 152,901 popular votes (42.34 percent); Adams, 84 electoral votes with 114,023 popular votes (31.57 percent); Crawford, 41 electoral votes and 47,217 popular votes (13.08 percent); and Clay, 37 electoral votes and 46,979 popular votes (13.01 percent). The choice of president therefore fell to the House of Representatives. Many politicians assumed that House Speaker Henry Clay had the power to choose the next president but not to elect himself. Clay threw his support to Adams, who was then elected. When Adams subsequently named Clay secretary of state, the Jacksonians charged that the two men had made a “corrupt bargain.” John C. Calhoun was chosen vice president by the electoral college with a majority of 182 votes. 1828: Andrew Jackson vs. John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson won the presidency in 1828 by a landslide, receiving a record 647,292 popular votes (56 percent) to 507,730 (44 percent) for the incumbent John Quincy Adams. John C. Calhoun won the vice presidency with 171 electoral votes to 83 for Richard Rush and 7 for William Smith. The emergence of two parties promoted popular interest in the election. Jackson’s party, sometimes called the Democratic-Republicans or simply Democrats, developed the first sophisticated national network of party organizations. Local party groups sponsored parades, barbecues, tree plantings, and other popular events designed to promote Jackson and the local slate. The National-Republicans, the party of Adams and Henry Clay, lacked the local organizations of the Democrats, but they did have a clear platform: high tariffs, federal funding of roads, canals, and other internal improvements, aid to domestic manufactures, and development of cultural institutions. The 1828 election campaign was one of the dirtiest in America’s history. Both parties spread false and exaggerated rumors about the opposition. Jackson men charged that Adams obtained the presidency in 1824 through a “corrupt bargain” with Clay. And they painted the incumbent president as a decadent aristocrat, who had procured prostitutes for the czar while serving as U.S. minister to Russia and spent taxpayer money on “gambling” equipment for the White House (actually a chess set and a billiard table). The National-Republicans portrayed Jackson as a violent frontier ruffian, the son, some said, of a prostitute married to a mulatto. When Jackson and his wife, Rachel, married, the couple believed that her first husband had obtained a divorce. After learning the divorce had not yet been made final, the couple held a second, valid wedding. Now the Adams men claimed Jackson was a bigamist and an adulterer. More justifiably, administration partisans questioned Jackson’s sometimes violent discipline of the army in the War of 1812 and the brutality of his invasion of Florida in the Seminole War. Ironically, Secretary of State Adams had defended Jackson at the time of the Seminole War, taking advantage of Jackson’s unauthorized incursion to obtain Florida for the United States from Spain. 1832: Andrew Jackson vs. Henry Clay vs. William Wirt Democratic-Republican Andrew Jackson was reelected in 1832 with 688,242 popular votes (54.5 percent) to 473,462 (37.5 percent) for National-Republican Henry Clay and 101,051 (8 percent) for Anti-Masonic candidate William Wirt. Jackson easily carried the electoral college with 219 votes. Clay received only 49, and Wirt won the 7 votes of Vermont. Martin Van Buren won the vice presidency with 189 votes against 97 for various other candidates. The spoils system of political patronage, the tariff, and federal funding of internal improvements were major issues, but the most important was Jackson’s veto of the rechartering of the Bank of the United States. National-Republicans attacked the veto, arguing that the Bank was needed to maintain a stable currency and economy. “King Andrew’s” veto, they asserted, was an abuse of executive power. In defense of Jackson’s veto, Democratic-Republicans labeled the Bank an aristocratic institution–a “monster.” Suspicious of banking and of paper money, Jacksonians opposed the Bank for giving special privileges to private investors at government expense and charged that it fostered British control of the American economy. For the first time in American politics, a third party, the Anti-Masons, challenged the two major parties. Many politicians of note participated, including Thaddeus Stevens, William H. Seward, and Thurlow Weed. The Anti-Masonic party formed in reaction to the murder of William Morgan, a former upstate New York Freemason. Allegedly, some Masons murdered Morgan when he threatened to publish some of the order’s secrets. The Anti-Masons protested Masonic secrecy. They feared a conspiracy to control American political institutions, a fear fed by the fact that both the major party candidates, Jackson and Clay, were prominent Masons. The Anti-Masons convened the first national presidential nominating convention in Baltimore on September 26, 1831. The other parties soon followed suit, and the convention replaced the discredited caucus system of nomination. 1836: Martin Van Buren vs. Daniel Webster vs. Hugh White The election of 1836 was largely a referendum on Andrew Jackson, but it also helped shape what is known as the second party system. The Democrats nominated Vice President Martin Van Buren to lead the ticket. His running mate, Col. Richard M. Johnson, claimed to have killed Indian chief Tecumseh . (Johnson was controversial because he lived openly with a black woman.) Disdaining the organized politics of the Democrats, the new Whig party ran three candidates, each strong in a different region: Hugh White of Tennessee, Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, and Gen. William Henry Harrison of Indiana . Besides endorsing internal improvements and a national bank, the Whigs tried to tie Democrats to abolitionism and sectional tension, and attacked Jackson for “acts of aggression and usurpation of power.” Democrats depended on Jackson’s popularity, trying to maintain his coalition. Van Buren won the election with 764,198 popular votes, only 50.9 percent of the total, and 170 electoral votes. Harrison led the Whigs with 73 electoral votes, White receiving 26 and Webster 14. Willie P. Mangum of South Carolina received his state’s 11 electoral votes. Johnson, who failed to win an electoral majority, was elected vice president by the Democratic Senate. 1840: William Henry Harrison vs. Martin Van Buren Aware that Van Buren’s problems gave them a good chance for victory, the Whigs rejected the candidacy of Henry Clay, their most prominent leader, because of his support for the unpopular Second Bank of the United States. Instead, stealing a page from the Democratic emphasis on Andrew Jackson’s military exploits, they chose William Henry Harrison, a hero of early Indian wars and the War of 1812. The Whig vice-presidential nominee was John Tyler , a onetime Democrat who had broken with Jackson over his veto of the bill rechartering the Second Bank. Studiously avoiding divisive issues like the Bank and internal improvements, the Whigs depicted Harrison as living in a “log cabin” and drinking “hard cider.” They used slogans like “Tippecanoe and Tyler too,” and “Van, Van, Van/Van is a used-up man” to stir voters. Harrison won by a popular vote of 1,275,612 to 1,130,033, and an electoral margin of 234 to 60. But the victory proved to be a hollow one because Harrison died one month after his inauguration. Tyler, his successor, would not accept Whig economic doctrine, and the change in presidential politics had little effect on presidential policy. 1844: James K. Polk vs. Henry Clay vs. James Birney The election of 1844 introduced expansion and slavery as important political issues and contributed to westward and southern growth and sectionalism. Southerners of both parties sought to annex Texas and expand slavery. Martin Van Buren angered southern Democrats by opposing annexation for that reason, and the Democratic convention cast aside the ex-president and front-runner for the first dark horse, Tennessee’s James K. Polk . After almost silently breaking with Van Buren over Texas, Pennsylvania’s George M. Dallas was nominated for vice president to appease Van Burenites, and the party backed annexation and settling the Oregon boundary dispute with England. The abolitionist Liberty party nominated Michigan’s James G. Birney. Trying to avoid controversy, the Whigs nominated anti-annexationist Henry Clay of Kentucky and Theodore Frelinghuysen of New Jersey . But, pressured by southerners, Clay endorsed annexation, although concerned it might cause war with Mexico and disunion, and thereby lost support among antislavery Whigs. Enough New Yorkers voted for Birney to throw 36 electoral votes and the election to Polk, who won the electoral college, 170-105, and a slim popular victory. John Tyler signed a joint congressional resolution admitting Texas, but Polk pursued Oregon, and then northern Mexico in the Mexican War, aggravating tension over slavery and sectional balance and leading toward the Compromise of 1850 . 1848: Zachary Taylor vs. Martin Van Buren vs. Lewis Cass The election of 1848 underscored the increasingly important role of slavery in national politics. Democratic president James K. Polk did not seek reelection. His party nominated Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan , who created the concept of squatter, or popular, sovereignty (letting the settlers of a territory decide whether to permit slavery), with Gen. William O. Butler of Kentucky for vice president. Antislavery groups formed the Free-Soil party, whose platform promised to prohibit the spread of slavery, and chose former president Martin Van Buren of New York for president and Charles Francis Adams, the son of President John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts for vice president. The Whig nominee was the Mexican War hero, Gen. Zachary Taylor , a slave owner. His running mate was Millard Fillmore , a member of New York’s proslavery Whig faction. Democrats and Free-Soilers stressed their views of slavery, and Whigs celebrated Taylor’s victories in the recent war, although many Whigs had opposed it. For his part, Taylor professed moderation on slavery, and he and the Whigs were successful. Taylor defeated Cass, 1,360,099 to 1,220,544 in popular votes and 163 to 127 in electoral votes. Van Buren received 291,263 popular votes and no electoral votes, but he drew enough support away from Cass to swing New York and Massachusetts to Taylor, assuring the Whigs’ victory. With the Taylor-Fillmore ticket elected, the forces had been set in motion for the events surrounding the Compromise of 1850. But Van Buren’s campaign was a stepping-stone toward the creation of the Republican party in the 1850s, also committed to the principle of “Free Soil.” 1852: Franklin Pierce vs. Winfield Scott vs. John Pitale The 1852 election rang a death knell for the Whig party. Both parties split over their nominee and the issue of slavery. After forty-nine ballots of jockeying among Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan, former secretary of state James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, and Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois , the Democrats nominated a compromise choice, Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire, a former congressman and senator, with Senator William R. King of Alabama as his running mate. The Whigs rejected Millard Fillmore, who had become president when Taylor died in 1850, and Secretary of State Daniel Webster and nominated Gen. Winfield Scott of Virginia, with Senator William A. Graham of New Jersey for vice president. When Scott endorsed the party platform, which approved of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, Free-Soil Whigs bolted. They nominated Senator John P. Hale of New Hampshire for president and former congressman George Washington Julian of Indiana for vice president. Southern Whigs were suspicious of Scott, whom they saw as a tool of antislavery senator William H. Seward of New York. Democratic unity, Whig disunity, and Scott’s political ineptitude combined to elect Pierce. “Young Hickory of the Granite Hills” outpolled “Old Fuss and Feathers” in the electoral college, 254 to 42, and in the popular vote, 1,601,474 to 1,386,578. 1856: James Buchanan vs. Millard Fillmore vs. John C. Freemont The 1856 election was waged by new political coalitions and was the first to confront directly the issue of slavery. The violence that followed the Kansas- Nebraska Act destroyed the old political system and past formulas of compromises. The Whig party was dead. Know-Nothings nominated Millard Fillmore to head their nativist American party and chose Andrew J. Donelson for vice president. The Democratic party, portraying itself as the national party, nominated James Buchanan for president and John C. Breckinridge for vice president. Its platform supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act and noninterference with slavery. This election saw the emergence of a new, sectional party composed of ex-Whigs, Free-Soil Democrats, and antislavery groups. The Republican party opposed the extension of slavery and promised a free-labor society with expanded opportunities for white workers. It nominated military hero, John C. Frémont of California for president and William L. Dayton for vice president. The campaign centered around “ Bleeding Kansas .” The battle over the concept of popular sovereignty sharpened northern fears about the spread of slavery and southern worries about northern interference. The physical assault by Congressman Preston S. Brooks of South Carolina on Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts on the floor of the Senate heightened northern resentment of southern aggressiveness. Although the Democratic candidate, Buchanan, won with 174 electoral votes and 1,838,169 votes, the divided opposition gained more popular votes. The Republican party captured 1,335,264 votes and 114 in the electoral college, and the American party received 874,534 popular and 8 electoral votes. The Republicans’ impressive showing–carrying eleven of sixteen free states and 45 percent of northern ballots–left the South feeling vulnerable to attacks on slavery and fearful the Republicans would soon capture the government. 1860: Abraham Lincoln vs. Stephen Douglas vs. John C. Breckingridge vs. John Bell At the Republican convention, front-runner William H. Seward of New York faced insurmountable obstacles: conservatives feared his radical statements about an “irrepressible conflict” over slavery and a “higher law” than the Constitution, and radicals doubted his moral scruples. Hoping to carry moderate states like Illinois and Pennsylvania, the party nominated Abraham Lincoln of Illinois for president and Senator Hannibal Hamlin of Maine for vice president. The Republican platform called for a ban on slavery in the territories, internal improvements, a homestead act, a Pacific railroad, and a tariff. The Democratic convention, which met at Charleston, could not agree on a candidate, and most of the southern delegates bolted. Reconvening in Baltimore, the convention nominated Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois for president and Senator Herschel Johnson of Georgia for vice president. Southern Democrats then met separately and chose Vice President John Breckinridge of Kentucky and Senator Joseph Lane of Oregon as their candidates.Former Whigs and Know-Nothings formed the Constitutional Union party, nominating Senator John Bell of Tennessee and Edward Everett of Massachusetts. Their only platform was “the Constitution as it is and the Union as it is.” By carrying almost the entire North, Lincoln won in the electoral college with 180 votes to 72 for Breckinridge, 39 for Bell, and 12 for Douglas. Lincoln won a popular plurality of about 40 percent, leading the popular vote with 1,766,452 to 1,376,957 for Douglas, 849,781 for Breckinridge, and 588,879 for Bell. With the election of a sectional northern candidate, the Deep South seceded from the Union, followed within a few months by several states of the Upper South. 1864: Abraham Lincoln vs. George B. McClellan The contest in the midst of the Civil War pitted President Abraham Lincoln against Democrat George B. McClellan, the general who had commanded the Army of the Potomac until his indecision and delays caused Lincoln to remove him. The vice-presidential candidates were Andrew Johnson , Tennessee’s military governor who had refused to acknowledge his state’s secession, and Representative George Pendleton of Ohio . At first, Radical Republicans, fearing defeat, talked of ousting Lincoln in favor of the more ardently antislavery secretary of the treasury Salmon P. Chase , or Generals John C. Frémont or Benjamin F. Butler. But in the end they fell in behind the president. The Republicans attracted Democratic support by running as the Union party and putting Johnson, a pro-war Democrat, on the ticket. McClellan repudiated the Democratic platform’s call for peace, but he attacked Lincoln’s handling of the war. Lincoln won in a landslide, owing partly to a policy of letting soldiers go home to vote. But the military successes of Generals Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia and William T. Sherman in the Deep South were probably more important. He received 2,206,938 votes to McClellan’s 1,803,787. The electoral vote was 212 to 21. Democrats did better in state elections. 1868: Ulysses S. Grant vs. Horace Seymour In this contest, Republican Ulysses S. Grant opposed Horace Seymour, the Democratic governor of New York. Their respective running mates were Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax of Indiana and Francis P. Blair of Missouri. The Democrats attacked the Republican management of Reconstruction and black suffrage. Grant, a moderate on Reconstruction, was accused of military despotism and anti-Semitism, and Colfax, of nativism and possible corruption. Besides criticizing Seymour’s support for inflationary greenback currency and Blair’s reputed drunkenness and his opposition to Reconstruction, the Republicans questioned the wartime patriotism of all Democrats. Grant won the popular vote, 3,012,833 to 2,703,249, and carried the electoral college by 214 to 80. Seymour carried only eight states, but ran fairly well in many others, especially in the South. The election showed that despite his popularity as a military hero, Grant was not invincible. His margin of victory came from newly enfranchised southern freedmen, who supplied him with about 450,000 votes. The Democrats had named a weak ticket and attacked Reconstruction rather than pursuing economic issues, but revealed surprising strength. 1872: Ulysses S. Grant vs. Horace Greeley President Ulysses S. Grant ran against New YorkTribune editor Horace Greeley in 1872. Greeley headed an uneasy coalition of Democrats and liberal Republicans. Despite Greeley’s history of attacking Democrats, that party endorsed him for the sake of expediency. The vice-presidential candidates were Republican senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts and Governor B. Gratz Brown of Missouri. Disaffected by Grant administration corruption and the controversy over Reconstruction, Greeley ran on a platform of civil service reform, laissez-faire liberalism, and an end to Reconstruction. The Republicans came out for civil service reform and the protection of black rights. They attacked Greeley’s inconsistent record and his support of utopian socialism and Sylvester Graham’s dietary restrictions. Thomas Nast’s anti-Greeley cartoons in Harper’s Weekly attracted wide attention. Grant won the century’s biggest Republican popular majority, 3,597,132 to 2,834,125. The electoral college vote was 286 to 66. Actually, the result was more anti-Greeley than pro-Grant. 1876: Rutherford B. Hayes vs. Samuel Tilden In 1876 the Republican party nominated Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio for president and William A. Wheeler of New York for vice president. The Democratic candidates were Samuel J. Tilden of New York for president and Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana for vice president. Several minor parties, including the Prohibition party and the Greenback party, also ran candidates. The country was growing weary of Reconstruction policies, which kept federal troops stationed in several southern states. Moreover, the Grant administration was tainted by numerous scandals, which caused disaffection for the party among voters. In 1874 the House of Representatives had gone Democratic; political change was in the air. Samuel Tilden won the popular vote, receiving 4,284,020 votes to 4,036,572 for Hayes. In the electoral college Tilden was also ahead 184 to 165; both parties claimed the remaining 20 votes. The Democrats needed only 1 more vote to capture the presidency, but the Republicans needed all 20 contested electoral votes. Nineteen of them came from South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida–states that the Republicans still controlled. Protesting Democratic treatment of black voters, Republicans insisted that Hayes had carried those states but that Democratic electors had voted for Tilden. Two sets of election returns existed–one from the Democrats, one from the Republicans. Congress had to determine the authenticity of the disputed returns. Unable to decide, legislators established a fifteen-member commission composed of ten congressmen and five Supreme Court justices. The commission was supposed to be nonpartisan, but ultimately it consisted of eight Republicans and seven Democrats. The final decision was to be rendered by the commission unless both the Senate and the House rejected it. The commission accepted the Republican vote in each state. The House disagreed, but the Senate concurred, and Hayes and Wheeler were declared president and vice president. In the aftermath of the commission’s decision, the federal troops that remained in the South were withdrawn, and southern leaders made vague promises regarding the rights of the 4 million African-Americans living in the region. 1880: James A. Garfield vs. Winfield Scott Hancock The election of 1880 was as rich in partisan wrangling as it was lacking in major issues. Factional rivalry in the Republican party between New York senator Roscoe Conkling’s Stalwarts and Half-Breed followers of James G. Blaine resulted in a convention in which neither Blaine nor the Stalwart choice, former president Ulysses S. Grant, could gain the nomination. On the thirty-sixth ballot, a compromise choice, Senator James A. Garfield of Ohio, was nominated. Stalwart Chester A. Arthur of New York was chosen as his running mate to mollify Conkling’s followers. The Democrats selected Civil War general Winfield Scott Hancock , a man of modest abilities, because he was less controversial than party leaders like Samuel Tilden, Senator Thomas Bayard, or Speaker of the House Samuel Randall. Former Indiana congressman William English served as Hancock’s running mate. In their platforms, both parties equivocated on the currency issue and unenthusiastically endorsed civil service reform, while supporting generous pensions for veterans and the exclusion of Chinese immigrants. The Republicans called for protective tariffs; the Democrats favored tariffs “for revenue only.” In the campaign, Republicans “waved the bloody shirt,” ridiculed Hancock for referring to the tariff as a “local question,” and quite possibly purchased their narrow but crucial victory in Indiana. Democrats attacked Garfield’s ties to the Crédit Mobilier scandal and circulated the forged “Morey Letter” that “proved” he was soft on Chinese exclusion. Turnout was high on election day (78.4 percent), but the result was one of the closest in history. Garfield carried the electoral college, 214-155, but his popular majority was less than 10,000 (4,454,416 to Hancock’s 4,444,952). Greenback-Labor candidate James Weaver garnered 308,578 votes. Outside the southern and border states, Hancock carried only New Jersey, Nevada , and 5 of 6 California electoral votes. 1884: Grover Cleveland vs. James G. Blaine This race, marred by negative campaigning and corruption, ended in the election of the first Democratic president since 1856. The Republicans split into three camps: dissident reformers, called the Mugwumps, who were opposed to party and government graft; Stalwarts, Ulysses S. Grant supporters who had fought civil service reform; and Half-Breeds, moderate reformers and high-tariff men loyal to the party. The Republicans nominated James G. Blaine of Maine, a charismatic former congressman and secretary of state popular for his protectionism, but of doubtful honesty because of his role in the scandal of the “Mulligan letters” in the 1870s. His running mate was one of his opponents, Senator John Logan of Illinois. This gave Democrats a chance to name a ticket popular in New York, where Stalwart senator Roscoe Conkling had a long-running feud with Blaine, and they took advantage of it. They chose New York governor Grover Cleveland , a fiscal conservative and civil service reformer, for president and Senator Thomas Hendricks of Indiana for vice president. The campaign was vicious. The Republican reformers and the traditionally Republican New York Times opposed Blaine. When it became known that Cleveland, a bachelor, had fathered a child out of wedlock, Republicans chanted “Ma! Ma! Where’s my pa? Gone to the White House, Ha! Ha! Ha!” But the furor died down when Cleveland acknowledged his paternity and showed that he contributed to the child’s support. Blaine alienated a huge bloc of votes by not repudiating the Reverend Samuel Burchard, who, with Blaine in attendance, called the Democrats the party of “Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion.” Cleveland defeated Blaine by a very close margin, 4,911,017 to 4,848,334; the vote in the electoral college was 219 to 182, with New York’s 36 votes turning the tide. 1888: Benjamin Harrison vs. Grover Cleveland In 1888 the Democratic party nominated President Grover Cleveland and chose Allen G. Thurman of Ohio as his running mate, replacing Vice President Thomas Hendricks who had died in office. After eight ballots, the Republican party chose Benjamin Harrison , former senator from Indiana and the grandson of President William Henry Harrison. Levi P. Morton of New York was the vice-presidential nominee. In the popular vote for president, Cleveland won with 5,540,050 votes to Harrison’s 5,444,337. But Harrison received more votes in the electoral college, 233 to Cleveland’s 168, and was therefore elected. The Republicans carried New York, President Cleveland’s political base. The campaign of 1888 helped establish the Republicans as the party of high tariffs, which most Democrats, heavily supported by southern farmers, opposed. But memories of the Civil War also figured heavily in the election. Northern veterans, organized in the Grand Army of the Republic, had been angered by Cleveland’s veto of pension legislation and his decision to return Confederate battle flags. 1892: Grover Cleveland vs. Benjamin Harrison vs. James B. Weaver The Republican party in 1892 nominated President Benjamin Harrison and replaced Vice President Levi P. Morton with Whitelaw Reid of New York. The Democrats also selected the familiar: former president Grover Cleveland and Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois. The Populist, or People’s party, fielding candidates for the first time, nominated Gen. James B. Weaver of Iowa and James G. Field of Virginia. The main difference between the Republicans and the Democrats in 1892 was their position on the tariff. The Republicans supported ever-increasing rates, whereas a substantial wing of the Democratic party pushed through a platform plank that demanded import taxes for revenue only. The Populists called for government ownership of the railroads and monetary reform, confronting these issues in a way the two major parties did not. Cleveland, avenging his defeat of 1888, won the presidency, receiving 5,554,414 popular votes to Harrison’s 5,190,801. Weaver and the Populists received 1,027,329. In the electoral college Cleveland, carrying the swing states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Indiana, garnered 277 votes to Harrison’s 145. 1896: William McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan vs. Thomas Watson vs. John Palmer In 1896 the Republican nominee for president was Representative William McKinley of Ohio, a “sound money” man and a strong supporter of high tariffs. His running mate was Garret A. Hobart of New Jersey. The party’s platform stressed adherence to the gold standard; western delegates bolted, forming the Silver Republican party. The Democratic party platform was critical of President Grover Cleveland and endorsed the coinage of silver at a ratio of sixteen to one. William Jennings Bryan , a former congressman from Nebraska, spoke at the convention in support of the platform, proclaiming, “You shall not crucify mankind on a cross of gold.” The enthusiastic response of the convention to Bryan’s Cross of Gold speech secured his hold on the presidential nomination. His running mate was Arthur Sewall of Maine. The Populists supported Bryan but nominated Thomas Watson of Georgia for vice president. Silver Republicans supported the Democratic nominee, and the newly formed Gold Democrats nominated John M. Palmer of Illinois for president and Simon B. Buckner of Kentucky for vice president. Bryan toured the country, stressing his support for silver coinage as a solution for economically disadvantaged American farmers and calling for a relaxation of credit and regulation of the railroads. McKinley remained at home and underscored the Republican commitment to the gold standard and protectionism. The Republican campaign, heavily financed by corporate interests, successfully portrayed Bryan and the Populists as radicals. William McKinley won, receiving 7,102,246 popular votes to Bryan’s 6,502,925. The electoral college votes were 271 to 176. Bryan did not carry any northern industrial states, and the agricultural states of Iowa, Minnesota , and North Dakota also went Republican. 1900: William McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan In 1900 the Republicans nominated President William McKinley. Since Vice President Garret A. Hobart had died in office, Governor Theodore Roosevelt of New York received the vice-presidential nomination. The Democratic candidates were William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska for president and Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois for vice president. Bryan campaigned as an anti-imperialist, denouncing the country’s involvement in the Philippines. Delivering over six hundred speeches in twenty-four states, he also persisted in his crusade for the free coinage of silver. McKinley did not actively campaign, relying on the revival of the economy that had occurred during his first term. In the election McKinley won wide support from business interests. Bryan was unable to expand his agrarian base to include northern labor, which approved of McKinley’s commitment to protective tariffs. Foreign policy questions proved unimportant to most voters. McKinley was elected, receiving 7,219,530 popular votes to Bryan’s 6,358,071. In the electoral college the vote was 292 to 155. 1904: Theodore Roosevelt vs. Alton Parker This race confirmed the popularity of Theodore Roosevelt, who had become president when McKinley was assassinated, and moved Democrats away from bimetallism and toward progressivism. Some Republicans deemed Roosevelt too liberal and flirted with nominating Marcus A. Hanna of Ohio, who had been William McKinley’s closest political adviser. But the party easily nominated Roosevelt for a term in his own right and Senator Charles Fairbanks of Indiana for vice president. Democrats divided again over gold and silver, but this time gold won out. The party nominated conservative, colorless New York Court of Appeals judge Alton Parker for president and former senator Henry Davis of West Virginia for vice president. Parker and his campaign attacked Roosevelt for his antitrust policies and for accepting contributions from big business. His having invited Booker T. Washington for a meal at the White House was also used against him. William Jennings Bryan overcame his distaste for Parker and his supporters and campaigned in the Midwest and West for the ticket. Playing down bimetallism, he stressed moving the party toward more progressive stances. Parker gained some support from the South, but Roosevelt won 7,628,461 popular votes to Parker’s 5,084,223. He carried the electoral college, 336 to 140, with only the South going Democratic. 1908: William Howard Taft vs. William Jennings Bryan After Theodore Roosevelt declined to run for reelection in 1908, the Republican convention nominated Secretary of War William Howard Taft for president and Representative James Schoolcraft Sherman of New York as his running mate. The Democrats chose William Jennings Bryan for president for the third time; his running mate was John Kern of Indiana. The predominant campaign issue was Roosevelt. His record as a reformer countered Bryan’s reformist reputation, and Taft promised to carry on Roosevelt’s policies. Business leaders campaigned for Taft. In the election Taft received 7,679,006 popular votes to Bryan’s 6,409,106. Taft’s margin in the electoral college was 321 to 162. 1912: Woodrow Wilson vs. William Howard Taft vs. Theodore Roosevelt vs. Eugene V. Debs In 1912, angered over what he felt was the betrayal of his policies by his hand-picked successor, President William Howard Taft, former president Theodore Roosevelt sought the Republican nomination. When the party chose Taft and Vice President James Sherman at the convention, Roosevelt bolted and formed the Progressive party, or Bull Moose party. His running mate was Governor Hiram Johnson of California. After forty-six ballots the Democratic convention nominated New Jersey governor Woodrow Wilson for president and Thomas R. Marshall of Indiana for vice president. For the fourth time the Socialist party nominated Eugene V. Debs for president. During the campaign Roosevelt and Wilson attracted most of the attention. They offered the voters two brands of progressivism. Wilson’s New Freedom promoted antimonopoly policies and a return to small-scale business. Roosevelt’s New Nationalism called for an interventionist state with strong regulatory powers. In the election Wilson received 6,293,120 to Roosevelt’s 4,119,582, Taft’s 3,485,082, and nearly 900,000 for Debs. In the electoral college Wilson’s victory was lopsided: 435 to 88 for Roosevelt and 8 for Taft. The combined vote for Taft and Roosevelt indicated that if the Republican party had not split, they would have won the presidency; the total cast for Wilson, Roosevelt, and Debs spoke to the people’s endorsement of progressive reform. 1916: Woodrow Wilson vs. Charles Evans Hughs In 1916 the Progressive party convention tried to nominate Theodore Roosevelt again, but Roosevelt, seeking to reunify the Republicans, convinced the convention to support the Republican choice, Associate Justice Charles Evans Hughes . The Republicans selected Charles Fairbanks of Indiana as Hughes’s running mate, but the Progressives nominated John M. Parker of Louisiana for vice president. The Democrats renominated President Woodrow Wilson and Vice President Thomas R. Marshall. The Democrats stressed the fact that Wilson had kept the nation out of the European war, but Wilson was ambiguous about his ability to continue to do so. The election was close. Wilson received 9,129,606 votes to Hughes’s 8,538,221. Wilson also obtained a slim margin in the electoral college, winning 277 to 254. 1920: Warren G. Harding vs. James M. Cox vs. Eugene V. Debs After a generation of progressive insurgency within the Republican party, it returned in 1920 to a conservative stance. The party’s choice for president was Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio, a political insider. Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts, best known for his tough handling of the Boston police strike of 1919, was the vice-presidential nominee. The Democratic party nominated James M. Cox, governor of Ohio, and Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York, assistant secretary of the navy in the Wilson administration. Democratic chances were weakened by President Woodrow Wilson’s having suffered a stroke in 1919 and his failure to obtain ratification of the League of Nations treaty. The Socialist party nominated Eugene V. Debs, imprisoned for his opposition to World War I , and Seymour Stedman of Ohio. A bedridden Wilson hoped the 1920 election would be a referendum on his League of Nations, but that issue was probably not decisive. If anything, the election was a strong rejection of President Wilson and an endorsement of the Republican candidate’s call for a “return to normalcy.” Harding’s victory was decisive: 16,152,200 popular votes to Cox’s 9,147,353. In the electoral college only the South went for Cox. Harding won by 404 to 127. Although still in prison, Debs received more than 900,000 votes. 1924: Calvin Coolidge vs. Robert M. LaFollette vs. Burton K. Wheeler vs. John W. Davis The Republican nominees for president and vice president in 1924 were President Calvin Coolidge and Charles G. Dawes of Illinois. President Warren G. Harding had died in 1923. Disaffected progressive Republicans met under the auspices of the Conference for Progressive Political Action and nominated Robert M. La Follette for president. The new Progressive party chose Senator Burton K. Wheeler of Montana for vice president. The platform called for higher taxes on the wealthy, conservation, direct election of the president, and the ending of child labor. In choosing their candidates the Democrats were faced with polar opposites. Alfred E. Smith of New York was the epitome of the urban machine politician, and he was also Catholic; William G. McAdoo was a Protestant popular in the South and West. A deadlock developed; on the 103rd ballot the delegates finally settled on John W. Davis, a corporation lawyer, and Charles W. Bryan of Nebraska, the brother of William Jennings Bryan. The Republicans won easily; Coolidge’s popular vote, 15,725,016, was greater than that of Davis, 8,385,586, and La Follette, 4,822,856, combined. Coolidge received 382 electoral votes to Davis’s 136. La Follette carried only his home state, Wisconsin , with 13 electoral votes. 1928: Herbert Hoover vs. Alfred E. Smith The Republican presidential nominee in 1928 was Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover of California. Charles Curtis of Kansas was his running mate. The Democrats nominated Alfred E. Smith, governor of New York, and Senator Joseph T. Robinson of Arkansas . The Eighteenth Amendment (Prohibition) and religion–Al Smith was Catholic–dominated a campaign that was marked by anti-Catholicism. Hoover firmly supported Prohibition, whereas Smith, an avowed wet, favored repeal. Many Americans found the urban and cultural groups that the cigar-smoking Smith epitomized frightening; Hoover seemed to stand for old-fashioned rural values. The Republican campaign slogan promised the people “a chicken for every pot and a car in every garage.” The election produced a high voter turnout. The Republicans swept the electoral college, 444 to 87, and Hoover’s popular majority was substantial: 21,392,190 to Smith’s 15,016,443. The Democrats, however, carried the country’s twelve largest cities; the support for Smith in urban America heralded the major political shift to come. 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt vs. Herbert Hoover In 1932, the third year of the Great Depression, the Republican party nominated President Herbert Hoover and Vice President Charles Curtis. Although Hoover had tried to respond to the crisis, his belief in voluntarism limited his options. The Democratic party nominated Franklin D. Roosevelt, the governor of New York, for president and Senator John Nance Garner of Texas for vice president. The platform called for the repeal of Prohibition and a reduction in federal spending. During the campaign Hoover defended his record, his commitment to a balanced budget, and the gold standard–a backward-looking stance, given that the number of unemployed stood at 13 million. Roosevelt made few specific proposals, but his tone and demeanor were positive and forward-looking. The Democrats won the election in a landslide. Roosevelt received 22,809,638 popular votes to the president’s 15,758,901 and took the electoral college by 472 votes to 59. The voters’ rejection of Hoover and his party extended to both houses of Congress, which the Democrats now controlled. 1936: Franklin D. Roosevelt vs. Alfred M. Landon In 1936 the Democratic party nominated President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Vice President John Nance Garner. The Republican party, strongly opposed to the New Deal and “big government,” chose Governor Alfred M. Landon of Kansas and Fred Knox of Illinois. The 1936 presidential campaign focused on class to an unusual extent for American politics. Conservative Democrats such as Alfred E. Smith supported Landon. Eighty percent of newspapers endorsed the Republicans, accusing Roosevelt of imposing a centralized economy. Most businesspeople charged the New Deal with trying to destroy American individualism and threatening the nation’s liberty. But Roosevelt appealed to a coalition of western and southern farmers, industrial workers, urban ethnic voters, and reform-minded intellectuals. African-American voters, historically Republican, switched to fdr in record numbers. In a referendum on the emerging welfare state, the Democratic party won in a landslide–27,751,612 popular votes for fdr to only 16,681,913 for Landon. The Republicans carried two states–Maine and Vermont–for 8 electoral votes; Roosevelt received the remaining 523. The unprecedented success of fdr in 1936 marked the beginning of a long period of Democratic party dominance. 1940: Franklin D. Roosevelt vs. Wendall L. Wilkie In 1940 President Franklin D. Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term by a margin of nearly 5 million: 27,244,160 popular votes to Republican Wendell L. Willkie’s 22,305,198. The president carried the electoral college, 449 to 82. The new vice president was Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace, chosen by the Democrats to replace the two-term vice president John Nance Garner who no longer agreed with Roosevelt about anything. Charles A. McNary was the Republican candidate for vice president. The major issue facing the American people in 1940 was World War II . This fact had determined the Republican choice of Willkie, who was a liberal internationalist running as the candidate of a conservative isolationist party. Although Willkie did not disagree with Roosevelt on foreign policy, the country chose to stay with an experienced leader. 1944: Franklin D. Roosevelt vs. Thomas E. Dewey By the beginning of 1944, in the middle of World War II, it was clear that President Franklin D. Roosevelt planned to run for a fourth term, and this shaped the coming campaign. Democratic party regulars disliked Vice President Henry A. Wallace; eventually they persuaded Roosevelt to replace him with Senator Harry S. Truman of Missouri.Although Wendell Willkie, the nominee in 1940, was initially the front-runner in the Republican race, the party returned to its traditional base, choosing conservative governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York. Republicans had hoped that Governor Earl Warren of California would accept the vice-presidential nomination, but he declined. The party then turned to John W. Bricker. The president won reelection with results that were similar to those of 1940: 25,602,504 people voted for Roosevelt and Truman, and 22,006,285 voters gave their support to Dewey. The electoral vote was 432 to 99. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the issue in 1944: his health–the sixty-two-year-old suffered from heart disease and high blood pressure–his competence as an administrator, and his stand on communism and the shape of the postwar world. At issue also was whether any president should serve four terms. The Democrats and the president were vulnerable on all these points, but the American people once again chose the familiar in a time of crisis: “Don’t change horses in midstream” was a familiar slogan in the campaign. 1948: Harry Truman vs. Thomas E. Dewey vs. Strom Thurmond vs. Henry Wallace President Harry S. Truman, who had succeeded President Roosevelt after his death in 1945, stood for reelection on the Democratic ticket with Alben Barkley of Kentucky as his running mate. When the Democratic convention adopted a strong civil rights plank, southern delegates walked out and formed the States’ Rights party. The Dixiecrats, as they were called, nominated Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina for president and Fielding Wright for vice president. A new left-leaning Progressive party nominated former vice president Henry A. Wallace of Iowa for president with Glen Taylor, a senator from Idaho , as his running mate. The Republican slate consisted of two prominent governors: Thomas E. Dewey of New York and Earl Warren of California. Although polls and conventional wisdom predicted a Dewey victory, Truman campaigned vigorously as the underdog, making a famous whistle-stop tour of the country aboard a special train. Results were uncertain to the last minute. A well-known photograph shows Truman the day after the election smiling broadly and holding aloft a newspaper with the headline dewey wins! The paper was wrong: Truman had received 24,105,812 popular votes, or 49.5 percent of the total; Dewey, 21,970,065, or 45.1 percent. Thurmond and Wallace each received about 1.2 million votes. The Democratic victory in the electoral college was more substantial: Truman beat Dewey 303 to 189; Thurmond received 39 votes, and Wallace none. 1952: Dwight D. Eisenhower vs. Adlai E. Stevenson When President Harry S. Truman declined to run for a third term, the Democratic convention nominated Governor Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois for president on the third ballot. Senator John Sparkman of Alabama was chosen as his running mate. The Republican fight for the nomination was a conflict between the isolationists, represented by Senator Robert Taft of Ohio, and the more liberal internationalists, who backed World War II general Dwight D. Eisenhower , then president of Columbia University. Eisenhower won the nomination. Richard M. Nixon , an anticommunist senator from California, was the vice-presidential candidate. Popular discontent with Truman’s handling of the Korean War , charges of corruption in his administration, an inflationary economy, and a perceived communist threat worked against Stevenson. He was also confronted with Eisenhower’s immense personal popularity–i like ike! the campaign buttons proclaimed–and the voters’ belief that he would swiftly end the war. A scandal regarding Nixon’s campaign fund threatened briefly to cost him his place on the ticket. But an emotional speech he delivered on television featuring his wife’s “good Republican cloth coat” and his dog, Checkers, saved him. Eisenhower’s victory was the largest of any candidate’s to that time: he received 33,936,234 popular votes and 442 electoral votes to Stevenson’s 27,314,992 popular votes and 89 electoral votes. 1956: Dwight D. Eisenhower vs. Adlai E. Stevenson Despite suffering a heart attack and abdominal surgery during his first term, President Dwight D. Eisenhower was nominated by the Republicans for a second term without opposition. Although Richard M. Nixon had been a controversial vice president and many Republicans felt he was a liability, he was also renominated. For the second time the Democrats chose former governor Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois; his running mate was Estes Kefauver of Tennessee. Foreign policy dominated the campaign. Eisenhower claimed responsibility for the country’s being prosperous and at peace; Stevenson proposed ending the draft and halting nuclear testing. The Suez Canal crisis, occurring in the final weeks of the campaign, created a sense of emergency, and the country responded by voting strongly against change. Eisenhower won with 35,590,472 votes to Stevenson’s 26,022,752. His margin was 457 to 73 in the electoral college. 1960: John F. Kennedy vs. Richard M. Nixon In 1960 the Democratic party nominated John F. Kennedy , a senator from Massachusetts, for president. Senator Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas was his running mate. The Republicans nominated Vice President Richard M. Nixon to succeed Dwight D. Eisenhower, who was prohibited from running for a third term by the recently adopted Twenty-second Amendment. The Republican nominee for vice president was Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., of Massachusetts. Although much of the campaign centered on style rather than substance, Kennedy stressed what he claimed was a “missile gap” between the United States and the Soviet Union. Kennedy was Catholic, and though religion was not a major issue, it had considerable influence on many voters. Kennedy won the presidency by a popular margin of less than 120,000, receiving 34,227,096 votes to Nixon’s 34,107,646. The race was not as close in the electoral college where Kennedy got 303 votes to Nixon’s 219. Kennedy was the first Catholic and the youngest person to be elected president. 1964: Lyndon B. Johnson vs. Barry Goldwater The Democrats nominated Lyndon B. Johnson who had succeeded to the presidency upon the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Johnson, the first president from the South since Andrew Johnson, had been Democratic leader of the Senate. Senator Hubert H. Humphrey of Minnesota, a longtime liberal, was nominated as Johnson’s running mate. The Republicans chose Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona for president and Congressman William E. Miller of New York for vice president. In the campaign, conducted in the midst of the escalating Vietnam War , Goldwater, an ultraconservative, called for the bombing of North Vietnam and implied that the Social Security system should be dismantled. President Johnson campaigned on a platform of social reform that would incorporate Kennedy’s New Frontier proposals. Despite the country’s deepening involvement in Vietnam, the president also campaigned as the candidate of peace against the militaristic Goldwater. Johnson won a decisive victory, polling 43,128,958 popular votes to 27,176,873 for Goldwater. In the electoral college he received 486 votes to Goldwater’s 52. 1968: Richard M. Nixon vs. Hubert Humphrey vs. George Wallace The Vietnam War, the civil rights movement, and protests tied to both combined in a tumultuous year to cause a tight, unusual election closely linked to these issues. Opposition to the war moved Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota to enter the Democratic race, followed by Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York, both with strong support from liberal constituencies. On March 31, 1968, in the wake of the Tet offensive, President Lyndon B. Johnson announced that he would not seek reelection. This prompted Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey to announce his candidacy. Kennedy won the California primary, but immediately thereafter, he was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan. Humphrey then pulled ahead and was nominated for president, with Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine for vice president. The party convention in Chicago was marred by bloody clashes between antiwar protesters and the local police. In comparison, the Republican race was less complicated. Former vice president Richard M. Nixon completed his political comeback by winning the presidential nomination. He chose Governor Spiro Agnew of Maryland as his running mate. The conservative American Independent party nominated Governor George Wallace of Alabama, a segregationist, for president, and Air Force general Curtis LeMay of Ohio, who advocated using nuclear weapons in Vietnam, for vice president. Nixon campaigned for law and order and said he had a “secret plan” to end the war. Wallace was highly critical of Supreme Court decisions that had broadened the Bill of Rights and of Great Society programs to rebuild the inner cities and enforce civil rights for blacks. Humphrey supported most of Johnson’s policies, but late in the campaign he announced he would seek to end American involvement in Vietnam. It was not quite enough to overcome Nixon’s lead in the polls. Nixon received 31,710,470 popular votes to 30,898,055 for Humphrey and 9,466,167 for Wallace. Nixon’s victory in the electoral college was wider: 302 to 191 for Humphrey and 46 for Wallace, the latter from the South. 1972: Richard M. Nixon vs. George McGovern In 1972 the Republicans nominated President Richard M. Nixon and Vice President Spiro Agnew. The Democrats, still split over the war in Vietnam, chose a presidential candidate of liberal persuasion, Senator George McGovern of South Dakota . Senator Thomas F. Eagleton of Missouri was the vice-presidential choice, but after it was revealed that he had once received electric shock and other psychiatric treatments, he resigned from the ticket. McGovern named Sargent Shriver, director of the Peace Corps, as his replacement. The campaign focused on the prospect of peace in Vietnam and an upsurge in the economy. Unemployment had leveled off and the inflation rate was declining. Two weeks before the November election, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger predicted inaccurately that the war in Vietnam would soon be over. During the campaign, a break-in occurred at Democratic National Headquarters in the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. , but it had little impact until after the election. The campaign ended in one of the greatest landslides in the nation’s history. Nixon’s popular vote was 47,169,911 to McGovern’s 29,170,383, and the Republican victory in the electoral college was even more lopsided–520 to 17. Only Massachusetts gave its votes to McGovern. 1976: Jimmy Carter vs. Gerald Ford In 1976 the Democratic party nominated former governor Jimmy Carter of Georgia for president and Senator Walter Mondale of Minnesota for vice president. The Republicans chose President Gerald Ford and Senator Robert Dole of Kansas. Richard M. Nixon had appointed Ford, a congressman from Michigan, as vice president to replace Spiro Agnew, who had resigned amid charges of corruption. Ford became president when Nixon resigned after the House Judiciary Committee voted three articles of impeachment because of his involvement in an attempted cover-up of the politically inspired Watergate break-in. In the campaign, Carter ran as an outsider, independent of Washington, which was now in disrepute. Ford tried to justify his pardoning Nixon for any crimes he might have committed during the cover-up, as well as to overcome the disgrace many thought the Republicans had brought to the presidency. Carter and Mondale won a narrow victory, 40,828,587 popular votes to 39,147,613 and 297 electoral votes to 241. The Democratic victory ended eight years of divided government; the party now controlled both the White House and Congress. 1980: Ronald Reagan vs. Jimmy Carter vs. John B. Anderson In 1980 President Jimmy Carter was opposed for the Democratic nomination by Senator Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts in ten primaries. But Carter easily won the nomination at the Democratic convention. The party also renominated Walter Mondale for vice president. Ronald Reagan , former governor of California, received the Republican nomination, and his chief challenger, George Bush , became the vice-presidential nominee. Representative John B. Anderson of Illinois, who had also sought the nomination, ran as an independent with Patrick J. Lucey, former Democratic governor of Wisconsin, as his running mate. The two major issues of the campaign were the economy and the Iranian hostage crisis. President Carter seemed unable to control inflation and had not succeeded in obtaining the release of American hostages in Tehran before the election. Reagan won a landslide victory, and Republicans also gained control of the Senate for the first time in twenty-five years. Reagan received 43,904,153 popular votes in the election, and Carter, 35,483,883. Reagan won 489 votes in the electoral college to Carter’s 49. John Anderson won no electoral votes, but got 5,720,060 popular votes. 1984: Ronald Reagan vs. Walter Mondale In 1984 the Republicans renominated Ronald Reagan and George Bush. Former vice president Walter Mondale was the Democratic choice, having turned aside challenges from Senator Gary Hart of Colorado and the Reverend Jesse Jackson . Jackson, an African-American, sought to move the party to the left. Mondale chose Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York for his running mate. This was the first time a major party nominated a woman for one of the top offices. Peace and prosperity, despite massive budget deficits, ensured Reagan’s victory. Gary Hart had portrayed Mondale as a candidate of the “special interests,” and the Republicans did so as well. Ferraro’s nomination did not overcome a perceived gender gap–56 percent of the women voting chose Reagan. Reagan won a decisive victory, carrying all states except Minnesota, Mondale’s home state, and the District of Columbia. He received 54,455,074 popular votes to Mondale’s total of 37,577,185. In the electoral college the count was Reagan, 525, and Mondale, 13. 1988: George H.W. Bush vs. Michael Dukakis Although Vice President George Bush faced some opposition in the primaries from Senator Robert Dole of Kansas in 1988, he won the Republican nomination by acclamation. He chose Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate. The Democrats nominated Michael Dukakis, governor of Massachusetts, for president and Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas for vice president. Dukakis had faced strong competition in the primaries, including the Reverend Jesse Jackson and Senator Gary Hart of Colorado. Hart withdrew from the race following revelations about an extramarital affair, and party regulars and political pundits perceived Jackson, a liberal and an African-American, as unlikely to win the general election. Once again the Republicans were in the enviable situation of running during a time of relative tranquillity and economic stability. After a campaign featuring controversial television ads, Bush and Quayle won 48,886,097 popular votes to 41,809,074 for Dukakis and Bentsen and carried the electoral college, 426 to 111. 1992: Bill Clinton vs. George H.W. Bush vs. H. Ross Perot In 1991 incumbent President George H. W. Bush’s approval ratings reached 88 percent, the highest in presidential history up to that point. But by 1992, his ratings had sunk, and Bush became the fourth sitting U.S. president to lose re-election. In the summer of 1992 Ross Perot led the polls with 39 percent of voter support. Although Perot came in a distant third, he was still the most successful third-party candidate since Theodore Roosevelt in 1912. Popular Vote: 44,908,254 (Clinton) to 39,102,343 (Bush) Electoral College : 370 (Clinton) to 168 (Bush) 1996: Bill Clinton vs. Robert Dole vs. H. Ross Perot vs. Ralph Nader Although Clinton won a decisive victory, he carried a mere four Southern states, signaling a decline in Southern support for Democrats who historically could count on the area as an electoral stronghold. Later, in the elections of 2000 and 2004, Democrats did not carry a single Southern state. The 1996 election was the most lavishly funded up to that point. The combined amount spent by the two major parties for all federal candidates topped $2 billion, which was 33 percent more than what was spent in 1992. During this election the Democratic National Committee was accused of accepting donations from Chinese contributors. Non-American citizens are forbidden by law from donating to U.S. politicians, and 17 people were later convicted for the activity. Popular Vote: 45,590,703 (Clinton) to 37,816,307 (Dole)Electoral College: 379 (Clinton) to 159 (Dole) 2000: George W. Bush vs. Al Gore vs. Ralph Nader The 2000 election was the fourth election in U.S. history in which the winner of the electoral votes did not carry the popular vote. It was the first such election since 1888, when Benjamin Harris became president after winning more electoral votes but losing the popular vote to Grover Cleveland. Gore conceded on election night but retracted his concession the next day when he learned that the vote in Florida was too close to call. Florida began a recount, but the U.S. Supreme Court eventually ruled the recount unconstitutional. Political activist Ralph Nader ran on the Green Party ticket and captured 2.7 percent of the vote. Popular Vote: 50,996,582 (Gore) to 50,465,062 (Bush)Electoral College: 271 (Bush) to 266 (Gore) 2004: George W. Bush vs. John Kerry Total voter turnout for the 2004 presidential election numbered at about 120 million, an impressive 15 million increase from the 2000 vote. After the bitterly contested election of 2000, many were poised for a similar election battle in 2004. Although there were reported irregularities in Ohio, a recount confirmed the original vote counts with nominal differences that did not affect the final outcome. Former Vermont governor Howard Dean was the expected Democratic candidate but lost support during the primaries. There was speculation that he sealed his fate when he let out a deep, guttural yell in front of a rally of supporters, which became known as the “I Have a Scream” speech, because it was delivered on Martin Luther King Day. Popular Vote: 60,693,281 (Bush) to 57,355,978 (Kerry)Electoral College: 286 (Bush) to 251 (Kerry) 2008: Barack Obama vs. John McCain In this historic election, Barack Obama became the first African-American to become president. With the Obama/Biden win, Biden became the first-ever Roman Catholic vice president. Had the McCain/Palin ticket won, John McCain would have been the oldest president in history, and Sarah Palin would have been the first woman vice president. Popular Vote: 69,297,997 (Obama) to 59,597,520 (McCain)Electoral College: 365 (Obama) to 173 (McCain) 2012: Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney Romney, the first Mormon to receive a major party’s nomination, fought off a number of Republican challengers in the primary, while the incumbent Obama faced no intra-party challenges. The election, the first waged following the “Citizens United” Supreme Court decision that allowed for increased political contributions, cost more than $2.6 billion, with the two major party candidates spending close to $1.12 billion that cycle. Popular Vote: 65,915,795 (Obama) to 60,933,504 (Romney). Electoral College: 332 (Obama) to 206 (Romney). Access hundreds of hours of historical video, commercial free, with HISTORY Vault . Start your free trial today. Tags	i don't know
Film actress Harlean Carpentier was better known by what stage name?	Harlean Carpentier - definition of Harlean Carpentier by The Free Dictionary Harlean Carpentier - definition of Harlean Carpentier by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Harlean+Carpentier Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.	Jean Harlow
Whose 41st symphony is known as the 'Jupiter'?	Jean Harlow Net Worth, Bio 2017-2016, Wiki - REVISED! - Richest Celebrities Home / Actors / Jean Harlow Net Worth Jean Harlow Net Worth How rich is Harlean Harlow Carpenter? Harlean Harlow Carpenter net worth: Under Review 5' 1½" (1.56 m) Profession: Harold Rosson (m. 1933–1934), Paul Bern (m. 1932–1932), Charles McGrew (m. 1927–1929) Harlean Harlow Carpenter profile links Harlean Harlow Carpenter profile links More net worths Harlean Harlow Carpenter net worth & biography: Harlean Carpenter, who later became Jean Harlow, was born in Kansas City, Missouri, on March 3, 1911. She was the daughter of a successful dentist and his wife. In 1927, at the age of 16, she ran away from home to marry a young businessman named Charles McGrew, who was 23. The couple pulled up stakes and moved to Los Angeles, not long after they ... More about Harlean Harlow Carpenter: Filmography Lillian 'Lil' / 'Red' Andrews Legendre Scarface Blonde at Paradise Club - Cameo appearance in nightclub (uncredited) The Beast of the City 1932 Jeanie Weenie - in Photo (uncredited) Platinum Blonde Diner in Restaurant Scene (uncredited) Hell's Angels Blonde Night Club Patron (uncredited) This Thing Called Love Woman in Opera Box (uncredited) The Saturday Night Kid Blonde on Rooftop Bench at Junior's Second Party (uncredited) Fugitives Woman in Cab (as Harlean Carpenter) Chasing Husbands TV Movie documentary performer: "Hear What My Heart Is Saying" 1935 That's Entertainment! performer: "Reckless" 1935, "Did I Remember" 1936 - uncredited Suzy 1936 "Did I Remember To Tell You I Adore You?" 1936 / performer: "When You Wore a Tulip and I Wore a Big Red Rose" 1914 uncredited, "The Wedding March" 1842 uncredited, "Did I Remember To Tell You I Adore You?" 1936, "Under the Bamboo Tree" 1902 uncredited Riffraff performer: "You Are My Lucky Star" 1935 - uncredited Reckless 1935 "Reckless" 1935 / performer: "Reckless" 1935, "Trocadero" 1934 uncredited, "Ev'rything's Been Done Before" 1935, "Hear What My Heart Is Saying" 1935 Hold Your Man "Hold Your Man" 1933, uncredited Red Dust "There's No Place Like Home Home, Sweet Home" 1823, uncredited Self The Candid Camera Story (Very Candid) of the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures 1937 Convention 1937 Hollywood on Parade No. B-1 1934 Hollywood on Parade No. B-6 1934 Clara Bow: Discovering the It Girl 1999 Herself (from The Saturday Night Kid [1929]) (uncredited) Intimate Portrait Sports on the Silver Screen 1997 The Good, the Bad & the Beautiful 1996 Betty Boop: Queen of the Cartoons 1995 Performer in Clip from 'Dinner at Eight' (uncredited) Harlow: The Blonde Bombshell A Tribute to the Boys: Laurel & Hardy 1992 MGM: When the Lion Roars 1992 Marilyn Monroe: Beyond the Legend 1987 The Spencer Tracy Legacy: A Tribute by Katharine Hepburn 1986 Hollywood Out-takes and Rare Footage 1983 Hollywood: The Gift of Laughter 1982 Actress - 'Dinner at Eight' (uncredited) Hollywood Greats Clips from 'Dinner at Eight' & 'Reckless' etc. Hooray for Hollywood Brother Can You Spare a Dime 1975 Actress 'Dinner at Eight' (uncredited) The Further Perils of Laurel and Hardy 1967 The Big Parade of Comedy 1964 Ruby in 'Hold Your Man' The Judy Garland Show The DuPont Show of the Week 1962 The Golden Age of Comedy 1957 Screen Snapshots Series 25, No. 1: 25th Anniversary 1945 Kitty Packard in Dinner at Eight (uncredited) Screen Snapshots Series 21, No. 2 1941 Hollywood on Parade No. A-12 1933 Thou Shalt Not: Sex, Sin and Censorship in Pre-Code Hollywood 2008 Paris Hilton Inc.: The Selling of Celebrity 2007 Why Be Good? Sexuality & Censorship in Early Cinema 2007 Howard Hughes: His Women and His Movies 2000 Star on the Walk of Fame Walk of Fame On 8 February 1960. At 6910 Hollywood Blvd. Fact 1 Had appeared with Clark Gable in six films: The Secret Six (1931), Red Dust (1932), Hold Your Man (1933), China Seas (1935), Wife vs. Secretary (1936) and Saratoga (1937). 2 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer originally purchased the rights to the Horace McCoy novel "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?" and studio executives planned to cast Harlow and Clark Gable in the lead roles. However, due to Harlow's sudden death, the film project was put on hold for many years. When it was finally made in the late 1960s, it eventually starred Jane Fonda and Michael Sarrazin . 3 Early in her career, Lee Remick was scheduled to portray Harlow in film. A few years later in 1965, two competing films entitled "Harlow" were released, one starring Carol Lynley and the other with Carroll Baker . 4 Originially, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer planned to have Harlow star as the female lead in the "Maisie" film franchise but was replaced by Ann Sothern two years following her sudden death. 5 Was considered for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind (1939), which went to Vivien Leigh . 6 She was honored as Turner Classic Movie's Star of the Month for March 2011. 7 On the situation comedy Night Court (1984), a black and white portrait of her on a bearskin rug in front of a roaring fire was seen displayed in the office of Judge Harry T. Stone (played by Harry Anderson ) which was see through the entire series run. 8 She was a devoted Democrat and in the year of her death she visited Franklin D. Roosevelt on his birthday at a dinner party being thrown at the White House. A small clip of the event, with her at the microphone, can be found on YouTube with her only words being, "Good evening.". 9 At the time of her death, Jean Harlow was suffering from kidney failure that was causing her limbs to swell up with water, making her considerably heavier. Co-star Clark Gable noticed this when they filmed a scene for her last film, Saratoga (1937), that required him to lift her into the upper berth in a Pullman car. Gable complained that she weighed more and was therefore harder for him to lift than she had been in their previous films together. 10 When Jean Harlow died with about one week's worth of shooting left to go on Saratoga (1937), her stand-in, Mary Dees, replaced her in the remaining footage. 11 She was posthumously awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6910 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on February 8, 1960. 12 Along with Hedy Lamarr , they were the primary inspirations for Batman creator Bob Kane's Catwoman character. 13 When entombed at Glendale's Forest Lawn Cemetery in 1937, she was dressed in the same gown she wore in Libeled Lady (1936). 14 Harlow is interred at Glendale's Forest Lawn Cemetery in a private crypt purchased by William Powell for $25,000. The crypt and sanctuary room contained marble from France, Italy and Spain, and was a tribute to the woman he then loved and planned to marry. 15 When she died in 1937, her estate was valued at over $1 million and left entirely to her mother. 16 Of her final performance in Saratoga (1937), critic Graham Greene wrote "Her technique was the gangster's technique - she toted a breast like a man totes a gun.". 17 Attended the 1936 Oscars with her then-lover William Powell , her close friend and co-star Clark Gable , and his new lover Carole Lombard , who was Powell's ex-wife. Harlow was so sick during the evening, Lombard had to help her to the powder room to recover and reapply her make-up. 18 Everyone on the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer lot called her "The Baby" with the exception of Clark Gable . A very close friend, he always called her "Sis". 19 One of the last photos taken of Jean showed her carrying a copy of Gone with the Wind. She was determined to read it, but as her illness progressed, couldn't get past more than the first few pages. When she was admitted to hospital, she reminded one of her nurses to pack it. The nurse, realizing how serious Harlow's illness was, remarked "She'll never finish it." Her words came true when Harlow died later that week. 20 Once lived in Chateau Marmont, the famous Los Angeles, Calfornia hotel. 21 She spent the night of April 6, 1933 - the day when Prohibition was set to expire at midnight - at the Los Angeles Brewing Co. with fellow movie star Walter Huston . A maker of "near-beer" and denatured alcohol (the alcohol was subtracted from the full-strength beer the company continued to brew during Prohibition, but could not legally market), the company was ready to immediately supply the Los Angeles area's demand for beer. Skipping the denaturing process, they had made a huge consignment of the genuine stuff to be marketed as Eastside Beer in bottles and kegs. The brewery's trucks were loaded and ready to roll out of the brewery the minute when suds could be legally shipped and sold. Two treasury agents and many guards were there that night to ensure things went smoothly, safely and legally. At 12:01 AM on April 7, 1933, when the sale and consumption of intoxicating beverages was once again legal in the United States, Huston gave a short speech and Harlow broke a bottle of beer over the first truck lined up and ready to deliver its now-legal load of liquid refreshment, thus christening the reborn brewery. The trucks rolled out, many staffed with armed guards riding shotgun lest the thirsty multitude get too frisky along the delivery routes. When the night was over, the brewery had done over $250,000 in business (approximately $3,387,000 in 2005 dollars) and had collected a stack of cash 18 inches high. Harlow has stayed the night, partying with brewery employees. 22 Is one of the many movie stars mentioned in Madonna 's 1990 song "Vogue". 23 Is portrayed by Gwen Stefani in The Aviator (2004), by Carroll Baker in Harlow (1965), by Susan Buckner in The Amazing Howard Hughes (1977), by Lindsay Bloom in Hughes and Harlow: Angels in Hell (1977) and by Carol Lynley in Harlow (1965) 24 On the day Hollywood canine superstar Rin Tin Tin died at age 16, Harlow, who lived across the street from his master, Lee Duncan , went over to cradle the dog's head in her lap as the famous canine died. 25 For many years, it was a widely-held belief that she died because her mother, a Christian Scientist, refused to let doctors operate on her after she became sick. Christian Scientists prefer prayer to drugs and surgery. This story was even reprinted in David Shipman's famous book, "The Great Movie Stars", but it has been repeatedly shown to be completely untrue. 26 Following the end of her third marriage she met actor William Powell . They were engaged for two years (due to minor differences and Jean's belief that Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer would not approve), but Jean became sick and died before they could marry. 27 She was voted the 49th Greatest Movie Star of all time by Entertainment Weekly. 28 Her birth name was Harlean Carpenter - the first name an amalgam of her mother's maiden name, Jean Harlow, which she later took as her stage name. At the height of her career, it came out that this wasn't her real name, and the insatiable public wanted to know what her real name was. The studio released her "real" name as Harlean Carpentier. Harlow had added the extra "i" herself before her career began to make it sound more exotic. 29 A new musical called "In Hell with Harlow" about an after-death meeting between her and Protestant World War II martyr Dietrich Boenhoffer never reached the stage. The production, written by bestselling author Paul L. Williams, was to star Dawn Winarski and Greg Korin . 30 She used to put ice on her nipples right before shooting a scene in order to appear sexier. 31 She had to stick to a strict diet to keep thin, eating mostly vegetables and salads. 32 Never wore any underwear and always slept in the nude. 33 Favorite brand of cigarette: Fatima. 34 Following her untimely death, she was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California in the Great Mausoleum, Sanctuary of Benediction. 35 Had two famous superstitions: She always wore a lucky ankle chain on her left leg, which is visible in some films if you look closely, and had a lucky mirror in her dressing room. She would not leave the room without first looking in it. 36 She was at a dinner party and continuously addressed Margot Asquith (wife of British prime minister Herbert Asquith) as "Margot", pronouncing the "T". Margot finally had enough and said to her, "No, Jean, the 'T' is silent, like in 'Harlow'.". 37 Her funeral was not the average funeral. Louis B. Mayer , head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, took charge and made it a Hollywood event. Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson Eddy sang his favorite song "Ah, Sweet Mystery of Life" in the church chapel, followed by a huge banquet with an orchestra. 38 Born at 5:40pm-CST 39 She was the very first motion picture actress to grace the cover of Life magazine. [May 1937] 40 Ranked #22 on the American Film Institute's "100 Years, 100 Legends" list. [June 1999] 41 The premiere of her first feature film, Hell's Angels (1930), on May 27, 1930, drew an estimated crowd of 50,000 at Grauman's Chinese Theatre on Hollywood Boulevard. The film also has an expensive eight-minute two-color Technicolor sequence - the only color footage of Harlow that exists. 42 Was the idol of Marilyn Monroe , who backed out of a biographical picture on her life. After reading the script, Monroe reportedly told her agent, "I hope they don't do that to me after I'm gone." Both Harlow and Monroe co-starred in their last films with Clark Gable , Harlow in Saratoga (1937) and Monroe in The Misfits (1961). 43 Her final film, Saratoga (1937), became the highest grossing film of 1937 and set all-time house records, due almost entirely to her untimely death. 44 Went on a salary strike from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1934, during which she wrote a novel, "Today is Tonight". The book was not published until 1965. 45 In the Hollywood satire Bombshell (1933), Harlow is known as "the If girl" -- a spoof loosely based on 1920s sex symbol and "It girl" Clara Bow . 46 Was photographed nude at age 17 by Hollywood photographer Edward Bower Hesser in Griffith Park in 1928. 47 Refused the lead in King Kong (1933), as well as the lead in the Tod Browning classic Freaks (1932). 48 Dated the notorious mobster Abner "Longy" Zwillman, who secured a two-picture deal for Harlow with Harry Cohn of Columbia Pictures by loaning Cohn $500,000 in cash. He also purchased her a jeweled charm bracelet and a red Cadillac. 49	i don't know
Associated with a famous incident of 1789, which Pacific island has Adamstown as its main settlement?	Pitcairn Islands : Wikis (The Full Wiki) The Full Wiki Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Pitcairn" redirects here. For other uses, see Pitcairn (disambiguation) . Pitcairn Islands 2.7/sq mi Currency New Zealand dollar ( NZD ) Time zone ( UTC -8) Internet TLD .pn Calling code 64 The Pitcairn Islands (pronounced /ˈpɪtkɛərn/; [1] Pitkern : Pitkern Ailen), officially named the Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands, form a group of four volcanic islands in the southern Pacific Ocean . The islands are a British overseas territory (formerly a British colony), the last remaining in the Pacific. The four islands – named Pitcairn, Henderson , Ducie , and Oeno – are spread over several hundred miles of ocean and have a total area of about 18 square miles (47 km2). Only Pitcairn, the second largest and measuring about 2 miles across, is inhabited. The islands are best known as home of the descendants of the Bounty mutineers and the Tahitians who accompanied them, an event retold in numerous books and films. This story is still apparent in the surnames of many of the islanders. With only 50 inhabitants (from nine families), Pitcairn is also notable for being the least populated and most remote jurisdiction in the world (although it is not a sovereign nation ). The United Nations Committee on Decolonisation includes the Pitcairn Islands on the United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories . [2] Contents Main article: History of the Pitcairn Islands The mutineers turning Bligh and part of the officers and crew adrift from the Bounty , 29 April 1789 The original settlers of the Pitcairn Islands were Polynesians who appear to have lived on Pitcairn and Henderson for several centuries. Although archaeologists believe that Polynesians were living on Pitcairn as late as the 15th century, the islands were uninhabited when they were discovered by Europeans . [3] Ducie and Henderson Islands are believed to have been discovered by Europeans on 26 January 1606 by Portuguese sailor Pedro Fernandes de Queirós , sailing for the Spanish crown, who named them La Encarnación (" The Incarnation ") and San Juan Bautista (" Saint John the Baptist "), respectively. However, some sources express doubt about exactly which of the islands were visited and named by Queirós, suggesting that Queirós’ La Encarnación may actually have been Henderson Island, and San Juan Bautista may have been Pitcairn Island. [4] Pitcairn Island was discovered on 3 July 1767 by the crew of the British sloop HMS Swallow, commanded by Captain Philip Carteret (though according to some it had perhaps been visited by Queirós in 1606). It was named after Midshipman Robert Pitcairn, a fifteen-year-old crew member who was the first to sight the island. Robert Pitcairn was the son of British Marine Officer John Pitcairn . Geodesy Collection on Pitcairn Island Carteret, who sailed without the newly invented accurate marine chronometer , charted the island at 25° 2’ south and 133° 21’ west of Greenwich , but although the latitude was reasonably accurate the longitude was incorrect by about 3°. This made Pitcairn difficult to find, as highlighted by the failure of Captain James Cook to locate the island in July 1773. [5] [6] In 1790, nine of the mutineers from the Bounty and Tahitian companions (six men, 11 women and a baby), some of whom may have been kidnapped from Tahiti, settled on Pitcairn Island and set fire to the Bounty [7] . The wreck is still visible underwater in Bounty Bay . The ship itself was discovered in 1957 by National Geographic explorer Luis Marden . Although the settlers were able to survive by farming and fishing, the initial period of settlement was marked by serious tensions among the settlers. Alcoholism, murder, disease and other ills took the lives of most mutineers and Tahitian men. John Adams and Ned Young turned to the scriptures using the ship's Bible as their guide for a new and peaceful society. Young eventually died of an asthmatic infection. The Pitcairners also converted to Christianity ; later they would convert from their existing form of Christianity to Seventh-day Adventism after a successful Adventist mission in the 1890s. After the rediscovery of Pitcairn, John Adams was granted amnesty for his mutiny . The islanders reported that it was not until 27 December 1795 that the first ship since the Bounty was seen from the island, but as she did not approach the land, they could not make out to what nation she belonged. A second appeared some time in 1801, but did not attempt to communicate with them. A third came sufficiently near to see their habitations, but did not venture to send a boat on shore. The American trading ship Topaz under the command of Mayhew Folger was the first to visit the island and communicate with them when they spent 10 hours at Pitcairn in February 1808. A report of Folger's find was forwarded to the Admiralty mentioning the mutineers and a more precise location of the island—25° 2’ S latitude, 130° W longitude [8] —however, this rediscovery was not known to Sir Thomas Staines , who commanded a Royal Navy flotilla of two ships (HMS Briton and HMS Tagus) which found the island at 25° .4’ S (by meridian observation) on 17 September 1814. Staines sent a party ashore and wrote a detailed report for the Admiralty. [9] [10] [11] Church of Adamstown Pitcairn Island became a British colony in 1838 and was among the first territories to extend voting rights to women . By the mid-1850s the Pitcairn community was outgrowing the island and its leaders appealed to the British government for assistance. They were offered Norfolk Island and on 3 May 1856, the entire community of 193 people set sail for Norfolk on board the Morayshire, arriving on 8 June after a miserable five-week trip. But after eighteen months on Norfolk, seventeen of the Pitcairners returned to their home island; five years later another twenty-seven did the same. Since a population peak of 233 in 1937, the island has been suffering from emigration, primarily to New Zealand , leaving some fifty people living on Pitcairn. There are allegations of a long history and tradition of sexual abuse of girls as young as seven, which culminated in 2004 in the charging of seven men living on Pitcairn, and another six now living abroad, with sex-related offences, including rape . On 25 October 2004, six men were convicted, including Steve Christian , the island's mayor at the time. See Pitcairn rape trial of 2004 . After the six men lost their final appeal, the British government set up a prison on the island with an annual budget of NZD 950,000. The men began serving their sentences in late 2006, and all but one have now been granted home detention status. Ducie Island was rediscovered in 1791 by the British Captain Edwards aboard HMS Pandora , while searching for the Bounty mutineers. He named it after Francis, Lord Ducie , a captain in the Royal Navy . It was annexed by Britain on 19 December 1902, and in 1938 it was formally incorporated into Pitcairn to become part of a single administrative unit (the "Pitcairn Group of Islands"). Henderson Island was rediscovered on 17 January 1819 by a British Captain James Henderson of the British East India Company ship Hercules. On 2 March 1819, Captain Henry King, sailing aboard the Elizabeth, landed on the island to find the king's colours already flying. His crew scratched the name of their ship into a tree, and for some years the island's name was Elizabeth or Henderson. Henderson Island was annexed by Britain and incorporated into Pitcairn in 1938. Oeno Island was discovered on 26 January 1824 by U.S. Captain George Worth aboard the whaler Oeno. On 10 July 1902, Oeno was annexed by Britain. It was incorporated into Pitcairn in 1938. Politics Main article: Politics of the Pitcairn Islands Politics of the Pitcairn Islands takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic dependency , whereby the Mayor is the head of government . The territories' constitution is the Local Government Ordinance of 1964. In terms of population, the Pitcairn Islands is the smallest democracy in the world. Military The Pitcairn Islands are an overseas territory of the United Kingdom , meaning defence is the responsibility of the Ministry of Defence and Her Majesty's Armed Forces . Geography Map of Pitcairn Islands. Source: CIA World Factbook The Pitcairn Islands form the southeasternmost extension of the geological archipelago of the Tuamotus of French Polynesia and consist of five islands: Pitcairn Island, Sandy Island (the last one found), Oeno Island (atoll with five islets), Henderson Island and Ducie Island (atoll with four islets). The only permanently inhabited island, Pitcairn, is accessible only by boat through Bounty Bay . Henderson Island , covering about 86% of the territory's total land area and supporting a rich variety of animals in its nearly inaccessible interior, is also capable of supporting a small human population, but access is difficult, its outer shores comprising steep limestone cliffs of sharp coral. The Pitcairn Islands were formed by a centre of upwelling magma called the Pitcairn hotspot . The other islands are at a distance of more than 100 km (60 mi) and are not habitable. The Pitcairn Islands are one of two places in the world in which the plant species Glochidion pitcairnense occurs. Satellite photo of Pitcairn Island Island or atoll 23°55'26" to 25°04'00"S, 124°47'11" to 130°44'03"W * Includes reef flat and lagoon of the atolls. Economy Pitcairn Island as seen from a Globe view with other Pacific Islands The fertile soil of the Pitcairn valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and vegetables , including citrus , sugarcane , watermelons , bananas , yams , and beans . The inhabitants of this tiny economy exist on fishing , subsistence farming , and handicrafts , with barter being an important part of the economy. The major sources of revenue are the sale of postage stamps to collectors, honey , and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships, most of which are plying the United Kingdom to New Zealand route via the Panama Canal . Trade is restricted by the jagged geography of the island, which lacks a harbour or airstrip, forcing all trade to be made by longboat to visiting ships. Occasionally, passengers from expedition-type cruise ships will come ashore for a day, weather permitting.[citation needed] The island has a labor force of 15 men and women (as of 2004) [12] Electricity on the island is provided by gas/diesel generators. Demographics Main article: Demographics of the Pitcairn Islands The majority of the resident Pitcairn Islanders are the descendants of the Bounty mutineers and Tahitians. Pitkern is a creole language derived from 18th century English , with elements of the Tahitian language . It is spoken as a first language by the population and is taught alongside standard English at the island's only school. It is closely related to the creole language Norfuk , spoken on Norfolk Island , because Norfolk was repopulated in the mid-19th century by Pitcairners. In September 2003, a baby was born on the island for the first time in 17 years. Another child, Adrianna Tracey Christian, was born on Pitcairn on 3 March 2007. In February 2005, Shirley and Simon Young became the first married outsider couple in recorded history to obtain citizenship on Pitcairn. All of the Pitcairn Islanders are Seventh-day Adventist Christians . [13] Pitcairn residents Due to a lack of educational facilities on the island, children of school age are sent to boarding schools either in New Zealand or Australia . As a result of this, many elect not to return to the island, with a memorable description of the island from an ex-resident being "A rural slum ". This drain on the population has resulted in the labour force of the island being estimated (by the CIA World Factbook ) at 15 able-bodied men in 2004. Culture and society Pitcairn culture, like its language, is a mix of English and Tahitian influences. A successful Seventh-day Adventist mission in the 1890s was important in shaping Pitcairn society. In recent years, the church has declined, with only about eight islanders worshipping regularly, but most of them still attend church on special occasions. [14] The Sabbath is observed as a day of rest and as a mark of respect for observant Adventists. The once-strict moral codes, which prohibited dancing, public displays of affection , smoking, and consumption of alcohol, have been relaxed in recent years. Islanders and visitors no longer require a six-month license to purchase, import, and consume alcohol. There is now one licensed Cafe and Bar on the island, and the Government Store sells alcohol and cigarettes. Education is free and compulsory between the ages of five and 15. [15] All of the island’s seven children were enrolled in school in 2000. [15] Communications Telephones: Pitcairn uses New Zealand 's international dialing code, +64. Each and every building on the Island has a telephone for local and international calls (installed Sept. 2006, replacing a single wired party line ) Radio: There is no broadcast station. Marine band walkie-talkie radios are used to maintain contact among people in different areas of the island. Foreign stations can be picked up on Shortwave Radio . Amateur Radio: QRZ.COM lists amateur radio operators as Dave Brown (VP6DB), Terry Young (VP6TY, VR6TY and VR8TY), Miralda Warren (VP6MW), Betty Christian (VP6YL), Tom Christian (VR6TC), Brian Young (VP6BX) and the Pitcairn Island AR Club Station (VP6RAC). [16] Islanders keep schedules: 2200-2300 UTC most days of the week, Dave Brown VP6DB is on the air at 14.226.5 MHz and 14.247 MHz. 2330-0100 UTC on Tuesdays, Tom Christian VP6TC is on the air at 21.348 MHz, or at 14.181 MHz. 1700 UTC on Wednesdays, Betty Christian VP6YL is available at 21.325 MHz, 1700 UTC on Fridays, you might be able to speak with Tom Christian VP6TC at 21.248 MHz. [17] Television: There are 2 live English TV channels from satellite, CNN and TCM Movies; most homes have DVD-players to watch videos and now some have Blu-Ray players. Free-To-Air satellite dishes can be used to watch foreign TV. Internet: There is one Government-sponsored satellite internet connection, networked to all houses on the island providing 256kbps broadband. Pitcairn's country code (top level domain) is .pn . Transport The settlers of the Pitcairns all arrived by some form of boat or ship ; the most famous was the Bounty , on which the mutiny occurred and which was burned in Bounty Bay. Pitcairn Island does not have an airport or seaport ; the islanders rely on longboats to ferry people and goods between ship and shore through Bounty Bay. The island does have one small harbor and launch ramp that is used to dock and load long-boats, but it is so small and the water so shallow that only small-craft can fit. To get to Pitcairn today, you can travel on board Pitcairn's new dedicated Passenger / Cargo supply ship chartered by the Pitcairn Island Government, the MV Claymore II , from Mangareva , Gambier Islands , French Polynesia . Mangareva itself is reachable by air from the French Polynesian capital Papeete . There is one 6.4-kilometre (4 mi) paved road leading up from Bounty Bay through Adamstown. On land, walking has historically been the way of getting around, but now all islanders drive all-terrain vehicles (i.e. quadbikes). Each adult on Pitcairn owns a HONDA 4x4 ATV. A 4x4 SUV (a Suzuki Vitara ) was shipped to the Island in May 2005 Gallery St. Pauls Point in west Pitcairn Island Garnets Ridge, Pitcairn Island ^ United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories ^ Diamond, Jared M (2005). Collapse: how societies choose to fail or succeed. New York : Penguin . pp. 132. ISBN 9780143036555. OCLC 62868295 . "But by A.D. 1606 … Henderson’s population had ceased to exist. Pitcairn’s own population had disappeared at least by 1790 … and probably disappeared much earlier." ^ "Mutineers of the Bounty" . The European Magazine, and London Review (Philological Society of London,) 69: 134. January-June 1816. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mOwRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA62#PPA134,M1 . ^ Staff. The Annual Biography and Obituary for the Year ..., Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1831, Volume 15 "Chapter X Sir Thomas Staines" pp. 366-367 Pitcairn Island Tourism The Official Tourism Site of the Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Island Tourism Visit Pitcairn Island today onboard the MV Claymore 2 Uklun Tul Un Dem Tul - Pitcairn monthly news by Julie Christian onlinepitcairn.com - Pitcairn news by Mike Warren Other Australia · Fiji · Indonesia 1 List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania Art ahu · Australia · Austronesia · Cook Islands · Hawaiʻi · kapa (Hawaiʻi) · lei (Hawaii) · magimagi · Māori · moai · New Zealand · nguzu nguzu · Oceania · Papua New Guinea · reimiro · tā moko · tapa ["masi" (Fiji), "ngatu" (Tonga), "siapo" (Sāmoa), " ʻuha" (Rotuma)] · tabua · ta'ovala · tattoo · tēfui · tivaivai Broad culture areca nut · Kava culture · kava, [" ʻawa" (Hawaii), " ʻava" (Sāmoa), "yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei) ] · Lapita · Māori · Polynesia · Polynesian navigation · wood carving Geo-specific, general Australia · Australian Aboriginal astronomy · Austronesia · Caroline Islands , - Pwo · Chatham Islands · Cook Islands · Easter Island · Fiji , -Lau Islands , - traditions and ceremonies · Guam · Hawaiʻi , - Lomilomi massage · Kiribati · French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands · Marshall Islands , -Stick charts of · Federated States of Micronesia · Nauru · New Caledonia · New Zealand · Niue · Norfolk Island · Palau · Papua New Guinea · Pitcairn Islands · Sāmoa · Solomon Islands · Tonga · Torres Strait Islands · Tuvalu · Vanuatu · Wallis and Futuna · Yap , -navigation , - Weriyeng navigation school Canoes Aboriginal Dugout · Alingano Maisu · Drua · Dugout (boat) · Hawaiʻiloa · Hōkūleʻa · Modern Hawaiian outrigger · Māori migration · Outrigger · Polynesian sailing · Proa · Waka , -List of · Walap Dance 'aparima · cibi · fara · fire dancing · firewalking · haka · hivinau · hula · kailao · kapa haka · Kiribati · meke · 'ote'a · pa'o'a · poi · Rotuma · siva · Tahiti · tāmūrē · tautoga · Tonga · 'upa'upa Festivals · Fiji · Indonesia 1 · Fiji · Indonesia 1 other territories American Samoa · Christmas Island · Cocos (Keeling) Islands · Cook Islands · French Polynesia · Guam · Hawaii · New Caledonia · Niue · Norfolk Island · Northern Mariana Islands · Pitcairn Islands · Rotuma · Tokelau · Wallis and Futuna 1 Transcontinental country . Music Australian Aboriginal · Fijian · Māori · Melanesian · Menehune · Micronesian · Oceanian legendary creatures · Polynesian · Rapa Nui · Vanuatu People · Fiji · Indonesia 1 other territories American Samoa · Christmas Island · Cocos (Keeling) Islands · Cook Islands · French Polynesia · Guam · Hawaii · New Caledonia · Niue · Norfolk Island · Northern Mariana Islands · Pitcairn Islands · Rotuma · Tokelau · Wallis and Futuna 1 Polynesian outliers and peripheral cultures Occupied jointly with the United States 2 In 1931, Canada and other British dominions obtained self-government through the Statute of Westminster . see Canada's name . 3 Gave up self-rule in 1934, but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949. Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand 7 Dependencies of St. Helena since 1922 (Ascension Island) and 1938 (Tristan da Cunha) 12 Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April–June 1982 13 Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) Up to date as of January 14, 2010 From Wikitravel Time Zone UTC -8 The Pitcairn Islands [1] are a loosely grouped handful of tiny islands in the remote South Pacific, farther from any continent than any other inhabited island. The islands are the last British colony in the South Pacific and most isolated British dependency. The rugged main island was settled by the infamous mutineers of the HMS Bounty and their Polynesian companions, and most of Pitcairn's mere four dozen current inhabitants are their descendants. They are one of the least-populated entities given an ISO country code (PN). Pitcairn Island - the only inhabited island of the group Henderson Island - the largest island, a UNESCO World Heritage Site with several endangered bird species Oeno Island, Sandy Island - a close pair of islands, the locals' "holiday" spot Ducie Island - distant from the others, with lots of exotic bird life Adamstown, the capital and sole settlement containing the entire population of the Pitcairn Islands - a scattered village of households on the main eponymous isle, up the Hill of Difficulty from Bounty Bay. Understand History Pitcairn was either inhabited or frequently visited by Polynesian peoples in earlier centuries (they left glyphs etched in the rocks), and was visited briefly by Portuguese and British explorers (one of whom gave it his name), but it was deserted when in 1790 the infamous mutineers of H.M.A.V. Bounty and their Tahitian companions settled there under the leadership of Fletcher Christian. They burned and sank the ship in what is now called Bounty Bay (there was nowhere else to hide it), and founded a village on Pitcairn. At first a rather lawless community of violent drunks, it was "tamed" when John Adams, the last mutineer to avoid accident or murder, converted the women and children to Christianity. They lived there for 24 years before being rediscovered by the British, who allowed the community to continue. Pitcairn was the first Pacific island to become a British colony (in 1838) and today remains the last vestige of that empire in the South Pacific. Emigration – first to Norfolk Island and mostly to New Zealand in the last century – and a nearly-prohibitive approach to immigration have thinned the population from a peak of 233 in 1937 to less than 50. Furthermore, the island was rocked in 2004 by accusations of chronic and ubiquitous sexual abuse of the community's young female members (including pre-adolescent girls), and the subsequent investigation of much of the adult male population (including several who were no longer living there), six of whom were sentenced to terms in prison. It's unclear whether the Pitcairn society – already hovering at the lower fringes of self-sufficiency – will survive. Climate The climate is humid and tropical (the Tropic of Capricorn lies a short distance to the north), with average temperatures ranging from 60°F (16°C) on winter nights to 85°F (30°C) on summer days. Rainfall is moderate with no strong seasonal pattern, just a bit wetter in the winter. The island is subject to infrequent typhoons during the season from November to March. The islands are each unique, with differing origins. Pitcairn is distinctly volcanic, jutting steeply out of the ocean with a peak of 337 meters, seemingly a stone's throw from the shoreline (in any direction). As such it has very little of what would be called a "beach" – however the word "cliff" gets used a lot – and harbors are hard to come by. Bounty Bay hardly deserves the name, consisting of a small indentation in the shoreline with water deep enough only for small boats without keels and a small sea-level landing area... connected via the Hill of Difficulty to Adamstown. It is the only island of the group with fresh water sources. Henderson is the largest island, a flat coral formation, but raised 50-100 feet above sea level by volcanic activity. It has caves along its shoreline which served as either tombs or ill-fated residences to an ancient people (remember: no fresh water). It might be suitable for building an airstrip if it weren't for all the endangered seabirds that find it an ideal spot to land. Oeno is a small, flat island (accompanied by another sandy island known as "Sandy Island") surrounded by a circular reef, a typical South-Pacific paradise with palm trees, lovely beaches, and a sheltered lagoon. Ducie is distant from the others (over 100 miles from Henderson and well over 200 from Pitcairn), a circular reef and island, popular with seabirds. Location of Pitcairn in the world The remoteness and ruggedness of Pitcairn's geography, the insularity of its bureaucracy, and the scarcity of its resources conspire to make it a very difficult place to visit. Visitors staying on the island for any length of time require a license from the governor, because the irregularity of transport means they're effectively residents of the island for the next several weeks or even months. These licenses require proof of good health, the means to leave at the end of the visit (e.g., passage on an upcoming ship), at least NZ$300/week to cover your cost of living on Pitcairn, various other conditions, and a $100 fee; they are valid for six months. [2] By plane There is no airstrip in the islands, and it's out of range of land-launched helicopters, so flying is not an option. (The largest flat area on Pitcairn would offer a very short runway, and level Henderson Island is both a UNESCO-listed bird sanctuary and inconveniently located.) The nearest airport is on Mangareva in the Gambier Islands , 330 miles away. Bounty Bay and the town square of Adamstown, connected by the newly-paved Hill of Difficulty (by permission of Andrew Christian) Pitcairn Island is accessible to tourists via scheduled visits by a small number of commercial cruise ships, and via private ocean-traversing yachts. Sailing from French Polynesia is relatively practical; from almost anywhere else (e.g., New Zealand , Chile ) it requires crossing thousands of miles of the Pacific Ocean. Pacific Expeditions - S/V Southern Cross, Cook Islands , +682-52400. [3] Offers numerous voyages from January to April each year from Mangareva in the Gambier Islands to the Pitcairn Islands, each with a different focus. (has a poor reputation) Ocean Voyages, 1709 Bridgeway, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA, +1 415-332-4681 (intl), 1-800-299-4444 (USA). [4] Books charters in the region. Tallship Soren Larsen, +64 9 817 8799, [5] . Sails from Easter Island to French Polynesia via Pitcairn once a year. The island is located about halfway between New Zealand and the Panama Canal, near a main shipping lane, so travel via cargo ship is possible several times a year. Contact the Pitcairn Island Administration in New Zealand (+64-9-366-0186) to arrange passage; fares are typically US$800-1000 one-way. There is no safe harbor for medium-sized or larger vessels; visitors access the island itself by small longboats launched from Bounty Bay (which is scarcely large enough to be called a "bay") to meet up with ships anchored off-shore. Get around Since October 2005 there is now one short paved road on Pitcairn (up the Hill of Difficulty from the landing at Bounty Bay to Adamstown), but most routes around Pitcairn Island are dirt trails, generally very rugged. Walking and personal all-terrain vehicles (3- and 4-wheel "motorbikes") are the main ways to get from one place to another, and a bike is usually available for rent. Talk English is the official language and spoken by everyone. Pitkern, a mixture of 18th century English and Tahitian with a bit of sailing jargon thrown in (e.g., "all hands" means "everyone"), is spoken by the residents amongst themselves. Fletcher Christian's Cave (by permission of Andrew Christian) The remains of the Bounty are in Bounty Bay. The ship was deliberately burned and sunk by the mutineers, and it's been well picked over by divers in the meantime, but there's still an allure to seeing (what little is left of) the vessel of the true tale that made "Captain Bligh" and "the Bounty" household names. The Bounty's anchor is on display in front of the Public Hall in the town square, where the library/post office building, and the Adventist church can also be found. The new museum in Adamstown contains artifacts from the Bounty (including Fletcher Christian's Bible), stamps, issues of National Geographic featuring the islands, and other items of local interest. One of the ship's four cannons is planned to be displayed here. The island's school lies up in the western "suburbs" of Adamstown. The grave of John Adams, the last surviving mutineer who first Christianized the community, the only one with a preserved grave. Fletcher Christian's cave, past the school and further up, is where the lead mutineer is said to have watched for approaching ships and/or hid from his ruthless fellow settlers when necessary. A Galapagos tortoise named Mrs Turpin was left on the island in the early 20th century, and now lives in Tedside on the northwest shore of the island. Taro Ground in the south of Pitcairn is the largest flat area on the island and site of the island's traditional link to the outside world: its ham radio station. Flatland is a smaller plateau at the upper extent of Adamstown, with a tennis court, volleyball, and picnic facilities. Garnet's Ridge, at 300 m one of the highest parts of a tall island, offers great views to both the west and east. Highest Point is the... highest point on the island, at 337 m. Down Rope (by permission of Andrew Christian) Down Rope, a cliff on the southeast edge of the island, has ancient Polynesian petroglyphs in its face and an isolated sandy beach at its base. Gudgeon is a sea-level cave on the southwest side of the island, which hides a sandy beach in a large, wide space carved by the waves. If the ocean is calm enough, go swimming in St. Paul's Pool, a picturesque tidal pool nestled among the seaside rocks in eastern part of Pitcairn. (Swimming in the ocean itself generally isn't safe due to the rocky shoreline.) Sail yourself or perhaps travel with the locals to another of the islands. Oeno has sandy beaches suitable for swimming, Henderson offers rare opportunities for birdwatching and exploration of ancient caves (dwellings?), and both are good for snorkeling or scuba diving among coral reefs and a few shipwrecks. Ducie is over 300 miles away, out of range of the islanders' boats, and therefore rarely visited, but is also good for seeing rare birds. Every year on January 23, "Bounty Day" is celebrated with a huge community dinner and the burning of a model of the Bounty. Buy The internal economy is based primarily on barter, with residents producing much of their own food and sharing supplies from passing freighters or large fish catches communally. When money is used, the New Zealand dollar is the standard currency, but easily-exchanged currencies such as US or Australian dollars or UK pounds will be accepted. The main locally-produced items for sale are handicrafts (especially woven baskets, models of the Bounty, and carvings of local wildlife out of miro wood harvested from Henderson Island) and honey, and the island's postage stamps (also available by mail overseas) are of interest to philatelists. Anything else has to be imported, and is priced accordingly. Eat There is one cafe called Christian's Cafe which is open every Friday from 6:00pm till late. a small co-op general store which stocks imported foodstuffs from New Zealand or French Polynesia, mostly ordered by customers in advance. It is open 3 mornings/week, an hour each. The local cuisine relies heavily on seafood. Deep-fried nanwi (bluefish) is a local favorite, with red snapper, tuna, whitefish, grouper, wahoo, and others also being common. Pilhi is made from pureed fruit (such as banana, sweet potato, or breadfruit) with sugar and milk, then baked to custard consistency. Food staples grown on the island, include arrowroot, sweet potatoes, beans, tomatoes, cabbages, pineapples, melons, citrus fruits, bananas, and breadfruit. Some families keep poultry or goats. Drink Alcohol was prohibited on Pitcairn prior to 1991, It was then legalized and a license was then introduced to purchase and consume alcohol on the island. In 2009, the alcohol license was abolished. The Islanders and visitors are no longer required to purchase a license for consumption. The Government now offers a Commercial License for Bars, Clubs, Restaurants & Cafe's to sell alcohol. There is one Cafe & Bar, Christian's Cafe open on Fridays from 6:30PM till late. The Government Store on the island sells alcohol and tobacco at duty free prices. Sleep There are 2 types of accommodation on Pitcairn. • “Home-stay” style. This is arranged prior to your arrival on the Island. Accommodation rates are Standard at US$70 per person per night. This includes all meals and Laundry. Check with your host about rates for Telephone and Internet access. • Private 3 bedroom Fully furnished Chalet Plas Pitcairn Chalet [6] When you book your trip to Pitcairn you may contact individuals to book accommodation in advance otherwise the tourism co-ordinator will arrange home stay accommodation upon your arrival and introduce you to your hosts. Work There are no jobs per se available to non-residents, only a few professional services (e.g. teacher, nurse, social worker) hired by the government in New Zealand, and a pastor assigned by the international Adventist church. On the other hand, anyone taking up temporary residence on the island is expected to be self-supporting, and to help with community needs such as crewing the longboats to reach supply vessels. Stay healthy Registered medical practitioners spend time on the island periodically, but most health issues are handled by a nurse stationed there (currently the pastor's wife). The island has a small health clinic with dental and X-ray equipment and emergency medications, but is not equipped to deal with major problems, which may require waiting days or weeks for a nearby passing ship to provide evacuation to a medical facility. The island is out-of-range of all evacuation helicopters. Needless to say, this is no place to have a heart attack, stroke, and so on. A full medical check-up back home a couple weeks before arrival is strongly recommended. Seventh Day Adventist church (by permission of Andrew Christian) The population are mostly members of the Seventh Day Adventist church, following mission work in the late 19th century. Although religious observance has declined, church doctrine strongly influences both public practice and civil law. For example, alcohol was legally prohibited until recently; dancing, public displays of affection, and cigarette smoking are frowned upon; and the Sabbath (Saturday) is consistently considered a day of rest (if not worship). Reasonably modest, climate-appropriate western clothing is worn. The recent trials of several Pitcairn men (including the former mayor and much of the island's workforce) on sexual abuse charges have been very difficult for the close-knit island community, with everyone being a friend or family of at least one of the victims, the suspects, or the convicted. The incident has also brought to the surface tensions over Pitcairn's sovereignty (such as unfamiliar UK laws being tried by New Zealand courts). Strong feelings should be expected, and statements expressing any opinions beyond an acknowledgement of how difficult this has been for the islanders stand a high probability of upsetting someone in your audience. Don't bring bees or beekeeping equipment. The island's bee population has been certified as disease-free and Pitcairn honey is becoming an important economic activity. Contact There is satellite phone service on the island, with one public phone (with an answering machine): + 870 762337766. Until recent years, ham radio was the only means of live communication between the island and the outside world, and several residents are operators, on the air regularly each week. Postal service via New Zealand is infrequent, sometimes taking months for delivery. The post office is open 3 days/week, an hour each. Thanks to a seismological monitoring station on Pitcairn, the island is now connected via satellite to the internet at 128kbps, with free wireless access throughout Adamstown. Cope Electricity (240V) is available only for a few hours in the morning and several hours in the evening. Although there is no broadcast radio or television in the region, most homes are equipped with televisions and VHS/DVD players. If you bring any recordings with you, be sure they are PAL format and DVD region 4 (or bring your own DVD player), as the locals' equipment supports those standards (not NTSC or other DVD regions). Get out If you'll be sailing your own ship, the nearest islands are in French Polynesia , roughly to the WNW: the isolated Gambier Islands are 330 miles away, the Acteon Group of the Tuamotu Islands are 450 miles away, and Tahiti and the rest of the Society Islands are a mere 1,300 miles off. Easter Island is about the same distance in the opposite direction. Passing freighters will likely be bound for either New Zealand or Panama . This is a guide article. It has a variety of good, quality information about the country, including links to places to visit, attractions, arrival and departure info. Plunge forward and help us make it a star!	Pitcairn Islands
Whose most famous poem is 'The Tay Bridge Disaster of 1880'?	Mutiny on the Bounty : Wikis (The Full Wiki) For other uses, see Mutiny on the Bounty (disambiguation) . The mutineers turning Lt Bligh and some of the officers and crew adrift from His Majesty's Ship HMS Bounty , 29 April, 1789. By Robert Dodd The mutiny on the Bounty is a mutiny that occurred aboard the British Royal Navy ship HMS Bounty on 28 April 1789, and has been commemorated by several books, films, and popular songs, many of which take considerable liberties with the facts. The mutiny was led by Fletcher Christian against the commanding officer, William Bligh . The sailors were attracted to the idyllic life on the Pacific island, and repelled by the alleged cruelty of their captain. Eighteen mutineers set Captain Bligh and most of those loyal to him afloat in a small boat. The mutineers then settled, some in Tahiti in 1789, others on Pitcairn Island, with Tahitians they had befriended. The Bounty was subsequently burned to avoid detection and to prevent desertion. Descendants of some of the mutineers and Tahitians still live on Pitcairn. After Bligh and his crew of 18 made an epic and eventful journey in the small boat to Timor in the Dutch East Indies , he returned to the United Kingdom and reported the mutiny. Contents Main article: HMS Bounty His Majesty's Armed Vessel (HMS) Bounty began her career as the collier Bethia, a relatively small sailing ship built in 1784 at the Blaydes shipyard in Hull . Later, she was purchased by the Royal Navy for £2,600 on May 26, 1787 (JJ Colledge/D Lyon say 23 May), refit, and renamed Bounty. [1] The only two men ever to command her as the Bounty were Lieutenant William Bligh and Fletcher Christian , the latter illegally taking command through mutiny. Bligh was appointed Commanding Lieutenant of Bounty on 16 August 1787, at the age of 33, after a career that included a tour as sailing master of James Cook's HMS Resolution during Cook's third and final voyage (1776-1779). Though Bligh is commonly portrayed as the epitome of abusive sailing captains, this portrayal has recently come into dispute. In her book, The Bounty, Caroline Alexander claims that Bligh was relatively lenient compared with other British naval officers. [2] Bligh received the appointment because he was considered an exceptionally capable naval officer — an evaluation that would prove to be correct — and because of his experience and familiarity with navigation in the area and local customs. The 1787 breadfruit expedition The ship had been purchased by the Royal Navy for a single mission in support of an experiment: she was to travel to Tahiti , pick up breadfruit plants, and transport them to the West Indies in hopes that they would grow well there and become a cheap source of food for slaves . The experiment was proposed by Sir Joseph Banks , who recommended Bligh as commander, and was promoted through a prize offered by the Royal Society of Arts . Sir Joseph Banks was at that time the unofficial director of Kew Gardens . In June 1787, Bounty was refitted at Deptford . The great cabin was converted to house the potted breadfruit plants, and gratings fitted to the upper deck. Her complement was 46 officers and men. On 23 December 1787, Bounty sailed from Spithead for Tahiti . For a full month, she attempted to round Cape Horn , but adverse weather blocked her. Bligh ordered her turned about, and proceeded east, rounding the Cape of Good Hope and crossing the width of the Indian Ocean . During the outward voyage, Bligh demoted the ship's Sailing Master , John Fryer , replacing him with Fletcher Christian. This act seriously damaged the relationship between Bligh and Fryer, and Fryer would later claim Bligh's act was entirely personal. Bounty reached Tahiti on 26 October 1788, after ten months at sea. Bligh and his crew spent five months in Tahiti, then called "Otaheite," collecting and preparing a total of 1,015 breadfruit plants. Bligh allowed the crew to live ashore and care for the potted breadfruit plants, and they became socialized to the customs and culture of the Tahitians. Many of the seamen and some of the "young gentlemen" had themselves tattooed in native fashion. Master's Mate and Acting Lieutenant Fletcher Christian married Maimiti, a Tahitian woman. Other warrant officers and seamen of the Bounty were also said to have formed "connections" with native women. Bligh was not surprised by his crew's reaction to the Tahitians. He recorded his analysis: The Women are handsome ... and have sufficient delicacy to make them admired and beloved - The chiefs have taken such a liking to our People that they have rather encouraged their stay among them than otherwise, and even made promises of large possessions. Under these and many other attendant circumstances equally desirable it is therefore now not to be Wondered at ... that a Set of Sailors led by Officers and void of connections ... should be governed by such powerful inducement ... to fix themselves in the midst of plenty in the finest Island in the World where they need not labour, and where the alurements of disipation are more than equal to anything that can be conceived. — A Narrative of the Mutiny, etc., by Lieut. W. Bligh, 1790, p. 9. Crewmen Millward, Muspratt, and Churchill deserted and were recaptured. Instead of hanging them, the usual punishment for desertion, Bligh ordered them flogged . All three would be among the mutineers. The mutiny On 4 April 1789, after five months in Tahiti, the Bounty set sail with its breadfruit cargo. On 28 April 1789, some 1,300 miles west of Tahiti, near Tonga, mutiny broke out. From all accounts, Fletcher Christian and several of his followers entered Bligh's cabin, which he always left unlocked, awakened him, and pushed him on deck wearing only his nightshirt, where he was guarded by Christian holding a bayonet. When Bligh entreated Christian to be reasonable, Christian would only reply, "I am in hell, I am in hell!" Despite strong words and threats heard on both sides, the ship was taken bloodlessly and apparently without struggle by any of the loyalists except Bligh himself. Of the 42 men on board aside from Bligh and Christian, 18 joined the mutiny, two were passive, and 22 remained loyal to Bligh. The mutineers ordered Bligh, the ship's master, two midshipmen, the surgeon's mate (Ledward), and the ship's clerk into Bounty's launch . Several more men voluntarily joined Bligh rather than remaining aboard, as they knew that those who remained on board would be considered de jure mutineers under the Articles of War . Aftermath of the mutiny Bligh's epic voyage William Bligh in 1814, many years after the events described here. In all, 18 of the loyal crew were in the launch with Bligh; four other loyalists were forced to stay with the mutineers. The mutiny took place about 30 nautical miles (56 km) from Tofua (Bligh spelled it Tofoa). Bligh and his crew attempted to land here (in a cove that they subsequently called "Murderers' Cove") in order to augment their meager provisions. [3] The only casualty during this voyage was a crewman, John Norton, who was stoned to death by some natives of Tofua. Bligh navigated the 23 foot (7 m) open launch on a 47-day voyage, first to Tofua and then to Timor in the Dutch East Indies . Equipped with a sextant and a pocket watch and with no charts or compass, he recorded the distance as 3,618 nautical miles (6710 km). He was chased by cannibals in what is now known as Bligh Water , Fiji and passed through Torres Strait along the way, landing in Kupang , Timor on June 14. [4] Shortly after the launch reached Timor, the cook and botanist died. Three other crewmen died in the coming months. Lieutenant Bligh returned to Britain and reported the mutiny to the Admiralty on 15 March 1790. Mutineers in Tahiti Meanwhile, the mutineers sailed for the island of Tubuai where they tried to settle. After three months of being attacked by the island's natives they returned to Tahiti. Twelve of the mutineers and the four loyalists who had been unable to accompany Bligh remained there, taking their chances that the Royal Navy would find them and bring them to justice. Two of the mutineers died in Tahiti between 1789 and 1790. Matthew Thompson shot Charles Churchill and was subsequently stoned to death by Churchill's Tahitian family in an act of vendetta . Last voyage of the Pandora HMS Pandora , under the command of Captain Edward Edwards , was dispatched on 7 November 1790 to search for Bounty and the mutineers. Pandora carried twice the normal complement of crewmen, as it was expected that the extras would man the Bounty when it was recovered from the mutineers. Pandora reached Tahiti on 23 March 1791. Four of the men from the Bounty came on board Pandora soon after its arrival, and ten more were arrested within a few weeks. These fourteen, mutineers and loyal crew alike, were imprisoned in a makeshift cell on Pandora's deck, which they derisively called " Pandora's Box ." On 8 May 1791, Pandora left Tahiti, spending about three months visiting islands to the west of Tahiti in search of Bounty and the remaining mutineers, without finding anything except flotsam (including some spars and a yard on Palmerston Island ). Heading west through the Torres Strait , Pandora ran aground on a reef (part of the Great Barrier Reef ) on 29 August 1791. The ship sank the next day, and 31 of the crew and four of the prisoners (Skinner, Sumner, Stewart and Hillbrandt) were lost. The remaining 89 of the ship's company and ten prisoners (released from their cage at the last moment by William Moulter, a bosun's mate on the Pandora [5] ) assembled in four small launches and sailed for Timor, in a voyage ironically similar to that of Bligh. They arrived at Timor on 16 September 1791. Courts-martial Peter Heywood, oil painting by John Simpson After being repatriated to Britain, the ten surviving prisoners were tried by a naval court. During the trial, great importance was attached to which men had been seen to be holding weapons during the critical moments of the mutiny, as under the Articles of War, failure to act when able to prevent a mutiny was considered no different from being an active mutineer. In the judgment delivered on 18 September 1792, four men whom Bligh had designated as innocent were acquitted. Two were found guilty, but pardoned; one of these was Peter Heywood , who later rose to the rank of captain himself; the second was James Morrison who also continued his naval career and died at sea. Another was reprieved due to a legal technicality, and later also received a pardon. The other three men were convicted, and hanged aboard HMS Brunswick on 29 October 1792. In other trials, both Bligh and Edwards were court-martialled for the loss of their ships (an automatic proceeding under British naval law, and not indicative of any particular suspicion of guilt). Both were acquitted. Bligh resumed his naval career and went on to attain the rank of Vice Admiral. However, his career was marked by another challenge to his authority as Governor of New South Wales . In 1808, the troops of New South Wales arrested Bligh in an incident known as the Rum Rebellion . Second breadfruit expedition Even before Edwards had returned from his search for Bounty, HMS Providence and her tender Assistant began a second voyage to collect breadfruit trees on 3 August 1791. This mission was again championed by Joseph Banks and again commanded by Bligh, now promoted from Lieutenant to Captain. On this second voyage, they successfully collected 2,126 breadfruit plants and hundreds of other botanical specimens and delivered them to the West Indies . The slaves on Jamaica, however, refused to eat the breadfruit, so the main purpose of the expedition was ultimately a failure. Departing Tahiti on 19 July 1792, Bligh once again successfully navigated the Torres Strait . Mutineers on Pitcairn Island Map showing Bounty's movements in the Pacific Ocean, 1788–1790 Voyage of Bounty to Tahiti and to location of the mutiny, 28 April 1789 Movements of Bounty after the mutiny, under Christian's command Course of Bligh's open-boat journey to Coupang Immediately after setting sixteen men ashore in Tahiti in September 1789, Fletcher Christian, eight other crewmen, six Tahitian men, and 11 women, one with a baby, set sail in Bounty hoping to elude the Royal Navy. According to a journal kept by one of Christian's followers, the Tahitians were actually kidnapped when Christian set sail without warning them, the purpose being to kidnap the women[citation needed]. The mutineers passed through the Fiji and Cook Islands , but feared that they would be found there. Continuing their quest for a safe haven, on 15 January 1790 they rediscovered Pitcairn Island , which had been misplaced on the Royal Navy's charts. After the decision was made to settle on Pitcairn, livestock and other provisions were removed from the Bounty. To prevent the ship's detection, and anyone's possible escape, the ship was burned on 23 January 1790 in what is now called Bounty Bay . Some of her remains, such as her ballast stones, are still partially visible in its waters. Her rudder is displayed in the Fiji Museum in Suva. An anchor of the Bounty was recovered by Luis Marden in Bounty Bay. The Pitcairn island community began life with bright prospects. There was ample food, water and land for everyone, and the climate was mild. Although many of the Polynesians were homesick, and the Britons knew they were marooned on Pitcairn forever, they settled into life on Pitcairn fairly quickly. A number of children were born. Fletcher Christian became the established leader of the community, and followed a policy of fairness and moderation toward all. He wanted the Polynesians to have an equal say in community affairs, and was supported in this by several of the Britons and likely all of the Polynesians. Other mutineers, however, treated the Polynesians as servants, even those of high rank, and attempted to deprive them of land. The natives resented this unfair treatment, which caused relationships between the Britons and the Polynesians to deteriorate. The hostility increased when Jack Williams' wife died, and one of the Polynesians' consorts was "given" to Williams as a "replacement". Despite Fletcher Christian's efforts to maintain peace, the Polynesian men revolted against their British oppressors. In 1793, a conflict broke out on Pitcairn Island between the mutineers and the Tahitian men who sailed with them. Four of the mutineers ( John Williams , Isaac Martin, John Mills and William Brown) and Fletcher Christian were killed by the Tahitians. All six of the Tahitian men were killed during the on and off fighting, some by the widows of the murdered mutineers and others by each other. Fletcher Christian was survived by Maimiti and their son Thursday October Christian (sometimes called "Friday October Christian"). Rumours persisted that Christian left the island and made it back to England. There are other reports that Christian actually committed suicide. Of the Tahitian women, early on, one died in a fall while gathering eggs from a cliff and another from a respiratory illness (thus precipitating the taking of the Tahitian men's consorts). Christian's death caused a leadership vacuum on the island. Two of the four surviving mutineers, Ned Young and John Adams (also known as Alexander Smith), assumed leadership, and some peace followed, until William McCoy created a still and began brewing an alcoholic beverage from a native plant. The mutineers began drinking excessively and making life miserable for the women. The women revolted a number of times — with the men continually "granting pardons" (each time threatening to execute the leaders of the next revolt) — and some of the women attempted to leave the island on a makeshift raft; it swamped in the "bay". Life in Pitcairn continued thus until the deaths of McCoy and Quintal, and the destruction of the still. William McCoy died after a drunken fall. Matthew Quintal was subsequently killed by John Adams and Ned Young after threatening to kill everyone. Eventually John Adams and Ned Young were reconciled with the women, and the community began to flourish. Ned Young succumbed in 1800 to asthma, the first man to die of natural causes. After Young's death in 1800, Adams became the leader of the community, and took responsibility for educating its members. Adams started holding regular Sunday services and teaching the Christian religion to the settlement. His gentleness and tolerance enabled the small community to thrive, and peace was restored to Pitcairn Island at last ... one man, nine Tahitian women and dozens of children. The islanders reported that it was not until 27 December 1795 that the first ship after the Bounty was seen from the island, but as she did not approach the land, they could not make out to what nation she belonged. A second appeared some time in 1801, but did not attempt to communicate with them. A third came sufficiently near to see their habitations, but did not venture to send a boat on shore. The American trading ship Topaz , under the command of Mayhew Folger , was the first to visit the island and communicate with the inhabitants when the crew spent 10 hours at Pitcairn in February 1808. A report of Folger's find was forwarded to the Admiralty —which mentioned the discovery and the position of the island at latitude 25° 2' south and 130° longitude, [6] however this rediscovery was not known to Sir Thomas Staines who commanded a Royal Navy flotilla of two ships (HMS Briton and HMS Tagus) which found the island at 25° 4' S. (by meridian observation) on 17 September 1814. Staines sent a party ashore and wrote a detailed report for the Admiralty. [7] [8] [9] In November 2009 a logbook kept by midshipman J.B. Hoodthorp of the HMS Briton detailing the first contact with the mutineers was auctioned for over £40,000 by Cheffin's Auction House in Cambridge. [10] In 1808, when the Topaz reached Pitcairn Island, only John Adams, nine women, and some children still lived. In 1825, Adams was granted amnesty for his mutiny; Pitcairn's capital, Adamstown , is named for him. On 30 November 1838, the Pitcairn Islands (which include the uninhabited islands of Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno) were incorporated into the British Empire . In 1856, the British government granted Norfolk Island to the Pitcairners for settlement since population growth was rendering their original refuge uninhabitable. As of 2007, Pitcairn Islands is a British Overseas Territory with a small population of about 50 inhabitants. Bounty Day is celebrated on 23 January by Pitcairn Islanders in commemoration of the 1790 burning of the Bounty, and on 8 June as the national holiday on Norfolk Island to commemorate the 1856 arrival of settlers from Pitcairn Island. Crew details Page one of Bligh's list of mutineers - starting with Fletcher Christian . In the 18th century Royal Navy, rank and position onboard ship was defined by a mix of two hierarchies, an official hierarchy of ranks (commissioned officers, warrant officers, petty officers, and seamen) and a conventionally-recognized social divide between gentlemen and non-gentlemen. At the top of the official rank hierarchy were the commissioned officers — on a larger warship, the commissioned officers included the captain, several lieutenants to command watches, and the officers commanding the Royal Marines on board the ship. The Bounty, however, carried no marines, and no commissioned officers other than Lieutenant Bligh himself, who served as master and commander of the ship. As he was effectively the captain, he occupied a private cabin. Next below the commissioned officers came the warrant officers, such as the sailing master, surgeon, boatswain, purser, and gunner, who were as likely to be considered skilled tradesmen as gentlemen. As the senior warrant officer, the sailing master and his mates were entitled to berth with the lieutenants in the wardroom (though in this case there were no lieutenants there); other warrant officers berthed in the gunroom . Like commissioned officers, warrant officers had the right of access to the quarterdeck and were immune from punishment by flogging . They held their warrants directly from the navy, and the captain could not alter their rank. Roman Catholics were allowed to serve as warrant officers, but not as commissioned officers. Below the warrant officers came the petty officers, who were technically ratings like the seamen. The petty officers included two separate groups: young gentlemen training to be future commissioned officers, often serving as midshipmen or master's mates , and tradesmen working as skilled assistants to the warrant officers. Although the young gentlemen technically were ratings, holding a rank below warrant officers at the mercy of the captain, as aspiring future commissioned officers they were considered socially superior and were often given a watch (with authority over some warrant officers) or a minor command. Finally, at the bottom of the hierarchical tree, were the seamen , divided into Able Seamen and Ordinary Seamen . Aboard some vessels, an even lower grade existed called Landsman, who were seamen-in-training with very little or no naval skill. Note, however, that the young gentlemen might also be rated as seamen rather than midshipmen on the ship's books, though they were still considered the social superiors of the seamen, petty officers (excluding other young gentlemen), and most warrant officers, and could be given authority over them. In the immediate wake of the mutiny, all but four of the loyal crew joined Captain Bligh in the long boat for the voyage to Timor, and eventually made it safely back to England unless otherwise noted in the table below. Four were detained against their will on the Bounty for their needed skills and for lack of space on the long boat. The mutineers first returned to Tahiti, where most of the survivors were later captured by the Pandora and taken to England for trial. Nine mutineers continued their flight from the law and eventually settled Pitcairn Island, where all but one died before their fate became known to the outside world. Crew of the Bounty in 1788-89 Category Crew members' biographical information may be found on the Bounty's Crew Encyclopedia page at the Pitcairn Islands Study Centre (PISC). Discovery of the wreck Luis Marden discovered the remains of the Bounty in January 1957. After spotting a rudder from this ship in a museum on Fiji, he persuaded his editors and writers to let him dive off Pitcairn Island, where the rudder had been found. Despite the warnings of one islander -"Man, you gwen be dead as a hatchet!" [12] — Marden dived for several days in the dangerous swells near the island, and found the remains of the fabled ship. He subsequently met with Marlon Brando to counsel him on his role as Fletcher Christian in the 1962 film Mutiny on the Bounty . Later in life, Marden wore cuff links made of nails from the Bounty. The mutiny in literature and cinema The next movie was Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ), which won the Oscar for Best Picture that year. It starred Charles Laughton as Bligh and Clark Gable as Christian. Another Mutiny on the Bounty was released in 1962 , starring Trevor Howard as Bligh and Marlon Brando as Christian. The 1962 movie is generally considered the least accurate with such historical errors as Christian and Bligh meeting (and subsequently hating) each other at the first sailing of the Bounty, the mutiny occurring in the middle of the day sparked by Bligh's order to let a sailor die of ingested saltwater poisoning rather than be given water set aside for the breadfruits, and Fletcher Christian dying from injuries sustained in the fire aboard Bounty while trying to save the ship. Bengt Danielsson , a Kon-Tiki crew member, wrote What Happened on the Bounty in 1962. A fifth film, The Bounty (1984), starred Anthony Hopkins as William Bligh and Mel Gibson as Fletcher Christian. This film is generally considered the most historically accurate with some of the scenes reenacted directly from William Bligh's own log. Val McDermid explores the fate of Fletcher Christian in her novel The Grave Tattoo. Rasputina wrote the double album Oh Perilous World as faux 1930s musical theater about Pitcairnian mutineer life with thinly veiled, anti-neoconservative allegory. R. M. Ballantyne wrote a novel about the mutineers on the Bounty called The Lonely Island. John Boyne wrote a novel called Mutiny on the Bounty, published in 2008, about the voyage of the Bounty and the mutiny from the perspective of Captain's Bligh's personal young valet. The Bounty on Postage Stamps Pitcairn Island 's first postage stamps were issued on 15 October 1940 [14] with a portrait of the ship entitled "H.M. Armed Vessel Bounty" on the 6d stamp. The third definitive issue of 1964 depicted "H.M. Armed Vessel Bounty" on the 1d denomination, changed to 1 cent in 1967. In 1976 Bounty was shown as "H.M.S. Bounty" on the 10c stamp. Bicentenary Sheetlets and first day covers were issued in 1990 depicting Bounty as "HMAV Bounty". In 2004 a set of stamps and first day covers were issued to celebrate "HMAV Bounty" the 1979 replica then based in Sydney. In 2007 a set of stamps and first day covers were issued to celebrate "HMS Bounty" the 1962 USA based replica. See also ^ "The Pitcairn Islands Philatelic Bureau" . http://www.stamps.gov.pn/ . Dening, Greg (1992-06-26). Mr. Bligh's Bad Language: Passion, Power and Theatre on the Bounty. Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0521383707. Alexander, Caroline (2003). The Bounty: The True Story of the Mutiny on the Bounty. Viking Penguin . ISBN 0-670-03133-X. Conway, Christiane (2005). Letters from the Isle of Man - The Bounty-Correspondence of Nessy and Peter Heywood. Isle of Man: The Manx Experience. ISBN 1-873120-77-X. William Bligh - Meuterei auf der Bounty, Erdmann Verlag Tuebingen . Description of actual travel logs by W. Bligh, published 1791 and 1793 by Georg Forster and his father in Berlin as "Magazin von merkwuerdigen neuen Reisebeschreibungen" Further reading Pitcairn Island Study Center William Bligh, "The Bounty Mutiny: Captain William Bligh's Firsthand Account of the Last Voyage of HMS Bounty". St Petersburg, Florida, Red and Black Publishers, 2008, ISBN 978-1-934941-06-5 Caroline Alexander, "The Bounty: The True Story of the Mutiny on the Bounty". New York: Penguin, 2003. ISBN 978-0142004692 Morrison, James (1935). The journal of James Morrison, boatswain's mate of the Bounty, describing the mutiny & subsequent misfortunes of the mutineers, together with an account of the island of Tahiti. Golden Cockerel Press . Walters, Stephen S., ed. The Voyage of the Bounty Launch: John Fryer's Narrative. London: Guildford, 1979, and various private and boutique publishers. Young, Rosalind Amelia (1894; 2003). Mutiny of the Bounty and the story of Pitcairn Island,: 1790-1894. University Press of the Pacific. ISBN 141020846X. External links	i don't know
By which work is novelist Laurence Sterne best remembered?	Laurence Sterne (Author of The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman) Fiction Influences edit data Laurence Sterne was an Irish-born English novelist and an Anglican clergyman. He is best known for his novels The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, and A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy; but he also published many sermons, wrote memoirs, and was involved in local politics. Sterne died in London after years of fighting consumption (tuberculosis).	The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman
In sailing, what would you be doing if you were 'beating'?	Laurence Sterne \| London \| ZoomInfo.com Laurence Sterne + Get 10 Free Contacts a Month Please agree to the terms and conditions I agree to the Terms of Service and Privacy Policy . I understand that I will receive a subscription to ZoomInfo Grow at no charge in exchange for downloading and installing the ZoomInfo Contact Contributor utility which, among other features, involves sharing my business contacts as well as headers and signature blocks from emails that I receive. Web References (160 Total References) UK Travel Search Engine: England, Yorkshire: Captain James Cook, Dracula, York Moors & Yorkshire Dales www.uktravelbureau.com [cached] The talented but eccentric 18th century novelist Laurence Sterne (1713-48) lived in Coxwold at Shandy Hall, now a museum dedicated to his works. Here, Sterne wrote his celebrated A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy, along with his other notable work, The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. ... Sterne died in 1748 and was buried in London. After body had been stolen by body snatchers and sold to anatomists for dissection. When his body was exhumed in 1969 from its resting place in London for transferral to Coxwold, five skulls were found in the grave rather than the customary one, indicating that something rather odd had taken place. Forensic pathologists identified the skull most likely to be Sterne's, which was duly transferred to Coxwold for interment. The world celebrated the tercentenary of ... The world celebrated the tercentenary of writer Laurence Sterne (1713- 1768) in 2013. ... In that brief time she saw and experienced much: a suffocating married life punctuated with a few romantic escapades, a brief but brilliant dalliance with Laurence Sterne, the celebrated author of novels such as The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy and A Sentimental Journey. ... Eliza happened to meet Sterne at the place of Commodore William James, an old India hand, at London's Gerrard Street in early 1767, three months before her return to India. ...	i don't know
During World War I, what was the occupation of E.E. Cummings, Walt Disney, Ernest Hemmingway and Somerset Maugham?	First World War.com - Prose & Poetry - Literary Ambulance Drivers What's New Prose & Poetry - Literary Ambulance Drivers A remarkable number of well known authors were ambulance drivers during World War I. Among them were Ernest Hemingway, John Dos Passos, E.E. Cummings, and Somerset Maugham. Robert Service, the writer of Yukon poetry including The Shooting of Dan McGrew, and Charles Nordhoff, co-author of Mutiny On the Bounty, drove ambulances in the Great War. Sponsored Links At least 23 well known literary figures drove ambulances in the First World War. If the list were expanded to include those working in medically related fields during the war, such names as Gertrude Stein, Marjory Stoneman Douglas, and E.M. Forster could be added. The concentration of famous writers as ambulance drivers is unique to the First World War. W.H. Auden drove an ambulance in the Spanish Civil War and Walt Whitman sat with the wounded of the American Civil War. Novelist Vance Bourjaily and playwright John Patrick drove ambulances in World War II for the American Field Service. But that seems to be the extent of famous author's association with wartime medical matters in other wars. This raises several questions: Why did numerous future literary figures volunteer for ambulance work in the First World War? Why not in other wars? Did the ambulance work influence their later lives and their writing? The answers to these questions tend to shed light on the times in which these writers lived and the changes which occurred in American society during the period of the First World War. The Dismal Past One good reason writers had not joined ambulance services in previous wars was a lack of such ambulance services to join. Although military field hospitals and ambulance waggons were introduced by Queen Isabella's forces in the 1480's, the first organized field transport of wounded during battle in vehicles designed for that purpose did not take place until 1792, when Dominique-Jean Larrey, chief surgeon of the Grand Armee of France, created the first ambulance wagons specifically designed as ambulances. They had removable litters and places for storing bandaging supplies and refreshments. Larrey also designed a pack animal litter for wounded. His basic designs were used by armies worldwide until the advent of motorized ambulances about 100 years later. There were wagons used as ambulances in the American Civil War. At first their reputation was bad. At Bull Run the ambulances were "driven by civilian drunkards and thieves who ran when they heard the guns," one author wrote. As the war progressed, Jonathan Letterman, medical director of the Army of the Potomac, assigned specific ambulance corps to each army corps and ambulance service was improved. The Japanese specifically used Letterman's ambulance plan in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) while the Russians did not have an organized ambulance service. Armies in general in the mid-nineteenth century were not noted for quality medical care. In 1869, Deputy Inspector-General T. Longmore, honorary surgeon to Queen Victoria, wrote in his A Treatise on the Transport of Sick and Wounded Troops that the ambulance systems were the least satisfactory part of the medical department, which itself was the least satisfactory part of the military. A difficulty with ambulances was that a vehicle pulled by an animal was necessarily slow and, with the rough terrain usually found in battle areas, the patient was likely to die from the trip itself. It was more pathetic than glamorous. It was also under military discipline, a status many with artistic temperaments would find disagreeable. A volunteer ambulance service, the Anglo-American Ambulance, was organized by American gynaecologist Marion Sims for service in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71). A civilian volunteer ambulance corp. took six ox drawn ambulances to Cuba in 1898 to serve in The Spanish-American War. It arrived too late for action. The First New York Ambulance Society raised the money. American Red Cross founder Clara Barton went to Cuba to survey the needs and her nephew, Stephen Barton, shipped the ambulances. As the nineteenth century came to an end, the image of the ambulance was about to undergo a radical change produced by the development of the automobile. In 1899 the first automobile ambulance in the world was built for a Chicago hospital. Soon speed was part of the image of the ambulance. The Gentlemen Volunteers of World War I This speed and the novelty of the ambulance helped make driving the vehicle acceptable to young members of the better educated class in the United States. This helps account for the nature of the organizations which recruited the volunteers and the type of volunteers they sought: gentlemen from the better schools. The automobile was so new that many of the young men had to learn to drive before they could serve. "I'm going to France with the Norton-Harjes as soon as I can take a course in running a machine," wrote John Dos Passos in a personal letter. There were three predominant WWI volunteer ambulance groups: the American Field Service (AFS), Norton-Harjes, and the American Red Cross operation in Italy. When the United States entered the war, AFS and Norton-Harjes were both merged into the U.S. Army Ambulance Corps. Many of the future writers left the war rather than join the army where they would have become privates. In the volunteer groups they had been considered "gentlemen drivers" and the equivalent of officers. "Richard Norton is hanging on by his eye teeth," wrote E.E. Cummings to his mother on August 2, 1917, "God help us from being taken over by the American Army!!!!!!" The only famous writer to serve only in the U.S. Army Ambulance Corps was Dashiell Hammett, who perhaps should not be included in the ambulance driver list. He is the only one on the list who did not volunteer for ambulance duty and the only one not to see service in Europe with the accompanying dangers. Hammett was assigned to an ambulance company after entering the U.S. Army, but he came down with tuberculosis and spent the war as a patient in a stateside hospital. The American Field Service started as the ambulance arm of the American Hospital in Paris. Its driving force was A. Piatt Andrew, a former U.S. Assistant Secretary of the Treasury and professor of economics at Harvard University. A mid-1915 agreement resulted in the ambulances being attached to French line divisions. The AFS got an eighteenth century mansion of five acres as headquarters and cut its ties with the American Hospital. AFS had recruited its drivers directly from colleges and universities around the United States. Individual ambulance units were made up exclusively of drivers from particular universities. Thus there were Harvard units, Yale units, etc. The United States declared war on April 6, 1917 and AFS was merged into the U.S. Army on August 30, 1917. While serving as drivers with AFS 151 men had been killed, including 21 Harvard students. There were a total of about 2,500 AFS drivers in WWI. The AFS continued as a legal entity. It offered scholarships to France between the wars, provided ambulance service in France and North Africa in WWII, and since 1945 has operated a student exchange program. The Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps was created through the merger of the Harjes Formation of the American Red Cross and the American Volunteer Motor Ambulance Corps organized in 1914 by Richard Norton, son of Harvard's Charles Eliot Norton. Harjes was A. Herman Harjes, a French banker. Norton-Harjes reported no fatalities among its drivers. The American Red Cross rushed 135 Americans to Italy in December 1917 to drive ambulances serving with the Italian Army. Why Join? Many young men had a strong desire to be in the middle of the action but were not physically fit for acceptance in an army. Hemingway, who had defective vision in his left eye, expressed these viewpoints when, prior to joining, he wrote to his sister, Marcelline, "But I'll make it to Europe some way in spite of this optic. I can't let a show like this go on without getting into it." Dos Passos was so myopic he couldn't see the top letter on an eye chart. War was more dangerous than many thought. After getting wounded, a soldier might be sped off to the hospital by a half blind ambulance driver. Somerset Maugham at 40 and 5'6" was both too old and too short to enlist at the beginning of the war. So he joined a British Red Cross ambulance unit attached to the French Army. One of his co-drivers, Desmond MacCarthy, later became literary critic for The Sunday Times. Some people failed to appreciate that these men entered the war before their country did, risked death, and, in some cases, could not have gotten in the military anyway. The ambulance drivers were criticized for not being in fighting units. This disdain for non-combatants affected the viewpoints of some volunteers. Robert Service wrote that "I did not wear my Red Cross arm band, for I was ashamed I was not a combatant. Though I did not want to kill I was willing to take a chance of being killed. If I only could get some gore on my uniform I might feel better." There were others who did not want to kill. Dos Passos was one of them. But Dos Passos in particular seemed not to mind chancing being killed. He took many chances far beyond the inherent risks of ambulance driving, which many considered risky enough. Adventure, patriotism, doing what's right, signing up because others in the same school class signed up, and wanting to participate in what was of significance to the world at the time were all reasons for joining. So was escape. Dos Passos"s father had just died, preceded by his mother. He needed to get away. Harry Crosby considered his life at school and home unhappy and wanted to escape "the horrors of Boston and particularly of Boston virgins." The reasons many of these same men returned to participate in Parisian literary circles in the 1920's were completely different from their reasons for entering the ambulance services. They returned to France after the war because it was cheaper to live there, France did not have prohibition, a wilder life could be led, Paris had the aura as the place to be for anyone artistic, there was less censorship, and France had become familiar to them from their time as ambulance drivers. Also the wild life in Paris could be an attempt to avoid facing what had been encountered in war. Some expressed exuberance for the ambulance driving work. However, all the exuberance expressed may just have been to hide from the horrors being witnessed. Three of the American ambulance driver-authors who actually carried dead and dying committed suicide later in life: Hemingway, Crosby, and Seabrook. Although none of the suicides can be directly connected to the war, the proportion of suicides to the size of the group is very high and the war had an obviously strong influence on the lives of the men who later killed themselves. Crosby's biographer Geoffrey Wolff wrote, "Mutilation, vermin, cowardice, relentlessness, insanity, hysteria, and cruelty played in the theatre of his imagination from the time of Verdun till the end of his life, and they were prompted by war." Cowley believed Crosby's suicide related specifically to November 22, 1917, when a shell seriously wounded a man standing beside Crosbyand then, as he drove some of the wounded from the area, shells continued to burst all around his ambulance. Crosby himself said it was that night that changed him from a boy into a man. Could that be true not only regarding Crosbybut also in regard to Seabrook and to Hemingway? Hemingway was seriously wounded by a shell which killed men near him. War in Writings The First World War played a major role in the writings of the men who served in that war's volunteer ambulance corps. War can provide the basic impetus that gets a person started toward becoming a writer. But most soldiers don't have the leisure to contemplate the fundamental elements war can bring a person face to face with. But being an ambulance driver by its very nature made a person feel more like a spectator than a participant. There were times to think while ambulance driving or while waiting to drive. Thoughts lead naturally to the desire to put those thoughts on paper. One thing Maugham did while idling near Dunkirk was correct the proofs of his novel Of Human Bondage. Principal characters in Dos Passos' 1919 follow his own history of serving first with Norton-Harjes in France then with The American Red Cross in Italy. The 42nd Parallel had ended with its main character headed to France to drive an ambulance. His first novel, One Man's Initiation, 1917, was about the war. The primary character in Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms like Hemingway himself is wounded while serving as an ambulance driver in Italy and falls in love with his nurse in the hospital. Both Dos Passos and Hemingway returned later in their writing to WWI. Robert Service's Rhymes of a Red Cross Man were derived from his own experience. The Enormous Room by E.E. Cummings was about his time in a French prison. Charles Nordhoff began his writing career when his accounts of his ambulance service were published in The Atlantic Monthly. His co-author of Mutiny on the Bounty, Charles Norman Hall, served in the Lafayette Escadrille and also wrote accounts of the war for The Atlantic Monthly. Gertrude Stein wrote about her WWI work in The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas. Dorothea Canfield Fisher wrote simple stories in Braille for blinded French soldiers. She also wrote Home Fires and The Day of Glory about the war. John Masefield wrote The Old Front Line and The Battle of the Somme. The war helped produce an international group of wanderers. The tradition had been broken of settling down to work and family after finishing formal education. The former ambulance drivers could not seem to keep still. Dos Passos bounced all over the place. Hemingway kept going back to France, Italy, and Spain. Seabrook was perhaps the most exotic traveller, living with North African Bedouins, with devil worshipers in Kurdistan, and with voodoo believers in Haiti. Sidney Howard served in ambulance corps both in France and in the Balkans. Later he translated works from Spanish, French, German, and Hungarian. When the writers did go home, it was with thoughts of travel, excitement, and war in their minds, pens, and Smith-Coronas. And they found they could not stay home. "We literary men have been very evil, writing about war," wrote Masefield in a letter to his wife early in the war, "To fight is bad enough, but it has its manly side, but to let the mind dwell on it and peck its carrion and write of it is a devilish, unmanly thing, and that's what we've been doing, ever since we had leisure, circa 1850." The literary generation of the war became the first true generation of American writers. But it was a generation adrift; first into the alcoholism and sexual freedom of the 1920's and then into the radicalism of the 1930's. Instead of a derivative European voice or a regional voice, America had grown to the maturity of having a national literature. Ambulance service in WWI had helped to mould the outlook of that literary generation. They in turn helped mould the outlook of future American generations. Writers Who Were Ambulance Drivers in WWI Ernest Hemingway	ambulance drivers
Who played the 'Scarecrow' in the Judy Garland film, 'The Wizard Of Oz'?	First World War.com - Prose & Poetry - Literary Ambulance Drivers What's New Prose & Poetry - Literary Ambulance Drivers A remarkable number of well known authors were ambulance drivers during World War I. Among them were Ernest Hemingway, John Dos Passos, E.E. Cummings, and Somerset Maugham. Robert Service, the writer of Yukon poetry including The Shooting of Dan McGrew, and Charles Nordhoff, co-author of Mutiny On the Bounty, drove ambulances in the Great War. Sponsored Links At least 23 well known literary figures drove ambulances in the First World War. If the list were expanded to include those working in medically related fields during the war, such names as Gertrude Stein, Marjory Stoneman Douglas, and E.M. Forster could be added. The concentration of famous writers as ambulance drivers is unique to the First World War. W.H. Auden drove an ambulance in the Spanish Civil War and Walt Whitman sat with the wounded of the American Civil War. Novelist Vance Bourjaily and playwright John Patrick drove ambulances in World War II for the American Field Service. But that seems to be the extent of famous author's association with wartime medical matters in other wars. This raises several questions: Why did numerous future literary figures volunteer for ambulance work in the First World War? Why not in other wars? Did the ambulance work influence their later lives and their writing? The answers to these questions tend to shed light on the times in which these writers lived and the changes which occurred in American society during the period of the First World War. The Dismal Past One good reason writers had not joined ambulance services in previous wars was a lack of such ambulance services to join. Although military field hospitals and ambulance waggons were introduced by Queen Isabella's forces in the 1480's, the first organized field transport of wounded during battle in vehicles designed for that purpose did not take place until 1792, when Dominique-Jean Larrey, chief surgeon of the Grand Armee of France, created the first ambulance wagons specifically designed as ambulances. They had removable litters and places for storing bandaging supplies and refreshments. Larrey also designed a pack animal litter for wounded. His basic designs were used by armies worldwide until the advent of motorized ambulances about 100 years later. There were wagons used as ambulances in the American Civil War. At first their reputation was bad. At Bull Run the ambulances were "driven by civilian drunkards and thieves who ran when they heard the guns," one author wrote. As the war progressed, Jonathan Letterman, medical director of the Army of the Potomac, assigned specific ambulance corps to each army corps and ambulance service was improved. The Japanese specifically used Letterman's ambulance plan in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) while the Russians did not have an organized ambulance service. Armies in general in the mid-nineteenth century were not noted for quality medical care. In 1869, Deputy Inspector-General T. Longmore, honorary surgeon to Queen Victoria, wrote in his A Treatise on the Transport of Sick and Wounded Troops that the ambulance systems were the least satisfactory part of the medical department, which itself was the least satisfactory part of the military. A difficulty with ambulances was that a vehicle pulled by an animal was necessarily slow and, with the rough terrain usually found in battle areas, the patient was likely to die from the trip itself. It was more pathetic than glamorous. It was also under military discipline, a status many with artistic temperaments would find disagreeable. A volunteer ambulance service, the Anglo-American Ambulance, was organized by American gynaecologist Marion Sims for service in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71). A civilian volunteer ambulance corp. took six ox drawn ambulances to Cuba in 1898 to serve in The Spanish-American War. It arrived too late for action. The First New York Ambulance Society raised the money. American Red Cross founder Clara Barton went to Cuba to survey the needs and her nephew, Stephen Barton, shipped the ambulances. As the nineteenth century came to an end, the image of the ambulance was about to undergo a radical change produced by the development of the automobile. In 1899 the first automobile ambulance in the world was built for a Chicago hospital. Soon speed was part of the image of the ambulance. The Gentlemen Volunteers of World War I This speed and the novelty of the ambulance helped make driving the vehicle acceptable to young members of the better educated class in the United States. This helps account for the nature of the organizations which recruited the volunteers and the type of volunteers they sought: gentlemen from the better schools. The automobile was so new that many of the young men had to learn to drive before they could serve. "I'm going to France with the Norton-Harjes as soon as I can take a course in running a machine," wrote John Dos Passos in a personal letter. There were three predominant WWI volunteer ambulance groups: the American Field Service (AFS), Norton-Harjes, and the American Red Cross operation in Italy. When the United States entered the war, AFS and Norton-Harjes were both merged into the U.S. Army Ambulance Corps. Many of the future writers left the war rather than join the army where they would have become privates. In the volunteer groups they had been considered "gentlemen drivers" and the equivalent of officers. "Richard Norton is hanging on by his eye teeth," wrote E.E. Cummings to his mother on August 2, 1917, "God help us from being taken over by the American Army!!!!!!" The only famous writer to serve only in the U.S. Army Ambulance Corps was Dashiell Hammett, who perhaps should not be included in the ambulance driver list. He is the only one on the list who did not volunteer for ambulance duty and the only one not to see service in Europe with the accompanying dangers. Hammett was assigned to an ambulance company after entering the U.S. Army, but he came down with tuberculosis and spent the war as a patient in a stateside hospital. The American Field Service started as the ambulance arm of the American Hospital in Paris. Its driving force was A. Piatt Andrew, a former U.S. Assistant Secretary of the Treasury and professor of economics at Harvard University. A mid-1915 agreement resulted in the ambulances being attached to French line divisions. The AFS got an eighteenth century mansion of five acres as headquarters and cut its ties with the American Hospital. AFS had recruited its drivers directly from colleges and universities around the United States. Individual ambulance units were made up exclusively of drivers from particular universities. Thus there were Harvard units, Yale units, etc. The United States declared war on April 6, 1917 and AFS was merged into the U.S. Army on August 30, 1917. While serving as drivers with AFS 151 men had been killed, including 21 Harvard students. There were a total of about 2,500 AFS drivers in WWI. The AFS continued as a legal entity. It offered scholarships to France between the wars, provided ambulance service in France and North Africa in WWII, and since 1945 has operated a student exchange program. The Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps was created through the merger of the Harjes Formation of the American Red Cross and the American Volunteer Motor Ambulance Corps organized in 1914 by Richard Norton, son of Harvard's Charles Eliot Norton. Harjes was A. Herman Harjes, a French banker. Norton-Harjes reported no fatalities among its drivers. The American Red Cross rushed 135 Americans to Italy in December 1917 to drive ambulances serving with the Italian Army. Why Join? Many young men had a strong desire to be in the middle of the action but were not physically fit for acceptance in an army. Hemingway, who had defective vision in his left eye, expressed these viewpoints when, prior to joining, he wrote to his sister, Marcelline, "But I'll make it to Europe some way in spite of this optic. I can't let a show like this go on without getting into it." Dos Passos was so myopic he couldn't see the top letter on an eye chart. War was more dangerous than many thought. After getting wounded, a soldier might be sped off to the hospital by a half blind ambulance driver. Somerset Maugham at 40 and 5'6" was both too old and too short to enlist at the beginning of the war. So he joined a British Red Cross ambulance unit attached to the French Army. One of his co-drivers, Desmond MacCarthy, later became literary critic for The Sunday Times. Some people failed to appreciate that these men entered the war before their country did, risked death, and, in some cases, could not have gotten in the military anyway. The ambulance drivers were criticized for not being in fighting units. This disdain for non-combatants affected the viewpoints of some volunteers. Robert Service wrote that "I did not wear my Red Cross arm band, for I was ashamed I was not a combatant. Though I did not want to kill I was willing to take a chance of being killed. If I only could get some gore on my uniform I might feel better." There were others who did not want to kill. Dos Passos was one of them. But Dos Passos in particular seemed not to mind chancing being killed. He took many chances far beyond the inherent risks of ambulance driving, which many considered risky enough. Adventure, patriotism, doing what's right, signing up because others in the same school class signed up, and wanting to participate in what was of significance to the world at the time were all reasons for joining. So was escape. Dos Passos"s father had just died, preceded by his mother. He needed to get away. Harry Crosby considered his life at school and home unhappy and wanted to escape "the horrors of Boston and particularly of Boston virgins." The reasons many of these same men returned to participate in Parisian literary circles in the 1920's were completely different from their reasons for entering the ambulance services. They returned to France after the war because it was cheaper to live there, France did not have prohibition, a wilder life could be led, Paris had the aura as the place to be for anyone artistic, there was less censorship, and France had become familiar to them from their time as ambulance drivers. Also the wild life in Paris could be an attempt to avoid facing what had been encountered in war. Some expressed exuberance for the ambulance driving work. However, all the exuberance expressed may just have been to hide from the horrors being witnessed. Three of the American ambulance driver-authors who actually carried dead and dying committed suicide later in life: Hemingway, Crosby, and Seabrook. Although none of the suicides can be directly connected to the war, the proportion of suicides to the size of the group is very high and the war had an obviously strong influence on the lives of the men who later killed themselves. Crosby's biographer Geoffrey Wolff wrote, "Mutilation, vermin, cowardice, relentlessness, insanity, hysteria, and cruelty played in the theatre of his imagination from the time of Verdun till the end of his life, and they were prompted by war." Cowley believed Crosby's suicide related specifically to November 22, 1917, when a shell seriously wounded a man standing beside Crosbyand then, as he drove some of the wounded from the area, shells continued to burst all around his ambulance. Crosby himself said it was that night that changed him from a boy into a man. Could that be true not only regarding Crosbybut also in regard to Seabrook and to Hemingway? Hemingway was seriously wounded by a shell which killed men near him. War in Writings The First World War played a major role in the writings of the men who served in that war's volunteer ambulance corps. War can provide the basic impetus that gets a person started toward becoming a writer. But most soldiers don't have the leisure to contemplate the fundamental elements war can bring a person face to face with. But being an ambulance driver by its very nature made a person feel more like a spectator than a participant. There were times to think while ambulance driving or while waiting to drive. Thoughts lead naturally to the desire to put those thoughts on paper. One thing Maugham did while idling near Dunkirk was correct the proofs of his novel Of Human Bondage. Principal characters in Dos Passos' 1919 follow his own history of serving first with Norton-Harjes in France then with The American Red Cross in Italy. The 42nd Parallel had ended with its main character headed to France to drive an ambulance. His first novel, One Man's Initiation, 1917, was about the war. The primary character in Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms like Hemingway himself is wounded while serving as an ambulance driver in Italy and falls in love with his nurse in the hospital. Both Dos Passos and Hemingway returned later in their writing to WWI. Robert Service's Rhymes of a Red Cross Man were derived from his own experience. The Enormous Room by E.E. Cummings was about his time in a French prison. Charles Nordhoff began his writing career when his accounts of his ambulance service were published in The Atlantic Monthly. His co-author of Mutiny on the Bounty, Charles Norman Hall, served in the Lafayette Escadrille and also wrote accounts of the war for The Atlantic Monthly. Gertrude Stein wrote about her WWI work in The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas. Dorothea Canfield Fisher wrote simple stories in Braille for blinded French soldiers. She also wrote Home Fires and The Day of Glory about the war. John Masefield wrote The Old Front Line and The Battle of the Somme. The war helped produce an international group of wanderers. The tradition had been broken of settling down to work and family after finishing formal education. The former ambulance drivers could not seem to keep still. Dos Passos bounced all over the place. Hemingway kept going back to France, Italy, and Spain. Seabrook was perhaps the most exotic traveller, living with North African Bedouins, with devil worshipers in Kurdistan, and with voodoo believers in Haiti. Sidney Howard served in ambulance corps both in France and in the Balkans. Later he translated works from Spanish, French, German, and Hungarian. When the writers did go home, it was with thoughts of travel, excitement, and war in their minds, pens, and Smith-Coronas. And they found they could not stay home. "We literary men have been very evil, writing about war," wrote Masefield in a letter to his wife early in the war, "To fight is bad enough, but it has its manly side, but to let the mind dwell on it and peck its carrion and write of it is a devilish, unmanly thing, and that's what we've been doing, ever since we had leisure, circa 1850." The literary generation of the war became the first true generation of American writers. But it was a generation adrift; first into the alcoholism and sexual freedom of the 1920's and then into the radicalism of the 1930's. Instead of a derivative European voice or a regional voice, America had grown to the maturity of having a national literature. Ambulance service in WWI had helped to mould the outlook of that literary generation. They in turn helped mould the outlook of future American generations. Writers Who Were Ambulance Drivers in WWI Ernest Hemingway	i don't know
Who played the part of 'Paganini' in the film, 'The Magic Bow'?	The Magic Bow Reviews & Ratings - IMDb IMDb 17 out of 18 people found the following review useful: Better than expected from Australia 9 October 2002 The Magic Bow is usually known as the "worst" of the Gainsborough costumers - to call it that shows how very good all the others are, because this one is by no means poor, though the ending falls a little short. The actresses, who apparently hated the whole thing, don't let a bit of that show, although Stewart Granger looks a bit uncomfortable at times - perhaps the daggy long hair? The main three assume almost identical roles to those in Madonna Of The Seven Moons - Stewart Granger is perfectly content with his mistress Jean Kent until beautiful Phyllis Calvert comes on the scene - then it's watch out Bianchi! In this, he's a poor violinist and she's a noblewoman who falls for him, but is unfortunately betrothed to another, and can not get out of the situation. The whole thing is filled with some very lovely music, and is terribly romantic, probably more so than most of the other costumers. But, the plot is pretty thin, and Granger's performance is a little tired. 9/10 - raised an extra point by both the girls who really give it their all. Was the above review useful to you? 15 out of 17 people found the following review useful: Great film chronicling the life and times of famous Italian violinist Nicolo Paganini from Australia 16 July 2003 This movie is pretty a good costume drama from the Gainsborough stable about famous Italian violinist Nicolo Paganini, set in the 17th century around the time of Napoleon. The Film on a basic level, is a rags to riches tale and also includes a love story, various complications amount as a result. On a technical level I was really impressed with how Stuart Granger did all the violin finger movements and bow strokes himself, all seemingly in synchronization with all the musical selections played in the film. No double or close up shots here, ala Hurmoresque with John Garfield. He's quite convincing as the 17th century violinist. The music in the film is great and a real treat for anyone who likes the violin, (though I'm no expert here, just very pleasing to the ear). The title might be seen as a little misleading, as the bow isn't really magic at all, though I suppose some might beg to differ when talking about a Strativarious. This is definitely one of the better Gainsborough costume pictures. All in all a great film with good performances all around, and I'd give it 3.5 stars out of 5. Just one postscript, if anyone is after a good read I can wholeheartedly recommend Stuart Granger's autobiography "Sparks Fly Upwards". His real life was as much of a drama and adventure as it was in any of his movies. Was the above review useful to you? 11 out of 12 people found the following review useful: Mr. Paganini, Sotto Voce from Buffalo, New York 27 October 2009 The Magic Bow is the alleged story of 19th century violin virtuoso and composer Niccolo Paganini as played by Stewart Granger. Granger looks the part and plays it well, at least what I heard of it. I'm not sure if it was the film or the VHS copy I saw, but the music score drowned out the players during much of the film. It would have helped to have been a lip reader and then only if the players were facing the camera head on. The great Yehudi Menuhin did the playing for Granger and if this had been one of his concerts that would have been just fine. After consulting the Wikipedia article on Paganini I found the Magic Bow to be quite a work of fiction. The plot has Granger as the young violin prodigy, seemingly content with his music and mistress Jean Kent who is also a budding singer. But one sight of Phyllis Calvert, a noblewoman quite a bit above him on the social scale and Granger starts losing sight of his career goals. It also doesn't help that French nobleman Dennis Price is also interested in Calvert and he's willing to back his desires up with a sword. The article contains no mention of Calvert or Price's character, but in real life Paganini and Bianca did have a kid out of wedlock before they broke up. In real life Paganini never married. I'm reluctant to criticize a film knowing that it could be my bad copy, but if it was the original film with the heavy handed soundtrack, be forewarned. Was the above review useful to you? 10 out of 13 people found the following review useful: Additional omitted film credit from Los Angeles, California, USA 12 March 1999 Considering Leonard Maltin's brief review that the music overshadowed the story, it should be noted that the violin tracks were played by Yehudi Menuhin, and arranged into an exceptional introduction to that instrument for impressionable minds like my own at the time. Was the above review useful to you? 4 out of 15 people found the following review useful: Slow-moving romanticized story of classic violinist... from Evansville, Indiana USA 26 March 2001 1st watched 4/22/2000 - 4 out of 10 (Dir-Bernard Knowles): Slow-moving romanticized story of classic violinist named Paganini. The movie seems to want to woo the women and share the man's story but doesn't do either very well. Was the above review useful to you?	Stewart Granger
Who played the Resident Magistrate in Channel Four TV's 'The Irish R.M.'?	‎The Magic Bow (1946) directed by Bernard Knowles • Reviews, film + cast • Letterboxd Review by rsq2000 ★★★½ Film #18 of June 2013 Challenge It’s a shame that IMDB indicates that this movie is a “biography” of renowned violinist Niccoló Paganini since it is anything but. The main focus is his romance with a French aristocrat named Jeanne Vermond, a character who did not exist in real life. Despite the historical liberties taken with this film, the story still proved to be quite entertaining, but the main draw is the music. Yehudi Menuhin performed the violin solos that were mimicked by Stewart Granger. During the musical scenes, I would close my eyes and take in the music since the soundtrack was so powerful. Getting back to historical accuracy, Pagini was known as gambler and a womanizer. Due to…	i don't know
What is 'Mal de Mer'?	mal de mer - definition of mal de mer in English \| Oxford Dictionaries Definition of mal de mer in English: mal de mer [mass noun] Seasickness. Example sentences ‘I have seen all too many a fisherperson's day ruined by the onset of mal de mer, so I wanted to share some tips I've learned over the years.’ ‘Being seasick, or, mal de mer, as the French say, is not fun.’ ‘It has become one of the most popular mal de mer remedies and many say it's the only thing that brings them relief.’ ‘They also have shown in very good studies that the best drug for mal de mer is scopolamine, recently placed back on the market by the FDA in transdermal form.’ ‘Secondly, alcohol is a major dehydrator; heat, wave motion and booze cruising is a sure recipe for spiraling mal de mer.’ ‘He had been feeling definite symptoms of mal de mer, caused more from his previous evening's carousing than from the motion of the boat.’ Origin Which is the correct spelling? lunch Which is the correct spelling? mootch Which is the correct spelling? beach Which is the correct spelling? attach Which is the correct spelling? approatch Which is the correct spelling? butterscoch Which is the correct spelling? drench Which is the correct spelling? huntch Which is the correct spelling? boch Which is the correct spelling? besmirtch You scored /10 practise again? Retry Most popular in the world Australia	Seasickness
Which American actor played a submarine 'skipper' in the films 'Operation Petticoat' 1959 and 'Destination Tokyo'?	What does mal de mer mean? definition, meaning and pronunciation (Free English Language Dictionary) mal de mer; naupathia ; seasickness Hypernyms ("mal de mer" is a kind of...): kinetosis ; motion sickness (the state of being dizzy or nauseated because of the motions that occur while traveling in or on a moving vehicle) Learn English with... Proverbs of the week "Everything comes to him who waits." (English proverb) "Singing is for dinner, grief for lunch." (Albanian proverb) "Heard the question wrong, answered wrong." (Arabic proverb) "The death of one person means bread for another." (Dutch proverb) Related FAQs:	i don't know
In Charles Kingsley's, 'The Water Babies', who made 'Tom' sweep chimneys?	Revising the Fairytale: Charles Kingsley's The Water Babies Revising the fairytale: Charles Kingsley's The Water Babies Siobhan Lam '08, Brown University [ Victorian Web Home —> Authors —> Genre, Technique, and Style —> Victorian Children's Literature —> Charles Kingsley ] Charles Kingsley heavy handedly applies the time-honored tradition of the fairy tale to his famous children's novel, The Water Babies: A fairytale for a landbaby. From referencing fairytales in his title, Kingsley begins in traditional fairytale manner: Once upon a time there was a little chimney-sweep, and his name was Tom. That is a short name, and you have heard it before, so you will not have much trouble in remembering it. He lived in a great town in the North Country, where there were plenty of chimneys to sweep, and plenty of money for Tom to earn and his master to spend. He could not read nor write, and did not care to do either; and he never washed himself, for there was no water up the court where he lived. He had never been taught to say his prayers. He never had heard of God, or of Christ, except in words which you never have heard, and which it would have been well if he had never heard. He cried half his time, and laughed the other half. [5] Dirty little Tom appears to be very much the Victorian anti-protagonist. This graceless scamp lacks all the virtuous morality beloved by evangelical writers and indeed, seems almost unredeemable being neither educated nor religious. One can imagine Mrs. Trimmer and Maria Edgeworth up in arms over Kingsley's introduction of this amoral chimney sweeper. Tom lives a simple life divided between tears and laughter. However, while Kingsley's novel takes a significantly large step away from the grim didactic moralism of traditional Victorian children's literature, The Water Babies remains the work of a faithful British Victorian preacher, for Kingsley's views on faith, morality and education permeate text, producin g a liberal Protestant version of the older religious tracts for children . The mysterious Irishwoman predicts the novel's ending and the underlying didacticism of the book, when she warns Grimes and Tom, that "I have one more word for you both; for you will both see me again before all is over. Those that wish to be clean, clean they will be; and those that wish to be foul, foul they will be. Remember" (13). Tom embarks upon all sorts of adventures underwater, but despite the water babies' fun and games, the lesson for naughty boys and foul men remains as stern as any traditional evangelical writer would have penned: Tom travels to the Other-End-of-Nowhere to forgive Grimes who is stuck in Chimney no. 345 where he is "so sooty, and bleared, and ugly, that Tom could hardly bear to look at him. And in his mouth was a pipe; but it was not alight; though he was pulling at it with all his might" (203) In order to get to the beautiful place, Tom must forgive and rescue someone whom he hates, Mr. Grimes. Indeed, despite the fantastical addition of the living truncheons who guard Grimes' chimney, the reference here to Christian goodwill and forgiveness can hardly be missed. Furthermore, Kingsley refers to cleanliness and dirtiness constantly, both in terms of physical hygiene and spiritual health. Tom feverishly wishes to clean himself so that he may enter the church, "I must be quick and wash myself; the bells are ringing quite loud now; and they will stop soon, and then the door will be shut, and I shall never be able to get in at all" (38). Thus despite Kingsley's frequent reminders to his audience that they are, after all, reading a fairy tale, the narrator's numerous asides closely resemble lessons albeit gently administered. For instance, while Kingsley notes that "There must be fairies; for this is a fairy tale: and how can one have a fairy tale if there are no fairies?" (40), he continues a few pages later to chide his audience: [Tom] too was like some other little boys, very fond of hunting and tormenting creatures for mere sport. Some people say that boys cannot help it; that it is nature, and only a proof that we are all originally descended from beasts of prey. But whether it is nature or not, little boys can help it, and must help it. For if they have naughty, low, mischievous tricks in their nature, as monkeys have, that is no reason why they should give way to those tricks like monkeys who know no better. [59] This blend of the fantastic and reality, the call to suspend logic and believe in fairies and water babies while affirming that no matter how young, children are not mindless monkeys and must be responsible for their behavior continues throughout Kingsley's work and aptly demonstrates the manner in which fantasy merges moral lessons and pure imagination. In fact, Kingsley, a fervent preacher, laid out his aims for The Water Babies in a letter to his friend and 'master' F.D. Maurice , writing: I have tried, in all sorts of queer ways, to make children and grown folks understand that there is a quite miraculous and divine element underlying all physical nature, and nobody knows anything about anything, in the sense in which they may know God in Christ, and right and wrong. And if I have wrapped up my parable in seeming Tomfooleries, it is because so only could I get the pill swallowed by a generation who are not believing with anything like their whole heart, in the living God. [quoted in Prickett, 140] Here, then, is a new kind of moral tale, one wrapped 'in seeming Tomfooleries.' Unlike his predecessors, Kingsley rejects the traditional evangelical tract and uses all the entertaining fantastical elements and light tone of fairy tales to convey his lesson to children. After all, Tom's brushes with greedy otters and Tomtoddies are entertaining in their own right. Finally, Kingsley attaches a Moral to the end of his tale again, in good fairytale tradition. Here, his moral ends: Meanwhile, do you learn your lessons, and thank God that you have plenty of cold water to wash in; and wash in it too, like a true Englishman. And then, if my story is not true, something better is; and if I am not quite right, still you will be, as long as you stick to hard work and cold water. But remember always, as I told you at first, that this is all a fairy tale, and only fun and pretence; and, therefore, you are not to believe a word of it, even if it is true. [214] Kingsley's flippant ending contrasts with the real-life political consequences of his tale. The Water Babies is often credited as the catalyst for the passing of the Chimney Sweeper's Act of 1864 which outlawed the use of climbing boys. In fact, Kingsley's ironic reminder to his audience that they are not to believe any of his tale, "even if it is true" must have been readily recognized by his audience for throughout the nineteenth century, children remained employed in often horrendous conditions whether in factories, as chimney sweeps or other low skill, cheap forms of labor. Perhaps the most fantastical element of Kingsley's fairy tale, written at the height of the Industrial Revolution in England, is its portrayal of the happily employed water babies who clean rock-pools and plant cockles, whelks, razor-shells, sea-cucumbers and golden-combs to "make a pretty live garden" to wipe man's dirt away. Questions Kingsley appears to address parents as well as children in his lessons. What aspects of Victorian parenting does he appear to criticize? How does he think children and adults should interact? How do Kingsley's descriptions of childhood death resemble earlier child deaths told by evangelical tract writers such as Reverend W. Carus Wilson? Also, contrast Ellie and Tom's deaths. What are Kingsley's views on education? Why does Kingsley include pseudo-scientific facts in his tale? For instance, Tom's tears cause the tide to rise ".3,954,620,819 of an inch higher than it had been the day before" (145). Does Kingsley's blatant reminders that The Water Babies is a fairy tale work? What fairy tale mechanisms does Kingsley employ? How does Kingsley describe childhood? Is this a Romantic idealization of childish innocence or the evangelical sinful child? Moreover, Tom's quest resembles fairy tale quests, but could also follow in the tradition of a pilgrimage, the toils and tasks that he undergoes appears similar to that told by evangelical tracts such as John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress. Does this suggest a similarity between fairy tales and evangelical tracts? What is Kingsley's purpose in this blatant mimicry? Related Material Charles Kingsley's Water-Babies and the Death of Children References Kingsley, Charles. The Water Babies: A Fairy Tale for a Landbaby. 1863. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Limited, 1994. Prickett, Stephen. Victorian Fantasy. 2nd ed. Waco, Texas: Baylor University Press, 2005.	mr grimes
To which native American tribe did Chief Crazy Horse belong?	Charles Kingsley’s Commitment to Social Reform Charles Kingsley’s Commitment to Social Reform Dr. Andrzej Diniejko, Senior Lecturer in English Literature and Culture, Warsaw University; Contributing Editor, Poland [ Victorian Web Home —> Visual Arts —> Authors —> Charles Kingsley ] Introduction Charles Kingsley’s concern for social reform resulted from his belief in Christian Brotherhood and intense sympathy towards the unprivileged labouring classes. In his numerous lectures, sermons, pamphlets and novels Kingsley called for co-operative enterprise and morality in social action. Albert C. Baugh wrote that Kingsley’s “books express the stirring social conscience of the mid-century”. (1368) Kingsley derived from Thomas Carlyle his notion of the social responsibility of the privileged classes. Like Carlyle and Benjamin Disraeli , Kingsley opposed the laissez-faire system and believed that the improvement of social relationships could be done by a natural aristocracy, i.e. an aristocracy which arises out of work and education rather than birth or special privilege. Kingsley, who used fiction as a springboard for his religious and social opinions, made his narratives extensions of the tracts and pamphlets he wrote for The Politics of the People (1848-1849) and The Christian Socialist (1850-1851). He was deeply convinced about the need for social reform under the auspices of the Church of England. He strongly believed that moral and educational reform of the working class would eventually disable the militant radicalism of some of its members. Kingsley’s commitment to social reform is expressed emphatically in his three novels, Yeast, Alton Locke, Two Years Ago, and the classic fairy tale, The Water-Babies. “Workmen of England!” When the Chartist movement collapsed in 1848, Kingsley wrote an anonymous poster addressed to the working men of England, assuring them that they were not alone; they were supported by the Anglican clergy who “ sympathized with their plight and believed that their goals were right, even when their means were wrong” (Jones, 172). Kingsley urged the Broad Church to be more committed to social work because England was threatened by a popular revolution if the conditions of the working class were not improved. Kingsley declared readiness of part of the Anglican clergy, whom he called the “working clergy”, to be engaged not only in religious but also in social outreach services for the working class. WORKMEN OF ENGLAND! You say that you are wronged. Many of you are wronged: and many besides yourselves know it. Almost all men who have heads and hearts know it — above all, the working clergy know it. They go into your houses, they see the shameful filth and darkness in which you are forced to live crowded together; they see your children growing up in ignorance and temptation, for want of fit education; they see intelligent and well read men among you, shut out from a Freeman’s just right of voting; and they see, too, the noble patience and self-control with which you have as yet borne these evils. They see it, and God sees it. WORKMEN OF ENGLAND! You have more friends than you think for. Friends who expect nothing from you, but who love you because you are their brothers, and who fear God, and therefore dare not neglect you. You think the Charter would make you free — would to God it would! The Charter is not bad; if the men who use it are not bad! But will the Charter make you free? Will it free you from the slavery to ten-pound bribes? Slavery to beer and gin? Slavery to every spouter who flatters your self-conceit, and stirs up bitterness and headlong rage in you? That, I guess, is real slavery; to be a slave to one’s own stomach, one’s own pocket, one’s own temper. Will the Charter cure that? Friends, you want more than Acts of Parliament can give. Englishmen! Saxons! Workers of the great cool-headed, stronghanded nation of England, the workshop of the world, the leader of freedom for 700 years, men say you have common sense! Then do not humbug yourselves into meaning “license” when you cry for “liberty”; who would dare refuse you freedom? For the Almighty God, and Jesus Christ, the poor Man, who died for poor men, will bring it about for you, though all the Mammonites of the earth were against you. A nobler day is dawning for England, a day of freedom, science, industry. Workers of England, be wise, and then you must be free, for you will be fit to be free. [Maclear, 240-241] Kingsley understood well that mere benevolence and charity were not adequate remedies for the appalling conditions of the working class. In one of the “Letters to the Chartists” published in Politics for the People, Kingsley, using the pseudonym of Parson Lot, recalled Carlyle’s demand: “a fair day’s wage for a fair day’s work”. (136) Kingsley called for a public inquiry the abhorrent working conditions in sweatshops where workers were denied living wages. Yeast Yeast, published in Fraser’s Magazine in 1848 and in book form in 1851, is more of a tract than a novel, in which Kingsley described rural England in the time of Chartist agitation. The plot describes the fate of Lancelot Smith, a wealthy young man, who changes his religious and social views under the influence of Tregarva, a philosophical game-keeper, who acquaints Smith with the social, economic and moral conditions of the rural poor. In the course of educating and converting Smith, Tregarva tells him “But what makes me maddest of all, sir, is to see that everybody sees these evils except just the men who can cure them — the squires and the clergy.” “Why surely, Tregarva, there are hundreds, if not thousands, of clergymen and landlords working heart and soul at this moment, to better the condition of the labouring classes!” “ Ay, sir, they see the evils, and yet they don’t see them. They do not see what is the matter with the poor man; and the proof of it is, sir, that the poor have no confidence in them. They’ll take their alms, but they’ll hardly take their schooling, and their advice they won’t take at all. And why is it, sir ? Because the poor have got in their heads in these days a strange confused fancy, maybe, but still a deep and a fierce one, that they haven’t got what they call their rights.”[. . . ] “ What, in Heaven’s name, do they want?” asked Lancelot. “They hardly know yet, sir; but they know well what they don’t want. The question with them, sir, believe me, is not so much, How shall we get better fed and better housed, but whom shall we depend upon for our food and for our house? Why should we depend on the will and fancy of any man for our rights? They are asking ugly questions among themselves, sir, about what those two words, rent and taxes, mean, and about what that same strange word, freedom, means. Right or wrong, they’ve got the thought into their heads, and it’s growing there, and they will find an answer for it.” [207-208] Although poorly plotted, Yeast contains a strong social commentary and, therefore, it can be regarded as a Condition-of-England novel . Kingsley, who condemned revolutionary ideas within the Chartist movement, called for reforms that would bring about social improvement. Above all, he called for an inner moral reformation which England needed. The novel ends with a utopian and religious stance because Kingsley could not provide a feasible solution to the Condition-of-England Question. A mysterious businessman Barnakill takes Lancelot to the country of mythical Prester John, where he finds answers to his social and religious doubts. It should be noted that Yeast is the first English novel which deals with the problem of unsanitary conditions and disease in the English countryside. In the mid-nineteenth century, the sanitary conditions were deplorable in both urban and rural areas. Few counties had proper clean water supply and sewer drainage, but gradually sanitation became a growing public concern . Alton Locke Alton Locke, Tailor and Poet: An Autobiography (1850) is a denunciation of a social order based on ruthless economic competition and laissez-faire policies . Despite the novel's weak plot and confusing social message, it nonetheless provides a wide-ranging critique of contemporary society, sharply divided by industrial relations. It also suggests that England will overcome the political unrest thanks to a consensus and co-operation between the capitalists and workers. In terms of literary merit Alton Locke is much inferior to Charles Dickens’s Hard Times or Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South , but its social message was important. It expressed the ideas of Christian Socialists, who promoted social reforms based on an active commitment of the Broad Church. However, as Rosemarie Bodenheimer asserts: Alton Locke oscillates wildly between its commitment to the circumstances of working-class life and its yearning for a pastoral world, until it finally collapses into a dream vision that resolves the conflict by changing the meanings of its original terms. In the process Kingsley inadvertently deconstructs the ideological opposition between social conflict and pastoral harmony, producing versions of pastoral that reveal on the one hand its reliance on aristocratic society and on the other its evolutionary connection with human drives to lust and power. [135] Alton Locke makes a major departure from the tradition of the Condition-of-England novels with its emphasis on the ideas of Christian socialism. The focus of the novel is rather on moral issues than economic ones. Following Carlyle’s sartorial metaphors in Sartos Resartus, Kingsley attempts to turn Alton Locke into a parable about the Condition of England. Kingsley, who was well aware of working-class radicalism and even sympathised with it, was very concerned about its possible outcome. Although he scoffed at the upper classes and clergy who led sheltered lives and cared little or nothing about the lower classes, Kingsley presented a conciliatory and conservative tone in his novel, arguing that attempts had already been made to reduce the “two nation” divide. The 1862 Preface to Alton Locke is explicit about it: There is no doubt that the classes possessing property have been facing, since 1848, all social questions with an average of honesty, earnestness, and good feeling which has no parallel since the days of the Tudors, and that hundreds and thousands of “gentlemen and ladies” in Great Britain now are saying, “Show what we ought to do to be just to the workman, and we will do it, whatsoever it costs.” They may not be always correct (though they generally are so) in their conceptions of what ought to be done; but their purpose is good and righteous; and those who hold it are daily increasing in number. The love of justice and mercy toward the handicraftsman is spreading rapidly as it never did before in any nation upon earth; and if any man still represents the holders of property, as a class, as the enemies of those whom they employ, desiring their slavery and their ignorance, I believe that he is a liar and a child of the devil, and that he is at his father’s old work, slandering and dividing between man and man. [xxvi] Alton Locke refers to the days of 1848, when the Chartist movement had for the first time brought the Church of England into direct contact with the industrial problem and with real workingmen. The narrative is full of religious and social rhetorics, which reflect Kingsley’s beliefs and views. Kingsley’s working class sympathies were shaped mostly by Thomas Carlyle, who is embodied in the novel as Mackay, a working-class Scottish philosopher and bookseller. Kingsley’s other significant influence was Frederick Denison Maurice , particularly his book, The Kingdom of Christ (1838), which argued that because religion and politics are interconnected, the church should therefore commit itself to social questions. At the end of the novel Kingsley suggests that Christianity provides the solution to all social troubles. Alton is fully transformed from an atheist and radical Chartist to a Christian socialist. However, this transformation hardly solves the Condition-of-England Question because Alton dies. It only enables his soul to enter the gates of heaven with God’s grace. Two Years Ago The years from 1830 to 1850 were particularly distressing because typhus, cholera, small-pox and influenza spread over England in epidemic waves. Edwin Chadwick’s Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (1842) drew the attention of the reading public to the degrading environment of the urban poor and the mutual relationship between disease and poverty. “The Report” showed that working-class districts were full of “ filth and disease”. Kingsley became active in the diffusion of sanitary knowledge in his sermons, pamphlets and novels. In 1857, he published his third Condition-of-England novel, Two Years Ago, in which he described the cholera epidemic in a fictitious West Country fishing village of Aberalva, which had very poor sanitary conditions. He criticised the laissez-faire system which left the locality unassisted by the central government during the outbreak of the epidemic, but praised the commitment of the inhabitants. The title refers to two significant events in the novel: a cholera epidemic and the Crimean War . The main hero of the novel, Tom Thurnall represents Kingsley’s idea of “ muscular Christianity ”, which promoted cleanliness, personal hygiene, sport and physical fitness as the functional prerequisites of modern British society. Although the novel had an obscure title, a complex and confusing plot, and interruptions by lengthy authorial comments, Kingsley managed to bring to public conscience a conviction that sanitary reform was not only a medical issue, but also a national one, which would significantly improve the living conditions of England and, consequently, her welfare. The Water Babies Kingsley believed in the didactic value of fiction, and therefore, his novel for children, The Water Babies (1863) carries an important message about child labour and social justice. The book, being a nursery fairy tale, was primarily designed for young readers but it also reflected Kingsley’s favourite theme: the working conditions of the poor. Besides, it also revealed Kingsley’s keen interest in aquatic life and Darwin’s theory of evolution . The novel’s central character, Tom is employed as a chimney sweep by the brutal Mr Grimes. Tom is illiterate, badly treated and receives no religious or moral upbringing. However, at a certain point the boy undergoes a spiritual regeneration in his contact with nature. After he has fallen from the chimney, Tom finds himself in the bedroom of a beautiful girl called Ellie, and he confronts his own dirty, sooty body with her cleanliness and neatness. Chased out of Ellie’s house, he falls into the clear stream where he enters a fairy underwater world and is eventually turned into a water-baby, an evolutionary form between sea invertebrates and humans. At the outset Kingsley’s social commentary concerns child labour, education and the lack of the provision of basic infrastructure, including clean water and sanitation, to the homes of the working class. The first part of the tale describes grim Victorian realities: Once upon a time there was a little chimney sweep, and his name was Tom. That is a short name, and you have heard it before, so you will not have much trouble in remembering it. He lived in a great town in the North country, where there were plenty of chimneys to sweep, and plenty of money for Tom to earn and his master to spend. He could not read nor write, and did not care to do either; and he never washed himself, for there was no water up the court where he lived. He had never been taught to say his prayers. [1] The subsequent narrative takes the form of a mystic fantasy addressed to young readers, which explores the possibilities of an alternative world and an afterlife. Although Kingsley criticises child-labour as immoral, he does not show how poor and victimised children could be taken care of. The end of the fable is optimistic. Tom returns to the real world with a great physical and moral strength and a lot of know-how which he has acquired in the fairyland. Again he meets Ellie, who is now a beautiful young woman. So Tom went home with Ellie on Sundays, and sometimes on week-days, too; and he is now a great man of science, and can plan railroads, and steam-engines, and electric telegraphs, and rifled guns, and so forth; and knows everything about everything [....] And all this from what he learnt when he was a water-baby, underneath the sea. [326-327] The finale suggests that Tom will find his place on the sunny side of Victorian life. He will contribute to the development of science and technology for the general welfare of the nation within the framework of muscular Christianity. It should be also remembered that the popularity of The Water Babies helped to pass the 1864 Act for the Regulation of Chimney Sweepers, which imposed on any master-sweep who sent a child to climb a chimney a penalty of ten pounds, a considerable sum of money at that time. Related Material The Water Babies in the context of Victorian discussions of the death of children Conclusion Charles Kingsley, a disciple of Carlyle, was a keen social commentator. In his Condition-of-England pamphlets and novels he made a peculiar contribution to the contemporary debate about the laissez-faire system, the relations of employer and employee, child labour and the improvement of sanitation and hygiene. Kingsley was deeply concerned with the Condition of England, and, as Alan Rauch remarks, Kingsley used fiction as a soapbox for his sometimes radical, but always deeply felt, convictions. His work exuded an optimism that transcended all of the ills facing England and that seemed to suggest that, through all its difficulties, the indomitable English spirit could survive if allowed to meet the challenge of progress in the spirit of tradition. [196] Like Carlyle, he did not want to upset the social and political order of his time, but he called the socially privileged to solve the question of acute poverty, which he felt was at the heart of England’s problems. Unlike the earlier Condition-of-England novelists, Disraeli, Gaskell and Dickens, Kingsley saw solution to the “two nation” divide in the ideas of Christian Socialism , which called for reconciliation between the upper and lower classes through co-operation and effective social service. Kingsley urged the members of the broad Church of England to show a more active concern for the plight of the poor. Although Kingsley was rather vague in his proposals how the excesses of Victorian capitalism could be curtailed by new Christianisation and humanisation of society, an increasing number of people began to look upon social work, community service and humanitarian reform as the manifestation of their faith. References Baugh, Albert C. A Literary History of England. New York: Appleton-Century Crofts, 1999. Birch Pope-Hennessy, Una. Canon Charles Kingsley. New York: Macmillan, 1949. Bodenheimer, Rosemarie. The Politics of Story in Victorian Social Fiction. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988. Jones, Tod E. The Broad Church: a Biography of a Movement. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2003. Kingsley, Charles. Alton Locke, Tailor and Poet: An Autobiography. Cambridge and London: Macmillan, 1862. --. Yeast. A Problem. Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz, 1851. --. Two Years Ago. London: Macmillan and Co., 1857. --. The Water Babies. 1863. Harmondsworth: Penguin Popular Classics, 1995. Maclear, J. F., ed. Church and State in the Modern Age: A Documentary History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Politics for the People. London: John W. Parker, West Strand, 1848. Rauch, Alan. “The Tailor Transformed: Kingsley’s Alton Locke and the Notion of Change”, Studies in the Novel, vol. 25, No. 2, 1993.	i don't know
What was the name of the American spy-ship captured by the North Koreans on 24th January 1968?	40 Years After Capture, USS Pueblo Crew Reunites \| Fox News 40 Years After Capture, USS Pueblo Crew Reunites Published September 06, 2008 Facebook 0 Twitter 0 Email Print JERICHO, Vt. – Ralph McClintock expected only a three-week mission when he boarded the USS Pueblo in January 1968. Instead, he and his shipmates became pawns in a Cold War sideshow when North Korea captured the Navy spy ship and imprisoned its 82 crew members. Some still suffer the physical effects of torture or malnutrition they suffered in 11 months of captivity. McClintock is proud of his service as a 24-year-old communications technician and the bonds he made with his crew mates, but that pride is tinged with bitterness. "We were treated as heroes when we got back, but what the Navy, the institution of the Navy really wanted, in my opinion, is the Pueblo to have sunk," McClintock said at his Jericho home. "When we came back, the Navy now has to look at itself and they don't like to look at themselves." On Wednesday, 40 of the 69 surviving crew members will gather in neighboring Essex for a four-day reunion featuring exhibits and speeches by experts on U.S.-Korean relations. McClintock, the host for the reunion, isn't the only one who is disillusioned. "I think the crew has always wanted someone in the Navy to stand up and say 'Hey, you guys did a great job in a poorly conceived mission without any backup,"' said Skip Schumacher, 65, of St. Louis, a lieutenant junior grade on the ship. Their capture was almost overshadowed in a year that saw the Tet offensive in Vietnam, the assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy, and riots at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. "This was a difficult and humiliating event," said Mitch Lerner, who teaches American diplomatic history at Ohio State University and wrote a book about the Pueblo. "It wasn't just an American ship that was captured. The crew was beaten and publicly humiliated and the U.S. couldn't do anything about it," said Lerner, who will speak at the reunion. The crew kept the military chain of command alive and resisted their captors. They planted defiant codes into forced letters of confession and extended their middle fingers when North Koreans photographed them and sent the images around the world. But when they came home, most of the young sailors acknowledged they gave the enemy more than their name, rank and serial number. "They've been living with that all these years," Schumacher said. A Navy spokesman, Lt. j.g. Thomas Buck, said no appropriate Navy official was available to comment on the criticisms of the Navy's handling of the Pueblo incident and its aftermath. McClintock, then a ham radio operator, volunteered for the Pueblo. He was accustomed to the spy-versus-spy culture of the Cold War, when American and Soviet naval vessels shadowed and occasionally harassed each other. On Jan. 23, after being harassed for a day, North Korean patrol boats opened fire on the Pueblo. The U.S. says the Pueblo was in international water; North Korea says it was in its territory. One sailor was killed by the gunfire. Lerner said the military's failure to protect the Pueblo wasn't sinister. "The American government and the American military assumed this ship would be safe because the Soviets did similar things to us," Lerner said. "No one stopped to think the Soviet Union and the North Koreans were not the same thing." As prisoners, the enlisted men lived eight or so to a room while the officers had private rooms. "Your daily life is so bloody slow, it's like the time you were awake, instead of 12 or 14 hours, it feels like it's 40 hours. But when you go to sleep, it's total freedom, sleep instantly, soundly, never wake up until the next morning," McClintock said. "That's the freedom, just absolute freedom. The dreams are unbelievable. You dream of the good things." Lerner said U.S. officials realized military action would not have brought the crew home alive. "The praise that (President) Lyndon Johnson got for acting like a diplomat was really significant," said Lerner. The crew was released two days before Christmas. Soon after, the Navy formed a board of inquiry to investigate the loss of the ship and each crew member was interviewed. There was a recommendation that the ship's captain, Cmdr. Lloyd "Pete" Bucher, face court martial for losing his ship even though he helped keep his crew together during captivity. Senior Navy officials nixed the court martial proposal. "It was a failure from beginning to end and to blame the men of the Pueblo and particularly the officers was really disingenuous and despicable," Lerner said. The Navy still lists the Pueblo as a commissioned warship, even though it's docked on the Taedong River in Pyongyang where North Korea holds is up as a symbol of resistance to American aggression. Lerner said there have been negotiations, some quite recent, to return the ship. McClintock, 65, looks forward to that day when the Pueblo comes home, as a way to honor their service and Bucher, who died in 2004. "Pete Bucher is buried in Fort Rosencrans (National) Cemetery on Point Loma in San Diego. It looks out on San Diego Bay," McClintock said. "Our dream is to see the USS Pueblo sail into San Diego Bay." Advertisement	USS Pueblo (AGER-2)
To which native American tribe did the great war leader Geronimo, belong?	The Time the U.S. Nearly Nuked North Korea Over a Highjacked Spy Ship \| Smart News \| Smithsonian The Time the U.S. Nearly Nuked North Korea Over a Highjacked Spy Ship The Pueblo incident ended peacefully, but newly unclassified documents detail President Johnson's contingency plans smithsonian.com January 28, 2014 On January 23, 1968, the Navy's U.S.S. Pueblo was coasting in the waters off the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The boat had been sent by Rear Admiral Frank L. Johnson and its mission, approved by then-President Johnson's National Security Council, was to intercept communications from communist North Korea. As part of Cold War reconnaissance, the Navy and the National Security Agency wanted an update on North Korea's military, and the U.S.S. Pueblo—a specialized spy ship packed with advanced sensors and sensitive encryption devices—was the tool for the job. For weeks the Pueblo sat , monitoring Korea's communications. On January 21, the ship was buzzed by a submarine chaser. The next day, a pair of fishing trawlers made an aggressive approach, but they, too, left without incident. A day later, say John Prados and Jack Cheevers, writing for the National Security Archive , the Korean navy showed up in force: Pueblo was not again approached until around mid-day on January 23, when a North Korean submarine chaser followed by three torpedo boats closed on her and ordered Bucher's ship to heave to. The American skipper turned his vessel toward the open sea but the Pueblo, a slow ship, had no chance of outrunning her pursuers and the North Korean warships opened fire with cannon and machineguns. The Pueblo was captured, taken to Wonsan, and Commander Bucher and his crewmen began 335 days in captivity. The attack on the Pueblo, and the major threat it posed to American intelligence security, say Cheevers and Prados, sparked a flurry of brainstorming in the Johnson administration as to how the U.S. should respond. Through a series of recently declassified documents, dug up by Cheevers in preparation for his book, Act of War: Lyndon Johnson, North Korea, and the Capture of the Spy Ship Pueblo , Cheevers and Prados reconstruct the retaliations nearly doled out on the People's Republic of Korea . The Johnson administration considered several risky courses of action to retaliate for the Pueblo seizure. They included a blockade of North Korean ports, air strikes on military targets, an attack across the Demilitarized Zone separating the two Koreas, a phony intelligence leak to the Soviets that the United States planned to attack North Korea, and a "show of force" by U.S. naval and air units outside the port of Wonsan, where the Pueblo was being held. President Johnson shot down these aggressive response plans, deciding instead that diplomacy was the best bet to get the Pueblo's crew home safe. But, says Ohio State University's Mitchell Lerner , Johnson did prepare a number of contingency plans. One of these plans, detailed in a May 1968 document , revealed one particularly striking idea. Cheevers and Prados: In the tense aftermath of the Pueblo seizure, Pentagon war planners weighed using nuclear weapons to stop a possible communist invasion of South Korea, as well as mounting a massive air attack to wipe out North Korea's air force. The nuclear option, eerily codenamed "Freedom Drop," envisioned the use of American aircraft and land-based missiles to incinerate onrushing North Korean troops. “After 11 months of torture and starvation,” says USA Today , “the crew of the Pueblo was released in December 1968 after a series of negotiations with the North Koreans and a false apology by the United States. The crew returned home to a nation weary of war but overjoyed by their safe homecoming.” The USS Pueblo, however, stayed in North Korea. Over the summer, the ship was trotted out as part of a ceremony in Pyongyang—it's been painted, says UPI , and is now part of a war museum. Like this article?	i don't know
Who portrayed the rugby-playing miner in the film, 'This Sporting Life'?	Rugby Movies The Internet is a wonderful thing. With just a few clicks of the mouse, from home, you can now access all sorts of information. While still more useful for pop culture types of information rather than information in detail - you must still rely on a library for that - the technology has revolutionized the way we gain facts and knowledge. The Internet Movie Database is a resource I find myself using all the time, and one uneventful afternoon, while wondering what else I could add to this web site, it occurred to me that I didn't know what, if any, movies on the subject of rugby were available. Sure, the silver screen is lousy with films about basketball, baseball and football, but where are the rugby films? A quick search on the IMDB listed these, a few of which have I seen. You can go to the IMDB entry by clicking on the movie title. Forever Strong - Starring Gary Cole and Sean Astin; set at Highland High School in Salt Lake City, Utah. Larry Gelwix, whom I once interviewed , is portrayed in this. I believe this is the first movie by Americans about American rugby. Anyway, thanks to Bob, my Old Boy friend with a DVD, I finally saw it. It was excellent. Oh, it had a lot of the usual sports film tropes, but at least this time it was about rugby, which was novel. A nit: At one point, just before the match, the coach puts a kid who usually plays winger into the hooker position. No responsible high school rugby coach would do this. Front row positions require training and practice, and hooker, as it happens, is the position where one is most likely to receive a grievous spine injury . (At least in the U.S.) As one hooker friend described it to me, "the scrum position feels a lot like being crucified." The coach who is highlighted in this production, Larry Gelwix, wouldn't do that. Another nit: At one point Highland High is shown playing during a thunder and lightning storm. Any USA Rugby certified referee would end the match. But this is still a wonderful film - it doesn't overstay its welcome, moves right along, has a compelling plot and cast and, best of all, promotes rugby. Well done. Go Dragons! - A Rugby Story - A 45 minute documentary about a gay men's rugby club in Chicago. I liked it because the situations are recognizable to just about any men's rugby club, gay or straight, and it's well-directed. Borstal Boy - A movie about the Irish writer Brendan Behan as a sixteen year-old, when he served time in a British juvenile detention center (a borstal) for attempting to smuggle explosives. There's a scene where the "Army XV" plays the teenage prisoners. It's fairly well photographed and paced, but it doesn't last for long. Warbrick - From an Internet correspondent: "There is a new NZ short film called "Warbrick" that is based on the 1888/1889 NZ Natives rugby team. They went on a tour of 107 matches and were the first to wear the black jersey and silver fern. They were also the first team to perform the haka. The short film touches on the origins of these things which was the NZ Natives although not many people know about their story. There is a trailer on youtube - type in Warbrick and you will see a short trailer." I added the link above - the film is 12 minutes long. Alive (1993): Of course. Probably the rugby-related movie everyone thinks about. So well-covered I've given it its own section on this site! Nando Parrado, a member of the original Uruguayan team, stated in an interview , "If we had been soccer players, we would have died." Later in the interview, this, "...he (Parrado) and the other surviving rugby players have nothing but praise for Marshall's movie: 'He went to the mountain with us, he lived with us, and he treated the story very, very accurately. We wouldn't change a thing.'" I've seen it; it's a good film. I found the crash landing sequence to be much more unsettling than the brief scenes of people eating human meat. (I'm sure I'll think of this film whenever I board a plane.) One wouldn't assume a film that has cannibalism as one of its themes would be something Disney (Touchstone) would do, but there it is... Alive II - Twenty Years Later (1993): This is a "the making of" documentary based on the film reviewed above. You get to meet Nando Parrado and company, and see them playing some Old Boys rugby (which is always a frightening thing). Good viewing for rugby completists, like me. It's nice to see that the survivors pretty much all carried on with life and still associate with one another. Evelyn (2002): There's a rugby match going on behind some of the dialogue at one point, and some characters refer to the match. That's all! If.... (1968): Some shots of a schoolboy rugby match and an otherwise proper and soft-spoken lady screaming for blood. (Rugby does that to people.) The Four Feathers (2002): There's a rugby match at the beginning of the movie, shown when the titles are run. Click here for a photo. There's also a shorter sequence showing some rugby being played in the Sudan. According to the director's commentary, this was included to show that in society, British young men were being groomed for war and violence ("Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton." - Wellington) and onlookers were expected to watch it unemotionally. It's also supposed to show the the relationship of the men later on; who's the leader, etc. The action is pretty good, with numerous cheap shots taking place, but, as usual in what's really not a rugby movie, the sequence is brief. I did enjoy the film! The Motorcycle Diaries (2004): I'm told at the beginning of this film there's a short sequence showing Che Guavara playing rugby. The Final Winter (2007): Andrew Dahl writes: "it's rugby league - other than that it's not that bad - about a player at the end of his career and not willing to let it go." The Omen (1976): There's one shot where Gregory Peck is watching a rugby match in England; it lasts less than a minute, and is suspiciously fast-moving. (They all seem to be way too energetic for the 80th minute.) A play is made off a break from a scrum - somebody yells "Keep that scrum tight!" so that American audiences will know it's rugby - a guy scores a try, the ref blows the whistle and the match ends. On the way to the beer, one of the players looks back, says, "Good game," and gets his face in the shot. ("Look, Mum, I'm in a movie with Gregory Peck!") Just then, Doctor Who (Patrick Troughton), walks onto the pitch, gets his picture taken, and is later impaled by a falling lightning rod. Lots of snarling black dogs. The incidental music sounds like the Mormon Tabernacle Choir singing in Latin. A pretty lame film, all in all. New Zealand vs. England 1905 (1905): From a New Zealand film archive site: "Filmmaker unknown, NZFA Stills Collection. This image is from footage of the test match between New Zealand and England at Crystal Palace, London, on 2 December, 1905. This was New Zealand�s first tour as a national representative side. At half time, the score was New Zealand 9, England 0 and at full-time the score was New Zealand 15, England 0. Only three and a half minutes long, this film is believed to be the earliest surviving footage of a rugby test match." From Internet correspondant Bryce Krug of the St. Louis Hornets RFC: Chariots of Fire "While not a rugby movie, per se, Chariots of Fire has a main character named Eric Liddell (played by Ian Charleson), who is a rugby player. He's the Scottish missionary that won't run on Sundays but who won the Olympic 400 in Paris, 1924. In the movie he's described as being a rugby player and specifically as Scotland's best winger. It's even cooler that it's based on a true story. The Encyclopaedia Brittanica also mentions he was a rugger, and, apparently, he died in China during WWII in a Japanese POW camp." Le Placard (2001): An account from Planet Rugby's "Fact of the Day": Did you know that French film star Gerard Depardieu is currently starring as a homophobic rugby coach in a new film called 'The Closet' (Le Placard)? The film - a huge box office hit in France - is a farce about a character called Francois Pignon, a rugby-playing accountant at a condom factory who, when he learns that he is about to lose his job, pretends to be gay in order that his employers, fearing a potential lawsuit, keep him on. But it is Depardieu, as Santini, the coach of Pignon's rugby team, who has garnered many rave reviews for his over-the-top performance. At one point in the film, Depardieu watches his team go through its scrum drills whilst holding forth about how hard it is for France to defeat "les Springboks" and "les All Blacks". I have seen this film, and it is hilarious. It isn't really a rugby film, but it's a film depicting some rugby players. (Some scrum sled work is shown.) One of them, the head coach of the company's rugby club - portrayed by Gerard Depardieu - has the best line. A normally aggressive heterosexual who has a nervous breakdown when his attempts to become friends with the false homosexual are rebuffed, is admitted to a rest home, where he says "I started a team here but the depressives are too weepy. Crying in a scrum, you can't see the ball." This film features two fellows who are actual French props. My clubmate Frederic Bardot explains: "The shorter guy, Vincent Moscato , used to play for Bordeaux (with the current french coach, Bernard Laporte, as scrum half). They won one championship. He was capped four times for France. They were famous because the forwards had a strategy called the "tortoise," where they would a series of rolling mauls and the ball would be protected like soldiers behind shields. He is now retired and is trying his hand as an actor. He is also in the movie out on DVD called " Druids ": Vercing�torix vs the Romans... Don't bother renting it. The other guy used to play a while ago but I do not remember his club." Tom Brown's Schooldays (1950): This one is notable because it was filmed on the grounds of Rugby School, on the Close where the game (called "punt-about" in this film) is said to have been created. Schoolboy East assures Tom, "This is the only place where football is played properly." The scenes with the schoolboys playing rugby is pretty good: it looks more like a riot than a game, with the sides numbering up to perhaps a hundred. (Big scrums!) I didn't see anyone running with ball in hand - which is curious, since William Webb Ellis is said to have created the game in 1823, and this story takes place in 1834. Anyway, it looks like the main defensive scheme is for a boy to grab the (circular) ball and to lie on it, killing it. At the end of the movie, "Big Brooke," the captain (wearing a schoolboy skull and crossbones) makes his conversion kick and everyone cheers, Tom dashes off down the Close - fade to black, run end titles. By the way, there's an anachronism with boys in this film using the term "punt." My dictionary says that the word, meaning to kick a football, didn't come about until about 1845. The Blood of Heroes (1988): Not really a rugby film in that post Max Mad apocalypse Rutger Hauer and friends play "jugger." (Get it? Not rugger, jugger.) One fellow wrote an intriguing synopsis: "Juggers play a sport which is kind of like american football played on a tiny field (maybe 20 yards) except instead of getting a ball in the endzone, you have to get a dog's skull jammed onto a stake. Oh, and everyone except the Skull Carrier (or Qwik) has big mean looking mallets and poles to smack everyone around with." Okay, so it's spiritually a rugby film. This Sporting Life (1963): Starring Richard Harris, who played King Arthur in Camelot and had a 1968 hit with "McArthur's Park" (you know, the song about the hazards of leaving cake out in the rain). The plot is as follows: "In Northern England in the early 1960s, Frank Machin is mean, tough and ambitious enough to become an immediate star in the rugby league team run by local employer Weaver. Machin lodges with Mrs Hammond, whose husband was killed in an accident at Weaver's, but his impulsive and angry nature stop him from being able to reach her as he would like. He becomes increasingly frustrated with his situation, and this is not helped by the more straightforward enticements of Mrs Weaver." [Some additional trivia from Richard Lowther of Wakefield RFC: "This movie was filmed in Wakefield at the rugby league ground of Wakefield Trinity, now known as the home of the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats. The trouble with being a Wakefield RFC (rugby union) supporter is that most people have only heard of the rugby league club and therefore think that we support them. This is sacrilegious."] This film is difficult to watch. It's bleak, and Harris portrays a violent, inarticulate brute. There are a lot of scenes of Harris slugging rugby players, Mrs. Hammond, doors, tables, walls, etc. Come to think of it, I know a couple of ruggers who are something like this character... perhaps you do, too. The rugby footage is great, but there's only about fifteen minutes of it out of the 130 minutes or so of the film. It's not really a film about rugby - it's a film about pain, both emotional and physical. (Machin has six teeth knocked out of his mouth in the first few minutes of the film - if you fear dentistry you might fidget a little.) For some reason I found the scene where Harris makes an ass out of himself at the posh restaurant especially hard to watch. I must be well-trained by my wife, I guess. Old Scores (1991): A rugby comedy from New Zealand. The following is a summary by James Dignan of Dunedin, NZ: "The movie is a comedy drama. On his deathbed, a Welsh touch judge admits he cheated by allowing an illegal Welsh try to stand in a game against the All Blacks in 1966, allowing Wales to win the match. The NZ and Welsh RFU agree that the only way the incident can be laid to rest is to replay the game in 1991 with the same teams as played in 1966. The film follows the preparations of the two teams of aging players as they prepare to do battle. Probably the only actor known outside NZ in the movie is Windsor Davies (from such British TV series as "It ain't half hot mum"). The cast includes several real former All Black and Welsh internationals, such as Alex Wylie, Phil Bennett, and Waka Nathan." Looks promising to me! (And thanks, James!) Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983): I'm told that in a scene at the school where John Cleese teaches, a match is held between staff and students that doesn't come out very well for the boys. Asini (1999): An Italian comedy. I can't read Italian, but looking at the plot description someone wrote, it takes place in Milan, there's a "Fanatico del rugby" and something about a dog-sitter. But! Internet correspondant Antonio Allegra writes: "Italo is a 40 year-old from Milan, not very willing to grow up; he still lives with his mother and aunt. He is a rugby fanatic and lives for his passion. Now he is forced to give up by his coach, and therefore forced to accept a post as gymnastics teacher in a countryside school. He finds himself in an out-of-time Franciscan community, where boys that don't like to study are raised. (The students are the Asini - which, in Italian, is slang for "donkeys.") By the film's conclusion he will find success in his new job, thanks to rugby. There is a strange character in the film, very hostile to Franciscans and Italo, but then Italo discovers he is also a rugby player - so predictably they become friends). At end Italo has a job, a love (with a woman, not a Franciscan or a rugby player or a donkey...), and he matures. This is my plot, obtained from the incomplete sketch on IMDB and above all from what I remember: yes, I have seen the comedy and it's not bad. Quite fun. Not really a movie on rugby, but rugby is important for the main character and has a role in the plot." Exiles (1999): Described as a Canadian "rock and roll rugby road trip comedy." I have no doubt some of you have been on one of these. The names of one of the characters is "Pee-On," another, "Ken Doll." Up 'n' Under (1998): A British comedy, with a plot synopsis as follows: "The Cobblers Arms have been the best and most feared Amateur Rugby League team for the past ten years. Ex-pro Arthur bets their boss that he could train a bunch of deadbeats to defeat them in a local rugby sevens tournament. But to do so he must first get them into shape with the help of the very attractive Hazel Scott." One reviewer wrote that this was "The blokes' version of The Full Monty," so it sounds promising. ["I found 'Up and Under' very funny... appreciating the rugby humour far more than my friend who finds sport totally unwatchable and spent all the time totally bored. As a former player (and soccer manager) I thought the training and organising scenes were riotous... been there done that! There are some nice one-liners in there... non of which I can now remember, but if you haven't seen it I recommend it." - Richard Lowther] William Webb Ellis Are You Mad? (1971): This is a 27 minute documentary starring Arthur Lowe, who played the priest in Bless Me, Father. Other than that, I know nothing of it. Dalziel and Pascoe: A Clubbable Woman (1996): This one sounds like it might be about spouse abuse, but it isn't. Here's the plot: "Two unorthodox police officers are called to investigate dodgy dealings at Wetherton rugby club after the body of their star player's wife is found dead at home." Wait a minute, maybe it is about spouse abuse! ["'Dalziel and Pascoe: A Clubbable Woman' is part of a BBC detective series. Dalziel is pronounced "Dee Hell," not as it's spelt. Dalziel is a gruff Yorkshireman (aren't we all?) and a policeman whilst Pascoe is the university-educated assistant who despairs of his boss in every imaginable way. The series is very enjoyable... this particular episode really revolved around the social/political running of a rugby club rather the playing side, and from memory (although it has been a long time since I saw it), you don't actually get to see any rugby footage." - Richard Lowther] Ymadawiad Arthur (1994): This one's a sci-fi comedy with a rather odd plot: "In the year 2096, Welshmen lay a plan to kidnap national hero King Arthur from the medieval era, and bring him to the present. By mistake, however, they kidnap rugby hero Dai Arthur (nicknamed "King Arthur") from the 1960s instead." Apparently this one's in Welsh! (I couldn't begin to pronounce the title.) Good try, though, but I think the Welsh are having more success with New Zealander Graham Henry than they would with the Once and Future King... Puddle Cruiser (1996): "A student falls in love with a fellow student who defends him in university court. He proves his love to her by playing rugby with her ex-boyfriend." What? One on one? Number 10 (2006): A South African production; that's all I know. The IMDB entry is not promising... Footrot Flats: The Dog's Tale (1986): Here's the plot: "Featuring the characters from Murray Ball's "Footrot Flats", (New Zealand's most beloved local cartoon strip). Questions to be answered include: Will Wal Footrot win the affections of Cheeky Hobson over the sleazy Spic Murphy? Will the Dog win the affections of the lovely Jess? Will Wal make a good impression on the All Black selectors at Saturday's rugby match? Can Rangi and Pongo save Wal's prize stag from the depths of Blackwater station, home of the Murphy's, their vicious dogs and deadly croco-pigs? All this and more will be answered as the small town of Raupo comes to life on the big screen." Deadly "croco-pigs?" The Departed (2006): I'm told that there's a pretty good rugby scene with Matt Damon as a flanker, who uses good verbal sparring skills that all forwards possess as he questions the sexuality of the NYFD. I Could Go On Singing (1963): Judy Garland's last film. In it her son is shown playing some muddy U-14 schoolboy rugby. The sequence only lasts five minutes or so. Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939): Once again, a brief scene of some schoolboys playing rugby is all that's in here, but this movie is valuable to see because it describes the English school environment in which rugby developed. (Besides being an excellent and worthwhile film, generally.) What I appreciated most were the memorial scenes about the grown schoolboys who became casualties in World War I - a fate shared by many a promising British rugby player. (There is more about this in my review of the book " Rugger, My Pleasure .") While the story of rugby is about athleticism, victory on the pitch, teamwork, colorful personalities, camaderie and social drinking, there is a strong element of sadness, as well. The Commitments (1991) - Okay, I admit: there isn't a rugby ball or a rugby player in it, but it's still a rugby film. See it and see if you don't agree. (That drummer reminds me of ruggers I know.) Internet correspondent Felipe adds: Cry Freedom (1987) - Denzel Washington plays an anti-apartheid activist and has a small scene playing rugby in a township, as 8 man of course! A Dry White Season (1989) Donald Sutherland plays a retired Springbok (fly-half, no less) who is a school teacher that discovers the horrors of apartheid. Not much rugby in this one, a small season with Donald Sutherland's son playing school boy rugby. John Bell writes: "I rented "The Deep" this week, and apart from the requisite Jaqueline Bisset wet t-shirt scenes, Nick Nolte appears in a stylish late 70s rugby shirt with a number 4 on the back, in a cool 'spade' shape (like the Gentlemen of Aspen, I believe)." Guest film critic John "Montana" Thomas, the owner/operator of PropTalk, has contributed the following (my comments in brackets): Tommy Boy (1995) - Beginning while at college, he is wearing a rugby jacket. [This film stars Chris Farley and David Spade. Chris Farley did in fact play rugby for Marquette. Check out my famous ruggers page for details.] The Man Without a Face (1993) - When the boy leaves burnt face Mel Gibson and goes off to private school...he plays rugby. Guest film critic Pete Murray has this: Circle of Friends (1995) - From a Maeve Binchy book about three female Irish university students who were reunited at university in the 1950s. The story line follows a girl (Minnie Driver, who had to gain 30 or so pounds for the role) who lives in a village and commutes to university (in Dublin) via public transportation, and her trials and tribulations of dating the captain and fly half (Chris O'Donnell) of the rugby club. There are two scenes involving rugby, the first (which I missed because I was buying popcorn and soda) was about a 30 second bit of action and the second was of a social held by the club where in many pints of Guinness are consumed and rugby songs are sung. Pacific Heights (1990) - There is a quick scene where Matthew Modine runs up the stairs in the pouring rain to greet a couple who is looking at his apartment. He is in his kit and carrying his boots. I believe he is wearing a number 12 jersey which would indicate him being an inside center. Poor choice, I would have him in a number 10. Also, The Molly Maguires (1970) - An excellent film about the group of the same name in Northeast Pennsylvania. Although the storyline follows Richard Harris in his role as a Pinkerton (successfully) attempting to infiltrate the Maguires who were headed up by "Black Jack" Kehoe (played by Sean Connery.) Harris is torn between what he comes to believe as a righteous cause and his job. But getting to the point (rugby) there is a scene where the guys from the coal mine in the town play the next town/coal mine/company over in a hybrid game of rugby union, Gaelic football, and gridiron. There are some awesome shots of a scrum down where Connery is working his counterpart over with a little bit of the business. At the end of the match there is an obligatory drink-up. [Based upon Pete's recommendation - and the fact that I like Sean Connery - I rented this film. It may be worth noting that it takes place in 1876, and the football game the miners play is with a round ball. But it's passed by hand like rugby, and there's a shot of what looks like a hooker kicking the ball backwards out of the scrum. The "business" Pete refers to is punching with the fist. During the match a Welsh policeman looks on disapprovingly. That doesn't seem right, does it? - Wes] The Sum of Us (1994) - The movie is about a gay rugby (league) player, Russell Crowe, who is looking for Mister Right. The movie opens with a scene from a training session - rugby training that is. I can't tell you how the movie develops because I am not into love stories, especially ones that don't include the fairer sex. The Departed (2006) - SPOILER ALERT! Matt Damon plays a crooked state trooper that is linked up with the Irish mob in South Boston. The rugby scene happens in the first 15 minutes or so and it pits the police against the firemen. Probably 10 seconds or so of rugby action in this film. I take it the firemen win because Damon's character flips them the bird and makes a comment referring to the firemen's success with women in recent years. I suppose there is no drink up because Damon and one of his mates are seen next drinking cans of beer in front of the state house. Tom Hamill adds: Trouble Along the Way (1953): Starring John Wayne and Donna Reed. The Duke, as a disgraced football coach, is given a chance to revive his career at a small, metro-New York college. At one point he gives a dissertation on the history of Gridiron, starting with William Webb Ellis. Murderball (2005): A film about quadriplegics who play full-contact rugby in Mad Max-style wheelchairs - overcoming unimaginable obstacles to compete in the Paralympic Games in Athens, Greece. Best Documentary of the 2005 Sundance Film Festival Another guest film critic, this time Paul Bothwell, from Wales, has this: A Run for Your Money (1949) - Twm and Dai Jones, two Welsh coal-mining brothers from South Wales, win a coal-cutting competition and take a trip to London to see the England-Wales Rugby match, They are supposed to meet a newspaper reporter, Mr. Whimple of the Weekly Echo, played by Alec Guiness, who will be their escort but end up missing connections with their reception committee. In the big city, innocent Dai soon finds himself accompanied by Jo, an attractive con-woman; while Twm meets a Welsh harpist who leads him through many pubs, and Mr. Whimple is led a merry chase, what a job it turns out to be! [According to the Britmovie review, this is one of those Ealing comedies: "The theme was that of innocents abroad, the victims of female confidence tricksters and sponging drunks, with occasional bouts of Welsh male voice singing." - Wes] Also, Grand Slam (1976) - It's about some Welsh rugby fans (is this redundant?) in France on the occasion of a France vs. Wales game. The main ingredients of this one are drunkenness, sex, a brothel brawl, incarceration, dialects that are occasionally difficult for Yanks to understand, lots of smoking and Hugh Griffith's enormous eyebrows. Some comments from Internet correspondent Colin Ip: School Wars: Hero - "I have just seen an excellent movie about rugby, in the same manner as "Remember The Titans" was about high school footie, i.e. based on true events, based on college sports, based on troubles at school, except, the film is set in Japan. The film is called "School Wars: Hero" and is set in 1974 about a retired all-Japan international player who starts his second career as a PE teacher at a Japanese college. The college is overrun by bullies and thugs who terrorise teachers and smaller kids, as well as influence who can play rugby etc. The teacher uses his skills as a rugby player to bring order and respect to the school and to mould a winning rugby team from the school gangs. There are some clich�s, the rugby scenes are excellent and is not, shall we say, played to 1974 rules, but given a more modern context, the thumping tackles, great moves and the modern offside rules being played. You do get a lot of free flowing rugby action from kids who obviously have played for some time. His coaching methods are extreme (perhaps not to the Japanese, though!) but the film is very good and surprisingly moving in some parts as he nearly gives up, perseveres on and, in one instance, convinces a local school thug to change his ways by playing rugby. The ending is poignant and the fun is watching kids do a Japanese Haka." From the website: "A physical education teacher assumes his new post at Fushimi first industrial high school in 1974 Kyoto. Devastated by campus violence, most of the teachers interact as little as possible with the students, but the new guy believes he can constructively channel the teens' anger by forming a rugby team. Despite internal conflicts and setbacks, the team begins to bond, forming a type of family relationship most of them have never known and a national championship may be within their grasp. Directed by Ikuo Sekimoto with a cast that includes Shouei, Emi Wakui, Koutaro Satomi, and singer/actress SAYAKA (of Dragon Head fame), this film is based on real events." Also from Colin, Twin Town - "There is another film with rugby as one of the core themes, "Twin Town," with Llyr Ifans and his brother Rhys Ifans (who also starred in "Notting Hill" as Hugh Grant�s eccentric flatmate and other films such as "Once Upon A Time In The Midlands" with Robert Carlyle and "51st State" with Samuel Jackson). The tag line is: Rugby. Tom Jones. Male Voice Choirs. Shirley Bassey. Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwyllllantisiliogogogch. Snowdonia. Prince of Wales. Anthony Hopkins. Daffodils. Sheep. Sheep Lovers. Coal. Slate Quarries. The Blaenau Ffestiniog Dinkey-Doo Miniature Railway. Now If That's Your Idea Of Thousands Of Years Of Welsh Culture, You Can't Blame Us For Trying To Liven The Place Up A Little Can You? The film centres around the Lewis Twins (the Ifans brothers) who spend their time stealing cars, joy riding, sniffing glue, smoking a bong in a bath, naked(!) and terrorizing the cops in Swansea. Their father, Fatty Lewis, breaks his leg working for a local bigwig property developer Bryn Cartwright, who also runs the local rugby club and regularly enthuses about the golden days of Welsh rugby. Cartwright refuses to pay compensation which results in utter mayhem from the twins, with some classic scenes at the rugby club and during training! Worse than an All Blacks mauling!"	Richard Harris
On which river does the legendary 'Lorelei' lie in wait?	This Sporting Life THIS SPORTING LIFE Fcourt Lawrence Russell This Sporting Life (1963) dir. Lindsay Anderson writ. David Storey (from his novel) cine. Denys Coop edt. Peter Taylor music Roberto Gerhard star. Richard Harris (Frank Machin), Rachel Roberts (Margaret Hammond), Alan Badel (Weaver), William Hartnell (Johnson), Colin Blakely (Maurice), Vanda Godsell (Anne Weaver), Anne Cunninghamm (Judith), Arthur Lowe (Slomer), Jack Watson (Len) Janus an ape on a football field Rugby football: what is it? A game for ruffians played by gentlemen? While it's generally played by young middle-class males (as opposed to soccer which (was) working-class), there is/was a type of rugby known as "Rugby League" played by ruffians of all classes. This is a professional league which exists or existed in the industrial midlands of England, around Manchester, Leeds and Wakefield. Unlike its derivative American Football, the League game neither allows the "forward pass", nor helmets and protective padding. Serious injuries were common, its brutal decorum a perfect expression of the ugly industrial landscape that surrounded its stadiums. Frank Machin (Richard Harris) is a coal miner who makes it into the Rugby League culture, becomes a big star. This is in the early nineteen sixties, just before the Beatles break and the new Britain of the post-war Macmillan era begins to shake free of its economic doldrum. In Wakefield, things are still grim, a landscape of worn row houses blackened by smoke and acid rain, so that they personify the misery of the workers who slave underground in the mines. The only happy spaces are the bombed spaces (from the Nazi blitz) between the housing estates and the muddy fields of the rugby clubs. Machin is boarding with a widow, Margaret Hammond (Rachel Roberts), whose husband was killed by his lathe while working for Mr. Big, a local patrician called Weaver (Alan Badel) who smokes Sobranis, wears cashmere overcoats and drives a Bentley. Weaver is also a major shareholder in the Wakefield professional rugby club known as "The City". It's Machin's masochistic love for Mrs. Hammond and his class-driven clash with the manipulative industrialist Weaver that drives the story, while the implicit class struggle is dramatised by the rugby montage that frames most of the action. The players scrum down in the mud, struggle like two giant crabs locked in combat. Scrum-half Machin sticks his head into the scrum, expecting to receive the ball, but gets an anonymous fist in the mouth, smashing his teeth. The nicotine crowd roars in hatred and satisfaction, a rough blend of opposing desires. Machin lies stunned and bleeding on the ground. The montage cuts to Machin drilling into a coal seam, his mouth rolling rapidly as he chews gum. He leans into the heavy drill like an animal in the throes of sexual congress. He's tough, he's confident, he's a man heading for the top, cutting through anyone and anything that stands in his way. Later he's supported off the field and taken to an off-hours dentist. A gas mask is stuck on his face, his eyes close -- and the nightmare continues. Thus the director Lindsay Anderson uses the gas dream as a point of reference wherein Machin's tragic story unfolds as a series of flashbacks. It's a brilliant move, one which really set the definition for British cinema in the sixties. Anderson may have been a stage director, but his grasp of cinematic montage was excellent. The use of black and white becomes a statement of class warfare. While Machin (read "machine") actually emulates his benefactor/oppressor Weaver -- buys a Bentley, wool overcoat, stud suit and snazzy shoes -- he lacks the cool to handle success. His boorish behaviour might be a result of Margaret Hammond's cold embrace, or the brutish world of the pit and the rugby field... or simply he's a victim of his environment and the rigid tradition of a vertical society. Yet Machin's insolent ascent to stardom presages the sixties revolution in Britain, where rock stars redefined the culture of power. While he's a rough version of "the angry young man", Machin's swaggering confidence marks him as one of the new group of subversives that included Joe Lampton (Laurence Harvey) in Room At The Top and Arthur Seaton (Albert Finney) in Saturday Night And Sunday Morning. Sexual charisma isn't everything, however, especially when possession doesn't mean love. Machin's futile relationship with his landlady is like that of a man who knows he should emigrate but can't leave the familiarity of his birthing grounds, no matter how hostile they might be. Margaret Hammond represents the past, a rigidity of class consciousness and maternal fixation. She kneels before her coal fireplace, polishing her dead husband's work boots, ritualizing a shrine. His failure and death is the embrace that Machin assumes when he takes up with her, but when she dies of a brain hemorrhage in a stroke of fate that explains nothing, Machin is left to wander the rugby field as a bigger slave of loneliness. You last see him in the long view, staggering back to join the pack, the two huge industrial precipitators like monuments in the background. the secret of Margaret Hammond Rachel Roberts as the cold pouting widow Margaret Hammond is the sort of woman that some men can't resist. In the normal scheme of things a young brute like Machin would be playing the field rather than obsessing after a grieving widow. You can see by the parties he attends that he has lots of opportunities and perhaps in the off-camera action he sometimes succumbs. The film gives him no history, no past, so he appears to be a man in search of an instant family -- which is what Margaret and her children give him. The social code of the neighbourhood is a difficult code to break, however. Margaret's coldness is really part and parcel of the working-class discipline that is her cross to bear. To become her lodger's fancy woman is to become a whore. She's a character crushed between the politics of the past and the politics of the future. The sentiment that her husband's death was a suicide leaves the implication that the reason was sexual. What could it be? You can only guess. She recognizes Machin's groupie -- the rugby scout Johnson -- to be a homosexual. "He has soft hands, like a woman's," she says, as if she would know. Johnson knew her husband... but how well is left unexplored. Sex triangle? Thus the enigma of her husband's death becomes part of the enigma of her own death. Machin only strikes her once... yet it's shortly after this that she dies from a brain hemorrhage. No blame is laid, yet the possibility is there, another differential in the mechanism of her doom. When This Sporting Life was first released in 1963, it was generally felt that Harris was doing a Brando Streetcar imitation. Needless to say, history has rendered this judgement meaningless, and Richard Harris quite rightly considers this to be his finest film role. Graduating smoothly from his acclaimed stage persona of Sebastion Dangerfield in The Ginger Man, Harris is superb as "a big ape on a football field" (Mrs. Hammond's description). Whether reading a photo-novel called Cry Tough, or singing "Here In My Heart (I'm so lonely)" off-key at a post-game bar party, Harris is absolutely convincing. The influence of the documentary style of Italian neo-realism is evident. Anderson was an exponent of the Free Cinema movement in Britain which advocated a less doctrinaire approach to subject with a looser form of narrative. Perhaps the symbolism of the spider is a bit crude, and perhaps the final sequences seem stagey and inconclusive. Yet behind the hard walls of the social realism exists a subtext whose mystery tantalizes. Besides the rugger footage, who can forget the scene where Mrs. Weaver (Vanda Godsell) attempts to seduce Machin? It's like Queen Elizabeth trying to get it on with a stable hand. Political sex and class warfare mark the end of this industrial revolution. © LR 1/2001	i don't know
"Which film producer reputedly said, ""Include me, out""?"	Gentlemen, You May Include Me Out \| Quote Investigator Gentlemen, You May Include Me Out Samuel Goldwyn? Herbert Fields? June Provines? Sheilah Graham? Alva Johnston? Apocryphal? Dear Quote Investigator: Movie mogul Samuel Goldwyn was famous for his creative and idiosyncratic use of the English language. Hollywood legend asserts that Goldwyn participated in a complex, protracted, and tense corporate negotiation in the 1930s. But he was unhappy with the final deal, and he expressed disenchantment with these classic words: Gentlemen, you may include me out. Would you please explore this statement? Quote Investigator: When Samuel Goldwyn was profiled in LIFE magazine in 1959 he adamantly denied that he used the expression: “Include me out”. Instead, Goldwyn contended that he uttered the prosaic “Gentlemen, I’m withdrawing from the association.” Yet, the colorful remark has been ascribed to him since the 1930s. The earliest evidence located by QI did not link the phrase to Goldwyn. The words appeared in a newspaper serialization of a 1933 movie titled “Let’s Fall In Love”. Herbert Fields crafted the story and the screenplay of the romantic musical though it was not clear who penned the serialization which was published in February 1934. 1 In the following passage, two characters on a movie set were conversing: Rose Forsell was a temperamental star, and Max was a film producer. Forsell believed that she had been insulted, and she was threatening to return to Sweden while Max was attempting to mollify her. The word “Sweden” was spelled “Sveden” to depict Forsell’s accent. Boldface has been added to excerpts: 2 Forsell was in a towering rage “Ah! So now he insults me! So now I go back home—to Sveden!” Max walked up to her. “Wait a minute, Forsell. Don’t mind what Ken says. I didn’t say it. Include me out of it.” Forsell ignored Max. “And what’s more, I take the first boat back and I don’t never come back.” She turned on her heel and started away. By 1935 the phrase had moved from the realm of fiction to non-fiction. A popular “Chicago Tribune” columnist named June Provines recounted an incident with unnamed participants immersed in a business parley. The specified location was the “Hotel Sherman” which was probably a reference to the landmark Sherman House Hotel of Chicago: 3 It was a small business meeting at the Hotel Sherman. The men had met to sign an agreement, according to Henrietta Singer, who reports the incident. The proposition was written and read to them and all of them agreed except one. He walked away, ostensibly thinking it over. The rest looked at him inquiringly, awaiting his answer. After a long pause he gave it, “Include me out,” he said. Here are additional selected citations in chronological order. In 1936 the influential syndicated Hollywood gossip columnist Sheilah Graham attributed the expression to an unnamed “film executive”: 4 5 “Include me out of this,” said a prominent film executive, stamping out of a recent story conference. In April 1937 Sheilah Graham mentioned the expression again; this time she altered the phrasing slightly and attributed the words to “our pet producer”: 6 Our pet producer recently committed another word-tangle. “You can include me out,” he told his associates. In May 1937 the mass-circulation periodical “The Saturday Evening Post” published as its cover story the first installment of a serialization of a biography titled “The Great Goldwyn” by Alva Johnston. According to Johnston the remark was spoken by Samuel Goldwyn when he quit an association of movie producers: 7 8 He can often put things more forcefully in his own medium of expression than they could possibly be said in the king’s English. An ordinary man, on deciding to quit the Hays organization, might have turned to his fellow producers and said, “Gentlemen, I prefer to stand aloof,” or “Gentlemen, I have decided to go my own way.” Sam said, “Gentlemen, include me out.” In 1944 the industrious quotation collector Bennett Cerf published the compilation “Try and Stop Me” which included the following instance ascribed to Goldwyn: 9 Mr. Goldwyn’s most famous dicta undoubtedly are his “Gentlemen, kindly include me out,” and the matchless “In two words I tell you my opinion of that picture: im-possible.” In 1947 Louis Untermeyer published “A Treasury of Laughter” which included the following entertaining anecdote about Goldwyn that combined two comical remarks: 10 It took place at a long conference of directors, producers, and bigwigs. They were all trying to induce Goldwyn to join them in a project which he disliked. Finally he turned to them and said, “Gentlemen, the best I can give you is a definite maybe.” Then, a few minutes later, he said, “I’ve reconsidered my decision. Gentlemen, you may include me out.” In 1959 “LIFE” magazine published a profile of Samuel Goldwyn at 76. The reporter printed Goldwyn’s emphatic comment that he had never spoken the saying under investigation. Yet, the final sentence in the excerpt below suggested that Goldwyn was not angry and considered situation humorous: 11 “I wish I was smart enough to say some of the things they said I said,” he growls. “None of them are true. They’re all made up by a bunch of comedians and pinned on me. Take that time years ago when I had the fight with the Producers’ Association. I got up and said, ‘Gentlemen, I’m withdrawing from the association.’ By the time I got back to the studio, it was all over town I’d said, ‘Include me out.’ It’s ridiculous. It’s a lie.” Mr. Goldwyn hid something, perhaps a smile, behind his napkin. In 1969 Norman Zierold published a volume about the men who controlled the major film studios during Hollywood’s golden era. Zierold’s “The Moguls” presented the following version of the Goldwyn anecdote: 12 Certainly the most famous of all Goldwynisms is the classic “You can include me out.” This was uttered before members of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, the so-called Hays Office, as they were discussing their labor troubles shortly before the notorious Bioff scandal shook Hollywood. Goldwyn disagreed with the prevailing viewpoint and gave his notice of withdrawal. Many tales about Goldwyn’s remarks were known to Hollywood luminaires, but they were often greeted with skepticism. For example, the star David Niven included a chapter about Goldwyn in his memoir “Bring On the Empty Horses”. He included a set of Goldwynisms, but his tone suggested disbelief: 13 It was long a habit among the jealous and the snide in the Hollywood jungle to ridicule Goldwyn and try by the all too easy manufacture of Goldwynisms to diminish his stature. “Include me out,” “I’ll tell you in two words—im-possible,” “A verbal contract is not worth the paper it’s written on,” “We can always get more Indians off the reservoir,” and “We’ve all passed a lot of water since those days” have become part of the Goldwyn legend, but who can claim to have been present when these pearls of wisdom were dropped? In conclusion, QI suggests two plausible scenarios. In the first scenario, Samuel Goldwyn employed the phrase “include me out” at a meeting of motion picture producers in 1933 or earlier. The phrase was disseminated within Hollywood, and it was incorporated into the 1934 movie serialization. The expression was also given to gossip columnists who placed it in newspapers whence it became widely known. Biographer Alva Johnston firmly attached the remark to Goldwyn in 1937. In the second scenario, the comical remark was constructed by a Hollywood quipster, and it was placed in the 1934 movie serialization. Publicists and/or humorists attributed the remark to Goldwyn and gave it to columnists who dutifully disseminated it. Initially, the remark was anonymous, but Alva Johnston overtly assigned the words to Goldwyn. Perhaps future researchers will be able to refine these scenarios or reveal something unexpected. Image Notes: Screenshot from a trailer for “The Hurricane”, a movie directed by John Ford and produced by Samuel Goldwyn. The trailer and image are in the public domain; obtained via Wikimedia Commons. Image with check mark next to “No” from geralt on Pixabay. (Great thanks to BBC Radio personality and top quotation expert Nigel Rees who insightfully discussed this phrase in the October 2014 issue of “The ‘Quote Unquote’ Newsletter”. QI was inspired to finally create an entry on this topic based on research performed previously. Thanks to Sam Young who noted that David Niven had mentioned the saying attributed to Goldwyn.) Update History: On October 1, 2015 the 1975 citation was added. Notes: Website: IMDB – Internet Movie Database, Movie title: Let’s Fall in Love (1933), Website description: Searchable database of more than 100 million data items about movies and TV, (Accessed imdb.com on October 12, 2014) link ↩ 1934 February 19, Tyrone Daily Herald, Film: Let’s Fall In Love with Edmund Lowe, Ann Southern, and Miriam Jordan, Serialization by arrangement with Columbia Pictures, Quote Page 5, Column 2, Tyrone, Pennsylvania (NewspaperArchive) ↩ 1935 March 27, Chicago Tribune, Front Views and Profiles by June Provines, Quote Page 13, Column 4, Chicago, Illinois. (ProQuest) ↩ 1936 April 22, The Hartford Courant, Studio Bids $75,000 For Broadway Hit: RKO Couldn’t See ‘On Your Toes’ ‘When Originally Offered It for $10,000 by Sheilah Graham, Quote Page 8, Column 1, Hartford, Connecticut. (ProQuest) ↩ 1936 May 2, The Winnipeg Evening Tribune (The Winnipeg Tribune), In Hollywood Today by Sheilah Graham, Quote Page 6, Column 6, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. (Newspapers_com) ↩ 1937 April 27, The Hartford Courant, Hepburn May Bury Hatchet With Press: Star Ponders Ending Long Period of Dislike With Party for Members of Fourth Estate by Sheilah Graham, Quote Page 9, Column 1, Hartford, Connecticut. (ProQuest) ↩ 1937 May 8, Saturday Evening Post, Volume 209, Number 45, The Great Goldwyn by Alva Johnston, Start Page 5, Quote Page 6, Column 1, The Curtis Publishing Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (Academic Search Premier EBSCO) ↩ 1937, The Great Goldwyn by Alva Johnston, Quote Page 16, Random House, New York. (Verified on paper in 1978 Arno Press, New York Times reprint edition) ↩ 1944, Try and Stop Me by Bennett Cerf, Quote Page 45, Simon & Schuster, New York. (Verified on paper) ↩ 1946, A Treasury of Laughter, Selected and Edited by Louis Untermeyer, Section: Joe Miller’s Grandchildren, Page 253, Simon and Schuster, New York. (Verified on paper) ↩ 1959 February 16, LIFE, The One-Man Gang Is in Action Again: At 76 Sam Goldwyn conquers crisis after crisis to produce ‘Porgy and Bess’ by Loudon Wainwright (LIFE, Staff writer), Start Page 103, Quote Page 116, Published by Time Inc., Chicago, Illinois. (Google Books Full View) link ↩ 1969, The Moguls by Norman Zierold, Quote Page 120, Coward-McCann, Inc., New York. (Verified on paper) ↩ 1975, Bring On the Empty Horses by David Niven, Chapter 7: Goldwyn, Quote Page 139, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York. (Verified with scans) ↩	Samuel Goldwyn
The Queen and Princess Margaret were referred to as 'Brenda and Yvonne' by which magazine?	Enter Mr. Goldwyn - The New Yorker Enter Mr. Goldwyn Lillian Ross Alan King, the legendary standup comedian and actor, was in his second-floor dressing room the other morning at upper Broadway's cozy Promenade Theatre, where he was about to start rehearsing a new play, “Mr. Goldwyn,” in which he takes on the title role of the legendary movie producer known for his stubborn independence as well as for his malapropisms (“Keep a stiff upper chin,” “Include me out,” “A verbal contract isn't worth the paper it's written on,” etc.). “I made this place!” King said as he stretched his arms out commandingly toward his accommodations. “I was my own decorator. Look. Posters from my movies, including 'Night and the City' that I made with Bob De Niro. My family photos—my wife, my children, my grandchildren.” He patted a nearby clothes rack, hung with elegant, beautifully pressed clothing on hangers spaced uniformly, with mathematical precision. “My Sam Goldwyn suits and stuff,” King said. “The way that man dressed! Only in the best! With nothing in the pockets. No wallet, no keys. He didn't want to ruin the line of the suit. Everything perfect, the Sam Goldwyn way. Of all those great movie moguls, Goldwyn—the only one of them who owned his own studio till the day he died—cared the most about how he looked,” King said. “He was firm, barrel-chested, with a rigid jaw, strong.” King assumed perfect posture, his face chiselled, looking firm, barrel-chested, with a rigid jaw, and strong. He was called to the rehearsal and headed for a door leading into the theatre. “When they said they wanted me to play Sam Goldwyn, I knew I wouldn't be doing an impression. I will do Goldwyn the way I see Goldwyn. The way I know Goldwyn. I've been at this for sixty years. As Billy Wilder said, 'You don't become Sam Goldwyn just by saying “Include me out.” ' I gotta give Sam Goldwyn a soul.” He stood briefly at the back of the theatre, regarding the set, a replication of Goldwyn's office: floor-to-ceiling mahogany bookshelves; floor-to-ceiling windows; a huge desk with a red leather top, a telephone, and an intercom. “As Goldwyn, I gotta get outside myself,” King said. “This isn't Lear. I get to strut. I never met Goldwyn, but I saw him once, in 1956. I was with Judy Garland in London, where we did the Palladium together for sixteen weeks. One day we were walking on Bond Street, and we saw Goldwyn, dressed, as usual, to the nines. We watched him go into a little shop and come out carrying a package. So I went in and asked what he had bought. It was Zizanie cologne. I bought some. If it was good enough for Sam Goldwyn, it was my sweet smell of success. I've used it ever since—it's in my dressing room right now.” King waved genially to his director, Gene Saks, and to the play's authors, Marsha Lebby and John Lollos, waiting in the otherwise deserted orchestra seats. “Goldwyn was one of the great moguls,” King said. “All of them camefrom Eastern Europe, within a five-hundred-mile radius of each other. Men of great egos! Very opinionated! “I gotta find the humanity in this man!” he said, strutting toward the stage. “All I have to do is think of my own father. Goldwyn came from Poland. My father came from Poland. Goldwyn worked in Gloversville, making leather gloves. My father made leather handbags. Goldwyn fractured the English language. So did my father. My father said, 'You don't have to follow anybody—you can be your own somebody.' Goldwyn embodies that. This play takes place in 1952, the year television was coming in, and people in the movie industry were frightened. But Sam Goldwyn felt nothing would ever replace movies! He felt everybody needed movies!” “Mr. Goldwyn” is a two-character play, with Goldwyn intermittently addressing the audience and also his secretary, Helen, played by Lauren Klein. In the play, Goldwyn is producing the movie “Hans Christian Andersen,” starring Danny Kaye. Onstage, King, as Goldwyn, said forcefully: “Everybody seems to think I'm crazy making this picture. I was at a cocktail party two weeks ago. Some kid with a crewcut comes up to me and he says to me, like he knows me, 'Hello, Sam!' What right does this guy get to call me Sam? My children call me Mr. Goldwyn. He says to me, 'Sam, I hear you're making “Hans Christian Andersen.” That's a family picture, isn't it, Sam?' I say, 'Yes, it's a family picture.' He says, 'I certainly admire your courage, Sam. Our testing indicates that there is no audience for family pictures. Today people are staying home and watching television. Today's movie audiences want sex.' “ King, as Goldwyn, barrelled his chest and said to the audience, “Sex you should have at home. For pleasure, you go to the movies!” “Good, Alan, very good,” Saks said, laughing. They then worked on a scene of Goldwyn waiting in his office for a telephone call about how the New York opening of “Hans Christian Andersen” has gone. Over the intercom, Goldwyn tells his secretary that he won't leave until the call comes in. Helen's voice on the intercom: “You can't be late for the Eisenhowers.” Goldwyn, yelling at the intercom: “Why can't I be late for the Eisenhowers? You know how many war bonds I bought for that man? Besides, he's not the President yet.” King was shouting at the intercom as Helen entered. He quickly turned to the door. “It's a little too fast, Alan,” Gene Saks said. “Maybe do a take? Do you know how to do a take?” “Do I know how to do a take?” King said deferentially, dropping out of character, abandoning his Goldwyn soul. “Gene, you want me to do shtick?' “Try it,” Saks said, with a respectful smile. “Shtick? A small shtick?” King asked, hesitantly. He did a single take while repeating the last line. Saks and the playwrights laughed. “I can do a double,” King said. “But not a triple. Only Berle can do a triple.” He did a double, from the intercom to the secretary at the door, taking his time as he said the line: “Besides, he's not the President yet.” Everybody laughed louder. “Good, Alan. Very good,” Saks said. “Shtick works.” Lillian Ross joined the staff of The New Yorker in 1945, during the Second World War, and worked with Harold Ross, the magazine’s founder and first editor.	i don't know
Sixty-two people survived which air disaster of 1937?	Eyewitness Eyewitness Scenes From Hell Herb Morrison - Hindenburg Disaster, 1937 One of the most famous broadcasts in the history of radio journalism is Herb Morrison’s 1937 eyewitness report of the explosion and crash of the German passenger airship, Hindenburg. On May 6, 1937, while preparing to land at the Lakehurst Naval Air Station in New Jersey, the Hindenburg burst into flames and crashed to the ground, killing thirty-five of the ninety-seven people on board and one member of the ground crew. Chicago radio station WLS had sent reporter Herb Morrison and sound engineer Charles Nehlsen to record the landing which was being celebrated as the first anniversary of the inauguration of transatlantic passenger service and the opening of the 1937 season. Morrison’s professional demeanor as he described the landing gave way to an emotional outburst of exclamations after the Hindenburg caught fire. Shaken and horrified, Morrison continued to record, struggling to compose himself as a hellish scene of fiery death unfolded before his eyes. Excerpts from audio recording of radio report on the Hindenburg disaster, May 6, 1937 Reporter Herb Morrison: “It’s fire and it crashing! . . . This is the worst of the worst catastrophes in the world! Oh, it’s crashing . . . oh, four or five hundred feet into the sky, and it’s a terrific crash, ladies and gentlemen. There’s smoke, and there’s flames, now, and the frame is crashing to the ground, not quite to the mooring mast. Oh, the humanity, and all the passengers screaming around here! . . . I can’t talk, ladies and gentlemen. Honest, it’s just laying there, a mass of smoking wreckage, and everybody can hardly breathe and talk . . . Honest, I can hardly breathe. I’m going to step inside where I cannot see it. . . .” An excerpt from the original recorded media is available in the Flash version of this exhibit. Later in the broadcast, as reporter Herb Morrison learned that there were survivors, he said, “I hope that it isn’t as bad as I made it sound at the very beginning.” Years later, Morrison recalled that he yelled “Oh, the humanity,” because he thought everyone on board had died; in fact, sixty-two of the people on board survived. Portions of the broadcast were aired for the first time the following day. The original disks on which the recording were made were donated to the National Archives by WLS, Chicago’s Prairie Farmer radio station, and are among the holdings of the Special Media Archives—Donated Materials. Donated Materials in the National Archives [200.1084] .	LZ 129 Hindenburg
What connects Kabul with Peshawar?	2 Living Survivors of Hindenburg Disaster on 75th Anniversary - Darien, CT Patch Enter town name or ZIP Select to search all Patches Police & Fire 2 Living Survivors of Hindenburg Disaster on 75th Anniversary A memorial service was held today in Manchester, NJ, to mark the 75th anniversary, but two elderly survivors of the disaster (which took place when they were boys) won't be attending. By JD Watson (Open Post) - May 6, 2012 7:05 pm ET MANCHESTER, NJ—Though separated by thousands of miles, history has connected Werner Franz and Werner Doehner. Both men, now in their eighties, are the last living survivors of the Hindenburg, the airship that crashed at New Jersey's Lakehurst Naval Air Station 75 years ago on May 6, 1937. At the time, Franz was a 14-year-old cabin boy serving the wealthy passengers as the great airship, the pride of Germany, made its first Atlantic crossing of the 1937 season. Doehner was eight years old and was travelling with his parents, Hermann and Matilde, and his siblings, 10-year-old Walter and 16-year-old Irene. The Doehner boys were the youngest of the 36 passengers on board during that flight. Today, Doehner lives a quiet life as a retiree in Colorado. He declined to comment on this story beyond saying, “I lead a private life. That happened in the past and I’d prefer it stay there.” Franz lives in Germany. He could not be reached for comment. Carl Jablonski, president of the Navy Lakehurst Historical Society, said both men have been invited to ceremonies to mark the anniversary but neither would be able to attend. “Mr. Franz’s health and the health of Mr. Doehner’s wife prohibit either from attending,” he said. However, Dr. Horst Schirmer, whose father helped design features of the airship and is one of the last three people still alive who flew aboard the Hindenburg, is expected to attend the weekend’s events which include a dinner on Saturday night and a memorial service on Sunday. Other guests are expected to include Robert Buchanan of Waretown, a surviving member of the ground landing crew that day; Alexander Pruss, grandson of Hindenburg captain Max Pruss; Mary Alice Noone, grand-daughter of passenger J.B. Dolan who perished; and Rick Zitarosa, the society's historian. Both Doehner and Franz have spoken about the crash previously, however. Barbara Moreau, a retired third grade teacher in the Toms River School District and now a volunteer with the Ocean County Historical Society recalled the day, a few years ago, when she took a number of members of the Society’s junior members on a tour of the crash site in Lakehurst. “We were told that both Werner Doehner and Werner Franz were both alive. I asked where they lived and were told they couldn’t tell us that,” she recalled. “That was all I needed to hear,” she chuckled. With a little amateur sleuthing, she tracked down Doehner’s address and sent him a letter of introduction on behalf of the junior members. “I wrote him and sent a photo of the kids out at Lakehurst, a picture of the marker, pictures of a few artifacts we have. We said, ‘we just want to know, are you well?’” A few weeks letter, he sent a letter in reply, “thanking us for our letter and the pictures.” The children were overjoyed. Moreau and the children decided to continue the correspondence. “We made a scrapbook of photos of artifacts. He was really touched and replied with photos of him with his brother and sister and a charred postcard his father had mailed to their address in Mexico City,” where the family lived for the father’s business interests. After successfully contacting Doehner, Moreau decided to try to find Franz. “Through mutual friends in Germany, we were able to track him down. We got the German teacher in Lacey to translate what we wanted to say.” He, too, replied to the letter and sent photographs of himself in response. “I asked the children, ‘How do you know it’s him?’ They all said, ‘Look, he’s got the same nose!’” Franz escaped from the crash after a water tank above him broke drenching him and dousing a small fire that had trapped him in smoke and flame. He then kicked out a hatch and jumped to the ground, nearly without a scratch. Doehner and his family were not as lucky. Although the airship would normally have landed early in the day on Thursday, May 6, storms had delayed the airship by nearly 12 hours during the two-and-a-half day passage from Frankfurt, Germany. With temperatures in the 50s and wind gusts up to 25 knots, continued squalls over Lakehurst led the Hindenburg to circle the area late in the afternoon, passing over Toms River, flying out to Seaside Heights and heading up the coast to Asbury Park before turning south to Forked River by early evening. As the barometer began to rise and the winds lulled, the Hindenburg returned to Lakehurst in order to land. Doehner, along with his brother, sister and mother, were in the portside dining room, watching the landing activities. His father was not with them as sailors on the ground crew rushed to secure the landing ropes dropped by the airship. Suddenly, at 7:25 p.m., while the ship was about 200 feet off the ground, the first mushroom-shaped burst of flame appeared just forward of the vertical tail fin. The ship immediately began to settle at the stern as the highly flammable hydrogen gas, which gave the airship its buoyancy, ignited. As the flames spread forward, the entire length of the Hindenburg became engulfed. At 761 feet long, the Hindenburg was only 78 feet shorter than the Titanic, victim of another tragedy only 25 years earlier. The entire airship crashed in a mere 34 seconds. [Editor's note: According to this post on the Smithsonian Institution's Airspace blog, the Hindenburg was 803 feet long.] As the flames spread and the airship began to crash to the ground, Doehner’s mother first threw his brother Walter to the rain-softened sand dozens of feet below and then picked him up to do the same. However, he bounced off the frame of the dining room window and she had to throw him out a second time. As Matilde turned to her daughter, Irene proved to be too heavy and the mother was forced to jump from the window herself, breaking her pelvis upon landing but alive. Irene was rescued from the burning wreckage but later succumbed to her injuries. Hermann Doehner perished in the wreck. Doehner’s brother, Walter, reportedly died in the 1950s. Of the 92 people on board the Hindenburg, 22 crew members and 13 passengers died. One member of the ground crew also died, according to Jablonski. Remarkably, 57 people survived. Of those, only Doehner and Franz remain alive today.	i don't know
Who achieved fame for his ,'Confessions Of An English Opium Eater'?	Confessions of an English Opium Eater by Thomas de Quincey · OverDrive: eBooks, audiobooks and videos for libraries Biography & Autobiography Nonfiction First published in 1821, Thomas de Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium Eater is a memorable book that has achieved phenomenal success and fame all around the world. Today, it is part and parcel of English literature and heritage. The author speaks about his own experience with the substance in what is conventionally considered to be the earliest literary and intellectual examination of the subject. The book starts with de Quincey speaking about his childhood and teen years that he spent mostly as a vagrant strolling through the streets of London. The rest of the work is divided into two fundamental parts that de Quincey entitles "The Pleasures of Opium" and "The Pains of Opium." As their respective titles suggest, the two parts present the positive and the negative sides of opium-eating according to the very subjective view of the author. The first part is related to the early period of de Quincey's addiction when he was completely fascinated and absorbed by the extraordinary effects of the drug and seduced by their incomparable sweetness. In the later phase, however, de Quincey becomes aware of the serious damages that opium causes to physical as well as to mental health.	Thomas De Quincey
Who wrote the 1948 novel, 'The Heart Of The Matter'?	Confessions of an English Opium Eater by Thomas de Quincey · OverDrive: eBooks, audiobooks and videos for libraries Fiction Literature Thomas De Quincy's autobiographical tract Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1821) is an account, you might have guessed, of the author's struggles and glories with opium. Though he was a brilliant and well educated young man, De Quincy - who had left school and was ashamed to ask for help - entered a period of near-homelessness in the dank London streets. This period of destitution resulted in chronic stomach pains, for which he began to take a tincture of opium, or Laudanum, to combat the pain. These Confessions are the result of a decades-long battle with addiction to the drug, divided into two parts: The Pleasures of Opium, and The Pains of Opium. De Quincy's Confessions earned him fame very quickly when it was released 1822. He was exceedingly well-read in the poetry and literature of the 17th and 18th centuries, which his lavish "impassioned prose" reflects. With virtuosity he describes his early years, from youth to maturity, and his early accounts of using the drug, which he did with restraint. The second part, which describes when he was taking enough opium to kill a donkey, details the fantastical and sometimes horrible visions he experienced while on the the substance. "The sense of space, and in the end, the sense of time, were both powerfully affected. Buildings, landscapes, etc. were exhibited in proportions so vast as the bodily eye is not fitted to conceive. Space swelled, and was amplified to an extent of unutterable infinity." His visions took on vast, Oriental themes, often correlated to Coleridge's Opium-induced poem "Kubla Khan." Since no one had studied the effects of drugs in much detail, De Quincey's account was held as the official reference for generations, often generating criticism that he focused too heavily on the "Pleasures." The "Pains" section however, with its visions of horror and grandeur, certainly could be read as a warning against the drug. That said, his work became a sort of instruction manual for experimentation, and may have lead several writers, including Francis Thompson, William Blair, and perhaps Branwell Brontë, to take the drug. Charles Baudelaire's 1860 translation would then spread the influence of the Confessions into the French-speaking realm.	i don't know
Who did Jeremy Thorpe replace as leader of the Liberal Party?	Jeremy Thorpe - obituary - Telegraph Obituaries Jeremy Thorpe - obituary Jeremy Thorpe was a charismatic leader of the Liberal Party who fell from grace in one of the most spectacular political scandals of the 20th century Thorpe outside the House of Commons after being elected the new leader of the Liberal Party in 1967 Photo: GETTY/HULTONARCHIVE 6:02PM GMT 04 Dec 2014 Comments Jeremy Thorpe, the former leader of the Liberal Party who has died aged 85, suffered a fall unparalleled in British political history when a long-drawn-out chain of scandal dragged him into the dock at the Old Bailey, charged with conspiracy and incitement to murder. For once the cliché “trial of the century” did not seem misplaced. Thorpe had been a sparkling and successful politician who had come tantalisingly close to realising the Liberals’ dream of holding the balance of power. In 1974, indeed, he was invited by the prime minister, Edward Heath — whom he had once described as “a plum pudding around whom no one knew how to light the brandy” — to lead his party into coalition with the Conservatives; he himself was offered the post of foreign secretary. It was understandable, therefore, that five years later, at Thorpe’s trial, even prosecuting counsel should have spoken of a “tragedy of truly Greek and Shakespearean proportions”. Tragedy, however, is a large word, implying the destruction, if not necessarily of virtue, at least of some outstanding merit. Only in the context of a man’s entire life can its just application be decided. John Jeremy Thorpe was born on April 29 1929 into a highly political family. He would claim descent from Sir Robert de Thorpe, who was Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas in 1356 and Chancellor in 1371. More to the point, both of Thorpe’s parents were staunch Conservatives. His father John Thorpe, born in Cork, was a KC and, for a few years after the First World War, MP for Rusholme in Manchester. His mother was the daughter of Sir John Norton-Griffiths, 1st Bt, another Conservative MP and one who gloried in the epithet “Empire Jack” — even if he owed his baronetcy to Lloyd George. Related Articles Jeremy Thorpe scandal: New claims over plot to murder Norman Scott 07 Dec 2014 Jeremy Thorpe, however, thought of himself as “three-quarters Celt”; and in keeping with this bias, it was from his mother’s friend Lady Megan Lloyd George that, rather to Mrs Thorpe’s disapproval, he imbibed a romantic attachment to Liberalism. The boy had two sisters, both older; he was brought up as the cynosure of his parents’ eyes. “It never occurred to him,” his mother remarked of his early days in Kensington, “that anybody might not be glad to see him.” Young Jeremy adored his father, but it was his mother who exerted the most powerful influence. A formidable woman, who affected an eyeglass, Ursula Thorpe nursed the highest ambitions for her son. “That monocle!” Thorpe recalled in later life. “We were all frightened of her. I have overcome the domination, and I am damn well not going to be dominated again.” Thorpe was only six when tubercular glands were diagnosed in his stomach. For seven months he had to lie on his back in a spinal carriage; he suffered back pains for the rest of his life. The Second World War caused a hiatus in what promised to be a conventional English education. In 1940 Thorpe and the younger of his sisters were sent to stay with an aunt in America, where he attended the Rectory School in Connecticut, by contemporary English standards a decidedly easy-going establishment. Thorpe loved it. His histrionic gifts — and in particular his talent for mimicry — began to flourish. He played Miranda in The Tempest, became an accomplished violinist, and showed precocious assurance as a public speaker. In 1943 he returned to England to go to Eton, where the more rigorous discipline proved less agreeable. He was also greatly upset by the death of his father, after a stroke, in 1944. This misfortune left the family in dire financial straits, so that an uncle had to stump up the funds to keep the boy at Eton. It also, inevitably, increased the sway of Mrs Thorpe. After Eton, Thorpe joined the Rifle Brigade for his National Service, only to be invalided out of the Army after six weeks as “psychologically unsuitable”. It has been alleged that he became a bed-wetter to prove the point. At Trinity College, Oxford, by contrast, the military reject flourished outrageously. His flamboyant dress — frock coats, stove-pipe trousers, brocade waistcoats, buckled shoes, and even spats — received all the attention they demanded; his penchant for Chinese vases suggested aesthetic sensibility; his witty persiflage kept the mockers at a distance. Theoretically, Thorpe was reading Law; in reality he was laying the foundations of his political career. But though he became in turn president of the Liberal Club, the Law Society and the Union, he attracted criticism from contemporaries for the ruthlessness he showed in the pursuit of these offices. Thorpe scraped a Third in his Finals. Afterwards, in 1954, he was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple, and built up a modest practice on the Western Circuit. He also, later in the 1950s, worked for commercial television, appearing regularly on current affairs programmes such as This Week, and sending back reports from Africa and the Middle East. But politics was always his master passion. In 1952, with the help of Dingle Foot, whom he had befriended when at Oxford, he was adopted as Liberal candidate at North Devon which, though it had been a Liberal seat in the early 1930s, had a 12,000 Tory majority in the 1951 General Election. Thorpe, at his very best on the stump, had no rival as a vote-gatherer. He could put any argument with skill and panache; his astonishing memory for faces persuaded voters that they were intimate friends; his brilliant gifts as a mimic kept the audience in stitches; his resourceful mind afforded quips and stunts for every occasion. At the same time he built up a formidable organisation in the constituency, and drove it with unflagging energy. In the 1955 general election the Tory majority was slashed to 5,226, and four years later he captured the seat by 362 votes. Thorpe would hold North Devon for 20 years, narrowly at first, but in February 1974 with a thumping 11,082 majority. Yet he was never tempted to appeal to wavering Tory voters by trimming his Liberal views on issues such as South Africa or capital punishment. In the House of Commons he made an immediate impression. A sketch-writer remarked of his maiden speech that “it seemed as though Mr Thorpe had been addressing the House for the past 10 years, and got rather tired of the exercise”. But the young MP knew how to draw blood, as with his jibe after Harold Macmillan sacked several of his Cabinet in 1962: “Greater love hath no man than this, that he lay down his friends for his own life.” Thorpe appeared somewhat to the Left of the party, a mouthpiece for impeccable Liberal sentiments, especially on African affairs. He received the distinction of being banned from Franco’s Spain. In 1966 he advocated that Britain should cut off the oil supplies to Ian Smith’s Rhodesian regime by bombing that country’s railway system. The Liberal conference enthusiastically applauded the idea, but Harold Wilson inflicted permanent damage by coining the phrase “Bomber Thorpe”. Thorpe flanked by Edward Heath and Harold Wilson at Westminster Abbey in 1970 (HULTON ARCHIVE) Meanwhile, though, the young MP had been working energetically to fill the organisational void left by Jo Grimond’s leadership. Thorpe’s charm made him especially effective as a fund-raiser, and in 1965 he captured the party treasuryship. When Grimond retired in 1967, the 12 Liberal MPs elected Thorpe in his place. The new leader immediately gave a foretaste of his style by holding a rally in the Albert Hall, at which he promised “a great crusade that will set Britain alight for the vision of a Liberal society” — a performance relayed by closed circuit television to three other city centres. Nevertheless, in his first years at the helm the showman for once misjudged his act. “He felt he had to move away from the image of the sharp and witty debater to being grave,” David Steel remembered. “It was disastrous.” Yet Thorpe did not altogether abandon frivolity. Colleagues found, to their frustration and fury, that important policy discussions had to wait upon the leader’s gossipy anecdotes about the prime minister or royalty. Nor did Thorpe’s continuing addiction to outmoded dress and eccentric headgear — notably the brown bowler hat he wore when electioneering — do anything to allay the growing suspicion that he was all style and precious little substance. His critics acknowledged that he loved the game of politics — indeed he took a fiendish delight in its Machiavellian plots and manoeuvres — but they wondered if he knew why he was playing it. Thorpe’s Liberalism was essentially romantic and emotional. He reacted strongly against bone-headed Establishment snobbery, arrogant management or racial injustice, but showed scant interest in formulating any coherent political philosphy. On the other hand there was no doubting Thorpe’s quick mind or his keen antennae. He was to the fore in predicting the 1967 devaluation crisis and in identifying the mounting crisis in Ulster; he also showed himself a consistent supporter of Britain’s entry into the Common Market. Thorpe did not suffer fools gladly. Erring subordinates were treated to the sharp rebuke or the snappish aside; and in the face of any challenge to his authority the mask of the jester quickly gave way to a fixed, distant and icy stare. He was at his most formidable under pressure, as the Young Liberals discovered when they attempted to mount a coup in 1968. The unsatisfactory opening years of his leadership culminated in the 1970 general election. Thorpe campaigned with his accustomed zeal, sweeping about the country in helicopters and cutting an impressive figure on television, but the results were disastrous. The Liberals polled only 2.1 million votes and retained only six seats. And then, less than a fortnight after the election, Thorpe’s wife Caroline was killed in a car crash. For a while Thorpe appeared to lose interest in politics. But in 1972 and 1973 the widespread dissatisfaction with the Heath government found expression in a remarkable series of Liberal successes in municipal and by-elections. Thorpe’s style was undoubtedly a factor in attracting discontented Tory voters. But his animadversions against the “bloody-mindedness” of British life were undermined, at the end of 1973, by his involvement in a shoddy financial disaster. Thorpe had become a director of Gerald Caplan’s London & County Securities to boost his meagre parliamentary salary; in his delight at the sudden flush of income, however, he failed to heed numerous and reiterated warnings about the company’s viability. In 1972 the Liberals, and Thorpe himself, put on a notable display of piety over Reginald Maudling’s involvement with the Poulson affair. It was therefore more than a shade embarrassing when it transpired that the leader was involved in a company that was charging 280 per cent on second mortgages, and when, at the end of 1973, the collapse of London & County revealed a tangled skein of financial misdemeanour. British voters, far from being concerned, were apparently impressed by Liberal promises to tackle the national crisis with increased public spending and state control of incomes. At the February 1974 general election Thorpe, though largely confined in his marginal North Devon constituency, reached his political apotheosis. The Liberals nearly trebled their vote to six million; the only fly in the ointment was that this total translated itself into but 14 seats. Rumour had it that Thorpe was responsive to Heath’s offer of a coalition, with the promise of a Speaker’s conference to consider electoral reform. His colleagues, however, have gone on record that the decision to reject these terms was “unanimous”. The ensuing months exposed the flaws in the Liberal revival. The party activists were radicals; many of its new-found supporters were dissatisfied Tories. Moreover, the exquisite Thorpe seemed far removed from the community politics advocated by Trevor Jones (“Jones the Vote”) and his chums. In the October 1974 general election, the Liberal leader left his North Devon constituency to its own devices and once more whisked about the country in helicopters and hovercraft. All to no avail: the Liberal vote fell by 700,000. Thorpe was severely disillusioned. But the most remarkable thing about his political career was not that he ultimately failed to storm the heights, but that he managed to retain the sang-froid to lead the Liberals when, all the while, a large part of his energies was concentrated on repressing a significant element of his personality. That Thorpe, in his youth, had homosexual tendencies was admitted at his trial. Nor was it in dispute — though he always emphatically denied any physical relationship — that in 1961 he had befriended a young man named Norman Josiffe, who later changed his name to Norman Scott. Though Mr Justice Cantley’s conduct of the trial was widely criticised, no one argued about his description of Norman Scott. “He is a fraud. He is a sponger. He is a whiner. He is a parasite.” Scott claimed to have had an affair with Thorpe between 1961 and 1964, and there can be no question whatever that, as their meetings dwindled and finally ceased, he conceived a grievance that nothing but the ruin of Thorpe could assuage. (It should be remembered that homosexual acts between consenting adults were not legalised until 1967.) In pursuit of his vendetta Scott seized every possible occasion, public and private, to advertise his sexual connection with Thorpe. As early as December 1962 he blurted out the story to the Chelsea police, and gave them two letters he had received from the MP, one of which contained the phrase — “Bunnies can (and will) go to France” — that would become notorious when, 14 years later, it finally reached the public domain. During that time Scott bore the menace of a time-bomb ticking away in the shadows of Thorpe’s career. The fuse was unpredictable, but intermittent splutters constantly portended some vast explosion. Thus in 1965 Scott took it upon himself to write to Thorpe’s mother setting out the details of his homosexual relations with her son. This missive prompted Thorpe to make the cardinal error of confiding in Peter Bessell, a fellow Liberal MP. Thorpe in his office at the Houses of Parliament, 1970 (GETTY) One of the most striking features of the affair was that Thorpe, for all his public glamour, seemed to have no upright friend to whom he was prepared to turn for counsel. Bessell was a Methodist lay preacher; he was also, as he himself would all too willingly confirm under cross-examination, amoral, hypocritical and untruthful. Bessell tried to contain the danger to Thorpe by going to see Scott, by purloining compromising letters, and subsequently by paying Scott small weekly sums which Thorpe refunded. He also sought, and appeared to receive, assurances from the home secretary, Sir Frank Soskice, that the police were not interested in pursuing Scott’s allegations. But Thorpe’s anxiety could not be assuaged as long as the possibility remained that Scott would one day succeed in finding a newspaper to print his story. And after the Liberal leader had married Caroline Allpass in 1968, he had even more to lose — though the best man, David Holmes, wrote that Caroline Thorpe “knew about Scott” before they were married. In May 1969 Scott himself married; and his son was born that November. The marriage soon broke up, but not before the experience of connubial penury in a Dorset cottage had lent a hysterical edge to Scott’s importuning of Bessell. Worse, there was the threat — never, in fact, realised — that Scott would use the divorce proceedings as an opportunity to blurt out his accusations about Thorpe under the protection of court privilege. Another crisis developed in 1971. Scott, now living in North Wales, became the lover of a widow, Mrs Gwen Parry-Jones, who, treated to the usual accounts of Thorpe’s iniquities, duly reported them to another Liberal MP, Emlyn Hooson. A Liberal Party inquiry into the affair ensued. Thorpe fought like a tiger, denying the allegations point blank and enlisting the help of the home secretary, Reginald Maudling, to confirm a somewhat misleading summary of police dealings with Scott. It was Thorpe’s word against that of his tormentor, and the Liberals chose to believe their leader. Next year, 1972, Mrs Parry-Jones died, and at the inquest on her death Scott at last had the opportunity to tell his story in court. But no editor cared to print his wild ravings; nor did a South African journalist, Gordon Winter, find any takers when he gathered material from Scott. It might have seemed that Scott had done his worst, and been repelled. In 1973 Thorpe announced his engagement to Marion, Countess of Harewood, previously married to the Queen’s cousin. About the same time Scott moved to Thorpe’s North Devon constituency, where he proceeded to inflict the history of his relations with the local MP upon bemused rustics in pubs. He also told his tale to the Tory candidate, who decided not to touch it. Just before the first general election of 1974, David Holmes succeeded in purchasing some letters from Scott for £2,500. Nevertheless, Scott the persecutor now appeared in the role of victim. In February 1975 he was beaten up by two men in Barnstaple market. And in October, when an AA patrolman discovered him weeping beside the corpse of his great dane, Rinka, he claimed that only a jammed pistol had prevented the assailant from shooting him as well as the dog. In January 1976 Scott, charged with defrauding the DHSS, declared under the privilege of court that he was being “hounded by people” because of his affair with Jeremy Thorpe. This time, at last, the press did take notice. Thereafter rumour blew so loud that by March Thorpe felt compelled to defend himself in The Sunday Times, specifically denying both that he had hired a gunman to kill Scott, and that he had had any knowledge of Holmes’s purchase of the letters in 1974. Despite support from the prime minister, Harold Wilson, who appeared to believe that the accusations had been fabricated by the South African secret service, Thorpe was unable to hold the line. After the “Bunnies” letter was published in The Sunday Times in May 1976, he resigned the Liberal leadership. Thorpe leaving the Liberal Club in 1977 (REX FEATURES) There could scarcely have been any criminal charges against him, however, if Bessell, who had long been exiled in California, had not decided to turn Queen’s evidence. He believed, with good reason, that Thorpe would not hesitate to throw him to the wolves in order to save his own skin. Bessell alleged that in 1968 and 1969 Thorpe had incited Holmes and himself to murder Scott, helpfully suggesting that the body might be chucked down a Cornish mine shaft, or cemented into a motorway bridge. “It’s no worse than killing a sick dog,” Thorpe is supposed to have remarked, before recommending research into slow-acting poisons. The second charge associated Thorpe with Holmes and two others on a charge of conspiracy to murder in the years 1974 and 1975; this also depended partly on Bessell’s evidence, though in this case the diversion of Liberal funds through Holmes’s hands to the hitman, Andrew Newton, was also germane. Thorpe behaved with marked courage in the face of the cataclysm, observing with his accustomed brio that a man who had the prime minister, Lord Goodman and MI5 on his side could hardly lose. Even after his committal to trial at the Old Bailey Thorpe insisted on contesting North Devon at the 1979 election, where his opponents included Auberon Waugh, standing for the Dog Lovers’ Party. Though Thorpe lost the seat (he remarked laconically to a television interviewer that Scott’s allegations had “hardly helped” his campaign), his vote fell by less than 5,000 compared with October 1974. Norman Scott in 1979 (PA) At the Old Bailey the charges failed after the defence, with the help of Mr Justice Cantley, had annihilated Bessell’s character. Thorpe opted not to give evidence in his own defence, thus avoiding cross-examination. Even so, his reputation was badly damaged by the exhibition of the financial sleight of hand which he had shown in directing funds given to the Liberal Party by the millionaire “Union Jack” Hayward towards David Holmes. He was also revealed as a blustering bully in his attempt to dissuade his friend Nadir Dinshaw, the Pakistani financier, from telling the truth. Dinshaw, acting on Thorpe’s command, had innocently passed on money to Holmes. Before the trial Thorpe told him that if he reported the fact, “It will be curtains for me, and you will be asked to move on.” In short, the trial bore out the impression created by Thorpe’s political career, that he was essentially a fixer and an operator. Far from being a tragic hero — a noble nature ruined by a single mole of nature — he appeared, whether innocent or guilty, amply provisioned with common human flaws, cast by his gifts and ambition into most uncommon relief. Yet this man, who spent so many years trying to avoid imputations of homosexuality, won devoted loyalty from both his wives. “I saw an emotional cripple take up his bed and walk,” someone remarked of his first marriage. For a while after the trial Thorpe seemed to nurse the dream of rebuilding his career. In 1981 he applied unsuccessfully for the job of race relations adviser to the BBC, and the next year he was actually appointed director of Amnesty, only to resign the post after complaints from within the organisation. Thorpe with his wife, Marion, in 1999 (REX) Thorpe remained chairman of the political committee of the United Nations Association until 1985, but in the world of the haut monde that he loved to adorn there would be no redemption. By the middle of the 1980s, moreover, he was afflicted with Parkinson’s disease. The North Devon Liberals, however, remained faithful to the last, electing him as their president in 1987. Jeremy Thorpe’s second wife died in March of this year; he is survived by his son, Rupert, from his first marriage. Jeremy Thorpe, born April 29 1929, died December 4 2014	Jo Grimond
What type of creature is an 'Ortolan'?	Jeremy Thorpe, former Liberal party leader, dies aged 85 \| UK news \| The Guardian UK news Jeremy Thorpe, former Liberal party leader, dies aged 85 Thorpe took Liberals to brink of coalition government but resigned as party leader in 1976 after being accused of conspiracy to murder Jeremy Thorpe in February 1970 when he was Liberal party leader and MP for North Devon. Photograph: Getty Thursday 4 December 2014 11.05 EST Last modified on Tuesday 19 July 2016 10.18 EDT Close This article is 2 years old Jeremy Thorpe, who brought the Liberal party to the brink of coalition government in 1974 but resigned amid scandal soon after, has died aged 85. He died on Thursday morning after a long battle with Parkinson’s disease, his son Rupert has announced. From the age of 38, he led the Liberals for nine years. Between 1967 and 1976, surviving a poor performance in the 1970 general election, he turned the Liberals from a tiny party of six MPs into a small one of 11. In the 1974 general election, Thorpe played up his relative youthfulness by vaulting a security barrier wearing his trademark trilby. The Liberals made a breakthrough, winning 19% of the vote (then a post-war record) and got 14 MPs. Although Ted Heath had not won a majority, he had won the popular vote and refused to resign. Thorpe went to Downing Street for secret coalition talks with Heath ( at one point being smuggled into No 10 ). The talks eventually collapsed as the Liberals couldn’t stomach coalition with the Tories and feared being tainted by Heath, whom even the Spectator was calling a “squatter” in No 10. It was the the closest to actual government the third party had come for decades , with the failure of the talks leading to a minority Labour government led by Harold Wilson . Two years after walking up Downing Street, Thorpe resigned as leader of the party after being accused of conspiracy to murder a former model, Norman Scott, who claimed to be a former lover. Scott had been out walking his great Dane, Rinka, and, though he survived, the animal was killed. Thorpe was acquitted on all charges in 1979, but had by then had lost his seat and his party . According to Wikipedia, “Not long after the end of the trial Thorpe was found to have Parkinson’s disease and retired from public life. For many years, the disease has been at an advanced stage. In 1997 he visited the Liberal Democrat party conference and was given a standing ovation by party members, and he attended the funeral of Roy Jenkins in 2003. “In 1999, Thorpe published his memoirs, In My Own Time, in which he described key episodes in his political life. He did not, however, shed any further light on the Norman Scott affair.” He told the Guardian in 2008 : “If it happened now I think ... the public would be kinder. Back then they were very troubled by it. It offended their set of values.” Harold Wilson thought the allegations a Conservative smear, asking in a memo to one of his ministers, Barbara Castle, why damaging details surfaced later in the 1970s at a time when Labour might want to go into coalition with the Liberals, rather than earlier when Heath wanted them. He said in 2008 that it was more likely to have been his opposition to apartheid that brought about the trouble: “South Africa certainly attempted to smear me. They made life very difficult. I wanted to clear the air, but I was pretty shattered. I would have gone on leading the Liberal Democrats . I think I could have pushed up our number of seats.” Matthew Parris, Tory MP turned broadcaster, described the episode as the “most sensational [scandal] of the parliamentary century, bar the Profumo scandal”. Thorpe’s father and maternal grandfather were Conservative MPs, but he became a Liberal because of international blunders by the Tories (he cites Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement and later the party’s Suez “adventure”). Thorpe was married to interior decorator Caroline Allpass. Their son Rupert was born in 1969. Caroline Thorpe was killed in a car crash in June 1970. Thorpe married Marion Stein in 1973. A distinguished concert pianist, she died in 2014. The Liberal Democrats tweeted the news that the former Liberal leader had died, adding: “Our thoughts are with his family.” Lord Steel of Aikwood, who succeeded him as party leader, said: “He had a genuine sympathy for the underprivileged - whether in his beloved North Devon where his first campaign was for “mains, drains and a little bit of light” or in Africa, where he was a resolute fighter against apartheid and became a respected friend of people like President Kaunda of Zambia.” Nick Clegg, who attended Thorpe’s 80th birthday party in 2008, paid tribute to the former Liberal leader. “Jeremy Thorpe’s leadership and resolve were the driving force that continued the Liberal revival that began under Jo Grimond,” he said. “Jeremy oversaw some of the party’s most famous by-election victories and his involvement with the anti-apartheid movement and the campaign for Britain’s membership of the common market were ahead of his time. “My thoughts are with Jeremy’s family and friends as they try and come to terms with their loss.” Sir Menzies Campbell, the former Lib Dem leader, said: “Jeremy Thorpe’s enforced resignation as leader of the Liberal party and his subsequent departure from parliament should not obscure the fact that in his day he was an outstanding parliamentarian with a coruscating wit, and a brilliant campaigner on the stump whose interest and warmth made him a firm favourite with the public.” • This article was amended on 5 December 2014 to attribute two paragraphs to Wikipedia. Scandal of 1970s, rooted in days of illegal homosexuality, brought murder charge and suspicion of establishment cover-up Published: 4 Dec 2014 Charismatic leader of the Liberal party whose career was brought to an end by a murder conspiracy charge Published: 4 Dec 2014	i don't know
Who sang, 'Autumn Almanac' in 1967?	The Kinks - Autumn Almanac - T.O.T.P. 1967 - YouTube The Kinks - Autumn Almanac - T.O.T.P. 1967 Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Feb 7, 2011 "Yes Yes Yes it's my Autumn Almanac" . Top of the Pops 1967.. Category	The Kinks
What is the capital of Bolivia?	Lyrics: The Kinks - Autumn Almanac (1967) - MusicPlayOn The Kinks - Autumn Almanac lyrics From the dew-soaked hedge creeps a crawly caterpillar, When the dawn begins to crack. It's all part of my autumn almanac. Breeze blows leaves of a musty-coloured yellow, So I sweep them in my sack. Yes, yes, yes, it's my autumn almanac. Friday evenings, people get together, Hiding from the weather. Tea and toasted, buttered currant buns Can't compensate for lack of sun, Because the summer's all gone. La-la-la-la... Oh, my poor rheumatic back Yes, yes, yes, it's my autumn almanac. La-la-la-la... Yes, yes, yes, it's my autumn almanac. I like my football on a Saturday, Roast beef on Sundays, all right. I go to Blackpool for my holidays, Sit in the open sunlight. This is my street, and I'm never gonna to leave it, And I'm always gonna to stay here If I live to be ninety-nine, 'Cause all the people I meet Seem to come from my street And I can't get away, Because it's calling me, (come on home) Hear it calling me, (come on home) La-la-la-la... Yes, yes, yes, it's my autumn almanac. La-la-la-la... Yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes, yes. Bop-bop-bopm-bop-bop, whoa!	i don't know
Which metal is alloyed with iron to make Stainless Steel?	Which metals make up stainless steel? \| Reference.com Which metals make up stainless steel? A: Quick Answer Stainless steel is a special form of steel that is made of chromium added to steel. Regular steel is an alloy that is made of both iron and carbon. There are different types of stainless steel depending on how much chromium is added and if there are any other elements added in small amounts like nickel.	Chromium
'Vision Of A Knight' was the work of which Italian painter?	Nickel Alloys-Stainless Steels, Nickel Copper Alloys, Nickel Chromium Alloys, Low Expansion Alloys Nickel Alloy Manufacturing Process Nickel has been used in alloys that date back to the dawn of civilization. Nickel in elemental form or alloyed with other metals and materials has made significant contributions to our present-day society and promises to continue to supply materials for an even more demanding future. Nickel is a versatile element and will alloy with most metals. Complete solid solubility exists between nickel and copper. Wide solubility ranges between iron, chromium, and nickel make possible many alloy combinations. Nickel Alloys - Stainless Steels, Nickel Copper Alloys, Nickel Chromium Alloys, Low Expansion Alloys and Magnetic Alloys Topics Covered Magnetic Alloys Stainless steels The majority of the stainless steels contain 8-10% nickel. In all cases it is the combination of chromium with the nickel that does the job. Stainless steels are also useful as fire retardant materials since they retain their strength to higher temperatures than structural steel. The most common stainless steel is the 304 grade with 8% nickel and 18% chromium and the balance iron. This is used for such common items as spoons and forks, saucepans and kitchen sinks. Where extra corrosion resistance is required, such as for roofing in marine applications, type 316 is used. This has about the same amount of nickel and chromium as 304 but with 3% of molybdenum added. The balance is again iron. There are many other stainless steels to cover the wide spectrum of demands of engineers and architects such as nickel plated steel ( NPS ). Nickel Copper Alloys These nickel copper alloys are sometimes referred to as MONEL or NICORROS and contain nickel with copper and small amounts of iron and manganese. A typical nickel copper alloy is the 400 grade ( UNS N04400 ). This nickel copper alloys contains 63% nickel minimum, 28-34% copper, and a maximum of 2% manganese and 2.5% iron. There are also a small number of impurities kept at limited values to ensure the metal's properties are not harmed. These nickel copper alloys are used where a higher strength is required compared to pure nickel. Nickel copper alloys have a wider range of environments where they resist corrosion but in some specialised applications, such as strong alkali contaminant, nickel or commercially pure nickel would be superior. Nickel copper alloys find wide application in oil refining and marine applications where long corrosion-free life is required. Because of good thermal conductivity of nickel copper alloys, they are frequently are used for heat exchangers where sea water is one of the fluids concerned. Nickel Chromium Base Alloys These nickel chromium base alloys are used extensively in applications where heat resistance and/or corrosion resistance is required. In some members of the group, where conditions are less demanding, some nickel is replaced by iron to decrease the overall cost. Metals fail at high temperatures by both oxidation (scaling) and through a loss in strength. Alloys in this class are designed to resist failure from both of these mechanisms. Nickel alloys are not suitable for high temperature sulphur rich environments. Where corrosion resistance is significant, molybdenum is used as an alloying addition in nickel chromium based alloys. This group of alloys are frequently sold under trade name specifications but most are listed in the Unified Numbering System. Common trade names are HASTELLOY , INCOLOY , INCONEL , NICROFER , NICROM and NIMONIC . The more recentnickel chromium base alloys in these groups also have a wide range of ancillary elements added to give special properties - some of these can be quite complicated and require very close control over composition and heat treatment. Table 1. Compositions of some common nickel alloys. UNS No 382 170 This list is far from exhaustive and enquiries to nickel alloy manufacturars should be made for specialised high temperature or corrosive situations. All metals 'creep' under stress at high temperature and in their manufactured form, components may deform. This deformation could cause failure. Nickel alloys have higher strength and longer life at elevated temperature than most alloys. This makes them ideal for such parts as blades and disks in gas turbine engines. The designer however, must determine the expected life of each component and use the appropriate creep and rupture strength in the design. Low Expansion Alloys There are a group of nickel-iron controlled expansion alloys where the expansion coefficient is low and constant over a range of temperatures. These nickel iron low expansion alloys are used extensively where changes in mechanical properties with temperature could be a problem, such as in precision springs. These nickel iron alloys are also used where a metal/glass seal is required called as Glass Sealing Alloys . One example is the alloy containing 48% nickel and the balance iron ( UNS K94800 ). This alloy has the following expansion coefficients: 20-100ï¿½C: 8.5 x 10-6m/m.ï¿½C 20-400ï¿½C: 8.3-9.3 x 10-6m/m.ï¿½C This nickel iron alloy has an expansion co-efficient designed to match that of soda-lime and soft lead glasses and thus provides a sound glass/metal seal that will not crack because of differential expansion between the two materials. Another such seal is provided by dumet wires for lamps Magnetic Alloys There is a requirement for materials with high magnetic permeability to minimise the power requirements to generate a strong magnetic field, such as that required in tape recorder heads and for magnetic shielding around precision cathode ray display devices. These high permeability materials are complex alloys based on nickel with a range of composition possibilities. A typical composition could be: 70-80% nickel with small amounts of molybdenum and/or copper and the balance iron. This alloy would be expected to have a maximum relative permeability of between 50,000 and 100,000. Common trade names of this group are MU-METAL and PERMALLOY . There is also a requirement for materials with a constant permeability over a range of magnetic flux densities. This is required in telephone equipment and electrical fitters where a variation in permeability would result in distortion. These alloys are generally known as the PERMINVAR alloys and have compositions ranging around 45% nickel, 30% iron and 25% cobalt. Trade Names and Owners of Nickel Alloys HASTELLOY is a registered trade name of Haynes Intl. INCOLOY, INCONEL, MONEL and NIMONIC are registered trade names of the INCO family of companies. INVAR is a registered trademark of Imphy S.A. MU-METAL is a registered trademark of Telcon Metals Ltd NICORROS and NICROFER are registered tradenames of Krupp UM GmbH Source: Abstracted from Handbook of Engineering Materials, 5th Edition. For more information on this source please visit The Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia . Content Copyright of Respective Copyright Holders.	i don't know
What name is given to the prosecution of a public official by the legislature of the state?	GLOSSARY OF LEGISLATIVE TERMS GLOSSARY OF LEGISLATIVE TERMS ABSENT -- Not present at a session. Absent with leave--not present at a session with consent. Absent without leave--not present at a session without consent. ACT - - Legislation enacted into law. A bill that has passed both houses of the legislature, been enrolled, ratified, signed by the governor or passed over the governor's office, and printed. It is a permanent measure, having the force of law until repealed. Local act -- Legislation enacted into law that has limited application. Private act -- Legislation enacted into law that has limited application. Public act -- Legislation enacted into law that applies to the public at large. ADHERE -- A step in parliamentary procedure whereby one house of the legislature votes to stand by its previous action in response to some conflicting action by the other chamber. ADJOURNMENT -- Termination of a session for that day, with the hour and day of the next meeting being set. ADJOURNMENT SINE DIE -- Final termination of a regular or special legislative session. ADOPTION -- Approval or acceptance; usually applied to amendments, committee reports or resolutions. AMENDMENT -- Any alteration made (or proposed to be made) to a bill or clause thereof, by adding, deleting, substituting, or omitting. Committee amendment -- an alteration made (or proposed to be made) to a bill that is offered by a legislative committee. Floor amendment -- an alternation offered to a legislative document that is presented by a legislator while that document is being discussed on the floor of that legislator's chamber. APPEAL -- A parliamentary procedure for testing (and possibly changing) the decision of a presiding officer. APPORTIONMENT -- Establishment of the legislative districts from which members are elected. APPROPRIATION -- Funds allocated for various departments of government set aside by formal action for specific use. Allows money to be spent; is not actual expenditure record. AT-LARGE ELECTION -- An election in which candidates are chosen on an individual basis rather than as representatives of a geographically defined, single-member district. At-large elections can be held at the legislative and presidential levels. In the United State of America, some states hold at-large elections for congressional seats, when, for instance, a state's entire population warrants only one representative. AUTHOR -- The person (usually a legislator) who presents a bill or resolution for consideration; may be joined by others, who are known as coauthors. See also: introducer, patron, sponsor BICAMERAL - A legislature consisting of two separate chambers, each serving as a check on the other's power. BIENNIUM - Two-year term of legislative activity. BILL -- Draft of a proposed law presented to the legislature for consideration. BIPARTISAN -- Having an affiliation or association with (or representatives of) both political parties or caucuses in a two party system. BUDGET -- (1) The suggested allocation of state moneys presented to the legislature for consideration; (2) a formal document that reflects the authorized expenditures of the state. CALENDAR -- (1) A printed list of proposals that are arranged according to the order of business and are scheduled for consideration by a chamber. (2) Agenda of daily legislative business in a chamber. CALENDAR DAY -- Literally a day as listed on the Gregorian calendar. CALL OF THE SENATE OR HOUSE -- Procedure used to compel the attendance of members who are missing from the chamber and to compel those members already in attendance to remain in the chamber. CARRY-OVER LEGISLATION -- Legislation that is held over from the first year of a legislative biennium to the second year. CAUCUS -- An informal meeting of a group of the members; most commonly based on political party affiliation, but may have other bases, such as gender, race, geographic location or specific issue. CENSURE -- An action by a legislative body to officially reprimand an elected official for inappropriate or illegal actions committed by that official while in office. The act of censuring is an official condemnation for inappropriate or illegal actions committed by a public official while holding a position of trust. CHAMBER -- Official hall for the meeting of a legislative body. CLERK OF THE HOUSE OR ASSEMBLY -- A non-legislator officer who is appointed or elected by the members of the House of Representatives or Assembly to perform and direct the parliamentary and clerical functions of the chamber. Also may be titled "chief clerk" or "principal clerk." CODE -- A compilation of laws and their revisions according to subject matter (usually arranged by title, chapter and section); the official publication of the statutes. COMMITTEE -- A body of members appointed by the presiding officer (or another authority specified by the chamber) to consider and make recommendations concerning disposition of bills, resolutions and other related matters. Conference committee -- A committee composed of members from the two houses specifically appointed to reconcile the differences between House and Senate versions of a bill or bills. Interim committee -- A committee established to study or investigate certain matters between annual or biennial legislative sessions and to report to the next regular session. Joint committee -- A committee composed of members from both chambers. Standing committee -- A committee appointed with continuing responsibility in a general issue area or field of legislative activity. COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE -- Either house of the legislature sitting in its entirety as a committee to consider bills or issues. COMMITTEE REPORT -- Official release of a bill or resolution from committee with (or without) a specific recommendation, such as "pass", "pass as amended" or "do not pass." COMMITTEE SUBSTITUTE -- A bill offered by a committee in lieu of another bill that was originally referred to the committee for consideration; technically, the committee substitute is an amendment to the original bill. CONCURRENCE (TO CONCUR) -- Action by which one house agrees to a proposal or action that the other chamber has approved. CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- Untenable position that threatens the ability of a legislator to vote impartially due to some personal interest in a legislative issue. CONSTITUENT -- A citizen residing within the district of a legislator. CONSTITUTION-- A written instrument embodying the fundamental principles of the state that guarantees powers and duties of the government and guarantees certain rights to the people. CONSTITUTIONAL MAJORITY -- One more than half of the members of a deliberative body; actual number may be defined in the state constitution. CONVENE -- When the members of a chamber gather for the meeting of the legislature daily, weekly and at the beginning of a session as provide by the constitution or law. DEBATABLE -- Open to parliamentary discussion or argument. DEBATE -- Discussion of a matter according to parliamentary rules. DECORUM -- Proper order, etiquette and conduct of members during a floor session. DIED IN COMMITTEE - The defeat of a bill by not returning it from committee to the house for further action. (Only permitted in certain states.) DILATORY -- Deliberate use of parliamentary procedure to delay. DISSENT -- Difference of opinion; to cast a negative vote. DISTRICT - That division of the state represented by a legislator distinguished numerically or by geographical boundaries. DIVISION -- A method of voting; a request that members stand or raise hands to be counted when the outcome of a voice vote is unclear or in dispute. DIVISION OF A QUESTION -- Procedure to separate a matter to be voted upon into two or more questions. EFFECTIVE DATE -- A law generally becomes effective, or binding, either upon a date specified in the law itself or, in the absence of such a date, a fixed number of days (depending on the state) after the final adjournment of the session during which it was enacted or on signature by the governor. ELECTION -- Act of selecting a person to fill an office. EMERGENCY CLAUSE -- A statement in a bill that indicates the act shall take immediate effect. ENACTING CLAUSE -- That clause of an act that formally expresses the legislative sanction. It varies in different states, but usually begins "Be It Enacted." ENGROSS -- Most commonly, the process by which a bill is updated--that is, how adopted amendments and other changes are incorporated into a bill--as it makes its way through the Senate or House. ENROLL -- Most commonly, the process of changing a bill passed by both chambers into its final format for transmission to the governor. EXECUTIVE SESSION -- A session excluding from the chamber or committee room all persons other than members and essential staff personnel. EXCUSED -- Absent with the permission of the body or the presiding officer. EXPUNGE -- An action that directs the removal of specific portions from the journal. This is applicable in situations where objectionable, inflammatory or incorrect matter has been included in the journal. FILIBUSTER -- The prolonged discussion of a bill to delay legislative action. FIRST READING -- The first presentation of a bill or its title for consideration. In some states, the first reading is done at the time of introduction. FISCAL -- Dealing with state revenues and expenditures. FISCAL NOTE -- A fiscal note seeks to state in dollars the estimated amount of increase or decrease in revenue or expenditures and the present and future implications of a piece of pending legislation. FISCAL YEAR -- An accounting period of 12 months. FLOOR - That portion of the legislative chamber reserved for members and officers of the assembly or other persons granted privileged access. GALLERY -- Balconies of the chamber from which visitors may view the proceedings of the legislature. GERMANENESS -- The relevance or appropriateness of amendments or substitutes. HEARING -- Public discussion and appearance on a proposal or bill; usually scheduled by a committee. HOUSE -- Generic term for a legislative body; usually the body in a bicameral legislature that has the greater number of members; shortened name for House of Representatives or House of Delegates. IMPEACHMENT -- Procedure to remove from office a public official accused of misconduct. INDEFINITE POSTPONEMENT -- A form of adverse disposition of a proposal for that session of the legislature. INSERT -- Add language to a bill or resolution. INTERIM -- The interval between regular sessions of the legislature. INTRODUCER -- The person (usually a legislator) who presents a bill or resolution for consideration; may be joined by others, who are known as cointroducer. See also: author, patron, sponsor INTRODUCTION -- The formal presentation of a proposal after it has been drafted. ITEM VETO -- An action taken by the governor to prevent the enactment of an item of an appropriation bill; also may be called line item veto. JOINT RULES -- Parliamentary rules governing joint procedures or operations of the Senate and House. JOINT SESSION -- A combined meeting of the Senate and House in one chamber. JOURNAL -- An official chronological record of the actions taken and proceedings of the respective chambers. LEGISLATIVE DAY -- A day on which either chamber convenes (or both chambers convene) to conduct official business. LEGISLATIVE INTENT -- Purpose for which a measure is passed. LEGISLATIVE LIAISON -- Person appointed to communicate between legislators and other departments. LEGISLATIVE OVERSIGHT -- Scrutiny of executive branch programs and performance by the legislature. LEGISLATIVE SERVICE AGENCY -- Nonpartisan legislative branch agency providing services such as legal and bill drafting, impartial research and information or technical services. LEGISLATOR -- Elected member of a legislative body. LEGISLATURE -- The branch of state government responsible for enacting laws. LINE ITEM -- Numeric line in an appropriation or budget bill. LOBBYIST - A representative of a special interest group whose function is to influence legislation affecting his special interest. MAJORITY LEADER -- A member of the majority political party designated to be a leader. (The procedure for designating the majority leader and other officers varies from state to state.) MAJORITY PARTY -- The political party having the greatest number of members in the legislature or in either chamber. MAJORITY REPORT -- Recommendation of action on a measure that is submitted by a majority of the members of a committee. MEASURE -- General term for bill, resolution or memorial. MEMBER ELECT - Member who has been elected, but who has not yet taken the oath of office or who is not yet officially serving. MEMBERS PRESENT - The term used to refer to those members who are actually present at a daily session. MEMORIAL -- The method by which the legislature addresses or petitions Congress and other governments or governmental agencies; method by which the legislature congratulates or honors groups or individuals. MINORITY LEADER - A member of the minority political party designated to be leader. (Process of designation varies from state to state.) MINORITY PARTY -- The political party having fewer numbers of members in the legislature or in either chamber. MINORITY REPORT -- A report that reflects the thinking of the members not favoring the majority position or action on an issue. MINUTES -- Accurate record of the proceedings of a meeting in chronological order. MOTION - Formal proposal offered by a member of a deliberative assembly. NONPARTISAN -- Having no association or affiliation with a political party or caucus. OATH OF OFFICE - Oath taken by members-elect of the legislature prior to being seated and embarking upon official duties. ORDER OF BUSINESS -- The defined routine of procedure in the legislative body each day. OUT OF ORDER -- Not being conducted under proper parliamentary rules and procedures. PARLIAMENTARY INQUIRY -- Question posed by a member to the presiding officer for clarification of the procedure or business before the house. PARTISAN - - Associated or affiliated with a single political party or caucus. PATRON -- The person (usually a legislator) who presents a bill or resolution for consideration; may be joined by others, who are known as copatrons. See also: author, introducer, sponsor PER DIEM -- Literally, per day; daily expense money rendered to legislators or staff. PETITION -- Formal request submitted by an individual or group of individuals to the legislature. POINT OF INFORMATION -- A request from a legislator to the presiding officer for clarification of a procedural matter. POINT OF ORDER -- A question by a member to the presiding officer calling attention to a breach of order or of the rules. POSTPONE INDEFINITELY -- A means of disposing of an issue by not setting a date on which to consider it again. PRECEDENT -- Interpretation of rulings by presiding officers on specific rules; unwritten rules that are established by custom. PREFILE -- Ability to introduce a measure before the opening of the session. PRESIDENT -- Usually, the title given to the person elected (or designated by constitution) as the presiding officer of the Senate. PRESIDING OFFICER -- Person designated to preside at a legislative session. PREVIOUS QUESTION -- A motion to close debate and bring the pending question or questions to an immediate vote. PRO TEMPORE (PRO TEM) -- The designated officer of the senate or house acting in the absence of the regular presiding officer. QUORUM -- When a legislative body is assembled, the minimum number of members required to transact business. QUORUM CALL -- A method used to establish the presence of a majority for the lawful transacting of business. RATIFY -- To approve and make valid. READING -- Presentation of a bill before either chamber by the reading the bill, its title or its number. A formal procedure required by constitution and rules that indicates a stage in enactment process. Most often, a bill must receive three readings on three different days in each legislative body. REAPPORTIONMENT -- Redrawing legislative district boundaries to provide equality of representation. RECESS -- Intermission in a daily session; intermission from one day to the next; REFERRAL - The assigning or referring of a bill to committee. REPEAL -- A method by which a legislative action is revoked or annulled. RESOLUTION -- A document that expresses the sentiment or intent of the legislature or a chamber, that governs the business of the legislature or a chamber, or that expresses recognition by the legislature or a chamber. ROLL CALL -- Names of the members being called in alphabetical order and recorded; used to establish a quorum or to take a vote on an issue before the body. RULES - - Regulating principles or methods of legislative procedure. RULING OF THE CHAIR -- A decision by the presiding officer concerning a question of order or procedure. SECRETARY OF THE SENATE -- A non-legislator officer appointed or elected by the members of the Senate to perform and direct the parliamentary and clerical functions of the Senate; also may be called "clerk," "chief clerk" or "principal secretary." SENATE -- A legislative body; usually the body in a bicameral legislature having the fewer number of members. SENIORITY -- Recognition of prior legislative service. SESSION -- (1) Period during which the legislature meets; (2) the daily meeting of the Senate or House. Regular session -- the annual (or biennial) meeting of the legislature required by constitution Special (or extraordinary) session -- a special meeting of the legislature that is called by the governor (or the legislature itself) and limited to specific matters. SIMPLE MAJORITY -- One more than half of those voting on a question. SINE DIE -- Literally, "without day;" usually, adjournment without a day being set for reconvening; final adjournment. SPEAKER -- Usually the title given to the person elected as the presiding officer of the House or Assembly; in some states, the title given to the presiding officer of the Senate. SPECIAL ORDER -- (1) To set consideration of a bill or measure for a specific, future time of the session; (2) matter of business set for discussion at a special time, on a designated day or both. SPONSOR -- The person (usually a legislator) who presents a bill or resolution for consideration; may be joined by others, who are known as cosponsor. See also: author, introducer, patron. STATE -- One of the fifty units constituting the United States of America. STATUTE -- A formal enactment of the legislature of a more permanent nature. The term "statute" is used to designate written law, as distinguished from unwritten law. STATUS OF BILL -- The progress of a bill at any given time in the legislative process. It can be in committee, on the calendar, in the other house, etc. STRIKE OUT -- The deletion of language from a bill or resolution. SUNSET -- Expiration date of a measure. SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATION -- Adjustment of funds allocated by the original appropriation. SUSPENSION OF THE RULES -- Parliamentary procedure whereby actions can be taken that would otherwise be out of order. TERM OF OFFICE -- Period of time for which a person is elected. TITLE -- A concise statement of the subject and the contents of a bill. UNICAMERAL -- A legislature with only one chamber. VETO -- Action by the governor to disapprove a measure. VETO OVERRIDE -- Vote by the legislature to pass a bill over a governor's veto. VOICE VOTE -- Oral expression of the members when a question is submitted for their determination. When asked by the presiding officers, members respond "aye" or "nay." The presiding officer then decides which side prevailed. VOTE - Formal expression of a decision by the body. YEAS AND NAYS - Recorded vote of members on an issue. YIELD - To relinquish the floor to another member to speak or ask question.	Impeachment
What is the capital of Trinidad?	GLOSSARY OF LEGISLATIVE TERMS GLOSSARY OF LEGISLATIVE TERMS ABSENT -- Not present at a session. Absent with leave--not present at a session with consent. Absent without leave--not present at a session without consent. ACT - - Legislation enacted into law. A bill that has passed both houses of the legislature, been enrolled, ratified, signed by the governor or passed over the governor's office, and printed. It is a permanent measure, having the force of law until repealed. Local act -- Legislation enacted into law that has limited application. Private act -- Legislation enacted into law that has limited application. Public act -- Legislation enacted into law that applies to the public at large. ADHERE -- A step in parliamentary procedure whereby one house of the legislature votes to stand by its previous action in response to some conflicting action by the other chamber. ADJOURNMENT -- Termination of a session for that day, with the hour and day of the next meeting being set. ADJOURNMENT SINE DIE -- Final termination of a regular or special legislative session. ADOPTION -- Approval or acceptance; usually applied to amendments, committee reports or resolutions. AMENDMENT -- Any alteration made (or proposed to be made) to a bill or clause thereof, by adding, deleting, substituting, or omitting. Committee amendment -- an alteration made (or proposed to be made) to a bill that is offered by a legislative committee. Floor amendment -- an alternation offered to a legislative document that is presented by a legislator while that document is being discussed on the floor of that legislator's chamber. APPEAL -- A parliamentary procedure for testing (and possibly changing) the decision of a presiding officer. APPORTIONMENT -- Establishment of the legislative districts from which members are elected. APPROPRIATION -- Funds allocated for various departments of government set aside by formal action for specific use. Allows money to be spent; is not actual expenditure record. AT-LARGE ELECTION -- An election in which candidates are chosen on an individual basis rather than as representatives of a geographically defined, single-member district. At-large elections can be held at the legislative and presidential levels. In the United State of America, some states hold at-large elections for congressional seats, when, for instance, a state's entire population warrants only one representative. AUTHOR -- The person (usually a legislator) who presents a bill or resolution for consideration; may be joined by others, who are known as coauthors. See also: introducer, patron, sponsor BICAMERAL - A legislature consisting of two separate chambers, each serving as a check on the other's power. BIENNIUM - Two-year term of legislative activity. BILL -- Draft of a proposed law presented to the legislature for consideration. BIPARTISAN -- Having an affiliation or association with (or representatives of) both political parties or caucuses in a two party system. BUDGET -- (1) The suggested allocation of state moneys presented to the legislature for consideration; (2) a formal document that reflects the authorized expenditures of the state. CALENDAR -- (1) A printed list of proposals that are arranged according to the order of business and are scheduled for consideration by a chamber. (2) Agenda of daily legislative business in a chamber. CALENDAR DAY -- Literally a day as listed on the Gregorian calendar. CALL OF THE SENATE OR HOUSE -- Procedure used to compel the attendance of members who are missing from the chamber and to compel those members already in attendance to remain in the chamber. CARRY-OVER LEGISLATION -- Legislation that is held over from the first year of a legislative biennium to the second year. CAUCUS -- An informal meeting of a group of the members; most commonly based on political party affiliation, but may have other bases, such as gender, race, geographic location or specific issue. CENSURE -- An action by a legislative body to officially reprimand an elected official for inappropriate or illegal actions committed by that official while in office. The act of censuring is an official condemnation for inappropriate or illegal actions committed by a public official while holding a position of trust. CHAMBER -- Official hall for the meeting of a legislative body. CLERK OF THE HOUSE OR ASSEMBLY -- A non-legislator officer who is appointed or elected by the members of the House of Representatives or Assembly to perform and direct the parliamentary and clerical functions of the chamber. Also may be titled "chief clerk" or "principal clerk." CODE -- A compilation of laws and their revisions according to subject matter (usually arranged by title, chapter and section); the official publication of the statutes. COMMITTEE -- A body of members appointed by the presiding officer (or another authority specified by the chamber) to consider and make recommendations concerning disposition of bills, resolutions and other related matters. Conference committee -- A committee composed of members from the two houses specifically appointed to reconcile the differences between House and Senate versions of a bill or bills. Interim committee -- A committee established to study or investigate certain matters between annual or biennial legislative sessions and to report to the next regular session. Joint committee -- A committee composed of members from both chambers. Standing committee -- A committee appointed with continuing responsibility in a general issue area or field of legislative activity. COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE -- Either house of the legislature sitting in its entirety as a committee to consider bills or issues. COMMITTEE REPORT -- Official release of a bill or resolution from committee with (or without) a specific recommendation, such as "pass", "pass as amended" or "do not pass." COMMITTEE SUBSTITUTE -- A bill offered by a committee in lieu of another bill that was originally referred to the committee for consideration; technically, the committee substitute is an amendment to the original bill. CONCURRENCE (TO CONCUR) -- Action by which one house agrees to a proposal or action that the other chamber has approved. CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- Untenable position that threatens the ability of a legislator to vote impartially due to some personal interest in a legislative issue. CONSTITUENT -- A citizen residing within the district of a legislator. CONSTITUTION-- A written instrument embodying the fundamental principles of the state that guarantees powers and duties of the government and guarantees certain rights to the people. CONSTITUTIONAL MAJORITY -- One more than half of the members of a deliberative body; actual number may be defined in the state constitution. CONVENE -- When the members of a chamber gather for the meeting of the legislature daily, weekly and at the beginning of a session as provide by the constitution or law. DEBATABLE -- Open to parliamentary discussion or argument. DEBATE -- Discussion of a matter according to parliamentary rules. DECORUM -- Proper order, etiquette and conduct of members during a floor session. DIED IN COMMITTEE - The defeat of a bill by not returning it from committee to the house for further action. (Only permitted in certain states.) DILATORY -- Deliberate use of parliamentary procedure to delay. DISSENT -- Difference of opinion; to cast a negative vote. DISTRICT - That division of the state represented by a legislator distinguished numerically or by geographical boundaries. DIVISION -- A method of voting; a request that members stand or raise hands to be counted when the outcome of a voice vote is unclear or in dispute. DIVISION OF A QUESTION -- Procedure to separate a matter to be voted upon into two or more questions. EFFECTIVE DATE -- A law generally becomes effective, or binding, either upon a date specified in the law itself or, in the absence of such a date, a fixed number of days (depending on the state) after the final adjournment of the session during which it was enacted or on signature by the governor. ELECTION -- Act of selecting a person to fill an office. EMERGENCY CLAUSE -- A statement in a bill that indicates the act shall take immediate effect. ENACTING CLAUSE -- That clause of an act that formally expresses the legislative sanction. It varies in different states, but usually begins "Be It Enacted." ENGROSS -- Most commonly, the process by which a bill is updated--that is, how adopted amendments and other changes are incorporated into a bill--as it makes its way through the Senate or House. ENROLL -- Most commonly, the process of changing a bill passed by both chambers into its final format for transmission to the governor. EXECUTIVE SESSION -- A session excluding from the chamber or committee room all persons other than members and essential staff personnel. EXCUSED -- Absent with the permission of the body or the presiding officer. EXPUNGE -- An action that directs the removal of specific portions from the journal. This is applicable in situations where objectionable, inflammatory or incorrect matter has been included in the journal. FILIBUSTER -- The prolonged discussion of a bill to delay legislative action. FIRST READING -- The first presentation of a bill or its title for consideration. In some states, the first reading is done at the time of introduction. FISCAL -- Dealing with state revenues and expenditures. FISCAL NOTE -- A fiscal note seeks to state in dollars the estimated amount of increase or decrease in revenue or expenditures and the present and future implications of a piece of pending legislation. FISCAL YEAR -- An accounting period of 12 months. FLOOR - That portion of the legislative chamber reserved for members and officers of the assembly or other persons granted privileged access. GALLERY -- Balconies of the chamber from which visitors may view the proceedings of the legislature. GERMANENESS -- The relevance or appropriateness of amendments or substitutes. HEARING -- Public discussion and appearance on a proposal or bill; usually scheduled by a committee. HOUSE -- Generic term for a legislative body; usually the body in a bicameral legislature that has the greater number of members; shortened name for House of Representatives or House of Delegates. IMPEACHMENT -- Procedure to remove from office a public official accused of misconduct. INDEFINITE POSTPONEMENT -- A form of adverse disposition of a proposal for that session of the legislature. INSERT -- Add language to a bill or resolution. INTERIM -- The interval between regular sessions of the legislature. INTRODUCER -- The person (usually a legislator) who presents a bill or resolution for consideration; may be joined by others, who are known as cointroducer. See also: author, patron, sponsor INTRODUCTION -- The formal presentation of a proposal after it has been drafted. ITEM VETO -- An action taken by the governor to prevent the enactment of an item of an appropriation bill; also may be called line item veto. JOINT RULES -- Parliamentary rules governing joint procedures or operations of the Senate and House. JOINT SESSION -- A combined meeting of the Senate and House in one chamber. JOURNAL -- An official chronological record of the actions taken and proceedings of the respective chambers. LEGISLATIVE DAY -- A day on which either chamber convenes (or both chambers convene) to conduct official business. LEGISLATIVE INTENT -- Purpose for which a measure is passed. LEGISLATIVE LIAISON -- Person appointed to communicate between legislators and other departments. LEGISLATIVE OVERSIGHT -- Scrutiny of executive branch programs and performance by the legislature. LEGISLATIVE SERVICE AGENCY -- Nonpartisan legislative branch agency providing services such as legal and bill drafting, impartial research and information or technical services. LEGISLATOR -- Elected member of a legislative body. LEGISLATURE -- The branch of state government responsible for enacting laws. LINE ITEM -- Numeric line in an appropriation or budget bill. LOBBYIST - A representative of a special interest group whose function is to influence legislation affecting his special interest. MAJORITY LEADER -- A member of the majority political party designated to be a leader. (The procedure for designating the majority leader and other officers varies from state to state.) MAJORITY PARTY -- The political party having the greatest number of members in the legislature or in either chamber. MAJORITY REPORT -- Recommendation of action on a measure that is submitted by a majority of the members of a committee. MEASURE -- General term for bill, resolution or memorial. MEMBER ELECT - Member who has been elected, but who has not yet taken the oath of office or who is not yet officially serving. MEMBERS PRESENT - The term used to refer to those members who are actually present at a daily session. MEMORIAL -- The method by which the legislature addresses or petitions Congress and other governments or governmental agencies; method by which the legislature congratulates or honors groups or individuals. MINORITY LEADER - A member of the minority political party designated to be leader. (Process of designation varies from state to state.) MINORITY PARTY -- The political party having fewer numbers of members in the legislature or in either chamber. MINORITY REPORT -- A report that reflects the thinking of the members not favoring the majority position or action on an issue. MINUTES -- Accurate record of the proceedings of a meeting in chronological order. MOTION - Formal proposal offered by a member of a deliberative assembly. NONPARTISAN -- Having no association or affiliation with a political party or caucus. OATH OF OFFICE - Oath taken by members-elect of the legislature prior to being seated and embarking upon official duties. ORDER OF BUSINESS -- The defined routine of procedure in the legislative body each day. OUT OF ORDER -- Not being conducted under proper parliamentary rules and procedures. PARLIAMENTARY INQUIRY -- Question posed by a member to the presiding officer for clarification of the procedure or business before the house. PARTISAN - - Associated or affiliated with a single political party or caucus. PATRON -- The person (usually a legislator) who presents a bill or resolution for consideration; may be joined by others, who are known as copatrons. See also: author, introducer, sponsor PER DIEM -- Literally, per day; daily expense money rendered to legislators or staff. PETITION -- Formal request submitted by an individual or group of individuals to the legislature. POINT OF INFORMATION -- A request from a legislator to the presiding officer for clarification of a procedural matter. POINT OF ORDER -- A question by a member to the presiding officer calling attention to a breach of order or of the rules. POSTPONE INDEFINITELY -- A means of disposing of an issue by not setting a date on which to consider it again. PRECEDENT -- Interpretation of rulings by presiding officers on specific rules; unwritten rules that are established by custom. PREFILE -- Ability to introduce a measure before the opening of the session. PRESIDENT -- Usually, the title given to the person elected (or designated by constitution) as the presiding officer of the Senate. PRESIDING OFFICER -- Person designated to preside at a legislative session. PREVIOUS QUESTION -- A motion to close debate and bring the pending question or questions to an immediate vote. PRO TEMPORE (PRO TEM) -- The designated officer of the senate or house acting in the absence of the regular presiding officer. QUORUM -- When a legislative body is assembled, the minimum number of members required to transact business. QUORUM CALL -- A method used to establish the presence of a majority for the lawful transacting of business. RATIFY -- To approve and make valid. READING -- Presentation of a bill before either chamber by the reading the bill, its title or its number. A formal procedure required by constitution and rules that indicates a stage in enactment process. Most often, a bill must receive three readings on three different days in each legislative body. REAPPORTIONMENT -- Redrawing legislative district boundaries to provide equality of representation. RECESS -- Intermission in a daily session; intermission from one day to the next; REFERRAL - The assigning or referring of a bill to committee. REPEAL -- A method by which a legislative action is revoked or annulled. RESOLUTION -- A document that expresses the sentiment or intent of the legislature or a chamber, that governs the business of the legislature or a chamber, or that expresses recognition by the legislature or a chamber. ROLL CALL -- Names of the members being called in alphabetical order and recorded; used to establish a quorum or to take a vote on an issue before the body. RULES - - Regulating principles or methods of legislative procedure. RULING OF THE CHAIR -- A decision by the presiding officer concerning a question of order or procedure. SECRETARY OF THE SENATE -- A non-legislator officer appointed or elected by the members of the Senate to perform and direct the parliamentary and clerical functions of the Senate; also may be called "clerk," "chief clerk" or "principal secretary." SENATE -- A legislative body; usually the body in a bicameral legislature having the fewer number of members. SENIORITY -- Recognition of prior legislative service. SESSION -- (1) Period during which the legislature meets; (2) the daily meeting of the Senate or House. Regular session -- the annual (or biennial) meeting of the legislature required by constitution Special (or extraordinary) session -- a special meeting of the legislature that is called by the governor (or the legislature itself) and limited to specific matters. SIMPLE MAJORITY -- One more than half of those voting on a question. SINE DIE -- Literally, "without day;" usually, adjournment without a day being set for reconvening; final adjournment. SPEAKER -- Usually the title given to the person elected as the presiding officer of the House or Assembly; in some states, the title given to the presiding officer of the Senate. SPECIAL ORDER -- (1) To set consideration of a bill or measure for a specific, future time of the session; (2) matter of business set for discussion at a special time, on a designated day or both. SPONSOR -- The person (usually a legislator) who presents a bill or resolution for consideration; may be joined by others, who are known as cosponsor. See also: author, introducer, patron. STATE -- One of the fifty units constituting the United States of America. STATUTE -- A formal enactment of the legislature of a more permanent nature. The term "statute" is used to designate written law, as distinguished from unwritten law. STATUS OF BILL -- The progress of a bill at any given time in the legislative process. It can be in committee, on the calendar, in the other house, etc. STRIKE OUT -- The deletion of language from a bill or resolution. SUNSET -- Expiration date of a measure. SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATION -- Adjustment of funds allocated by the original appropriation. SUSPENSION OF THE RULES -- Parliamentary procedure whereby actions can be taken that would otherwise be out of order. TERM OF OFFICE -- Period of time for which a person is elected. TITLE -- A concise statement of the subject and the contents of a bill. UNICAMERAL -- A legislature with only one chamber. VETO -- Action by the governor to disapprove a measure. VETO OVERRIDE -- Vote by the legislature to pass a bill over a governor's veto. VOICE VOTE -- Oral expression of the members when a question is submitted for their determination. When asked by the presiding officers, members respond "aye" or "nay." The presiding officer then decides which side prevailed. VOTE - Formal expression of a decision by the body. YEAS AND NAYS - Recorded vote of members on an issue. YIELD - To relinquish the floor to another member to speak or ask question.	i don't know
From which ore does Chromium come?	Chromite: The only mineral ore of chromium metal Chromite The only ore of chromium, the metal used to make stainless steel, nichrome, and chrome plating. Chromite: Chromite from the Transvaal area of South Africa. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. What is Chromite? Chromite is an oxide mineral composed of chromium, iron, and oxygen (FeCr2O4). It is dark gray to black in color with a metallic to submetallic luster and a high specific gravity. It occurs in basic and ultrabasic igneous rocks and in the metamorphic and sedimentary rocks that are produced when chromite-bearing rocks are altered by heat or weathering. Chromite is important because it is the only economic ore of chromium , an essential element for a wide variety of metal, chemical, and manufactured products. Many other minerals contain chromium, but none of them are found in deposits that can be economically mined to produce chromium. Physical Properties of Chromite An ore of chromium Properties of Chromite Chromite can be challenging to identify. Several properties must be considered to differentiate it from other metallic ores. Hand specimen identification of chromite requires a consideration of: color, specific gravity, luster, and a characteristic brown streak . The most important clue to identifying chromite is its association with ultrabasic igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks such as serpentinite. Chromite is sometimes slightly magnetic. This can cause it to be confused with magnetite . Chromite and ilmenite have very similar properties. Careful observations of hardness , streak, and specific gravity are required to distinguish these minerals in hand specimens. Chromite and Solid Solution Did You Know? The color of many gemstones is derived from trace amounts of chromium. The red color of rubies, the pink of some sapphires, and the green color of emeralds are derived from chromium. Image © iStockphoto / ProArtWork. Magnesium frequently substitutes for iron in chromite. A solid solution series exists between the mineral chromite (FeCr2O4) and the isomorphous mineral magnesiochromite (MgCr2O4). Intermediate specimens can be rich in iron ((Fe,Mg)Cr2O4) or magnesium ((Mg,Fe)Cr2O4). For convenience in communication, these minerals are often referred to collectively as "chromite." Some mineralogists give a generalized chemical composition of (Mg,Fe)(Cr,Al)2O4 for chromite. This composition recognizes multiple solid solution paths between chromite and hercynite (FeAl2O4), spinel (MgAl2O4), magnesiochromite (MgCr2O4), magnetite (Fe3O4), and magnesioferrite (MgFe2O4). Because of the many different compositions in these solid solution series, geologists and metallurgists often consider "chromite" to be any member of the solid solution series that has a significant Cr2O3 content. Bushveld stratiform chromite deposit: A field photo of the Bushveld LG6 chromite seam. This clearly shows the stratiform nature of the deposit. USGS photo by Klaus Schulz. Stratiform, Podiform, and Beach Sands Small amounts of chromite are found in many types of rock. However, chromite deposits that are large enough for mining are generally found in: 1) stratiform deposits (large masses of igneous rock such as norite or peridotite that slowly crystallized from subsurface magma); 2) podiform deposits (serpentines and other metamorphic rocks derived from the alteration of norite and peridotite); and, 3) beach sands (derived from the weathering of chromite-bearing rocks). Chromite from South Africa: Chromite from the Transvaal area of South Africa. This specimen is approximately 3.5 inches (9 centimeters) across. STRATIFORM DEPOSITS Stratiform deposits are large masses of igneous rock that cooled very slowly in subsurface magma chambers. During this slow cooling, chromite and associated minerals crystallized early while the magma was still at a very high temperature. Their crystals then settled to the bottom of the magma chamber to form a layered deposit. Some of the layers in these deposits can contain 50% or more chromite on the basis of weight. Most of the world's known chromite occurs in two stratiform deposits: the Bushveld Complex in South Africa and the Great Dyke in Zimbabwe. Other important stratiform deposits include: the Stillwater Complex in Montana, the Kemi Complex of Finland, the Orissa Complex of India, the Goias in Brazil, the Mashaba Complex of Zimbabwe and small deposits in Madagascar. Nearly all of these are Precambrian in age. Chromite from Zimbabwe: Chromite from Shurugwi, Zimbabwe. Specimen is approximately 4 inches (10 centimeters) across. PODIFORM DEPOSITS Podiform deposits are large slabs of oceanic lithosphere that have been thrust up onto a continental plate. These slabs of rock, also known as "ophiolites," can contain significant amounts of chromite. In these deposits the chromite is disseminated through the rock and not highly concentrated in easy-to-mine layers. Podiform deposits are known in Kazakhstan, Russia, the Philippines, Zimbabwe, Cyprus, and Greece. The first discoveries of podiform chromite deposits were made near Baltimore, Maryland in the early 1800s. These deposits supplied nearly all of the world's chromite until about 1850. These deposits were small and are no longer in production. The best way to learn about minerals is to study with a collection of small specimens that you can handle, examine, and observe their properties. Inexpensive mineral collections are available in the Geology.com Store . BEACH SANDS Chromite is found in beach sands derived from the weathering of chromite-bearing rocks and laterite soils that developed over peridotite. Beach sand rich in chromite and other heavy minerals is sometimes mined, processed to remove heavy minerals, and returned to the environment. Two facts allow these chromite sands to occasionally contain economic deposits of chromite. First, chromite is one of the more weathering-resistant minerals of peridotite. That causes it to be concentrated in residual soils that form in the weathering zone above chromite-rich rocks. Second, chromite has a higher specific gravity than other minerals in peridotite. This causes it to be selectively transported and deposited by wave and current actions, concentrating it in certain locations at streams and beaches. These deposits are sometimes rich enough and large enough that they can be mined for chromite. Uses of Chromite and Chromium Did You Know? School buses and yellow lines on highways are often painted with "chrome yellow" paint. The "chrome" means chromium was used as an ingredient. Image © iStockphoto / 2windspa. Chromium is a metal used to induce hardness, toughness, and chemical resistance in steel. The alloy produced is known as "stainless steel." When alloyed with iron and nickel, it produces an alloy known as "nichrome" which is resistant to high temperatures and used to make heating units, ovens, and other appliances. Thin coatings of chromium alloys are used as platings on auto parts, appliances, and other products. These are given the name "chrome plated." It is also used to make superalloys that can perform well in the hot, corrosive, and high-stress environment of jet engines. Chromium's name comes from the Greek word "chroma" which means "color." Chromium is used as a pigment in paint. The familiar yellow lines painted down the center of highways and the yellow paint used on school buses are often "chrome yellow" - a color produced from chromium pigment. Chromium is an important pigment in many types of paint, ink, dye, and cosmetics. Trace amounts of chromium produce the color in many minerals and gemstones . The red color of ruby , the pink of some sapphires , and the green color of emerald are caused by tiny amounts of chromium. Chromite Production and Reserves 0 620 The values above are estimated chromite production and reserves in thousands of metric tons. Data from USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries. [2] Chromium Production and Recycling in the United States Chromium is not mined in the United States. The chromium consumed by United States industry comes from: A) other countries in the form of chromite ore, ferrochromium or chromium metal; or, B) chromium recovered from recycled metals. Over half of the chromium used in the United States today is from recycling. Because chromium is essential for the defense and prosperity of the United States, the federal government maintains a stockpile of chromite ore, ferrochromium, and chromium metal for use in a national emergency. This type of emergency could occur if the United States was involved in a war and the enemy prevented the delivery of chromite and chromium products by sea transport. In addition, small chromite deposits have been located in the United States which could be mined if they are needed. Chromite Information [1] Stratiform Chromite Deposit Model : Ruth F. Schulte, Ryan D. Taylor, Nadine M. Piatak, and Robert R. Seal II; Chapter E of Mineral Deposit Model for Resource Assessment; Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5070-E; 131 pages; November 2012. [2] Chromium : John F. Papp, United States Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2013. [3] Chromium : John F. Papp, United States Geological Survey, 2011 Minerals Yearbook, April 2013. [4] Chromium Makes Stainless Steel Stainless : S. J. Kropschot and Jeff Doebrich, United States Geological Survey, Fact Sheet 2010-3089, September 2010. [5] How a Rogue Geologist Discovered a Diamond Trove in the Canadian Arctic : Carl Hoffman, Wired Magazine, Issue 16.12, last accessed June 2016. Chromite and Diamond Exploration Kimberlite, the type of rock that holds many of the world's most important diamond deposits , usually contains small amounts of chromite , ilmenite , and certain types of garnet . Although these minerals occur in very small amounts, they are much more common in the rock than diamonds . Because these minerals do not occur together in most other types of rocks, they can be a valuable indicator of a nearby kimberlite body if they are found in stream sediments, glacial tills, residual soils, core samples, or well cuttings. Some of the greatest diamond deposits on Earth were discovered using the geology of indicator minerals.	Chromite
Who painted two versions of 'The Madonna On The Rocks', between 1483 and 1508?	Uses of Chromium \| Supply, Demand, Production, Resources Chromium Uses, Resources, Supply, Demand and Production Information Republished from a USGS Fact Sheet from September, 2010 What is Chromium? Chromium, a steely-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish and has a high melting point, is a silvery white, hard, and bright metal plating on steel and other material. Commonly known as chrome, it is one of the most important and indispensable industrial metals because of its hardness and resistance to corrosion. But it is used for more than the production of stainles steel and nonferrous alloys; it is also used to create pigments and chemicals used to process leather. Chromite , the only ore of chromium, was first discovered in the United States sometime about 1808 on the farm of Isaac Tyson, Jr., just north of Baltimore, Md. Scattered deposits of chromium minerals in an area of northeastern Maryland and southeastern Pennsylvania were the source of nearly all of the chromium productsin the world between 1828 and 1850. Currently, the only domestic commercial chromium supply source isfrom recycling, although the United States does have small chromite resources, primarily in Oregon. The Stillwater complex of Montana also hosts chromite resources associated with platinum and nickel resources. How Do We Use Chromium? Chromium is critical in the manufacturing of stainless steel. Most stainless steel contains about 18 percent chromium; it is what hardens and toughens steel and increases its resistance to corrosion, especially at high temperatures. Because stainless steel does not rust and is easily sterilized, it is a part of many items we use in our daily lives. Some of the most recognizable of these items include kitchen appliances, food processing equipment, and medical and dental tools. Many of the decorations on automobiles, such as ornaments, trim, and hubcaps, are chromium plated. Chromium in superalloys (high-performance alloys) permits jet engines to operate in a high-temperature, high-stress, chemically oxidizing environment. On U.S. roadways, chromium pigments are used to make the yellow lines that indicate traffic lanes. Chromium-containing pigments find their way into a variety of beauty products. Chromite is used in high-temperature applications, such as blast furnaces and molds for firing bricks, because it retainsstrength at high temperature. Chromium is also vital for good health. Insufficient amounts result in glucose intolerance in humans. Organ meats, mushrooms, wheat germ, and broccoli are all good dietary sources of chromium. Where Does Chromium Come From? Chromite, an oxide of iron, magnesium, aluminum, and chromium, is the only ore mineral of chromium. In nature, chromite deposits are generally of two major types: stratiform (layered) and podiform (pod shaped). Both types are associated with ultramafic igneous rocks . The world's largest stratiform chromite deposits are found in South Africa, in what is known as the Bushveld complex. This is a layered igneous intrusion containing more than 11 billion metric tons of chromite resources. Podiform deposits are found in layered igneous sequences that developed in oceanic crust below the sea floor. We can now access these resources where parts of the ocean floor have been pushed over continental rocks by tectonic forces. In the United States, podiform deposits are scattered along the Pacific Coast from the Kenai Peninsula in southern Alaska to southern California and along the Appalachian Mountains from northern Vermont to Georgia. Chromium: Worldwide Supply and Demand The world's production (supply) and consumption (demand) of chromium have been influenced by the global market, as demand for mineral commodities, including chromium, has increased. Chromium istraded on the world market in the form of ferrochromium, an iron-chromium alloy. The price of ferrochromium reached historically high levels in 2008 and then declined in 2009 with a weakening world economy. During the same time period, China'srole as a chromium consumer has grown with its expanding stainless steel industry. Ferrochromium production is an electrical energy-intensive process. Much of the electrical power currently produced is coal based, a carbon dioxide gas-producing process that is under consideration for regulation because of its impact on climate. These factors suggest that the electrical energy cost of ferrochromium production will rise in the future. Ensure Future Chromium Supplies World chromium reserves, mining capacity, and ferrochromium production capacity are largely concentrated in the Eastern Hemisphere. Because there is no viable substitute for chromiumin the production of stainless steel and because the United States has small chromium resources, there has been concern about domestic supply during every national military emergency since World War I. In recognition of the vulnerability of lengthy supply routes during military emergencies, chromium (in various forms, including chromite ore, chromiumferro alloys, and chromium metal) has been held in the National Defense Stockpile since before World War II. Since 1991, however, changes in national security considerations have resulted in reduced stockpile goals, and inventories are being sold. At the current rate, it is estimated that these stockpiles will be exhausted by 2015. In 2009, recycled chromium from stainless steel scrap accounted for 61 percent of U.S. chromium apparent consumption, making recycled material the only domestic commercial chromium supply source. To help predict where future chromium supplies might be located, USGS scientists study how and where identified chromium resources are concentrated in the Earth's crust and use that knowledge to assess the likelihood that undiscovered chromium resources exist. Studies of the distribution of podiform chromite depositsin ultramafic rocks in California and Oregon have helped to refine techniques used to estimate undiscovered chromium resources. These kinds of USGS studies provide unbiased scientific information to decision makers responsible for the stewardship of Federal lands, as well as data required to better evaluate mineral resource availability in a global context. Mineral resource assessments are dynamic. Because they provide a snapshot that reflects our best understanding of how and where resources are located, the assessments must be updated periodically as better data and concepts are developed. Current research by the USGS involves updating mineral deposit models and mineral environmental models for chromium and other important nonfuel commodities and improving the techniques used to assess for concealed mineral resource potential. The results of this research will provide new information to decrease uncertainty in future mineral resource assessments. Find it on Geology.com	i don't know
In which country is Agadir?	Agadir travel guide - Wikitravel 10 Get out Agadir is a major modern city in the southern part of Morocco . It is of interest primarily because of its location, as it is surrounded by the Anti Atlas, the Sahara Desert on the Atlantic coast with many national parks, and secluded beaches which are all easily accessible. In 1960 the city was hit by an earthquake which destroyed the city including the ancient kasbah. An estimated 15,000 were killed, 12,000 injured and some 35,000 people left homeless. On seeing the devastation the late King Mohammed V said "If Destiny decided the destruction of Agadir, its rebuilding depends on our Faith and Will." In 1961 the city begun reconstruction two miles south of the epicentre. The city centre was based on a grid system, similar with New York, making it simple to get your bearings and move around. There are wide avenues and boulevards lined with cafes. The architecture is somewhat unusual with lots of low rise concrete buildings in the 1960's futuristic design with classic Moroccan styles. Back in the late 1960's and 1970's it was an ultra modern tourist resort, today some may argue that it looks slightly dated, others would say that this makes it absolutely unique and it really stands out from Casablanca , Rabat , Fez or Marrakech . The city continues to grow at a rapid pace with new developments throughout the edges of the centre. The population is 678,000 including the nearby towns of Inezgane and Ait Melloul Most locals speak Berber as their first language with Arabic as the second language followed by French, though English is widely spoken in the city. Agadir is a very tolerant city. The local Berber community are proud of their heritage and culture and are very welcoming to visitors. In a Muslim country where a bar or a casino can be footsteps away from a mosque, a country where homosexuality remains a crime, yet there is an obvious gay community, made up of many older Europeans. Everyone just seems to live and let live in this incredible resort. Whilst tourism plays a vital role in the city's economy it remains a major port with a thriving fishing industry, exporting produce and natural resources. If you head north of the city towards the beaches around Tamraght you will pass a small town called Anza where there is a fish processing factory, the smell on hot days can be quite unreal! Having said that the seafood is excellent. Today the city centre itself is primarily a tourist resort popular with Europeans. It has excellent clean beaches, first class golf courses, health and beauty spas and all the other facilities that European travellers demand. Climate[ edit ] The weather in Agadir is subtropical, yet very dry, since rainfall is scarce and fog is the most common type of moisture. The temperature in summer is 80°F/27°C, with nights cooling off to around 65°F/18°C. Spring and fall experience nights from 57°F/13°C-60°F/15°C, and days around 75°F/24°C. Winter temperatures see nights around 47°F/8°C, with occasional frost, and days around 70°F/21°C. Water temperatures stay relatively mild all year long, with winter water temperatures around 60°F/15°C, spring water temperatures around 65°F/18°C, summer water temperatures around 70°F/21°C, and fall water temperatures of 67°F/19°C. Due to the sea breeze summer temperatures are more comfortable than Marrakech By plane[ edit ] Agadir-Al Massira Airport ( IATA : AGA) [1] . Agadir has an international airport with direct scheduled flights coming in major cities in Europe as well as many charter flights arriving from all over Europe. If you are flying from the US, Canada, Asia or elsewhere, you'll have to change planes in Casablanca an internal flight takes just an hour and prices are competitive. Immigration queues can be incredibly lengthy taking often over an hour to pass through, waiting times are longer in the evenings. Get in[ edit ] Airport-taxi 200 Dh during the day and 300 Dh during the night (if you arrive during the evening, the change is about 8PM). There is a company that can bring a taxi to your hotel at any time of the day or night and costs the same as taking the taxi in the street. They speak Tamazight, Arabic, French, English and German. Alternatively from the main road junction just outside the airport, bus number 22 goes by to Inezgane (4 Dh) every 40 minutes or so. From there you can get directly to Agadir (see below). Grand taxis also wait at the junction and will happily take you to Agadir for 200 Dh. By bus[ edit ] Agadir's bus station is at the Sahara hotel's parking, and it is possible to take grand taxis there. Inezgane is around 10 kilometres away and is the region's bus hub. It is very usual to arrive there and not at Agadir. The grand taxi to Agadir costs from 5 Dh/person, regular busses go there for 3–4 Dh/person. Go to Inezgene from the airport, which is closer, easier to catch there bus to Marrakech (3 hours, 100 Dh), Ouarzazate , Taroudannt and other places. Get around[ edit ] The city centre is flat with large attractive, clean avenues and boulevards making it easy to get around on foot. It is generally safe to walk around although women may need to fend off unwanted attention from local men. Agadir's petit taxi are orange most are quite legal and use the taximeter (you can ask the driver to do it without any problems). If you go around the centre of town, they will ask you normally from 10 to 20 Dh. The petit taxi are only allowed with the city limits, for travel outside the town you will need a grand taxi, which is shared with six passengers, or you can pay extra and hire the whole taxi, but you will need to discuss prices beforehand. The main depot for taxis is an area known as Batoir. Here you will find petit and grand taxis as well as lots of inexpensive places to eat. Buses are cheap and plentiful they are handy for reaching beaches such as Tamraght and Taghazout They can get very crowded, can be slow, but fares are cheap with most under 10 Dh. Always make sure you have the correct coins and be mindful that pickpockets operate on buses. For bus timetables and maps visit the Tourist Office which is along the Boulevard Mohammed V near the Miramar Hotel. See[ edit ][ add listing ] Visit Agadir Museum Municipal du Patrimoine Amazigh which exhibits a small collection of Berber objects from 18th and 19th century including old Berber music instruments, Berber jewelry, traditional clothing and old manuscripts. Another Museum is located on the corner of the Avenue des F.A.R. and Avenue President Kennedy, unfortunately the sign is missing but you go through iron gates on the corner. Mostly photographic exhibits which concentrate on the Agadir earthquake on 29th February 1960. Cost is 20/30 Dh each and there is a guide who speaks Arabic, French and English. After you have browsed you can walk around the super Jardin Olhao, where there is a cafe, toilets and children's playground. Ensemble Artisanal situated on the corner of Rue Yacoub Al Mansour et Avenue du 29 Fevrier downstairs is a shop selling all the co-operatives wares, up a few steps you can see artisan's working, painted furniture, ironwork, embroidery, ceramics etc. Coco Polizzi's Medina. A labour of love, Coco Polizzi has been recreating a traditional Moroccan Medina on route N1 in Bensergao. Out of town you will need to take an orange Petit taxi, and arrange a time for the taxi to return to collect you, but its well worth the effort for the architecture alone. Amble along the cobbled alleys amongst artisans and chatty shop keepers and take a traditional souvenir or two home. Photo of one of the beautiful sandy beaches in Agadir Agadir is primarily a resort; and as such has a limited number of attractions. The main attraction is the beach, which is wide and stretches for miles. Dress up for the evening and join locals and stroll along the corniche or promenade. There are lots of cafes and bars, live music and street entertainers. Surfing, Imsouane bay, Devils rock, Anchor point, Cro-Cro and many others. There are a lot of surf schools and surf camps and surf shop. The best surf season is from November until March, but if you are just beginner, you can surf every day all year long. Part of the original fortress remains at the top of the hill beside the city, over the huge painting. It's possible to go there by taxi, bus or even small mopeds that are for rent around of the Hotel Kenzi (they are expensive, more than 100 Dh an hour). If you want designer label fashion then head to the marina which has a wide selection of international boutiques. Shops include Zara, Mango, Lacoste, Adidas. There is a small zoo, called "Vallée des Oiseaux". Entrance is free of charge. Open daily 11am - 6pm. There is a very nice cage you can walk inside, many birds from all the world, some goat-like animals from the Atlas, and even exotic mammals. It is particularly good for children and is frequented by locals who take their children along to play in the playground inside. If you are an animal lover, you may not enjoy this attraction as some of the birds look to be in a state of distress. There are two entrances as it forms a passageway between Ave. Hassan II and Ave Mohammad V. To find it, go to the Uniprix, and the main gate is on the other side of the street on the right (Av. Hassan II). Head to the fish market near the marina where you can buy fish, then take it to the guys who will prepare it for you. Golf. With three top notch golf courses Agadir can rival most countries golf facilities. Ask at any large hotel about the bus transport which collects visitors several times a day. Visit Souk El Had (closed Mondays). With over 3000 stalls the Souk is a must see. Everything from tourist souvenirs, clothes, leather goods, household items, to fruit and veg. If you are a tourist and enter via Gate 9 or 10 (the main gates) expect to be approached by someone offering to guide you. Which of course means he'll take you to all his friend's stalls. If you wish to avoid this, and explore on your own, enter through one of the lower numbered gates where the Moroccan's go. Haggle hard and note some stores advertise Fixed Prices. Worth looking there first so you have an idea of the 'right' price to pay before trying your hand at haggling. Personal favourites and the olives and spices stalls. Generally stallholders are happy to be in your photographs, but be respectful and ask permission first. Buy[ edit ][ add listing ] Agadir is maybe the city with the least charm to buy the typical Moroccan handicraft goods. There is one main authentic Souk in Agadir - Souk El Had. (Corner of Ave Abderrahim Bouabid and Rue du 2 Mars) (soukelhad.com) Open daily (excl Monday) from 9am-8pm. 3000+ stalls. Busiest on Weekends and best to visit by day to avoid any potential pickpocketing. Sells a very wide range of goods from "designer brands", to local Argan Oil products to tagines, clothing, shoes, handbags in addition to products more suited to residents of Agadir including home furnishings, cleaning products and an extensive fruit and vegetable market. You will find spices here to be of incredibly good value, particularly saffron. This souk is laid back and friendly and lacks the hassle that the souks of Tunisia and Egypt suffer - stallholders will approach, but a polite decline will yield you wishes of a good day. To avoid the usual taxi scams, request "Gate 2 of the Souk" and mention that you wish to buy fruits or vegetables, or; ask the taxi to take you to the neighbouring Ibis hotel and walk 100m to the souk. Dress conservatively (cover shoulders and knees) to be treated respectfully, this souk is far from the beach area and swimwear, etc. have no place here. There are several smaller souks in Agadir, which cater primarily to tourists. One is around the big square behind the Uniprix (Blvd. Hassan II with Ave. Sidi Mohammed). There is a concrete building called Marché Centrale with many shops inside. Is possible to get in also from Ave. Prince Moulay Abdallah. All the goods are made outside the Agadir region, and it's difficult to find them at a good price. The good thing of buying in Agadir is that there are many fixed-price shops, which is good if you don't know how to haggle well. In fact, you may find that the cheap things you bought in Marrakech are not so cheap! In the Uniprix shop it is possible to buy small typical pieces in maybe the least authentic shop in Morocco, but the prices are not so high and there is nobody pushing you to buy. Inside you can find a broad range of items: clothing, souvenirs, children's toys, food and drinks and alcohol. Uniprix is open daily but closed during siesta time (1-3pm). The marina has shops such as Zara, Mango, Adidas, Geox and Lacoste, for those who are looking for genuine brands or warmer clothing you may wear again when you get home! Further out of town there are several branches of Marjane hypermarket, great for toiletries, teapots, glasses, tagines, argan oil, traditional shoes, all are well priced. It is a great place to buy spices. While 100g of spices in shops/stalls in Marrakech costs around 30DH here you can buy 1kg for 20-70DH. Also dates are quite cheap, costing aprox. 13dh per kg. Eat[ edit ][ add listing ] There are four main zones to eat in Agadir: Nouveau Talbourjt: The cheapest restaurants can be found here. There are menus for as little as 35 Dh. Lune et les Etoiles is one restaurant which serves wholesome food at well under 100dh for a three course meal. Bear in mind most restaurants in this area are aimed at locals and are dry (no alcohol). The beach: Along the corniche or seafront there are many restaurants. You can find from international fast food (McDonald's & Pizza Hut), fish restaurants, fine dining, Japanese and Thai. Most restaurants serve alcohol and prices are top end. Around the Uniprix: It's the mid price zone and there is a real mix of restaurants aimed at tourists and those for locals. There is an excellent pizzeria. Batoir: This is the taxi depot and transport hub for the city, around here you will find a good choice of really cheap grills, chicken shops, cafes. Depending on the time of day, vendors will selling pancakes and bowls of soup, snails, grilled corn. If you want authentic and cheap and away from the tourists, head for this area, but do take care at night, as there are street kids on glue who can be quite aggressive with their begging. If you're looking for a quick snack, keep an eye out for the pastry vendors who roam the beach carrying big plastic trays, selling sweet fried bread (a kind of African variant on the donut). Beware, however, that these friendly hawkers will often approach you on the beach, strike up a conversation, and then thrust a pastry into your hand, whether you asked for one or not. Which, of course, you are then expected to pay for (5Dh or 10Dh is a fair price). If you don't want to buy, simply refuse the offer with a polite smile. They are delicious, though. Drink[ edit ][ add listing ] Although most locals abstain from drinking, some will frequent the seedier side of the Agadir nightlife scene. Although it is not uncommon to see prostitutes in bars and nightclubs, it is much better for tourists to use bars and clubs attached to hotels where prostitution is less common and locals in attendance are merely of the 'golddigger' variety! Alcohol is served in all these places. Good Nightclubs for tourists to visit are: Actor's, Loft, and Papagayo. For evening entertainment accessible to all, head to the Sofitel for a good atmosphere and drinks. The English Pub has a good range of entertainment and sports on and attracts an international crowd. Try Moroccan Whisky, which is tea served in a ritual ceremony in small glasses. It is a blend of Chinese green gunpowder tea, mixed with sugar and fresh mint. It is delicious and refreshing. If you are looking just to talk and drink, watch the world go by during the day or the evening, you can head to one of the big cafes that are at Ave. Hassan II, like La Fontaine, La Veranda, Le Dome, etc. It's a real ritual for many Agadir citizens. These stylish cafes have a very Parisian feel they serve coffees, teas, fresh orange juice, the delicious Moroccan avocado smoothie, which is incredible. You can also get get cakes and ice cream at these cafes. Sleep[ edit ][ add listing ] The main budget accommodation area is in the Nouveau Tablorjt. A simple double room will set you back around 150–180 Dh although you might find a really basic hotel with crappy toilets for 80 Dh. Arrive early as hotels tend to fill up quickly in high season. If you are an unmarried couple looking for a double room, many hotels will refuse - as they will only allow married couples to share a room. This doesn't apply to same sex couples. Anezi Hotel Agadir (Anezi Hotel Agadir), Boulevard Mohamed V BP 29, Agadir, ☎ 00.212.528.84 09 40, [2] . checkin: 2 pm; checkout: noon. The Hotel has a commanding position with a magnificent view of the bay and the city. Guests can keep in shape in the gym, have a swim in one of the 3 beautiful outdoor pools, or relax in the health club with a sauna, or a massage. Your children will be entertained in the kids club, while you can unwind enjoying a cool drink from one of the three bars. Amenities of this Agadir Hotel include conference and banqueting facilities, and there is a business center, where guests can access the Internet. In the evening, the traditional Moroccan-style restaurant Fez features live folk music, the hotel restaurant serves a buffet, including salads, chicken dishes, fish tagine specialties, fresh fruit, Moroccan cakes and soups, and there is also a pizza restaurant. from 60.00. edit ATLAS KASBAH Ecolodge, Tighanimine ElBaz - Drarga, ☎ 00.212.661.488.504, [3] . checkin: 2 pm; checkout: noon. Located only 20 minutes from Agadir, this ecolodge is the perfect place to discover centuries-old Berber culture and the unesco Argan Biosphere Reserve. It features gourmet food using fresh and natural product especially ones from the organic garden of the Kasbah. The objectives of the ecolodge is to provide a comfortable and educational experience for guests by learning about local customs, food and traditions as well as the natural environment. Thus, it is a leader in the Souss region in alternative technology and high environmental standards as well as positive economic side effects for the local population. from 60.00. (N 30° 26’ 3,8’ ’,W 9° 29’ 31,1’) edit Check out the 4 Star Hotel Jacaranda Golf Hotel Agadir. Every comfort and great food and lovely pool and gardens If you're on a budget, Hotel Diaf is a great place to stay. It's just near where the bus stops (1 min walk), right next to an internet cafe and about 20 mins walk or a 6dh taxi ride (don't forget to get them to turn the meter on) to the seafront. It is possible to stay in a room on the roof with a double bed and a single for 100 Dh! The best thing is, it has an amazing warm shower with a large showerhead. The rooms definitely have a "backpackers" feel, but its a great, and cheap, experience. Hotel Tiznit Beach Resort,1 Rue des Amicales Bloc C, Agadir, Morocco. bungalow-style beachfront hotel built on a five-hectare site amidst landscaped gardens, 600 metres from the city centre. Hotel Sud Bahia, Rue des Administrations Publiques, Agadir 335, Morocco . Four-storey with 246 rooms 400 meters from the beach in the center of Agadir and with an outdoor pool. Hotel Petit Suede, [4] . Close to the centre, rooms with shower (shared toilet) from 170 Dh, very clean, breakfast served in a rooftop eatery. Street-facing rooms can be a bit noisy. edit Hotel Timoulay, Cite Founty F6 Baie des Palmiers, ☎ 212 528 23 42 20, [5] . 10 minute walk from the beach. This hotel is on the smaller side, but the rooms are clean and spacious. Has free wifi, pool, working A/C, and a restaurant. $100-200. edit Hotel Tamri, Agadir. Hotel Tamri. Cheap place to stay - 70 Dh for single room. Hot shower outside - from 7-10 am morning and 6-9 pm. The electricity plugs are "hidden" on left side of the "neon" lamp above sink in your room. Just ask receptionist... Rooms could be quite noisy as hotel is close to the street and those crazy motorcycle drivers without exhaust pipes. So if you are sensitive, don't forget about your ear plugs. 70. (DH,) edit Ecolodge Adventures, [6] . Ecolodge Adventures , The Eco Lodge Guest house departement in Agadir edit Get out[ edit ] Marrakech - The best is the Supratours bus to Marrakech, several daily. Costs 100dh one way for the standard bus or 140dh for the luxury bus with footrests and on-board toilet. Journey time is 3 hours including a toilet stop. The late night returns can be unreliable in terms of departure times due to tie-ins with the train service at Marrakech. 40km south from Agadir, there is the Souss-Massa river national park. Go from Ave Mohammend V (Bus 97) to Inezgane (bus station near Souk, last stop) for 3 Dh and take Bus 42 to Massa (11 Dh). From there it is a 4km walk to entrance of the national park. Note: the walk is long and not really entertaining, so it is highly recommended to take a taxi right at the bus stop in Massa (20-50 Dh, depending on your bargaining skills). Also check with the locals if the birds are in migrating season. About 80km east from Agadir, there is the city of Taroudannt , which is worth the visit if you don't plan to visit Marrakech or other big historical cities. The coast north of Agadir has wonderful and very accessible beaches. Why not head to Aourir , Tamraght and the hippy surfing village of Taghazout only about 15 km away. You can get to these towns using the Zetrap bus line: 60 and 'RATAG' bus line: 12 that leave from the center of Agadir. Bus Number 32 runs every 20 minutes or so north on Boulevard Mohammend V (12 Dh). Imouzzer with its famous cascades is located about 60km northeast of Agadir, this is a journey through the oasis of Paradise Valley, before heading up steep mountainous roads to this traditional Berber hamlet. Legzira Beach Located about 3 Hours south Agadir, This uncrowded beach is a sand bar end that extends between the ocean and cliffs in a very special color, tan / red.	Morocco
"What was the name of the Archangel referred to in the Book of Daniel as ""the guardian of Israel""?"	Agadir – Travel guide at Wikivoyage By plane[ edit ] Agadir-Al Massira Airport ( IATA : AGA) [1] . Agadir has an international airport with direct scheduled flights coming in major cities in Europe as well as many charter flights arriving from all over Europe. If you are flying from the US, Canada, Asia or elsewhere, you'll have to change planes in Casablanca. Airport to city centre[ edit ] Airport-taxi 200 Dh during the day and 300 Dh during the night (if you arrive during the evening, the change is about 8PM). There is a company that can bring a taxi to your hotel at any time of the day or night and costs the same as taking the taxi in the street. They speak Arabic, French, English and German. Alternatively from the main road junction just outside the airport, bus number 22 goes by to Innezgane (4 Dh) every 40 minutes or so. From there you can get directly to Agadir (see below). Grand taxis also wait at the junction and will happily take you to Agadir for 200 Dh. By bus[ edit ] Agadir's bus station is at the Sahara hotel's parking, and it is possible to take grand taxis there. Inezgane is around 10 kilometres away and is the region's bus hub. It is very usual to arrive there and not at Agadir. The grand taxi to Agadir costs from 4 Dh/person, regular busses go there for 3–4 Dh/person. Go to Inezgene from the airport, which is closer, easier to catch there bus to Marrakech (3 hours, 100 Dh), Ouarzazate , Taroudannt and other places. Not touristic as modern Agadir! 30°24′25″N 9°35′59″W Map of Agadir Most of the Agadir's petit taxi are quite legal and use the taximeter (you can ask the driver to do it without any problems). If you go around the center, they will ask you normally from 10 to 20 Dh. There are also some buses but, as usual, they are very crowded, slow, and pass with low frequency. The touristic city is small enough to go walking instead of going by bus. Since 2011 there is a new bus service which is quite reliable. Maps can be obtained from the Tourist Office which is along the Boulevard Mohammad V near the Miramar Hotel. Fares are usually less than 10dh. See[ edit ] Museum Municipal du Patrimoine Amazigh. The museum which exhibits a small collection of Berber objects from 18th and 19th century the likes of old Berber music instruments, Berber jewelry, traditional clothing and old manuscripts. Museum. Another Museum is located on the corner of the Avenue des F.A.R. and Avenue President Kennedy, unfortunately the sign is missing but you go through iron gates on the corner. Mostly photographic exhibits which concentrate on the Agadir earthquake on 29 February 1960. Cost is 20/30dh each and there is a guide who speaks Arabic, French and English. After you have browsed you can walk around the super Jardin Olhao, where there is a cafe, toilets and children's playground. Ensemble Artisanal. is situated on the corner of Rue Yacoub Al Mansour et Avenue du 29 Fevrier downstairs is a shop selling all the co-operatives wares, up a few steps you can see artisan's working, painted furniture, ironwork, embroidery, ceramics etc. Coco Polizzi's Medina. A labour of love, Coco Polizzi has been recreating a traditional Moroccan Medina on route N1 in Bensergao. Out of town you will need to take an orange Petit taxi, and arrange a time for the taxi to return to collect you, but its well worth the effort for the architecture alone. Amble along the cobbled alleys amongst artisans and chatty shop keepers and take a traditional souvenir or two home. Fortress. There's part of the original fortress which is at the top of the hill beside the city, over the huge painting. It's possible to go there by taxi, bus or even small mopeds that are for rent around of the Hotel Kenzi (they are expensive, more than 100 Dh an hour). Do[ edit ] Agadir is primarily a resort and as such has a limited number of attractions Beach. The main attraction is the beach, which is very big, without wind and not very crowded.Edit: The beach is very windy, at least in February. Surfing. Imesouane, Devils rock (at the town of Tamragh and with the neighbouring towns of Aourir and Taghazout ), Anchor point, Cro-Cro and many others. There are a lot of surf schools and surf camps and surf shop. Best surf season from November till March, - but if u are just beginner - you can surf every day all year long. Zoo. There is a small zoo, called "Vallée des Oiseaux" ('Birds Valley'). The entrance is totally free lately. There is a very nice cage you can walk inside, many birds from all the world, some goat-like animals from the Atlas, and even exotic mammals. The children of Agadir go there to play in a small and crowded playground. To find it, go to the Uniprix, and the main gate is on the other side of the street on the right (Av. Hassan II). Golf. With three top notch Golf courses Agadir can rival most countries golf facilities. Ask at any large hotel about the bus transport which collects visitors several times a day. Visit Souk El Had. Closed Mondays. With over 3000 stalls the Souk is a must see. Everything from tourist souvenirs, clothes, leather goods, household items, to fruit and veg. If you are a tourist and enter via Gate 9 or 10 (the main gates) expect to be approached by someone offering to guide you. Which of course means he'll take you to all his friend's stalls. If you wish to avoid this, and explore on your own, enter through one of the lower numbered gates where the Moroccan's go. Haggle hard and note some stores advertise Fixed Prices. Worth looking there first so you have an idea of the 'right' price to pay before trying your hand at haggling. Personal favourites and the olives and spices stalls. Generally stallholders are happy to be in your photographs, but be respectful and ask permission first. Buy[ edit ] Agadir is maybe the city with the least charm to buy the typical Moroccan handcraft goods. All the souk is around a big square behind the Uniprix (Blvd. Hassan II with Ave. Sidi Mohammed). There is a concrete building called Marché centrale with many shops inside. Is possible to get in also from Ave. Prince Moulay Abdallah. All the goods are made outside the Agadir region, and it's difficult to find them at a good price. The good thing of buying in Agadir is that there are many fixed-price shops, which is good if you don't know how to haggle well. In fact, you may find that the cheap things you bought in Marrakech are not so cheap! In the Uniprix shop it is possible to buy small typical pieces in maybe the least authentic shop in Morocco, but the prices are not so high and there is nobody pushing you to buy. Eat[ edit ] There are four main zones to eat in Agadir: New Talbourjt: The cheapest restaurants are here. There are menus for 35 Dh. It's one of the cheapest zones in Morocco for tourists. The beach: Next to the beach, there are many restaurants. You can find from international fast food to Indian food, good fish restaurants, etc. It's the most expensive and touristic zone. Around the Uniprix: It's the mid price zone. There are touristic restaurants and some restaurants for the local people. If you're looking for a quick snack, keep an eye out for the pastry vendors who roam the beach carrying big plastic trays, selling sweet fried bread (a kind of African variant on the donut). Beware, however, that these friendly hawkers will often approach you on the beach, strike up a conversation, and then thrust a pastry into your hand, whether you asked for one or not. Which, of course, you are then expected to pay for (Dh 5 or Dh 10 is a fair price). If you don't want to buy, simply refuse the offer with a polite smile. They are delicious, though. Drink[ edit ] Agadir is touristically prepared for Europeans, so you can find night clubs in the touristic zones, where you can find more tourists beside the usual locals looking for tourists. Alcohol is found in all the touristic places. If you are looking just to talk and drink something during the evening, you can go to the nice and big cafes that are at ave. Hassan II, like La Fontaine, La Veranda, Le Dome, etc. It's a real ritual for many Agadir citizens. Sleep[ edit ] The main budget accommodation area is in the Nouveau Tablorjt. A simple double room will set you back around 150–180 Dh although you might find a really basic hotel with crappy toilets for 80 Dh. Arrive early as hotels tend to fill up quickly in high season. Budget[ edit ] Anezi Hotel Agadir , Boulevard Mohamed V BP 29, ☎ +212 528 84 09 40 , fax: +212 528 84 07 13. Check-in: 2 pm, check-out: noon. The Hotel has a commanding position with a magnificent view of the bay and the city. Guests can keep in shape in the gym, have a swim in one of the 3 beautiful outdoor pools, or relax in the health club with a sauna, or a massage. Your children will be entertained in the kids club, while you can unwind enjoying a cool drink from one of the three bars. Amenities of this Agadir Hotel include conference and banqueting facilities, and there is a business center, where guests can access the Internet. In the evening, the traditional Moroccan-style restaurant Fez features live folk music, the hotel restaurant serves a buffet, including salads, chicken dishes, fish tagine specialties, fresh fruit, Moroccan cakes and soups, and there is also a pizza restaurant. From 60 Dh. Atlas Kasbah Ecolodge , Tighanimine ElBaz - Drarga, ☎ +212 661 488 504 . Check-in: 2 pm, check-out: noon. Located only 20 minutes from Agadir, This ecolodge is the perfect place to discover centuries-old Berber culture and the unesco Argan Biosphere Reserve. It features gourmet food using fresh and natural product especially ones from the organic garden of the Kasbah. The objectives of the ecolodge is to provide a comfortable and educational experience for guests by learning about local customs, food and traditions as well as the natural environment. Thus, it is a learder in the Souss region in alternative technology and high environmental standards as well as positive economic side effects for the local population. From 60 Dh. Hotel Diaf. If you're on a budget this hotel is a great place to stay. It's near where the bus stops (1 min walk), right next to an internet cafe and about 20 mins walk or a 6dh taxi ride (don't forget to get them to turn the meter on) to the seafront. It is possible to stay in a room on the roof with a double bed and a single for 100dh! The best thing is, it has an amazing warm shower with a large showerhead. The rooms definitely have a "backpackers" feel, but its a great, and cheap, experience. [dead link]Hotel Petit Suede . Close to the centre, rooms with shower (shared toilet) from 170 dh, very clean, breakfast served in a rooftop eatery. Street-facing rooms can be a bit noisy. Hotel Tamri. Cheap place to stay. Hot shower outside - from 7-10 am morning and 6-9 pm. The electricity plugs are "hidden" on left side of the "neon" lamp above sink in your room. Just ask receptionist... Rooms could be quite noisy as hotel is close to the street and those crazy motorcycle drivers without exhaust pipes. So if you are sensitive, don't forget about your ear plugs. 70 Dh for single room. Mid-range[ edit ] Hotel Sud Bahia, Rue des Administrations Publiques 335. Four-storey with 246 rooms 400 meters from the beach in the center of Agadir and with an outdoor pool. Splurge[ edit ] Jacaranda Golf Hotel Agadir. This 4 star hotel has every comfort and great food and lovely pool and gardens Hotel Tiznit Beach Resort, 1 Rue des Amicales Bloc C. bungalow-style beachfront hotel built on a five-hectare site amidst landscaped gardens, 600 metres from the city centre. Hotel Timoulay , Cite Founty F6 Baie des Palmiers, ☎ +212 528 23 42 20 . 10 minute walk from the beach. This hotel is on the smaller side, but the rooms are clean and spacious. Has free wifi, pool, working A/C, and a restaurant. $100-200. Go next[ edit ] At 40 km south from Agadir, there is the Souss-Massa river national park At about 80 km east from Agadir, there is the city of Taroudannt , which is worth the visit if you don't plan to visit Marrakech or other big historical cities. The coast northern to Agadir has very nice and accessible beaches, like Taghazout at 15 km. You can get to these towns using the Zetrap bus line: 60 and 'RATAG' bus line: 12 that leave from the center of Agadir. Bus Number 32 runs every 20 minutes or so north on Boulevard Mohammend V (12 Dh). Imouzzer with its famous cascades is located about 60 km northeast of Agadir, although the trip through the mountains will take longer than the distance suggests. This city travel guide to Agadir is an outline and needs more content. It has a template , but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow !	i don't know
Which Gilbert and Sullivan opera is subtitled, 'A Merryman And His Maid'?	The Yeomen of the Guard, or the Merryman and His Maid Auditions - The Gilbert and Sullivan Opera Company - Theatre In Chicago The Gilbert and Sullivan Opera Company The Yeomen of the Guard, or the Merryman and His Maid Category: Non-Equity Audition Pay: Stipend Description: Revered as the most tragic and complex work of the Gilbert & Sullivan canon, The Yeomen of the Guard is one of the final collaborations between the legendary duo. Like their other operettas, The Yeomen of the Guard features topsy-turvy plot twists, a large, boisterous, and bumbling ensemble, and a trio of marriages. Unique to the Gilbert & Sullivan canon, however, Yeomen has a tragic, heartbreaking ending, a style that is, at times, more similar to grand opera than light operetta, and a haunting, rich score that is championed by many Gilbert & Sullivan aficionados as Sullivan's finest work. Pay: Small Stipend for Principal Parts Auditions will be held at Reva and David Logan Center for the Arts on the campus of the University of Chicago 915 E. 60th St., Chicago, IL 60637 Time Commitment: Three weekday evening rehearsals per week. One afternoon rehearsal Sundays beginning mid-January Tech Week: 3/8 - 3/12 Contact Info:	Yeomen of the Guard
Which playing card is sometimes called 'The Black Lady'?	Gilbert and Sullivan's The Yeomen of the Guard Orange County Tickets - $10 - $12.50 at Chance Theater. 2004-04-18 Description ‘Yeomen’ shows serious side In Anaheim Hills, the musical is closer to grand opera than Gilbert and Sullivan’s other major works. by Eric Marchese, Orange County Register March 26, 2004 Think Gilbert and Sullivan and you’ll think of their most durable comic operettas – “The Mikado,” “H.M.S. Pinafore” and “The Pirates of Penzance.” That reputation for merging beautiful music (by Sullivan) with off-the-wall characters and story lines (by Gilbert) may explain why the team’s “The Yeomen of the Guard” is so rarely staged. Though cut more or less from the same cloth, this 1888 musical is far closer to authentic grand opera than anything else in the duo’s body of work. Over the past few seasons, The Chance Theater has staged all the major Gilbert and Sullivan shows and, starting with “The Gondoliers” last season, appears to be cycling through some of the team’s less-seen operettas. Even if “Yeomen of the Guard” were more widely circulated and familiar to more theater fans, the Anaheim Hills theater’s production of it would be well worth seeing. Of all Gilbert and Sullivan’s major works, “Yeomen” is the darkest and most operatic, combining lightheartedness with a more serious air. Subtitled “The Merryman and his Maid,” it’s set in the Tower of London in the late 16th century. The very fact that the tower was infamous for the cruel torture inflicted upon those imprisoned there necessitated that “Yeomen’s” tone be nominally less frivolous than something on the order of “Pirates” or “Pinafore.” Helming the Chance’s show is Michael Wallot, a G&S veteran who has directed and choreographed several of the troupe’s previous operettas by the famed duo. Wallot’s deep understanding of the show’s ambivalent moods is apparent every step of the way in a handsomely mounted staging. It would be easy for a director to veer “Yeomen” more toward mainstream Gilbert and Sullivan by making light of its characters, or to jettison the humor and try to turn the show into authentic opera. Wallot does neither and, in the process, creates a show that has you chuckling one moment, suppressing a lump in your throat the next. “The Mikado” makes great comic hay of the idea of a man (Nanki-Poo) being condemned to death, his sentence to be executed by one (Ko-Ko) with something to gain by his demise. “Yeomen” traces vaguely similar lines – but in this case, the imminent death of Colonel Fairfax (Darren C. Buckels) is all too real, and it can only bring sorrow to Phoebe (Lisa C. Zaradich alternating with Montica Reeves), the young lass who loves him. Her father, Sergeant Meryll (Ray Akin), is the Yeoman of the Guard at the Tower of London where Fairfax is imprisoned under false charges, and he has vowed to help Fairfax escape. Standing in their way is Wilfred Shadbolt (Michael Buss), the Head Jailer whose additional title of “Asst. Tormentor” is meant to clue us in that this brutish galoot is as harmless as Ko-Ko. The subplot involves a makeshift marriage of convenience between Fairfax and Elsie (Erika C. Miller), a singer in a strolling band of entertainers. Offered a dowry of 100 crowns to marry a man she’s never met, and guaranteed that he’ll be executed before the day is over, she accepts. The fact that Fairfax escapes, woos Elsie and wins her over spells tragedy both for Phoebe and for Jack Point (Jeremy Golden), the strolling jester who had hoped to wed Elsie. Wallot’s staging makes us keenly aware of the plight of this heartsick clown, whose sacrifice in the name of love ranks as the most poignant element in the entire G&S canon. Handled more lightly, Phoebe, too, must sacrifice – she’s forced to wed the grizzled Wilfred. Even while allowing for Gilbert’s many touches of satiric humor, Wallot’s well-cast ensemble members enact their roles with utter conviction. With a clear, melodious tenor, Buckels is a suavely cultured, cheerful Fairfax. Miller’s Elsie is at once lovely and wistful, and the actress issues powerful yet lilting vocals. Both Golden and Reeves (Phoebe in the production reviewed) have simpler but still effective singing styles, and even in his funniest scenes, the sensitive side of Golden’s jilted merrymaker is clearly on display. With blacked-out teeth, a scruffy look and a Cockney dialect, Buss delivers a solid comic characterization as Wilfred. Akin and Marc Sanford are equally solid in their roles as the tower’s chiefs, and Myrna Niles is comically severe as the tower’s head housekeeper, Dame Carruthers. Almost without exception, Wallot’s cast is in fine fettle vocally, and his blocking and choreography create visual interest. Rick Friend’s music direction and pre-recorded orchestrations preserve Sullivan’s beautiful score even while, of necessity, sounding rigidly canned. Miller’s costumes are sumptuous and ornate, while Joseph Horn’s all-purpose set design and Casey Long’s lighting cleanly do the trick.	i don't know
Who was the nymph who changed into a Laurel bush to save herself from Apollo?	Daphne (Greek mythology) - Memidex dictionary/thesaurus New World Dictionary: Daphne a feminine name \| [Greek mythology] a nymph who is changed by her father into a laurel tree so that she may escape Apollo's advances \| any of a genus ... (28 of 51 words, 3 definitions, pronunciation, 1 image ) Collins Dictionary: daphne \| Daphne any shrub of the Eurasian thymelaeaceous genus "Daphne", such as the ... \| [Greek mythology] a nymph who was saved from the amorous attentions of ... (24 of 396 words, 2 definitions, 5 usage examples, pronunciations) Columbia Encyclopedia: Daphne in Greek mythology, a nymph. She was loved by Apollo and by Leucippus, a mortal who disguised himself as a nymph to be near her. When Leucippus ... (27 of 58 words, pronunciation) Random House Dictionary: Daphne [classical mythology] a nymph who, when pursued by Apollo, was saved by being changed into a laurel tree. \| "daphne": [botany] any Eurasian shrub ... (23 of 51 words, 3 definitions, pronunciation)	Daphne (disambiguation)
Which character was played by Michelle Collins in 'Eastenders'?	1000+ images about apollo & daphne on Pinterest \| Martin o'malley, Research centre and Galleries Daphne Apollo by Soni Alcorn-Hender. The ancient definition of disinterest is when one would actually rather be a tree. More	i don't know
Give any year in the life of Thomas Gainsborough?	Thomas Gainsborough : Wikis (The Full Wiki) The Full Wiki More info on Thomas Gainsborough Wikis Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics Top rankings for Thomas Gainsborough 14th From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Thomas Gainsborough 2 August 1788 (aged 61) Nationality Thomas Gainsborough (christened 14 May 1727 – 2 August 1788) was a British portrait and landscape painter . Contents Advertisements Suffolk Thomas Gainsborough was born in Sudbury , Suffolk , England. His father was a weaver involved with the wool trade. At the age of thirteen he impressed his father with his penciling skills so that he let him go to London to study art in 1740. In London he first trained under engraver Hubert Gravelot but eventually became associated with William Hogarth and his school. One of his mentors was Francis Hayman . In those years he contributed to the decoration of what is now the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children and the supper boxes at Vauxhall Gardens . Mr and Mrs Andrews (1748-49). National Gallery , London. In the 1740s, Gainsborough married Margaret Burr, an illegitimate daughter of the Duke of Beaufort , who settled a £200 annuity on the couple. The artist's work, then mainly composed of landscape paintings, was not selling very well. He returned to Sudbury in 1748–1749 and concentrated on the painting of portraits . In 1752, he and his family, now including two daughters, moved to Ipswich . Commissions for personal portraits increased, but his clientele included mainly local merchants and squires. He had to borrow against his wife's annuity. Bath The Blue Boy (1770). The Huntington, California. In 1759, Gainsborough and his family moved to Bath . There, he studied portraits by van Dyck and was eventually able to attract a better-paying high society clientele. In 1761, he began to send work to the Society of Arts exhibition in London (now the Royal Society of Arts , of which he was one of the earliest members); and from 1769 on, he submitted works to the Royal Academy 's annual exhibitions. He selected portraits of well-known or notorious clients in order to attract attention. These exhibitions helped him acquire a national reputation, and he was invited to become one of the founding members of the Royal Academy in 1769. His relationship with the academy, however, was not an easy one and he stopped exhibiting his paintings there in 1773. London In 1774, Gainsborough and his family moved to London to live in Schomberg House , Pall Mall . In 1777, he again began to exhibit his paintings at the Royal Academy, including portraits of contemporary celebrities, such as the Duke and Duchess of Cumberland. Exhibitions of his work continued for the next six years. Mr and Mrs William Hallett (1785). In 1780, he painted the portraits of King George III and his queen and afterwards received many royal commissions. This gave him some influence with the Academy and allowed him to dictate the manner in which he wished his work to be exhibited. However, in 1783, he removed his paintings from the forthcoming exhibition and transferred them to Schomberg House. In 1784, royal painter Allan Ramsay died and the King was obliged to give the job to Gainsborough's rival and Academy president, Joshua Reynolds . Gainsborough remained the Royal Family's favorite painter, however. At his own express wish, he was buried at St. Anne's Church, Kew , where the Family regularly worshipped. In his later years, Gainsborough often painted relatively simple, ordinary landscapes. With Richard Wilson , he was one of the originators of the eighteenth-century British landscape school; though simultaneously, in conjunction with Joshua Reynolds, he was the dominant British portraitist of the second half of the 18th century. He died of cancer on 2 August 1788 at the age of 61 and is interred at Kew Parish Church, Surrey (located in Kew Gardens). He is buried next to Francis Bauer, the famous botanical illustrator. Technique Mrs Thomas Hibbert. Neue Pinakothek . Gainsborough was noted for the speed with he applied his paint, and he worked more from his observations of nature (and of human nature) than from any application of formal academic rules. The poetic sensibility of his paintings caused Constable to say, "On looking at them, we find tears in our eyes and know not what brings them." He himself said, "I'm sick of portraits, and wish very much to take my viol-da-gam and walk off to some sweet village, where I can paint landskips (sic) and enjoy the fag end of life in quietness and ease." His most famous works, such as Portrait of Mrs. Graham; Mary and Margaret: The Painter's Daughters; William Hallett and His Wife Elizabeth, nee Stephen, known as The Morning Walk; and Cottage Girl with Dog and Pitcher, display the unique individuality of his subjects. Gainsborough's only known assistant was his nephew, Gainsborough Dupont. In the last year of his life he collaborated with John Hoppner in painting a full length portrait of Charlotte, Countess Talbot . In fiction Kitty (1945) is a notable fictional film about Gainsborough, portrayed by Cecil Kellaway . Gainsborough has an important posthumous role in the alternate history novel The Two Georges by Harry Turtledove . Gallery of selected works Two Daughters with a Cat (c. 1759) Sunset (1760) The Artist`s Daughters, Molly and Peggy (1760) Portrait of the Composer Carl Friedrich Abel with his Viola da Gamba (c. 1765) Lady in Blue (c. 1770) Gainsborough`s Daughter Mary (1777) Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire (1783) Mrs. Richard B. Sheridan (1785-86) Cottage Girl with Dog and pitcher (1785) Self-Portrait (1787) The Painter`s Daughters Chasing a Butterfly Her Grace Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire See also Thomas Gainsborough’s 'Lost' Portrait of Auguste Vestri, Martin Postle The Letters of Thomas Gainsborough (Paul Mellon Centre for Studies), John Hayes External links www.gac.culture.gov.uk/search/Artist.asp?maker_id=112361 www.Thomas-Gainsborough.org 70 works by Thomas Gainsborough Up to date as of January 14, 2010 From Wikiquote Thomas Gainsborough. Self portrait c.1759 Thomas Gainsborough (baptised 1727 - 05-14 ; died 1788 - 08-02 ) was one of the most famous portrait and landscape painters of 18th century Britain. Unsourced ..this picture [Cornard Wood] was actually painted in Sudbury, begun before I left school, and was the means of my father's sending me to London. External links Up to date as of January 14, 2010 From LoveToKnow 1911 THOMAS GAINSBOROUGH (1727-1788), English painter, one of the greatest masters of the English school in portraiture , and only less so in landscape, was born at Sudbury , Suffolk , in the spring of 1727. His father, who carried on the business of a woollen crape -maker in that town, was of a respectable character and family, and was noted for his skill in fencing ; his mother excelled in flower - painting , and encouraged her son in the use of the pencil . There were nine children of the marriage, two of the painter's brothers being of a very ingenious turn. At ten years old, Gainsborough "had sketched every fine tree and picturesque cottage near Sudbury," and at fourteen, having filled his task-books with caricatures of his schoolmaster, and sketched the portrait of a man whom he had detected on the watch for robbing his father's orchard , he was allowed to follow the bent of his genius in London , with some instruction in etching from Gravelot, and under such advantages as Hayman, the historical painter, and the academy in St Martin's Lane could afford. Three years of study in the metropolis , where he did some modelling and a few landscapes, were succeeded by two years in the country. Here he fell in love with Margaret Burr, a young lady of many charms, including an annuity of X 200, married her after painting her portrait, and a short courtship, and, at the age of twenty, became a householder in Ipswich , his rent being 6 a year. The annuity was reported to come from Margaret's real (not her putative) father, who was one of the exiled Stuart princes or else the duke of Bedford . She was sister of a young man employed by Gainsborough's father as a traveller. At Ipswich, Gainsborough tells us, he was "chiefly in the face-way"; his sitters were not so numerous as to prevent him from often rambling with his friend Joshua Kirby (president of the Society of Artists) on the banks of the Orwell, from painting many landscapes with an attention to details which his later works never exhibited, or from joining a musical club and entertaining himself and his fellow-townsmen by giving concerts. As he advanced in years he became ambitious of advancing in reputation. Bath was then the general resort of wealth and fashion, and to that city, towards the close of the year 175 9, he removed with his wife and two daughters, the only issue of their marriage. His studio in the circus was soon thronged with visitors; he gradually raised his price for a half-length portrait from 5 to 40 guineas, and for a whole-length from 8 to loo guineas; and he rapidly developed beyond the comparatively plain and humdrum quality of his Ipswich paintings. Among his sitters at this period were the authors Sterne and Richardson, and the actors Quin, Henderson and Garrick. Meanwhile he contributed both portraits and landscapes to the annual exhibitions in London. He indulged his taste for music by learning to play the viol -di-gamba, the harp , the hautboy, the violoncello . His house harboured Italian , German, French and English musicians. He haunted the green-room of Palmer's theatre , and painted gratuitously the portraits of many of the actors: he constantly gave away his sketches and landscapes. In the summer of 1774, having already attained a position of great prosperity, he took his departure for London, and fixed his residence at Schomberg House, Pall Mall , a noble mansion still standing, for a part of which the artist paid boo a year. Gainsborough had not been many months in London ere he received a summons to the palace, and to the end of his career he divided with West the favour of the court, and with Reynolds the favour of the town. Sheridan , Burke, Johnson, Franklin , Canning, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu , Mrs Siddons, Clive, Blackstone, Hurd, were among the number of those who sat to him. But in London as in Bath his landscapes were exhibited, were commended, and were year after year returned to him, "till they stood," says Sir William Beechey , "ranged in long lines from his hall to his painting-room." Gainsborough was a member of the Royal Academy , one of the original 36 elected in 1768; but in 1784, being dissatisfied with the position assigned on the exhibition walls to his portrait of the three princesses, he withdrew that and his other pictures, and he never afterwards exhibited there. Even before this he had taken no part in the business of the Institution. After seceding he got up an exhibition in his own house, not successfully. In February 1788, while witnessing the trial of Warren Hastings , he felt an extraordinary chill at the back of his neck; this was the beginning of a cancer (or, as some say, a malignant wen) which proved fatal on the 2nd of August of the same year. He lies buried at Kew . Gainsborough was tall, fair and handsome, generous, impulsive to the point of capriciousness, easily irritated, not of bookish likings, a lively talker, good at repartee. He was a most thorough embodiment of the artistic temperament; delighting in nature and "the look of things," insatiable in working, fond of music and the theatre hardly less than of painting - a warm, rich personality , to whom severe principle was perhaps as foreign as deliberate wrong-doing. The property which he left at his death was not large. One of his daughters, Mary , had married the musician Fischer contrary to his wishes, and was subject to fits of mental aberration . The other daughter, Margaret, died unmarried. Mrs Gainsborough, an extremely sweet-tempered woman, survived her husband ten years. There is a pretty anecdote that Gainsborough, if he ever had a tiff with her, would write a pacifying note, confiding it to his dog Fox , who delivered it to the lady's pet spaniel Tristram. The note was worded as in the person of Fox to Tristram, and Mrs Gainsborough replied in the best of humours, as from Tristram to Fox. Gainsborough and Reynolds rank side by side as the greatest portrait-painters of the English school. They were at variance; but Gainsborough on his death- bed sought and obtained a reconciliation. It is difficult to say which stands the higher of the two, although Reynolds may claim to have worked with a nearer approach to even and demonstrable excellence. In grace, spirit, and lightness of insight and of touch, Gainsborough is peculiarly eminent. His handling was slight for the most part, and somewhat arbitrary, but in a high degree masterly; and his landscapes and rustic compositions are not less gifted than his portraits. Among his finest works are portraits of "Lady Ligonier," "Georgiana, duchess of Devonshire," "Master Buttall (the Blue Boy)," now in Grosvenor House, "Mrs Sheridan and Mrs Tickell," "Orpin, the parish clerk" (National Gallery), "the Hon. Mrs Graham" (Scottish National Gallery), his own portrait (Royal Academy), "Mrs Siddons" (National Gallery); also "the Cottage Door ," "the Market Cart ," "the Return from Harvest ," "the Woodman and his Dog in a Storm " (destroyed by fire), and "Waggon and Horses passing a Brook" (National Gallery - this was a favourite with its painter). He made a vast number of drawings and sketches. A few observations may be added: (I) as to individual works by Gainsborough, and (2) as to his general characteristics as a painter. Two of his first portraits, executed when he was settled at Ipswich, were separate likenesses of Mr and Mrs Hingeston. His first great hit was made at Bath with a portrait of Lord Nugent. With a likeness of Mr Poyntz, 1762, we find a decided advance in artistic type, and his style became fixed towards 1768. The date of the "Blue Boy" is somewhat uncertain: most accounts name 1779, but perhaps 1770 is nearer the mark . This point is not without interest for dilettanti; because it is said that Gainsborough painted the picture with a view to confuting a dictum of Reynolds, to the effect that blue was a colour unsuitable for the main light of a work. But, if the picture was produced before 1778, the date of Reynolds's dictum, this longcherished and often-repeated tradition must be given up. A full-length of the duke of Norfolk was perhaps the latest work to which Gainsborough set his hand. His portrait of Elizabeth , duchess of Devonshire, famous for its long disappearance, has aroused much controversy; whether this painting, produced not long after Gainsborough had settled in London, and termed "the Duchess of Devonshire," does really represent that lady, is by no means certain. It was mysteriously stolen in 1876 in London immediately after it had been purchased by Messrs Agnew at the Wynn Ellis sale at a huge price, and a long time elapsed before it was retraced. The picture was taken to New York , and eventually to Chicago ; and in April 1901, through the agency of a man named Pat Sheedy, it was given up to the American detectives working for Messrs Agnew; it was then sold to Mr Pierpont Morgan . Gainsborough's total output of paintings exceeded 300, including 220 portraits: he also etched at least 18 plates, and 3 in aquatint . At the date of his death 56 paintings remained on hand: these, along with 148 drawings, were then exhibited. In his earlier days he made a practice of copying works by Vandyck (the object of his more special admiration), Titian , Rubens, Teniers , Hobbema, Claude and some others, but not in a spirit of servile reproduction . Gainsborough was pre-eminent in that very essential element of portraiture - truthful likeness. In process of time he advanced in the rendering of immediate expression, while he somewhat receded in general character. He always made his sitters look pleasant, and, after a while, distinguished. Unity of impression is one of the most marked qualities in his work; he seems to have seen his subject as an integer, and he wrought at the various parts of it together, every touch (and very wilful some of his touches look) tending towards the foreseen result. He painted with arrowy speed, more especially in his later years. For portraits he used at times brushes upon sticks 6 ft. long; there was but little light in his painting-room, and he often worked in the evenings. He kept his landscape work distinct from his portraiture, not ever adding to the latter a fully realized landscape background; his views he never signed or dated - his likenesses only once or twice. His skies are constantly cloudy, the country represented is rough and broken; the scenes are of a pastoral kind, with an effect generally of coming rain , or else of calm sun-setting. The prevalent feeling of his landscapes is somewhat sad, and to children, whether in subjectgroups or in portraits, he mostly lent an expression rather plaintive than mirthful. It should be acknowledged that, whether in portraiture or in landscape, the painter's mannerisms of execution increased in process of time - patchings of the brush , tufty foliage, &c.; some of his portraits are hurried and flimsy, with a minimum of solid content, though not other than artistic in feeling. Here are a few of his axioms: - "What makes the difference between man and man is real performance, and not genius or conception." "I don't think it would be more ridiculous for a person to put his nose close to the canvas and say the colours smelt offensive than to say how rough the paint lies, for one is just as material as the other with regard to hurting the effect and drawing of a picture." "The eye is the only perspective -master needed by a landscape-painter." Authorities In 1788 Philip Thicknesse, Lieutenant-Governor of Landguard Fort, Ipswich, who had been active in promoting the artist's fortunes at starting, published A Sketch of the Life and Paintings of Thomas Gainsborough. He had quarrelled with the painter at Bath, partly because the latter had undertaken to do a portrait of him as a gift, and then neglected the work, and finally, in a huff, bundled it off only half done. The crucial question here is whether or not Gainsborough was reasonably pledged to perform any such gratuitous work, and this point has been contested. Thicknesse's book is in part adverse to Gainsborough, and more particularly so to his wife. Reynolds's "Lecture" on Gainsborough, replete with critical insight, should never be lost sight of as a leading document. In 1856 a heedfully compiled Life of Thomas Gainsborough was brought out by T. W. Fulcher . This was the first substantial work about him subsequent to Allan Cunningham's lively account (1829) in his Lives of the Painters. Of late years a great deal has been written, mainly but not by any means exclusively from the critical or technical point of view: - Sir Walter Armstrong (two works, 1896 and 1898); Mrs Arthur Bell (1902); Sir W. M. Conway , Artistic Development of Reynolds and Gainsborough (1886); Lord Ronald Sutherland Gower (1903); G. M. Brock-Arnold (1881). G. Pauli has brought out an illustrated work in Germany (1904) under the title Gainsborough. (W. M. R.)	1727 1788
Which perfume house manufactures a fragrance called 'Tweed'?	Thomas Gainsborough : Wikis (The Full Wiki) The Full Wiki More info on Thomas Gainsborough Wikis Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics Top rankings for Thomas Gainsborough 14th From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Thomas Gainsborough 2 August 1788 (aged 61) Nationality Thomas Gainsborough (christened 14 May 1727 – 2 August 1788) was a British portrait and landscape painter . Contents Advertisements Suffolk Thomas Gainsborough was born in Sudbury , Suffolk , England. His father was a weaver involved with the wool trade. At the age of thirteen he impressed his father with his penciling skills so that he let him go to London to study art in 1740. In London he first trained under engraver Hubert Gravelot but eventually became associated with William Hogarth and his school. One of his mentors was Francis Hayman . In those years he contributed to the decoration of what is now the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children and the supper boxes at Vauxhall Gardens . Mr and Mrs Andrews (1748-49). National Gallery , London. In the 1740s, Gainsborough married Margaret Burr, an illegitimate daughter of the Duke of Beaufort , who settled a £200 annuity on the couple. The artist's work, then mainly composed of landscape paintings, was not selling very well. He returned to Sudbury in 1748–1749 and concentrated on the painting of portraits . In 1752, he and his family, now including two daughters, moved to Ipswich . Commissions for personal portraits increased, but his clientele included mainly local merchants and squires. He had to borrow against his wife's annuity. Bath The Blue Boy (1770). The Huntington, California. In 1759, Gainsborough and his family moved to Bath . There, he studied portraits by van Dyck and was eventually able to attract a better-paying high society clientele. In 1761, he began to send work to the Society of Arts exhibition in London (now the Royal Society of Arts , of which he was one of the earliest members); and from 1769 on, he submitted works to the Royal Academy 's annual exhibitions. He selected portraits of well-known or notorious clients in order to attract attention. These exhibitions helped him acquire a national reputation, and he was invited to become one of the founding members of the Royal Academy in 1769. His relationship with the academy, however, was not an easy one and he stopped exhibiting his paintings there in 1773. London In 1774, Gainsborough and his family moved to London to live in Schomberg House , Pall Mall . In 1777, he again began to exhibit his paintings at the Royal Academy, including portraits of contemporary celebrities, such as the Duke and Duchess of Cumberland. Exhibitions of his work continued for the next six years. Mr and Mrs William Hallett (1785). In 1780, he painted the portraits of King George III and his queen and afterwards received many royal commissions. This gave him some influence with the Academy and allowed him to dictate the manner in which he wished his work to be exhibited. However, in 1783, he removed his paintings from the forthcoming exhibition and transferred them to Schomberg House. In 1784, royal painter Allan Ramsay died and the King was obliged to give the job to Gainsborough's rival and Academy president, Joshua Reynolds . Gainsborough remained the Royal Family's favorite painter, however. At his own express wish, he was buried at St. Anne's Church, Kew , where the Family regularly worshipped. In his later years, Gainsborough often painted relatively simple, ordinary landscapes. With Richard Wilson , he was one of the originators of the eighteenth-century British landscape school; though simultaneously, in conjunction with Joshua Reynolds, he was the dominant British portraitist of the second half of the 18th century. He died of cancer on 2 August 1788 at the age of 61 and is interred at Kew Parish Church, Surrey (located in Kew Gardens). He is buried next to Francis Bauer, the famous botanical illustrator. Technique Mrs Thomas Hibbert. Neue Pinakothek . Gainsborough was noted for the speed with he applied his paint, and he worked more from his observations of nature (and of human nature) than from any application of formal academic rules. The poetic sensibility of his paintings caused Constable to say, "On looking at them, we find tears in our eyes and know not what brings them." He himself said, "I'm sick of portraits, and wish very much to take my viol-da-gam and walk off to some sweet village, where I can paint landskips (sic) and enjoy the fag end of life in quietness and ease." His most famous works, such as Portrait of Mrs. Graham; Mary and Margaret: The Painter's Daughters; William Hallett and His Wife Elizabeth, nee Stephen, known as The Morning Walk; and Cottage Girl with Dog and Pitcher, display the unique individuality of his subjects. Gainsborough's only known assistant was his nephew, Gainsborough Dupont. In the last year of his life he collaborated with John Hoppner in painting a full length portrait of Charlotte, Countess Talbot . In fiction Kitty (1945) is a notable fictional film about Gainsborough, portrayed by Cecil Kellaway . Gainsborough has an important posthumous role in the alternate history novel The Two Georges by Harry Turtledove . Gallery of selected works Two Daughters with a Cat (c. 1759) Sunset (1760) The Artist`s Daughters, Molly and Peggy (1760) Portrait of the Composer Carl Friedrich Abel with his Viola da Gamba (c. 1765) Lady in Blue (c. 1770) Gainsborough`s Daughter Mary (1777) Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire (1783) Mrs. Richard B. Sheridan (1785-86) Cottage Girl with Dog and pitcher (1785) Self-Portrait (1787) The Painter`s Daughters Chasing a Butterfly Her Grace Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire See also Thomas Gainsborough’s 'Lost' Portrait of Auguste Vestri, Martin Postle The Letters of Thomas Gainsborough (Paul Mellon Centre for Studies), John Hayes External links www.gac.culture.gov.uk/search/Artist.asp?maker_id=112361 www.Thomas-Gainsborough.org 70 works by Thomas Gainsborough Up to date as of January 14, 2010 From Wikiquote Thomas Gainsborough. Self portrait c.1759 Thomas Gainsborough (baptised 1727 - 05-14 ; died 1788 - 08-02 ) was one of the most famous portrait and landscape painters of 18th century Britain. Unsourced ..this picture [Cornard Wood] was actually painted in Sudbury, begun before I left school, and was the means of my father's sending me to London. External links Up to date as of January 14, 2010 From LoveToKnow 1911 THOMAS GAINSBOROUGH (1727-1788), English painter, one of the greatest masters of the English school in portraiture , and only less so in landscape, was born at Sudbury , Suffolk , in the spring of 1727. His father, who carried on the business of a woollen crape -maker in that town, was of a respectable character and family, and was noted for his skill in fencing ; his mother excelled in flower - painting , and encouraged her son in the use of the pencil . There were nine children of the marriage, two of the painter's brothers being of a very ingenious turn. At ten years old, Gainsborough "had sketched every fine tree and picturesque cottage near Sudbury," and at fourteen, having filled his task-books with caricatures of his schoolmaster, and sketched the portrait of a man whom he had detected on the watch for robbing his father's orchard , he was allowed to follow the bent of his genius in London , with some instruction in etching from Gravelot, and under such advantages as Hayman, the historical painter, and the academy in St Martin's Lane could afford. Three years of study in the metropolis , where he did some modelling and a few landscapes, were succeeded by two years in the country. Here he fell in love with Margaret Burr, a young lady of many charms, including an annuity of X 200, married her after painting her portrait, and a short courtship, and, at the age of twenty, became a householder in Ipswich , his rent being 6 a year. The annuity was reported to come from Margaret's real (not her putative) father, who was one of the exiled Stuart princes or else the duke of Bedford . She was sister of a young man employed by Gainsborough's father as a traveller. At Ipswich, Gainsborough tells us, he was "chiefly in the face-way"; his sitters were not so numerous as to prevent him from often rambling with his friend Joshua Kirby (president of the Society of Artists) on the banks of the Orwell, from painting many landscapes with an attention to details which his later works never exhibited, or from joining a musical club and entertaining himself and his fellow-townsmen by giving concerts. As he advanced in years he became ambitious of advancing in reputation. Bath was then the general resort of wealth and fashion, and to that city, towards the close of the year 175 9, he removed with his wife and two daughters, the only issue of their marriage. His studio in the circus was soon thronged with visitors; he gradually raised his price for a half-length portrait from 5 to 40 guineas, and for a whole-length from 8 to loo guineas; and he rapidly developed beyond the comparatively plain and humdrum quality of his Ipswich paintings. Among his sitters at this period were the authors Sterne and Richardson, and the actors Quin, Henderson and Garrick. Meanwhile he contributed both portraits and landscapes to the annual exhibitions in London. He indulged his taste for music by learning to play the viol -di-gamba, the harp , the hautboy, the violoncello . His house harboured Italian , German, French and English musicians. He haunted the green-room of Palmer's theatre , and painted gratuitously the portraits of many of the actors: he constantly gave away his sketches and landscapes. In the summer of 1774, having already attained a position of great prosperity, he took his departure for London, and fixed his residence at Schomberg House, Pall Mall , a noble mansion still standing, for a part of which the artist paid boo a year. Gainsborough had not been many months in London ere he received a summons to the palace, and to the end of his career he divided with West the favour of the court, and with Reynolds the favour of the town. Sheridan , Burke, Johnson, Franklin , Canning, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu , Mrs Siddons, Clive, Blackstone, Hurd, were among the number of those who sat to him. But in London as in Bath his landscapes were exhibited, were commended, and were year after year returned to him, "till they stood," says Sir William Beechey , "ranged in long lines from his hall to his painting-room." Gainsborough was a member of the Royal Academy , one of the original 36 elected in 1768; but in 1784, being dissatisfied with the position assigned on the exhibition walls to his portrait of the three princesses, he withdrew that and his other pictures, and he never afterwards exhibited there. Even before this he had taken no part in the business of the Institution. After seceding he got up an exhibition in his own house, not successfully. In February 1788, while witnessing the trial of Warren Hastings , he felt an extraordinary chill at the back of his neck; this was the beginning of a cancer (or, as some say, a malignant wen) which proved fatal on the 2nd of August of the same year. He lies buried at Kew . Gainsborough was tall, fair and handsome, generous, impulsive to the point of capriciousness, easily irritated, not of bookish likings, a lively talker, good at repartee. He was a most thorough embodiment of the artistic temperament; delighting in nature and "the look of things," insatiable in working, fond of music and the theatre hardly less than of painting - a warm, rich personality , to whom severe principle was perhaps as foreign as deliberate wrong-doing. The property which he left at his death was not large. One of his daughters, Mary , had married the musician Fischer contrary to his wishes, and was subject to fits of mental aberration . The other daughter, Margaret, died unmarried. Mrs Gainsborough, an extremely sweet-tempered woman, survived her husband ten years. There is a pretty anecdote that Gainsborough, if he ever had a tiff with her, would write a pacifying note, confiding it to his dog Fox , who delivered it to the lady's pet spaniel Tristram. The note was worded as in the person of Fox to Tristram, and Mrs Gainsborough replied in the best of humours, as from Tristram to Fox. Gainsborough and Reynolds rank side by side as the greatest portrait-painters of the English school. They were at variance; but Gainsborough on his death- bed sought and obtained a reconciliation. It is difficult to say which stands the higher of the two, although Reynolds may claim to have worked with a nearer approach to even and demonstrable excellence. In grace, spirit, and lightness of insight and of touch, Gainsborough is peculiarly eminent. His handling was slight for the most part, and somewhat arbitrary, but in a high degree masterly; and his landscapes and rustic compositions are not less gifted than his portraits. Among his finest works are portraits of "Lady Ligonier," "Georgiana, duchess of Devonshire," "Master Buttall (the Blue Boy)," now in Grosvenor House, "Mrs Sheridan and Mrs Tickell," "Orpin, the parish clerk" (National Gallery), "the Hon. Mrs Graham" (Scottish National Gallery), his own portrait (Royal Academy), "Mrs Siddons" (National Gallery); also "the Cottage Door ," "the Market Cart ," "the Return from Harvest ," "the Woodman and his Dog in a Storm " (destroyed by fire), and "Waggon and Horses passing a Brook" (National Gallery - this was a favourite with its painter). He made a vast number of drawings and sketches. A few observations may be added: (I) as to individual works by Gainsborough, and (2) as to his general characteristics as a painter. Two of his first portraits, executed when he was settled at Ipswich, were separate likenesses of Mr and Mrs Hingeston. His first great hit was made at Bath with a portrait of Lord Nugent. With a likeness of Mr Poyntz, 1762, we find a decided advance in artistic type, and his style became fixed towards 1768. The date of the "Blue Boy" is somewhat uncertain: most accounts name 1779, but perhaps 1770 is nearer the mark . This point is not without interest for dilettanti; because it is said that Gainsborough painted the picture with a view to confuting a dictum of Reynolds, to the effect that blue was a colour unsuitable for the main light of a work. But, if the picture was produced before 1778, the date of Reynolds's dictum, this longcherished and often-repeated tradition must be given up. A full-length of the duke of Norfolk was perhaps the latest work to which Gainsborough set his hand. His portrait of Elizabeth , duchess of Devonshire, famous for its long disappearance, has aroused much controversy; whether this painting, produced not long after Gainsborough had settled in London, and termed "the Duchess of Devonshire," does really represent that lady, is by no means certain. It was mysteriously stolen in 1876 in London immediately after it had been purchased by Messrs Agnew at the Wynn Ellis sale at a huge price, and a long time elapsed before it was retraced. The picture was taken to New York , and eventually to Chicago ; and in April 1901, through the agency of a man named Pat Sheedy, it was given up to the American detectives working for Messrs Agnew; it was then sold to Mr Pierpont Morgan . Gainsborough's total output of paintings exceeded 300, including 220 portraits: he also etched at least 18 plates, and 3 in aquatint . At the date of his death 56 paintings remained on hand: these, along with 148 drawings, were then exhibited. In his earlier days he made a practice of copying works by Vandyck (the object of his more special admiration), Titian , Rubens, Teniers , Hobbema, Claude and some others, but not in a spirit of servile reproduction . Gainsborough was pre-eminent in that very essential element of portraiture - truthful likeness. In process of time he advanced in the rendering of immediate expression, while he somewhat receded in general character. He always made his sitters look pleasant, and, after a while, distinguished. Unity of impression is one of the most marked qualities in his work; he seems to have seen his subject as an integer, and he wrought at the various parts of it together, every touch (and very wilful some of his touches look) tending towards the foreseen result. He painted with arrowy speed, more especially in his later years. For portraits he used at times brushes upon sticks 6 ft. long; there was but little light in his painting-room, and he often worked in the evenings. He kept his landscape work distinct from his portraiture, not ever adding to the latter a fully realized landscape background; his views he never signed or dated - his likenesses only once or twice. His skies are constantly cloudy, the country represented is rough and broken; the scenes are of a pastoral kind, with an effect generally of coming rain , or else of calm sun-setting. The prevalent feeling of his landscapes is somewhat sad, and to children, whether in subjectgroups or in portraits, he mostly lent an expression rather plaintive than mirthful. It should be acknowledged that, whether in portraiture or in landscape, the painter's mannerisms of execution increased in process of time - patchings of the brush , tufty foliage, &c.; some of his portraits are hurried and flimsy, with a minimum of solid content, though not other than artistic in feeling. Here are a few of his axioms: - "What makes the difference between man and man is real performance, and not genius or conception." "I don't think it would be more ridiculous for a person to put his nose close to the canvas and say the colours smelt offensive than to say how rough the paint lies, for one is just as material as the other with regard to hurting the effect and drawing of a picture." "The eye is the only perspective -master needed by a landscape-painter." Authorities In 1788 Philip Thicknesse, Lieutenant-Governor of Landguard Fort, Ipswich, who had been active in promoting the artist's fortunes at starting, published A Sketch of the Life and Paintings of Thomas Gainsborough. He had quarrelled with the painter at Bath, partly because the latter had undertaken to do a portrait of him as a gift, and then neglected the work, and finally, in a huff, bundled it off only half done. The crucial question here is whether or not Gainsborough was reasonably pledged to perform any such gratuitous work, and this point has been contested. Thicknesse's book is in part adverse to Gainsborough, and more particularly so to his wife. Reynolds's "Lecture" on Gainsborough, replete with critical insight, should never be lost sight of as a leading document. In 1856 a heedfully compiled Life of Thomas Gainsborough was brought out by T. W. Fulcher . This was the first substantial work about him subsequent to Allan Cunningham's lively account (1829) in his Lives of the Painters. Of late years a great deal has been written, mainly but not by any means exclusively from the critical or technical point of view: - Sir Walter Armstrong (two works, 1896 and 1898); Mrs Arthur Bell (1902); Sir W. M. Conway , Artistic Development of Reynolds and Gainsborough (1886); Lord Ronald Sutherland Gower (1903); G. M. Brock-Arnold (1881). G. Pauli has brought out an illustrated work in Germany (1904) under the title Gainsborough. (W. M. R.)	i don't know
Who was on the English throne at the time of the 'Battle of Trafalgar'?	England Expects: Nelson and the Battle of Trafalgar Ancient Britain ï¿½ Castles ï¿½ Churches/Cathedrals ï¿½ Houses/Manors ï¿½ Museums ï¿½ Towns ï¿½ Countryside ï¿½ London ï¿½ History & Folklore ï¿½ Travel Tips Test daily news England Expects: Nelson and the Battle of Trafalgar by Dawn Copeman Thanks to ABBA, we all know that in 1815 "at Waterloo Napoleon did surrender", yet in Britain the Battle of Trafalgar is the most celebrated of the Napoleonic battles. So why do the British make such a big deal of Trafalgar? Well, firstly, it was at the close of this battle that a national hero, Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson, died. Secondly, the Battle of Trafalgar secured for Britain supremacy of the seas and ensured that the French could not proceed with their intended invasion of Britain. Yes, you read that right. In 1804 when Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French he also drew up plans for an invasion of Britain and assembled his "Army of England" at Boulogne. Napoleon tried to invade England on several occasions, but was thwarted each time. The first attempt in February 1804 was abandoned due to a royalist plot against Napoleon. The second planned invasion in summer 1804 was cancelled when Admiral Latouche-Treville, the commander of the French fleet in Toulon, died and had to be replaced with Admiral Pierre de Villeneuve. The third planned invasion early in 1805 failed due to bad weather. It was because of the threat of a French invasion that the 74 Martello Towers that line the South Coast of England -- from Folkestone to Seaford -- were constructed. The towers were built every quarter of a mile except where cliffs protected the coast. They were named after the Tower of Mortella in Corsica which, despite being manned by only 38 men, survived an attack by two ships and a detachment of troops in 1794. Napoleon was determined to invade Britain in 1805, but many of his fleets had been blockaded in their ports by the British fleets. So he tried to lure the British out to the east, which would enable his fleets to escape and converge on Britain. Whilst he was a brilliant military strategist, however, he was no naval man and had no real understanding of naval warfare. He expected his ships to be at specific locations by certain dates and made no allowances for winds or for the British fleet anticipating his moves. Thus in reality his elaborate plans were impractical. Nevertheless Nelson was kept busy throughout most of 1805 chasing the French fleet around the Mediterranean. In fact Nelson had been at sea almost continuously from 1803 to 1805, a mammoth achievement considering the lack of British bases at which to take on supplies. This alone helped to raise Nelson's profile amongst the normal British population, as this letter to Nelson from Hugh Elliot of Naples shows: "to have kept your ships afloat, your rigging standing, and crews in health and spirits is an effort such as was never realized in former times, nor I doubt, will ever again be repeated by any other admiral. You have protected us for two long years, and you have saved the West Indies." Nelson was renowned for ensuring the health and welfare of his men. He insisted that all sailors suck lemons, oranges or limes every day to prevent scurvy -- which is why British sailors were known as limeys. And he was very good at keeping their morale up -- all this despite suffering almost continuously from sea-sickness, an ailment he was determined not to let stand in the way of his naval career. That career was an odd choice for a son of a Norfolk village parson! Horatio Nelson was born on the 29th September 1758 in the village of Burnham Thorpe in Norfolk. He entered the navy in 1770 aged just twelve and progressed quickly through the ranks. He was made admiral in 1797. Nelson paid dearly for his rank: he lost his right eye at Corsica in 1794, suffered an internal rupture at St Vincent in February 1797, lost his right arm at Tenerife in July, and finally suffered a head wound in 1798 during the Battle of the Nile. Some historians believe this head wound caused a mental imbalance in Nelson that resulted in his affair with Lady Emma Hamilton. She was the wife of Sir William Hamilton, the British representative at the court of Naples. A confidant of Queen Maria Carolina, Emma managed to ensure that Nelson's ships had supplies before the Battle of the Nile. From then on, Nelson was captivated by her. He went on to father two daughters with her whilst remaining married to Frances Nisbet, whom he had married in 1787 but with whom he had no children. The affair scandalized British society and for a short while Nelson was out of favour with the population. But his success at winning the Battle of the Nile in 1798, followed by the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801, not only brought him honours from King George III, but also forgiveness from the British population. Nelson was made a baron after the Battle of the Nile and a Viscount after the Battle of Copenhagen By 1805, because of his relentless hunt for Napoleon's fleets, Nelson was more popular than ever and considered to be the hero of the hour. As Nelson himself commented "I had their huzzas before, I have their hearts now!" Meanwhile, Napoleon had become impatient with Villeneuve's failures to meet deadlines and decided to replace him with Admiral Rosily. Villeneuve had reached Cadiz in Spain in August 1805, where he hoped to repair his ships and take on fresh supplies. His ships were allowed into Cadiz by Admiral Collingwood, who only had three ships with which to blockade the port. Villeneuve was doubly unlucky: firstly, an epidemic had just raged through Cadiz and no supplies were forthcoming until a direct order came from Madrid; and secondly, no sooner had he begun to re-stock his ships than he received Napoleon's orders to leave Cadiz at once. By the time this order had arrived, so had Nelson on the 100-gunned HMS Victory with the rest of the British fleet. Nelson knew now that battle was inevitable. He spent hours with the commanders of his fleet, explaining to them in intricate detail how the battle would be fought. Normally naval battles of that time consisted of two lines of ships facing each other and firing their guns at one another. Since the fleet consisted of 22 ships of the line (big, gunned sailing ships) and six frigates, it could take a whole day just to get the ships into fighting position. Nelson preferred to sail in the order of battle and to get as close as possible to the enemy. This tactic, known by the British fleet as the Nelson Touch, was to cut the French line into three parts and then use his entire fleet to attack half the French fleet and destroy or capture the ships before the remainder of the French fleet could turn around and join battle. Unfortunately for Villeneuve, the French fleet of 33 ships included 15 Spanish ships, which had been given orders to assist the French but were not under his direct command. It was difficult enough for Villeneuve to get the Spanish to agree on the order of sail, never mind battle tactics. Villeneuve had been present at the Battle of the Nile, when the Nelson Touch had first been used in a sea battle. He warned his captains not to expect a straightforward line battle but told them "he will try to double our rear, cut through the line and bring against the ships thus isolated groups of his own to surround and capture them." Fortunately for us, but not for them, no-one listened to him. Nelson went through his plan constantly in the days leading up to battle to ensure that everyone knew exactly what to do. He summed it up by saying "In case Signals can neither be seen nor perfectly understood, no Captain can do very wrong if he places his ship alongside that of an Enemy." Villeneuve issued his captains with a similar sounding call: "The captain who is not in action is not at his post." On 19 October 1805, British frigates reported that the French fleet was on the move and heading for Gibraltar. Nelson set sail immediately and by the 20th he lay in wait for them midway between Cape Trafalgar and Cape Spartel. The French had had difficulty leaving Cadiz due to poor winds and didn't arrive until the early hours of the 21st of October. When he saw the British fleet waiting for him, Villeneuve signalled for a change of course; seeing this, Nelson gave the orders for immediate attack, worried that the French might escape. The signal ended with Nelson's famous rousing words, "England expects that every man will do his duty." These weren't however, Nelson's actual words. The original words were "England confides (i.e. has confidence) that every man will do his duty", but 'confides' was not in the code book and therefore would have to have been spelled out, which would take time. 'Expects', however, was in the code book and so the message was changed. The battle began at midday when Admiral Collingwood's ship, the Royal Sovereign, sailed in close to the French fleet. All the British ships engaged in close battle or "pell mell", and it was at 13.15, whilst the Victory was in close battle with the Redoutable, that Nelson was hit by a marksman from the mizzentop of the French ship. He was hit in the chest and the ball lodged in his spine. He was carried below decks and died three hours later. The battle ended shortly after at 5pm. The combined French and Spanish fleet lost 18 ships and over 5800 lives, and 20,000 of them were taken prisoner. The British lost 1690 lives, but suffered no loss of ships. Nelson was given a state funeral at St. Paul's Cathedral and a posthumous earldom. Trafalgar is now recognised as an epic sea battle and Nelson as an outstanding leader and tactician and every year on the 21st October, Britain and particularly the Royal Navy celebrate Trafalgar Day. HMS Victory, now moored at the Historic Dockyard in Portsmouth, is still on the navy roll, which means it is still on active service, is still maintained by the Navy and still has sailors posted to it. Related Articles:	George III of the United Kingdom
Which is the second highest mountain in the British Isles?	King George III \| Britroyals Full Name: George William Frederick Born: June 4, 1738 at Norfolk House, St. James Square, London Parents: Frederick Prince of Wales, and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha Relation to Elizabeth II: 3rd great-grandfather House of: Hanover Ascended to the throne: October 25, 1760 aged 22 years Crowned: September 22, 1761 at Westminster Abbey Married: Charlotte, daughter of Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz Children: Ten sons including George IV and William IV, and six daughters Died: January 29, 1820 at Windsor Castle, aged 81 years, 7 months, and 24 days Buried at: Windsor Reigned for: 59 years, 3 months, and 2 days Succeeded by: his son George IV George III, unlike his father and grandfather, was born in England. He became heir to the throne when his father Frederick, Prince of Wales, died in 1751 from a lung abscess (believed to be caused by a blow on the chest from a cricket ball) before he could succeed his father. George was shy and stubborn but well educated in science and arts. He became King George III in 1760 following the death of his grandfather. In 1761, after an official search for a suitable wife, he married Sophia Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz whom he first met on his wedding day. The couple enjoyed a happy marriage and he never took a mistress. They had 16 children including George (later George IV) and William (who became William IV) and they were married for 57 years. In 1762 he purchased Buckingham House in London which later became Buckingham Palace. George had high moral standards, and appalled by the loose morals of his brothers introduced the Royal Marriage Act in 1772 which made it illegal for members of the Royal Family to marry without the consent of the Sovereign. He was interested in agricultural improvement, and during his reign there were advances in manufacturing mechanisation including the spinning frame and steam engine. George was determined to be thrifty with his own and public expenses. He handed Parliament the right of income from Crown Estates in return for a Civil List annuity for the support of his household and expenses, an arrangement that continues today. Britain had been fighting a colonial war against France since 1756 with military success but at high financial cost. George appointed Lord Bute to negotiate the Treaty of Paris in 1762 to end the Seven years war. This caused patriotic outrage for the concessions it gave to the French including the rights of French colonists in North America to remain in Quebec and New Orleans. Lord North became Prime Minister determined to make the colonies pay for their own security. The Stamp Act of 1765 levied a tax on every official document in the British colonies and high customs duties introduced. These were mostly repealed in the face of American protests, with the exception of the tax on tea. In 1773 colonists threw chests of tea overboard in Boston harbour in a protest know as the �Boston tea party�. The American War of Independence began in April 1775 when colonists fought British troops at Lexington. George Washington was appointed commander of the Continental Army. On 4 July 1776 the Continental Congress under leadership of John Hancock declared independence. Fighting continued until 1781 when the British were defeated by Americans and French at Yorktown. In the Treaty of Paris in 1783 Britain agreed to recognise American independence. King George took the loss badly and considered abdication before facing the political and military realities. 1788 he suffered his first attack of insanity (now believed to be the result of the inherited disease porphyria) which was to plague him for the rest of his life. His son George, Prince of Wales, was made temporary regent an arrangement which became permanent in 1810. In 1789 France was shaken by revolution and King Louis XVI guillotined in 1793. Britain was once more at war with France. Attempted revolution by Catholics and French troops in Ireland was crushed and eventually union with Ireland was passed in 1801. By 1803 Napoleon Bonaparte was assembling a fleet for the invasion of England, but the French fleet was defeated by Admiral Horatio Nelson at the Battle Trafalgar in 1805. Napoleon defeated the Russians at Austerlitz but was forced to withdraw from Moscow by the Russian winter. The battles continued with the Peninsular War in which the British fought to drive the French from Spain. Napoleon was eventually defeated by British and German forces at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. George III died at Windsor Castle on 29 January 1820, after a reign of almost 60 years - the third longest in British history, and was succeeded by his son George IV. King George III's Signature Quotes: �Knavery seems to be so much the striking feature of its inhabitants that it may not in the end be an evil that they will become aliens to this kingdom.� - King George III (about Americans at the time of the declaration of independence) �I desire what is good. Therefore, everyone who does not agree with me is a traitor.� - King George III 'Lord Chancellor, did I deliver the speech well ?' 'Very well indeed, sir,' was the enthusiastic answer. 'I am glad of that,' replied the king; 'for there was nothing in it.' - King George III Timeline for King George III Year	i don't know
Elvis Presley, with over abillion sales, has sold more records than anyone in the history of pop music.The Beatles are second, who is third?	Is Elvis The Best Selling Artist Of All Time? \| popdirt.com Is Elvis The Best Selling Artist Of All Time? Contributed anonymously: Alive or dead Elvis has the best career of any popstar. He’s starred in 31 movies from 1956 to 1969. Released over 192 albums (not all of which qualified for the R.I.A.A., due to not meeting criteria circumstance even though they may’ve sold millions of copies, which spawned 104 top 40 singles, 38 top 10 singles, and 31 #1 singles (24 of which sold over a million copies each) including Hound dog with spent 11 weeks at #1, He also has a record 9 consecutive #1’s, another record he has is that from 56′- 59′ there was at least one Elvis song on the charts. Has won 3 Grammys, all for his gospel music. After his death in 77′ his label, RCA, was shipping a record 20 million albums a week around the world, and had 40 pressing plants working overtime, and in the 12 months following his death 1/3 of all albums sold worldwide were Elvis albums, not including 10’s of millions of albums sold through outside companies, and record clubs, all of which are unaccounted for in R.I.A.A. totals, plus the R.I.A.A. has many faults in their counting methods and have changed there method several times over the years screwing up his sales. His album sales currently stand at over a billion albums sold worldwide from Singles/ EP’s/ Albums/ CD’s/ and Cassettes, including over 600 million in the U.S., and over 400 million outside the U.S., confirmed by Goldmine Trade Magazine (A very respectable American magazine) RCA V.P.’s, and the President and CEO of BMG, it’s a figure that is constantly rising due to the fact that Elvis sells steadily 52 weeks a year. ( www.elvis-presley.ca/elvisriaa.htm & www.elvisinfonet.com/elvisvsbeatlespart1.html for some facts if you need them). Bottom Line Elvis is indeed the greatest selling recording artist of all time. Admin note: Locking thread and continuing discussion here . 329 thoughts on “Is Elvis The Best Selling Artist Of All Time?” Katerina I don’t really know but I think that Michael Jackson might have toped that. Joe To Katerina THAT’S IMPOSSIBLE ( would be like you chaging colours lika chameleon!) MJ was a one dimensional artist ELVIS was three dimensional he could and did sing anything MJ will never have the postthumous success as EP NEVER! Natalie Neither MJ nor Elvis can overtake the Beatles. They’ve sold over a billion. What a number! KB50MJ The Top sellers of all time: 1) The beatles- 390 million 2) Michael Jackson- 380 million 3) Elvis- 315 million MJ has surpassed them all when it comes to overall succsess though. mrtvman February 8, 2009 at 6:14 am elvis is the only singer in history to sell over 1 billion albums worldwide it stands like this Elvis sold over 200 billions albums worldwide the beeatles sold over 750 million albums worldwide Michael Jackson sold over 700 million albums worldwide so ya Elvis is the true best selling artist of all time Elvis is the best was the best and always will be the best that ever lived long live the king Marius March 28, 2009 at 10:02 am As stated in this very post, the company has screwed up his sales statistics, so they can not be trusted. Michael Jackson is the artist that has the record for being the biggest selling artist of all time. He’s had that record for the last 20 years already. elvis presley elvis best. fact of life.. everyone likes Elvis aprt from people like die hard beatles.. fu* off with tht DJBirchey April 17, 2009 at 4:02 pm Elvis Billion??? Way off the mark, his figures were fabricated to keep his dimming sales figures alive! do the research, at one point the number of supposed sales exceeded the number of Record players sold in the U.S ha ha! Face it Elvis was diminishing until he was marketed after his death! Elvis – Does’nt have any new fans, this generation has forgotten him, I don’t know anyone under 40 who rates him! in 30 years he will be forgotten! The Beatles – Again they are losing appeal, their generation will be gone soon, both Beatles & Elvis have inspired very little of this generations artists, proof they will fade out Michael Jackson – Still Alive, Still selling, Number 1 inspiration for Artists of the last 3 – 4 generations! Just broke World records for fastest tickets ever sold ON THIS PLANET! THIS IS IT! Michael also own rights to nearly all the Beatles works and a large chunk of Elvis’s work under his joint catalogue with Sony :) So everytime Elvis or the Beatles sell more, its money in his pocket! RockMania NO ELVIS IS THE SECOND HIGHEST SELL ARTIST OF ALL TIME. THE BEATLES ARE THE HIGHEST. SEARCH IT UP ON GOOGLE AND YOU’LL SEE ITS THE BEETLES WITH OVER 1 BILLION RECORDS SOLD. Samantha May 8, 2009 at 6:13 pm @ DJBirchey: Elvis, I will agree with you, is losing his appeal. The Beatles on the other hand are far from losing any appeal, I know several people under the age of 30 (and a large amount under 20) who are huge Beatles fans. With the recent release of the movie Across the Universe, plus there hits album 1, along with the new Cirque de Soliel show Love, their seed has been planted in an entirely new generation. And with the new Taking Woodstock movie coming out soon, I can see an entire generation of 60’s wannabes, something I’m not sure I would like to see being a 90’s kid with a 60’s mindset. Judah May 14, 2009 at 5:50 pm Samantha , what are you talking about. In 2008 Soundscan data shows Elvis outselling The Beatles and Jackson. The Beatles have never claimed to have sold more than a billion and neither have EMI It will barely get to 600Million. Jackson has sales of no more than 300 Million and that is being generous. Elvis has researched sales that support the figure of over a billion. RIAA Certifications The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) first began tracking sales of Elvis Presley in 1958, who didn’t receive his first Gold Record award until 1960. On March 27, 1992, the RIAA certified (or re-certified) 37 of Elvis Presley’s albums, taking his American total to 57× platinum. On July 15, 1999, based on 79 certified recordings the figure stood at 92× platinum, with an estimated 35 million albums sold in the U.S alone during those seven years between the two certifications. The most recent album sales figures date to December 13, 2005, with an additional 33 million albums sold in six years, taking his total U.S tally to 125× platinum, based on 95 certified recordings.[2] Between 1958 and 1992, 57 million albums were shipped in the U.S. Between 1992 and 2008, 68 million albums were shipped in the U.S., the King proving even more successful as a dead icon than a live performer. With total record sales to date in all formats estimated at over 1.8 billion worldwide, he is the biggest selling solo artist of all time. Daniel May 16, 2009 at 6:27 pm First of all Michael Jackson Worldwide or in the U.S. doesn’t even come close to elvisor the Beatles. His Thriller album was the biggest seller worldwide an still 2nd place in the U.S. but his overall singles and albums combined aren’t in the same ball park. His Album Bad sold 20 million World wide and Thriller 40 million, that’s 60 million. He only had a few other albums. Off the Wall, Dangereous, Invincible, and two different double greatest hit packages. That’s 5 more albums, throw in a few I am unaware of and there is no way he can be even close to 1 Billion worldwide. Elvis singles alone use to sale 2 million as far back as the 50s. Worldwide It’s now or Never sold 20 million alone and Don’t be Cruel/Hound Dog was 7.5 million. Just with RIAA certifications in the U.S., which only counts figures that reach 500,000, 1 milllion, 2 million ect. and does not count any sales under 500,000 or any inbetween the 1 to 2 million or 2 to 3 million mark ect, or any sales of television offers, he has 180 million just in certification sales. As stated this does not include al the sales unaccounted for inbetween or below RIAA criteria standards. He’s had many TV offers which sold tons and special packages who’s liscense RIAA doesn’t reconigze. It’s estimated in the U.S. alone he has sold a Mnimum of 400 million. After his death RCA did a poor job of staying with his figures and overseas it is estimated the lost control of hundreds of offical figures. The 1 billion mark is not far off if off at all when you take in to consideration all his hundreds of different singles and albums released by RCA and Indepentdent sources worldwide. Especially when you consider that he had 91 different POP #1 singles in various counties and 70 different Top Ten. In the U.S. alone on the Pop charts 114 Top Forty, 70 Top Twenty, 40 Top Ten and 20 # 1. 38 different #1 singles with all the various genre charts combined in the U.S. S Judah May 24, 2009 at 6:37 am In all Fairness to Jackson – Thriller has sold about 60 million worldwide. However there is no possibility of getting to global sales figures for Jackson above 300 Million and that is being very generous. Elvis has over 300 uncertified albums and tens of millions of other sales not included by the RIAA for various reasons, where as the entire Beatles and Jackson catalogue is accounted for by the RIAA. Important research on Elvis sales figures can be found in articles “For the billionth and the last time lifting the lid on the kings record sales”. These more than adequately support the sales figures of a billion, well ahead of any other artist. RON June 11, 2009 at 10:50 am Both Elvis and the Beatles record company claim 1 billion plus sells. MJ is not in the same ball park with numbers much less. The one billion mark is an est. No way of telling how many they both sold. If you go to a Elvis site, he is the all time best seller. Same thing with the Beatles and MJ. Other countries do not keep good records on the amount sold. But I do think if there are singers or groups that have sold a least one billion records it would have to be Elvis and the Beatles, not MJ. lestah marqui lestah marqui may , but does not know. The actual sales for Thriller are less than 65 Million. The site that states them to be over a hundred million also says this about Elvis. RIAA Certifications The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) first began tracking sales of Elvis Presley in 1958, who didn’t receive his first Gold Record award until 1960. On March 27, 1992, the RIAA certified (or re-certified) 37 of Elvis Presley’s albums, taking his American total to 57× platinum. On July 15, 1999, based on 79 certified recordings the figure stood at 92× platinum, with an estimated 35 million albums sold in the U.S alone during those seven years between the two certifications. The most recent album sales figures date to December 13, 2005, with an additional 33 million albums sold in six years, taking his total U.S tally to 125× platinum, based on 95 certified recordings.[2] Between 1958 and 1992, 57 million albums were shipped in the U.S. Between 1992 and 2008, 68 million albums were shipped in the U.S., the King proving even more successful as a dead icon than a live performer. With total record sales to date in all formats estimated at over 1 billion worldwide, he is the biggest selling artist of all time.[3] Judah Ron – EMI have never ever made a claim that the Beatles have sold over a Billion. That is a claim made by Fans. There is absolutely no evidence to support the Beatles sales of a Billion. Judah June 24, 2009 at 6:16 pm To Lestha and Ron – There is no organisation with any status to count world sales. In fact the only independent body (sort of) that has any status and worth is the RIAA, and let us consider what the RIAA says It says as follows (for the US only) 1. The Beatles for Albums and Singles – 200 Million approx. 2. Elvis for Albums and Singles – 170 Million approx 3. Garth Brooks for albums and singles – 140 million approx. Somewhere in the neither regions is Michael Jackson with Albums and Singles sales of fewer than 80 million. Like it or not, the RIAA is the only body that has any status and this is what it says. Let me now just make some points viz a viz The Beatles and Elvis and Garth Brooks. The latter has no international market, but credit where credit is due, based on the number of albums to sales ratio nobody bests Garth Brooks in the USA. Let me make another point, like it or not MJ despite being a major international star cannot be brought into the Beatles, Elvis debate because he is too far behind as is clear from the RIAA data and again let me emphasis, like it or not the RIAA is the only independent certifying body that has any status. So For the USA only – As we have said before, the Beatles are at 200 Million and Elvis at 170 Million. However, every single Beatle album has been certified and therefore the only sales missing would be those within certificate levels, i.e. between gold and platinum or between multi platinum levels as the RIAA do not include these in their count. These can indeed run into several millions or tens of millions depending on the number of albums certified. Elvis has more than twice the number of certifications than the Beatles and 8 to 10 times more than either Garth Brooks or Michael Jackson. To say that Elvis and The Beatles have uncounted sales of 40 and 20 million respectively here, is no exaggeration. Of course one may chose to believe otherwise. Next, Elvis has some 300 uncertified albums, according to RCA these have sold between 50,000 and 490,000 each and they estimate these sales to be over 60 million. Of course one could pretend that these have sold nothing and that RCA are lying (go tell that to singer and song writers getting royalties). At any given time there is an active back catalogue of close to 200 Elvis albums of which barely a third have been certified by the RIAA, so we must assume that this is just for show if they sell nothing. This despite that fact that in 2008 official statistics show that Elvis out sold the Beatles both in the USA and the UK (never mind that Graceland is missed out by scoundscan). Next, there have been at least 30 companies selling Elvis compilations under licence over the last 30 years, right through today, including Times Warner. RCA say that this has yielded over 40 million in album sales. Of course we can pretend that these have sold nothing and these companies are in it for fun. Next, RCA say that they have documented sales of some 20 million that the RIAA refuse to certify for failing to meet their rules. I.e. Albums sold for 2 cents less than their minimum qualifying price or double albums being counted as single albums as they are 5 minutes short of the minimum playing time. We can pretend that RCA are lying and these sold nothing either. We won’t even discuss the missing sales data for the period soon after Elvis died; despite all available reports at the time indicating these to run into the tens of millions. Nor will we mention the singles. What we will mention though, is that when RCA state that Elvis has sold over a billion, they make these claims on foundations a lot more solid than the claims of those made for other artists. Shawn June 25, 2009 at 10:06 pm If you look at the stats, Elvis has sold over a billion records worldwide, MJ sold about 750 million and the beatles have sold just over a billion, But, look at the career longevity of all three, The beatles lasted 10 years, Elvis was in ahowbusiness for 21 years as a recording artist, and MJ was in the Biz for over 30 years, but part of that was in The Jackson Five, so some of those sales have to be credited to the group and not on man. Elvis Presley is the greatest entertainer of all time according to stats and figures, but lets face it. Some don’t like MJ because he’s black, and beatles fans don’t like Elvis and vice versa, this whole contest is a popularity contest. Let us also not forget, Elvis is still selling millons of records. The release of Lisa Marie and he singing In The Ghetto went platinum. We shoudl give credt where credit is due. If it weren’t for artists like EP, Johnny Cash, and Carl Perkins, The crap that’s our there today wouldn’t exist. You would be hard pressed to find an entertainer today who Wasn’t Imspired in some way by EP, including MJ and the Beatles. Their success is due to his inspiratoin and the way his music affected everyone. Adam June 26, 2009 at 7:55 am Elvis loosing appeal? that’s why he hes had like 5 number ones in the last 8 years? and hes been dead 32 years. I’m 21 and Elvis is still number 1. That’s not saying the beatles and MJ arnt up there in the greats though. guest23 June 26, 2009 at 5:32 pm I enjoy listening to the music of all 3 ( Elvis, M.J. and the Beatles). But you can not say that anyone has had more affect on any part of the music industry than Elvis. Elvis was the reason a lot of artist became artist. He was and always will be the BEST artist of all time. Roadrunr June 26, 2009 at 5:40 pm People tend to forget that someone had to pave the way for all the other artist and that person was Elvis. You have to give M.J. his due. He is the king of pop. But Elvis is and always will be the KING!!!!!! T. J. June 26, 2009 at 6:18 pm Michael Jackson is pretty much in a league of his own. I don’t even see how he can be compared to any other entertainer. He was responsible for Heal the World and the First Live Aid concerts. He is in the Guinness Book of World Records as the greatest entertainer of all time, after selling out Wimbeldon (London) 5 consecutive nights with 72,000 + in attendance each night. Has the beatles or Elvis ever done anything on this level?…No! Michael Jackson just recently sold out a fifty show come back tour in London, being the fastest concert too sell out ever on the planet. Did Elvis or the Beatles ever accomplish this?…No! Any numbers that are used to support Elvis’ record sales are suspect and are only even considered to used is to only try hold Michael Jackson to be inferior to an entertainer who is not African American. Michael Jackson is known for bridging the gaps between race classes with his music. Can Elvis or the Beatles be known as musicians posessing this type of power?…No! Michael Jackson is a brand that has made billions of dollars through a long list of busines ventures where many people have made it rich off of his Global Iconic status. If Elvis or the Beatles have done more for the world through their musical talents can someone please post them with supporting facts, and not unaccounted for facts from the Recording Industry (R.I.I.A) of America, who are known to be some of the biggest crooks of this Nation. T. J. June 26, 2009 at 6:25 pm Oh yeah and to Roadrunr, if Elvis paved the way for the super stars in the record business who came after him, then who paved the way for him? I bet your answer will be know one. And this type of bias thinking is why their are only a small percentage of people on the planet who feels that Michal Jackson isn’t the King of Pop. Let it go and be honest, Michael Jackson is the greatest record seller and entertainer of all time. Google- Thriller..enough said..Hope I didn’t offend anybody with the truth as it can often be painful T. J. Michael Jackson was responsible for “We are the world” ambassador June 26, 2009 at 10:32 pm Elvis is the top selling solo artist of all time. Yes I like MJ,But I love Elvis and just to remind you folks that in 1973 Aloha from Hawaii via satelite ,Elvis was seen simultaneously in over 100 countries around the world and viewed by more than 1 Billion ppl. That had never been done before and has never been done since. MJ and the Beatles have my utmost respect as entertaineras and songwriters and artist,but there is only 1 Elvis. Garyd June 27, 2009 at 2:18 am Elvis sold out 20 and 30,000 seat arena’s on a nightly basis of several tours a year for 9 years in addition to his yearly month long stints in the biggest showroom at the Las Vegas Hilton. Elvis had about 4 tours a year of about 15 cities per tour often doing 2 shows a day. In those 9 years, he never played a show that wasn’t sold out. From the start of his career to the time of his death, he generated 4.6 billion dollars and that is in 70’s dollars! Before Elvis hardly any records sold over 1 million copies. Elvis created the million selling record. Elvis’s record sales occurred when the population was much smaller so a bigger percentage of people bought Elvis records in the 50’s, 60’s and 70’s than the percentage of people who bought Jackson records in the 80’s 90’s and 2000’s. The superstars Elvis paved to way for were The Beatles, The Stones, Led Zepplin, The Who etc, etc, etc. They all have expressed their debt to Elvis. “Before Elvis, there was nothing” (John Lennon). Jhouse June 27, 2009 at 2:50 am Every artist takes inspiration from another, as well they should. The volume of posts here if it is to stand as any evidence shows that this is at least a passionate debate of which bias is readily and openly offered. MJ continues to have a significant effect on the artists who have followed him and there is little if any reasonable argument that can claim that MJ did not have a significant effect which genuinely changed the industry. Take into account the Thriller music video in its’ own moment of time if you wish for evidence. MJ pushed the envelope and continues to be a catalyst for invention. MJ is the “king of POP” a little which he deserves for the force he was on POPULAR music … “POP” is however a segment of Rock and Rock has it’s own King. Persons may not enjoy listening to Elvis or simply fall into the Beetles or MJ camp and therefore tend to slight Elvis in his place. Any argument that claims that he is less than remarkably significant in the course of the development of the music industry in business and in tone is simply either uninformed or deliberately ignorant. He most certainly influenced artists of his time and continues to influence artists today and will tomorrow. His range of Rock, Country and Gospel leave the listened observer no doubt to his influence. Royalty is placed by title… the title has been placed and is not in jeopardy by the companion title placed to MJ as the king of POP. I tend to believe the simplest explanation of gross record sales and find it hard to reason that any one person has shown brighter than Elvis and a billion as a mark is more than likely. MJ is very well the “king of Pop” … Elvis is however the king of Rock. (The Beetles are the kings of something I am sure… perhaps the bowl cut, who knows.) Jhouse Well put! In short this should end the debate. James June 27, 2009 at 3:48 am Just a quick note on record sales I use to have an RCA record released in 1975 to comemerate Elvis’s 500 millionth record sale, and this was while he was still alive and I assume it was only RCA sales.He has sold more records and cd’s etc since his death so I think the 1.8 billion sales remark a few posts back would be the most accurate.Since M.J’S passing there will be hipe because we all tend to look back with rose coloured glasses and forget any of the bad stuff as we did with Elvis. I think history will remember really only three entertainers as affecting the whole world and their generation Elvis has spanned the longest and is the greatest the Beatles are certainly the greatest group of all time and done so much in a short time M J may have been even greater if he wasn’t such a weirdo but has certainly affected a few generations on a world wide scale But when all is said and done Elvis is at the top of the list still affecting this generation as the biggest selling dead artist year after year I think in the past 20 or 30 years he has only been out sold 1 of those years. nick June 28, 2009 at 5:33 pm STOP EVERYONE THIS WILL EXPLAIN ALL:-Yes But Elvis has been dead so long and people still buy his records which is why maybe he has such a high level of sales. But Now MICHAEL JACKSON “the best performer of all time (undisputed) is dead his record sales will far super sead any other artist not just by a bit, but by a mile. I was fortunate to see Michael Jackson Live at Wembley in the 80’s and oh my god he was increadble, so forget sales figures for one sec. No one could dance like michael, no one could moonwalk like him, no one could arrive on a stage through a trap door fired up onto it and stand still for 5 minutes motionless withough moving or saying anything while the crowd went nuts, he had this arou about him like no one else that will always stick with me. So on that basis you watch over the next decade/two while Michael is dead how his record sales will sour far beyond Elvis. Just look at the charts today how many singles are now in the top 40 for Michael Jackson oh and he is top of the album charts again my point proven. So lets put a stop to this stupid argument and face the fact that Michael Jackson is the greatest ever. End off. ambassador June 28, 2009 at 6:32 pm this for nick: come back in 30 yrs and see if MJ sales are where Elvis sales are now,I don’t think so my friend. Michael is the King of POP not the King of Rock ‘N’ Roll. Elvis did not start rock n roll but he made it an unstoppable force. He bridged a gap between blacks and whites as he also made it cool to wear non so macho colors for men. He was the first to be a music icon in the world and unfortunately he had nobody to learn from ,so he was the first and somehow that seat will always be his. Like I said before MJ is very good in his own right,but even he knew and understood that the legend of Elvis and his rags to riches career could never be matched. I mean now LMP is saying that MJ thought he would even go out like Elvis and he did. He was certainly a gift to the world as Elvis was ,so lets just enjoy the music,the God given talent and love they both gave this world and lets celebrate MJ as we did Elvis when he passed. May they both rest in peace and let us continue to listen to their music forever. MARC B ALVES SORRY, AGAIN. I’M HERE FOR THE THIRD TIME, BUT THIS ONE SHOULD BE PUBLISHED: MAIL TO MARC.B.BA@GMAIL IS STILL AWAITED IN CASE THIS IS NEEDED. ARTICLE TO BE PUBLISHED: Goldmine Trade Magazine plus THE tax record world: they all in substantial account reach out to the record number of 1 billion two hundred million record units worldwide. That calculation is made like this – > Elvis’s records counting less than 3 dollars (not taken in by the RIAA), many Elvis’s albums not counting more OR 30 minutes of music as others under 100 and, et cetera ( all of which are unaccounted for the RIAA in terms of valuable certification ), Elvis’s records not having reached round sales figures ( as those of 500 thousand, 1 million, and so on – > unaccounted for the RIAA ), plus Elvis’s records sold via TIME LIFE ( unaccounted for the RIAA ) – plus hundreds of millions sold worldwide by SONY BMG ( THAT’S PURCHASED FORMER RCA RECORDS ), PLUS HUNDREDS OF OTHER LABELS SELLING ELVIS’S RECORDS ( UNACCOUNTED BY THE RIAA ) – > all of that is calculated on the basis of ‘TAX RECORDS SHOWING REAL PAYMENT FOR SALES’ IN THE USA AND CONSIDERING ALL OF OTHER COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD AND THEIR ESTIMATE PAYMENT WHEN SHIPPED VIA RCA / SONY BMG RECORDS + PAYMENT OF ROYALTIES RIGHTS TO SEVERAL ELVIS’ SONGS COMPOSERS AND OTHER ARTISTS OF WHOM ELVIS RECORDED SONGS ) – > GIVE A ROUND NUMBER THAT ACCOUNTS FOR 1 BILLION TWO HUNDRED MILLION RECORDS WORLDWIDE AND IN THE USA. TODAY, ON THE REALNESS OF NEW HIGHLY SUBSTANTIAL CRITICS’ ANALYSIS!! BEING BASED ON THE TAXES, FEES, DEDUCTIBLES – > AS FOR GOVERNMENTAL REASONS, COMPOSERS’ RIGHTS AMONG OTHERS!! Whereas, Jackson’s claims for 750 million still need go under that process and be reliable on the grounds of not having been estimated by unreal numbers of shipment and return to Label Producers. What normally, could not have taken place in history, as for their high-status as a company of records. But records undergo that procedure to be stated as real!! That, after it all is done, will either mark a correct number, that of the Beatles’ catalog also standing in that same margin, being the 1 billion super claim stated on the nice look of an ‘estimated’ number and not round sales figures as hardly taken as by the History of Rock and Goldmine Trade Magazine as well as hundreds of scholars and governing leads by tax approachables in the case of Elvis Aron Presley : ) : ) This is a true research, not to mention that hundreds of Elvis’s albums sold via other record labels will never be accounted for this smashing success due to lack of record cope and or financial awareness of lost articles and fee deducted from profits from around the world, that standing on the grounds of a really high difficulty so as to stand looking at them : ( : ( BUT THAT ALREADY GIVES US A HIGH MARGIN FOR THAT : ) : ) WE’RE NOT SAYING WHAT THE RIAA SHOULD DO – ‘WE’RE SAYING HOW MUCH ELVIS HAS REALLY SOLD, IRRESPECTIVE OF RECOGNITION, ALONG THE YEARS OF INFLUENTIAL CULTURE’ MARC B ALVES MICHAEL JACKSON IS THE GREATEST ARTIST OF ALL TIME….the top selling album in the world of all time is Thriller…it has sold 109 million worldwide.just so that everyone knows. Jhouse June 29, 2009 at 5:56 pm Thanks Amanda… I have that record and it is good … BUT … The greatest artist or performer of all time is a subjective argument. I find it funny that everyone who is arguing for MJ has probably never sat through one EP’s concerts, (live or recorded). Whereas most persons who are arguing for EP have lived through both eras, maybe they did not go to a Michael concert but they certainly have a better litmus test for claiming relevance to their individual subjective arguments do to being ALIVE during the highest points of popularity for both times. Greatest of all time … based on the Moon Walk is at best an ignorant statement. Come on you can do better than that… yea MJ is great and personally I am a huge fan but use a better argument than the moon walk and a trap door to support your claim. P.S … the technology during the Elvis era was different than the technology of the era of MJ. They therefore really cannot be compared under those parameters. Record sales works, population of attendees to their concerts works; Comparisons beyond those arguments for best performer are just opinions and cannot be STATED AS FACT. It would be better to say “to me he is the best performer for such and such a reason…” That type of a claim is valid and cannot be disputed. Cobb June 30, 2009 at 8:00 am With all due respect to both EP and MJ, The Beatles are the greatest of all time. One person who posted on this forum said that the Beatles are becoming irrelevant and that both EP and MJ have had a bigger impact on music. This statement is ridiculous. First off lets call the record sales a push. Unfortunately there is no good way to track sales worldwide. The RIAA is the closest thing to reliable, and that isn’t saying much. So let’s take a look at some other lists. In 2005 Rolling Stone Magazine put together a list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. The Beatles had 4 in the top 10 and 10 albums made the list. MJ’s top album was Thriller at number 20 and only had 3 albums make the list. EP’s top album was Sunrise at number 11 and only had 3 albums make the list. Now I will be the first to admit that Rolling Stone is biased to rock and leans towards The Beatles and The Stones, but come on the people who voted on this list are the whos who of the music industry and they seem to love The Beatles. MJ and EP are great, but The Beatles have had the biggest impact on music. “Everything today sounds like Elenor Rigby, and that’s not a bad thing.” Thom Yorke – Radiohead Judah June 30, 2009 at 8:03 am Nick – whats this rubbish about MJ being the greatest performer of all time. I too have seen MJ at Wembley – but by far the greatest live performer since the death of Elvis is Bruce Springsteen. I saw him again at Hyde Park this Sunday and can say 3 Hours of sustained power and brillence, uterly astonishing, a master showman. Unlike the likes of Madonna, Brittany and the late MJ he did not need gimmicks and dance routines, it was natural. As for Elvis, just check out the 68 Special or Concert Tours, Elvis was without doubt the most chrasmatic of all performers. Just also to say that there is a lot of hype going on about MJ at present, we are very saddened at his death, he was talanted. But nonsenical figures such as sales of 750 million are clearly untrue, as articles have also published figures of individual album global sales, and a count shows that these do not get to more than 200 million. There isn’t anything left to count but singles and they won’t do it. By the way when Elvis died he had the No1 Single, No1 Album and 26 other albums in the chart. Anyway enough of all this, at this time it is best only to say RIP MJ and we understand and share the grief of his family and fans. Midas June 30, 2009 at 8:55 am The Beatles is actually number one. According to the the Recording Industry Association of America, Michael Jackson (the King) barely makes the top 20 artists (#17) ranking when it comes to sales in the USA (61 million). Springsteen, The Stones, Madonna, Elton, Joel, Pink Floyd and a host of others far outselling him. Of Course the Beatles are number 1 nearly outselling MJ by 3 to 1 (170 million) and Elvis and yes, even Garth Brooks aren’t far behind, far outselling MJ. Devotees of MJ will say Michael was, unlike the others, just so big world wide and that’s what makes him what he is, the “king” of pop. While staggering, Michael Jacksons worldwide sales (750 million units) fall nearly an equally staggering quarter billion (250 million) short of the other King, Elvis, and a mind boggling near 400 million short of the Beatles worldwide sales. By the way large outdoor stadiums, global telecasts, videos were done by the Beatles before Elvis Presley and Michael Jackson. Let’s not start how they changed sound recording in popular music. Midas June 30, 2009 at 9:01 am Also could we get this over when it comes to current record sales in the last two decades both Elvis and Michael Jackson are left in the dust by the Beatles. Biggest selling artists of the last Decade (current)….Eminem…..31.1 million units, 2nd biggest (current decade), The Beatles 27.6 million units (39 years after break up.) MJ doesn’t appear in top 20.. (see Nielsen / Soundscan) 3rd biggest selling act of 90’s, the Beatles 31 million units sold USA) (29 years after Break up). MJ wasn’t in the top 20 Most successful songwriters in pop music history Lennon / Mccartney (Guiness) Judah Midas, may I first of all say that lennon and Mcartney and Dylan are indeed in a class of their own when in comes to song writing, I give the latter the edge. Springsteen is one hell of a writer as well. It is nonsense to compare Jackson to them. On your point of the RIAA statistics, you are right but also wrong. (certification is jsut that, it is not sale, but the RIAA figures can be used to establsh soem facts) First let me dismiss MJ all hype, his entier catalogue is covered by the RIAA is about 63m albums. Thriller has sold 28M in the US and 34m elsewhere, that means we have 55% overseas, say 60% to be generous, that only gets to 200M albums. So the hype is clear. Re the Beatles and Elvis, the former indeed has 170M in albums certified and Elvis 119 . However what you are not aware of is that the Beatles entire catalogue is covered, there is nothing missing. Whilst Elvis has over 300 albums uncertified which have sold 70 million, over 40 million sold through liscencing arangaments, another 20M quantified but refused certification by the RIAA for disputed criteria issues. Not to mention the sales not counted by the RIAA between certification levels ie gold and platinum and platinum and multi platinum. Here with some 40 certifications the Beatles can count in another 20M albums (MJ by the way cannot attract more that 5 nillion here), Elvis on the other hand has more than double The Beatles albums certifcation and another 40M here is an understatement. You will in fact find that whilst the Beatkes will be able to get to close to 200M US albums, Elvis has streaked well past the 300 Million mark. If you add the singles and EPs as well, and Elvis is well clear of anyone else here you will understand why Elvis is the biggest selling recording artist globally with sales of over a billion. Let me add there is absolutely conclusive evidence that at least 60% of Elvis sales are overseas both for albums and singles. The evidence for this is better for Elvis than it is for either the Beatles or MJ. NASTY June 30, 2009 at 6:11 pm elvis has holiday tunes that are play every year for the past 50+ years Elvis will never be forgotten he is the king of rock and MJ is the king of pop.. please do not compare pop to rock.. rock has been around longer and rock is still strong unlike pop.. pop will slowly fade away… rock will never fade it will just change into different genre’s such as metal, alternative, emo, death metal, etc.. so back off with the MJ bullsh he is dead this isn’t thriller he won’t come back!!! Mike July 1, 2009 at 8:59 pm Elvis untouchable, period. Did you ever see Elvis perform at crappy award shows, or even attend them? Not the King. He would have never made it in or out of the building, too popular. His level is unattainable for anyone else. Too bad no one ever asked MJ. I promise you he would have said Elvis is where contemporary music began, and MJ imitated Elvis, his hero. Wake up. He dressed like Elvis, on and off stage, Graceland (Neverland), danced, MJ trys to name himself “King of Pop,” emulating his hero, the King of Rock & Roll. He even married Elvis’s daughter, WAKE UP. I suspect his turning white and all the plasctic sugeries was also because of Elvis’s appearance. AND, OH YEAH, MJ’s a freak. Buts lets forget about all that. How convenient. Why don’t we just say lets remember Hitler for how he brought a country out of bankruptcy and unified a nation, and forget all about the atrocities! GIVE ME A BREAK. No one, including Jackson deserves a get out of jail free card. Your actions define you, words are cheap. Elvis is responsible for sending more people to church and God than Billy Graham by his gospel songs in concert and recorded, his Grammys are for Gospel. Jacksons claim to fame is a bunch of dead zombies dancing, there’s a social contribution. Can’t you people see? I’ve watched all the interviews lately, MJ lied everytime he opened his mouth about anything. He says he had 1 plactic sugery. HELLO! rain July 2, 2009 at 9:00 am Elvis is and will always be the KING! MJ a great talented one area singer and an awesome dancer, he took from other original dancers such as Fred astaire danny kay jackie wilson sammy davis and James brown! he made it his own , Elvis was an original, who was up on his toes before MJ was even thought of! Elvis helped pave the way, if he hadnt sung the songs he did they never would have made it! to say he stole songs or copied them from blacks is so wrong, he sang them and made them great! MJ took dance moves from the greats and made them better, lets face it Elvis is the king before during and after he took the heat and the verbal beatings so that others could come along! if it wasn’t for Elvis there wouldn’t be a MJ period! they are both legends and left us with great memories and music, let us pay homeage to both as they both gave to us! MJ is included with great legends not only Elvis but buddy holly, jerry lee lewis, chuck berry, lil richard, James brown, jackie wilson, fats domino, not a bad group to be in! MAY THEY BOTH R.I.P. Leslie July 2, 2009 at 1:01 pm During the Soundscan era since 1991. The Beatles have Elvis and Michael Jackson clearly beaten. As for rock music Elvis was R&R the Beatles took the roll out of rock and arguably created rock music. Just listen to “Tomorrow Never Knows” that’s not R&R. Soundscan Era Top 10 Artists 1 Garth Brooks – 68,143,000 8.Beatles 1 / The Beatles ~ 11,345,000 9.No Strings Attached / ‘N Sync ~ 11,109,000 10.Falling Into You / Celine Dion ~ 10,768,000 Leslie July 2, 2009 at 2:01 pm Judah, The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry published its updated list of the 150 highest selling artists ever. Madonna appears at number 4, right behind the Beatles, Michael Jackson and Elvis Presley! I HIGHLY DOUBT THAT Elvis uncertified albums equal 70 million. What pisses me off you Elvis fans don’t seem to get is The Beatles were around for only seven years only and released just a fraction of what Elvis recorded. I hear the same excuses all the time. 01. The Beatles 40 400,000,000 02. Michael Jackson 14 350,000,000 03. Elvis Presley 150 300,000,000 04. Madonna 16 275,000,000 05. Nana Mouskouri 450 250,000,000 Nikita July 2, 2009 at 3:46 pm MJ is the greatest or would you fall sleep with his music or his videos? I don’t think so. In constrast with Elvis and The beatles which I agree are very good, Michael has fans of all generations, ages, races, countries…. kids now still know him, still enjoy him, can listen to his music and identify no matter how much music has changed or how long ago Michael started in bussiness. Nothing compares to him and the entire world is showing the huge impact he has had. Sharon July 2, 2009 at 3:50 pm I think Michael is superior in many ways. He is known by his songs, voice, dance moves, style, innovation, clothing, music videos and his music never dies. I don’t think the other singers have acomplished so much even if they had great records. He is a great entertainer overall. Jhouse July 2, 2009 at 7:19 pm This is out of control! It should be mandatory that persons read all the posts before they can reply… The MJ fans are just going over what has already been said and debunked multiple times by the EP fans… Sharon if you think for one second that Elvis is not known by his songs, voice, dance, moves, style, innovation and clothing you are completely mistaken. In fact the diversity of his … oh never mind what’s the use you won’t listen to logic anyway so why should I bother… simply put; Sharon you are uneducated on the matter and your argument is not worth more time than to say that you need to really just do ten minutes of researching Elvis to know that your previous statement is way WAY way in left field. MJ was great … He is great, but please do not try to support your arguments with the very words that define Elvis, it really does your side more harm than good. Jhouse Sharon… Sorry you are entitled to your opinion and I am not trying to be mean, but c-mon. your daddy July 3, 2009 at 3:31 pm im trying to find out how many records sold while he was alive,,, not sales combined from present just from time he started recording until his death…. Michael Jackson until time of death was 750 million…. now the biggiest selling artist alive today is no suprise Madonna with records exceed 500 million Nelson July 4, 2009 at 9:50 am The Beatles 1.3 billion as of 2004. Some Elvis fans cling to an outdated 1.8 billion figure that RCA admitted was made up by a former exec and they can only verify a 1 billion sales figure as of 2008. I don’t get the comparisons the Beatles sold most of their records with songs that had no Blues or R&B base. The Beatles songs are covered more also songs like “Yesterday’ has over 3,000 cover versions. Elvis was a great covers artist and I don’t think the comparisons to the Beatles are even close. The Beatles created their songs. Michael Jackson was not even voted in the 30 on the Rolling Stone Immortals list in which the Beatles were voted the greatest. Tony Vogler July 4, 2009 at 10:26 am princess dianna was bigger than elvis,garth brooks was bigger,and Jackson is the biggest,but do you really think the next famous person dying, will be compaired to jackson,,NO! it will still be presley,no one mentions the princess,countrys king,and nobody dared mention Jackson a week ago,,he was a black embarrasement!!I am a fan of jacksons,very talented!!!but lacked cool offstage,,wacko jacko,,,in the end is offstage antics will outway his great talents,,,nobody wants him buried in their backyard,,he never paid his bills,still dont,did”nt own his house,put the la police through hell,,and always wished he was elvis,the reason he pretented to be married to lisa,was it was the closest he could get to sleeping with elvis!!!these are sad facts,no one let alone 150,000 folks from around the world,will be going to jacksons grave 32 yrs after this week,,,Trust me,remember sinatra,dianna,jackson,brooks,cyrus,they were all bigger than big “E”,,,,Long Live The Memory of a True King,and Legend,,THE KING<,Mr,Elvis A,Presley ambassador July 4, 2009 at 1:53 pm I will repeat the statement I gave above! 1973 Aloha from Hawaii via satelite ,Elvis was seen simultaneously in over 100 countries around the world and viewed by more than 1 Billion ppl. That had never been done before and has never been done since. Elvis is the King of Rock n roll which is just a title given MJ is a copy title king of pop Gene simmon’s is a copy title Lord of Rock. The Beatles don’t have and were never given a title. As for the music,entertainers, culture and so on.. Before Elvis there was nothing,After Elvis there is endless possibilities. It doesn’t matter what anyone says about Elvis you will never take away his icon status, nor what he did to change our culture as we now know it. People will always try to knock the King of the hill down,but it will all be in vain, and at the end of the day He is still standing atop the hill . Elvis will live in the hearts of many and that is all that matters. If you don’t like second best then I would suggest you hop on the Elvis train of entertainment. Elvis is still everywhere you turn,just turn on your TV, or your computer. All the girls wanted him and all the guys wanted to be like him. Elvis lives! July 4, 2009 at 4:40 pm Please don’t repeat that ridiculous phrase “Before Elvis there was nothing”. With all respect to Bubba, a high schooler who has taken a basic music course would know better. There was brilliant music before Elvis. I am talking about R & B, jazz, blues singers & instrumentalists. They are too numerous too mention singly. Elvis himself would admit this. Sorry. Mj the greatest. July 4, 2009 at 7:38 pm Sorry people.There is no argument.Michael Jackson is the greatest performer and artist of ALL time.I have never known any African Americans or Hispanics who are fans of his.He was racist and made racist statements towards blacks.He will never have my respect and the older generation of minorities doesn’t really respect him either.Even though there was hardly any one who influenced him,I really don’t see how any artists in the past 30 years have been influenced by Elvis.If you turn on the t.v,almost every artist you see is mimicking Michael Jackson.And not just in one genre,he influenced hip hop,r&b,pop,rock EVERYTHING!!And he will continue to influence artists in the future.HE IS THE GREATEST,THERE WASNT ONE BEFORE HIM AND WILL NEVER BE ANOTHER!THE END. Sarah July 4, 2009 at 7:56 pm Okay someone mentioned earlier that Michael Jackson was inspired by Elvis.Lmao your kidding me.Everyone knows his influences were JAMES BROWN and Jackie Wilson.Where do you see Elvis in michael?Michael is obviously the greatest artist and performer EVER and you turn on the t.v and radio and see that.Thats a fact ambassador I never said there wasn’t great music ,talent or otherwise before Elvis,the statement has to do with the fame and popularity and the culture change that He happen to bring. He is the first American Icon in the music industry and all that comes with it. That quote is actually by Bono of U2 Susan. I am sure that he would have a little more insight of the business and how people around the time of Elvis and since his death,in speaking to numerous famous musicians and bands and Bonos piers would have a very good idea of how much credit has been given to EP. Before you react to a statement,you should understand the context of the statement made. Terry July 5, 2009 at 8:47 am You people have no clue. Modern musicians are not influenced by Elvis. Elvis was not a songwriter and neither was really influential as a musician either. The biggest influence in music in the last 50 years have been the Beatles easily. Michael Jackson barely get’s a half a page in popular music books. Bono respects Elvis but he is not influenced by him musicially. Bono cites the Beatles as his biggest musical influence. The Beatles ability to marry studio experimentation with a strong pop song structure is such a profound influence. I’d say it’s their most important contribution. It’s the very foundation of how pop music is still made, so I’d say their influence is very much evident today, even if not everybody knows it. I still say to this day the most prophetic record of the Sixties wasn’t “Yesterday” or “Satisfaction” but “Tomorrow Never Knows,” which sums up most of where music has gone. Minus the vocals, it’s virtually an big beat/techno and modern electronic record that’s as much Public Enemy as it is Philip Glass. Today’s music is mostly about sound texture and the group that got us thinking about it the most is the Beatles. Some love to dismiss “Sgt. Peppers,” and especially “Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite,” but I’ll be damned if all that random splicing up of tape and punching it into a song for sound effects can’t be found in Kanye West or many hip-hop crews of the last 25 years or so. Whether we’re talking Radiohead, Coldplay, U2, L.A. Reid or Raphel Saadiq, to mention a few, they still mention or show the Beatles’ influence. All Music Guide on the Beatles So much has been said and written about the Beatles — and their story is so mythic in its sweep — that it’s difficult to summarize their career without restating clichés that have already been digested by tens of millions of rock fans. To start with the obvious, they were the greatest and most influential act of the rock era, and introduced more innovations into popular music than any other rock band of the 20th century. Moreover, they were among the few artists of any discipline that were simultaneously the best at what they did and the most popular at what they did. Billy Thornton July 5, 2009 at 10:32 am Hey Michael, What racist comments did Elvis make? Don’t bring up the shoes and records comment because Jet magazine debunked that one years ago. MJ&Beatleslover July 5, 2009 at 7:57 pm There are very few people who actually know what they are on about. There have been some idiots posting idiotic record sales, and I’m not sure whether they’ve dreamed them up, or pulled it from some inaccurate source. As of 2004, RIAA publicly certified and announced Elvis as best selling solo artist in American history, that is not something that is overtaken overnight. Before looking at music sales, one must actually understand the sales process and know the many criteria, and how it’s also changed a lot over the years. Record sales pre-1958 is actually not counted. There are many recording artists prior to 1958 (Bing Crosby) who has had a single “White Christmas” that is reported to have sold over 30 million records, but you’ll never find that in best selling singles, why? Because that was in 1942, however no one denies that, but it’s just not listed, since it was well before the period which the RIAA tracks sales of. There are plenty of idiots posting stuff like “no argument MJ is best” or “no argument Elvis is best” – you aren’t any kind of reliable source, so kindly leave the discussion. The Beatles and Elvis are two artists who have very inaccurate figures due to the periods they performed in. Despite this, they are the only two acts to have sold over 1 billion. Michael Jackson at around 750 million. The biggest TV act of all time remains Elvis Presley. With 1 billion live audience in 1973, with an additional 500 million people on delay to the broadcast being heavily in use. Personal opinion or how good you feel about the artist does not alter history or record sales. So please don’t post rubbish or how influential or someone is. There is no way to measure someone’s influence, and everyone knows MJ, Elvis and The Beatles are highly influential. Jude July 5, 2009 at 8:06 pm Now finishing this up. I have looked at sources, including Wikipedia and where they got their information from. Only Elvis and The Beatles are listed as 1 billion plus. The next two are Bing Crosby and Michael Jackson. Michael Jackson is more fortunate in the fact that the other 3 (especially Bing Crosby) are far more affected by the ever changing sales criteria. According to the RIAA and RCA records (search this up on google) so far they’ve managed to catalog and certify 85% of Elvis recordings, they are still working on the other 15%. The original post about Elvis’ sales immediately after his death not being counted is indeed correct. Looking at the figures for records created by the processing plants and the actual certifications by RIAA during the 1977 to 1978 period have a very big variance, and the RIAA (by their own announcement) are still working with RCA records fixing up many of the inconsistencies. I am an Elvis fan, I like him out of the Beatles and Michael Jackson and therefore know more about his sales than the other two, but I do not deny how influential all 3 are or the sales of the other two. Christopher Walls July 7, 2009 at 9:24 pm Micheal Jackson is the Best selling artist of all time with over 750 million albums sold. “Period” I know you would like to think it was Elvis or the Beatles but it wasn’t you know it and I know it. It was Jackson. Nelson Michael was making more with the Beatles music than his own the last ten years. The Beatles “The American Recording Industry Announces its Artists of the Century”. Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).The Beatles voted artists of the Century. “The Immortals: The First Fifty”. Rolling Stone Issue 946. Rolling Stone. The Beatles are voted the greatest. “The Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists”. The Beatles are also voted the greatest Bob July 9, 2009 at 7:37 pm According to the RIAA The Beatles have sold 170 million albums in the US,compared to 119 million for Elvis and 61.5 million for Michael Jackson. According to Soundscan during the period 1991-2008 The Beatles sold 57 million albums in the US, compared to 30 million for Elvis and 19 million for Michael Jackson. EMI have said that The Beatles US sales account for 40% of their worldwide sales meaning The Beatles have sold about 425 million albums worldwide. RCA/BMG have stated that the US sales for Elvis account for 60% of his world wide sales meaning Elvis has sold about 200 million albums worldwide. Michael Jackson has sold about 120 million albums worldwide. The claims for a billion album sales for The Beatles and Elvis are based on units (singles equivalents)sold. An album = 6 units July 9, 2009 at 7:56 pm The claims of a billion plus album sales for The Beatles and Elvis is record company hype. The only two reliable measuring agencies in the US – the RIAA and Soundscan have The Beatles considerably ahead of Elvis Presley in album sales. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry published its updated list of the 150 highest selling artists ever and confirms The Beatles as the biggest selling artists of all time. 1. The Beatles (40 albums) 400,000,000 2. Michael Jackson (14 albums) 350,000,000 3. Elvis Presley (150 albums) 300,000,000 4. Madonna (16 albums) 275,000,000 5. Nana Mouskouri (450 albums) 250,000,000 To say that Elvis has 300 uncertified albums in the US does not stand up to scutiny. According to Joel Whitburn’s Top Pop Albums 1955-1992, Elvis released 96 albums that charted during that period. Of those 22 did not make the top 100, that is they sold very few copies. Another 26 did not make the top 40 again selling few copies. Elvis had 48 top 40 albums, 25 top 10 albums and 9 number 1 albums between 1955 and 1992. Elvis has not released 200 plus albums in the US in the past 17 years. The Beatles had 27 top 40 albums, 23 top 10 albums and 15 number 1 albums up to 1992. The Beatles currently have 19 number 1 albums compared to 10 number 1 albums by Elvis. The Beatles are the biggest selling recording artists of all time. Mr Innate Measuring the number of sales does not answer the question, who was better or who had more influence ? If we use the criteria of innate nature talent. Than MJ is the most best because; 1.He was a child hood prodigy 2.He had no formal voice or dance training 3.Everything MJ did was instinctual and natural, no one could dance like MJ or sing like him. 4. His music had a underlying theme of unifying people and defining the human condition. 5. Forget the sales and think about how rare MJ musical and dance abilities are . No one could express themselves through dance and song like MJ. I don’t think the world will ever see another MJ Bob The Beatles were voted the greatest artists in the Rolling Stone Immortals list. Michael Jackson was not even in the top 20. ambassador July 12, 2009 at 4:42 am The RIAA is NOT the be all end all when it comes to record sales world wide cause it does not take into account pre 1958,So that being said it does not have a clear cut total of Elvis Record sales,for it does not count his records pre 1958,and it does not include partials if it doesn’t hit the marks of Gold, Platinum or Dbl Platinum sales,but they are working with Sony and others to get a more accurate number. They have and estimate of 1.3 – 1.8 billion world wide sales for Elvis but it is not definitive total it is still a work in progress. Either way neither the Beatles or MJ will be close to him when its all said and done and that my friends is a lot closer to the truth then what others are claiming,you cannot just take partial sales that don’t quite hit the bench mark and you cannot discount numbers prior to the establishment of a company. Common sense should be used here. Total sales is far different then just counting records sold that meet certain criteria. it all comes down to which way you want to count it. KB50MJ Biggest and most successful tours by a solo artist Most viewership MULTIPLE times. Most expensive music video, Oscar, promotion for an album, coast of an album, etc. etc. TONS of chart records Longest music video, time spent at #1 for an album, time spent on the Top 5 for an album. He has the 2nd longest span of #1 hits in the U.S.(#1 is cher), and many others. And many many more. What, tell me what, is bigger than all of that? Need I remind you that were talking about a man that has the #1,#9,#19,#46, and #61 best selling albums of all time. A man that has had more people attend his concerts internationally than any other artist. A man that has broken virtually every record an artist can break. And he has influenced almost every Pop, R&B, Hip-Hop, and Rap artists out there. A man who possesses one of the most unique musical minds in modern times. He is a legend in every way; posterity will adore his music for centuries and his fame reaches levels unfathomable to any human. He is often cited as the most famous person on Earth, which is what a survey in 1997 and 2003 found. His dance moves have redefined the limits of physical expression. He has sold 350+ million records, making him one of the greatest, if not the greatest, selling artists of all time, has scored 13 number one singles in the U.S. and over 125 worldwide, won 13 Grammys, and set jaw dropping concert attendance records throughout his career. I’m pretty damn sure the King of Pop is the greatest thing since sliced bread, the cliche aside. Elvis nor the Beatles can compare. fallenkings July 12, 2009 at 11:53 pm Imagine MJ’s sales record without the benefit of his sales between 1979 and 1985. What would his sales record look like then? That is exactly the case with the RIAA’s listings for Elvis. They do not include the his sells from 1956 when everything he released went gold, every single, every, lp and every EP. RIAA is also missing the sales data for the year after Elvis died when RCA had delayed release of new material by their other artists to keep up with the demand for Elvis records. RCA also had to lease record plants from other companies for several months after Elvis’s death. Billboard reported that Elvis’ sales accounted for 1/5th of all record sales in the year after his passing. Just keep it in mind next time you try to count up the sales. ambassador July 13, 2009 at 12:40 am Everyone has a right to their own opinion and I will stick with Elvis thx. Nothing anyone says will every change my opinion of who I believe to be the Best entertainer and recording artist that ever lived. I will no longer post on this subject. Elvis will always be the king of rock n’ roll and for me and my house that is all that matters. I never base my feelings on a artist by their record sales or anything else when it comes to chart hits albums sold,it comes down to how that person effects my being when they do what they do,and for me it will always be Elvis Presley. Peace -out! Best-selling artist(s): The Beatles. And they changed music forever. They wrote their own songs. What songs did Elvis write? He didn’t even write “Love Me Tender”. All he did was take credit but he DID NOT write it. Michael Jackson sold a lot of records but once again, he didn’t really change music. The Beatles rule and that’s a fact! Landis July 13, 2009 at 9:34 am According to IFPI AND BILLBOARD MAGAZINE the Beatles are the best selling artists. Now that’s from an act who disbanded in 1970. That means Elvis recorded music way past the Beatles. The Beatles did not have the benefit of recording music or selling their music like Michael in 1980’s or the 90’s. I have much more respect for the Beatles as artists The Beatles gave us: concept albums, use of amp feedback in songs, mixing world music (e.g., sitars and others) into traditional guitar ‘n’ drums rock, use of full orchestras in rock, backwards taping, double albums, music videos, rock and roll movies, sampling, stadium venues, album-oriented rock, and more. Stylistically, their music has been often imitated (but never duplicated) by anyone from The Monkees to Oasis to Panic at the Disco to Badfinger to Queen and many, many more. Their fashion sense set the trend for bands (and pop culture junkies in general) throughout the 60s; and even afterwards, their fashions then are still copied today (the Sgt. Pepper baton jackets became a staple of rock fashion, especially with Freddie Mercury and Michael Jackson). There’s simply no other band in history that had as much influence on rock as The Beatles did/do. You might as well add how they influenced rock musicians idea of what an rock ALBUM should be. Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys “Upon first hearing Rubber Soul in December of 1965, Brian Wilson said, “I really wasn’t quite ready for the unity. It felt like it all belonged together. Rubber Soul was a collection of songs…that somehow went together like no album ever made before”. Or add how they started the British Invasion in the states paving the way for the Stones, The Kinks, The Who, and The Yardbirds. The Beatles had a huge impact on classic rock radio . Revolver was certainly important in opening up a commercial market for psychedelic music. It would have happened anyway, but that doesn’t change history. Revolver was a very big record for psychedelic music in ’66. Classic Rock Radio related to FM radio. The origins of the classic rock radio format can be traced back to The Beatles’ groundbreaking album Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band, which would forever change several courses of the rock and roll format, especially with the slow rise of FM broadcasting. The whole Folk Rock thing was hugely influenced by the Beatles. Folk Rock “But in my imagination this whole thing developed and I started mixing up old folk songs with the Beatles beat and taking them down to Greenwich Village and playing them for the people there”. Roger McGuinn “The big turning point, really, was the Beatles’ influence on American folk music, and then Roger took it to the next step, and then along came the Lovin’ Spoonful and everybody else”. Barry McGuire Robert Fripp of King Crimson went into rock music after hearing Sgt Pepper and Ozzy Osbourne was influenced by the Beatles more heavier songs. Really their influence goes on and on. rcmsrw July 13, 2009 at 1:38 pm The Beatles are the biggest in terms if sales and influence, period, hands down. And quality. 6 albums in the top 12 of Rolling Stones top 500 albums, voted on by the who’s who in music. Elvis had 1 top 10, Thriller was #20. They inspired a generation. Elvis did too. MJ sold a lot of music due to MTV. That’s it. Tony Vogler July 14, 2009 at 7:50 am Intresting how the story goes away,a few weeks now,,and all we have is the wacko jacko stories left,and he died as wacky as he lived,never before thought of wacky,,sick,and he was a dishonest person,never told the truth,,nobodys buying his records at the stores,or the magazines on the rack,have a look yourself,,being a fake,only gives you fake fans,no respect,,,people and press named presley the king,not himself,,,and his rights to the throne ,are legend,,,the beatles themselves always,,proclamed presley king,,and RIAA gets a lil lazy time to time,keeping records on dead artist,till their nudged,,but presley sells everyday,32nd anniversary aug 16th,,and a 75th birthday jan8th,,,so watch and learn people!! ron July 14, 2009 at 4:55 pm Elvis and the Beatles are the biggest selling act to come along. MJ not close. Way behind Elvis and the Beatles. About who sold the most, depends on which record company you ask.The one billion sales is and est for both Elvis and the Beatles.There is no way to tell who sold the most. Most of all sale figures get over stated when someone dies. If you are a Beatles fan then you will say Beatles sold the most.Elvis fan,Elvis sold the most. Never ending story. But not to worry, MJ is way behind the top two. nick July 14, 2009 at 8:08 pm MICAHEL JACKSON AND THE TRUE FACTS:- RIGHT EVERYTIME I READ THIS SITE PEOPLE ARE SAYING THIS AND THAT ON RECORDS/ALBUMS SOLD AND IT ALL CONTRADICTS EACH OTHER SO ENOUGH OF THE CRAP I AM LISTING FACTS (SO LISTEN UP JHOUSE AND AMBASADOR LISTED BELOW ARE THE FACT AS TO WHY MICHAEL JACKSON IS THE GREATIST ARTIST OF ALL TIME (REMEBER THESE ARE THE FACTS NOT ME MAKING STUFF UP):1)Jackson holds numerous Guinness World Records 2)Jackson holds the most Grammy Awards won in a year than any other artist. 3)Jackson had most hit singles in the UK charts in a year than any other artist. 4)Jackson has best selling album of all time.(thriller if jhouse/ambasador did not realise) 5)Jackson has the longest span of No.1 hits by an R&B artist wordwide. 6)Jackson has the best selling music videos of all time than any other artist wordwide (remember that Michael Jackson Made MTV what it is today also he was the pioneer of the music video and still is) 7)Jackson had the highest annual earnings ever for a pop star wordwide. 8)Jackson had the most successful pop music family wordwide ever. 9) Jackson has sold 109 million copies of Thriller year to date versus The beatles best album has sold 32 million to date which if you don’t know is “St peppers” Michael Jackson equaled that with his “dangerous” Album alone. 9b) Coppies of thriller are being sold rapidly now it has re entered the charts and they are predicting it will hit 150 million sold within 2 years) not mentioning how many it will sell over the next 20/30 years. 11) To everyone out that has mentioned that Elvis sold this many albums, beatless sold this I don’t think we will every know the true figures as the stats were not accurate around then but we know its around a billion versus Michaels accurate measure of 750 Million albums ( but he has only just died you watch that double within a decade and also the morons have not mentioned or forgot to mention that he has sold live videos live tour videos which if you were to put all these things into one catogory would make is 750 million albums be a much more substatioal figure but they are not included in that as they are just videos) The Videos to date have sold 350 million (that inc his bad tour, and dangerous tour) adding these figures together excells him way above the billion mark. 1.1 million to be precise (not including what he sells now while he is dead. THE ABOVE ARE ALL FACT AND BELOW ARE MY OPINIONS:- 1) I think he was the best dancer on stage of all time.And I am not just talking about the Moonwalk and am talking about his whole stage presence whilst dancing. 2) Had his own style on stage in terms of clothes (yes I know Elvis did as well but no other artist can comptete on that league than both Michael or Elvis. 3)In The 80’s and 90’s Michael was arguable the most famous man alive wordwide. 4)He leaves behind an incredible musical legacy and a body of work unrivalled by any other performer. 5)The old figures are Bias towards older artists. There is a broader genre spectrum of music to listen to now which limits the number of listeners and for Michael to achieve what he has done against all of the competion out there today all the other atists is penominal. Below is my previous article sent about 2 weeks ago:- STOP EVERYONE THIS WILL EXPLAIN ALL:-Yes But Elvis has been dead so long and people still buy his records which is why maybe he has such a high level of sales. But Now MICHAEL JACKSON “the best performer of all time (undisputed) is dead his record sales will far super sead any other artist not just by a bit, but by a mile. I was fortunate to see Michael Jackson Live at Wembley in the 80’s and oh my god he was increadble, so forget sales figures for one sec. No one could dance like michael, no one could moonwalk like him, no one could arrive on a stage through a trap door fired up onto it and stand still for 5 minutes motionless withough moving or saying anything while the crowd went nuts, he had this arou about him like no one else that will always stick with me. So on that basis you watch over the next decade/two while Michael is dead how his record sales will sour far beyond Elvis. Just look at the charts today how many singles are now in the top 40 for Michael Jackson oh and he is top of the album charts again my point proven. So lets put a stop to this stupid argument and face the fact that Michael Jackson is the greatest ever. End off. Bob July 15, 2009 at 6:01 am Regarding the lack of certification by the RIAA prior to 1958 the following must be considered. Between 1956 and the end of 1958 Elvis released 10 albums in the US. Of these 4 went to #1 and 3 did not make the top 10. Albums did not sell in the millions in those days and ‘Meet the Beatles’ released in 1964 which sold 5 million copies in the US was the biggest selling album of all time up to that time. It is implausible that these Elvis albums sold in excess of 10 million copies. It also appears to be a myth that Elvis sold mega millions of copies after his death. The album ‘Moody Blue’ which was released on 7/23/1977 about a month before his death only peaked at # 3 in the Billboard charts. No massive sales there! The album ‘Elvis in Concert’ released on 10/29/1977 only peaked at # 5 on the Billboard chart. No massive sales there either. The only audited sales figures in the US (RIAA and Soundscan) show The Beatles have outsold Elvis by a massive margin. Similarly in the UK The Beatles have sold 38 million albums (many millions more than Elvis) and 20.71 million singles to 20.66 million for Elvis. The Guinness Book of Records have consistently referred to the Beatles as the biggest selling artists of all time. In the 1971 edition The Beatles sales to September 1970 are and I quote “133 million discs (74 million singles, 3 million EP’s and 56 million albums) which represents 416 million in singles equivalents.” In the 1971 edition Elvis Presley’s global sales to September 1970 were and I quote “130 million discs representing 275 singles equivalents.” An album = 6 singles An EP = 2 singles In the 1973 Guinness Book of Records the global sales of Elvis by January 1972 were 160 million discs representing 300 million singles equivalents. In the 1976 Guinness Book of Records The Beatles global sales by June 1972 were 545 million singles equivalents. In the 1981 Guinness Book of Records The Beatles all time sales were and I quote “100 million singles and 100 million albums – a total unmatched by any other recording act.” This would represent 700 million in singles equivalents. In this 1981 edition of the Guinness Book of Records it stated and I quote “Similarly no indepedently audited sales figures have been published for Elvis Presley”. In the 1985 Guinness Book of Records The Beatles all time sales by May 1984 were over 1000 million discs and tapes. Again it was mentioned that no independently audited figures have been published for Elvis Presley. It is apparent that where sales figures have been independently audited (RIAA, Soundscan and by the Guinness Book of Records) The Beatles have outsold Elvis Presley by a very considerable margin. Claims by record companies should be ignored where there is no independent supporting evidence. Bob July 15, 2009 at 6:17 am As Michael Jackson has only sold 61.5 million albums in the US according to the RIAA (prior to his death) and 19 million albums in the US since 1991 according to Soundscan (prior to his death) there is no way that he has sold 750 million albums worldwide. That would be 750 million units (or singles equivalents). As Michael Jackson sold 61.5 million albums in the US it is likely that he has sold about 120-130 million albums world wide compared to 425 million albums for the Beatles and 200 million for Elvis. The 750 million albums is just impossible – do the maths. Another 688.5 million album sales? In which countries? Which albums? I think Michael only released about 14 albums which averages about 49 million sales worldwide for each album. No way! Back to reality please. It appears The Beatles are the biggest selling recording artists of all time and even Michael Jackson’s death and increased sales will not surpass their totals. Michael Jackson has sold about 2.4 million albums in the US sinces his death – a good figure, but let me know when he tops the 100 million mark in the US. He will still be at least 70 million albums behind the Beatles then. Tony Vogler July 15, 2009 at 7:51 pm I remember having this debate 35 years ago,,,it was always Elvis and someone,not mj,,lol he was a black kid in the j5,,and the osmonds were the bomb,,,i know,lol,,anyways,,the fact that they still bring up Elvis is funny, after 53 years as the KING! most folks on here are young,only remember the last 20 yrs,,now Elvis he was the only one with the whole package,,dam,what the beatles and Jackson would do for his looks!! and he was a southern gentleman,and a veteran,,someone you would still be proud to represent you in another country,a mans man,he was the first,and everyone that followed used his career as the guidline,he was the first to sell a million copies with a pop record,had 19 number one pop songs,he is known the world over by his first name,,a picture of his hand, butt,foot,,,no face,,its a fact,, he achived a level of fame no one has equaled,,sure last month got a few young folks thinking they saw a first,,not even close,,sad that without the crazy crap with jackson,,their really is not anything left,,his retarded life out weighed any musical accomplishments,,,their were none the last dozen years,,just sad,sick,retarded,embarrasing stories,,,oh! August 16th is Elvis 32nd anniversary,his career was 23 yrs long,and he died when he was 42,,long live the KING! rcmsrw July 16, 2009 at 5:57 pm Hey KM50mj and Nick Again only part of what you say is true. The beatles have just as many Guinness records as MJ. The beatles have sold more albums, singles, music than anybody. That is a fact. But more importantly than all that the beatles left a musical library unequaled in HISTORY. MJ who wrote about a dozen “good” songs isn’t even a spec when it comes to a quality musical library. Beatles, Dylan, U2, Stones, Bruce, Elton all have a better music library. MJ could dance and hit it big in the 80s when MTV drove the bus. But a legacy? Of what one album worth even mentioning, #20 on Rolling Stones best 500 albums. Oh and Elvis? Did he ever write a song? nick July 16, 2009 at 6:34 pm MICAHEL JACKSON AND THE TRUE FACTS:- to rcmsrw and Tony Vogler and bob. I don’t think you guys read my message before so just read it carefully as the facts do not lie:- RIGHT EVERYTIME I READ THIS SITE PEOPLE ARE SAYING THIS AND THAT ON RECORDS/ALBUMS SOLD AND IT ALL CONTRADICTS EACH OTHER SO ENOUGH OF THE CRAP I AM LISTING FACTS (SO LISTEN UP JHOUSE AND AMBASADOR LISTED BELOW ARE THE FACT AS TO WHY MICHAEL JACKSON IS THE GREATIST ARTIST OF ALL TIME (REMEBER THESE ARE THE FACTS NOT ME MAKING STUFF UP):1)Jackson holds numerous Guinness World Records 2)Jackson holds the most Grammy Awards won in a year than any other artist. 3)Jackson had most hit singles in the UK charts in a year than any other artist. 4)Jackson has best selling album of all time.(thriller if jhouse/ambasador did not realise) 5)Jackson has the longest span of No.1 hits by an R&B artist wordwide. 6)Jackson has the best selling music videos of all time than any other artist wordwide (remember that Michael Jackson Made MTV what it is today also he was the pioneer of the music video and still is) 7)Jackson had the highest annual earnings ever for a pop star wordwide,for people that do not know he fell out with Paul mcartny for out bidding him on the beatles catalogue and won. 8)Jackson had the most successful pop music family wordwide ever. 9) Jackson has sold 109 million copies of Thriller year to date versus The beatles best album has sold 32 million to date which if you don’t know is “St peppers” Michael Jackson equaled that with his “dangerous” Album alone. 9b) Coppies of thriller are being sold rapidly now it has re entered the charts and they are predicting it will hit 150 million sold within 2 years) not mentioning how many it will sell over the next 20/30 years. 11) To everyone out that has mentioned that Elvis sold this many albums/units, beatles sold this I don’t think we will every know the true figures as the stats were not accurate around that time but we know its around a billion on the inacurate stats versus Michaels accurate measure of 750 Million units sold ( but he has only just died you watch that double within a decade and also the morons have not mentioned or forgot to mention that he has sold live videos live tour videos which if you were to put all these things into one catogory would make is 750 million units sold be a much more substatioal figure but they are not included in that as they are just videos) The Videos to date have sold 350 million (that inc his bad tour, and dangerous tour) adding these figures together excells him way above the billion mark. 1.1 billion to be precise (not including what he sells now while he is dead. THE ABOVE ARE ALL FACT AND BELOW ARE MY OPINIONS:- 1) I think he was the best dancer on stage of all time.And I am not just talking about the Moonwalk and am talking about his whole stage presence whilst dancing and all his moves. 2) Had his own style on stage in terms of clothes (yes I know Elvis did as well but no other artist can comptete on that league than both Michael or Elvis. 3)In The 80’s and 90’s Michael was arguable the most famous man alive wordwide. 4)He leaves behind an incredible musical legacy and a body of work unrivalled by any other performer. 5)The old figures are Bias towards older artists. There is a broader genre spectrum of music to listen to now which limits the number of listeners and for Michael to achieve what he has done against all of the competion out there today all the other atists is penominal. Below is my previous article sent about 2 weeks ago:- STOP EVERYONE THIS WILL EXPLAIN ALL:-Yes But Elvis has been dead so long and people still buy his records which is why maybe he has such a high level of sales. But Now MICHAEL JACKSON “the best performer of all time (undisputed) is dead his record sales will far super sead any other artist not just by a bit, but by a mile. I was fortunate to see Michael Jackson Live at Wembley in the 80’s and oh my god he was increadble, so forget sales figures for one sec. No one could dance like michael(fact), no one could moonwalk like him, no one could arrive on a stage through a trap door fired up onto it and stand still for 5 minutes motionless withough moving or saying anything while the crowd went nuts, he had this arou about him like no one else that will always stick with me. So on that basis you watch over the next decade/two while Michael is dead how his record sales will sour far beyond Elvis. Just look at the charts today how many singles are now in the top 40 for Michael Jackson oh and he is top of the album charts again my point proven. So lets put a stop to this stupid argument and face the fact that Michael Jackson is the greatest ever. End off. nick July 16, 2009 at 6:37 pm oh and I forgot to say he has a back catalogue of approx 200 songs left to his children unreased which is why his music will be around for a very very long time even after his death. Did the beatles have unrealeased songs after they split up or lennon dies? No I don’t think so, oh yes they did have that bird song that was made from a dodgy tape that was never realeased but when released into the charts it did not even hit the top ten. Tony Vogler July 17, 2009 at 6:44 am you guys have to remember Jackson had all this stuff for about the last 12 years,and no one would put it out because everytime they did they lost money,,thats the fact,,he lost his fan base,,,sure people were on the band wagon a month ago,,but nobodys buying his stuff,,,having a number one album today is not what it was 25 yrs ago,or 50,,,maria carie has 17 number one songs,but has sold about 30 million records,,nobody buys anymore,when you can get it here for free,,jackson fans forgot him,guess he was”nt worth remembering,they were his fans,I don”t know,,but 32 yrs later Elvis could still be the king of the road,,,and the beatles,,what does it say about a person,when they can’t go on a tour here at home,,,or if ya did you asked 100 plus a ticket,,I saw presley 5 times,paid 15 dollars,,would have paid 15 thousand,,I met him and his dad,and turned down offers to buy my scarf he gave me,,,presley fans knew a love,that I truly wish Jackson fans could experience,,but the old saying,,birds of a feather,flock together,,,ask Paul macartney,about what a nice,backstabbing,liar,jackson was,,,I think he knows the business,,,anyways,I hope ,you all keep listening to the music,because that’s what its all about,and Jackson had a few great tunes,and really put them over,,a truly great artist,just not a king,, rcmsrw July 17, 2009 at 1:54 pm Nick, come on. You keep talking about Thriller. One album that had about 5-6 good songs. #20 on RS all time list. It will sell 150 million? Its been 2 weeks and it’s sold about 750,000 dropping in half after the first week. The run is done. 200 songs backlogged? You’re kidding right? No way. We’ll see. And we’ll see the quality. Again the facts are Beatles are #1 on about 19 of 20 sights all reputable. And MJ does not leave a musical legacy 1/3 of the Beatles. Come on get serious. MJ sold all that music when MTV was available. It was a commercial every 20 minutes. The Beatles had none of that but STILL HAVE OUT SOLD HIM. You won’t find one serious musician who will say MJs music comes within a mile of the Beatles. He was a great entertainer. I will give you that. The Beatles created the best music ever made. Period. lordthree July 17, 2009 at 4:33 pm I agree that Elvis is the CLEAR winner as far as selling albums. And MJ wouldn’t have done as well without MTV. The Beatles are a GROUP, so I’m not going to consider them in the running. It used to be you’d have to go to a record store to buy albums, but in recent years it’s just as common to go to the book store or walmart for albums, so distribution is surely a factor on sales. If Bing Crosby had been in the same time period as MJ (I know they DO overlap a bit) he would have slammed him on sales numbers. I don’t agree that MJ was the best performer of all time, and It worries me that obsessed fans say it’s undisputed… and get indignant and cry RACIST if anyone even argues. I’d prefer to watch Elvis, or the Beatles perform. Hands down. I understand MJ dances around a lot but that doesn’t impress me. I think a lot of his fans would agree that part of his appeal is that he’s simply so far removed from reality that it carries over to the audience and they get some kind of strange fantasy vibe off of him. Elvis may have sat in his room and shot up TV screens, but he was still grounded in reality for a lot of his career. Although I realize MJs album sales have shot up as a result of his death, I don’t think they have the sticking power. People will still be buying Elvis records a decade from now, and people will have forgotten all about MJ. He was more of a fad than anything else really. Nobody is buying pet rocks any more, but you can still buy those troll dolls with the long hair. nuff said. July 17, 2009 at 7:50 pm To rcmsrw Are you a moron saying :- “Mj sold all that music when MTV was available. It was a commercial every 20 minutes. The Beatles had none of that but STILL HAVE OUT SOLD HIM.” When Triller came out MTV was not around and its the biggest selling album of all time so get your facts right. lol I am not disagreaing with you that The beatles were great and I love there music, but make sure you get your facts right before you debate, lol That’s what annoyes me with this site. martin July 18, 2009 at 1:15 am listen guys Elvis and the beatles put out tens of albums more than Michael Jackson did, Elvis 150, beatles 40, MJ 14 and yet acording to some information he is 350 million records, 50 million ahead of Elvis, who for what he put out should have sold 3 billion never mind the inflated one billion! I really rate Elvis and his talent was far better than hype or record sale, but I think had Mariah Carey put out 150 million albums, then she would kill Elvis. And if Michael Jackson had another 120 solo albums on the market my god, Elvis would not stand a chance. 2 million each which for Michael is doable and sales wise Elvis and the beatles are beaten! So say what you will about record sales for beatles and Elvis but facts are they have massive sales in part due to massive numbers relaesed, but they are not bigger than Michael Jackson don’t make that misstake of believing that. Michael Jackson proportionaly is the better seller. And I’m impartial on this subject, but I’m not easily fooled into thinking, Elvis and beatles were sun shine, but MJ was just a wacko, no no big misstake if you think that, again I’ve no really view on the 3 really, but I know micahels influnce is heavey, and now its just got heaver, rip Elvis ur brillient and a king! rip John lennon ur fab and always will be, and rip Michael Jackson ur the king of pop and the best humanitarion in pop history! Tony Vogler July 18, 2009 at 8:09 am nail on the head,,I have 250 Elvis presley albums,different ones,before they started making cds,now I have hundreds of those,,Fact,,if people were not buying them by the millions,nobody could afford to be putting them out,,,,I heard one of jacksons unreleased songs yesterday,,ripped off americas “horse with no name”If that’s what they have,,go buy it,,lol both of those songs sucked,,The beatles were the best band ever,covered everytype of music,and all could play,none could sing very well,,but greatest band ever,,,elvis nor the beatles never made a video,,some movies,,but no mtv,,it was their popularity from their groundbreaking never done before in the music business,,everyone says its the beatles catalog that is jacksons main money asset,not any of his music,or his business,,like the other folks have said,,he”s already fizzeled out,like curt cobain,,,cobain looked better,mabey Jackson should have blown his mask off,,,what a freak,,,something gone amuck,,nobody talks about his music anyway,,just the freaky sideshow crap he always was,,enough!! Juraj July 20, 2009 at 1:17 pm All the mentioned artists are great. However, there is no doubt that the best seller of all time is the Beatles. I come from the Eastern Europe (former socialist block) and I can tell you that even at that time the Beatles records were sold in millions here. I do not think there was a houshold in this part of the world not having a Beatles record. In comparison to Elvis or MJ I believe it is a few hudread thousands difference. des Hey Nick, The only RELIABLE sales figures are the sales figures in the US from Soundscan and the RIAA. The Soundscan figures from 1991-2008 show The Beatles have sold 57 million albums compared to 19 million for Michael Jackson (prior to his death). The RIAA figures show The Beatles have sold 170 million albums in the US compared to 61.5 million albums for Michael Jackson. Since his death Jackson has sold about 3 million albums in the US bringing his Soundscan and RIAA totals to 22 million and 64.5 million respectively – still a massive way behind the sales figures of The Beatles. Michael Jackson has NOT sold 750 million albums world wide. He may have sold 750 million units, but The Beatles have sold well over a billion units (probably over 2 billion units) world wide. If Jackson has sold only 64.5 million albums in the US where has he sold the remaining 685.5 million albums? The world is not big enough for that amount of sales as the US is the biggest market. Sticking to the facts (audited sales figures) and it is apparent that The Beatles are the biggest selling artists of all time. Juraj July 23, 2009 at 11:03 am Hey Bob, Thank you for telling the people the correct numbers and figures. It happens all the time when such a star passes away that people try to exagarate about his successes but the reality is usually way out of there. This is the case with Michael Jackson. The day before his sudden death he sold 300 millions albums the next day it was 750 million albums. nick July 23, 2009 at 5:36 pm MICAHEL JACKSON AND THE TRUE FACTS:- to rcmsrw and Tony Vogler and bob. I don’t think you guys read my message before so just read it carefully as the facts do not lie:- RIGHT EVERYTIME I READ THIS SITE PEOPLE ARE SAYING THIS AND THAT ON RECORDS/ALBUMS SOLD AND IT ALL CONTRADICTS EACH OTHER SO ENOUGH OF THE CRAP I AM LISTING FACTS (SO LISTEN UP JHOUSE AND AMBASADOR LISTED BELOW ARE THE FACT AS TO WHY MICHAEL JACKSON IS THE GREATIST ARTIST OF ALL TIME (REMEBER THESE ARE THE FACTS NOT ME MAKING STUFF UP):1)Jackson holds numerous Guinness World Records 2)Jackson holds the most Grammy Awards won in a year than any other artist. 3)Jackson had most hit singles in the UK charts in a year than any other artist. 4)Jackson has best selling album of all time.(thriller if jhouse/ambasador did not realise) 5)Jackson has the longest span of No.1 hits by an R&B artist wordwide. 6)Jackson has the best selling music videos of all time than any other artist wordwide (remember that Michael Jackson Made MTV what it is today also he was the pioneer of the music video and still is) 7)Jackson had the highest annual earnings ever for a pop star wordwide,for people that do not know he fell out with Paul mcartny for out bidding him on the beatles catalogue and won. 8)Jackson had the most successful pop music family wordwide ever. 9) Jackson has sold 109 million copies of Thriller year to date versus The beatles best album has sold 32 million to date which if you don’t know is “St peppers” Michael Jackson equaled that with his “dangerous” Album alone. 9b) Coppies of thriller are being sold rapidly now it has re entered the charts and they are predicting it will hit 150 million sold within 2 years) not mentioning how many it will sell over the next 20/30 years. 11) To everyone out that has mentioned that Elvis sold this many albums/units, beatles sold this I don’t think we will every know the true figures as the stats were not accurate around that time but we know its around a billion on the inacurate stats versus Michaels accurate measure of 750 Million units sold ( but he has only just died you watch that double within a decade and also the morons have not mentioned or forgot to mention that he has sold live videos live tour videos which if you were to put all these things into one catogory would make is 750 million units sold be a much more substatioal figure but they are not included in that as they are just videos) The Videos to date have sold 350 million (that inc his bad tour, and dangerous tour) adding these figures together excells him way above the billion mark. 1.1 billion to be precise (not including what he sells now while he is dead. THE ABOVE ARE ALL FACT AND BELOW ARE MY OPINIONS:- 1) I think he was the best dancer on stage of all time.And I am not just talking about the Moonwalk and am talking about his whole stage presence whilst dancing and all his moves. 2) Had his own style on stage in terms of clothes (yes I know Elvis did as well but no other artist can comptete on that league than both Michael or Elvis. 3)In The 80’s and 90’s Michael was arguable the most famous man alive wordwide. 4)He leaves behind an incredible musical legacy and a body of work unrivalled by any other performer. 5)The old figures are Bias towards older artists. There is a broader genre spectrum of music to listen to now which limits the number of listeners and for Michael to achieve what he has done against all of the competion out there today all the other atists is penominal. Below is my previous article sent about 2 weeks ago:- STOP EVERYONE THIS WILL EXPLAIN ALL:-Yes But Elvis has been dead so long and people still buy his records which is why maybe he has such a high level of sales. But Now MICHAEL JACKSON “the best performer of all time (undisputed) is dead his record sales will far super sead any other artist not just by a bit, but by a mile. I was fortunate to see Michael Jackson Live at Wembley in the 80’s and oh my god he was increadble, so forget sales figures for one sec. No one could dance like michael(fact), no one could moonwalk like him, no one could arrive on a stage through a trap door fired up onto it and stand still for 5 minutes motionless withough moving or saying anything while the crowd went nuts, he had this arou about him like no one else that will always stick with me. So on that basis you watch over the next decade/two while Michael is dead how his record sales will sour far beyond Elvis. Just look at the charts today how many singles are now in the top 40 for Michael Jackson oh and he is top of the album charts again my point proven. So lets put a stop to this stupid argument and face the fact that Michael Jackson is the greatest ever. End off. oh and I forgot to say he has a back catalogue of approx 200 songs left to his children unreased which is why his music will be around for a very very long time even after his death. Did the beatles have unrealeased songs after they split up or lennon dies? No I don’t think so, oh yes they did have that bird song that was made from a dodgy tape that was never realeased but when released into the charts it did not even hit the top ten. Bob Hey Nick, Let me talk FACTS: Your points 1-11 are not all fact. Points 1-8 do not have anything to do with TOTAL album sales and are therefore irrelevant to this discussion. Your point 9b is a prediction not a fact. Your point 9 about Thriller selling 109 million copies (worldwide presumably) is inaccurate to the best of my knowledge. To the best of my knowledge Thriller has sold between 50-60 million copies worldwide (28 million in the US, source RIAA). If you can verify sales of 109 million please identify your source. You say Michael Jackson has sold 750 units worldwide. I do not dispute that figure. As a unit is equivalent to the sale of one single and an album is the equivalent of the sale of 6 singles then The Beatles who have sold 170 million albums in the US (source: RIAA) have sold 1020 million units (1.02 billion units) in the US alone, not counting their sales of singles. The Beatles with world wide album sales of 420 million plus have sold about 2.5 billion units worldwide compared to 750 million units worldwide for Michael Jackson. They are the facts. The following is my opinion. I think it is extremely doubtful that Michael Jackson will sell another 750 units in the next decade. Even if he does that will give him sales of 1.5 billion units still 1 billion units behind The Beatles, who will sell many millions of units in the next decade as well. mva5580 July 24, 2009 at 12:14 am There are clearly way too many people here posting on the emotion of Michael Jackson dying recently rather than the actual facts of the discussion. I just happened to come across this thread on a random Beatles search and felt obligated to post. Look. Both Michael Jackson and Elvis were great, great PERFORMERS, but to even compare them with The Beatles in terms of musical talent is embarrassing. Neither Jackson or Presley wrote a lot of their songs, nor did they do much of anything in terms of playing instruments/composing their music. I’m not saying they NEVER did those things, I’m just saying it was much less evolved in comparison to The Beatles, who literally revolutionized music forever in terms of composing all their songs, playing the instruments, etc. Go look at Michael Jackson’s discography. Thriller is brilliant, yes. But after that his albums take a big nosedive in terms of quality. Yes there is other good stuff there, but nowhere even comparable to The Beatles catalog. And while Elvis released about a million different records, again a lot of it wasn’t of his creation, nor did he do much of anything when it came to playing/creating his music. I’m not trying to crap on Elvis or Michael Jackson, because they’re both great in their own ways. There is no doubt about that. But there is not even close to a comparison when it comes to The Beatles in terms of musical talent. Comparing Presley and Jacksons musical talent to The Beatles is like comparing The Beatles dancing talent to Michael Jackson and Elvis Presley. Not comparable. Nor should it be. And it’s been well documented by pretty much every source out there that tries to “officially” cover these things that The Beatles are the highest selling artists of all time. So I’m not even getting in to that. So again to even make the comparison between the 3 in terms of musical talent is a bit of a waste of time. Michael Jackson/Elvis Presley were unquestionably brilliant performers/entertainers, and that went a LONG way in them being musically successful. The Beatles on the other hand did it all. They brought down the house while they were touring, and then the 2nd half of their career involved 0 concerts. And that part of their career only managed to produce some of, if not the greatest Rock albums of all time. They’ll live forever, period. The Beatles are going to end up being the highest selling musical artists by the end of this decade, they’re only slightly behind Eminem right now and once 9/9/09 passes, they’ll surely be #1. 40 years after they released a new album. I can assure Michael Jackson and Elvis Presley will not sniff being the top selling artist of the decade come 2050. They’re great, yes. But there will never be another Beatles. Ever. Bob Why do you people keep on insisting to go by the RIAA & Soundscan. I know that it seems to be the only way to determine record sales by each artist. I would say this,RIAA clearly does not count the units pre 1958,So Elvis has no count figure prior to that when it comes to RIAA. RIAA DOES NOT count units sold or albums sold that do not meet their requirements,so those are being left out all together. I will admit that if you are only going to count the #’s that RIAA AND SOUNDSCAN put out there then you have a totally inaccurate count of total sales. I will also admit that there may be no way to ever prove how many record sales Elvis actually had,or has to date,because of no prior tracking to 1958,but if you could do the research to get a close # and add those to the partials that RIAA does not count as well and add that to the total they have,and add them 3 numbers together,then he is clearly ahead of anyone else . RIAA has actually admitted to RCA to that fact. RCA whom Elvis was with after the short stay with Sam Phillips @ Sun Records has been working with RIAA to see if they will implement changes to the way they calculate total sales by each artist. The music business is forever changing and trying to keep an exact account for all sales can be a chore as with it takes research and dedication and a lot of work to make an accurate world sales total. here is an example of what I am saying to put it in lamens terms Elvis in 1970 had the blue Christmas album that sold more than 20 million copies that is not counted,the first 13 months after his death,world wide explosion of sales are not counted for.RCA has claimed and can prove the records they were manufacturing for that time period in excess of putting out about 20,000 copies per week and even had to open more plants to keep up with the demand all of those sales are not accounted for. The way it works with RIAA the more sales you have the more partials you will have that are not counted do to not meeting the criteria in which they have set so therefore the more units you will have that are not counted ,SO in closing Elvis has more partials than anyone,So he stands to lose the most towards units not accounted for. If you could find a way to count every single unit sold world wide Elvis is clearly leading by an astonishing amount. If you want to debate who is the best Artist of all time that is debatable depending on who you like. For me Elvis wins in both cases. I am a huge Elvis fan,have been for 30 yrs and counting that will never change no matter what anyone says in here or anywhere else for that matter. Even if Elvis did not have the most sales by any Artist of all time, he would still be my favorite, and would brag till the cows came home about what he has given the music industry , and how he made people feel at his concerts and how he effected people in his time and the generations to come. At least his voice never failed him,but his gospel music puts a chill down my spine everytime I hear one played. Elvis clearly had a GOD given talent that he shared with all of us,even if you don’t favor him,that part you cannot ignore. Bob July 25, 2009 at 6:50 am Hey Ambassador, As you cannot find a way to count every single unit sold world wide then you cannot say that Elvis is the biggest selling artist of all time. If you look at the charted positions of the Elvis albums that were released prior to 1958 (see my comments at comment # 82 above) then there were no massive sales during that period. Also the two albums that were released around the time of his death (Moody Blue on 7/23/1977 and Elvis in Concert on 10/29/1977 which peaked at #3 and #5 respectively on the Billboard charts) did not have massive sales. You can talk all you like about massive sales being not measured by RCA or the RIAA but the sales that were measured were not great – it is strange that the measurable album sales were few but the sales not measured were massive. As a statistician by profession I work with data/facts not supposition, rumour or guesswork. In the audited figures The Beatles have sold more records (albums and singles included) that any other recording artist. Sales that cannot be proven are just not valid and are not reliable. If you cannot trust Soundscan and the RIAA then you cannot trust any figures. Elvis may have more partials but that does not mean they are each .9 of a million. They may only be a few thousand – you should not make assumptions. As The Beatles have outsold Elvis by 27 million since 1991 (source: Soundscan) when each album sold is measurable, this is consistent with The Beatles outselling Elvis by 24 million in the previous years considering The Beatles gave Elvis many years and many millions start. The Beatles 1 album has sold 11 million plus albums in the US compared to 4 million plus for Elvis Number 1’s album – a considerable difference in the same market place for the same product. This is a potent indication of their current sales capacity. You may think Elvis is the best – you are entitled to your opinion. That is subjective and I am not entering that debate. When it comes to record sales that can be measured then The Beatles win easily. rcmsrw Nick, MTV came out in 1979. Thriller came out in 1982. I watched the premier of Thriller on MTV myself. ambassador July 25, 2009 at 2:51 pm BOB The official site of RIAA HAS BOTH the Beatles and Elvis in the 1 billion+ sales in which they are the only 2 acts to reach that ,All I am saying is that Elvis has millions not accounted for including the 20 million from the Blue Christmas Album not accounted for according to RCA. So don’t sit thee and tell me they were of all small amounts on the partials,you haven’t looked them up or totaled them up have you? your words that they the Beatles have somewhere in the area of 20 something million or so ahead ,but ALL the Beatles Albums are accounted for where as Elvis’s are not. Like I said above that the RIAA Concluded with RCA that if the total sales where calculated in units sold and including the partials, thet at RIAA said Elvis would be clearly ahead of anyone else,thats they;re words according to the article not mine ,I just took them and added them to my post. I particulary don’t care what you do,or how much you think you know when it comes to all this, I don’t need your past credentials of working with data and so forth,that for all we know is your B,S line. It has no bearing on the article I was refering to. Are you going to tell me next that the article is false? It is RIAA and RCA trying to work together to give Elvis and others their real credit of total sales. If you think that it is false then you can no longer post in here about how RIAA has come to their conclusion of total sales for each artist without it being coming under some critizism of how they count and or their post of sales cause they may not be as accurate as you think. You cannot say that the article in which I got the info from is false and then on the other hand rely on what RIAA has for #’s,you can’t have it both ways. The point of my post was that RIAA admitted that if the sales were calculated to include all partials towards total sales and accounted for as many as they can Elvis would be clearly leading the industry and that’s all I was trying to say. I know they don’t count all his partials that’s pretty clear,but don’t sit there and say they were all minimal #’s, cause I highly doubt you have done your homework. Bob July 25, 2009 at 7:30 pm Hey Ambassoador, I didn’t say the partials were minimals. I said they MAY be. Just as I said you should not make assumptions about them being massive. Please tell me where and when the article appeared regarding the conclusion of the RIAA saying Elvis was the biggest seller. As the RIAA only measures sales in the US then I do not see how the RIAA says both The Beatles and Elvis have a billion+ sales. That is patently absurd – it may be a billion units as I mentioned in my comments at # 82 and # 101. To the best of my knowledge The Beatles have sold about 425 million albums world wide compared to about 200 milion for Elvis Presley. As a Led Zeppelin fan, considering they have sold 111 million albums in the US, I could say they have sold more albums world wide than Elvis. As I do not have any proof of that then I will refrain from making that claim. Most of your statements are just unverified claims. When I go on the RIAA website it shows The Beatles having US sales of 170 million albums compared to 119 million album sales for Elvis. Soundscan sales from 1991 show The Beatles have sold 57 million albums in the US compared to 30 million for Elvis – that is verified. I do not believe what record companies (EMI, RCA or any other company) have to say without werification. As RCA have not verified those sales for Elvis then I do not accept them. If RCA and the RIAA verify them, then I will gladly accept them. ambassador July 25, 2009 at 11:20 pm Hey Ambassador, Yeah, I had already read that article/blog but the claims are again unsunstantiated. Basically all I am saying is that by audited sales The Beatles are the biggest selling artists of all time. Debate is healthy and worthwhile. An interesting study and article re popularity and fan demographics can be found at: Rapleaf Study: Popularity and fan demographics of Michael Jackson, The Beatles, Elvis and Madonna across social media. Also check out gracenote.com/map This site measures world wide listening trends and again The Beatles consistently dominate – especially in the US. In the US state by state listening trends are measured. Have a look. ambassador July 25, 2009 at 11:49 pm I agree Bob with all the verified stuff it just seems that some artist out and beyond Elvis ,that their total sales are not counted. It all comes down to RIAA criteria which in itself I will not dispute in any way,it just is not an accurate of total sales was my point. It would be interesting to find those totals for all the artist out there. I think maybe one day someone will find that out,but until then I will concede that the beatles according to RIAA are the leading artists,but I know if there was a way to calculate all the sales to the best of ones ability to a world wide total that it may very well be a little closer then it appears. I love the debates,its very interesting stuff. My view is very much to the listening part of these great artist and to keep listening to their timeless music,that in itself is universal. I am a huge ELVIS fan but really like all sorts of music ,groups, solo artist alike. Huge LED Zeppelin fan also,but being a drummer for almost 30 yrs ,I have a wide variety of love of music and the artist that come along and just take us by storm and really leave an imprint on our lives. Elvis,Beatles,LED Z, and others for the list is too long to mention. May their music live within us always. I will read those articles for sure my friend. Take care Bob and keep on listening to the music as I will. Bob Yes, just enjoy the great music! Tony Vogler July 28, 2009 at 1:19 pm Just remember all the great things some of you have said about the late.not so great wacko jacko,,2 million last week 2 million this week,1-10 on billboards charts,,there is no music business anymore,,this is the rush,ya know,,nobodys buying,,let alone a year from now,,or the twelve before that,,lol,,mabey some will learn from this,,its lonely at the top,,we love you up there ELVIS!!!!the rest are pretenders,, Tallie July 29, 2009 at 8:31 am You know what, everyone can argue about stats and no one will ever get anywhere. Lets just focus on their talents. I really don’t care about the highest selling artist of all time I just KNOW in my HEART and its not that hard to know that Michael Jackson is not only the most talented in every way shape or form, but he is far superior by a LANDSLIDE. Lets Do it This Way Dancing? Michael Jackson makes Elvis look like a crippled kid, and so do jackie wilson and James Brown for that matter. Singing Voice? I don’t even think Elvis would make the American Idol cut with the powerhouse voices of today. Michael Jackson FAR FAR FAR superior in this category. Writing Ability? Michael Jackson co wrote “Heal The World”, fueling the biggest charity donation EVER. so how powerful are those words? Vice Versa? Michael Jackson could have sung any Elvis Presley song flawlessly, or performed any stunt that Elvis did on stage. Elvis would seriously look stupid even attempting a song or a pitch to a song like “Don’t Stop Till’ You Get Enough”. Longevity? Lets Pit an 8 year old Michael Jackson Vs. an 8 Year old Elvis Presley. Hahahahaha, I’m not even finishing this sentence lets get serious and The correct amount of Albums MJ has sold worldwide is 850 million if WE HAVE to bring it up…750 himself, and 100 Million with the Jackson 5 and I’m sorry but had Michael Jackson been Caucasian he Would have Sold 3 billion and we all know this. Music wouldn’t even be called music, it would be called Michael Jackson. But had Elvis been African American, No one would know who he was because of people like James Brown, Jackie Wilson, and I really can’t even name aaaaaaaaaall the people who would be considered before Elvis. If you ask me, I believe Elvis is a great artist, but MORE SO in the Chuck Berry Category. I don’t care what anyone says but if you honestly believe Elvis is better than MJ, its clearly because you grew up on him, and its just like rooting for your home team. Sure if your a Chicago Cubs fan you know they have been Terrible for a long time but you’d still defend them over a team like the Yankees if they’re your Favorite team. MJ is my favorite artist but I know how to look at things clearly and Unbiased, I’ve always had a music producer mentality, and know that EP wouldn’t hold a flame to MJ. If you take away all the MJ scandals he’d have never lost a step. I don’t think Elvis lost TOO many fans over the comment he supposedly made about Black people only being good for buying his album or shining his shoes(which I don’t believe I believe he was a good man) but I’m sorry, musically MJ is just SO MUCH BETTER. if Elvis was better, I’d say, Elvis was better, but he’s not. LOL and by the way, MJ owned the Beatles. Literally. and Paul Mccartney and MJ did a duet. Paul Mccartney is good on the song, but MJ once again, is in a DIFFERENT BALL PARK. YOU ELVIS LOVERS WILL NOT WIN. I’m sorry. When’s the last time you heard a 9 year old say he wants to be like Elvis? But on YouTube they have 3 year olds dancing to Thriller, as well as Senior Citizens! even the Beatles have a little Kid singin Hey Jude which I’m sure we have all seen at some point. IM SORRY, IF YOU TELL ME ELVIS IS BETTER I BELIEVE THAT ITS COMING FROM YOUR HEART, because you LOVE him, and NOT FACT. FACT IS, MICHAEL JOSEPH JACKSON IS IN A LEAGUE OF HIS OWN. Elvis FANatics are just jealous. PS, I’ve never seen GROWN MEN ACT LIKE SCREAMING LITTLE GIRLS at an ELVIS EVENT, IT WAS ALWAYS THE WOMEN GOING NUTS. THIS SHOWS YOU HE WAS JUST A PRETTYBOY. Michael Jackson had GROWN MEN acting like they had lost THEIR MINDS, PEOPLE FAINTING IN THE CROWDS LEFT AND RIGHT. WATCH ONE OF MJ TOURS and you’ll REALIZE THAT HE ALSO HAS THE RECORD FOR THE MOST PEOPLE FAINTING. WATCH SOME OF THE FANS REACTIONS FOR MJ. IT IS SOOOOOOOOOO INCREDIBLE. PEOPLE SERIOUSLY LOOKED LIKE THEY WERE GOING TO EXPLODE. WELL, THAT’S IT FOR NOW. MICHAEL JACKSON IS BETTER THAN ELVIS AND THE BEATLES AND WHOEVER DOESN’T BELIEVE IT NEEDS TO STOP LYING TO THEMSELVES AND THEIR CHILDREN. All the “good” Elvis Impersonators are far inferior to the “decent” MJ impersonators. re read that sentence. Muffy MJ was untouchable! He had the most diverse fanbase history! (That’s a freakin’ fact!) Elvis sold 200/300 million not a billion. TB also did not sell a billion records. Artists from all genres copy MJ. ambassador July 29, 2009 at 9:06 pm TALLIE,TALLIE,TALLIE The only thing you said that is worth replying to is your statement that Elvis said blacks were only good enough to buy his albums, & shine his shoe. That statement was debunked a long time ago,and there is no truth to it in any way shape or form. The rest of your post is not only ignorant and obsurd,but it is your opinion and you are entitled to it,as ,so am I saying that your post is your post and glad it wasn’t mine. Hey BOB , Wanna chime in on this one?.lol Bob July 30, 2009 at 2:14 am Hey Ambassador, It is not worth commenting on. Michael Jackson has sold far fewer albums in the US than The Beatles or Elvis. The numbers are 61.5 for Michael (prior to his death), 170 million for The Beatles and 119 million for Elvis, and these figures are probably similar in proportion on a world wide basis but much more difficult to verify. Who was better is purely subjective and a matter of opinion and everyone is entitled to their opinion. To my knowledge there is no evidence to suggest Elvis was racist. Coming from a dirt poor background would indicate he had much in common with many African Americans. I am happy to discuss facts and figures. ambassador Hey Bob Its all good,facts and figures are interesting for sure. Personal opinion is subjective as you say,and would agree with your analogy of Elvis coming from a poor background,and that being said,Elvis knew his roots and would never throw people as a whole or a nationality under the bus. The other thing I like about music, is the stories that are behind them as in certain songs or how bands came about,as well as the real story behind the music,there is a lot of interesting things to read and to talk about. chat at ya later Bob. rcmsrw July 31, 2009 at 7:19 am Tallie Come on. MJ was a song and dance man. The best? maybe. I will give you that. But you cannot compare him with Elvis or the beatles in terms of: Cultural influence. Both Elvis and the Beatles CHANGED THE WORLD. MJ was the biggest artist in the MTV generation. That’s it. Song writing. You name 1 song? No one has come close to the Beatles library in the 20th century. No one. MJ is not even in the top 10 of the Rock era. Singing? Your trying to say MJ had a better voice than Elvis? LOL. No, sorry. MJ was a song and dance man. That’s it. Tracy August 3, 2009 at 3:02 pm John Lennon death was certainly well mourned some say as much as Elvis Presley. Michael Jackson I think is or was better than Elvis but the Beatles destroyed Michael Jackson in terms of music and innovation. The Beatles were songwriters/musicians. They were not dancers they played and sang at the same time. They did not need to dance to sell well over one billion records. I can’t see Michael Jackson coming up with something as complex as “A Day in the Life” or the melody of “Yesterday. Michael Jackson has no influence what so ever in rock music or anything remotely experimental in music. The Beatles, musically, The Beatles always pushed forwards, from spending days locked up in the studio experimenting (with EMI happy to indulge their indulgence) and incorporating chance determinism into their records. This produced of the first commercial uses of feedback on ‘I Feel Fine’ in 1964 as well as countless other instances where they just wanted to do something different. Around their mid-sixties creative burst they also deployed backwards recordings, tape loops, vari-speed recording, synchronised tape machines, sampling, and direct injection. All these are now common practices in pop music in which the Beatles help popularize. Oh I Forgot the the music video. Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Albums . Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles 2. Pet Sounds, The Beach Boys 3. Revolver, The Beatles 4. Highway 61 Revisited, Bob Dylan 5. Rubber Soul, The Beatles 6. What’s Going On, Marvin Gaye 7. Exile on Main Street, The Rolling Stones 8. London Calling, The Clash 9. Blonde on Blonde, Bob Dylan 10. The Beatles (”The White Album”), The Beatles 11. The Sun Sessions, Elvis Presley 12. Kind of Blue, Miles Davis 13. Velvet Underground and Nico, The Velvet Underground 14. Abbey Road, The Beatles 15. Are You Experienced?, The Jimi Hendrix Experience 16. Blood on the Tracks, Bob Dylan 17. Nevermind, Nirvana 18. Born to Run, Bruce Springsteen 19. Astral Weeks, Van Morrison 20. Thriller, Michael Jackson I could not agree more. martin August 5, 2009 at 4:56 pm Tracy ur on drugs girl, no Michael influnced nothing expiremental! No he only made the music video what it is today, combined music and broadway styles together, he was the first black performer to merge rock, disco and pop together, in fact you listen to any MJ album and it contains more styles of music than most beatle albums. And that takes no expirementaion does it not? Lol some of you folks are out of ur mind. lol Every second act in todays music world is heavely influenced by Michael Jackson. Even people who are not song or dance people, take Chris martin from cold play for instance. Like him or not he is the influence of our time maybe of all time, through his break through in pop culture black music and black performers have more popularity than ever before, he changed the landscape of entertainment. Im not knocking Elvis or the fab four, but in the fifties and 60s it was easier to market white performers as the biggest in the world. But black performers though still great did not get this honour. MJ changed all that, he matched the other white stars and realesed a lot less albums. Some of you say MTV made mj, but… its awesome that a black music star got on that station in the firts place, it was the first time ever! And it was a rock station strictly back then. So tracey dear I think ur missing something if you think he had no influence in rock, when he was played on a rock channal. Face facts he has done things in his life time that nobody before or since did! So wake up to reality ! All you have to do is look around you to see his massive influence I rest my case! MJ GOD Thriller has sold over 150 million records!!! rcmsrw August 6, 2009 at 5:21 pm Martin, obviously your comments are your opinion. As has been said, MTV made MJ. He was the biggest, and it was a break through when they played him in the first place. Once that happened and Thriller came out, it was all over. He shot to the top as he should have, and ruled for 10 years. He was the biggest. I will give you that. But, if you consult people in the know, musicians, historians, music critics, you’ll find the following. Elvis and the Beatles changed the world. Time magazine had the Beatles at #2 of the biggest impact on society in the 20th century. And quality. Critics and musicians do not rank MJs music that high. After Thriller you can’t find one of his albums that ranks anywhere near the best for the last 50 years. Where the Beatles are ALWAYS ranked #1. We know Elvis never created music so he isn’t even in the argument. He just sang period. MJ GOD August 7, 2009 at 12:51 pm Thriller blows anything by the Dung Beatles out of the water!!!!!! It is the greatest cultural event ever!! Elvis and the Beatles were just culture theives who stole from the Blacks. Elvis stole from the Blacks and white guys like the Beatles then stole from Elvis. rcmsrw LOL. Statements like yours make it clear you have no credibility in this argument. Tony Vogler August 11, 2009 at 4:22 pm james brown called Elvis his brother,and went to Graceland when e died,he was the only person left alone with Elvis to pray,elvis once asked an aid to invite brown to sit up front with him at a Vegas show,,when brown came up,presley said nobody puts James brown in the back of the building,,when jackie wilson,,who was called,the black elvis,,met Elvis in an elevator at a ballgame,elvis said,it was about time the white Elvis presley met the black elvis,,after wilsons stroke,elvis paid some of the hospital bills,,I figure tallie is young,and does”nt know any better! but Jackson was ate up with KING ELVIS! never gave him any credit,but stole,and ripped him off,,not a class act,ask Paul mcartney,,,It would have been better for Michael if his doctor had put him to sleep 15 yrs ago,,no one would have known,,,where were these “fans” the last dozen years? and with last weeks Jackson falling off the charts,,I guess they all went back home,,,so you ask a small child? you want to grow up and be Michael Jackson???? ask a man? when he gets all dressed up,,are you trying to be Michael Jackson? ask an old man,when he”s about done,,,you want to be remembered like Michael Jackson??? on your best day,and you pull off something legendary cool,,do you say,yeah man ,,just like Michael Jackson,,,,respect,honor,and rank,are earned!! not given away,or made up,,32 yrs ago a king died,,,he was never forgotten,,,in 8 weeks Jackson is all but forgotten,,buried in a public cemetary,still in debt,,in death,,,,one of the biggest jokes,,ever! ambassador Well Tony you and I would agree on most things about Elvis,and I do agree with your post. Could not agree more with people knowing him just by his first name. If you say Elvis in conversation in public they assume you are talking Elvis Presley, Have actually had people say his last name as they walk by, They don’t say Costello, or Stoyko for you Canadian people. Elvis is just a famous as Santa clause, someone once said. The Beatles,are prob the best band ever,Elvis is the best solo artist ever to walk this earth. There won’t be another like him in my lifetime,nor yours,We should be thankful we lived in a time where we witnessed Elvis and the Beatles. Tony Vogler August 15, 2009 at 7:46 pm Thank you ambassador, that’s what I needed!! I met Elvis in 1976,and his father in 1978,,I am so lucky to have met my hero,,and him and his dad like me in return,,I did know from very early one ,elvis was a real deal,the greatest at something,,and they do not come around every lifetime,,,something I thought of,,for the last 20 years,so many movies mention elvis,,in some way,always respectfully,,and most TV series have,,,hundreds,,,but for the last dozen years or more,,,jackson is mentioned,or shown as a freak,or bad joke,my favorite is,scary movie,or south park,,lol,,,it is what it is! my daughter is 9,and her name is presley,,a few years back ,I was carrying her from graceland, across the street where I was parked,,it was late,and we were all tired,,she was just laughing,and talking over my shoulder,,I asked her who she was talking too,,and she said,,”elsie gone,,,horsie gone” the hair stood up on the back of my neck!! she did”nt see any horses,they were all put up,and she did”nt even know he had them,,I think Elvis rode sun,following us a lil that night,saying goodbye to his lil visitor,with his name,We always feel when were at his home in memphis,that he”s close,,He came from another time,and it made him what he was,,A symbol of americia,to the rest of the world,the American dream,many an American president has said,they wish they had what Elvis had,,there were 44 presidents,but only one KING! al quada said if you shave your face like your Elvis presley you should all die,,,when the united states crossed the dessert,they blasted ,,elvis 2001 intro,,the Americans are coming,,when they cought saddam in that hole,,the called in,,”we have elvis”,,well enough on my end,,thank you all for listening! ambassador August 15, 2009 at 10:22 pm Awesome story Tony. I have a lot of books on Elvis and one of them told of this account of when Jimmy page and John Paul Jones of Led Zeppelin met Elvis and John commented on Elvis’s watch and so Elvis said lets trade,john was wearing a mickey mouse watch. Elvis was a very genuine person who gave of himself all the time to others. He even served his country,and that is something to uphold for sure. Tomorrow will be 32 yrs since that infamous day, and it feels like yesterday. I remember it so well and its still just as vivid in my mind as it was then. Never got the chance to meet him,but I can imagine how interesting it might have been. Elvis ,you are still very much missed,and the memories are still very much alive, and your legacy lives on. tony August 19, 2009 at 11:13 pm I work for BMI my job is to track all songs played on radio and record all sells of any recording artist.ELVIS has sold more records then any other recording artist.at 1.4 billion sold and at a selling rate of 50 million a year he will maintain a lead which no one will surpass.he has made more money on royalties than beatles and Michael Jackson combined. Juraj Tony. All official records are saying that the BEatles are number one and Elvis number two. Michales J. is far from these two! Bob August 27, 2009 at 11:59 pm Tony. Juraj is right. All independent organisations (RIAA, Soundscan, IFPI, Guinness etc) say The Beatles are the biggest selling artists of all time. Only BMI/RCA say it is Elvis, and they have a vested interest. Tell me, where is Elvis selling 50 million records a year? In the US (the biggest market in the world) Elvis sells 1-1.5 million albums a year. Since 1991 Elvis has sold 31.2 million albums in the US, compared to 57.6 million for The Beatles. Nathan SCREW MICHAEL JACKSON! WHAT A HAS BEEN Tony Vogler September 3, 2009 at 10:12 am Its sad that RIAA does such a lazy job keeping up with the sales of inactive artist,,,no chance to chart,,as they label it,,but they do from time to time catch up a lil,,,elvis presley has been the pain in their side with request to bring his sales up to date,,he has so many albums and singles,,and other than to just settle arguments like this one,there is nothing in it for them really,,the few times they have went back since presleys death,,its more than they thought,,and they just do enough to put Elvis ahead of everyone else,but even then they don’t complete the job,,but each time they have ,,,They said without question,Elvis is the biggest selling recording artist of all time,they even gave him the award,in the racket room at graceland,well used to be,,they ran out of room for all the gold and platnum,,hey how come you never hear of anyone else with that problem?? Elvis once told the beatles”you guys are the band,,,,,,Im the SHOW!!!”” and how true,, but I do like my beatles,greatest band of all time,,,sad nobody mentions the freak,,and they just buried it today,,next to walt Disney and Larry of the three stooges,,sounds too good to be true,,always good for a laugh,,,Always Tony KB50MJ September 3, 2009 at 11:54 pm Please there is no way Elvis has outsold Michael Jackson. So what Elvis is still being talked about 32 years after his passing; Jack the Ripper is still being talked about. Vanilla Ice is still being talked about. Hell, Tiny Tim is still being talked about. That doesn’t make him thee benchmark, which all others are measured. For any to speak of Mike and Elvis in the same sentence must imply Mike is ATLEAST elvis’ equal, because I have personally not known whites to concede anything to blacks. If it was apparent mike wasn’t that “large” he wouldn’t even be uttered at all, yet alone compared to the great white hype known as Elvis Aryan pressley. Whites can’t stand the idea of any non-white achieving anything such as these walking contradictions like Mike and Obama. It has them question their position in life. Like a bad logic string; they can not compute it. Any accomplishment a black person makes constantly has to be scrutinized, questioned, dissected, discredited, or dismissed. There is no pleasing them. The violator must be diminished. After Thriller, Michael even stated since he began outselling the beatles and Elvis, he’s been harshly criticized. I see over and over the myth of Elvis and the beatles selling a billion records. Both claims are obscene & can easily be debunked without much thought. In the 80’s Guinness book of world records declared Michael Jackson is the 1st American artist to have sold 100 million records outside of the US. This would mean Elvis sold upwards of 900 million within the US. This is easily refuted because the RIAA has Elvis only certified for just over 119 million for 85% of his catalog. Elvis’ largest selling album of his entire career was the 1’s CD that was released just after the Beatles released their 1’s CD. At the time Elvis’ sold 8 million, it is now sitting at 13million worldwide. This is the artist who is supposedly larger than Michael. Mike’s lowest selling album was Invincible but that had little to no promotion; 1 video, 3 singles and no tour; it still sold 8 million then and sitting at 12 million now. All of those number 1’s of elvis’ should have sold themselves considering he was so “huge”. Again that was his largest selling album. It would appear those 1’s only resonated with fans at the time of their release. Look at the beatle’s 1’s that sold like a bat out of hell, why couldn’t Elvis do the same? Furthermore if Elvis has sold a billion records, then his estate must be worth BILLIONS of dollars? If NOT then what kind of screwed up royalty rate he got stuck with? Even after his estate was taken over by his wife and daughter, wouldn’t it be much more than that considering they would have hired better handlers? I mean come on. This insistence of projecting white supremacy on to elvis’ legacy is typical American white behavior. Downplay blacks, uplift mediocre whites. To many of them Larry Bird is the best NBA player ever, Rocky is the best boxer ever, and they’re still looking for Obama’s birth certificate. gtlefty28 September 6, 2009 at 5:01 pm God I hate it when people play the f’n race card. Look, Elvis was the greatest. For everyone who says that EP will not be known in a couple of years is obviously not a smart person. I’m only 23 and I still listen to Elvis, as well as the Beatles and MJ. All the artists were awesome, but to say that MJ is the greatest ARTIST of all time, is rediculous. for anyone to question that MJ can compare to EP obviously has no idea about what Elvis did. He not only sung rock and roll but gospil, r&b, and country, whereas Michael sung what? pop and r&b? as for the whole RIAA thing, lets remember that it wasn’t nere as accurate as it was in MJ’s era. Like all the other peopl have been saying, anything that MJ has done could not have been accomplished if it werent for Elvis. Elvis BROUGHT r&b to main stream america, so the race card can’t really play very well here! And of course Elvis had inspuration. He drew from many artists of different qenres. For people who say that Michael Jackson is the most inspirational singer of all time is just crazy talk. He is the most inspirational singer for current r&b, pop, rap, and hip hop artists, ill give ya that, but you can’t sit there and tell me he is an ispiration to current country singers or Rock and roll singers?? please… gtlefty28 I will admit that MJ does have the most bad ass songs though…. WayDown September 8, 2009 at 11:24 am I live in Asia and believe me, Elvis is considered as a God. Beatles are respected but don’t have anymore a real success. I’m 30 years old and Elvis have millions of young fans outside America. We specially appreciate him in 70’s because of his extraordinary voice. My rate : 1) The King for his God given voice (only in 70’s) 2) Beatles (excellent musicians but must NEVER sing) 3) What the hell MJ’s doing here? We are talking about legends! Jean September 9, 2009 at 4:05 am There’s a funny guy who have posted the site « gracenote.com/map » to measure world wide listening trends. I can’t understand people! Really can you trust this site? Take a look to countries like Iraq and Afghanistan and the music they are listening ! I didn’t know that Mariah Carey was the most listened artist in Afghanistan with her sexy look :o) Don’t ever propose a stupid sites anymore! Or verify before sending garbage links ! I live in France and listen to the radio everyday and I can really tell you that Beatles can not be #8. That’s just impossible! I must wait an entire week to here to a Beatles song on the radio (any station). Don’t send garbage links anymore! adrian Sorry Elvis ,cant respect someone who never wrote his own songs…. it was cover versions all the way for ELVIS…. So who do you really give the credits to,the men behind the songs……………… amber September 12, 2009 at 5:40 am obviously its always going to be a matter of opinion and everyone is entitled to their opinions, so it doesn’t really matter who you people say is the best. CLEARLY all active artists today from my generation are little copies of Michael Jackson. this includes the new artists in pop,rock,soul,r&b,dance,metal whatever type of music. michael’s music has always been about helping others,saving the children and so on. he always spread the message of love and unity among all. I personally believe that the reason why most people will comment, on whatever tupe of site, and say that Michael has the lowest sales is just simply due to their personal opinions of him. with all that the media has put out about him, the crap he had to go thru, all the stupid tabloid stories, I honestly understand why people would say hes weird or crazy, but that’s just your opinion! Michael Jackson did so much for this world in such a short amount of time its insane. he did this with the power of music and videos. he was a humanitarian,a philanthropist, and all that good stuff. maybe because he was black, Americans especially, couldn’t deal with his level of fame, but I guess y’all would say that’s playing the race card, well white people play the race card too. every since barack got into office, white people have been saying hes only there because hes black!( now how ironic does that sound lol)anyway I think dick clark said it best, Elvis had the 50s, the beatles had the 60s, and sweet Michael had the 80s(and then the 90s) lol whats weird to me is how you people keep changing michaels numbers. the same people keep posting stuff, one minute Michael sold 750 mil, then the next its just 60! it really doesn’t matter because in the next couple of years we will all see where this crazy world ends up, and who is standing alone above them all. I believe that Elvis is an American icon, who is greatly missed. the beatles ,clearly are icons, and are loved,especially John lol but Michael is a universal icon, whose songs broke language barriers, just the first 5 seconds of one his songs would bring people who hated each other,hand in hand. he is a global icon who had and always will have a profound affect on our crazy world. so just because some few people have posted a couple of long comments filled with ridiculous numbers about Elvis and the beatles and whoever, there’s only one that can bring people together because its not about just black and white,but its about everybody, every ethnicity,race, religion etc. people keep talking about how Elvis united blacks and whites, but those aren’t the only 2 groups of people that exist in this world. everyone knows how as soon as Elvis died people basically made him a god. there’s Elvis impersonators, folks say he isn’t dead, it goes on and on. well guess what?? its the same situation with michael, but this time its different and its bigger. all the technolgy and media, and news and tv, especially the internet wasn’t around during elvis’s career, nor at the time of his death, so at this point there’s more ways to give attention to michael, that Elvis couldn’t have possibly gotten when he died, because certain things just werent around back then, that’s all. I am not about to sit here and post small-minded comments about who sold more, and who sold less, because just like some of you have said, some of the numbers have never been accurately counted, so whats the point? I’ve observed that most people on here are just very opinionated really, but nothing more. so it doesn’t bother me that much if someone doubts Michael Jackson. like I said before its just your opinion. maybe some who were alive during his Jackson 5 days, didn’t grow up listening to him even then. I saw one person comment saying the osmonds were much better lol again an opinion. we were all raised differently, that comment may just mean that you didn’t listen to Motown or any other black music for that matter. high sales or low sales,the fact that they could or could not be true, doesn’t help the situation at all. I’ve always grown up with Michael Jacksons music playing in the backgound. I’m from memphis and trust me there is pretty much all stuff about Elvis on every street corner literally, but I never cared. in fact many people in my hometown could care less about Elvis just like some of you could care less about Michael. I think people need to realize that just because they feel a certain way, doesn’t mean every other person on the planet agrees with them. some refer to Elvis as the king, some dont. if the beatles outsold Elvis and Michael why don’t they have a title king or kings of something. that’s an example of how sales and numbers fade, they can go up and down, record companies, magazine articles, or the ricaa or whatever y’all called it can make up things just because they know no one is gonna disagree with them. but a billion, million or whatever is not gonna change how people have always felt about Michael. that’s why we see what we see when we watch the news. its because people are seeing the fact that they took him for granted, and its a strange feeling of remorse and regret. Michael Jackson is many things. I really feel like its hard to describe him because on a personal level, he really did mean so much to me and my family. whats more important is what he meant to this world, and that type of true love and admiration is not gonna just up and go away tomorrow. for those who called Michael Jackson a “song and dance man”,well wouldn’t Elvis be the same thing? he just danced and sang. from what I’ve read on here, most of you can agree that he never even wrote his own material, Michael did. Elvis swayed his hips and brought sexuality to a conservative, hypocritical nation that said he should be censored, Michael was an entertainer that made short films, who dared to be different, brought dreams and fantasies to life with every concert, costume, etc. from the glove, to the shoes, to the hat. his impact on planet earth is indescriable. it does kind of sting in a way when I hear someone disrespecting his name, but that’s the world we live in. someone so gentle and kind, who spoke of nothing but love and peace was treated so harshly. if anything the main reason why people doubt him is just because of the mythical stories that are just fabrications from the media, Michael himself, is known as a genious,the greatest entertainer that has ever lived, he is the one that’s undisputed ,in regards to him being called a king,his life may have confused people at times, but he has always held his title, his status throughout our ever changing pop culture, as a true world phenomenon. I’m glad I’ve always supported him. amber September 12, 2009 at 6:00 am I live in Asia and believe me, Elvis is considered as a God. Beatles are respected but don’t have anymore a real success. I’m 30 years old and Elvis have millions of young fans outside America. We specially appreciate him in 70’s because of his extraordinary voice. My rate : 1) The King for his God given voice (only in 70’s) 2) Beatles (excellent musicians but must NEVER sing) 3) What the hell MJ’s doing here? We are talking about legends! you know what you are absoloutley right. what the hell is Michael doing here, because y’all are talking about legends, and Michael is clearly above that :-) amber September 12, 2009 at 6:37 am to end all of this for me, the last thing I want to say is that I wish for Michael Jackson to rest in paradise, you are the king and your memory and music and entertainment is about to take over, yet another generation as it did mine, thanks for all the love and happiness. Jean September 15, 2009 at 9:17 am I’m sure you’ve all seen that the Beatles have just put out their remastered material. They currently have 15 of the top 20 on Billboards 500. But this just isn’t a flash as it was when MJ died. If they sell 3.5 million and experts think they will by Christmas they will be the biggest selling artists of that last 10 years. THIS IS NOW, NOT FROM 30-40 YEARS AGO. THE TOP SELLING ARTISTS OF THE LAST 10 YEARS. RIGHT NOW THEY ARE 29 MILLION AND COUNTING. JUST FROM 2000 UNTIL NOW. WHERE IS ELVIS? DON’T KNOW HE WASN’T IN THE TOP 20. WHERE WAS MJ? DON’T KNOW WASN’T IN THE TOP 20. SO LETS STOP THE NONSENSE. BEATLES HAVE SOLD THE MOST AND CONTINUE TO SELL THE MOST. OH AND BY THE WAY, THEY’RE THE BEST TOO. amber September 15, 2009 at 11:23 pm maybe what would help is if y’all reseached Michael Jackson and his actual work and career instead of going on personal feelings about him. All you’re doing is thinking about tabloids and bad pictures of him but you’re denying the TRUTH! you’re actually flat out LYING! The beatles are not about to be the biggest selling artists of no last ten years, you can just stop all that, it was funny at first, but now you sound mentally insane. really?? just really?? I’m dumbfounded, trying to understand how the beatles are supposed to be the biggest selling artists of the last ten years, where is that written? where has it been announced? I really want to know so I can go read all of this info, for myself, cause this he said she said is some bull! last time I checked it was Michael who held some of the higher spots on the billboard charts because of his very recent death! Hell, he is now the biggest selling artist of 2009, beating out poor Taylor Swift, because of people around the world’s sadness due to the whole death situation.i honestly want to know what so called experts are putting this information out, I just need to know. someone is printing out the same numbers for both artists or something. maybe as far as groups are concerned no one can touch the beatles, I actually think that’s been proven. their cultural impact is evident. but they don’t sell the most not today, not in 2009, not in my generation, NO! Michael has broken every record possible, whether YOU heard about it or not, you need to educate yourself for real. like I said PLEASE RESEARCH! ASK QUESTIONS, TRAVEL, DO SOMETHING! cause all you’re proving to be is a liar. I don’t mean to be mean, but I just know what I’m talking about cause I check my sources before I type some randon mess. clearly I’m a Michael Jackson fan, and no this didn’t just come about because he just died in june, but it does make it harder to swallow this bull about the beatles. I don’t even dislike the beatles, but I also understand that when it comes to giving credit where credit is due, then it all goes to Michael. seriously he’s won more awards than any other artist, performer, singer,dancer, whatever. I mean he just did it all, I’m tired of some people out there, trying as hard as they possibly can, to say that he didnt. No rock music video game is going to be enough to put the beatles ahead of him, just because you sitting at home playing it, doesn’t mean the rest of the world is. When people look back through history, time, and entertainment, there are only TWO KINGS. amber September 15, 2009 at 11:54 pm Michael Jackson was the biggest artist in the MTV generation, but he was so much more. you say Elvis and the beatles changed the world, WHAT DO YOU THINK MICHAEL DID? WHY DO YOU THINK THE WORLD REACTED THE WAY THEY DID, WHEN IT FIRST HIT THAT HE DIED? HE WAS NOT JUST SOME RANDOM SINGER WITH ONE HIT, the man is the king of pop, just like Elvis is the king of rock. he changed radio formats, he ushered in a new era of videos as an art form, he is in the guiness book of world records not only for being the most successful entertainer of all time, but for being the most charitable entertainer ever, giving more than 300 million to some charities. like I said Elvis is given way more more credit in America versus the fact that Michael is given more credit all over the world! what can rival that; certainly not a few personal opinions, versus THE ENTIRE WORLD! oh my god, RESEARCH MICHAEL JACKSON, THE KING OF POP, TRAVEL, ASK QUESTIONS, READ A BOOK, STOP HATING AND OPEN UP YOUR EYES AND REALIZE THE TRUTH! its pointless to argue this, because michael’s legacy and greatness were determined during his lifetime, so I don’t even know why I’m getting heated, I feel dumb really. this world knows Michael is the greatest entertainer, hell they bought all of his work lol I just wish that most of you would get an education, cause all you have to do is research that’s it, nothing more than go read up on his stats, that’s all it takes. and while you saying the beatles are the best too, please. MICHAEL JACKSON IS THE BEST THIS WORLD HAS EVER SEEN AND YOU JUST SAD AND MISINFORMED ABOUT THE TRUTH, WHILE THE REST OF THIS WORLD HAS ALREADY TOLD YOU WHO THE BEST IS, I HAVE LOVED MICHAEL ALL MY LIFE NOT SINCE HE JUST DIED! BUT I’M THROUGH WITH THIS SITE CAUSE ITS EXHAUSTING, YALL CAN JUST KISS MY ASS(THROUGH THE COMPUTER SCREEN LOL) AND KISS MICHAEL’S DEAD ASS TOO! IN THE WORDS OF MY OTHER FAVORTIE SINGER LONG LIVE THE KING!!!!!!!!!! MICHAEL JACKSON(1958-FOREVER) Jean September 16, 2009 at 11:06 am “rcmsrw”, I respect the Beatles as huge musicians (NOT singers, God knows that The Beatles can’t sing), and it hurts me to see a stupid fan like you. Really! For MJ fans, please leave this forum. We are comparing two legends! The biggest musicians and the biggest singer. Go on other forums where people are talking about Madonna, Prince, U2, … “Elvis was a legend only in America” ! The most stupid thing I have ever heard in my life! I lived several years in Asia and Europe, and travelled to America too. I’m 30 years old and millions like me are Elvis fans in the whole entire world. He is known and respected even in tiny villages in Asia or Europe. People call him “Elvis The KING”. Juraj September 18, 2009 at 11:05 am Jean, Please listen to the Beatles album Abbey Road, mainly to the song called “Because”. Then tell me again these people could not sing. It is nonsense. Or maybe listen to the Paul song “Oh Darling” then tell mi they could not sing. it is nonsense rcmsrw September 18, 2009 at 1:37 pm amber, it is Billboard magazine that says the beatles have sold more albums in the last 10 years than anybody. Billboard. Not some fly by night outfit. As they say you can look it up. Sorry Jean Elvis could sing, but that’s it. The Beatles CREATED the best music in the Rock era. Don’t take my word as a stupid fan. look at any repected publication, critic etc. They CREATED the best music. Hands down. I do agree with you though that the only argument is between Elvis and the Beatles. MJ is in the 2nd tier for sute. rcmsrw September 18, 2009 at 3:06 pm amber. First of all it’s Billboard magazine that says the beatles will be the biggest selling artists in the last 10 years. You can look it up. No ones lying. Billboard magazine. And your argument about MJ changing the world? Come on. When he put out Thriller MTV was already on board. I know, I was there. he simply became the biggest artist during MTVs big days. he didn’t change culture like Elvis and The Beatles did. These guys changed a generation in how they dressed, talked lived. MJ sold a lot of music and had the biggest videos. That’s it. Time magazine puts the Beatles as the number #1 cutural influence of the 20th century for crying out loud. Jean, who’s dumb. You obviously never heard the Beatles harmonize on Abbey Road. Or Johns voice on A Day in the Life. The Beatles had great voices, harmonized as well as anybody. Johns one of the best rock and roll singers ever. Elvis had the best voice, I won’t argue but come on his talent stopped there. He never Created anything as close to what the Beatles did. If you get the opinion of any serious critic or music publication they say the Beatles CREATED the best music of the rock era. By far. Juraj September 21, 2009 at 4:57 am “Elvis had the best voice, I won’t argue but come on his talent stopped there. He never Created anything as close to what the Beatles did. If you get the opinion of any serious critic or music publication they say the Beatles CREATED the best music of the rock era. By far.” Bravo “rcmsrw”, very good conclusion. Sorry for the word “stupid”, I wasn’t in a good day :o) I’m an Elvis fan (only 70’s) and I agree with you that Elvis created NOTHING. Elvis had a God given voice to SING. People will say that he has created a new style, look, fashion, helped black artists to be famous (Little Richard argued: “He was an integrator, Elvis was a blessing. They wouldn’t let black music through. He opened the door for black music.”)… Ok for all these points, but if we want to talk about music, he created NOTHING. I love Elvis ONLY for his voice. He had very good musicians with him who worked to him. Elvis was a God on live concerts. He had a presence and a voice that no other artist can even approach to his level. This guy could sing opera in the middle of 70’s (I’m a classical singer)! And other point for Elvis, this guy could sing anything. Gospel, rock, country, pop, classical, slows, tango, blues… This is extremely rare ! Believe me !!! Now your opinion on Beatles is right too. Before Beatles, there was nothing (that’s me not John :o) )! Beatles introduced to the pop/rock music a complicated harmony, a complicated chords (that was only 3 chords with Elvis in the 50’s!), polyphony (Michael doesn’t know the meaning of this word and some people are considering him as a singer/musician!), a rich instrumental, some non classified songs (try to classify the song “strawberry fields”, in which category you can put it!). In one word, they were really great musicians. But I will say again that the Beatles could not sing :o) Fortunately Paul had the minimum required to help the band because they could not count on John! Strange guy this John! “Before Elvis there was nothing”!!! Stupid ass! I don’t agree with him, or may be if he wanted to say “Before Elvis there was no clowns”. Really, Elvis in 50’s proved that we can have success only by doing the clown :o) And he opened the way for other clowns (Rolling Stones, Madonna, Michael Jackson, …). Michael was famous only by doing ha ha hi hi and touching his balls, and Madonna by showing her ass! Never MJ could do that if Elvis did not prepare people for! Before Elvis in the 50’s, people was obliged to sing to have success (Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, Dean Martin…), unfortunately this has disappeared with Elvis because even if he had a nice voice in the 50’s, that was more interesting to do the clown for young girls. Now “rcmsrw”, I have an interesting question for you as a Beatles fan. The majority of the young Elvis fans are 70 fans, what about the Beatles? You prefer the beginning or the end? May be there is no a big difference for you between 62 and 70 but for Elvis the difference is enormous (we have two different singers and music, 50’s and 70’s). For the best selling artist, I really don’t know. But if one day we have the real official numbers which gives Beatles first, I will not be surprised as if they give Elvis to be the first. No surprise because both are still selling a lot with short active careers (8 years for the Beatles (62 to 70) and 11 years for Elvis (55 to 58 and 69 to 77, the other years was Elvis in extraordinary movies :o) )) rcmsrw September 22, 2009 at 8:55 am Jean in answer to your question, yes, there was big difference between 62 and 70. The Beatles were like 2 different groups. In the beginning they took America by storm because there was such a vacuum in our music. Elvis was in the army, Chuck Berry in prison, Jerry Lee Lewis on the outs. We had wimpy male singers and the Beach Boys. The Beatles revitalized us especially after JFK was killed. The music was light upbeat and fun. But the later stuff was so deep and different and wonderful. It was amazing how they matured in 3 years. I still discagree with you on their singing. They’re not classical, not Sinatra but for Rock they were excellent. Newsweek review of Abbey Road said they harmonized so beautifully they sounded like a choir. The review of John for A day in the Life said his voice sent chills down your spine. The review for Paul on Hey Jude was vocally a masterpiece. whatsmyname Why do you people continue in these arguments, when there are official numbers published: 1. Beatles – 1 billion 600 million records 2. Elvis – 1 billion 300 million records The rest is far behind. These are the official numbers publised so there is no need for a further discussion. Tony Vogler September 27, 2009 at 8:53 am dear kb50mj,your black ,get over it,accept it,a dead issue,there”s a black president,and wonderful black artist,and 30-70% black golfers,,who brought colors into selling records,in the other countrys the folks don’t care about what color the performer is,the tune was great,or it would”nt have gotten that far,its how many times you get that far,and how long that you can keep doing it,,that makes you great!!!all the colored men who have died the last few years in the middle east,were great americans,not singled out because they were colored!they died for a greater cause,Freedom for all!Elvis Aron Presley served from 1958-1960 us army,tank division,,gave up 400,000 a week for 127,00 a month,at the height of his career,none of the above,,did this,mahammad ali,,cassus clay his birth name,sure did”nt,nor did barrack hausinne obama,,they clame to be great also,haven”nt named themselves king yet! Love to All!!! john October 5, 2009 at 5:26 pm LOOK U HATERS OF ELVIS ONE THING UR FORGETTING HERE. BUT EVERYONE KEEPS ADDING IT ON HERE BEATLES ARE NOT ONE SINGER THEY ARE A GROUP. SO BY FOR IF U ADD THE FAKE THINGS SAYING THERE BETTER THERE NOT. ELVIS DID NOT HAVE TO WRITE A SONG TO MAKE IT GREAT. HE GOT OTHERS THAT HE SONG. HE COULD OUT SING ANY SINGER ON THE FACE OF THE EARTH. HE WOULD TAKE SONGS EVEN FROM THE BAND BEATELS AND SING THEM BETTER. HE WAS BY FOR THE GREATEST SINGER TO WALK THE FACE OF THE EARTH. MJ? COME ON HE WAS RAPING KIDS ON THE SIDE SO PLEASE DON’T SAY HE IS EVEN IN THE SAME BALL PARK AS ELVIS. HE WAS AN ELVIS WANT A BE. HIS HOUSE WAS LIKE ELVIS, HE MARRIED ELIVS GIRL TO BE CLOSE TO ELVIS. THERE WILL NEVER BE A SINGER LIKE ELVIS HE IS THE START AND END TO MUSIC IF IT DIES. HERE IS SOMETHING FOR THE STUPID GUY THAT SAID ELVIS WAS FADDING AWAY. During the 2002 World Cup a Junkie XL remix of his “A Little Less Conversation” (credited as “Elvis Vs JXL”) topped the charts in over twenty countries and was included in a compilation of Presley’s U.S. and UK number one hits, Elv1s: 30. In the UK charts (January 2005), three re-issued singles again went to number one (“Jailhouse Rock”, “One Night”/”I Got Stung” and “It’s Now or Never”). Throughout the year, twenty singles were re-issued—all making top five. In the same year, Forbes magazine named Presley, for the fifth straight year, the top-earning deceased celebrity, grossing US$45 million for the Presley estate during the preceding year. In mid-2006, top place was taken by Nirvana’s Kurt Cobain after the sale of his song catalogue, but Presley reclaimed the top spot in 2007. THIS IS WHAT THE BEATELS SAID The Beatles were all big Presley fans.[293] John Lennon said: “Nothing really affected me until I heard Elvis. If there hadn’t been an Elvis, there wouldn’t have been a Beatles. SO PLEASE GET OVER UR SELF THIS IS FACT NOT FAKE HE IS THE BEST THE WORLD WILL EVER SEE Tony Vogler October 10, 2009 at 4:26 pm Thank you god for giving us an Elvis presley,,not all will understand,and want anything to do with the whole thing,,I figure that’s great,it leaves more for me!! There was a reason for elvis,and what made him what he was,so many things came into play,that changed the world in which we live,,,I believe were not as great as we once were,no more elvis”,babe ruths,clark gables,teddy roosevelts,,,no more super groups,no extended intrest in anything,or any one for any length of time,,so I thank god I lived in a time,when we had an elvis,and beatles,before everything was lost,broken,bombed,and gone,even our god is questioned these days,,mabey that was the begining of the end,in the first place,,,my faith was never questioned,and I”ve seen greatness!! and I thank my god for it!! and man what a ride it was!!! peace and love to all the believers!! bert elvis is the best selling SOLO artist of all times sold over a Billion records wordl wide more than anny other artist in the world.,Beatles best selling Popband of all time greg balteff October 15, 2009 at 4:49 pm ELVIS IS THE GREATEST..IF YOU READ ABOUT MICHAEL YOU REALIZE HE HAD A VISCERAL OBSESSION WITH ELVIS…MICHEAL WANTED TO EMULATE ELVIS IN STYLE AND COMMAND OF THE STAGE..AND AS FOR THE BEATLES JOHN LENNON SAID IT BEST..IF THERE WAS NO ELVIS THERE WOULD BE NO BEATLES CARLOS October 19, 2009 at 12:52 am Well in all serius sources the beatles are the first and Elvis came second, and it is logical because Elvis music is hardly listen in the radio but beatles many times. The beatles are the greatest artist ever live on this earth, the are the best selling, the most important, the most covered, have most albums #1, are the most influence artist all time. FACTS NOT JUST MY OPINION. Harvad, Yale, Stanford and nearly all major university have classes specifically on Beatles music style and cultural impact, THEY DON’T HAVE CLASSES ON ELVIS, MICHAEL JACKSON OR ANY OTHER ARTIST. THEY ARE THE SECOND BEST SELLING ARTIST IN THE LAS 20 YEARS. few facts I wrote but just enough to know who is the biggest and greatest artist all time. WayDown October 19, 2009 at 3:20 am CARLOS, “Elvis the Concert” is still touring the planet after (Elvis is dead for 32 years!), huge arenas (>10000) are full of thousands of fans (Elvis is dead for 32 years!), his home is visited by more than 500000 fans each year (Elvis is dead for 32 years!). The Beatles are the King of the pop and I’m a fan of their music (so rich and complex), but THEY MUST NEVER SING, NO VOICE! John’s voice is so ugly!!! Elvis had an angel’s voice when he was young and in the 70’s his voice reached other dimensions (a powerful lyric tenor!) His impact on the planet is unbelievable! johnmac October 29, 2009 at 8:22 am The bEatles set a whole new standard in music check out any top 100 albums of all time list from any magazine, or poll conducted amongst other musicians and the beatles will have 3 or four albums in the top ten. How many does Elvis and MJ have? , they also wrote most of there songs and played on them as well, all this in only 8 years of recording. WayDown always the same wrong numbers with you people, once and for all; 1: Elvis (1.3 Billion records) 2: Beatles (1.0 Billion records) 3: Michael Jackson (750 Million records) That’s the way it is. Doesn’t really matter which one of these is your favorite but the most important one for the history of music is Elvis and Elvis alone, The Beatles followed in his footsteps and Jackson followed in the footsteps of The Beatles, Elvis didn’t sound like anybody else and like Mick Jagger said was an original in an area of imitators, that’s what a true musician means Juraj November 3, 2009 at 12:34 pm All of you who say that the Beatles must not sing probably do not know half of what they recorded. If you listen to the Abbey road composiotion “Because” it is one of the greatest vocal songs ever been done on the earth. If you listen to the song “Oh darlinig” it is one of the greatest rock singing in the history and there are plenty of other songs, which are sung just beautiful. Wake up people and really go through all the Beatles songs to find out what kind of great singers they were. Without great voices they would never ever become the most successful and respected artists of all time. johnmac November 5, 2009 at 6:22 am I don’t know where every one is getting there figures from but look up on the net biggest selling artists of all time and the beatles are on top check it out for yourself. like all three of these artists they are all brilliant in there own right and people have different tastes in music but when it comes to commercial and critical success the beatles win hands down.Elivis was at his original best in his sun records period, he was never the same after he went into the army, he always remained one of the gratest singers of all time but lost that spark in his music, the music from his movies in the 60s was pretty ordinary, having said that not many if anyone could touch him as a performer, We could argue untill the cows come home who was the most commercially successful but there is no argument when it comes to critical success, check out any poll or magazine on best albums of all time and the beatles will always top Elvis. in the rolling stones top albums of all time voted by other artists the beatles had the number 1,3,5 and ten spot, in the rolling stones top 500-greatest songs of all time the beatles have numbers 8,13,16 and 20 in the top 20 Elvis comes in at 19 and the beatles have many more in the top 500.The rolling stones top artists of all time has the beatles at number 1 bob dylan at 2 and Elvis at 3 remember this was voted by other artists from all genres of music, I am using the rolling stone magazine as an example but check out any magazine or poll and the results are pretty much the same and the beatles only recorded for 8 years and Elvis for 22. Some People are going to get bent out of shape about what I have said and I am not knocking anyones taste, we can all love who we want if anyones music brings you joy that’s great. rcmsrw I agree with WayDown, but would like to suggest Best Song Writer – Bob Dylan Nyla November 28, 2009 at 12:16 am You people are pathetic! As far as I’m concerned absolutely NO artist has ever sold over a billion albums! not Elvis, not the beatles, not even mj. Aside from the billion albums thingee, MJ is by far the biggest selling artist of all time! it has been said that every sigle week he sales over 1 million albums in the U.S. alone! now is the beatles and Elvis doing that? I think NOT! Elvis nowadays only sell about 400,000 a week, and the beatles sell a little bit more than Elvis a week! We all know that Elvis and the beatles have never sold over a billion albums, so all y’all who think they did need to sit down and shut up! It has been estimated that MJ has sold over 800 million it has been estimated that the beatles has sold about 750 million and Elvis is 650 million…. get the picture? I think you do!! btw, Elvis is so not better than MJ or the beatles. MJ is the greatest! then comes the beatles! THEN comes elvis. you people must be crazzy if you think Elvis is the greatest! The beatles would wipe the floor with Elvis, and MJ would wipe the floor with the beatles! MJ is the greatest and the biggest selling artist of all time. I know it, you know it, the whole world knows it. so shut the hell up and get over it people! It has even been proven that MJ is the biggest selling artist of all time, so all y’all who thinks he isn’t need to learn the facts and sit down and SHUT UP! Peace out! MJ fans, continue dreaming, at least that’s not forbidden :o) rcmsrw December 1, 2009 at 4:15 pm Nyla you must answer where do you get your info. Please name the source. No one, really, no not one publication says MJ sold more than Beatles or Elvis. Not one. So, please tell all of us your source. People above have named every reputable publication made. Again, not one says MJ has sold the most. So, we need to get over what? Also, name one respectable critic, writer musicain, that says MJs music even comes close to the Bealtes. Name one and tell me where to look it up. WayDown someone up the list said this: “Than MJ is the most best because; 1.He was a child hood prodigy 2.He had no formal voice or dance training 3.Everything MJ did was instinctual and natural, no one could dance like MJ or sing like him. 4. His music had a underlying theme of unifying people and defining the human condition. 5. Forget the sales and think about how rare MJ musical and dance abilities are . No one could express themselves through dance and song like MJ. I don’t think the world will ever see another MJ” First, your comment should be completely ignored for poor grammar. Second, Michael Jackson DID have dance training during the eighties. And, neither the Beatles OR Elvis had any kind of training whatsoever. And while MJ was unique, so were the Beatles and Elvis. Only after their lead, did they become cliche due to many imitators, as will surely happen with MJ, if it hasn’t already. As for expression, look at the blues. Most any blues artist expressed themselves fully. Beyond that, Elvis was setting trends with his song and dance before Michael was even born, so he wasn’t unique in that respect. Beyond that, I personally believe the Beatles to be the greatest musicians/performers of all time. Their early years they were more well known for their live shows than their studio work, and a transition to the studio covered their bases for them. I can’t say too much on the side of MJ or Elvis though, because I just don’t know much about them, but Elvis influenced a hell of a lot of artists, and the Beatles influenced more. Michael has influenced some, but only over the past twenty years. Considering that both he and Elvis had much longer careers than the Beatles, and the Beatles still sold more and are more preferred to just about any generation, that should say something. But that’s all in my personal opinion WayDown December 3, 2009 at 11:50 am “Thomson”, just for detail. Elvis had only a 11 years musical career (55 to 58 & 69 to 77). Othewise I can’t really say who sold more records (Elvis or Beatles), but I can certify you that MJ does not play in the same category (less than 500 millions). But believe me, I’m from a small country in Asia and Elvis have an impact that no other artist or group can’t even dream to have. Beatles are respected too and always taken as the greatest musical reference. MJ is known worlwide too but as a big star like many others (Madonna, Elton John, …). The history was made by Elvis & the Beatles. And believe me Elvis has sold a very very big quantity of records (I’m 31 and have at least 50 cd’s). Landon December 7, 2009 at 10:59 am The Beatles are in a different class than Elvis or Michael Jackson The Beatles were superior songwriters and great musicians. They influenced musicians like Brian Wilson to create full albums. They influenced the increase usage of all rock bands in the use of the studio as an instrument. They basically changed the perception that rock and roll was inferior music. Elvis and Michael were song and dance men who sang the words in front of them especially in the case of Elvis. While it’s not an easy thing Elvis popularized other people’s songs. WayDown December 8, 2009 at 5:33 am You’re right “Landon”. The Beatles basically changed the perception that rock and roll was inferior music. But the Beatles couldn’t sing! And if you think that singing is very very easy and not a big deal, so ask people why Pavarotti is a King in his domain! He didn’t compose, he didn’t play instrument, he didn’t change music, all he has done is to sing “others” songs and “popularized other people’s songs”! Elvis is the King because his voice has reached the perfection in the 70’s (range, power, emotion, all the package!)! The Beatles and MJ must be reincarnated at least 10 thousand times to sing like Elvis ! The voice is God given, you can’t invent it! But I still repeat that the Beatles were (and still) the biggest musicions in the history of popular music (not singers!), before Beatles, popular music was 3 chords. juraj All these arguments would have its meaning if there were not the official numbers published but there are the official numbers and it is always as follows: 1. Bealtes 2. Elvise 3. Big big big hole and then other artists Funny about MJ sale is that before his death the official sale was 400 million albums,right after his death it is 750 million albums Using the basic arithmetics it is not possible. He sold over 100 million pieces from Thriler and from the other 6 albums each about 25-30 millions. :) shell517nj December 11, 2009 at 11:29 pm All this talk about the Beatles and Elvis. The truth is Michael ROCKED the planet when he died. Me you and everyone else witnessed his impact on the planet when he passed. As far as the number of albums he sold after his passing…believe it…he is Michael Jackson The King of Pop! Michael earned his place in Pop history! PS…the fact that me you and everybody else is still talking about MJ 6 mos after his passing speaks for itself…Ha! Long Live the King of Pop! WayDown “the fact that me you and everybody else is still talking about MJ 6 mos after his passing” !!! That’s normal! He just passed away !!! More than 30/40 years later people still talking about Elvis/Beatles! THIS IS GREAT AND IMPRESSING ! rcmsrw December 14, 2009 at 8:15 pm Hey Shell. if you’re paying attention to what’s happening you know that the official sales for the last 10 years, that’s 2000 thru 2009 were just released. # 1 was Eminem with 32 million. #2–The Beatles with 31 million. And this is before the Christmas rush where they say The Beatles could sell an additional million of their Remastered CDs. Yes, 40 years later not 6 months the Beatles are still selling that many. FYI, MJ was not in the top 10. All the arguments in the world won’t change the facts. MJ was the biggest star of the MTV generation. Elvis and the Beatles changed pop culture. carina December 18, 2009 at 4:43 pm i don’t know who sold more of this artist, but we must know a fact, that in the old period artists sold more albums because people hadnt have no choice, they didn’t had the opportunity to download from the internet,no music TV stations etc , the only way to listen music was TO BUY AN ALBUM,so the artist back then were fortunalety. Michael Jackson for me is the most complet entertainer, he singed, danced, wrote songs, performed on stage like no one else, he is SIMPLY THE BEST shell517nj December 19, 2009 at 11:03 pm You’re right MJ IS the biggest star of the MTV generation and he also changed pop culture. He changed the music industry, with his dance, videos and performances. Why else back in the “bad” era would the New York Times say, “in the world of pop music, there is Michael Jackson and there is everybody else.” That’s awesome, it’s because he was a phenomenon. No, It is not normal to still talk about an artist 6 mos after their passing to the extent the planet is still talking about MJ. I must say, some people are complaining, “enough already”. lol. For the record, I would like to know how many posthumous record breakers and awards he’s acquired since his passing. Not to mention he has become a bench mark for those in the music industry. He’s earned his place in pop history in a big way and I assure you 40 yrs from now he’ll still be going strong. Well I can’t say I don’t want the Beatles to sell a million copies because Michael owns the catalog and I like the Beatles. I will say despite the fact some in the media tried to destroy MJ, he still ROCKED the planet when he died. MJ’s Invincible released in 2001 was the most slept on album of the decade. thanks to sony. This is the only album that would be in the same category with emenim. Oh, about that decade chart for the top selling catalog artist Beatles #2, Michael Jackson #1. Anyway,I declare, this year “everyhing Michael jackson.” woohoo! chris December 20, 2009 at 2:35 pm omg you guys can’t be serious all stats you have posted are RIaa which is just one body of counting CD sales on the guisnnes book of world record site which takes into account sales from every major organazation they found MJ is fast apparoaching out selling both the beatlkea and Elvis combined and its obvious both the beatle and Elvis only appealed to one race and mostly only in the us Michael was much more poular in Europe and the beatlea and Elvis had no fans in Africa and Asia michael’s two biggest stomping grounds. Look Elvis was a joke he should be known as a fraud not a king he stole songs MJ wrote and composed most of his hits and don’t tell me Elvis could dance his live performaces were 1/100 as good as Michael because Elvis couldn’t sing live Michael is 100 times more talented then Elvis and the beatles wrote songs that werent as popular as michaels hence their less sales they were all terrible singers with terrible range and were terrible live I mean four ugly crappy singers and someone said Michael was a one ae singer well then explain how he is the only person in history to have number one hits in multiple genres of music so there goes that argument its so ridiculous michale greatness was a million times greater then the beatles and Elvis combined anyoje who thinks differetly is an absolute joke of a person just presented evidence of Michael being far greater in every catogorey so no one can step to that fuer MJ is king beatles and Elvis aren’t worthy to blow his di shell517nj December 20, 2009 at 7:44 pm my stats r from billboard. I don’t find RIAA creditable anymore. After doing a serach for the best selling album of all time on their site, which we know is “Thriller”, the result from RIAA was “the eagles greatest hits album.” Some 1988 data that was never updated, and no matter how many ways I posed the question it failed to give me the proper answer. Go figure. WayDown December 21, 2009 at 5:40 am No fans in Africa and Asia for the King :o() I was born in a tiny country in Asia and even in the 80’s (the best persion for E.T.), the King was still Elvis! Hey American people, you should travel little bit out of your country ! No good for your culture! If you stay there all your life you will think that MJ is worlwide and respected! YOU MUST TRAVEL ! By doing this you will notice that the most respected musicians in the history of popular music are still the Beatles, and the King is always Elvis. MJ is just compared to other big stars like Madonna, Elton John, … Nothing more! But of course you will not believe me, for that reason YOU MUST TRAVEL! For example if I tell you that a MJ show in Zenith arena was half empty in November 2009 in Paris and 3 other shows were cancelled in other cities in France and switzerland because NO FANS just 4 months after his deaths, you will not trust me ! Then TRAVEL to see yourself the truth about the king of the junk electronic playbacks ! How can fans be stupid sometimes ! WayDown December 21, 2009 at 5:51 am “Elvis the concert” is touring the world since 1997 ! 32 years later huge arenas are full of thousands of old and YOUNG fans! 32 years later !!! Elvis is something unreachable! You dare to tell he copied C Berry or I don’t know Little Richard? Are you crazy? What’s a C Berry? What can a C Berry do? Singing Rock n Roll? That’s all he can do? Wow what a talent !!! The King could kill you by singing a gospel, or a nice country song, or ballads, rock, pop, slows, opera, blues, … The list is very long ! What’s a Chuck Berry beside a King !!! And for more educated people, the king was not influenced by Chucks or Richrads…That’s a low level ! The king was very very influenced by Mario Lanza, hope you know this name! Hope you’re enough cultured ! rcmsrw December 21, 2009 at 11:00 am We need to get our facts straight, then opinions. No Shell, in the last decade Eminem was #1 and the Beatles were #2 32 million to 31 million. MJ WAS NOT IN THE TOP 10. And this is not only RIAA which I know some criticise but is still recognized as the most credible source, this is from Billboard the other legitimate source. I lived thru both Elvis and Beatles era and I was around for MJ. There is no way MJ comes close to the social impact Elvis and the Beatles had. Not even close. As Waydown states, MJ was the biggest in the 1980s but he was compared to Madonna, Prince, those people. Social impact, musical impact not even close to Beatles and Elvis. We can have our opinions, but read the opinions of misicians, music critics, people that do music and create music. 99% will say MJ was great but not in the same league as Beatles AND Elvis. Again look at current sales. Since 2000 Beatles sold 31 million. MJ WAS NOT IN THE TOP 10. He was a giant in the 80s. He was done. ALL DONE. He was great talent, no doubt. As a song and dance man he was maybe the best. He wrote some good songs, Thriller is a great album, but compared to the Beatles catalog his was miniscule. He doesn’t compare to Dylan, Elton John, Neil Young, Sprinstein as a song writer either. shell517nj December 21, 2009 at 10:51 pm rcmsrw….my facts are correct and they are from Billboard. Thanks for the info, I did’nt know most critcize riaa, now I understand why. not anywhere in my comment did I mention that Michael Jackson beat eminem. The Invincible album was the only album that competes in the same category with eminem, and it did not do well. Invincible was not promoted properly due to a rif between Michael Jackson and Sony. Most importantly, what I did say was that Michael holds the number one spot for the top selling catalog artist of the decade, the beatles #2. The remainder of your comment is your opinion and you are entitled to it. Michael is a worldwide phenomenon and that says plenty. whether you like Michael Jacksons music or not, doesn’t matter. It has been recorded in history as outstanding. The fact is, there are generations who celebrate his music and this can’t be changed. Long live the King of Pop! rcmsrw December 22, 2009 at 10:22 am Shell, we must not be reading the same Billboard then and that was my point. Billboard just released the top selling artists of the Decade and Eminem was #1 and the Beatles #2, not MJ. HE WAS NOT IN THE TOP 10, so I don’t know what you are refering to. I just rechecked my facts. Don’t know where you are getting yours. rcmsrw I just rechecked, Shell. MJ may have the top selling catalog of 2009 since the sales soared after he died. But HE IS NOT EVEN IN THE TOP 20 FOR THE DECADE shell517nj December 22, 2009 at 11:24 pm rcmsrw…Michael Jackson is the top selling catalog artist of the decade, Beatles #2 and Elvis is not in the picture at all. anyway, I don’t know how you went from pop to hip hop with eminem. we were talking Elvis and the beatles. lol. rcmsrw December 23, 2009 at 9:25 am Shell, yes we are having a confusing discussion. I still have no idea where you are getting you facts from. I checked 4 sources this morning asking who sold THE MOST ALBUMS IN THE LAST DECADE. PERIOD. Doesn’t matter which genre. MOST SALES IN THE LAST DECADE . PERIOD. ALL 4 SAY EMINEM #1 AND BEATLES #2. MJ IS NOT IN THE TOP 20. So, where are you getting your info from? Anyone else out there know what Shell is talking about? The only explanation I can think of is you are looking at a sight that doesn’t consider the Beatles album #1 that is their #1 singles album as a catalog album because it was first released after 2000. A catalog album would be considered an album that was released before 2000. Is that it? That would reduce the Beatles sales from 31 million to 20 million in terms of catalog. Don’t know. I DO KNOW THAT OVERALL SALES BY ANY ARTIST SINCE 2000 IS EMINEM #1 AND BEATLES #2. PERIOD. THAT’S IT. MJ—-NOT IN TOP 20. shell517nj December 24, 2009 at 12:21 am I said my facts are from billboard. Below I have copied and pasted directly from billboard. he leads in several other categories,like digital downloads etc. but I’m not going to go there. don’t really care at this point if you believe me or not. have a nice day. DECADE END CHARTS This list is wrong :o() At least in the 90’s MJ did some good songs and he could be in the top 10 (not first), but MJ was nothing in the 2000… This list is a joke ! rcmsrw December 24, 2009 at 3:32 pm Shell and waydown. Here’s the story. The catalog list is music that was released BEFORE 2000. Basiacally OLD albums. MJ shot up when he died and a ton of people bought his albums. The Beatles were #2 but their biggest selling album (#1 all their #1 singles) which was THE BIGGEST SELLING ALBUM OF THE DECADE, was released AFTER 2000 so it was considered new not a catalog album. Here’s the strange thing though that doesn’t make sense. Billboard and RIAA released their top selling artists for decade of all music, old, new, catalog, whatever. As I’ve said Eminem was #1 and Beatles #2. MJ WAS NOT IN TOP 20. So, this catalog list doesn’t mean much. It does show however, that ELVIS is not in the top 10 of catalog or old albums, nor in top 20 of all music. So, Elvis is not selling anymore. shell517nj sorry, shell. Shouldn’t have said that. It obviously means something WayDown December 28, 2009 at 3:48 am “Elvis is not selling anymore”? :o) Funny people on this forum :o) Yesterday on French news at 8pm: “Elvis and Aznavour have sold huge quantities of Christmas albums in 2009”! rcmsrw, I respect you because you are listening to the greatest group and the greatest musicians in the history of popular music, but don’t start telling bulls :o) rcmsrw December 28, 2009 at 3:21 pm sorry waydown, I don’t mean tell bull… I respect Elvis and consider him the King. I’m just saying in the 2 lists we’ve spoken of, Billboards top selling artists of the decade and the one Shell gave us, top selling catalog of the decade, Elvis is nowhere to be found. WayDown December 29, 2009 at 5:42 am What the hell are you talking about “rcmsrw”! With only 1 album he sold more than 10 million copies ! Lets be serouis! “ELV1S: 30 #1 Hits is a compilation album by Elvis Presley released in November 2002. It was the first Elvis album to go straight to #1 in the Billboard charts with 500,325 copies sold in its first week…The album has sold more than nine million copies worldwide, topping 26 charts around the world. As of December 2005, it has been certified as 5x Platinum by the RIAA…By reaching the top of the Billboard charts, the album made Elvis Presley the only solo artist in US recording history to reach the top of the album charts in four different decades. It also ensured another record for Elvis, that of the longest span ever achieved between #1 album chart-toppers, of 46 years between his first #1 album, Elvis Presley, and this 2002 release.” Judah December 29, 2009 at 1:19 pm In the Scoundscan list of the decade Elvis was the 25th best selling artist in the US with sales of over 16 million albums, this was only a few hundred thousand behind Michael Jackson. Emenin were at the top with some 32 million with the Beatles 2nd on 30 million. The Beatles sales are exceptional, (a repeat is unlikely based on very recent sales), with huge success in the the early part of the decade. Full credit to them and EMI and hey they did some grest stuff. There is also the issue that Soundscan does not capture all of Elvis sales, missing out areas where Elvis sells particularly well. The Graceland record outlets, The Christian record stores, Record clubs and sales liscened through 3rd parties. More knowledgeable people than me who have looked at these areas, say the sales are significant. Irrespective of this, I say well done to The Beatles. Gerrad December 30, 2009 at 8:03 pm Michael Jackson has released about 103 albums. Which includes studio albums, complication albums etc. So don’t say that the only reason Elvis and The Beatles outsold Michael Jackson is because they had more releases. My source is Wikipedia where several sources are shown. Conrad January 2, 2010 at 8:47 am The only ones who know there true Music History out of you all is the Elvis fans the rest of you are talking a load of rubbish. Read up on Elvis Parsley’s History do it proper will take a lot of researching as he had done a lot in his life and achieved very much. The only thing that Michael Jackson has done that beats Elvis His biggest selling album 50 million copies wow so what Elvis is the true King grow up. As for someone who sald that Elvis has no new fans that is sad HAHAHA I’ve liked him since I was 12 years old I’m now 41 and his fans are still growing I know a few fans who are very young read up you silly people. I know you want your idol or idols to be the best but I’m sorry the world knows who is the best yes Elvis. This didn’t come out into the open until MJ Died Everyone knew Elvis was the man before lol. MJ WIll Never Ever take Elvis Presley’s Place in the record sales and many other ways. Conrad Elvis Now OFFICIALLY the Best Selling Solo Recording Artist in U.S. History 1/8/2004 Following is a press release from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIIA) and BMG/RCA Records. The new Best Selling Solo Artist designation and sales figures attached to it pertain only to Elvis Presley’s American record sales and only those that have been officially documented. It is estimated that Elvis has sold over 1 billion records (albums and singles) worldwide, with approximately 60% in the U.S.A. and 40% in other countries. For a detailed explanation of record sales and certifications, click here and note that the page it takes you to has links to further information, including a special article the record company prepared for us a few years ago regarding the history and intricacies of sales certifications. It will be updated soon as a result of today’s awards presentation. Click here to go to a list of Elvis’s RIAA gold and platinum certifications. That list will be updated later this week as a result of the new gold and platinum awards and upgrade awards presented today. Staffan January 8, 2010 at 4:54 pm Puleese- Elvis – the greatest? He didn’t even write his own music! He wasn’t a dancer- he just shook his hips. Elvis was great, he was a “catalyst” that paved the wave for Rock and Roll Michael Jackson and the Beatles were a thousand times more talented than Elvis. WayDown January 11, 2010 at 4:22 am Pavarotti didn’t write his music too, but he was the King of opera! Silly conclusion!!! Elvis is King because of his God given voice. MJ is out of competition because even the Beatles with intermediate voices used to sing and never did playback. An artist who does playbacks is a cheater and insults his audience, except if his audience are full of blind fanatics. Cristian The Beatles have outsold Elvis and Michael Jackson in the US during the Soundscan era (1991-2009) as per below: Top 10 Album Artists of SoundScan Era 1) Garth Brooks – 68,363,000 (2009 sales: 220,000) 2) Beatles – 60,370,000 (2009 sales: 3,282,000) 3) Mariah Carey – 52,388,000 (2009 sales: 819,000) 4) Metallica – 52,160,000 (2009 sales: 1,024,000) 5) Celine Dion – 50,933,000 (2009 sales: 362,000) 6) George Strait – 41,843,000 (2009 sales: 1,224,000) 7) Tim McGraw – 38,677,000 (2009 sales: 1,086,000) 8) Alan Jackson – 37,447,000 (2009 sales: 927,000) 9) Pink Floyd – 35,867,000 (2009 sales: 654,000) 10) Eminem – 35,326,000 (2009 sales: 2,166,000) Elvis has sold about 32,000,000 albums and Michael Jackson about 28,000,000 albums in the Soundscan era (1991-2009). In the last decade 2000-2009 the album sales figures are: Top selling 50 Album Artists Of The Decade in the United States (2000-2009): 01 Eminem 32,241,000 This list is WRONG ! Celine Dion – 50,933,000 from 1991 to 2009 ? I’m not a Celine’s fan but she has sold much much much more than this ! This list is full of bulls ! 1997 “Let’s Talk About Love” (31 million) + 1996 “Falling into You” (32 million) = 63 million ! And Celine did many other albums (either in French) sold by millions! How can she be after the Beatles! I repeat I’m not a Celine’s fan but your list is really full of bulls. Again, how can you put Elvis Presley 16,486,000 from 2001 to 2009? Only one album “ELV1S 30 #1 Hits” released in 2002 was sold for more than 16 million, and I’m not talking about the mega tube “A Little Less Conversation” which became a number 1 hit in over 20 countries in 2002! Where did you get this garbage list? rcmsrw Sorry, waydown, but not only are Bob’s numbers comfirmed by the 3 agency’s that are listed, but Billboard also agrees. That’s 4 credible sources that says Bob’s numbers are correct. I checked. Bob January 12, 2010 at 6:33 pm Hey Waydown, The list is correct. It is for album sales in the US. Celine Dion has sold 50,933,000 albums in the US since 1991 and Elvis has not sold 16 million copies of 30#1 Hits in the US. He may have sold 16 million world wide of that album but not in the US. It has sold a bit less than 5 million in the US. Please read the lists more closely and get your facts straight. So the list is not garbage – it is from Nielsen Soundscan who measure album sales in the US. So Waydown you are totally wrong or just confused perhaps. Do not confuse world wide sales with US sales which is what those lists are showing. Those top 10 album artists for 2009 also are for sales in the US. WayDown January 13, 2010 at 4:59 am Then who pays a sh for US sales only ! Elvis had 3 number 1 hits only in 2005 in Great Britain! Give me the sales worldwide! It’s like I’m telling you that Johnny Haliday is the best because he is number 1 in French sales ! N’importe quoi ! :o() Some more facts for you Waydown. The top-selling albums of the decade in the United States (2000-2009): 1. The Beatles,1 – 11,499,000 2. ‘NSync, No Strings Attached – 11,112,000 3. Norah Jones, Come Away With Me – 10, 546,000 4. Eminem, The Marshall Mathers LP – 10,204,000 5. Eminem, The Eminem Show – 9,799,000 6. Usher, Confessions – 9,712,000 7. Linkin Park, Hybrid Theory – 9,663,000 8. Creed, Human Clay – 9,491,000 9. Britney Spears, Oops! … I Did It Again – 9,185,000 10. Nelly, Country Grammar – 8,461,000 Source: Billboard and Rolling Stone Magazine Top 10 Albums of SoundScan Era in the US: 1) Metallica Metallica – 15,500,000 2) Come On Over Shania Twain – 15,487,000 3) Jagged Little Pill Alanis Morissette – 14,642,000 4) Millennium Backstreet Boys – 12,109,000 5) Soundtrack Bodyguard – 11,815,000 7) 1 The Beatles – 11,564,000 8) Human Clay Creed – 11,547,000 9) No Strings Attached N Sync – 11,113,000 10) Falling Into You Celine Dion – 10,781,000 WayDown January 13, 2010 at 2:57 pm There is no official organization that tracks worldwide sales. There are really only estimates. The closest one is Billboard which ranks Beatles #1 and Elvis #2. I looked up 5 organizations. 4 of them have Beatles #1 and Elvis #2. The last one has Elvis #1 and Beatles #2. The number 3 ranking is varied from MJ to ABBA to Sinatra. Bob January 13, 2010 at 5:45 pm Hey Waydown, rcmsrw is spot on. There are no official world wide sales figures only estimates. Most organisations have The beatles as the biggest selling artists world wide. The official RIAA figures have The Beatles selling 170 million albums in the US to 120 million for Elvis. This is reinforced by Soundscan with The Beatles outselling Elvis in the US by almost 30 million albums since 1991. The Beatles have sold more albums than Elvis in the UK – so please tell me where Elvis has sold enough albums to surpass The Beatles. Facts rather than speculation would be appreciated. cheers January 13, 2010 at 6:53 pm 1/2 of all visting Graceland are under 35 years of age, so I don’t see how Elvis is losing fans. He is still the #1 famous person to be impersonated. He has 1000’s impersonator all over the world. Graceland is the 2nd most visited house, the White House is 1st. Every artiest that becomes extremely popular gets compared to Elvis. I think it’s going to take more then MJ or beatles to bring Elvis out of the picture. 32 Years gone and people are still talking about him. WayDown January 14, 2010 at 5:43 am Heuh Bob, may be The Beatles have sold more albums than Elvis, and Elvis have sold more singles than The Beatles ! As far as we don’t have worldwide sale we can have no conclusion! For example in Asia where I was born, in the middle of 80’s Elvis was much more faemous than the Beatles. In the reality, everybody knew Elvis to be the King but no one talked about the Beatles, they were unknown for the young generation. Don’t get angry but I’m telling you the truth. Then I repeat again, US is not Earth ! Bob January 15, 2010 at 1:35 am Hey Waydown, The US is the biggest market in the world and The Beatles are massive in Japan, Korea, India and South America. The Beatles have also outsold Elvis in Europe when it comes to albums. All the evidence indicates The Beatles are the biggest selling recording artists of all time. I am from Australia and The Beatles are massive here and have outsold Elvis here and in New Zealand – though both are very small markets. Elvis probably has sold more singles that The Beatles worldwide but only marginally. Cliff Richard has sold more singles in the UK than any other artist, reaching career sales of more than 21.32million. That is more than Elvis Presley with 20.91m, The Beatles 20.82m, Madonna with 16.79m, Elton John with 14.09m, Michael Jackson with 13.80m, Queen with 11.49m, Abba with 10.81m, Paul McCartney with 10.03m and David Bowie with 10.01m. From a source on the internet I got these figures for singles sales. SINGLES 1 Elvis Presley 120,1 m 2 The Beatles 119,39 m 3 Elton John 102,79 m (27,76m) 4 Michael Jackson 88,14 m 5 Madonna 84,88 m 6 Rolling Stones 74,79 m 7 Bee Gees 74,74 m 8 Stevie Wonder 73,04 m 9 Rod Stewart 54,21 m From the same source album sales are: Best Sellers : Worldwide Album Artists # Artist Album Sales Last Update 1 The Beatles 346,500,000 déc-07 2 Michael Jackson 205,500,000 août-08 3 Pink Floyd 193,700,000 févr-08 4 Elvis Presley 187,000,000 * 6 Elton John 177,200,000 janv-08 7 Queen 170,100,000 sept-08 10 Led Zeppelin 165,500,000 janv-08 11 Celine Dion 163,000,000 déc-07 12 Eagles 148,300,000 déc-07 13 Mariah Carey 145,900,000 déc-07 14 Rod Stewart 140,100,000 mars-08 15 Barbra Streisand 139,800,000 févr-08 16 Whitney Houston 134,200,000 déc-07 17 Garth Brooks 131,900,000 févr-08 18 Bruce Springsteen 130,900,000 févr-08 19 Eric Clapton 129,000,000 févr-08 20 AC/DC 128,700,000 nov-07 21 Billy Joel 124,500,000 déc-07 22 Bee Gees 122,100,000 déc-07 23 Phil Collins 122,000,000 déc-07 24 Bob Dylan 119,800,000 déc-07 25 Fleetwood Mac 118,100,000 déc-07 26 Santana 117,700,000 mars-08 27 Neil Diamond 117,300,000 févr-08 28 Aerosmith 113,500,000 nov-07 29 Bon Jovi 107,200,000 déc-07 30 ABBA 106,700,000 nov-08 31 Simon & Garfunkel 105,100,000 mars-08 32 Paul McCartney 103,700,000 févr-08 33 Dire Straits 102,800,000 déc-07 34 Metallica 102,500,000 janv-08 37 David Bowie 95,700,000 déc-07 38 Van Halen 94,000,000 févr-08 39 Guns N’ Roses 93,200,000 déc-07 40 Kenny Rogers 90,400,000 févr-08 41 The Doors 89,700,000 janv-08 42 Julio Iglesias 89,500,000 mars-08 43 Chicago 88,000,000 déc-08 44 Stevie Wonder 87,100,000 mars-08 45 Bob Marley 86,600,000 janv-08 46 Backstreet Boys 85,900,000 févr-08 47 R.E.M. 83,800,000 févr-08 49 Neil Young 79,900,000 juin-08 50 Enya 78,300,000 déc-07 51 Kenny G 77,900,000 mars-08 52 John Lennon 75,700,000 déc-08 53 The Police 75,600,000 févr-08 54 George Strait 74,400,000 févr-08 55 Shania Twain 74,200,000 févr-08 56 Willie Nelson 73,000,000 mars-08 57 The Carpenters 71,800,000 déc-08 58 Britney Spears 70,200,000 févr-08 59 Red Hot Chili Peppers 69,600,000 févr-08 60 Nirvana 69,400,000 févr-08 62 Janet Jackson 66,300,000 déc-07 63 The Who 66,200,000 nov-08 64 Sting 65,700,000 févr-08 65 Bob Seger 65,400,000 févr-08 66 Lionel Richie 65,300,000 mars-08 67 Andrea Bocelli 64,200,000 mai-08 68 Journey 64,000,000 janv-08 69 Bryan Adams 63,600,000 déc-07 70 Def Leppard 62,500,000 déc-07 71 Alabama 62,000,000 déc-07 72 Meat Loaf 61,500,000 janv-08 73 Deep Purple 61,400,000 nov-08 74 Foreigner 59,900,000 déc-07 75 Iron Maiden 59,700,000 févr-08 76 Gloria Estefan 58,800,000 févr-08 77 Pearl Jam 56,700,000 mars-08 78 Reba McEntire 56,600,000 mars-08 79 Marvin Gaye 56,100,000 nov-08 80 George Michael 56,000,000 févr-08 81 Simply Red 55,900,000 févr-08 82 James Taylor 55,600,000 mars-06 83 Linda Ronstadt 55,300,000 févr-08 84 Michael Bolton 54,600,000 févr-08 85 Green Day 54,500,000 déc-07 86 Tina Turner 54,500,000 févr-08 87 Kiss 54,500,000 nov-08 88 Alan Jackson 53,600,000 déc-07 89 Diana Ross 53,300,000 mars-08 90 Crosby, Stills & Nash (& Young) 52,900,000 nov-08 91 Alanis Morissette 52,100,000 févr-08 92 Robbie Williams 51,100,000 févr-08 93 B’z 51,000,000 déc-07 94 Cher 50,200,000 mars-08 95 Black Sabbath 48,400,000 nov-08 96 2Pac 48,300,000 nov-07 97 Ray Charles 47,800,000 mars-08 98 Luther Vandross 47,600,000 mars-09 99 Boston 46,700,000 févr-08 100 Ozzy Osbourne 46,700,000 nov-08 101 Jackson 5/The Jacksons 46,300,000 déc-07 102 John Cougar Mellencamp 46,300,000 déc-08 103 Scorpions 44,900,000 nov-08 105 Tracy Chapman 44,400,000 déc-07 106 Jimmy Buffet 44,400,000 déc-08 107 Boyz II Men 43,500,000 déc-07 108 Duran Duran 43,400,000 déc-07 109 Oasis 42,800,000 nov-07 110 Eros Ramazzotti 41,400,000 nov-08 111 Lenny Kravitz 41,300,000 déc-08 112 Tim McGraw 41,200,000 mars-08 113 Spice Girls 39,700,000 févr-08 114 Jay-Z 39,600,000 févr-08 115 The Cranberries 39,400,000 déc-07 116 N’ Sync 39,400,000 févr-08 117 Dixie Chicks 38,700,000 févr-08 118 Ayumi Hamasaki 38,400,000 nov-08 119 Norah Jones 37,400,000 janv-08 120 Offspring 37,200,000 déc-08 121 Destiny’s Child 35,800,000 déc-07 122 Mannheim Steamroller 35,800,000 déc-08 123 George Harrison 35,000,000 déc-08 124 Faith Hill 34,700,000 déc-08 125 New Kids On The Block 34,200,000 déc-08 126 Mary J Blige 33,900,000 mai-08 127 TLC 33,600,000 févr-08 I have a question for all. What happens when the Beatles finally agree to have their music downloaded thru I Tunes? My assumption is it will increase their lead over everybody by maybe 10 fold. Agree? charles clayton January 15, 2010 at 11:25 pm I believe since Michael Jacksons death he is now the only artist with the most sales of all of his albums combined in the history of music sales. According to the World Music Awards he is the most successful artist as well. Overall, his sales, amount of awards he’s received and the fact that he is known all over this world leads me to believe he has topped Elvis and the Eagles as far as sales and being internationally known. And as times continues there will be more people buying Michael Jackson’s material making the sales increase even the more. Bob January 15, 2010 at 11:58 pm Hey Charles, I think you will find The Beatles are still the biggest selling recording artists of all time as per this reference from the 2008 World Music Awards. “The 20th Annual World Music Awards will take place on November 9, 2008 in Monte-Carlo Ringo Starr will be accepting a Diamond Award for the Beatles having sold more records than any other recording act in the history of the Music Industry” . The death of Michael Jackson and his subsequent sales boost have not changed this. Jackson sold 8,286,000 albums in the US in 2009 and perhaps 20 million world wide and The Beatles sold about 11 million world wide in 2009, so Jackson still remains well behind The Beatles in overall sales. cheers January 16, 2010 at 10:05 am Charles, if you look at the thread of messages above you will see many sources quoted as to who has the most sales. Most sources say the Beatles have, some Elvis fans sight sources that aren’t usually recognized and insist he has sold the most. Whatever , not one has MJ as the #1 seller. Some have him as high as#2, most much lower. Most sources have MJ at least 150 million less than the Beatles. Here’s a sad fact, you can look it up. MJ sold about 8 million albums in 2009. BEFORE HE DIED HE SOLD 550,000. YEP, LESS THAN A MILLION. MJ was not selling in the US anymore. CM January 16, 2010 at 9:47 pm Thriller sold over 100 mil worldwide. The world music awards awarded it best selling album for selling 100 mil worldwide. I’m not sure Elvis has sold 1 billion because not one of his albums has sold up to 20 mil. THAT’S A FACT! I’m just not seeing it :) Bob January 17, 2010 at 10:50 pm Hey CM, No recording artist has sold a billion albums. Not The Beatles, Elvis or Michael Jackson. In the US which is the biggest market in the world The Beatles have sold 170 million albums, Elvis 120 million albums and Michael has sold 69.5 million albums according to the RIAA. Just do the maths – it is impossible for any recording artist to have sold a billion albums. They may have sold a billion units where the sale of a single is one unit, the sale of an EP is two units and the sale of an album is six units. Media organisations get confused with units and albums. Regardless of this The Beatles have sold more albums than any other recording artist. WayDown January 19, 2010 at 6:09 am In my Country in Asia, we had posters of Elvis everywhere (shops, appatments, schools) but I can’t remember to have seen a Beatles poster. Actually we didn’t knew them in the 80’s. No one have the exact number of Elvis sales but he must be far ahead because of his worlwide impact. My country was a tiny one with only 3 million people but still Elvis was known as the King. When I arrived in France, I sow the same impact here. Bob January 19, 2010 at 7:06 pm Hey Waydown, Audited sales figures indicate The Beatles are the biggest selling recording artists of all time. The Beatles had a greater worldwide impact than Elvis which is reflected in record sales. You do not have any facts to back your opinion – but you are entitled to your opinion. cheers January 20, 2010 at 4:20 am Bob, I’m just telling you what I saw with my own eyes! In Asia when I was teen in the 80’s, no one knew the Beatles at school but we used to talk a lot about Elvis and about how great he was. May be I adore the Beatles more than you believe me, I play on my guitar all their songs (best musicians in the history of popular music for me), but I heard about the group only when I arrived in France in 1991. Elvis is known as the King on the entire planet and I repeat in record sales he must be really far ahead. But I still adore the Beatles for their complicated music, but my idol is and always will be the King because of that God given voice, he was the unique artist on the planet to have that talent and the voice to sing all king of music better than anyone. Paul’s voice is ok, but can’t listen to John, his voice irritates even my dog :o) Bob January 20, 2010 at 6:42 am Hey Waydown, Elvis might have been more popular than The Beatles in your country of 3 million, but The Beatles were more popular than Elvis in my country (Australia : population then of 11-15 million) in the 1960’s when I was growing up but so what. When it comes to audited sales The Beatles are way ahead. All your anecdotal evidence does not count for anything. Just check the website : gracenote/map and see who is being listened to most throughout the world – it is The Beatles and that reflects in their sales which exceed any other recording artist. WayDown January 21, 2010 at 5:07 am Come on Bob! Lets be serious, your link is a big bull! Do you believe that The Beatles are second in a country like Afghanistan !!! Or Beatles and Elvis 1st and 2nd in Iraq !!! COME ON ! Even if I’m an Elvis fan, Elvis can’t be in the top 10 in Iraq where the 90% listen to Arabic music ! I have been in these countrys ! rcmsrw January 21, 2010 at 11:12 am waydown. I can’t answer for Iraq but please go to Hypebot.com. It shows the Beatles totally dominating the charts TODAY in virtually every country in Europe, the US, Japan, Korea, Argentina, Canada. They list 20 countries where the Beatles are totally dominating the charts. This was written 3 months ago. Bob January 21, 2010 at 7:54 pm Hey Waydown, I have provided audited evidence of The Beatles outselling Elvis – RIAA and Soundscan. Also evidence of listening trends world wide which indicate The Beatles dominate. You have not provided any evidence to support your opinion so your arguments do not carry any weight. In my posting of January 13th I asked you to provide the countries where Elvis had outsold The Beatles backed by facts not speculation but as yet you have not responded. I am still waiting. I have also provided other links that support the contention that The Beatles are the biggest selling recording artists in the world. Please provide some evidence to the contrary if you have any. rcmsrw has also provided another link which indicates the massive current popularity of The Beatles. Nyla February 10, 2010 at 9:09 pm PEOPLE! IT IS TIME TO END THIS ONCE AND FOR ALL! My uncle and aunt both work in the entertainment business and like I said b4, no artist has ever sold a billion albums! They also informed me that Mr. Michael Joseph Jackson is and has been for the past 25 years the biggest selling artist of all time! You people keep saying Elvis, when Elvis berrly sells a 1,000 albums a year! and the beatles? PLEASE. they for sure have never outsold mike so you beatle fanatics can just shove it! Michael Jackson touched so many races and cultures that you can’t even joke about it. I have asked many people do they like the beatles and my calculations says that the only people who said yes were WHITE people. The black people I asked barely even knew who the beatles were. Though I cannot tell you how many White AND Black people have said that they not only like Michael Jackson but listen to him all the time. Now this bullcrap about the beatles and Elvis selling over a billion albums is a media hype and they have not sold nowhere near close to that so all y’all need to shut up. The guiness book of world records have stated that Michael Jackson is the most successful artist of all time, therefore he is the biggest selling artist of all time. Almost ALL of his albums are among the best selling. Since when did the beatles and Elvis ever accomplish that feat? and that thing about the rolling stones is bogus! the rolling stones need to hop off of the beatles dck because I know plenty of bands who are wayy better than the beatles. As for Elvis, he doesn’t even belong in this catagory, because I have not met not one person who has ever told me that they like Elvis presley so you Elvis fanatics need to learn the facts, draw a bridge and get over it! and fu* that RIAA shiz. don’t nobody even know who the hell the RIAA is! So to sum things down a bit, Michael Jackson is the biggest selling artist of all time, then comes the beatles, and Elvis isn’t even in the top 5. so there, I rest my case, its settled, its done. and if you don’t believe me, ask any professional, because my aunt and uncle are deeply into the entertainment business and they literally know everything. and my aunt who is a big fan of the beatles even says that MJ outsells them by miles so suck on that you beatle fanatics! MJ is number 1, beatles number 2, Elvis doesn’t even belong in this conversation, so peace!!! Bob February 10, 2010 at 10:33 pm Hey Nyla, I agree The Beatles and Elvis have not sold a billion albums – it is impossible. Please read my earlier posts. However according to all audited evidence such as RIAA and Soundscan The Beatles have far outsold Elvis and Michael Jackson in the US. The Beatles have sold 170 million albums, Elvis 120 million and Michael Jackson 69.5 million in the US. According to the IFPI The Beatles are the biggest selling artists world wide. In 2008 The Beatles received a Diamond award from the World Music Awards in recognition of being the biggest selling artists of all time. So until you can provide audited evidence I will continue to think The Beatles are the biggest selling artists of all time. So Nyla, your challenge is to provide audited evidence supporting your contention that Michael Jackson is the biggest selling artist not anecdotal stories from your aunt and uncle. cheers February 11, 2010 at 3:05 pm This is nothing more than a favorites competition. Every blogger here has their own. Obviously, each artist has their own merits. But you must take into consideration the time period of each. If you have any knowledge of the history of all this, you CAN’T compare Elvis to the Beatles, or the Beatles to Jackson. NO WAY!! Different times…different situations. Elvis took the music of the African-Americans (he admitted this himself!) and made it popular to white audiences. So began rock ‘n roll, to the majority anyway. Then the Beatles took it further. What we knew as rock ‘n roll changed. KEY WORD HERE! With what they did, it became rock (as stated earlier). They experimented and innovated. And that spawned innumerable versions of rock music. Bubble-gum, Heavy metal, Acid rock, Southern rock, etc. And when there was nowhere else to go, it became disco. Popular because it screamed DANCE!!! And what did Jackson’s music promote? DANCE!!! No screaming guitars, no pounding drum solos. THREE DIFFERENT GENRES…THREE DIFFERENT AUDIENCES!!! So how can you say one was better than the other? You can’t. Plain and simple. What if today’s audience knew of this post? They’d be yelling that Miley Cyrus or the Jonas Brothers were the best. Smarten up, people!!! As for the record sales? So many variations, I don’t think anyone can really pinpoint the actual numbers. Will continue to be a debate for years on end. And for those who argue Elvis never wrote his own songs. So what??!!! Exactly how does that factor in? Many artists never wrote their own music, especially at that time. There were songwriters hired just for that purpose!! Ever heard of the Brill Building crew? Probably not, by the looks of things. Do you really look for the songwriter when a new song comes out? I highly doubt it. In the end, each of these artists earned their rightful place in history. Much can be said for Elvis’ continuing popularity (in doubt? See Cirque du Soliel’s new show, or the sold-out concerts all over the world for the “Elvis Lives!” show) and his continuing longevity, or the re-emergence of the Beatles music to a new generation, or Jackson’s contributions. Music constantly evolves…and so does its audiences. Bob February 11, 2010 at 6:37 pm Hey johnnyhawk, What you said is correct, however the title of this blog is “Is Elvis the biggest selling artist of all time?” The answer to that on all available audited evidence is no. On all available audited evidence the biggest selling artists of all time are The Beatles. If you read my previous postings I have not discussed the artistic merits of The Beatles, Elvis, Michael Jackson or any other artist but have simply provided evidence supporting my contention that The Beatles are the biggest selling recording artists of all time. Every one is entitled to their opinion as to who they think is the greatest recording artist – I do not have a problem with that, but when it comes to talking about record sales then comments should be supported by facts not opinions. abhishek February 15, 2010 at 4:25 am Nyla, salutations to your aunt and uncle :o) Otherwise, as I told you before, the biggest selling artists ALL TIME are Elvis and the Beatles. Someone must be really stupid to tell who’s the first. Only a small part of the King’s sales are counted by RIAA (do some research why) and the counted sales are still impressing. I know that the Beatles sold lot lot lot either. So no opinion about who’s the first but I know the first 2 places. I don’t know who’s 3rd (Crosby, MJ, Sinatra, ABBA, …), but he’s/she’s very very far from the 2 first giants. And I’m convinced that the 2 first of the list sold much more than billion records (albums + singles). Elvis had such impact on Asia in the 80’s no one can imagine, you should be there to feel that. I was teen in the 80’s in Asia and people were still in live with the King. That’s really impressing because 80’s were for MJ his prime period! Someone talked about 120 million for Elvis (RIAA numbers). Just for information, only 1 Elvis’s song “It’s now or never” was sold for more than 25 million! 170 million for the Beatles are also bulls as for 60 million for MJ. He sold much more than this. Planet is not US only! rcmsrw February 15, 2010 at 3:27 pm Johnnyhawk, you give a nice discertaion. However, your quote that it doesn’t matter if Elvis wrote his own songs is simply wrong. The thing about the Beatles and MJ is that they CREATED WHAT THEY PRESENTED. SURELY THAT MEANS MORE THAN SIMPLY HAVING A PRETTY VOICE, A HANDSOME FACE AND A NICE PRESENTATION OF THE SONG NO MATTER WHAT IMPACT THOSE SONGS HAD. And Nyla, listen to Bob. There are so many sources that say the Beatles are #1 and Elvis #2 that you simply can’t argue it anymore. Like Bob says gives us some evidence as to MJ being #1. Bet you can’t. WayDown February 16, 2010 at 5:12 am “rcmsrw”, are you sure that JUST to sing with a pretty voice is simple? Then ask John Lennon who has the ugliest voice on the planet to sing like Elvis :o) “rcmsrw”, the voice is God given, you have it or you don’t have it. Pavarotti, Caruso, Callas, Sinatra, Aretha Franklin wrote NOTHING, but God created them differently. Anyone can play an instrument by studying a year or two, anyone can compose by studying music a year or two (Not as great as the Beatles but I can compose… and by the way I compose music). Paul + John + MJ + Sting + U2 + …. All these together can’t sing a song like “Hurt”. The voice is God given and can not be studied. You can have teachers to teach you how to use your voice, but if the nature made you like for example John Lennon, the teacher can’t do miracles! With all the respect I have for you “rcmsrw”, you told bulls this time ;o) rcmsrw February 16, 2010 at 8:19 am Waydown, we will have to agree to disagree. I just do not believe that a pretty voice is equal to creation. Pavarotti singing Opera may be beautiful but it is not as great a feat as the person who composed it. So in your mind Caruso, Callas and Pavarotti equal Mozart, Beethoven and Rossini? I’m not buying it. A beautiful voice is God given, but its just your vocal chords being aligned in the right way. Using your brain to create is much more of an accomplishment than singing that accomplishment. Paul Anka wrote “My Way” and Sinatra sang it. To me Anka’s accomplishment was greater …BY FAR. One more thing. Anyone can compose? You can be taught to color but how many become Picasso? You can use an erector set, but how many become Frank Lloyd Wright? WayDown February 16, 2010 at 12:30 pm “A beautiful voice is God given, but its just your vocal chords being aligned in the right way.” ? Then ask John to align his vocal chords ! Are you kidding me “rcmsrw”? When I listen to Pavarotti singing “Nessun Dorma” I travel galaxies! Millions of tenors could sing what have wrote Puccini but that does not make you travel! Some artists have that God given talent to give a life to a song. John or MJ can sing “Are you lonesome tonight” and that will sound like garbage! Not only the song makes the difference but how you sing it! Elvis sang too many simple and lost songs by transforming them to diamonds! These songs were not written by the greatest writers in the history of music! Once again you’re wrong my friend. rcmsrw February 16, 2010 at 6:55 pm No waydown, I’m not kidding and again I guess we’ll just disagree with each other. There’s no way you will ever convince me that a person with a pretty voice has more talent than someone who writes an opera. So are you saying James Taylor is the equal of Bob Dylan? No way. Let me ask you this. Look at the Mona Lisa. In your view Mona Lisa herself, because of her beauty, contributes more than DaVinci who painted it. You’ll never get me to agree with that. Again I stand by what I said. A beautiful voice is simply the vocal chords lined up in a perfect way. We all have brains but it takes special people with talent to create things with that brain. WayDown February 17, 2010 at 5:00 am Yes “rcmsrw”, we’ll disagree with each other on this point because I’m a lyric singer and I sing operas, and I know how a voice is God given, how a voice can be magic and can make you travel (not just only pretty like you’re saying). Listen to the song “The sound of your cry” from Elvis, his voice kills you. Other artists can sing the same song written by the same writer and you will feel nothing. The voice is the most beautiful creation of God when talking about music. This is my opinion and I respect yours. rcmsrw February 19, 2010 at 8:45 am Waydown, we do disagree but not to the extent that you think we do. I certainly understand the importance of how a song is presented and how beautiful a voice can be. Believe me I listen to Sinatra everyday. That is why I get upset when you say the Beatles and especially John had “ugly” voices. Sure they weren’t great voices but they were perfect for what they sang. John was made to sing Rock and Roll. Listen to his voice on the early stuff, Twist and Shout, Dizzy Miss Lizzy, Bad Boy, Postman, The perfect Rock and Roll voice. Then listen later in the angst in his voice in Hide your Love Away, the softness in Girl, It’s Only Love, and Norweigen Woods. Its haunting in Day in the Life and actually beautiful in Because. Side 2 of Abbey Road the critics said they harmonized better than the Beach Boys. And they did. So, no I understand the beauty of the voice and how Elvis could sing better than any of the Rock guys. No argument. My only difference with you is that I believe the greater achievement is creating a Day in the Life rather than singing it. I love to listen to janes Taylor. I could all day, his voice is beautiful. But as an artist he doesn’t come close to Dylan who couldn’t sing a lick. That’s my position. Gross February 20, 2010 at 5:23 pm Elvis is King. There’s no doubt about that. Some of you people have to realize that really bad spelling, punctuation, and grammar makes your opinions irrelevant as it is obvious that you do not possess the skills to form an opinion worth listening to. rcmsrw February 21, 2010 at 12:27 pm Hey, Gross. This site does not need an elitist attitude. Every person is entitled to their opinion. Having the ability to correctly spell, punctuate, and produce proper grammar does not add to your love and enthusiasm for the artists mentioned, nor does it elevate your opinion in any way. WayDown February 22, 2010 at 3:52 am I agree with “rcmsrw”… Only for the proper grammar :o) Every person can give his opinion on music. Too many people (me either) don’t live in English speaking countries but it’s a plesure to us to share our opinion with you guys… Elvis the King ;o) On two other list it has Elvis The Beatles Michael Jackson Even one had said that Michael and the Beatles were neck and neck in sales saying that both had sold 750 mil. As for voice Michael’s voice is way better then The Beatles and espeically Elvis. Elvis was a singer that sang but did not put much feeling in the song. IMO that is. With Michael you could cry along with him with touching songs like She’s Out of My Life. He sang at 10 with the soul of a man who was 30 years his senior. I felt every heartstring pull when he sang many of his songs he put so much enotion in his songs. From joy to sadness to anger and pain. Michael just is simply the best performer of all time. He changed the face of music, dance, music videos. He sang many songs that had a meaning beyond time and space. About the world and how we as a people need to start to love our fellow man and save the planet. He didn’t just write songs he composed, wrote, produced, and performed much of his own work. On others it has February 28, 2010 at 3:14 am And remember Michael Jackson has the biggest selling album of all time, Thriller. He has won at least 372 awards for his musical efforts as well as his humanitarian efforts. Plus he had a wide range of music. His albums didn’t have just one style of music on them. It was a mixture of many different styles from soul, R@B, rock, pop. It didn’t matter he sang what he felt and he did it beautifully. I think Elvis was a good Rock and Roll singer and the Beatles were ok. I never really liked their music. Not that it was bad I am just not into their type of music. As you can tell I am a Michael Jackson fan and will be til I pass. The Beatles and Elvis were both great singers in their own right but to look at the big picture Michael Jackson buries them. He can do everything and does it flawlessly from writing, composing, producing, directing, choreographing and just plain being hands on whenever he did something he was right there making sure it was the best that it could be. He was never taught how to sing or to dance that was an innate ability he had since birth. He studied the greats and became greater as in dancing. And the Greats in dancing themselves Fred Astaire, Sammy Davis Jr., James Brown, Jackie Wilson stated this fact. Also he has universal appeal. From every corner of the globe. He had the biggest tour in history singing to billions of loyal fans during that tour. His tour that was to start just after his passing was sold out. 50 sold out shows for a man who had not been on stage since 97 and this was 09. And this was at the o2 Arena in London. That has to tell you something. rcmsrw March 1, 2010 at 8:43 am Cathy, you have a right to your opinion. MJ was a great performer, no doubt about it. He was the biggest star of the 1980s, again, no doubt. But your opinion just doesn’t hold up when compared to what the majority of artist, musicians and critics think. When these people are questioned for quality of music, MJ is like in the middle of the pack. After Thriller his music was good, not great. And for Thriller try and find a list, any list that ranks it in the top 10 for quality, not quantity. You can’t find it. For the Rock era, circa, 1950s thru now, the Beatles are ALWAYS RANKED #1 IN QUALITY OF MUSIC. The depth and breadth of the Beatles music far surpasses MJs, by light years. And oh by the way, don’t let waydown hear you say MJ sang better than Elvis. Not close. Mj was the biggest star of the MTV era, by far. Elvis and the Beatles changed the world, not just musically but culturally as well. Time magazine ranked the Beatles as the #2 most important cultural impact of the entire 20th century. Think of that. MJs last tour was sold out, yes, but do you know before he died he hadn’t even sold 1 million albums in 2009. His sales went up after he died as you would imagine, but in just the last 20 years, so currently, the Beatles are #2. They’re #2 in just the last 10 years. So, 40 years after they quit, the world continues to buy their stuff almost more than anyone. Imagine that. You can say you don’t care for them, but apparently the world does. MJ doesn’t crack the top 15. His “worldwide” appeal seemed to be vanishing. Christina March 1, 2010 at 11:29 am Elvis could sing. He couldn’t write, he couldn’t dance or do anything else. Everything wa shanded to him on a plate and all he had to do was sing. That’s why he’s released almost 200 effing albums! And Michael released no more than 10. And still he’s sold over 750,000,000 albums, inclouding THRILLER, THE BIGGEST SELLING ALBUM OF ALL TIME! 110,000,000 copies sold baby ;) He was in on eeeverything in his dances and music. He wrote, choreographed, danced, sang, produced, directed, beatboxed, drew, and SO MUCH MORE! He did everything, and everything he did, inspired millions to become what they are today. trust me. Almost ALL the artists today have said that MJ inspired them so much in so many ways. the only ones not is Eminem and kiss. Good for them. Everyone else are huge MJ fans. And he’s also inspired millions of dancers and choreogrpahers. MJ was a man for all. He did everything perfectlt, while having such a HUGE heart and donated over 300 million dollars to charity, created charities and raised money through his songs. I can’t believe he was real.He was too good to be true. I still cry. RIP Mike<3 The King cathy March 2, 2010 at 1:28 am Christina I am glad I am not the only one who still cries over the loss of Michael our sweet wonderful magical one. cathy March 2, 2010 at 1:32 am Christina Thank you!!! Yes I don’t understand why people say Michael didn’t make an impact like Elvis or the Beatles. Michael Jackson inspired many almost all of the artists of today. Beyonce said that he was the one who inspired her to start to sing. She said that if it was not for Michael Jackson she would not have started singing. He was a inspiration to many like James Brown was for him. In fact Black Eyed Peas leader Will I Am, said ‘Something needs to put a jolt back into the music industry and the only thing that can do that is the jolt itself, Michael Jackson’ The songs he wrote and composed by himself are: For the Off The Wall Album Don’t Stop ‘Til You Get Enough Working Day And Night Say Say Say duet with Paul McCartney Scared Of The Moon Someone Put Your Hand Out The Man duet with Paul McCartney We Are Here To Change The World We Are The World Also he wrote a few songs for him and his brothers to perform together This Place Hotel Shake Your Body Down To The Ground Can You Feel It There may be others that he wrote for them I really don’t know. I know for sure that he wrote those songs because he said so in his book ‘Moonwalk’. Also remember he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. Once with his brothers and once by himself. He has been put into The Guinness Book of World Records eight times I believe. He raised the bar and then broke that bar. He is the best and time will prove my point. There will never be anyone like Michael Jackson and that is sad because besides being a musical genius he was a wonderful human being who loved all and helped as many as he could with his music, his money and his time. Heck he donated all of his money he got from the Victory tour to charity. He gave all the money he got from the sales of the single Man In The Mirror to charity. Heck the money he got from Pepsi after that burn accident he used that money to build the Michael Jackson Burn Center. He was very humble. He believed that his gifts were God given and if you were not humble that he would take them away so he stayed humble and showed his fans that he appreciated them and loved them as much as we love him. rcmsrw March 2, 2010 at 11:59 am Ok, Cathy and Christina, listen to me. First of all MJ was a great talent. One of the greatest in music history. He elevated MTV to gigantic status. He was the biggest star in the world for 10 years. He was a true talent. I’m not denying that. Here’s what I am denying. #1. Music quality. What do Bob Dylan, Paul Mc Cartney, John Lennon, Bruce Sprinstein, Sting, Elton John, Mick Jagger, Brian Wilson, just to name a few off the top of my head have in common? They all wrote more songs than what you have listed above AND THEY WERE BETTER SONGS. This isn’t just my opinion. Look at all the reputable critics, musicains and artists in the world. Whenver they rank THE BEST, Michaels songs start in the middle and go down from there. Thriller was a terrific album. Rolling Stone Magazine says it’s the 20th best of all time. 20th!!!! After that the rest are lower. The Beatles have 6 in the top 12. He was a great song and dance man, maybe the best, but the music he created was just good, not great. #2. Influence. First let it be known if not for Elvis, we wouldn’t even be having this conversation. He brought Rock and Roll to mainstream America and from there a whole generation became united through his music. United in our dress, actions, everything. Then came the Beatles. They elevated everything. First of all their music. The depth of their music has never been equalled. Again this isn’t just me saying this. Look at any inquiry with respected musicains, critics and artists. The Beatles are always #1. Leonard Berstein once said the greatest composers of all time were the 4 “Bs”, Beethoven, Bach, Brahms, Beatles. Next they took our generation and united them not just in the ways Elvis did but gave that generation a feeling of power, both Politically and Socially. They created the “60s” Michael came along when MTV was 3 years old. It was on but not a force. With Thriller he transformed MTV into a powerhouse. But Madonna, Prince, they were all there and some say contributed as much. I don’t agree with that but he didn’t “change” music like Elvis and the Beatles did. And staying power. You can look this up. In the last 20 years the Beatles are the #2 selling artists in the world. MJ was 15th???? In the US alone last year BEFORE HE DIED, he had sold 1/2 million albume. The Beatles were close to 4 million. They were also #1 in 15 countries including every country in Europe. aiebwgr March 2, 2010 at 2:09 pm God, this forum is laughable, and full of deluded individuals. Michael Jackson sales are by far the MOST accurate as they use modern tracking techniques. The labels, billboard, R.I.A.A etc. have admitted MANY TIME’s that the sale’s figures for Elvis were almost a total guess, and partly submitted by labels trying to promote him by overinflating his sales. You do not seriously believe that Elvis was anything much outside the USA and the UK and some other EU countries do you. That about 1.5 billion in all those countries, and you are basically implying that almost every single person, yes every single one bought and Elvis record or a beatles record, to be frank it’s utter BS. There is hardly anything in this contest at all, and yes Michael Jackson is way up there and miles ahead of people you try and push him down with, your also deluded if you can’t see this. Lets take some FACTS which can ACTUALLY BE PROVEN now shall we. Michael Jackson BAD TOUR DANGEROUS TOUR and HISTORY tours are all the top 3 highest grossing tours in history FACT. Michael Jackson has sold records in places where the beatles and Elvis are not even heard off………….. Michael Jackson Is the Most awarded Star in History, Michael Jackson has the biggest selling album of all time, Some of you here would probably also believe that The eagles greatest hits is also the biggest selling album in the United states, if you actually bothered to look at the numbers they are absolutely ludicrous, and funnily enough the album supposedly sold 7 million copies a decade after its release within 3 years with no promotion, this perfectly coincided with the media trying to destroy Michael Jackson FACT. It doesn’t take a genius to put the puzzle together. Michael Jackson is right up there right with them and you need to wake up to it and stop kidding yourself. There know people will not seriously check these figures from Elvis times as they cannot be contested as there is no proof, so whats to stop them lying about them, if you think they would not do that then you are so naive and foolish. Michael Jackson’s sales figures are much more acuratly tracked and are far more likely to be the truth. The cannot lie about them, but what they can do, is lie about sales of older rivals again if you can’t see it your Naive. I’m not saying an order, I’m just giving some support for Michael Jackson who you are all ganging up on and it wouldn’t surprise me if some of you saw him as a threat. I think the most likely order is 1. Beatles 2. Michael Jackson 3. Elvis I think the beatles are quiet a way ahead, and Michael is about 20 million up on Elvis. But here is a last little thing to consider, in elvis’s time the music industry was far less competitive than michaels era, Elvis released far more music than michael, as did the beatles. But to go round quoting random sales figures from dodgy websites ect is mindless and so many of these stats are false…. All mine are from official sources such as the guiness book of records etc. And bearing in mind there has never been a source that hasn’t been against Michael Jackson in recent years well lest just say I think it’s obvious………. aiebwgr and the fact RCMSRW quotes rolling stone with refernce to Michael Jackson says it all………….. They are well known to be one of the most biased magazines around when it comes to Michael Jackson. aiebwgr March 2, 2010 at 2:21 pm people are craking me up on this, you are presenting your opinions as fact, when I’m presenting Fact as Fact. People saying Elvis had a better voice than Michael Jackson…….. it’s hillarious. What you probably mean is he had a more inconic voice to you, Michael Jackson has mastered more vocals techniques than any other male vocalist on the major music scene, he has the highest vocal range of any male singer ever on the mainstream music scene, I could go on, Elvis has none of these vocal records and these are facts and have been tested. who is better is your opinion, I gave you some points there, but it’s still an opinion. aiebwgr March 2, 2010 at 2:27 pm what I’m gettin at is that none of you really know, as sales figures have never been accurately tracked. Michael Jackson last 3 albums came out in a period where the music industry was in major decline, but as a sales ratio relative to other acts he was still incredibly high, and back in the day of the beatles Elvis, etc. Those 20 million sales would have been more like 40 million especially for his last album invincible. Sales figures are one thing. But I seriously hope you can see That Michael Jackson was the biggest they ever came overall rcmsrw March 2, 2010 at 4:40 pm Hey, lets get our FACTS STRAIGHT Aiebwgr. I’ve just checked 5 sights and the consensus is the Stones Bigger Bang is #1 concert tour of all time. Followed by U2, then Bon Jovi or Madonna depending on sight, then U2 again. What kind of a fact is “MJ has sold records in places that haven’t heard of Elvis or Beatles”. NAME THE PLACE AND PRESENT THE FIGURES. Rolling Stone magazine is one of the most respected periodicals in the music industry. But don’t just look at them. Look at any periodical, anyone that ranks music for quality and give me the results. cathy You want facts alright here are record sales facts. US chart records and achievements Jackson’s Thriller (1982) remained at number one on the Billboard 200 album chart for thirty-seven weeks, second only to the soundtrack for West Side Story. Thriller spent a record 80 consecutive weeks, more than a year and a half, in the Top 10 of the Billboard 200. It was the first of only three albums that have remained in the Top 10 for more than one year (along with Alanis Morissette’s Jagged Little Pill and Celine Dion’s Falling into You). It is the only album to have sold more copies in the United States than any other in two separate years, topping the sales charts in 1983 and 1984, and selling over 29 million copies to date. Worldwide, its sales total has been estimated at 110 million copies by the Guinness Book of World Records top-selling album in the history of music. * Five of Jackson’s albums, Bad, Dangerous, HIStory, Invincible, and the soundtrack to Michael Jackson’s This Is It, debuted at number one in the United States. * Jackson was the first artist to chart four Top 10 singles from one album (Off the Wall). * Jackson was the first artist to chart seven Top 10 singles from one album (Thriller), a feat matched only by his sister Janet and Bruce Springsteen. * Jackson is the only artist to chart five number one hits from one LP, Bad (“Bad”, “The Way You Make Me Feel”, “Man in the Mirror”, “I Just Can’t Stop Loving You”, and “Dirty Diana”). * With “Thriller”‘s “Billie Jean”, Jackson became the first artist to simultaneously have the number one album and number one single on Billboard’s Pop Charts and Black Charts. * Following changes in Billboard’s methodology, Jackson became the first artist to have a song debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 (“You Are Not Alone”). * In 2009 Jackson became the first artist in history to have four of the top 20 best selling albums in a single year in the United States * Jackson has had 13 #1 singles on Billboard’s Hot 100 singles chart, trailing only The Beatles (20), Mariah Carey (18) and Elvis Presley (18 or 17, depending on source). This total does not include “We Are the World”, co-written by Jackson and credited to USA for Africa, or the four #1 singles by The Jackson 5. * Jackson had 28 top ten hits on the Billboard Hot 100, one less than The Beatles (29), and trailing Elvis Presley (36) and Madonna (37). To Be Continued Michael Jackson had 28 Top 10 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 charts in the US. Michael Jackson had 13 number one hits on the Billboard R&B charts in the US. UK chart records and achievements * With 11.5 million sales, Michael Jackson is one of only eight musical acts that have sold more than 10 million singles in Britain. * Jackson had 7 #1 hits on the UK Singles Chart, tied for 12th all-time. * Jackson had the most Top 40 hits in the UK Singles Chart in one year, 19 in 2006. * Jackson had 40 Top 10 hits in the UK Singles Chart. Elvis Presley has the most, with 77. * Jackson’s Thriller and Bad are the 8th- and 9th-highest-selling albums in UK history. Besides Jackson, only Queen, with the 1st- and 7th-best-selling albums, has multiple entries in the top twenty. * In the second week following his death, Jackson had 13 songs in the Top 40, and 5 albums in the Top 10, including the top-selling album. Michael Jackson had seven number one hits on the UK Singles Charts. French chart records and achievements * Invincible, released in 2001, had the highest first week of sales for a foreign album in France, selling 166,000 copies. * Jackson had four diamond albums in France. They are Thriller, Bad, Dangerous, and HIStory. * Jackson had 22 top ten hits on the French Top 100 Singles charts. * Jackson had 36 top 40 hits on the Top 100 Singles charts. Michael Jackson had seven number one hits on the Top 100 Singles charts in France. German chart records and achievements * Jackson had five albums in Germany that reached platinum status: Thriller, Bad, Dangerous, HIStory, and Invincible. * Jackson had 16 top ten hits on the German Top 100 singles charts. * Jackson had 29 top 40 hits on the Top 100 singles charts. Michael Jackson had two number one hits on the Top 100 singles charts in Germany Spanish chart records and achievements * Jackson had 35 top 20 hits on the Top 20 Singles charts. * Jackson had 29 top ten hits on the Top 20 Singles charts. Michael Jackson had 21 number one hits on the Top 20 Singles charts in Spain. Canadian chart records and achievements * Jackson had five number one albums in Canada: Thriller, Bad, HIStory, Number Ones and This Is It. * Jackson had three singles that earned at least one platinum certification in Canada: “Billie Jean,” “Beat It,” and “Say Say Say.” * Jackson had 29 top 20 hits on the Top 50 Singles charts. * Jackson had 20 top ten hits on the Top 50 Singles charts. Michael Jackson had five number one hits on the Top 50 Singles charts in Canada. Australian chart records and achievements * Jackson had eight albums in Australia that earned platinum or multi-platinum certifications: Off the Wall, Thriller, Bad, Dangerous, HIStory, Invincible, Number Ones, and The Essential Michael Jackson. * Jackson had 27 top 20 hits on the Top 100 Singles charts. * Jackson had 20 top ten hits on the Top 100 Singles charts. Michael Jackson had four number one hits on the Top 100 Singles charts in Australia. Norwegian chart records and achievements * Jackson had three singles that earned a gold certification in Norway: “Earth Song,” “They Don’t Care About Us,” and “You Rock My World.” * Jackson had 21 top ten hits on the Top 20 Singles charts. Michael Jackson had four number one hits on the Norwegian Top 20 Singles charts. Swiss chart records and achievements * Jackson had 24 top ten hits on the Top 100 Singles chart. * Jackson had 21 top ten hits on the Top 20 Singles charts. Michael Jackson had four number one hits on the Swiss Top 100 Singles charts. New Zealand chart records and achievements * Jackson had 24 top ten hits on the Top 100 Singles charts. Michael Jackson had three number one hits on the Top 100 Singles charts in New Zealand. Irish chart records and achievements * Jackson had 70 chart entries on the Top 100 Singles charts. Michael Jackson had ten number one hits on the Top 100 Singles charts in Ireland Too Be Continued March 2, 2010 at 9:11 pm Other records and achievements * Jackson has been credited with supporting more charities than any other artist – 39 charitable organizations – either with monetary donations through sponsorships of their projects or participation in their activities. * David O. Selznick’s 1940 Best Film Oscar for Gone with the Wind (USA, 1939) was bought by Jackson for $1,542,000 on June 12, 1999, at Sotheby’s, New York City. The Academy Awards no longer permits such sales, all but ensuring that it will remain the most expensive Oscar. * Jackson financed the most expensive music video (“Scream” in 1995. The clip, which co-starred sister Janet Jackson, reportedly cost over US$7 million. * On November 14, 1991, the debut of Michael Jackson’s music video Black or White was broadcast simultaneously in 27 countries, to the largest estimated audience to view such a video: perhaps 500 million people. * In March 1991, Jackson signed a record-breaking US$890 million contract by Sony. It remains the largest recording contract. His 1986 $15 million deal with Pepsi was, at the time, the largest ever promotional endorsement. * Jackson has 9 U.S. platinum singles, the second most by any male artist (Elvis Presley is first). Jackson has 13 # 1 singles in United States, which also trails Presley for the second most ever by a male solo artist. * Jackson has the two best-selling VHS music videos ever released: “Moonwalker” (1988), and “The Making of Michael Jackson’s Thriller” (1984). * Jackson has been given 366 recognized awards, which has been promoted as being the most for an artist. These include the most Grammy Awards and American Music Awards ever won in a single year. Jackson’s eight Grammys at the 1984 ceremony were equalled only by the musical group Carlos Santana in 2001); his eight American Music Awards (also in 1984) were later matched by Whitney Houston in 1994. Jackson won four posthumous American Music Awards in 2009, for a career total of 23 awards, the most by any artist. * Jackson has won the most World Music Awards by a male artist, 15. Five of these came in 1996, tying Whitney Houston’s record total from 1994. He has also won the most Billboard awards by a male artist, 26. Jackson’s 13 Billboard awards in 1983 are the highest-ever one-year total. * In 2002, MTV awarded Jackson the “Artist of the Millennium” award. Jackson was named the “Best Selling Male Artist of the Millennium” at the World Music Awards ceremony in 2000, and the “Artist Of The Century” at the American Music Awards ceremony in 2002. In 2006, the Guinness World Records identified Jackson as the “Most Successful Entertainer Of All Time”, and the first performer to have sold 100 million albums outside the U.S. Also in 2006, Jackson was awarded the “Chopard Diamond award” at the World Music Awards. commemorating sales of over 100 million records. * Jackson’s “Bad World Tour” (1987–1989) was the highest-grossing tour ever at the time, with over $125 million earned. This record was later broken by the “Dangerous World Tour” (1992-1993) and later broken again by the “HIStory World Tour” (1996-1997), which is still the biggest tour ever in terms of international attendance (4.5 million tickets outside of USA). 700,000 tickets were sold in about four hours for the cancelled “This Is It” concert series in 2009. * While the bulk of his sales achievements have come in the fields of pop music and R&B, Jackson has also had success in subgenres. His “Dangerous” (1991) album (38 million sales worldwide) has been cited as the top-selling New Jack Swing album, while his “Blood on the Dance Floor” (11 million sales worldwide) is the biggest selling remix collection. * Jackson’s double album “HIStory” is one of the top-selling multiple discs of all time. Though estimates of its worldwide sales total range as high as 21 million copies (42 million discs), over 11 million copies of “HIStory” are known to have been sold. * Jackson was once one of the wealthiest entertainers in the world, with an estimated fortune of more than $750 million. * Following his death, Jackson became the first artist to sell more than 2 million downloads in a week. * “Michael Jackson’s This Is It” is the top-grossing concert film and documentary film of all time. The posthumous movie has earned earned over $250 million worldwide to date. It also set a record for concert films with $103.9 million in worldwide ticket sales in its first five days of release. However, its opening weekend total did not match 2008’s “Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert”, which brought in $31.1 million in its opening weekend despite opening in just 683 theaters. “This Is It” debuted in 3,481 U.S. theaters and earned $23.2 million. Too Be Continued March 2, 2010 at 9:21 pm Michael Jackson Memorial Breaks All Known Records for “Obitutainment” Famous in analog. Mourned in digital. In death the King of Pop inspired the greatest online eulogy in human history. Millions watched live on TV. Many more followed online. Despite claims of ambivalence, MJ-overload, and “obitutainment” fatigue, the public’s interest in Michael Jackson’s death and subsequent eulogizing has met and arguably exceeded that of Diana, Elvis, Lennon and James Dean. It’s what happens when primal emotion meets both the analog and digital ages. As one commentator answered the question, “How big is the MJ memorial?,” “Just imagine if there was an Olympic sport in which Elvis, Frank Sinatra, the Beatles and Mozart duked it out with nuclear weapons. Maybe that would be a bigger deal.” Jackson’s memorial, tickets to which were given away on a lottery system, then sometimes sold for up to $20,000 online (with many fans flying in from overseas, even without a ticket) was broadcast live on a dozen channels, including each of the big networks. It was also shown free of charge in more than 50 theatres across the U.S. I’ve met very few people who tuned in to none of it. During the 10-day grief-a-thon, ratings for cable news channels have seen the largest spike since the presidential election, and CNN’s ratings alone have been up 85 per cent in the 25- to 54-year-old demographic, compared to the average audience year-to-date. But more interestingly, mourning happened even more online than on or off TV. The memorial was live-streamed on dozens of sites including Facebook, MySpace, TV network sites, and media outlets like the New York Times. More than 30 per cent of Twitter posts were about Michael Jackson July 1st and all 10 top Twitter topics were about him on that Tuesday. That’s not even mentioning the millions of blog and comment forum posts about him. That’s the great irony of this grief: it’s over a celebrity who could only have become this famous in an analog time, being mourned in a way that could only happen in a digital age. Twenty years ago, the few media outlets that existed crowned the rare pop kings and queens, and fed us information through the TV and print one-way highway. Now, so many outlets cater to different tribes that seemingly as many musicians exist as fans — so there can’t be one King of Pop like MJ. But those same channels mean when there is a topic of common interest, the Net can spread (mis)information fast. So MJ’s mourners have created the biggest funeral phenomenon ever, not only because of sheer numbers (due to the analog age), but because of their ability to connect quickly with each other (due to the digital age). We might never see this confluence of factors again. Bob Check out the following site: tsort.info/music/faq_num1.htm The Beatles appear to dominate. WayDown March 3, 2010 at 4:46 am “aiebwgr” & “cathy”, very very boring comments… :o( The thing I love the most is that people who live in US give their opinion for other countries where they have never been :o) I lived in a tiny country in Asia in the 80’s which was MJ’s prime period, STILL ELVIS WAS KING THERE ! People used to buy everything concerning the King (records, cigarette lighters, sun glasses, tee shirts, …). We knew in Asia only the songs Thriller and Bad and that was a big success. But don’t ever think that MJ was the ONE! No way, other artists had the same kind of success with songs like “la isla bonita”, “careless whisper”, “still loving you” or “I Just Called To Say I Love You”. But none of these artists had the impact and the respect comparing Elvis and the Beatles. So stop being Medias puppets and concerning selling records “in places where the Beatles and Elvis are not even heard off”, listen to people who came from those small countries (like me)! Now talking about real facts. We all know that only a fraction of the King’s records were counted by RIAA (you have the explication on many sites on internet) but he still remains second to the Beatles. These are official numbers and not my numbers. “It’s now or never” sold 25 million in 1960 ! The times ware harder, THE COMPETITION WAS HARDER (not like 80’s junk New Wave music) and teens had no money comparing to today’s to buy records. The planet was less than 3 billion and medias were divided by 1000 ! 25 million is for 1 song not for an album! Aloha from Hawaii was done in 1973, a period where ONLY big big events could be transmitted by satellite (NOWAY for musical concerts!), no other artist could dream to have that show in 1973. MJ could not even dream to have that favor in the 80’s! Don’t even compare a super star like MJ with the man who changed the planet! If the King didn’t shake his legs in the 50’s, MJ couldn’t touch his balls in the 90’s! The king wrote the book and opened the door for ALL the artists (black or white). Some great artists are grateful to the King (like the Beatles who gave then a real musical treasure with a complicated music still not equaled) and others like MJ jealous (“They call him the King, why not me” Michael Jackson) !!! About singing, I will give you quotes from one of the greatest opera singer of all time, that will help you to meditate about MJ’s “vocal talents”! I hope you know Domingo otherwise you will understand nothing ! :o( “He was the one voice I wish to have had, of all those emanating from singers in the popular music field” The world’s top tenor and opera star, Placido Domingo, from Spain,on Elvis. I repeat : Best musicians in the history of popular music : Beatles Best entertainer in the history of popular music : Elvis There are these 2 giants and the others… rcmsrw March 3, 2010 at 7:53 am Cathy, as I’ve said MJ was a great artist and set many records. I am not denying that. he was great. He was one of the biggest stars the world has known. But before you checkout Bob’s sight where you can see the Beatles records a mile long also, I’m only saying this: 1. When all is said and done every reputable source says the Beatles have sold more music than any other artist, including MJ. You simply can’t deny it. The evidence is there. 2. For quality, it’s all opinion, but when 300 artists, musicians, and critics send in what they consider the best music of the Rock era, the BEATLES DOMINATE, where MJ is in the middle. You can look this up anywhere you want. 3. Take away his death and he was fading fast as a lasting artist while the Beatles continue to dominate. Fact. In the last 20 years the Beatles were the #2 biggest selling artist. MJ was #15. In the last 10 years, the Beatles were #2 to Eminem, MJ fell to #22. These are current facts. Of course when he died his sales took off. maybe he’ll have a better showing in the next decade. I’m not putting MJ down. I watched him and listened to him a lot. He was great, one of the best ever. All I’m saying is he does not top the Beatles in terms of sales and quality of music. rcmsrw March 3, 2010 at 7:57 am and oh by the way. You wrote about 6 paragraphs on his death, how big it was. In this day of technology? Heck the Bubble Boy was on TV non stop for a week. One of the biggest stars in America died, at a young age and mysteriously. You don’t think the media is going to be all over this for a long time? cathy March 3, 2010 at 2:05 pm I was never saying that the Beatles or even Elvis were not great or they sold less then Michael. I know that both sold more than Michael overall but they have been around longer then Michael. I am just saying he was the King of Pop did I say Rock and Roll no. You said that Elvis is the King of Rock and Roll never denied that. He was great. But no one can doubt that Michael was very versatile. He was a child star that became even bigger as a solo artist as an adult. Micahal was an innovator in most of what he did. He loved the Beatles heck Paul McCartney wrote a song with Michael in mind which Michael later recorded ‘Girlfriend’ for the Off The Wall album. Also Michael wrote ‘Say Say Say’ and ‘The Man’ which were recorded by Paul and Michael as a duet for Paul’s album. Not sure if it was for one or two of Paul’s albums. Michael did a cover of one of the Beatles songs ‘Come Together’ some people liked it some didn’t. But it remains that it was a tribute to the Beatles. Michael himself said that Elvis really had not influenced him and he knew very few black people who listened to him. That does not mean Elvis did not have a black following I am sure he did. But not as much as black artists of the time like James Brown, Little Richard and the like. It was said that the Jackson 5 had an effect akin to Beatlemania. In fact the first time they visited England Heathro airport was litterly taken over by fans. He said him and his brothers felt fortunate that they got out of there alive that day. Elvis and the Beatles may have had some of the same experiences with fans but what makes the Jackson 5’s experiences so unique is that at the time Blacks and Whites were still very much segregated if not in public then in the households of America. Blacks just did not have the opportunities that Whites had at that time which Michael helped to bridge that gap between the races in that areana. Remember the Jackson 5 came out 69 or 70 and had there first 4 singles go Number 1 which no other artist has been able to do. Then when Michael stepped out on his own and did the Off The Wall album he was still breaking records and continued to do so even after his death. Everyone will have their own opinion as to who was the best either Michael Jackson, The Beatles or Elvis. And no one will be able to change their minds as to whom is the best. That is what a real fan is they are being loyal to their idol. Like I said all three were great but IMHO it was Michael who is better because he was an innovator, he did more than sing and dance and he was more versatile as in he could sing Rock, Pop, Soul and R@B. He was one of the greats and no one can argue with that. rcmsrw Hey, Simon. I guess I’m living in a dream world along with every reputable music sight there is that say The Beatles have certainly outsold Elvis. You can’t deny it. Bob March 8, 2010 at 8:47 pm Hey Simon, I agree with rcmsrw – every reputable music site and all audited sales organisations (RIAA,Soundscan) indicate the Beatles outsold Elvis. Who is in the dream world? WayDown March 9, 2010 at 4:06 am “rcmsrw” & “Bob”, really guys, do you beleive that Beatles outsold the King? Search for RCA proofs on internet which explains in details (simple maths) how the King outsold EVERYTHING, even the Beatles by far. As I said before, only a fraction of the King’s records were captured by RIAA and still he’s second to the Beatles. You wanted proofs, then look at RCA which gives you long long long details and proofs that the King is first and by far. RCA does not playing the same game as SONY for MJ, no they are giving PROOFS. But still I will not be as stubborn as you and will say both sold huge quantities. I’m not sure about the first but I’m sure about the third ;o) Bob March 9, 2010 at 4:50 am Hey Waydown, RCA are not an independent organisation – they have a vested interest in saying that Elvis is the biggest selling artist as they are his record company. However they cannot provide any audited documentation to support their claims. Interestingly EMI do not make such claims for The Beatles – maybe they are content to let the independent audited figures do the talking. In my posting of January 13th I asked you to name a country and provide evidence where Elvis has outsold The Beatles. I am still waiting. All independent audited evidence supports The Beatles being the biggest selling artists. rcmsrw March 9, 2010 at 11:29 am Sorry, Waydown, but I have to remain stubburn. Forget RCA, the 4 biggest estimators, RIAA, Soundscan, Billboard, and the IFPA ALL SAY THE BEATLES HAVE OUT SOLD ELVIS. I believe they are close in singles, because people bought singles in Elvis’ day. But album wise and overall I believe Beatles pretty much crush him. And they keep climbing. They outsold him by 30 million in the last 20 years. cathy March 9, 2010 at 1:31 pm WayDown I am confused about what you said. ‘RCA does not playing the same game as SONY for MJ,’ the only game I know that Sony played was deciding Michael Jackson was to old as well as being a black artist Tommy Matola would not promote his album ‘Invisible’ like they had with all of his other albums. I will admit I did not buy his ‘Invincible’ album. I am ashamed to say it but I didn’t know it existed. If I had I would have bought it. As for who is the King of Music well Elvis is the King of Rock and Roll but Michael Jackson is the King of Pop. In my opinion who sold more either Elvis or the Beatles is beside the point. Each of the three made huge impacts on the world at large as well as to music in each of their times. Elvis brought Rock and Roll to the forefront of popular music. The Beatles did all of the fee love thing in the 60’s made the 60’s the 60’s. Michael Jackson made music video what it is today. As well as other things. All three were great in their own right. Each were great mucisions(i know it is misspelled). Lets just agree to disagree. rcmsrw March 9, 2010 at 6:03 pm Good argument again Cathy. We should look at it like you say. I think it’s a pride thing. People want their favorite to be “the best”. Your 2nd paragraph pretty much says it like it is. Good job. PS to WayDown—Beatles sold the most. LOL. Bob March 9, 2010 at 11:38 pm Her rcmsrw, Yes, everyone is entitled to their opinion as to who is the greatest recording artist. However the title of this thread is: “Is Elvis the biggest selling artist of all time?” The answer is no. Audited sales figures indicate The Beatles are the biggest seling artists of all time – something you agree with. You and I are still waiting for some audited evidence to support any other artist’s claim to that title. WayDown March 10, 2010 at 5:09 am “cathy”, saying that Elvis is the King of Rock and Roll is the biggest insult that someone can do to the King. Only people who don’t know him think that he was the best in only Rock and Roll ;o) “Bob”, you’re wrong :o) Read the RCA proofs, these are not ideas or rendom numbers, these are facts, proofs… Simple maths that anyone can understand. You can’t desagree with proofs! rcmsrw March 10, 2010 at 10:37 am Again, Waydown, I’m not and you should not buy what RCA is saying. They can throw out any numbers they want. They are Elvis’ label as you know. Again, the overwhelming evidence, shown in detail by Soundscan, RIAA, Billboard and IFPA ALL SAY THE BEATLES SOLD THE MOST. These are the 4 biggest and most reputable sourses in the whole industry. You’re saying ALL 4 ARE WRONG? Come on! Bob March 10, 2010 at 6:33 pm Hey Waydown, rcmsrw is correct. RCA can throw out any figures but if they are true why don’t they have them independently audited? The simple answer is they have no documentary proof. What RCA states may or may not be true, but they cannot prove it – if they could they would have been audited by the RIAA. Independent audited evidence indicate The Beatles are the biggest selling artists of all time. 6782 March 11, 2010 at 8:04 am I’ve done a little comparisom within the people I know. I am still schooling.When I ask my friends who are older than me & younger.When I ask them “Do U like Elvis Presley?” they’ll say NO.Some will say his songs make them fall asleep.Some will call him bad words.I don’t wanna say them.But,I don’t admire him though I don’t call him bad words.When I ask them about Beatles they’re not interested.When I ask them about Backstreet Boys,Madonna,Britney Spears and all some like and some don’t.When I ask them about Michael Jackson a lot of people like him.They say his songs are wonder full,he’s awesom,he’s the best legand ever no one can beat him They’ll say .Even the ones who don’t like MJ at all will say his songs are good. So that is the truth after all. WayDown March 11, 2010 at 8:10 am “Bob” & “rcmsrw”, RCA is not throwing rendom numbers. Otherwise that will be the same game as SONY concrning MJ sales. RIAA knows and admits that many singles/albums of Elvis are sold but not counted. Why not counted? Read what RCA is talking about and you will understand that Elvis is first and by far. Just for example (there are many many others), 500000 records sold is counted as 500000 for RIAA, but 499999 records sold for a single is concidered as 0 for RIAA (and Elvis is losing a lot comparing to Beatles or MJ in this game (read the article to understand why))! RCA is giving numbers that are accepted by RIAA BUT NOT COUNTED because…Read the article. Simple maths, not rendom numbers. SONY is just saying that MJ sold 750 million without any proof. That’s not the case for RCA (read it!). WayDown “6782”, return back to Earth ! rcmsrw March 11, 2010 at 8:56 am 6782 see waydown. What kind of argument is that? I asked my dads friends and they said Sinatra is the best. So, I guess he is? Sorry waydown but BOb is right. RCA has figures but no real proof. The experts, the authorities say Beatles, no doubt. You quote RIAA, but what about Billboard, IFPA, Soundscan and oh yeah, Guinness world records? Guinness verifies their records, they research. All these others don’t count Elvis correctly, but everyone else they do? Come on. Way too much evidence for Beatles. Real hard numbers. Five authorities say the Beatles are #1 and Elvis fans say no they’re not counting right. Come on, I’m not buying it, neither are the experts. rcmsrw March 11, 2010 at 9:12 am Waydown, its me again. I’ve been doing some research and thought you might like to hear this. A couple years ago RIAA DID AUDIT Elvis with RCA cooperation. They then made a public announcement, WITH RCA AND BMG AUDITORS PRESENT. They added many singles and albums and put Elvis higher than he was. In America he is still millions under Beatles. Let me repeat, this announcement was done with RCA approval. The announcement verified Elvis as largest solo artists ever. I repeat SOLO. RCA must have been happy with this as again, they were present during announcement. However, he is STILL MILLIONS BEHIND BEATLES. WayDown March 11, 2010 at 9:51 am “rcmsrw”, I never said they are not counting right! But their counting methods decimate a huge quantity of Elvis’ sales (much more for Elvis than for others). That’s a fact and you can check that. There are many many proofs about Elvis that millions of sales are not taken into account (sales before 58 in US, then imagine Europe!), sales less then 499999 (or 999999, or etc…), RIAA started to count US sales after 1958, many Europeen countries after 1962, 65, 85…depends on countries. Anyway if you don’t want to read proofs I can’t help you! You will stay with your 4 sources and shout victory :o) Nevermind, I also adore the Beatles, even if they were first I think that they would deserve it. cathy March 11, 2010 at 1:41 pm 6782 Finality someone understands. It is the fans who say who is the best in their eyes. I listened to Elvis when I was a kid because that was really the only type of music other then country music that was in my house. My parents liked Country and 50’s music. Once I became a teenager and I saw Michael Jackson on MTV for the first time I fell in love. He has been the best in my eyes ever since. Waydown I don’t know anything about RCA and what or what they did for Elvis but I do know that Sony did not inflate Michael Jackson’s sales. If you don’t want to believe that he has the biggest selling album of all time though every source says so. The best source being the Gueniss Book of World Records says it is then it is your right. You tell other people that we are living in a dream world you should wake up yourself. Just because you may not like Michael Jackson you cannot argue with proof which you have said. Michael may not have sold more records then Elvis or the Beatles but like I previously said Elvis has been around since the 50’s and the Beatles since the 60’s plus they both put out more albums. But just think he put out less albums and has been here less time but he is still right up there in sales as third of all time with less music out there. Also I am not sure who said it but it was said on this forum that if it wasn’t for Elvis swaying his hips Michael would have not been able to touch his balls now. I don’t agree with that. There were a lot more provocative moves before Michael’s crotch grab. The reason that it got more attention was that Michael had this goody goody image which he wanted to change with the black leather and buckles. Plus that crotch grab was so out of character for the goody goody Michael it got a lot of more attention. If Prince had done that it would have not likely even been noticed. And anyway that is where Michael said the music had him go. He did not intentionlly think about putting his hand down to a possbily inapprovpiate area. Also lets look at the amount of music that has been downloaded off the internet since we have gotten into the internet age. Are those ‘sales’ been counted? There is no way to accurately count how many downloads that have been done for any recording artist. If we didn’t have the convenience and for it being free. Who knows how much more albums any artist could have sold. The real big fans of course went out and bought the albums cause they wanted to keep it. But there are others who don’t want to spend their time and money to go out and buy an album when it is easier and cheaper to do it the other way. Bob March 11, 2010 at 6:45 pm Hey Waydown, I have read the RCA article and it is based on a lot of assumptions, supposition and speculation. For example, and I quote from the article: “For the purpose of this exercise, if we average the numbers and say all artists will be credited 500,000 extra sales for records between the various platinum levels, the figures look like this based on the artists current number of certified albums: Elvis 43 Platinum x 500,000 = 21.5 mil. New Total: 109 Beatles 36 Platinum x 500,000 = 18.0 mil. New Total: 168 Garth 12 Platinum x 500,000 6.0 mil. New Total: 106 If we take that one step further and add 250,000 units as an average on all Gold albums(half of the difference between 500,000 and 999.,999, we find that The Beatles and Garth Brooks have only albums that have platinum status and therefore get no additional figures: Elvis 38 Gold x 250,000 = 9.5 mil. New Total: 118.5 Beatles 0 Gold = 0 New Total: 168 Garth Brooks 0 Gold = 0 New Total: 106 If we go one step further and award the average 250,000 to albums that haven’t reached gold status, it becomes VERY interesting because neither The Beatles nor Garth Brooks have any albums that have not been certified. Elvis, however, has more than 200 non-certified. Elvis 220 Uncertified = 55 New Total: 173.5 Beatles 0 Uncertified = 0 New Total: 168 Garth Brooks 0 Uncertified = 0 New Total: 106” Phrases like “For the purpose of this exercise” give the game away. That is not evidence based but pure speculation. Those figures are not accurate – they are purely speculative and assume a certain level of sales. Those assumptions are not supported by any evidence. David Kronemyer wrote an article (you can Google his article) about The Beatles sales in the US. In 1985 he was Vice President of Capitol records and from his information which covers the period 1964-1985 and from Soundscan figures from 1991-2009 and some interpolatopn for the period 1986-1990 the following figures for Beatles US album sales are obtained: 1960s = 32,514,816 1990s = 30,188,000 (1990 plus half of 1991 to be added) 2000’s = 30,182,000 At least 141,156,835 albums to date in USA. In these figures a double album counts as one sale, however the RIAA measures the sale of a double album as 2 sales. When you add in sales of double albums that equates to 170 million as measured by the RIAA. According to Soundscan The Beatles have sold 60,370,000 albums in the US since mid 1991, compared to about 32,000,000 for Elvis. The Beatles certainly outsold Elvis in the 1960’s and probably in the 1970’s and 1980’s. So when did Elvis outsell The Beatles, other than the 1950’s? I look forward to some factual evidence, not just emotive arguments supporting your contention that Elvis outsold The Beatles. WayDown “Bob”, send an email to RCA saying that their article is based on bulls :o) !…!! “cathy”, where I said that Thriller was not the best selling album?!! He had that, ONLY THAT. rcmsrw March 12, 2010 at 9:05 am Bob, good reply. Waydown, it seems to me that if the RIAA DID audit Elvis’ sales with the cooperation of RCA and BMG and came up with new figures that RCA AGREED WITH and those new figures are still less than the Beatles then the argument is over. RCA may have put forth their numbers, but after an audit, which BOB kept insisiting someone do, and RCA AGREED WITH AUDIT NUMBERS, which they did, you can look it up, then the argument is over. Beatles #1 and Elvis #2 biggest solo artist ever. End of story. Bob March 12, 2010 at 6:13 pm Hey Waydown, Still no facts forthcoming. As rcmsrw accurately states, the audit of RCA by the RIAA shows The Beatles clearly outselling Elvis. The article by RCA is based on assumptions such as averages for each album below RIAA accreditation points. There is no evidence that these figures are correct. It is just a statistical trick to support their contention that Elvis is the biggest selling artist. There are lies, damned lies and statistics! When they say ‘For the purpose of this exercise’ you know they are not dealing with real figures but providing a possible scenario which is not supported by any evidence. When you some up with some evidence be sure to provide it. Simon March 12, 2010 at 6:53 pm The Beatles sales are all hype, believe me. One very good indication as to what STILL sells is this, go into a big record store and see what they have on The Beatles and Elvis CD’s. There’s always a stack of Elvis cd’s and DVD’s for that matter, and almost zilch on The Beatles. Record stores Only stock things that still sell, Elvis still sells, The Beatles are only regarded highly by stuck up Music journalists. Elvis was and is so cool, it’s just too much for some people to recognize this. Also go and try buy a Beatles poster, good luck :) Elvis on the other hand is EVERYWHERE, posters, t-shirts etc. And sure you also see a lot of Michael Jackson stuff in stores, but come back in a couple of years….zilch. Also, everybody knows the name of Elvis’ ex, nobody knows the names of John Lennon’s chicks. Elvis’ house is visited by over 600.000 people every year. Most people don’t even know wheter John Lennon was buried or cremated. No yearly get-togethers that run in the tens of thousands, like with Elvis on August 16. Elvis has been selling steadily since 1955, in 1956 and 1957 his singles were all over the top 10. Unfortunately all those sales haven’t even been counted. He HAS outsold those 4 boys by at least 500 million units. And Michael Jackson has only sold about 300 million units. That’s one fifth of Elvis’ sales. There can only be one king, and yes folks, that’s ELVIS :) Simon By the way, did you all know that Elvis had tried to have John Lennon kicked out the United States in the Seventies? And rightly so, if you criticize a country for its actions….get the hell out! MIKE BML March 13, 2010 at 12:02 am I could care less who sold the most, it doesn’t effect my pocket. I do feel that it may go Beatles, Elvis and MJ. In that order. I also take exceptions to those of you who give tribute all of hese artist being the “alpha” of their music genre. Elvis didn’t create Rock n Roll he made it popular. I give credit to those black blues artists that changed their tempo and created “Jump Blues”. Way before Elvis and Bill Haley. Some like to call it “Rockabily” but the same tempo and sound was invented from those blues artist years before. Blues was the root of it all. The fruit of this root was Rock n Roll, Electric Rock, Jazz, R & B, and now Hip Hop. For all you Rockers that don’t beleive this, ask the early Rock musician who influenced them. Most would say Muddy Waters, Howlin Wolf, Robert Johnson etc. Even Elvis gave credit to Blues artist. For you Elvis fans, Sun Records recorded Blues artist first. Elvis was steered to this music by Sam Phillips. Argue all you want about who sold more…but don’t forget the orgins of music of all these great musicans. MIKE BML March 13, 2010 at 12:43 am Also by the way, MJ was a more international figure, The Beatles and Elvis sold more albums here in the States. MJ sold more albums abroad. According to many publications he sold more albums in Europe then The Beatles and Elvis combined. Bob March 13, 2010 at 5:34 am Hey Simon, What world do you live in? Just compare the sales of the Beatles remastered CD’ to Elvis 75 – both recent releases. The Beatles remasters sold millions compared to meagre sales for Elvis 75. Compare the sales of The Beatles 1 to Elvis’s 30 #1’s. In the US, The Beatles 1 has sold 11.5 million copies compared to Elvis 30 #1’s 4.5 million copies. Here we are talking a similar product, in the same market during a similar time period (2000-2009 and 2002-2009) You are talking anecdotal rubbish. When you come up with some facts get back to me. rcmsrw March 13, 2010 at 9:53 am Mike, according to many publications??? Name them. Give facts that MJ sold more than Beatles and Elvis outside America. You can’t because it isn’t true. As of today, right now, the Beatles are currently, not from long ago, currently the #1 artist in 20 countries including EVERY EUROPEAN COUNTRY. You can look it up, its a fact. Go to hypebot.com. Check it out. Simon, yes you do live in a dream world. As has been pointed out, 5 authorities, RIAA, Billboard, IFPA, Soundscan and Guinness say the Beatles have sold the most. End of story. Sounscan verifies they have outsold Elvis 2-1 in the last 20 years. Also, 2-1 in the last 10 years. Nope, they have and continue to outsell Elvis, checkout any source. And don’t give us that crap about his t shirts and who goes to Graceland. He is an American and we in America have made him an icon. No one deny’s that. Go to England. They have made an industry off the Beatles with tours and such, so that’s how it is. The only thing you can’t deny is the Beatles created the best music of the rock era, by far, and also they have sold the most. End of story. rcmsrw March 13, 2010 at 9:59 am Hey, MIke, you can look this up for verication. The Beatles are the #1 seeling artist of all time in Europe with 93 million sales. MJ is 4th with 70 million. Oh by the way, Elvis is not in the top 10. Simon March 13, 2010 at 11:28 am Bob, every sensible person knows Elvis sold more than the Beatles and MJ combined. That’s a fact no-one can deny. Elvis’ double sided multiplatinum single Don’t Be Cruel/Hound Dog hasn’t even been counted, like countless other early singles and LP’s and E.P’s. And MJ more an international star??? Elvis was and is being sold all over this globe. Ever since 1956 boys and girls. Elvis will NEVER be outsold and don’t you just love it. Long live the King. Simon March 13, 2010 at 4:31 pm @Mike BML : ‘According to many publications he sold more albums in Europe then The Beatles and Elvis combined’ Only according to the MJ camp. Like the title he bestowed upon himself, King of Pop :) Now that’s a joke, more like ‘king of courtbattles trying to prove there’s nothing wrong with sleeping with little boys’. Outside the fans camp MJ is looked upon as a freak and child molester folks. And he had a lot of things going for himself for only a period of about 3 years. Thriller was a big hit, no denying that, but after that it all went downhill pretty fast now. Also, Garth Brooks may have been big in the States, but over here in Europe, when you mentioned/mention his name, people will say, what is a garth brooks. He didn’t even have ONE bloody hit over here! Cheers, long live the king, ELVIS of course. Simon March 13, 2010 at 8:10 pm @rcmsrw Do 600.000 fans cram Abbey Road Studios each and every year? I think not, and as you are from the USA as you state, you should be more proud of your own heroes, The Beatles themselves were like drooling school boys when they met the King. And rightly so, Elvis did afterwards say he didn’t understand whey they had such bad teeth :) And in England, the funny thing is: Elvis is MUCH bigger than the so-called Fab Four. By your words I can safely deduce you have never been there yourself :) Live with it son, Elvis has sold more than The Beatles and MJ combined, there can only be one King, Elvis is his name, bu-bye. Simon And for those who still don’t believe Elvis the King has outsold the 4 boys and the strange one: “According to RIAA certifications from 1955 to 1996… The Top Pop Albums (sales) that went GOLD or Better were: 1. Elvis Presley (80 albums) 2. Barbara Streisand (46 albums) 3. The Beatles (39 albums) 4. The Rolling Stones (38 albums) 5. Neil Diamond (37 albums) Michael Jackson was not in the top 14 The Top Pop Singles (sales) that went Gold and better were: 1. Elvis Presley (24 Gold & 28 Platinum) 2. The Beatles (18 Gold & 6 Platinum) 3. Whitney Houston (14 Gold & 6 Platinum) 4. Janet Jackson (16 Gold & 3 Platinum) 5. Elton John (13 Gold & 6 Platinum) The Gold and Platinum are NOT the same records with a few extra. An album or single was only counted ONE time. It is not in BOTH totals (gold AND platinum). I know it says “Pop” but it lists performers from ALL music venues so I’m going to say the answer to your question is: The KING of Rock and Roll – Elvis Presley…and I don’t think ANYONE is going to surpass 80 ALBUMS that have gone a minimum of GOLD..Not the Beatles, Not Michael Jackson, Not Mariah Carey. No one.” The REAL end of story. Bob March 13, 2010 at 8:55 pm Hey Simon, Every thing you say is just your opinion and is not backed by any evidence and is therefore worthless. A few facts for you Simon: Top 10 Album Artists of SoundScan Era (1991-2009) in the US: 1) Garth Brooks – 68,363,000 (2009 sales: 220,000) 2) Beatles – 60,370,000 (2009 sales: 3,282,000) 3) Mariah Carey – 52,388,000 (2009 sales: 819,000) 4) Metallica – 52,160,000 (2009 sales: 1,024,000) 5) Celine Dion – 50,933,000 (2009 sales: 362,000) 6) George Strait – 41,843,000 (2009 sales: 1,224,000) 7) Tim McGraw – 38,677,000 (2009 sales: 1,086,000) 8) Alan Jackson – 37,447,000 (2009 sales: 927,000) 9) Pink Floyd – 35,867,000 (2009 sales: 654,000) 10) Eminem – 35,326,000 (2009 sales: 2,166,000) Top selling 50 Album Artists Of The Decade in the United States (2000-2009): 01 Eminem 32,241,000 The top-selling albums of the decade in the United States (2000-2009): 1. The Beatles,1 – 11,499,000 2. ‘NSync, No Strings Attached – 11,112,000 3. Norah Jones, Come Away With Me – 10, 546,000 4. Eminem, The Marshall Mathers LP – 10,204,000 5. Eminem, The Eminem Show – 9,799,000 6. Usher, Confessions – 9,712,000 7. Linkin Park, Hybrid Theory – 9,663,000 8. Creed, Human Clay – 9,491,000 9. Britney Spears, Oops! … I Did It Again – 9,185,000 10. Nelly, Country Grammar – 8,461,000 Source: Billboard and Rolling Stone Magazine. f you want to talk about income from outside record sales the following will be of interest: Top ‘brand artists’ “Due to the recession, lots of musicians are having to look at different ways of earning money. A study out today by royalties body PRS For Music shows that The Beatles are the top ‘musical brand’, in terms of the cash they generate beyond record sales. As well as numerous advertising endorsements, there is a Rock Band video game dedicated to the iconic quartet, who split more than four decades ago. They have also made appearances on the US cartoon The Simpsons and are the subject of musical shows Beatles Love and one of the Cirque Du Soleil series. They were followed by the late Michael Jackson, Queen, the Spice Girls and Abba.” You will notice there is no mention of Elvis. You are in your own world Simon. I hope you read what rcmsrw said about The Beatles being the biggest selling artists in Europe with 93 million sales and Elvis not in the top 10. Top selling artists in the US according to RIAA: Top Selling Artists Artist Certified Units in Millions BEATLES, THE 170 Another piece of information from Japan: The Beatles Win “Artist Of The Year (International)” At Japan Gold Disc Awards The ceremony of the 24th Japan Gold Disc Awards, sponsored by RIAJ (Recording Industry Association of Japan), was held, and The Beatles won “Artist of the Year (International)”, one of the grand prizes of the award. Artists are awarded based on the total net sales value of their albums/tracks released during the period, 1st January 09 – 31st December 09. The Beatles won the award with the total sales of 619,955 units, but as the digital re-mastered The Beatles boxed set and The Beatles In Mono released on 9th September 09 were counted as one unit per box set, their actual total sales were more than 2.5M units in terms of total albums. This is the fourth time The Beatles have received this award since the Japan Gold Disc Awards were launched in 1987, the second highest number of wins after Madonna who has won five times. This is a great achievement and shows that The Beatles still have enormous popularity in Japan. So, Simon the chalenge for you is to cut out the claptrap and back up your opinions with facts and figures. Let’s see if you can. The independent audited figures indicate The Beatles are the biggest selling recording artists in the world. Nothing you say will change that Simon. Simon March 14, 2010 at 9:45 am Didn’t you read my above post Bob? Those figures say it all, Elvis is no. 1, as if anyone really doubted that fact! Here’s another clue, check it out. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley I’m sure the Beatles sold really nice, around 500.000.000 and that’s no small feat for those boys! Combined with Jackson’s sales of 300.000.000 that makes 800 million. ELVIS sold 1.5 billion records, that’s 1.500.000.000 Bob :) So he has almost sold twice as many records for the Beatles and MJ combined!!!! Don’t ever come back here with those outright lies. It’s plain and simple for everyone, Elvis is the number one seller and will NEVER be beaten. I wouldn’t care really Bob if the beatles HAD sold more, but the facts are simple. Elvis outsells the Beatles 3 to 1. But you knew that all the way, I don’t believe you are really that stupid. Cheers. Long live the king. End of this discussion. Elvis was, is and remains number one folks. Bob	Michael Jackson
'Arthur Clennam', 'Jeremiah Flintwinch', and 'Edward Sparkler' are all characters in which Dickens' novel?	Continuing Is Elvis The Best Selling Artist Of All Time? \| popdirt.com Continuing Is Elvis The Best Selling Artist Of All Time? 364 thoughts on “Continuing Is Elvis The Best Selling Artist Of All Time?” WayDown March 15, 2010 at 6:44 am Simon has no proofs except that RCA has continued to put out redone Elvis music. Can you figure math? If I put out 2 albums and you put out 10 and I sell 1 million and you sell 1000, who sold the most? The bottom line again, is that the 5 biggest music record keepers, and they are, RIAA, IFPA, Billboard, Soundccan, and Guinness ALL SAY THE BEATLES HAVE SOLD MUCH MORE THAN ELVIS. ALL OF THEM. GET IT SIMON? The argument is over. Don’t say everyone knows. Obviously the experts who keep track do know and THEY ALL HAVE BEATLES #1. Bobs stats are accurate, 100% fact. I have already posted European lifetime sales and again Beatles are #1 in Europe also. And yes, Simon more than 600,000 a year tour Liverpool for Beatle stuff. Yes, they do. And I have been to England and to say Elvis is bigger than the Beatles is a joke. A total joke. The Beatles are royalty in England. MIKE BML March 15, 2010 at 1:54 pm I still am not taking sides, however no one commented on my blog about “the origins” of their music (even though it was not the question).. lol. Hopefully it has ceased those of you who was claiming your artists as the originators of their music. I will state this, since MJ owned (in part now) the catalogs of The Beatles and some of Elvis recordings, wouldn’t he technically be the “Biggest recording seller” of all times? Chew on that for a day or two! So in other words every times the Beatles and Elvis sold those gigantic numbers, MJ profits. So if MJ (R.I.P) was here he would be smiling all the way to the bank. Then go out and spend and donate it all again>> rcmsrw March 15, 2010 at 3:56 pm Simon, pease see the article above. It says IFPA has made it clear sales wise. They have released what is considered the most accurate sales worlwide for all time. They are considered the “most accuate source”. It’s conclusion??? Beatles #1 with 400 million, MJ 2nd with 350 million and Madonna and Elvis fighting it out for 3rd. END OF STORY. Bob March 15, 2010 at 6:52 pm Hey Simon and Waydown, rcmsrw is right. Simon has no proofs and his only figure of 80 gold albums for Elvis from RIAA is not accurate. The figures from RIAA are: Elvis has 82 gold (500,000 sales) albums, 45 platinum (1 million sales), 24 multi platinum (2 million sales) and zero diamond (10 million sales). The Beatles have 45 gold (500,000 sales) albums, 39 platinum (1 million sales), 24 multi platinum (2 million sales) and 6 diamond (10 million sales) albums. What do these figures mean? They mean that Elvis has 82 albums that sold more than 500,000 (gold), of those 82 gold albums 45 sold more than 1 million (platinum), of those 45 platinum albums 24 sold more than 2 million (multi platinum) and of those 24 multi platinum albums none sold more than 10 million (diamond) giving a TOTAL of 120 million album sales in the US. The Beatles have 45 albums that sold more than 500,000 (gold), of those 45 gold albums 39 sold more than 1 million (platinum), and of those 39 platinum albums 24 sold more than 2 million (multi platinum), and of those 24 multi platinum albums 6 sold more than 10 million (diamond) for a TOTAL of 170 million album sales in the US. The Beatles have outsold Elvis in the US, Europe, the UK, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, South America etc. I do not know a market where Elvis has outsold The Beatles. Please provide evidence if you have it of a market where Elvis outsold The Beatles. I do not want to read assertions and unsubstantiated claims but evidence based arguments. Simon rcmsrw, your stating that the Beatles are bigger than Elvis in England proves that you have NEVER been there. I’ve been there many times however, and you see Elvis everywhere, especially in London. Recently in England a poll was held, who was the biggest and of course Elvis was number one, who would expect something else? Only you perhaps :) Also, I recently saw on the BBC, that’s the national television in case you don’t know, and they asked youths on the street to name the Beatles by name, I wish you’d seen it, it was hilarious, everything popped upe, from Mick Jagger to Rod Stewart, most youths don’t have a CLUE about the Beatles. Then however, it came to Elvis, and yes they only had to mention his first name, the King has no need for further introduction of course… And every single youth interviewed knew a lot about him! In the same programm, rcmsrw and Bob, Paul McCartney HIMSELF mentioned that Elvis is the biggest seller in the music world. Now Bob and rcmsrw, perhaps you won’t take my word for it, perhaps you can believe one of the Beatles himself! Elvis is the king, most loved, most copied, most played, most sold, most talent, best looks. Live with it boys, the Beatles themselves had no problem with it, why should you :) Long live the king! Here are some more FACTS Bob and rcmsrw: Elvis in the Guinness World Record book Most Hit Singles On US Chart Elvis Presley had a record 149 hit singles on the Billboard Hot 100 between 1956 and 1996. THe King of rock ‘n’ roll took his first step towards a musical career at the age of eight, when he won $5 in a local singing contest in Tupelo, Mississippi performing the Red Folley ballad, “Old Shep”. Most US No. 1 Albums By A Male Solo Artist Elvis Presley had a record nine solo albums reach the number one spot on the US chart. They were – Elvis Presley (1956), Elvis (1956), Loving You (1957), Elvis Christmas Album (1957), GI Blues (1960), Something For Everybody (1961), Blue Hawaii (1961), Roustabout (1964), and Elvis – Aloha From Hawaii (1973). Most Weeks On UK Singles Chart Elvis Presley’s 111 hits have spent a total of 1,149 weeks in the UK singles chart since “Heartbreak Hotel” debuted on May 11, 1956. In the weeks following his death on August 16, 1977, his record sales predictably rocketed. Sales of the tragically fitting “Way Down” went way up – propelling Presley once more to the number one spot. Most Consecutive Weeks On UK Singles Chart Elvis Presley is the artist with the most consecutive weeks in the UK chart. His 13 hit singles, from “A Mess Of Blues”, in 1960, to “One More Broken Heart For Sale”, in 1963, spent an unbroken 144 weeks in the chart. Most Hit Albums On UK Chart As of February 2001, Elvis Presley had 100 hit albums in the UK chart. This is just one of the 15 records held by The King – others include “Most No.1 Singles In The UK Chart”, “Most No.1 Hit Singles By A Solo Artist”, and “Most Fan Clubs”. Most RIAA Certificates Held By A Single Artist The recording artist with the most certified titles ever is Elvis Presley with 235. This total is comprised of 132 gold, 70 platinum, and 33 multiplatinum certificates. RIAA stands for the Recording Industry Association of America. Most Platinum Certificates For Record Sales The only audited measure of record sales in the USA is certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Elvis Presley holds the record for the most platinum certificates issued by the RIAA, with 70. Most Charted Artist Elvis Presley’s records spent a cumulative total of 1,155 weeks on the UK singles chart since his first hit Heartbreak Hotel released on May 11, 1956. Facts don’t lie, live with it boys. :) Cheers March 15, 2010 at 10:24 pm Hey Simon, Those facts you mention do not mean that Elvis has sold more records than The Beatles. You quote the RIAA but seem to ignore that according to the RIAA The Beatles have outsold Elvis by 50 million in the US. I could list a heap of Beatles facts but they do not reflect sales. So Simon, the bottom line is The Beatles have sold more than Elvis. Enjoy that fact. So unless you can come up with audited sales figures supporting your argument then all your claims are just unsubstantiated and lacking credibility. rcmsrw March 16, 2010 at 11:04 am Simon, you’re not fun to argue with because you dispute facts and use invalid data and opinion as proof. #1. As has been stated by and SHOWN by Bob and myself, the 5 biggest trackers of sales again, I repeat, RIAA, Soundscan, IFPA, Billboard and Guinness ALL STATE THE BEATLES HAVE SOLD THE MOST OF ANYBODY. PERIOD. You can’t argue it. Just because Elvis and RCa continue to put out Albums doesn’t mean their overall sales are bigger. THEY ARE NOT–PERIOD. Not one legitimate source says so. #2 your OPINION of Elvis being bigger than the Beatles is really a joke. I have been there. I don’t care if you’ve been there 100 times, England has created an entire industry promoting the Beatles. They currently, right now in 2010 are the biggest sellers in England. Point out your recent “POLL” about whos more popular. Everyone I looked up had the Beatles #1. Elvis wasn’t in the top 3. So, where did this “poll” come from. Most youths don’t have a clue about the Beatles? That statement shows your opinion is worthless. cathy March 16, 2010 at 5:40 pm Simon You are trashing a legend. If you don’t like Michael Jackson that is your right. But you do not need to say untrue things about him that has nothing to do with the discussion we are having. And for your information HE NEVER DUBBED HIMSELF ‘THE KING OF POP’ where that came from was Elisabeth Taylor who when presenting him with an award. She had said he was the King of Rock, Pop, and Soul. The fans picked up on it and gave him the title which fits him perfectly. He also never molested anyone he was put on trial and aquitted of all charges. He would never do anything like that. He could never hurt anyone especially a child. And if you want a list awards and records broken then you need to look at Michael Jackson’s records. He won at least 366 awards including being the first in history to win 8 Grammys in one year also 8 American Music Awards in the same year 1984. He has been inducted into the Guennis Book of World Records 8 times. Also he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice. Once as a member of the Jackson 5 and once as a solo artist. He has the 3 biggest selling tours in History Bad Tour which broke the record then the Dangerous tour which broke that record then his last tour broke that record the History tour. And the This Is It tour that was to be held in the o2 Arena in London sold out in the first 4 hours when the tickets came on sale. The documentary film This Is It is the biggest selling film of its kind in history. He also won many awards for his humanitarian efforts. Donating all of the money he got from the Victory to charity, He gave all the proceeds from the sales of the single ‘Man In The Mirror, to charity. He also did the same with the song ‘Heal The World’ along with making a charity organization with the same name. He holds the record for the most charities supported by a pop artist. He is still breaking records after his passing by winning 4 American Music Awards and in doing so has won more American Music Awards within a recording artist’s career. He also just recently broke another record. Michael Jackson estate in record deal worth up to $250 mln AP, Mar 16, 2010 2:00 am PDT Even in death, Michael Jackson is breaking new records. The King of Pop’s estate has signed the biggest recording deal in history: a $200 million guaranteed contract with Sony Music Entertainment for 10 projects over seven years. Future projects may also include a video game, a DVD compilation of videos and a rerelease of “Off the Wall,” Jackson’s fifth studio album, which first came out in 1979, accompanied by some unreleased material. Before his sudden death in June at age 50, the pop star had wanted to reissue the album, people familiar with the deal said. The record-breaking contract through 2017 could be worth up to $250 million if certain conditions are met. One of the albums will be of never-before-released Jackson recordings that will come out in November. One of the projects already counted in the contract was the two-disc album that accompanied “This Is It,” the film based on footage of concert rehearsals for what was to have been Jackson’s comeback at London’s O2 arena. Including the more than 5 million copies of that special release, Jackson has sold some 31 million albums since his death, about two-thirds of them outside the United States. “During his life, Michael’s contracts set the standard for the industry,” said John Branca, the co-administrator of the Jackson estate, in a statement prepared for release Tuesday. “By all objective criteria, this agreement with Sony Music demonstrates the lasting power of Michael’s music by exceeding all previous industry benchmarks.” Rob Stringer, chairman of Sony Music’s Columbia Epic Label Group, said in prepared remarks, “We’re dedicated to protecting this icon’s legacy and we’re thrilled that we can continue to bring his music to the world for the foreseeable future.” The landmark deal is worth more than all other benchmarks, such as the all-encompassing rights deals that concert promoter and ticket-seller Live Nation Entertainment Inc. had previously signed with Madonna at $120 million and Jay-Z for $150 million. Jackson’s deal is even more remarkable because it does not include royalties from merchandise. The contract shows the value of legacy artists. It also comes at a time of decline for the music industry, with sales down about half from their peak in 2000 mainly due to free file-swapping. Distribution rights for “This Is It” were sold to Sony Pictures, another unit of Sony Corp., for $60 million and the movie went on to gross $252 million worldwide, the most of any concert film ever. Revenue from that, song sales and merchandising agreements brought into the estate revenues of about $100 million, lawyers for the estate’s administrators told a Los Angeles Superior Court judge in December, when they sought a percentage as an administration fee. The Walt Disney Co. even brought back the 17-minute Jackson movie “Captain EO” to its Disneyland theme park in Anaheim last month. The original began running at the park in 1986 but was pulled in 1997. Jackson’s most lasting and valuable asset is the 50 percent stake in Sony/ATV Music Publishing, a company that owns publishing rights to music by The Beatles and numerous other artists, including Elvis Presley and Bob Dylan. Split with Sony Music, the copyright catalog itself is estimated to be worth $2 billion. I can spout out more records he broke as well as more awards he won. But you are to wound up in the fact that in your limited thinking that Elvis is the best of all time. Everyone on this forum has given what was due to each artist the Beatles, Elvis and Michael Jackson. Please be more respectful of people’s opinions. I believe Michael Jackson is the best in my eyes but I also acknowledge that the Beatles and even Elvis were huge stars in their own right. Simon March 16, 2010 at 6:16 pm rcmsrw and Bob, I will stop here debating who is the biggest seller of all times, Every sane person who can count to 10 knows it’s Elvis. I am sorry it gets to you guys, but those are the facts. Also Bob, your emailing me personally doesn’t help either. You state to me that you know Elvis has sold more than the Beatles, but you can’t stand that fact. Then here in public you say the Beatles have sold more. This is misleading the general public who might think you are right, while you are wrong (and admitted this to me). I’ll have no part in these childish actions. For all concerned, ELVIS is the biggest seller and will most probably remain that forever. I can’t see anyone touching his sales and certainly not the Beatles and MJ :) Have a happy! Long live the king, Elvis, the artist with most sales! Bob March 16, 2010 at 11:29 pm Hey Simon, You have just exposed yourself as someone who does not deal in the truth. I have not emailed you, – if you have received an email then it is not from me. How would I obtain your email address? I will easily be able to prove it did not come from me. Simon, you are impugning my integrity and I do not take kindly to that. Please feel free to publish my email address – because the email you received (if you did actually receive one) is not from me. The moderator will be able to confirm that. As my email address has my surname in it please feel free to state my surname. I bet you can’t. Simon, I hope you are aware that people can be traced on blogs and consequently sued for defamation. You are in that terrain now. So Simon if you have any integrity you will either retract what you said about me emailing you or state my surname and/or email address. A non reply will expose you as an untruthful person. Simon, your integrity and credibilty are at stake. rcmsrw is correct when she says you dispute facts and use invalid data and opinion as proof. All your facts show is that Elvis has been very successful but there is no mention of sales. As has been demonstrated many times on this site all independent audited sales figures show The Beatles as being the biggest selling artists of all time. So Simon it is time to put up or be exposed as a fraud. I am waiting. If you do not reply then that will taken as an acknowledgement that you are a fraud. So Simon please provide the evidence (my surname/email address) you supposedly have or be exposed as a fraud. Juraj March 17, 2010 at 10:39 am Reading these arguments is really funny. THere is no any evidence that Elvis outsold the Beatles. Every single evidence ever publised is saying the best selling artisit is the Beatles. I know it is difficult for the Elvis fans to admit this but this is the way it is. The end of discussion. I am coming from the Central Europe. MOst of the people do not know who Elvis was while the Beatles are still heroes here. I think Beatles outsold Elvis here 100 times. You cannot compare only USA and UK. WayDown “Juraj”, you’re a comic :o) Then Elvis is even not known in Central Europe ? :o) Come on, try an other joke, this one was silly ! rcmsrw March 17, 2010 at 5:06 pm Cathy, good news and bad news for your guy MJ. Good news: if you read the article above that’s titled IFPI thankfully makes it clear in sales, the article says the IFPI findings which are and I quote “considered the most accurate” have Beatles #1 and guess what MJ #2 in total overall lifetime sales with Madonna and Elvis fighting it out for 3rd place. More good news is the Sony deal. That’s pretty big. But the bad news is as you state MJ has sold 31 million since his death. It’s probably less than that but it is big. But the bad news is he was selling nothing before his death. He had’nt even sold 1/2 million in America in 2009 before he died, YOU CAN LOOK IT UP, So, he was done really. Let’s face it. His death and all the promotions since his death have sky rocketed his sales, but after this initial big boost, he’ll probably drop off again. Just wanted to point that out. Bob March 17, 2010 at 7:55 pm Hey Waydown, Juraj is correct when he says there is no evidence that Elvis outsold The Beatles. All the evidence indicates The Beatles outsold Elvis. Why don’t you provide some evidence showing Elvis outsold The Beatles? By evidence I mean audited sales figures. WayDown March 18, 2010 at 4:12 am My friend Bob, I was just putting a comment about our friend Juraz who said “Elvis is not known in Central Europe”. That was the biggest joke that I have ever heard in my life. I wasn’t talking about sales. Which I repeat again, huge quantities of the King’s sales are not even captured by RIAA and still he’s second to the Beatles. To know who’s the winner, all the sales (and not only US) must be counted and that’s almost impossible for Elvis, and for example much more more more difficult for a guy like F Sinatra. The King’s best selling period was not counted (because too old) and many many other later records sold with other compagnies (not RCA) which are not counted too, and off corse all the sales under 500000 are counted as 0 and Elvis loses in that game because he has a lot. Anyway, oficially we can never know the reality even if I’m convinced that the King is the best selling artist. As I told you when I was teen in Asia in the 80’s, I didn’t even know what Beatles was. I’ll go to hell if I lie, but Elvis was known as the King and he was adulated. Elvis was much worlwide than any other artist. rcmsrw March 18, 2010 at 6:10 am Waydown, you’re right that there is some controversy on Elvis actual sales, but I again refer to the huge press conference that RIAA, RCA and BMG held together a couple of years ago. RIAA and BMG did what they consider a thorough audit of Elvis’ sales. They came up with new numbers and gave him larger sales #s and more gold records, etc. They announced their findings with the cooperation of RCA, who blessed the findings. It still leaves him millions behind Beatles. I would think if RCA is ok with these findings, the controversy is over. Bob March 18, 2010 at 6:17 am Hey Waydown, I just commented on what juraj had to say about there being no evidence that Elvis outsold The Beatles. As I don’t live in Central Europe I am unable to comment on what he said about that I have consistently said that on independent audited sales The Beatles are the biggest selling artists of all time and have provided credible sources supporting that contention.. cathy March 18, 2010 at 7:19 pm rcmsrw Thank you for bringing that article to my attention. The one thing that you stated I agree with. Is his sales went up after his passing. It did. But I do not think that his sales will decline as time goes on. Yes sales will even out but I expect sales will stay strong for along time. Just as Elvis and the Beatles have. They all have legacies that will live on through their music. Now as for him not selling many records in the recent years I blame Sony for that fact most specifically Tommy Matola. He didn’t like black artists and would not promote Michael’s last album ‘Invincible’ like Sony had done with his previous records. If no one knows it is out there no one is going to look for it and buy it. True? This album had very little promotion and only one real music video. Michael had said that he had planned on doing around 8 videos for the album which never happened. You have to admit that his music videos is what helped promote his albums. When a new Michael Jackson video came out people took notice. Heck a lot of people after his passing became fans after they heard his music and realized how talented he is. That may seem a bit late but how many people who are from another generation love Elvis or the Beatles but were not around when they were alive or together. I believe that each generation will discover these artists and become fans. Simon March 22, 2010 at 6:34 pm Beatles, MJ, Madonna bigger sellers than Elvis?? There sure are some comedians around here. Elvis has sold more records/CD’s than all those artists combined. I am not saying they weren’t any good, but Elvis has simply sold most records, I know it’s hard especially for Beatles fans to acknowledge this in public (he Bob?) but those are the facts. Elvis will never be outsold, live with it :) There can only be one king, and as John Lennon and Paul said themselves, Elvis is the greatest. Not only in talent, good looks, but yes also in sales. As if any sane person ever doubted that!!! WayDown Yes Simon, there are lot of comics here :o) Madonna is the best selling artist all time :o)) rcmsrw March 23, 2010 at 6:21 am Simon, again, and for the fifth time. You have no proof in what you say. The proof, from the people who actually count the sales, again, RIAA, Soundscan, Billboard, IFPA and Guinness ALL SAY THE BEATLES HAVE SOLD MORE. So, what do you base your notes on? All the proof is against you yet you say sane people know? That makes no sense again as the people who do the counting say no Simon, the Beatles have sold the most. Please quit telling us your opinion and please give us facts. YOU CAN’T BECAUSE THE FACTS SAYS BEATLES. Simon	i don't know
"Who wrote ""Musichath charms to soothe a savage beast""?"	'Music has charms to soothe the savage breast' - the meaning and origin of this phrase Famous Last Words Browse phrases beginning with: Music has charms to soothe the savage breast more like this... Parts of the body Meaning Literal meaning. That literal meaning may be misinterpreted somewhat as this phrase is commonly misreported as 'music has (or occasionally 'hath') charms to soothe the savage beast'. In fact, at the time of writing (Nov 2006) there are twice as many listed for the incorrect version of the phrase as for the correct one. Origin The phrase was coined by William Congreve, in The Mourning Bride, 1697: Musick has Charms to sooth a savage Breast, To soften Rocks, or bend a knotted Oak. I've read, that things inanimate have mov'd, And, as with living Souls, have been inform'd, By Magick Numbers and persuasive Sound. What then am I? Am I more senseless grown Than Trees, or Flint? O force of constant Woe! 'Tis not in Harmony to calm my Griefs. Anselmo sleeps, and is at Peace; last Night The silent Tomb receiv'd the good Old King; He and his Sorrows now are safely lodg'd Within its cold, but hospitable Bosom. Why am not I at Peace?	William Congreve
The M180 connects the M18 with what?	Music Soothes the Savage Beast - TV Tropes Music Soothes the Savage Beast You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share Music Soothes the Savage Beast × YMMV Music, magic or not, can soothe savage beasts. Original quote this title originates from is, "Music has Charms to soothe a savage Breast." The phrase was coined by the Playwright/Poet William Congreve in The Mourning Bride, 1697. note The quote is used contemporarily still, just cf. the intro of the album "Smash". open/close all folders Anime and Manga Violinist of Hameln : Since it's a series with Magic Music , music can tame the savage beast and then some. In Today's Cerberus , Cerberus falls asleep when she hears good music, just like in the original Orpheus myth. Macross Delta : Central to the series' premise: a Hate Plague known as the Var Syndrome causes a subset of people to suddenly turn psychotically violent and try to slaughter anyone around them. The only known cure is the singing of a group of Idol Singers , which calms those afflicted. Thus the formation of the Walkure and Delta Squadron, a combination concert group and combat squad to counter the Var outbreaks. Comic Books Inverted in an Italian Donald Duck Comic where Donald encounters an Eldritch Abomination -type monster which dreams about the world so long as it remains dormant. Because its tastes are so alien, a beautiful singing voice will actually annoy it to the point of waking up and cause The End of the World as We Know It , but it finds a truly awful singing voice soothing and sleep-inducing. Fan Fic Hobbes stops the Clawracks in Retro Chill by singing "The Best Song Ever" (an actual song by Chris Rice). In Hope For The Heartless , when the Horned King hears for the first time Avalina's beautiful piano playing and singing, he notices that it has a soothing effect on him . He makes her to play to him for an hour daily. This months-lasting routine helps the girl to get inside the lich's scary and cold shell . Four years earlier, when Avalina encountered for the second time her future Cool Horse , she realized that he acted savagely because of the loss of his rider. She managed to get near him by singing "Adiós" by Jesse y Joy. In The Bridge , the Sirens normally trigger a Hate Plague with their singing. However, when Aria Blaze was being attacked by Kaizer Ghidorah, she subconsciously managed to sing a song that calmed him down. Even she has no idea how she did that. It is revealed that she sung a song her mother Hymnia used as a lullaby, which draws on The Power of Love . Films — Animated In The Book of Life , Xibalba lets Manolo challenge him to a wager at which he is allowed to pick the task. The dirty cheater chooses bullfighting — which he knows Manolo hates. As if that weren't bad enough, the task is that Manolo must defeat every single bull every Sanchez before him has ever faced — all at once. And when Manolo succeeds at that, Xibalba combines them into one mega-bull and still the hero does not flinch, instead playing an apology song. In Cat City , Lazy Dick is caught by vampire bat Banditos , who prepare to suck his blood. As a last request, Dick asks them to let him play a final song on his trumpet. He's so good at it, that not only the entire gang joins him (playing on their weapons), but their leader is moved to tears, and decides to spare him. In The Mousehole Cat Mowzer's singing tames the Great Storm Cat. At the climax of Film/Moana, the main character manages to return Te Fiti's stolen heart to her and transform her back from the terrible lava monster she's become. This process involves Moana singing directly to the goddess about who she truly is. Films — Live-Action The Monster in Young Frankenstein can be attracted to and lulled by music. In Bringing Up Baby , the tame leopard Baby can be subdued by singing "I Can't Give You Anything But Love, Baby" In Help! , Ringo is threatened by a tiger which can be tamed by singing the Ode to Joy from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. Inverted in The Three Stooges short "Idle Roomers", which features a Wolf Man who is relatively tame until he hears music. The stooges, mistakenly believing in this trope, decide to play music when confronted by him, activating the Wolf Man's Berserk Button . The Island of Doctor Moreau (1996): The title character momentarily soothes the rebellious man-animal hybrids with his piano playing. But when Dr. Moreau decides to follow this up by activating their pain implants, he discovers the hard way that they've already been removed. Dance of the Dead (2008): The zombies are entranced once the band starts playing music, making it easier for the group to escape. The killer in The Hills Run Red is shown to be momentarily calmed when the nursery rhyme "Hush, Little Baby" is sang to him. When another character attempts to repeat the process later, she realizes that she doesn't know the lyrics. The killer then mocks her for it, indicating that it wouldn't have worked for her in the first place. White God : Lili calms down the rampaging pound dogs led by her former dog Hagen by playing Tannhauser on her trumpet. Hagen had previously heard her practice the song while living with her. Literature In The Fellowship of the Ring , Tom Bombadil's singing subdues Old Man Willow and causes him to release the hobbits. In J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lay of Leithian , when Beren and Lúthien shapeshift into Morgoth's lair, Lúthien sings a song so beautiful that Morgoth and his entire court fall into a deep sleep. Morgoth is so deeply asleep that Beren is able to carve out a coveted Silmaril from Morgoth's massive crown. Harry Potter : Fluffy the giant three-headed guard dog is lulled to sleep when music is played (a harp or a flute in this case), as a nod to Greek Mythology . In A Clash of Kings , Sandor Clegane a.k.a. The Hound hides in Sansa Stark 's room, drunk and badly wounded mentally and physically. When she comes in, he holds a knife to her throat and threatens to kill her unless she sings. She sings such a sweet song of mercy and peace that he cries. Apparently her song lulls the beast inside him to sleep and touches something human in him, possibly preventing him from raping and/or killing her. In The Last Days, the band formed by the main characters has the ability to bring out the giant worms lurking under the surface of New York City, allowing them to be killed. In The Wheel of Time , the Finn can be charmed by music. Flood by Andrew Vachss . Burke and Flood go to meet a snuff-film producer called Goldor with the intention of getting information from him. Things go wrong and Flood kills Goldor. After Burke has finished destroying the evidence and creating an alibi, he enters the Abandoned Warehouse where he's staying to find Flood doing a martial arts kata, recreating the kicks that killed Goldor again and again. In order to end her Heroic B.S.O.D. , Burke plays "Angel Baby" by Rosie and the Originals on his car's cassette player and invites Flood to dance. Here and there in Dinoverse characters can get dinosaurs they've met to relax and like them better by psychically projecting music. Inuit throat-singing calms the monster in The Terror , but as the spirit-governors who communicate with the creature have their tongues removed, the monster has to literally breathe down their throat. Nerves of Steel is a job requirement. Live Action TV Doctor Who : In "The Lazarus Experiment", the Doctor plays a modified organ to defeat the Monster of the Week . In "A Christmas Carol", Abgail's singing calms both the storm and the flying sharks inside it, letting the spaceship land safely. In "The Curse of Peladon," The Doctor sings a Venusian lullaby to soothe the monster terrorizing the kingdom. Merry, the Queen of Years, has to sing to keep the old god "Grandfather" peaceful. On Top Gear , Matt Smith 's practice runs on the guest lap had been full of driving errors but Clarkson was impressed by his intensity. On the video of the actual lap, Clarkson wonders aloud whether he's still channelling all that aggression. Cut to the inside of the car and: Matt Smith : Right... stay calm, concentrate... I'm siiinging in the raaain... Mythology and Religion In 1st Samuel of the Old Testament , King Saul was afflicted by "an evil spirit of the Lord" and asked for a musician who could cause that spirit to depart from him. David was that selected musician, and so often played for King Saul when he was afflicted. However, on a few occasions, the "evil spirit" got the better of King Saul, causing him to throw a javelin at David which he avoided. In Greek Mythology , Orpheus was able to get past Cerberus (the guard dog of the underworld) by playing music to soothe it. In Japanese Mythology , the Sun Goddess, Amaterasu was in a mix of a snit, fume and a snotty, bratty-like frump. To get her out of the cave she had hidden herself in (and, therefore get summer back), a whole set of activities were devised - including music. But, only the Sumo with the music really worked. Not so much calming the beast as trying to apply antidepressants to the fuming, injured ego, but the principle is the same. In the Old Norse legend of the Niflungs, related in Prose Edda , Poetic Edda and Vï¿½lsunga saga , King Gunnar of the Niflungs is thrown into a Snake Pit by his treacherous brother-in-law Atli and his sister Gudrun gives him a harp which he plays with his toes . His music puts all the snakes to sleep except one, which remains awake and kills him. Tabletop Games The bard's fascinate ability in Dungeons & Dragons does this. "If its saving throw fails, the creature sits quietly and listens to the song, taking no other actions, for as long as the bard continues to play and concentrate." Theatre The Magic Flute Video Games Pokï¿½mon : the move Sing makes the target fall asleep if it is accurate. The Pokémon Lullaby from the Poké Gear works by decreasing the chance of Random Encounters . Inverted with the Poke Flute and Blue Flute, which awaken sleeping Pokemon. In Dragon Quest , the Fairy Flute is the only reliable way to defeat the ridiculously overpowered Golem boss, which puts it to sleep. Super Paper Mario : Piccolo can be used to put the Underchomp to sleep, making the boss battle incredibly easy. This concept may have originated in Super Mario Bros. 3 , where the music box power-up puts Hammer Bros., piranha plants and other wandering mini bosses on the map to sleep. In Zelda II: The Adventure of Link , the flute you obtain from the Palace on the Sea is required to get past the River Devil in Eastern Hyrule. Referenced in Spyro: Ripto's Rage in the Fracture Hills by the bagpipe-playing satyrs. In the final cutscene, the earth-shapers can be seen covering their ears from the music with one of them losing his red eyes and deciding to dance along. To quote one of the satyrs: "Music can calm the savage beast. And bagpipe music can break solid rock!" "Music tames the savage beast..." is written on the back of the cover of Gitaroo Man . In Jables's Adventure , the dreaded SCUBA bear is said to be invincible and chases after Jables. However, after evading the bear and receiving a strawberry from the lady in the house, Jables is suddenly inspired to sing the Strawberry Shortcake theme song. This song calms the bear, which makes it safe to swim back past him. Romeo's Ballad from Final Fantasy V inflicts Stop on enemies. This plays a key role in breaking the "spiral of death" in Final Fantasy X . This particular incarnation of Sin will briefly become calm when it hears the Hymn of the Fayth since its own Fayth Jecht always loved that song. In the final push to defeat Sin, people from all across Spira sing the Hymn, distracting Sin long enough for the party and their airship to attack. In Ar tonelico , EXEC_HARMONIOUS/. is capable of calming those who hear it and making them happy; EXEC_HARMONIOUS_FUSION/. is a variation with similar effects. Both songs are used against bosses for whom such a soothing effect would be beneficial. In Five Nights at Freddy's 2 , the only way to pacify the Marionette is by winding up a music box that plays the refrain from "Grandfather's Clock". Webcomics In an alternative universe in Nodwick where Yeager never had a certain Artifact of Doom removed from his arm, he tried to distract himself from the urge to start wars it gave him with music. It doesn't seem to help much. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012) : Leatherhead invokes this trope by listening to a record player. Francis X. Bushlad discovers he has this ability in the Taz-Mania episode "The Pied Piper of Taz-Mania". On Celebrity Deathmatch with Paul Reubens vs. George Michael, a hungry tiger is unleshed and Paul Reubens talks George Michael into invoking this trope. It works and the tiger falls asleep ... that is until Paul Reubens utters the secret word of the day, and you can guess what happens next. Cow and Chicken has an episode where the two deal with a vicious jackal—that turns into a friendly, refined animal when Cow sings. It's only temporary, as Chicken discovers when Cow steps out, but luckily, his attempt at singing scares the jackal away . Ella, from Total Drama , can calm and attract any animal using her beautiful voice. In fact even her team realises the power her singing holds over animals and even requests her to sing to the bear in order to subdue it in "Mo Monkey Mo Problems". In an episode of The Smurfs , the Smurflings meet a monster that calls itself "Beastie" who loves their music and follows them everywhere as they play it. Eventually, however, Grandpa Smurf does some research and finds out that Beastie is the literal Savage Beast that inspired the phrase, meaning the Smurflings don't know until it's almost too late that without the music, it will fly into uncontrollable rage. In the episode "Song of Celice" of He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (1983) , the eponymous song is the only thing that keeps a monstrous creature asleep in the caverns deep beneath a city. Since her song unfortunately can soothe/hypnotize anything, it causes her to become the target of Skeletor and Evil-Lyn, who use her to enchant the Sorceress. As a result, the B plot of the episode revolves around He-Man finding a way to deal with the beast when he no longer has any means to soothe it. :: Indexes ::	i don't know
Which iconic British author, an MD for eight years in Southsea, who was born in 1859 and dies in 1930, was knighted for his defence of British policy in South Africa?	Bermuda Books, Correspondence and Reports 1145 web files about the internally self-governing British Overseas Territory of Bermuda in a comprehensive and constantly updated Gazetteer. Accommodation, airlines, airport, apartments, art, aviation register, banks, beaches, Bermuda citizenship by Status, Bermuda Dollar, Bermuda Government, Bermuda-incorporated international and local companies, Bermudians, books and publications, causeway, charities, churches, City of Hamilton, commerce, communities, credit cards, cruise ships, culture, cuisine, currency, customs, disability accessibility, districts, Dockyard, economy, education, employers, employment, entertainment, environment, executorships and estates, fauna, ferries, flora, former military bases, forts, gardens, geography, getting around, guest houses, golf, government, guest houses, history, homes, House of Assembly, housing, hotels, immigration, import duties, insurers and reinsurers, international business, internet access, islands, laws, legal system, legislation, legislators, location, main roads, magazines, marriages, media, members of parliament, motor vehicles, municipalities, music, newcomers, newspapers, organizations, parishes of Devonshire, Hamilton, Paget, Pembroke, Sandys, Smith's, Southampton, St George's, Warwick, parks, permanent residents, political parties, postage stamps, public holidays, public transportation, railway trail, religions, retailers, Royal Naval Dockyard, senior citizens, shipping registry, St. David's Island, Somerset, Spanish Point, Spittal Pond, sports, taxes, telecommunications, time zone, traditions, tourism, Town of St. George, Tucker's Town, utilities, water sports, weather, wildlife, work permits. Bermuda Books, Correspondence and Reports By title, local or overseas author and brief description By Keith Archibald Forbes (see About Us ) exclusively for Bermuda Online Introduction Bermuda, despite its tiny size of only 21 square miles or 50 square kilometers in total land area and resident population of only 64,000 or so people, has been written about profusely and documented in other ways far more so than many much bigger countries and islands. This is primarily because of its history as the oldest of all British overseas territories, unique geographical position, former geo-political military importance to the USA, Canada and UK and present huge significance as a leading international business center or tax haven and legal domicile for their businesses of all types. Bermuda books, correspondence and reports shown below are mostly by American, Bermudian, British-UK and Canadian and authors. They are listed by title, then name of author, then by dates of publication and publisher when known, and a short description. They are works of fact or fiction and have a general appeal about Bermuda from a tourism or economic or socio-economic or historic point of view and for all who use the World Wide Web. Those without 'Bermuda' in their title have some unique articles on Bermuda. Some are rare in Bermuda, much sought by local collectors and expensive. Be aware that Bermuda has changed so much in so many ways that most travel books of 2003 or earlier may be significantly out of date. Books specifically and solely about any one aspect of Bermuda, that logically have local-only, not world-wide value, may not be included, at this author's discretion. Books relating solely to Bermuda Government legislation or policies or regulations or reviews or statistics are generally beyond our remit). Please note this website is not a free advertising medium for Bermuda books. Free courtesy hyperlinks (links) to book authors and/or their publishers and/or the main websites of bookstores, will be shown gladly, to give their full details as Bermuda resources, once they return the courtesy with a free reciprocal link to our main Bermuda Online website at http://www.bermuda-online.org . See our Links and Mentions policy at http://www.bermuda-online.org/links.htm . Until then, please note neither this webpage nor our Bermuda Online sell books. Nor do we have any further information on any of the items shown below beyond what is shown. Books, Correspondence and Reports 100 years of Hospital Care in Bermuda. Randolf Williams. 1609 was a Pretty Good Year. Carter, Margaret.16 pp. Paper. 1944: FDR and the Year That Changed History. US author Jay Winik. 2015. Includes significant references to Bermuda and its role in the dark years of the Second World War. As the United States and president Franklin Roosevelt grappled with arguments over how to intervene in the Nazi campaign of genocide against Europeï¿½s Jews, Bermuda provided an ideal location to hold secret talks. The question of whether to attack Nazi concentration camps was complicated by the Alliesï¿½ overstretched war capabilities, but their humanitarian failings, juxtaposed with the peaceful island scenery, are explored.1944 was the year of exceptional pressure on Roosevelt, as well as being the one that determined the warï¿½s outcome. Roosevelt knew Bermudaï¿½s geographical significance, having observed in 1941, before the United States even entered the war, that if the Island fell into hostile hands, it would be ï¿½a matter of less than three hours for hostile bombers to reach our shores.ï¿½. Three years later, it was Bermudaï¿½s relative obscurity that made the location ideal for the 1944 Anglo-American conference on refugees. Bermuda was conveniently removed from the press and the humanitarian groups pushing for the attack on the camps to take higher priority. The delegates stayed for 12 days at Horizons, but the talks faltered. Associate Justice Owen J Roberts was unable to attend as chairman of the American delegation. The Bermuda delegates were mired in disagreement, and Nazi forces closed in on the Jews of Warsaw, the ï¿½ill-fatedï¿½ conference ended in silence. 1,000 miles on a Bicycle. Kron. 1887. New York. With much on Bermuda. A Bermuda Garden of Song. Bessie Gray. A book of poetry about Bermuda. A Berth to Bermuda. Robinson. 1961. 120 pages. Illustrated. A Berth to Bermuda: 100 Years of the World's Classic Ocean Race. John Rousmaniere. 2006. Mystic Seaport: Cruising Club of America. The oldest regularly scheduled ocean race began in 1906 with the-then radical idea of amateur sailors racing normal boats in the ocean. The Bermuda Race was the brainchild of Thomas Fleming Day, editor of the USA's most influential boating magazine, The Rudder. A Birdwatching Guide to Bermuda. 2002. By avid bird watcher Bermudian Andrew Dobson. $23.95. 365 species, although Bermuda residents are only 19. Many others find their way here in winter. Best areas for birding, by parish. A Brave Vessel: The True Tale of the Castaways Who Rescued Jamestown and Inspired Shakespeare's The Tempest . Hobson Woodward, Viking, 2009. Focuses on William Strachey, an English writer whose works are among the primary sources for the early history of the English colonization of North America, and the 1609 shipwreck of the Sea Venture on the uninhabited island of Bermuda. The survivors eventually reached Virginia after building two small ships during the ten months they spent on the island. A Carto-Bibliography for Bermuda, 1511-1948. Jonathan Land Evans. It sets out, chronologically and in schematic detail (including their publishing history and indicative rarity ratings), all of the old printed maps of Bermuda known to the author. A Century of Passenger Liners to Bermuda. 2014. Piers Plowman and marine artist Stephen Card. Book traces their history. A Century of Service. K. C. Baglehole. A Story of Cable and Wireless including its Bermuda operation. A Colony at War. Bermuda in the global fight against fascism, 1939-1945. Jonathan Land Evans. Published December 4, 2013. 450 pages. A wide-ranging study of the small but importantly-situated British colony of Bermuda during the Second World War. Includes references to and descriptions of the Battle of the Atlantic fought by the Royal Navy, Royal Canadian Navy and US Navy and their Bermuda bases, the creation of the US naval and military bases, the important Imperial Censorship station, and numerous practical issues that confronted British, Bermudian and American officials in this British Atlantic colony (the oldest, smallest but most affluent of the British Overseas Territories) as they sought to survive and win the war against Hitler's Germany. A Conspiracy To Kill - The 1973 Assassination Of Bermuda's Governor. Mel Ayton. Author recounts this event, one of the very few assassinations in any British territory. It compromised Bermuda tourism for many years. A Discovery of the Bermudas. Jourdain. 1940. 24 pages. A Cruise to the Somers Isles. Article, 21st March 1857. Harper's Weekly. A Dog Called Bethlehem. Sam Morse-Brown, 1978. His dog, also illustrated by him, with many line drawings. 63 pages. A Fall from Aloft. Bermudian Brian Burland. Novel. 1969. Random House. Bermuda in WWII, about a troublesome boy shipped off to boarding school in the war. The boy, torn by guilt from his previous bad behavior and expulsion, experiences an awful an ocean crossing and the horrors of war. A Genealogical Chronicle: Sir William Darell of Brodsworth, Yorkshire. James S Dorrill and Gordon A Reed. 1996. Book 1. Book 2: The Families of Bermuda. A Geography of Bermuda. Watson et al. 1965. London and Glasgow, Collins. 128 pages. Illustrated. A Guide to the Birds of Bermuda. Eric Amos. 1991. Corncrake. A Guide to the Economy of Bermuda. Robert Stewart. 2003. A Guide to the Reef, Shore and Game Fish of Bermuda. Mowbray, LS. 1982. 73 pages. Island Press Ltd. A Hat for a Promise. 2010. Trudy Snaith. One of her Bermudian Girl series. A History of Bermuda and its Money. Dr. Nelson Page Aspen. 1979/1980. Wm. T. Cooke Publishing, Devon. PA. Updated in 2000. Hardcover. A History of Conyers, Dill & Pearman. Roger Crombie. About the prominent Bermuda legal firm. A Lion to Guard Us. Children's author Clyde Robert Bulla. A fictionalized account of the 1609 Sea Venture voyage. It focuses on three children sailing to Jamestown to find their father. A Look at Paradise, News From Bermuda 1700-1800. Philip Rabito-Wyppensenwah. 2002. Part 1 in a series devoted to Bermudian history. A Lost Description of Plymouth Colony. John Pory. (Half the book about Bermuda, including pull-out maps). 1918, Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin. Limited edition of 365. A Voyage to Virginia in 1609: Two Narratives: Strachey's "True Reportory" and Jourdain's Discovery of the Bermudas. William Strachey, Silvester Jourdain and Louis B Wright (15 May 2013) Air Mails of Bermuda. Norman C. Baldwin. Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham, UK, F. J. Field, 1967. [16 pp.]. A Man Called Intrepid. William Stevenson. An account of Sir William Stephenson and his Bermuda exploits during and after World War 2. A Matter of Time. David Manuel. 2002. A frequent visitor to and written in Bermuda. One of the Faith Abbey Mystery fictional series of spiritual thrillers. Set in Bermuda by the Cape Cod author, about a monk who solves a Bermuda murder. A Muted Islam: Narrative of a Naturalist Imamï¿½s Message. Khalid Wasi. 2015. Details the history of Bermuda's Muslim community. published by Strategic Book Publishing & Rights Agency. The result of ten years of work by the former political candidate. It talks about the breakdown of the Nation of Islam, how it happened and about the struggle with Islamic fundamentalism which was emerging during the mid-to-late seventies. A Natural History of Bermuda. By Canadian ecologist Dr. Martin Thomas, professor emeritus at the University of New Brunswick. 2000. Coffee table book. A Naturalist's Field Guide to Bermuda. An Exploration of the Island's Common and Important Wildlife and Geology. 2010. Canadian ecologist Dr. Martin Thomas, professor emeritus at the University of New Brunswick. Published by the Bermuda Zoological Society. Airmails of Bermuda. Baldwin. 1967. A philatelic study. F J Field, Sutton Coldfield, England. A New Dawn. Smith. An Analysis of the Emancipation Experience in Bermuda. A Pocket Guide to the West Indies and Bermuda. Aspinall. 1907. A Project for Printing in Bermuda. McMurtrie, 1772 and 1928. Pamphlet. A Random Walk Through the Forest. 2009. Joseph Christopher, former Bermuda chief education officer. 140 pages. Traces education in Bermuda in the last half of the 20th century. A Ray of Hope. Carol D. Hill. 2000. The first 25 years of the Bermuda Sunshine League, founded as a social work charity 1919. A School is Born. Thomas F. Davies. 1988. A history of St. George's Grammar School 1875-1975. 152 pages, black & white photos. A Storm in a Teacup. Dr. Eva Hodgson. A Study of the Printings of the King George VI Key-Type High Values of Bermuda, Leeward Islands & Nyasaland. Eric P. Yendell. Study paper no. 13. King George VI Collectors Society, 1983; 21 pp. A Tale of Two Colonies: What Really Happened in Virginia and Bermuda? Virginia Bernhard. November 15, 2011. A Tale of Two Houses. John Gilbert. Island Press. History and day to day business of Bermuda's Parliament. A Time For Treason. Anne Newton Walther. 2000. Novel, based on historical fact on the Bermuda Gunpowder Plot. Begins in Virginiaï¿½s Tidewater region on the brink of the American Revolution and climaxes on Bermuda after the battles of Concord and Bunker Hill. 451 pages. $18.75. A Tribute to Mothers and Fathers. Bermuda Poetry Association. A True Bermudian Champion. 2005. Tommy Aitchison. About Austin (Cheesey) Hughes, regarded as one of the most gifted all-round sportsmen in Bermuda's history, having excelled at cricket, football and billiards from the post-war 1940s through to the 1960s. 61 pages. Austin 'Clarence' Farrar. An eye for Innovation. David Chivers. Farrar was a famous designer, sailor and sailmaker. He sailed in Bermuda with the late Shorty Trimingham, et al, some years ago, a design for a new dinghy came about through his association with Bermuda sailors. A Visit to the Bermudas in March, 1894. Alexander Agassiz. 1895. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 26(2): 207-279. 30 plates. A Voyage in Flowers. 2003. Jane Sybilla Crosland. Includes a chapter on Bermuda. A Voyage to Virginia 1609, Two Narratives. Strachey's "True Reportory" and Jourdain's Discovery of the Bermudas. Compiled by Louis Booker Wright. 1964. May. Reprinted May 30, 2013. University of Virginia Press. Contains first-hand reports of authors William Strachey and Sylvester Jourdain who were traveling from England to Jamestown as secretaries to Admiral Sir George Somers and Virginia Governor-elect Sir Thomas Gates when they were shipwrecked off the coast of Bermuda in 1609. It is believed the narrative fell into the hands of William Shakespeare and he used it as his inspiration for The Tempest. The ï¿½Sea Ventureï¿½ wreck led to the permanent settlement of Bermuda in 1612. No humans, European or aboriginal, inhabited the Bermuda archipelago when the ï¿½Sea Ventureï¿½ fortuitously arrived. Reprinted 2013. Accounting for Bermuda Charities. Co-written by Roger Crombie and Pio Monteiro. Acel'dama. Neville T. Darrell. 2003. The untold story of the murder of the Governor of Bermuda, Sir Richard Sharples. $25. Adventures of King. Esra Turner. Bermuda children's book. Adventurers of Bermuda (The). Dr. Henry Wilkinson . 1933, London 1st edition; 1958, Oxford University Press, 2nd edition. Adventuring with Beebe. William Beebe, 1955. An Account of Bermuda, Past and Present. 1883. By John Ogilvy, born Aberdeen, Scotland 1831, died Frimley, Sussex, England 1899. Entered the British Army in 1853 as assistant surgeon, retired before 1885 with the honorary rank of Surgeon General. Listed in the Army List as Principal Medical Officer to Bermuda, 1882. It is believed he spent about five years in Bermuda in that position. One of his direct descendants is Scottish political satirist and comedian Rory Bremner, who discovered a connection to Bermuda in early 2009 through his great-grandfather, the island's deputy surgeon general in Victorian times, via the BBC genealogy program "Who Do You Think You Are?." During his years serving as the British Army's Principal Medical Officer to Bermuda, Bremner's great-grandfather married into one of the island's oldest families and wrote a book chronicling both Bermuda's history and the state of affairs in the late 19th century. Aberdeen-born Ogilvy had qualified at the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh in the 1850s, going on to serve as a medical officer in the British Army during the Crimean War. Ogilvy went on to serve in India, then accepted the post of deputy surgeon general in Bermuda in 1881. Ogilvy was by this time a widower, and left his three children behind in England. While in Bermuda, he married a young woman called Emma Gilbert, a descendent of the original Trimingham family who arrived on the island in the mid-1600s. Ogilvy immersed himself in island life and researched its history, eventually completing this book. He had at least four children with his new Bermudian wife, who was well over 20 years his junior. He moved back to England with his young family after retiring from the British Army, reuniting with his other children and dying in Surrey in 1899. An Artist Explains. By the late Bermuda-based British artist Sam Morse-Brown, 1992. Island Press Limited, Bermuda. Illustrated. An Attempt to develop the Law of Storms. Lieut. Col. W. Reid, CB, RE. (later, Governor of Bermuda). An Early History of Bermuda for Children. A. Tucker. 1930's. 110 pages. Illustrated. An Emigrant Speaks. Annie Seymour Drake Burrows, who changed her name to Anne Lous. 1981. It includes a description of the historic home "The Cedars" on Cedar Avenue in Hamilton. An Introduction to the History of Bermuda. Professor Wesley Frank Craven. An Isle So Long Unknown. Angela Barry. Short stories. A Narrative of The Campaigns. Gleig, 1826. The author visited Bermuda to record the 1814 Attack on Washington from Bermuda by the Royal Navy. He mentions Bermuda on pages 66 to 82. An Irishman Came Through. David F. Raine. About Tom Moore's visit to Bermuda for three months during 1803-4. Acts of The Legislature of the Islands of Bermuda,1691-1860. All about Bermuda. Bushells Handbook 1903, Vol. VIII. America Anglois. Blome. 1688. His Majesty's territories in America with seven folding Morden maps including Bermuda, Carolina, Virginia and New York. Rare edition, about $4500. Animals Marooned: A Story of Wartime Bermuda. Margaret Evans Price. Anniversaries & Great Moments in Classical Music History. Keith Forbes, in 12 volumes. 2009. Covering each day of the year, when operas, operettas and other memorable music of the world's greatest composers were first performed and where. Another World. Bermuda and the Rise of Modern Tourism. Dr. Duncan McDowall. Macmillan Caribbean, 1999. ISBN 0-333-72753-3. A unique perspective of tourism in Bermuda. Antiques Magazine. August 1978. Extensive Bermuda coverage with photos.. Appearances and Disappearances. Strange Comings and Goings from the Bermuda Triangle to the Mary Celeste. 1992. Peter ed. Brookesmith. Published by Black Cat. Hardcover. Architecture - Bermuda style. Bermudian the late David Raine. Armed Truce: The Beginnings of the Cold War 1945-46. Hugh Thomas. Army Abstracts of the Accounts of the Several Commissaries. 1829. House of Commons, London. Bermuda was costing the British Army more than ï¿½95,000 a year at that time. Artist in Battledress. By late Bermuda-based British artist Sam Morse-Brown, Portrait drawings done from life on active service with the British Army 1939-1945. Some of the best are of World War 2 generals and statesmen. Island Press Limited, Bermuda. Illustrated. Assault on Law and Order in Bermuda, 1972-1973: The Assassination of Governor Sir Richard Sharples and the Related Killings. Mel Ayton. 2010. Paperback. Ate The Dog Yesterday. Graham Faiella. 2013. The Bermudian author, born in Somerset but living in Wimbledon, London, was investigating the history of two Bermuda 19th century wrecks of Southampton. His research frequently led often through the pages of the daily shipping newspaper Lloydï¿½s List. There, his attention was constantly diverted to the Casualties columns. These included numerous reports of shipwrecks, castaways, Cape Horn storms, messages in bottles, and other diverse maritime catastrophes. He began to transcribe the most vivid, interesting and dramatic reports, following up many of them with further research. He eventually arranged these, with annotated further observations, by categories and chapters as a manuscript. The book's title is the first line of a message in a bottle written by a castaway mariner on a raft in 1873 and picked up on a beach along the Gulf of Mexico coast in 1875. At Home in Early Bermuda. John Cox. November 2011. The author, with an extensive Bermudian historical background and roots, sheds light on early Bermuda, weaving together letters, diaries and long-told family stories. Atlantic Islanders of the Azores and Madeira. Francis M. Rogers. With Bermuda references. Atlantis: Bermuda Triangle. Greg Donegan. 2000. Berkley Publishing. Paperback. Atlantis Bermuda Triangle. Bob Mayer. August 31, 2011. Kindle Edition. Battle for Freedom. Durham-Thompson. Bermudian Drama and Poetry. Beautiful Bermuda. Euphemia Young Bell. 1911 (scarce) to 1913. 234 pages; 1929 edition, 236 pages; 1947 edition Bermuda and New York, 736 pages. Beautiful Bermuda. Euphemia Young Bell. 1934. Beautiful Bermuda. Euphemia Young Bell. 1945. Beautiful Bermuda. Euphemia Young Bell. 1946. Beautiful Bermuda. Euphemia Young Bell. 1947. Bella Durmiente Bermudas. Published by Librifer S. Coop. Spanish. Berlitz Travel Guide to Bermuda. 1987. Published by Hungry Minds Inc, USA. Paperback. Bermuda 1609-2009, 400 years 400 Portraits. 2009. 176 pages. A section for each of Bermuda's four centuries of history. Portrays the 400 persons who made significant contributions towards the evolution of the Island's economic, social, political, cultural, sports, religious life and other realms. Bermuda. Rosemary Jones. Moon Handbooks. 380 pages. 2006. Published by Avalon Travel Publishing. Bermuda. Henry R. Holmes. London, H.F. Johnson, 1932; 93 pp. Bermuda. Henry Clay Gipson, Jr. 1937, New York, Cameron & Buckley, photos and map. Author was a noted US photographer and friend of author F. van Wyck Mason. Bermuda. Dr. Theodore L. Godet. Local. 1859/1960. A treatise. Bermuda. Richard Joseph. 1967. From the Around the World Program by the American Geographical Society. With many illustrations. Published by Nelson Doubleday, Inc. and Odhams Books Ltd. Bermuda. Lonely Planet, first edition. 1998. ISBN 0-864421-417-5. Bermuda. Lonely Planet Publications. Glenda Bendure, Ned Friary. Paperback. Bermuda 1609-2000. Four Hundred Years, 400 Portraits. Meredith Ebbin. Produced by the Bermuda 400th anniversary committee. Bermuda 2001. Frommer's Complete Guides. 2000. Prince, Danforth, Porter, Darwin. Paperback. Bermuda: A Colony, A Fortress, and a Prison or Eighteen Months in the Somers' Islands. "A Field Officer." (Lt. Col. Ferdinand Whittingham). Late 1840's. He focused on the British convicts sent to Bermuda over a period of more than 40 years. Rare, the author is frank about his views on Bermuda. Bermuda: A Study of the King George VI High Value Definitives - 12/6 Perf. 14. Wilson C. K. Wong. Study paper no. 14. King George VI Collectors Society, 1989; 46 pp. Bermuda: A Travel Survival Kit. Lonely Planet Travel Guides. 1997. Glenda Bendure, Ned Friary. Paperback. Bermuda 1899: The Memories of Emily Pugh (1888 to 1974). Scott Stallard, her grandson. Bermuda Acts 1690-1867. Reginald Gray, then Chief Justice. Bermuda, 1938-53, 1/- to ï¿½1: Inferences from the Crown Agents' Records. Study paper no. 2. King George VI Collectors Society, 1973; 16 pp. Originally published as whole number 74 of Geosix. Bermuda Aerial Views. Scott Stallard. 1995. Aerial photographs, with text. Bermuda, A Few Highways and Byways. Ethel and Catherine F. Tucker. Printed in Great Britain by J. Salmon, Art Publishers, Sevenoaks, Kent. One of several books by them. Bermuda, Around the World Program.1956. p 56, Doubleday Bermuda - a floral sampler. Elizabeth W. Curtis. 1978. Illustrations by Diana Amos. Bermuda: A Gardner's Guide. 2002. Garden Club of Bermuda. Many illustrations and color photographs by then-Chief Justice Richard Ground. $45 Bermuda and The American Revolution. Kerr. 1st edition 1936, Princeton University Press. Bermuda and the Supernatural. Terry Tucker. Bermuda and the Struggle for Reform: Race, Politics and Ideology, 1944-1998. August 9, 2011. Walton Brown, Jr. Bermuda: An Economy Which Works. Robert Stewart. 1997, Island Press Ltd., Bermuda. 350 pages, $30.00. The author retired as Bermuda CEO of the Royal Dutch Shell Group of Companies in Bermuda. Bermuda: An Idyl of The Summer Islands. Julia C. R. Dorr, 1884, New York, Scribners. 148 pages. Bermuda As It Used To Be. Late David Raine. 1988. Pompano Publications, Bermuda. 122 pages. Bermuda Atlas & Gazetteer. Daniel Blagg. 1997. American author whose parents were once based here with the US Air Force. Later, he returned to Bermuda for 11+ years, taught at Saltus Grammar School. 400+ pages of historical text, new color maps and original watercolors by artist Luca Gasperi, Book is a uniquely valuable local resource. Bermuda A World Apart: An island and its people. Roger A. Labrucherie (Photographer). Hardcover, coffee table book. Bermuda Ballads. Garrard. c. 1960. Bermuda Press. 24 pages. Bermuda Back in the Day. Scott Stallard. 2010. Contains numerous pictures of Bermuda from the 1950s, many originally slides by the author. Nice reminders of Bermuda in some of her finest years. $35, 150 pages. Bermuda Boating. 2016, Ralph Richardson. 3rd edition, earlier out of print for 3 years. A valuable piloting and safety resource for local boaters, also features a new chapter about cruising in Bermuda. As a piloting and safety resource for local boaters it has assisted many in passing the local marine pilot exams. Others have learnt the basics of boat handling, mooring and piloting without a formal course by relying on the book as their key resource. Mentions the many bays and coves around the island, such as Mangrove Bay, Elyï¿½s Harbour, Dolleyï¿½s Bay, Castle Harbour and other secluded anchorages. Bermuda by Air: A Handbook and Catalog of Bermuda Philately. 1966. Charles E. Cwiakala. Edited by R.W. Dickgiesser. Killen, Ala., Bermuda Catalog Project, 1996, xiv+141 pp.; bibliography. Bermuda Beyond the Crossroads. By Barbara Katherine (Harries) Hunter, widow of the late J. H. Owen Harries and Robert G. Hunter; long-term reading teacher at Prospect Primary School and Gilbert Institute. ï¿½She died in January 2011. Bermuda Biodiversity Country Study. 2001, $25, 103 colorful pages detailing Bermuda's rich assemblage of plant and animal life. Bermuda Aquarium Gift Shop. Bermuda Calling. Garth. 1944. A wartime Bermuda novel. New York, Putnam. Bermuda Constitutional Documents & Correspondence. By Bermudian retired lawyer and former UBP Parliamentarian William Cox. 2009. Published to coincide with Bermuda's 400th anniversary. Intended as a primer for voters, explaining the importance of the Constitution and documenting its evolution from its earliest 17th-century model. Bermuda Contrails. Alan Edmund Smith, frequent Bermuda visitor and former Royal Air Force pilot. A World War 2 novel, set in Bermuda. 2012. Fiction based on fact. The Island inspired his two earlier books: The Bermuda Affair in 2001, The Bermuda Saga in 2006. So-titled because according to the author, "In the summer of 1940 the time of the Battle of Britain, mysterious aircraft condensation trails were repeatedly seen over Bermuda. Contrails had never been seen over Bermuda before and are not easily explained. Every few days a very highflying aircraft, only detectable by its white contrail, would approach St Georgeï¿½s from the direction of Europe, fly the whole length of the Islands, including the Royal Navy Dockyard, then turn back to St Georgeï¿½s and fly out to sea the way it had come. Nobody had an explanation and it was hard to believe that the Germans had an aircraft capable of flying from Europe to Bermuda and back, the distance being so great. The British Government said they were not responsible, so did the Americans. The British Prime Minister Winston Churchill expressed his deep concern and ordered the RAF to investigate, but without success.ï¿½ Bermuda Cookbook (The). By Cecile C. Snaith. Bermuda Cookery. Bermuda Junior Service League (BJSL), a women's volunteer organization. Bermuda cuisine and culture. Sold a quarter of a million copies over a period of three decades. BJSL used the funds from the first book to run the Deliverance in St. Georgeï¿½s for twenty years, and build a playground and a rape crisis centre, among other projects. Bermuda Cottage Plans. 1948, Bermuda Historical Monuments Trust, Hamilton. Bermuda Days. Marsh. 1930. Intimate Glimpses of The Hapagesy Island. New York, Revell. 157 pages. Illustrated. Bermuda Dick. The Story of Forest Convicts Transported to Bermuda. March 28, 2002. Averil Kear, How six men from the Forest of Dean in the UK were sent for chain-gang convict labor in Bermuda on a prison hulk after being convicted of rape in 1851.168 pages, hardback. Illustrated. UK Price ï¿½12.95. Bermuda During the American Revolution. Isaac J. Greenwood. Bermuda during the Ice Age. Sayles. 1931. 87 pages. Map, charts etc. Bermuda Exhibition 1872. Catalogue. The Bermuda Factor: Volume 1. Roger Crombie, late 2001. $19.95. First 30 of more than 100 humorous columns written by this British Bermuda-based journalist and writer since 1992, now in book form. Bermuda Fishing. Brooks. 1957. P. A. Stackpole. 165 pages. Bermuda: Five Centuries. Bermudian Rosemary Jones. 2004. A coffee table book history of the island. Bermuda: Five Centuries for Young People. Rosemary Jones and Paul Shapiro. A children's version of the above book, $48. 2009. In celebration of the island's 400th anniversary, full-colour, 160-pages, hardback. Traces the island's history from the age of discovery through to current times and was created for the Ministry of Education as a resource for children in primary and middle schools. Bermuda: Five Centuries Teachers' Guide. Rosemary Jones. 2011. The textbook and guide are meant to be used across the curriculum. Bermuda Flora (2006). Don Moore. Bermuda Folklore & Calypso Poems. Stan (Lord Necktie) Seymour. 1995. Blends stories and poetry to cover local history, characters. Bermuda Football Teams. Dale Butler, 2009. 210 pages. Bermuda Forts 1612-1957. Dr. Edward Harris, FSA. 1997. Bermuda Maritime Press. Illustrated, hardcover, 358 pages, very detailed and expensive. Bermuda From Sail to Steam. Dr. Henry Wilkinson. 1973. 2 vols. 951 pages. Bermuda From The Air. Scott Stallard. 1996. $38. Oakwell/Boulton. Aerial photos, follow up to "Bermuda Aerial Views." Bermuda Gamble. 2010. Stewart Jackson Lamont, a church minister posted briefly to Bermuda in 2008 as a locum at Christ Church in Warwick, a former military chaplain, writing under the name Jackson Lamont. Thriller. Fiction. International crime, online gambling and political intrigue. In the book, the Premier of Bermuda has just unknowingly hired an international crime syndicate to set up a gambling industry in Bermuda. Commander Neal Anderson, who works for intelligence in the Royal Navy, and a journalist investigate. Bermuda Gardens and Houses. Ian Macdonald-Smith and Sylvia Shorto. January 1, 1996. Hardcover. Bermuda Glimpses. Early 1800's. Published in England. First book on Bermuda published overseas. Bermuda Gold. Lee Slonimsky. Moonshine Cove Publishing. Fiction. Author has drawn upon his real-life background as a New York hedge fund manager and former educator at a justice college to create a detective thriller that occurs on the streets of Manhattan, the splendor of the greater New York environs, and the beauty of the sun-kissed island of Bermuda. Available from The Bookmart at Brown & Co, and online from Amazon. Bermuda Grass. Novel. Golf mystery. British author Keith Miles. Poisoned Pen Press, Scottsdale, Arizona. Set at a fictitious golf resort in Bermuda. Bermuda Guide. Stark. 1902. 153 pages. Bermuda Guide. 1997. Open Road Travel Guides. Ron Charles. Paperback. Bermuda Ha Ha. Roger Crombie. A compendium of 30 humorous columns he wrote from 1995-1998 in the local RG Magazine. 202 pages. Author self-published under the Matrix Books Bermuda label. Bermuda Hearts. Jennifer Vladimir Shashaty. Her first Historical Romance Novel. A Bennington Hall Legacy Romance. 2005. Bermuda, Her Plants and Gardens 1609-1850. Jill Collett. 1987. Bermuda Historical Quarterlies. Volumes 1-38, each with 4 editions 1944-1981. Out of print, some available from Bermuda Historical Society. All can be seen in Reference Library, Bermuda National Library, Hamilton. Bermuda Holiday. Tweedy. 1950. New York, Crown, 162 pages. Bermuda Houses. Professor John S. Humphreys, AIA. 1923. Associate Professor of the Harvard University School of Architecture. Boston, Marshall Jones. 1st edition. 181 plates. The architecture and uniqueness of many of Bermuda's domestic buildings from the 1640s. He wrote that the unique form of Bermuda architecture was one of the most charming things about Bermuda. Bermuda Houses and Gardens. 1979. 88 pages. Black & white photos of many of Bermuda's private Homes and Gardens. Bermuda in Art. For lovers of Colour. Joan Aspinall. 2008. Bermuda index 1784-1914: An index of births, marriages, deaths. C. F. E Hollis Hallett. As recorded in Bermuda newspapers. Bermuda in Full Color. Hannau. No date. 128 pages Bermuda in Painted Representation, Volume I. Jonathan Land Evans. Privately printed, text only. Bermuda in Painted Representation, Volume II. Jonathan Land Evans. Privately printed, text only. Bermuda in Painted Representation, Volume III: the Bermudian era. Jonathan Land Evans. (The concluding volume of that trilogy, which takes the reader on a lengthy but hopefully not too exhausting guided tour of how and by whom Bermuda has been depicted in artworks, from the earliest days until recent times). Bermuda in Painted Representation: A Survey of How (And By Whom) Bermuda has been Depicted in Art. Jonathan Land Evans, Bermudian art historian. 2012. In two volumes. A follow-up to his 2009/2010 book Encyclopedia of Bermuda Artists. The first two volumes are The Garrison Era and The Cosmopolitan Era. They cover over 1000 artists and go up to about 1953. A third volume, The Bermudian Era, going up to about the year 2000, is a work in progress. Bermuda In Periodical Literature. A bibliography. George Watson Cole, 1907. Alphabetically catalogues periodical literature, with a small summary of the information on each article. 275 pages. Bermuda In Poetry 1610-1908. Poems by Waller, Marvel, Freneau, Moore and others. 1915. Selected by Hicks, Frederick Charles, AM, LL.B.., Law Librarian, Columbia University. Bermuda (Insight Guide Bermuda). Brian Bell. October 2001. Bermuda Insight Pocket Guide. 2000. David F. Raine .APA Publications Pte. Bermuda in the Old Empire. Dr. Henry Wilkinson. 1950, London and Oxford. 457 pages. One of the most complete and best books ever written about Bermuda at that time. Bermuda in Three Colors. Carveth Wells. 1935. Published in New York by Robert M. McBride. 271pp; 64pp illus from photographs. Has chapters on Bermudian history, train travel, bicycling, carriage trips, a "who's who" of Bermudians, old recipes, &c. 8. 5" x 5. Bermuda in Three Colors. Carveth Wells. 1950s. Bermuda Institute: Origin, Philosophy, Growth. Leslie Holder, 2000. History of the Seventh Day Adventist School in Bermuda. Bermuda (Islands). John J. Jackson (January 28, 1988). Bermuda Islands Guide. Complete Map and Information Guide to Bermuda. 1982. Clarion Enterprises. Correct at that time but outdated now. Maps, places of interest, all roads, restaurants, bars and clubs, hotels and guest houses, ferries and buses, beaches, parks and recreation areas, churches, gas stations, telephones. Bermuda Islands Pipe Band 1955-2005. A paper. George L. Cook (piper). A 50th anniversary publication. "The story of the Bermuda Islands Pipe Band (BIPB) starts in 1955. Today's band, however, emerged in 1993 from the unification of the Bermuda Cadets Pipe Band and the Bermuda Pipe Band. The older of the two parents began in July, 1955, when the Pipes and Drums of 'A' Company, Bermuda Cadet Corps (BCC), paraded for the first time at Warwick Camp during the annual camp of cadets from Mount St. Agnes Academy, Saltus Grammar School and Warwick Academy. Bermuda, Isle of My Heritage. Joy Cora Elizabeth Wilson-Tucker. July 1983, personal manuscript, not a book. Bermuda: Its History, Geology, Climate, Products, Agriculture, Commerce and Government, from the earliest period. Theodore L. Godet, MD. Re-issued 31 Aug 2012. Bermuda: Its History, Geology, Climate, Products, Agriculture, Commerce, and Government, with Hints to Invalids. Theodore L. Godet (31 Aug 2012) Bermuda Journal of Archaeology and Maritime History. Vols. 1-5. Bermuda Maritime Museum Association. Bermuda Journey. A leisurely Guide Book. William S. Zuill. 1946 edition, with illustrations by Scott White, maps by Will Onions and Val Bouchard. New York, Coward-McCann, and 1958 edition, 426 pages. The Bermuda Jubilee Garden. Edited by Elfrida L. Wardman. 1971. Published by The Garden Club of Bermuda, to mark its 50th anniversary. Printed in Scotland by Robert MacLehose and Company Limited. The University Press, Glasgow. 349 pages. Illustrated. Bermuda King George VI High Values: A Guide to the Flaws and Printings. Robert W. Dickgiesser. Weston, Mass., Triad Publications, 1980, 59 pp.; bibliography. Bermuda Light - The Story of Gibbs's Hill Lighthouse. Michael Dolding. Booklet. Chronicles the building of this major Bermuda landmark since its placement high on a hill in Southampton Parish in 1846. Alexander Gordon was a British (Scottish) engineer who became famous for the use of prefabricated cast-iron for buildings, including his Bermuda Gibb's Hill lighthouse. His father had invented a system for compressing gas and making it usable in a portable form and Alexander followed him in the gasworks business in London, but also patented apparatus to do with the actual lights of lighthouses. At the age of 67, he died at Sandown, Isle of Wight, UK, having designed and constructed at least seven cast iron lighthouses for British possessions in the Americas. The first was in 1841, at Morant Point in Jamaica. His second was in 1846 at Gibbs Hill, while the third was placed at Cap Pine in Newfoundland in 1850. In 1852 there were two, one at South Point, Barbados and the other at Grand Turk, in what is now part of the Turks and Caicos Islands. Later ones were at Great Isaac Cay, north of Bimini in the Bahamas archipelago, while another is on Lobos Cay, Bahamas. George Grove, later knighted, was the engineer constructor of the lighthouses at Jamaica and Bermuda and became very famous for his ï¿½Groveï¿½s Dictionary of Music and Musiciansï¿½, published 1878ï¿½1880. Gibb's Hill Lighthouse, painted two year later by Major Edmund Hallewell Bermuda Longtail. By Photographer and TV icon Reg Grundy who in 1982 arrived at his Bermuda estate, with his wife, Joy Chambers-Grundy. The Australian media mogul's TV credits included the globally successful soap opera Neighbours, Prisoner: Cell Block H and Wheel Of Fortune. Locally he is renowned for his photographs of the islandï¿½s longtail, which adorned the walls of L.F. Wade International Airport and the Commissionerï¿½s House in Dockyard. He highlighted his passion for the bird in his most recent book Mother and Child, writing: ï¿½I do have a favourite bird, the glorious longtail of Bermuda, which I have been photographing consistently for 30 years. It is a magical miracle of flight, sweeping majestically in the sky with its pristine white body and its long tail of black and white feathers gliding behind. Joy says that if I come back to Earth Iï¿½ll be a longtail. I wouldnï¿½t mind that a bit.ï¿½ Mr Grundy, OBE, PhD, has published several photography books, including this Bermuda Longtail, which was distributed to all of Bermudaï¿½s schools. He created the largest independent television company in the world, Grundy Worldwide, and was known for his introduction of TV series Neighbours in the mid-1980s, which gave birth to the career of Kylie Minogue. He has won numerous awards including the International Emmy for accomplishments by an individual whose work is recognized throughout the world. Bermuda Mails to 1865; An Inventory of the Postal Markings. Michel Forand and Charles Freeland. Monograph no. 13. British Caribbean Philatelic Study Group, 1995; 128 pp.; bibliography, index. Bermuda Maritime Museum and The Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda. Dr. Jack (John) C. Arnell. Official Guide. Bermuda Memorial Inscriptions. Hilary and Richard Tulloch. 2011. Bermuda National Trust and the National Museum of Bermuda. Gravestones at the Bermuda-based British Military graveyards of British Army personnel who died in Bermuda and were buried at the eastern end of St. George's Island and Royal Navy personnel including several Admirals buried at the Royal Naval Cemetery at Ireland Island. Inscriptions from all the memorials found in the naval, military and historic cemeteries of Bermuda, as well as memorials of sailors, soldiers, airmen, servants, slaves, merchants, mariners, convicts and consuls, both local and from overseas from the parish and community cemeteries. The volume also includes short histories of each of the naval, military and historic cemeteries now managed by the Bermuda National Trust. The husband and wife team, Hilary and Dick Tulloch, both come from military and families. While resident in Bermuda they noticed that many headstones in the local cemeteries were deteriorating and recorded the inscriptions. Bermuda Military Rarities. 2003. Andrew Bermingham. Bermuda Historical Society and Bermuda National Trust. 93 pages. Black and white photos and illustrations. Paperback. 9" by 6". $20. Bermuda Military Rarities Re-visited. 2013. Andrew Bermingham. Bermuda Historical Society. Bermuda's military history includes accounts of the black Bermudian airmen who flew with the Royal Air Force in World War Two, the captured German U-boat U 505 hidden here during that conflict and Winston Churchillï¿½s 1942 flight to Bermuda from the UK and the dangerous return trip. Bermuda Moods. 2006. A compilation of hundreds of photos taken around Bermuda. Hardcover coffee-table. $50. MediaHouse. Bermuda, Nature's Fairyland. A 1914 tourist guide. Bermuda Nine Parishes. By professional photographer Ann Spurling. 2003. 409 pages. $89, heavy, coffee-table-like. Bermuda Occupational Outlook Handbook. Bermuda Government. Bermuda On A Budget. Catherine Harriott. December 1997. A guide book. With illustrations and photographs. Bermuda On My Mind. 2007. Jane Barcroft. 2007. More Bermuda poems. See also "Pink Sand Poems." She was a Bermuda resident when her parents were based here with the US military. She was in 8th, 9th & 10th grade at Kindley High School. Bermuda: Our People, Our Story. Volumes 1, 2, 3. With photographs galore. The Royal Gazette or at P. O. Box HM 1025, Hamilton HM DX. Phone (441) 295-5881 extension 121 or 125. Order by Visa, MC credit or debit card and quote your e-mail address. Bermuda Past and Present. Walter Brownell Hayward. 1st edition 1923, New York, Dodd & Mead. 267 pages. Subsequent edition 1930. Bermuda Pocket Almanack. 1883 (175 pages.) and 1885. (220 pages.) editions. Bermuda Politics in Transition. Manning. 1978. Island Press, Bermuda. 231 pages. Bermuda: Portrait of an Island. Donald Nausbaum. Runs one-man photo agency, Caribphoto, based in Toronto. Has shot photos, especially of Caribbean islands. 2008. MacMillan Caribbean. Almost 200-page-long photographic celebration of Bermuda's people, its natural and man-made amenities and its unique and diverse culture. Bermuda Postcards Revisited. 48 pages. 2006. Bermudian Dr. Eldon Tucker Zuill and his wife Anne capture the ï¿½then and nowï¿½ of Bermuda in the form of this pictorial book using old postcards of scenes taken in the first half of the 1900s compared to November, 2005, also in black and white, from the same perspective. Print Link. Bermuda Real Estate Handbook 2010. Editorials by Mary-Claire Havas, VP Sales, Rego Sotheby's International Realty and Susan Thompson, manager of Coldwell Banker Bermuda Realty. Bermuda Recollections. Elizabeth Jones, 1993, Bermuda Ministry of Community, Culture & Information. Interviews and essays based on a series of workshops with Bermuda seniors held in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Bermuda Reef Portraits. 2008. Bermudian Ron Lucas, an underwater photographer who dedicated six years of his life to capturing images of Bermuda's marine life. 88-pages, full-color, published by Bermuda Zoological Society (BZS) and Brimstone Media Ltd. Bermuda Report. Various editions. Official Bermuda Government publication. No longer published. Much earlier editions were published by HM Stationary Office, London. Bermuda Rock Lessons. Esra Turner. For children. Bermuda Sampler. William Zuill. 1937. Bermuda Book Store. 456 pages. Bermuda Settlers of the 17th Century. Genealogical Notes from Bermuda. Julia E. Mercer. October 15, 2012. 276 pp. Abstracts of the earliest known records of Bermuda settlers, many of whom removed to the mainland and were among the pioneer settlers of the Carolinas, Georgia, and Virginia. The records given here are arranged by family and appear in chronological sequence. They consist of a progression of abstracts of wills, administrations, deeds, court orders, indentures, arrival records, and so on, pertaining to every member of the family from the original immigrant up to as near the year 1700 as the records allow. Bermuda: Seeing the Sights by Railway. Bermuda Railway Company, Ltd. 1936. Tourism brochure with the railway line as it was in the mid-1930s, describing every station, and also includes a fold-out map. Bermuda Schwartz. Bob Morris. January 2008. Novel. A tale of hidden treasure, murder, romance, rum, money hidden in an offshore account. Bermuda Shipwecks. A vacationing diver's guide to Bermuda's wrecks. Daniel and Denise Berg, 73 pages. Softcover. From 1515, Bermuda became a landmark for Spanish ships sailing back to Spain from the New World. Trying to sight Bermuda to confirm their position often ended their voyage as they wrecked on Bermuda's treacherous outer reefs. They claimed many ships. With photographs, sketches and accounts of the wrecks. Bermuda Shorts: The Hidden Side of the Richest Place on Earth. T. C. Sobey. December 31, 1995. Made up largely of news items from The Royal Gazette - Bermuda's only daily newspaper, showing a side of Bermuda that most tourists do not see. Bermuda Spirit. Co-authors architect Georgia Crow-Benevides and her friend and frequent Bermuda visitor, Kathryn Deane.. 2011. An insider's look into iconic Bermuda and its unique people, candidly showcasing Bermudians, at work, at play, and in their own environments, via photography. Coffee table size. $75. With foreword written by actor and former resident Michael Douglas whose mother, Diana Dill, is Bermudian. Bermuda Suicide Challenge. 2007. Bob Brown and his brother's account of the world's longest ever unescorted oceanic crossing in the 21-feet Intruder 21 in May 2007 in a tiny flat boat. The Floridian pair defied the advice of Bermuda Maritime Operations Centre to complete the trip, from North Carolina to Bermuda (674 miles, 51 hours) and then on to New York harbour (another 772 miles, 53 hours) a few days later. Bermuda, The Bahamas, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, etc. John Crocker. 1968. Bermuda Then and Now. Theresa Airey. Bermuda: Through Distant Eyes. David F. Raine. Bermuda: The 1910-36 "Ship" Type Stamps. M. H. Ludington. London, Junior Philatelic Society, 1955; 35 pp. Bermuda: The Handstruck Stamps and Cancellations. Robson Lowe, 1956. London, 45 pp. Bermuda: The Half-Penny on One Penny Provisional of 1940. {Study paper no. 9] King George VI Collectors Society, 1976; 11 pp. Published as whole number 93 of Geosix. Bermuda: The Post Office, Postal Markings and Adhesive Stamps. Robson Lowe, 1962. London, 297 pp. + 51 plates. A 4-page list of "Addenda and Corrigenda" was published in 1966. Supplement. London, Robson Lowe, 1968; 38 pp. + 14 plates. Bermuda: The Quiet Years. Theresa Airey. Bermuda Through the Camera of James B. Heyl 1868-1897. Edith Stowe Godfrey Heyl. 1951. Numbered edition, 1,500 copies only. 124 plates. Bermuda Today. William S. Zuill. 1958. Zuill & Baxter, Bermuda. 126 pages. Bermuda Today and Yesterday. Terry Tucker. 1975, Baxter's, Bermuda. 208 pages. Illustrated. Bermuda Today and Yesterday, 1503-1973. 1975. Terry Tucker. Bermuda Today and Yesterday, 1503-1978. 1979. Terry Tucker. Bermuda Traditions. By Bermudian veteran chef Fred Ming. 2009. Explains unique local cuisine including shark hash, cassava pie, fish cake on a sweet bun. Bermuda Triangle. Andrew Donkin. (DK Readers Level 3). Bermuda Triangle. Adi-Kent Thomas Jeffrey. 1977. Published by Star. Paperback. Bermuda Triangle: Mystery & Conspiracy. iMinds. Kindle Edition. Bermuda Traditions and Tastes. Judith Wadson. 1997. Origin of Island holidays and their cuisine. 48 pages. $15. Bermuda Troubadours. William Griffith. 1935, New York, Kendell & Sharp, 93 pages. Bermuda to Bali. Royce Baxter. Children's book. The author resided for many years in Bermuda, until about 2000, as an architect, artist, illustrator and member of the Bermuda Musical and Dramatic Society. Self-published. He has since died. Bermuda under the Somers Islands Company 1612-1684. Civil Records. Late Dr. Archibald Cameron (Archie) Hallett. 2,000 pages. Juniperhill Press and Bermuda Maritime Museum Press at $300 per set. Bermuda - Unintended Destination 1609-1610. Terry Tucker. Bermuda Vacation. Joor. 1941. A photographic picture book. McKay Philadelphia. Bermuda Verses. William Lawrence Chittenden, writing as "Larry" Chittenden. 1909. London and New York. Illustrated with plates of photos. Bermuda: Webster's Timeline History, 1503 - 2007. Icon Group International (17 May 2010) Bermuda Wills 1629-1835. C. F. E. Hollis Hallett. Bermudiana. Williams. 1st edition 1936. Bermuda Publishing Co. 2nd edition, 1946, New York, Reinhart. Bermudas: Orphan Islands of the Atlantic, subtitled Bermuda, Land of Sunshine and Flowers. 1910. Judge Warren W. Foster of New York. In the first decade of the 1900s, a notable visitor to Bermuda, along with Samuel Clemens and a president-to-be and others. He liked the island so much he wrote about its charms and advantages compared to the long haul to more foreign places. Bermuda's Architectural Heritage: Devonshire. Andrew Trimingham. 1995. Bermuda National Trust. First in a series of illustrated parish by parish reviews of Bermuda's architecture. Reprinted 2004. Dover Litho Press, USA. Bermuda's Architectural Heritage: Hamilton Parish. Diana Chudleigh. About the Bermuda Parish by this name. 2002, Bermuda National Trust. 4th in its historic buildings book series. 230 pages. Illustrated with B&W photographs. $29.95 Bermuda's Architectural Heritage: Sandys. 1999. Bermuda National Trust. Third in the series. Black and white illustrations. Bermuda's Architectural Heritage: Smith's Parish. 2005. Bermuda National Trust. Fifth in the series. Drawings by Barbara Finsness. Bermuda's Architectural Heritage: Paget Parish. 2010. Bermuda National Trust. Sixth in the series. The book is dedicated to the late Dennis Sherwin, long a resident of the island and benefactor of the National Trust. There are also tributes to Margaret Lloyd, who has been part of the backbone of "Bermuda's Architectural Heritage Series" since its inception in 1995, and the architectural historian from Colonial Williamsburg, Dr. Edward A. Chappell. $40, available at Bermuda National Trust headquarters at Waterville, Trustworthy and local bookshops. Bermuda's Architectural Heritage, Paget Bermuda's Architectural Heritage: St. George's. Michael Jarvis, edited by David L. White. Black and white photos by Robin Judah and sidebars by Trimingham, Andrew. November, 1997. Bermuda National Trust. Second in the series. Bermuda's Architectural Heritage: Hamilton, Town and City. Edited by David L. White. Illustrated. 2015. Bermuda National Trust. Seventh in the series. Bermuda's Antique Furniture and Silver. Bryden Bordley Hyde. 1971.198 pages, illustrated. Bermuda's Beginning. William M. Cox. 1957. 24 pages. illustrated. Bermuda's Botanical Wonderland: A Field Guide. Christine Phillips-Watlington and David Wingate. October 2, 1996. Bermudian Publishing Company Ltd. The most valuable resource for botanists and gardeners since Britton's "Flora of Bermuda" in 1918. Illustrated. Bermuda's Crime and Punishment. Terry Tucker. Bermuda's Delicate Balance. Stuart Hayward and Wolfgang Erasmus Sterrer. 1979. Bermuda National Trust. 402 pages. Black and white illustrations. Bermuda's Early Days. Edith Stowe Godfrey Heyl. 1959. Bermuda's Energy Future. Wolfgang Erasmus Sterrer. Bermuda's Favorite Haunts. Volumes 1, 1991 and 2 (subtitled "Picking Up The Threads") 1996. By John Cox, Mac Musson, Joan Skinner. Stories of Bermuda's homes with ghosts. The author states his home, Orange Valley, is one of Bermuda's most haunted locations. Others include Palmetto House in Devonshire and Winterhaven in Smith's parish. Bermudaï¿½s Flora. By botanist Lisa Greene. Volumes 1 and 2. 2008 and 2009. Both with 75 color photographs of 27 plants. Bermuda's Forgotten Heroes: Our Greatest Legacy. Joy Wilson-Tucker. 1997. The origins of Bermuda's Friendly Societies, black Bermuda Lodges that accomplished so much. Bermuda's Golden Age of Poetry. Patricia Marirea Mudd and Joseph Ellert Mudd. 493 pages. Compilation of maudlin poetry taken mostly from pages of The Royal Gazette, 1800-1900. Bermuda's Oldest Inhabitants. Louisa Hutchings Smith, 1938 and 1950 (Sevenoaks, Kent). 80 pages, illustrated. Bermuda's Marine Life. Wolfgang Erasmus Sterrer. Bermuda's Famous Talbot Brothers. A Celebration in History, Pictures and Song. 2009. Full color Coffee table book. Funded by the Blackie Talbot Foundation with support from the Bank of Bermuda/HSBC. The 50 page limited edition book includes two CDs of the Talbot Brothers' most popular songs and a 30-minute narrated, visual and musical narrated DVD, with rare footage of the Talbot Brothers' appearance on the famous Ed Sullivan Show, and at the London Mayfair Hotel in the 50s. Properly known as The Talbot Brothers of Bermuda, the group's members weren't actually all brothers as a cousin was also drafted to perform. They started a calypso group. Bermuda's Priests. Father John McCarthy. 1954. 152 pages. Illustrated. Bermuda's Sailors of Fortune. Sister Jean de Chantal Kennedy. 1963, Bermuda Book Store. 155 pages, illustrated. Bermuda's Seashore Plants and Seaweeds. Wolfgang Sterrer and A. Ralph Cavaliere. 1998. Bermuda Natural History Museum and Bermuda Zoological Society. 269 pages. About $15. Bermuda's Story. Tucker, Terry. 1959, 1st edition, Bermuda Book Store, 211 pages. Illustrated. Bermuda's Stride Toward the 21st Century. Dr Dorothy Newman. 1994. Report, not book. Bermuda's Tea Time Treats - for Coffee Lovers too. Bermuda Cookbook. Mair L. D. Harris. 2001. 160 pages. $19.95. Call Mrs Harris at 234-0923 evenings. Bermuda's Top Ten. 2015. By watercolour artist Jill Amos Raine. Pocket book on the island's flora and fauna. The publicationï¿½s title comes from its structure. It is broken into ten chapters: ï¿½Habitatsï¿½, ï¿½Birdsï¿½, ï¿½Amphibians, Reptiles & Mammalsï¿½, ï¿½Creepy Crawliesï¿½, ï¿½Fishï¿½, ï¿½Sea Creaturesï¿½, ï¿½Shells & Moreï¿½, ï¿½Flowersï¿½, ï¿½Trees & Shrubsï¿½ and ï¿½Natural Places.ï¿½ Each chapter suggests ten possible things one might find while exploring the Islandï¿½s natural habitat, as well as a few rarer sights. Bermudiana. Ronald J. Williams. 1936, 1st edit. 220 pages. photographs. 1946, 2nd edit., 256 pages. Bermudian Christmas Stories for the Family. Cha'Von Clarke. 2010. A compilation of short stories and poems to celebrate the season and welcome in the New Year. Each story has a Bermudian theme. Includes two stories for children and mature readers, five New Year poems. Bermudian Days. Julia Dorr, 1883. Bermudian English. Harry Morgan Ayres. 1933. Bermudian Politics in Transition (Race, Voting and Public Opinion. Professor Frank E. Manning. 1978. Island Press. Beware the Hurricane! Terry Tucker. Beyond the Rubber Tree. Terry Tucker. Beyond the Chesapeake: the contrasting status of blacks in Bermuda. Virginia Bernhard, 1998. Biodiversity: The UK Overseas Territories (1999). Including Bermuda. D. Procter and L. V. Fleming. Biography of a Colonial Town. Sister Jean de Chantal Kennedy. 1962, Bermuda Book Store. 400 pages, illustrated. Covering the period 1790 to 1897. Birds of Bermuda. Zuill, 1933. Bermuda Book Store, Hamilton. Birds of Bermuda. Slaughter. 1978. 58 pages. photos. Birds of Bermuda. Garden Club of Bermuda. 2002. With photographs contributed by then-Chief Justice Richard Ground. Birds of Bermuda (Macmillan Caribbean Natural History). Andre Raine and Richard Ground (12 Mar 2004). Black Clubs in Bermuda. Manning. 1973, New York, Cornell University. Blacks in Defence of their Country. Ira Philip. 2009. Roles Bermuda's blacks have played in defence of both Bermuda and the UK, especially in the world wars. Black Power in Bermuda: the Struggle for Decolonization. Contemporary Black History. Quito Swan. October 12, 2010. The Island's black power movement and the impact it has had. How the movement grew during the Island's tempestuous 1960s and 1970s. Late civil rights campaigner Roosevelt Brown was heavily involved. Blockade Runners of the Confederacy. Cochran. 1958. Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill. 350 pages. With illustrations. Blockade: The Civil War At Sea. Carse. 1958. New York, Rinehart. 280 pages. Much about Bermuda. Blood Fangs. Rod Farrington. Novel. 2012. About a rare, unique strain of vampire-blood beasts from the Congo jungle. After a hurricane, they end up trapped in the Bermuda Triangle for hundreds of years. Within the triangle, disease doesnï¿½t exist, so while the vampires can feed on other humansï¿½ blood, they cannot infect people or breed other vampires. When adventurers known as Spinners venture into the Triangle to resolve the situation, however, the vampires end up escaping into Bermuda. Blue Angels and Whales. Gibbings. 1946, London, J. M. Dent. A record of personal experiences below and above water. 114 pages. Illustrated, with Bermuda chapters. Boer Prisoners of War in Bermuda. Colin H. Benbow, MA. 1962, reprinted 1982, 1994 and 2006.. 124 pages. Illustrated, Bermuda Historical Society. Among the visitors to the Boer Cemetery on Long Island were South African President Thabo Mbeki and former President F.W de Klerk. Mr, Mbeki was in Bermuda for secret talks with South African political opponents in 1989 and had traveled from his exile base in Tanzania. Mr. de Klerk visited in 1997. Bon Appetit Bermuda. Late 2010. Jean-Claude Garzia. Some of the recipes in it led to the success of his former restaurant, Hamiltonï¿½s Lemon Tree Cafe. Includes his signature dishes saffron mussels bisque, Macadamia Brazilian nut salad with chicken, onion pie and sauteed scampis with tomatoes and scented garlic, plus his accent on onion pie, scallops, fresh fish, scampi, paella, fishcakes, omelette, salmon, tuna, Dover sole dipped in paprika, chicken pie, Bermuda loquat tarte tatin, loquat souffle, etc. Book of the Survey of Bermuda by Richard Norwood 1662-1663. Lieutenant General Sir J. H. Lefroy, CB, KCMG, FRS, etc. 1879. 89 pages. Border Crossing Brothas: Black Males Navigating Race, Place and Complex Space. Bermudian Ty-Ron Douglas, an assistant professor and affiliate faculty member of the Black Studies programme at the University of Missouri, is the author. The 2016 book draws on the experiences and journeys of 12 black Bermudian males, sharing their educational experiences in places such as the school house, in barbershops, local sports clubs, the Church and the neighborhood. Break the Silence. 2003. Denise DeMoura, Bermudian poet. Bride of A Thousand Cedars. A Bermuda Novel of living in Bermuda during the US Civil War. Lancaster and Brentano. 1939, New York, Stokes. 344 pages. Brief Candle. A book of verse. Sam Morse-Brown, 1991. Island Press Limited, Bermuda. Building with Bermuda's Natural Resources. 2007. Wilton Woolridge. The role, cutting and use of Bermuda's limestone. 50 pages. Multiple photos and illustrations of traditional buildings around the Island and full details of quarry operations, plus drawings and pictures by the author. Bulletin of Marine Science. Bermuda Natural History Museum. The issue prior to July 14, 2000 had an inventory by Dr. Wolfgang Sterrer on the number of species (at least 8,299) of flora and fauna in Bermuda, of which 4,597 are marine and 3,702 are terrestrial. Bulwark of Empire. Bermuda's Fortified Naval Base. Willock. 1962. 151 pages. Butler's History of the Bermudas. 2012. Edited by C. F. E Hollis Hallett. Butterfield's Bank. Five Generations in Bermuda. Harry C. Butterfield. 1970's. Cameos of Old Bermuda. John Cox. Captain's Talker, The Story of the USS Thomas, A Hunter-Killer in World War 2. Charles Field. He served on the vessel in that capacity on that ship from 1943. It visited and trained in Bermuda in 1943 and several times later. Bermuda was a good stop for the crew and also an important area for both convoys and German killer submarines that hunted them. Caperucita Roja Bermudas. Sin Autor. Published by Librifer S. Coop. Spanish. Care. 100 years of Hospital Care in Bermuda. J. Randolf Williams. 1994. Chained on the Rock. Cyril Packwood.1975. 226 pages. CHAMP! The One and Only Alma Hunt. 144 pages. Ira Philip, MBE, JP. The left-handed batsman who enjoyed an illustrious career as one of Bermuda's most admired and respected cricketers. 2008. Chefs Don't Feel Pain. Jonny Roberts, Chef /Owner, Bolero Brasserie. 2011. For restaurant's 4th anniversary in its present name. Not a cookbook for the fainthearted as it includes anecdotes of the author's personal hardships in gaining entry to his field. Chronicle of a Colonial Church: 1612-1826. A. C. Hollis Hallett. Classical Music History: Anniversaries & Great Moments for Each Day. Keith A. Forbes, Bermuda. 2400 pages, late 2015/2016. Coastal Bermuda 10 Walks and 73 Plants you'll see along the way. 2008. Amy K. Pearson, published by BioQuill Publishing Company, PO Box 157, Princeton, MA 01541, USA. Coins of Bermuda. 1997. Bermuda Monetary Authority. Contributions from the Bermuda Biological Station for Research. By Bermuda Biological Station for Research (22 Nov 2009). Contributions to the Natural History of the Bermudas, Issue 25. John Matthew Jones August 31, 2012 Convict Establishment Bermuda. Booklet. Chris Adams and Mike Davis. A 1998 version of the 1820-1863 story of the convict hulk ships in Bermuda mostly to help build the Dockyard. About 2,000 of the 9,000 convicts died here from yellow fever or other diseases. (Also see The English Prison Hulks; Jail Journal; Life of John Mitchell, Bermuda: A Colony, A Fortress, and a Prison or Eighteen Months in the Somers' Islands, all mentioned below). Convicts. 1830. Two reports. John Henry Capper, Esq, Superintendent of Ships and vessels employed for the confinement of offenders under sentence of transportation relating to the convict establishments at Devonport, Portsmouth, Chatham, Woolwich and Bermuda. London: House of Commons. 8pp. British Parliamentary Paper. HC170. Contains lists of convict hulks at Portsmouth, Gosport, Sheerness, Woolwich, Chatham, Deptford & Bermuda with numbers of convicts. Summaries of work performed, health etc. Parliamentary Papers. Coral Reefs. Darwin. 1897. 332 pages. plus illustrations. Corals and Coral Islands. Dana, 1879. New York, Dodd and Mead. A treatise of corals describing many found in Bermuda. Illustrated, with maps. Coral Reefs of the British Overseas Territories. They include Bermuda's. 2013. Fourth in the Coral Reefs of the World series. The edition highlights Bermuda as one of eight UK territories with an extensive reef system, describing the geography, oceanography and biodiversity over the course of several chapters. Reefs also have an enormous economic value as a tourist attraction, a barrier preventing erosion and as a commercial and recreational fishing area. Also lists several potential threats to the Islands reefs, including coral bleaching, coral diseases, and global climate change. A section of the book reads: "Great uncertainty exists with respect to the capacity of Bermuda's slow growing corals to cope with rising sea level and ocean acidification and that the reef system will deliver the valuable ecosystem services and essential economic benefits into the next century." Correspondence Between the Board of Guardians of St. Pancras and the Poor-Law Board relative to the emigration of children to the Bermudas. Also Any Correspondence Transmitted to the Children As to Their Condition and Prospects in the Bermudas. Colonial Office (Bermuda). London: HMSO, 1851. 20pp. Folio. Paper wrappers. British Parliamentary Paper. HC243. Reports on condition & circumstances surrounding the sending of some 60 orphans to Bermuda. Correspondence Respecting the Revival of the College of St. Paul in Bermuda and Return of the Grants, Endowments and Appropriations for the Purpose of Religious Instruction or Education for Bermuda from 1 January 1843 to 31 December 1852. London: HMSO, 1853. 4pp. Folio. Paper wrappers. British Parliamentary Paper. HC937. Cottage Diary. Sandra Taylor Rouja. 1983/1992/2010. Counterfeit Spies (1998). Nigel West. A tribute to Sir William Stephenson who did so much for Bermuda during World War 2. Cruise of HMS Bacchante. Prince Albert Victor and Prince George of Wales, both then serving in the Royal Navy and aboard the warship. 1886. 2 volumes. London, Macmillan. With a Bermuda chapter. Cup Match Legends and Personalities. Dr. Radell Tankard. 2012. They include Woodgate Simmons; Leroy ï¿½Tubbyï¿½ Richardson; Calvin (Bunny) Symonds; Eugene ï¿½Buckï¿½ Woods, Neville Darrell Randy Horton, Colin Blades, Dennis Wainwright and the late Rupert Scotland to name a few. Daddy and I Explore The Mangroves. Bermudian David Chapman. 2007. Glossy paperback. Bermuda theme. Daddy and I explore The Tide Pools. David Chapman. 2006. Glossy paperback. Bermuda theme. Daddy & I explore Nonsuch Island, A Living Museum. David Chapman. 2009. Bermuda Theme. Takes readers on a tour of Nonsuch Island and the work that has been done by former conservation officer David Wingate and current conservation officer Andrew Madeiros. Nonsuch Island, before it was a nature reserve, has had a very important and unique history in terms of Bermuda's overall heritage. Dame Lois: The Peopleï¿½s Advocate. Colwyn Burchall, Jr, from Canada who who worked for five years in the Bermuda public school system. Dame Lois Browne-Evans was a key figure in Bermuda's politics. Dark Fathom. Tom Morrisey. Novel, thriller. Partially set in Bermuda and its waters and with a map of Bermuda by the author. Published December 2005 by HarperCollins Zondervan. Das Paradies der Bermuda Infeln. Ein Lieblicher und heilfrauftiger fur Gejunde und Liedende. Gustave Lening. Days and Decades. John Cox. 2010. 83-page collection of vignettes from his own life as a keen researcher and recorder of his ancestorsï¿½ lives and family history as a family historian, folklorist and ghost writer. Births, deaths, marriages, divorces, ghosts, illness and more. Date With Destiny. By veteran Bermudian photographer, Tamell Simons, who died in June 2012. About the Progressive Labour Partyï¿½s historic 1998 general election victory. Deep Sea Diving. Dr. William Beebe. 1930. 80 pages. Illustrated. Defence, Not Defiance: A History Of The Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps. Jennifer M. Ingham (later, Jennifer M. Hind), ISBN 0-9696517-1-6. Island Press Ltd, Bermuda. Descendants of England, West Indies, Maryland, New England, and the American Frontier. James W. Brown. Paperback ï¿½ 2006. Fiffteen generations of the Browne (later Brown) family's known descendants beginning with the Brownes of Snelston in Derbyshire, England to the establishment of England's first colonies in the New World the forging of a new country, and then into the American West. The approximately 2,900 names found in this volume include Sir William Browne of Queen Elizabeth's and King James VI of England Robert Brown, a Puritan minister of colonial Bermuda; Nathaniel Browne, a settler of Connecticut; Abell Browne of early Maryland and his grandson, Abell Brown, who helped establish western Maryland; Governor Frank Brown of Maryland; and many others. Description of Bermuda. Jean Hector St. John Crevecoeur. 1774. Detour - Bermuda, Destination - US House of Representatives. Cyril Packwood. Bermuda sojourn from 1862 to 1866 of Joseph Hayne Rainey. Diary of a Month In Bermuda and Storm At Sea. John T. Smith (1868-1938). 1893. Author had penchant for travel and a curiosity to match his millions, so found himself on board an ocean steamer in the winter of 1893 bound for Bermuda, spending a month there. Diary of a wealthy man who with his brother Ed and cousin Nan visited Bermuda in the winter of 1893. With intriguing insights on Bermudaï¿½s unique past, detailing experiences ranging from dealing with British regiments to riding upon donkey carts.. Digital Photo Art: New Directions. Theresa Airey. 2013. Directory of Charities. Annual edition. Center on Philanthropy, 7 Par-la-Ville Road, Hamilton HM NX. Lists 238 or so registered charities with profiles on 162 including services and activities, directors and contacts, etc. Directory of Scottish Settlers in North America 1625-1825. David Dobson, 1984-1986. Includes entries for Bermuda and the Caribbean. Discovering Bermuda with Paintbrush and Bike. Molly Smith. Dispatches from Bermuda. The Civil War Letters of Charles Maxwell Allen, U.S. Consul at Bermuda, 1861ï¿½1888. 2008. Edited by Glen N. Wiche. In the summer of 1861, President Abraham Lincoln appointed Charles Maxwell Allen U.S. consul to Bermuda. During the Civil War, Allenï¿½s post became one of vital importance to the United States as this British colony became a center for Confederate blockade-running activities. As the sole representative of Union interests in pro-Confederate Bermuda, Allen found himself involved in the shadowy world of intelligence gathering as he attempted to thwart these blockade-runners. Allen's dispatches shed new light on two important and often overlooked aspects of the war: the Union blockade of southern seaports and the effort to bring vital war supplies through the blockade to the Confederate states. Distant Drums: The Role of Colonies in British Imperial Warfare. Dr. Ashley Jackson, a senior lecturer and historian at Kingï¿½s College, London, states how colonies and dominions were central to the defence of the British Empire. Bermuda is included. Divers and Snorkelers Guide to the Fishes and Sea Life of the Caribbean, Florida. Bahamas and Bermuda. F. Joseph Stokes. 1985. Hardcover. Do-Boy Digs Bermuda. Elizabeth Mulderig. 2007. About a Dachshund called Do-Boy who fancies himself a bit of a pirate after he finds a treasure map and travels across the island on his scooter in search of what he hopes is buried gold and silver. In the middle of his frantic dig he meets a turtle at Devil's Hole who reprimands him, forcing the young pup to consider whether or not he will share the treasure once he finds it. Duncan Dunbar: The Record of an Earnest Ministry. The Life of the late pastor of the McDougal Street Baptist Church, New York. Jeremiah Chaplin, 3 editions. Chapter VI is titled "Wrecked on the Coast of Bermuda - Kind Reception." 1866. Dockyard Cats. Don Trousdell (allergic to cats). 2000. $15. Intended for children and adults to take a trip to the Bermuda Dockyard, discover its history and look for cats, a book for cat lovers of all ages. Doctor Savage's Bermuda. 2015. In 1833 Johnson Savage disembarked from a sailing ship in the port of St George to take up a three-year posting as surgeon for the Royal Artillery. Over the ensuing months Dr Savage, a talented artist, went on to paint a series of spectacular watercolours that would provide a unique glimpse of a bygone era of Bermudaï¿½s history. The album was passed down through the generations, and despite almost being lost during Londonï¿½s blitz in the Second World War, was donated to the National Museum last year by Dr Savageï¿½s great-great-grandchildren Jennifer Hancock and Peter and William Savage. This new 2015 book reproduces his paintings alongside present-day photographs by Allan Davidson, and includes other drawings and works of three generations of Dr Savageï¿½s family on the Island. It also includes the story of one of his sons, a midshipman in the Royal Navy based in Bermuda in the early 1860s, and of a grandson, who was 23 when he did the 1901 Ordnance Survey map of the Island, known as the Savage Survey. While at Bermuda, Johnson Savage painted 39 images of the Island and they are among the finest watercolours of Bermuda in the 19th century. Totally unknown in Bermuda until they were brought here in late 2013, the pictures are arranged in an album as a sort of travelogue of the place, starting in St Georgeï¿½s and progressing westward to the Royal Naval Dockyard at Ireland Island. The book also includes a series of watercolours by the artistic surgeon depicting human organs that he and another doctor at Edinburgh University, Robert Carswell, worked on as part of a project to create an encyclopedia of the human body. Published by the National Museum of Bermuda Press and dedicated to the late Government archivist, Helen Elizabeth Rowe. Dr. E. F. Gordon - Hero of Bermuda's Working Class. Writers' Machine. Early Bermuda Wills. Clara Hallett, a pioneer in genealogy studies on the Island. Early History of Bermuda for Children. Canon Tucker. 1937, 1939. Bermuda Book Store. Emigrant Ministers to America, 1690-1811, A List of. Gerald Fothergill. Encyclopedia of Bermuda Artists. Jonathan Land Evans, Bermudian art historian. 2009/2010. Essence of Bermuda. Keith A. Forbes, Bermudian author of this http://www.bermuda-online.org . 403 years of changes in Bermuda. 600 pages to date, pending. Excavations at her Majesty's Dockyard, Bermuda. J. Downing. P-Med. Arch. 16, 1982. 16pp. Excursions on Galer Way. 2002. Oscar A Carrasquillo, Bermuda resident 1956-1970. Self Published. 58 Pages, 44 Works of Poem/Song Lyrics Dedicated to the people of Bermuda, NYC and Canada. Some of these works were written in Bermuda. Extract of a Letter to John Eaton Dodsworth, Esq. from Dr. George Forbes of Bermuda, relating to the Patella, or Limpet Fish, found there. George Forbes, 1758. Philosophical Transactions London (50)2: 859-860. Faces of Bermuda. Weatherill. 1985. 136 pages. Photographs of local notables. Fallen Angel. Earlston Young. He is Bermudian, HIV positive (Mid Ocean News May 2, 2003, page 4), and a recovered drug addict. The story of his life. Family Law Jurisdictional Comparisons (second edition). 2013. Co-authored by Marshall Diel & Myers Limited (MDM) Bermuda lawyers Rachael Barritt and Adam Richards. They were invited to co-author the must-have publication for family and divorce lawyers globally. Published by European Lawyer/Thomson Reuters. A comprehensive and practical guide to the key components of family law across a multitude of major jurisdictions. An excellent resource on family law in Bermuda. Famous Ships of the World. Lt. Commander. P. K. Kemp, RN. (Retired). Fathom Five. A Story of Bermuda. N. Benjamin. 1939. 238 pages. Fear Not To Follow. 2002. Naamah Knight (nee Harris) McHarg. A personal history of the life and family of the American-born author married to a Bermudian. Feed the Goat. By Bermudian Shaun Goater and Manchester's City editor David Clayton. Tells of Goater's Bermuda upbringing, his career in the UK as a professional soccer player and his dream of setting up a professional team on the island. Fenianism's Bermuda Blueprint. Victorian Bermuda and Ireland. Revolutionary Nationalism in the Victorian Empire. Jerome Devitt. 2016. Irish Research Council - Government of Ireland Postgraduate Scholar 2013-16 Department of History, Trinity College, Dublin. The fascinating and true story of how the Fenians, aided by Irish Americans, planned to invade Bermuda to cause British Army and Royal Navy havoc and rescue Irish nationalist John Mitchel imprisoned in Bermuda on a hulk, but were thwarted by Bermuda-based and Canadian British Army intelligence and wariness. Fessenden, Builder of Tomorrow. Her biography of her husband, Reginald Fessenden, by his Bermudian widow. She wrote of their life at Wistowe in Flatts. HSBC Bank of Bermuda administers the Fessenden Trust, an academic scholarship foundation. Field Book of Shore Fishes of Bermuda. Beebe, William and Tee-Van. 1933. New York, Putnam. 343 pages. Illustrated. Field Guide to Birds of the West Indies. Bond, James. 1947. Fires of Pembroke. Illustrated by Bermuda illustrator Catherine Draycott. First flights of Bermuda and British Caribbean FAM Routes. Charles E. Cwiakala. [Monograph no. 3]. British Caribbean Philatelic Study Group, ca. 1982; [35 pp.]. Reprinted from the British Caribbean Philatelic Journal. Fishes of the Bermudas. Goode. 1876. 88 pages. Fishes of Bermuda. Dr. Wolfgang Sterrer. 1999. Updated in 2013 with new information on species endemic to Bermuda not previously listed. Fishing in Bermuda. Graham Faiella, July 2003. A perspective on all aspects of local fishing. Flora of Bermuda. Nathanial Lord Britton. He was the first director of the New York Botanical Garden. New York, Scribners. 1st edition, 1918. There may have been an earlier (1904) edition. It is doubtful that any flora of any country has been so completely studied earlier. Flowering Trees of the Caribbean. 1951. 125 pages. Illustrated. Flowers in Bermuda. 12 plates of botanical drawings. 1969. Longtail Publishers. Forward by former Governor Martonmere. Flowers of Bermuda. Hannau. No date. 64 pages and illustrated. Flowers of Bermuda. Middleton. c. 1927. E & Catherine F. Tucker, Bermuda. 18 pages, illustrated. One of several books by them. Flowers of the Caribbean. 1978. Including Bermuda. G. W. Lennox and S. A.. Seddon. Fodor's Bermuda. Fodor Travel Publications. Fodor's Guide to the Caribbean, Bahamas and Bermuda. Eugene Fodor. 1967. Fond Recollections of Prospect Secondary School for Girls (PSSG). Patricia (Pat) Hall, MBE. 2013. PSSG was located in the former British Army barracks at Prospect from December 1957 to August 1987. Four Centuries of Friendship. Partly to celebrate Bermuda's 400th anniversary in 2009. It commemorates the work of the US Consulate in Bermuda since its establishment in 1812. US-Bermuda history from an American perspective. Edited by Marina Slayton, wife of US Consul General Gregory Slayton. 150 pp full color hardback, with many articles, historical color and black and white images, maps, 2008-2009. Plus chapters written by the US State Department and Mr. Slayton. Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. It was discovered that there were over 290 boxes of consular diplomatic dispatches between Bermuda and the USA, including many from the first American consul in Bermuda, William R. Higginbotham, in and from 1812 to John Quincy Adams who, after he left the Presidency, became US Secretary of State. Four Decades of Exchange Trading. Bermuda Stock Exchange (BSX). 2011. A commemorative publication. Traces the BSX's four-decade history since 1971 and seeks to offer insight into its role in the continuing development of the capital market in Bermuda. It grew from very humble beginnings to become the worldï¿½s largest offshore, fully electronic securities market offering a full range of listing and trading opportunities for international and domestic issuers. 48H: The Pond's on fire. Lois Smith-Burgess. Freedom Fighters From Monk to Mazumbo. Philip. 275 pages. Freedom's Flames - Slavery in Bermuda and the True Story of Sally Bassett. 2010. Colwyn Burchall. Explores the story of Sally Bassett who was burned at the stake as a witch in the 1700s. She was elderly, enslaved black woman from Southampton who was stated to have attempted to murder her granddaughter's owners. Footsteps in the Sand. Short Historical Dramas About Bermuda's Early Days. 2008. Leading figures in Bermuda's history. William Zuill, Sr. Bermuda National Trust.106 pages. Soft cover. $20. Frith of Bermuda, Gentleman Privateer. Sister Jean de Chantal Kennedy, SCH. 1964. A biography of Bermudian Hezekiah Frith, 1763-1848 who made a fortune from his privateering for the Royal Navy. Bermuda Book Store. 275 pages and illustrated. From Loudoun to Glory. Kevin Grigsby, 2013. Author worked in Bermuda for 12 years until 2011 when he returned to Virginia. Loudoun is his home county. Sheds new light on the role of African American soldiers in the Civil War. Hundreds of young African American men from Loudoun County signed up for duty with the First Colored Infantry in Georgia or the Ninth US Colored Infantry in Louisiana or Mississippi, in 1863. Mr Grigsby used enlistment records, veteran pension records and National Park Science records to research his book. At least 250 African Americans from Loudoun signed up to fight as soldiers and 12 joined as sailors. ï¿½Loudoun County was a little different in that it was in the south, but had a faction of Union loyalists,ï¿½ said Mr Grigsby. ï¿½This was probably why a lot of African Americans signed up. There was also a Quaker population in the county who were against slavery.ï¿½ One Bermudian soldier taking part was Sergeant Robert J Simmons, who served in the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. Sgt Simmons fought in the Union assault on the Confederate Fort Wagner in South Carolina. Despite their valiant effort, the 54th suffered heavy casualties and Union forces failed to capture the fort. He died in a South Carolina prison after being taken prisoner during the assault on Fort Wagner. Frommer's Bermuda (Frommer's Complete Guides). 2012. Darwin Porter and Danforth Prince (26 Jul 2012) Frommer's Bermuda 2003. Frommer's Complete Guides. 2002. Darwin Porter and Danforth Prince. Published by Jogn Wiley & Sons. Gentleman Poet. Kathryn Johnson. Historical romantic novel. November 2010. Inspired by the prolific American author's Bermuda honeymoon. Tells the imaginary story of Shakespeareï¿½s relationship with a younger ï¿½Sea Ventureï¿½ passenger on an island then still reputed among mariners to be the haunt of demons. Elizabeth Persons is a young servant girl prone to debilitating headaches she knows to be omens of imminent danger. She is one of 150 passengers aboard ï¿½Sea Ventureï¿½ who survive a terrifying hurricane while en route to Virginia and then struggle ashore in Bermuda. Despairing of rescue, Elizabeth and the others make their home on the uninhabited island for nine long months while they build a new ship to complete their voyage to Jamestown. While there, love blossoms between Elizabeth and the young shipï¿½s cook, and she befriends a mysterious old man ï¿½ William Shakespeare. Genuine Bermuda Historical Memorabilia. 1st and 2nd editions. Fred Schmitt and his daughter Susan Koval. Published by Schmitt Collectibles, a division of Schmitt Investors Ltd. of Woodbury, New York. Girdle Round The Earth. Hugh Barty-King. The story of Cable & Wireless, including at Bermuda. Gladys Morrell and the Women's Suffrage Movement in Bermuda. Colin H. Benbow. 82 pages. Glass and Pottery Containers of the Royal Navy and British Military. Co-written by Bermudian marine archaeologist Chris Addams. With a section on Bermuda given the finds made in Bermuda. Mentions seldom studied historical and archaeological finds dating from the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. Glimpses of Bermuda. A few highways and byways. Ethel and Catherine F Tucker of Bermuda. 1936. J. Salmon Ltd. Sevenoaks, Kent, England. 18 pages. Illustrated with their own paintings (13). A keepsake book. One of several by them. In the tranquil days before the arrival of the automobile (1948) and construction of the Harrington Sound Road. One of their paintings from the book is shown below. One of several books by them. A scene from 1930s Glimpses of Bermuda before construction of Harrington Sound Road. Gombey Baby. By author and illustrator Joan Aspinall. 2010. The author collaborated with Irwin Trott, leader and founder of the Warwick Gombeys. The story is that a mother sings to her baby boy about his heritage with the rhythm of the drums. He hears her call, her beat and the ï¿½raatta tat tatï¿½ of gombey drums. He flies with comets, skips over rainbows, dances in Africa. Gracious Lily Affair. A Bermuda novel. Van Wyck Mason. 1957, New York, Doubleday. Great Guns of Bermuda: A Guide to the Principal Forts of the Bermuda Islands. Dr. Edward Harris, Director of Bermuda Maritime Museum. 1987. Great Waters - An Atlantic Passage. 2001/02. Deborah Cramer. Guide to the Birds of Bermuda. Eric Amos. 2010. Meticulous natural history records and field notes. They represent the most comprehensive record of migrant birds obtained by any one person on Bermuda during the period 1969 to 2009. By one of its most outstanding natural historians. Guide to Winter Resorts in Southern Seas and A Guide to Bermuda. Quebec Steamship Company Lines, A. E. Outerbridge & Co., Agents, 51 Broadway, New York. Ober, Fred A., author of "Camps of the Caribees." Illustrated by Frank H. Taylor. 32 pages. Groverï¿½s Adventures under the Sea. By the late Sesame Street illustrator and long-term Bermuda visitor Tom Cooke, a frequent Bermuda visitor from the USA. The book reflected his sonï¿½s enjoyment of scuba diving at Bermuda's Grape Bay. HMS Bermuda Days. An Ordinary Seaman's Log. Peter Broadbent. October 10, 2013. In the Royal Navy, he sailed on the Bermuda-named warship. Half A Mile Down. William Beebe. 1934. New York, Harcourt Brace. 344 pages. Illustrated. Hakim: Son of Mazumbo. Philip. 20 pages. Halifax: Warden of the North. Thomas H. Raddall. Hall of History. Bermuda's Story in Art. Graham Foster and Rosemary Jones. 2011. Large and heavy coffee table book detailing the mural Mr Foster made of Bermuda history at The Commissionerï¿½s House in Dockyard. The mural illustrates Bermudaï¿½s history from its earliest days in the 1600s to modern times and took Mr Foster several years to complete. Happy Days in Bermuda. Sandra Taylor Rouja. 1969. For children. Hamilton, Bermuda: City and Capital 1897-1997. Colin Benbow and the late Marian Robb. 1997. Hamilton - Town and City. 2014. Late David L. White, Bermuda National Trust, seventh in its Architectural Heritage series. $150. Hands On. The art of traditional crafts and play in Bermuda. By Bermudian educator and folklorist Shirley Pearman. 2016. Bermudaï¿½s first definitive compendium of the islandï¿½s traditional arts and crafts. The 160-page book took years of research, Sections are divided into the seasons by which traditional crafting was carried out. Hang the Witch High. Terry Tucker. Hansel Y Gretel Bermudas. Sin Autor. Published by Librifer S. Coop. Spanish. Head-plate flaws of the King George VI high values of Bermuda, Leeward Islands, and Nyasaland. Interim report no. 2. King George VI Collectors Society, May 1970; 25 pp. Happy's Christmas Gift. 2010. Bermudian Geoff Parker. Children's book about a Yorkshire terrier with a heart of gold, Happy befriends a homeless girl and tries to help her post her letter to Santa. Along the way Happy accidentally falls into a mailbag destined for the North Pole. Can Happy save the day? Will he get home by Christmas? Conceived around the little dog, Happy, owned by Mr Parkerï¿½s mother-in-law, Winnie Ferris. When her husband died someone recommended she get a little dog as company. With Welsh illustrator Lisa Fox. Her drawings are based on photos of Happy and also of members of the Parker family. Harpers New Monthly Magazine. March 1872 edition focused on Bermuda. Held Captive. A History of International Insurance in Bermuda. Catherine R. Duffy. 2004. Bermuda, with London and New York, is one of three global leaders in the fields of insurance and reinsurance. Hardccover. Held in Trust. The Properties and Collections of the Bermuda National Trust. 2008. Produced by Trust volunteers. With many photographs. Hard cover with dust jacket.138 pages.$35. Covers all aspects of the Trustï¿½s holdings. The chapters on the Trustï¿½s historic properties and cemeteries cover the history and significance of each property in detail. The chapter on Protected Open Space reviews not only the properties protected by the Trust, but also the conservation significance of the reserves and the challenges inherent in managing open space in Bermuda today. The chapter on the Trustï¿½s collections describes these with emphasis on Bermudian artisans who worked in silver and cedar, and the Trustï¿½s collection of fine Bermudian paintings. Henry Gross and his Dowsing Rod. Water Divining in Bermuda. K. Roberts, 1951, New York, Doubleday. 310 pages. Henry's Dream. Authored by Jonathan Bell and Roger Crombie, and designed by Linda Weinraub of Fluent. Watlington Waterworks Ltd marked its 80th anniversary in 2012 with the release of this new book chronicling the companyï¿½s history. It describes how Sir Henry Watlington, in the early years of the 20th century, saw the need for a supply of fresh water beyond what was gathered from roofs, as demand grew with the expanding tourism industry. His vision of tapping groundwater sources was finally realized with the founding of the company in 1932, a firm which is today one of Bermudaï¿½s most important commercial enterprises, as it provides a critical part of the Islandï¿½s fresh water supply and infrastructure. A fresh water supply on a small and remote island was one of the major challenges for the first settlers in the 17th century and remains a challenge to this day. Rainwater gathered from roofs does not meet all demand, especially during drought conditions, and even groundwater has its limits. Because freshwater is less dense than seawater, it sits on the top of the ocean, forming a lens within the Islandï¿½s permeable rock. The main lens in Devonshire contains about 2.2 billion gallons of fresh water. Through a system of tunnels and boreholes the water is extracted and then processed. Since a significant upgrade in 1979, Watlingtonï¿½s water has been potable.Watlington backs up its groundwater supplies with a desalination operation capable of producing more than one million gallons of fresh water per day from seawater. Reverse osmosis technology used in desalination had progressed and become much more energy-efficient in recent years, he added. Way back in 1911, Sir Henry Watlington saw the importance ï¿½ and the business opportunity ï¿½ of meeting rising water demand. In 1924, the House of Assembly rejected his initial proposal to test the groundwater resources. In the summer of 1930, he did it himself. The test results were good, so he ploughed everything he had into building a plant on Parsons Lane that cost 80,000 pounds ï¿½ a massive sum in those times. Water was processed at the plant and piped to a reservoir at Prospect from where two pipelines transported the water in to the City of Hamilton as far as the Princess Hotel, and also to the Elbow Beach Hotel on the South Shore. Over the years the network of pipelines spread throughout the City of Hamilton and along the South Shore, eventually extending as far as Southampton Parish. In 1994 the company invested in a reverse osmosis plant on the North Shore in Devonshire, taking the water from the seawater wells and removing all impurities to provide drinking quality water. This new technology has been continually updated and upgraded and now the North Shore complex houses six reverse osmosis plants. Watlington also owns Pure Water, 32 Parsons Lane, Devonshire, a bottled water firm that it acquired in 1996. The company sells about 250,000 three- and five-gallon bottles of water per year in reusable containers. Here, There and Everywhere. Hamilton, Lord Frederick. 1921. New York, Doran. 332 pages. Chapters on Bermuda. Heritage. Late Dr. Kenneth E. Robinson, OBE. 1979. An account of the struggles and achievements of Black Bermudians in the period following emancipation. Heritage Matters. Volumes 1-5. Dr. Edward Harris, executive director of the Bermuda Maritime Museum. Essays that explore Bermuda's rich history and culture. Heritage Matters was first launched on March 4, 2005 with an article on the history and potential of the abandoned Casemates Prison in the now-gone Mid-Ocean News. Volume 2 explains the integral role that war played in the development of Bermuda, the historical significance of the Casemates Barracks and the frequent visits by literary hero Mark Twain, who is quoted calling Bermuda his 'Isles of Rest. "As the essaysï¿½ popularity grew, it was decided to make the series available in a series of books, each volume constituting a yearï¿½s worth of articles. Essays are illustrated. $20 each at the National Museum.. Heroines in the Medical Field of Bermuda. Volume 1. Ira Philip. Honoring Bermudians for their contribution. Hidden in the Heart. 2013. Catherine West. Novel, based on personal experiences. About a young woman, named Claire, who goes through an early life crisis after losing her mother and suffering a miscarriage. Her husband is fine with trying again for another baby, but she canï¿½t handle the emotions that come from that and turns to pills and alcohol for relief. Author also wrote ï¿½Yesterdayï¿½s Tomorrowï¿½ about a female journalist who goes to Vietnam to cover the war and make a name for herself. She meets a photographer and they fall in love; he turns out to be a CIA agent. Hiking Bermuda. 2003. 20 Nature Walks and Day Hikes. Cecile and Stephen Davidson. 160 pages. Standard hiking book format. A guide to the back roads of Bermuda. Historic Photographs of Bermuda. Volume 1. 2010. J. A. Mark Emmerson. History of British America. Hugh Murray. 1840. Two volumes. New York, Harper Brothers. Bermuda chapters. Historye of the Bermudaes or Summer Islands. Edited, from an MS in the Sloane Collection, British Museum, by General Sir J. Henry Lefroy, RA, CB, KCMG, FRS, etc, formerly Governor of the Bermudas, Author of "Memorials Of the Discovery and Early Settlement of the Bermudas or Somers Islands." Illustrated with reproductions of engravings of Captain John Smith, a copy of the Sir George Somers portrait by Paul Vansomer (then in the collection of Miss Bellamy) and first stockade at Bermuda. MDCCCLXXXII, London, printed for the Hakluyt Society (No. LXV). History of The Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps, 1891 - 1933. Held at the Bermuda Library, in Hamilton. History of the Coloured Peoples of Bermuda. Dorothy F. Thompson. A former teacher, school principal and social activist in Bermuda. About 1966. Written for students. The Island Press Ltd. Not a book but more of a series of notes, in a very basic style. History of the Furness-Withy Bermuda Line 1919-1966. 2002. Allen Soares. The author worked on the "Queen of Bermuda" for 5 years in the 1960s. When it was formed, it began a weekly service between Bermuda and New York. It was also given the charter to develop Tucker's Town; was much involved in the making of the Castle Harbour and St. George's Hotels and brought the ships MS Bermuda, Monarch of Bermuda, Queen of Bermuda and Ocean Monarch. History of the Lincolnshire Regiment 1914-1918 by C. R. Simpson and Major-General C. R. Simpson. Published in the UK on July 11 2002. Earlier in 1914, before the Great War began, the Lincolnshire Regiment had served in Bermuda. As a result, from 1914, Bermudians also fought with and some died in that conflict for the Lincolnshire Regiment in the Great War (World War 1), as mentioned in the book. History of the War. In several volumes. Bermuda Government records of government actions, legislation and more during World War II. Bermuda National Library. Hodge Podge. A bedtime book. Kennedy, Sister Jean de Chantal. 1975. 143 pages and illustrated. Home Made Cooking Good 'Nuff for Sharing. Compiled by Vernon Temple AME Church. If Nobody Speaks of Remarkable Things. 2002. Bloomsbury. Bermuda-born British writer Jon McGregor, now in Nottingham, England, whose father was Reverend Alistair McGregor at St. James Church, Sandys 1973-76. Illustrated Bermuda Guide. Stark. 1st edition, 1884, rare. Subsequent editions. Important Bird Areas of the Caribbean: Key Sites for Conservation. 2008. BirdLife International. Includes a chapter on Bermuda's IBA, the Castle Harbour islands, written by Bermuda Audubon president Andrew Dobson and Government Conservation Officer Jeremy Madeiros. Independence? 2004. By retired lawyer and former United Bermuda Party MP and Cabinet Minister William Cox. 2,000 copies of this epistolatory booklet were printed in which he makes plain that his sympathies lie with maintaining Bermuda's current constitutional position. In a foreword to a collection of seven letters mostly relating to Bermuda's constitutional relationship to the UK, Mr. Cox makes the case that "Bermuda has always benefited from this UK connection and the peace and prosperity we have enjoyed throughout our history and still enjoy is in no small measure due to this connection". He advises that "as with all relationships, if it is to work it must be a two-way street, which means it is necessary for there to be good relations between the Governor and the local Government." Mr. Cox takes successive Governments to task, arguing that while "the UK Government has always gone more than half way to meet the aspirations of the Bermuda Government . . . the Bermuda Government has not displayed the same goodwill in return, especially in the last 30 or so years". He lists a dozen events or factors that have made things difficult for the UK Government to work in harmony with the Bermuda Government over these years, including the 1972 murder of Police Commissioner George Duckett, the 1973 murders of Governor Sir Richard Sharples and his aide-de-camp Captain Hugh Sayers, and the decision of "the Gibbons Government" to hang the perpetrators. He alleges that "the 1983 Swan Government, spearheaded by the Finance Minister David Gibbons, publicly hounded Governor Richard Posnett out of office on trumped-up, spurious charges" and that the Pamela Gordon Government did likewise to Police Commissioner Colin Coxall in 1997. The Progressive Labour Party is not spared: Jennifer Smith is castigated for announcing the holding of a general election in 2002 without telling the Governor, and Premier Alex Scott for using the need for the appointment of a Chief Justice as an excuse to make irresponsible political and personal attacks on the Governor in the media. Mr. Cox warns: "If the Bermuda Government wishes to sever all links with the UK, it must hold a referendum and get a significant majority of Bermudians to support such a move." He suggests that "for members of the Bermuda Government not to observe at least the basic minimum of the courtesies which should be observed in ordinary human relations when dealing with the Governor indicates nothing other than bad breeding and ill manners". In the Eye of All Trade: Bermuda, Bermudians, and the Maritime Atlantic World, 1680-1783. Dr. Michael Jarvis, 2009. Bermudians used their ships for commerce and travel between the island, the Caribbean, the continental Americas and wider afield and they were manned by men from all sectors of the community, free and slave, the latter until Emancipation in 1834. The importance of those ships, specifically designed for the island, is laid out in great detail in this new history book. University of Rochester historian Michael Jarvis won the 2010 James A. Rawley Prize in Atlantic History for this book. The honor is given to a single recipient each year by the American Historical Association, the country's premier scholarly organization for historians. In the Hour of Victory. By former Police Commissioner Senator Jonathan Smith. 2011. Details the horror, sadness and excitement of a Bermudian fighting on the European front line during the Second World War. The story of Mr Smithï¿½s grandfather, Major Anthony F (Toby) Smith, who fought for the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps (BVRC), a forerunner of todayï¿½s Bermuda Regiment, and the Lincolnshire Regiment. He was killed in action in Holland on October 14, 1944. The book is based on his original 300 letters, cards and telegrams and additional research conducted by Mr Smith. Major Smith was one of 12 children, five of whom saw active military duties in two world wars. He and the entire first contingent of soldiers of the BVRC and Bermuda Militia Artillery (BMA), survived a U-boat attack in July 1940 and spent several years in the United Kingdom before finally seeing active combat. Meanwhile, his family struggled to make ends meet during the war from their home in the United States and then in Bermuda. In the Trades, Tropics and Roaring Forties. Brassey. 1884. London, Longmans. 452 pages and illustrated with maps. In the Wake of Galleons. Robert F. Marx. Historical research on the 16th-17th century galleon trail near Bermuda. Including his visit to Bermuda with Teddy Tucker. In the Wings: A Memoir. Diana Dill Darrid. 1999. Author, from Bermuda, was once married to Kirk Douglas. Insider's Guide to Bermuda. Currently in Bermuda bookstores. Island Flames. Jonathan Smith, former Bermuda Commissioner of Police. 2015. A factual account of the events surrounding the Islandï¿½s deadly riots of 1977. Drawing on already published works, as well as never before seen documents and first-hand accounts of what took place at the time. Delves into the political murders, executions and Bermudaï¿½s chronic race problems that provided the backdrop to the riots. The former Commissioner of Police said he started working on the project in 2012, when he realized that no one had ever written a book on the topic. The riots of 1977 were the most extensive and deadly riots ever experienced on the Island ï¿½ Bermuda was on the brink of public order meltdown when US Marines, 250 UK troops and more than 1,500 other police, regiment, reserves, firemen and others were deployed to restore order. Two tourists and a Bermudian hotel worker were killed at The Fairmont Southampton fire and extensive damage was caused to mostly establishment-owned businesses. The riots occurred against the backdrop of the murders of Governor Richard Sharples, Captain Hugh Sayers, Police Commissioner George Duckett and two shopkeepers, Victor Rego and Mark Doe, between 1972 and 1973. Two men, Erskine Durrant ï¿½Buckï¿½ Burrows and Larry Tacklyn were convicted of the murders and hung on December 2, 1977 ï¿½ the last hangings to occur on British Soil. ï¿½One of the real critical issues was the hanging decision,ï¿½ Mr Smith said, adding that he was able to get to the bottom of the complex story behind it. Mr Smith, who drew extensively on both the Wooding Commission of 1968 and the Pitt Commission of 1977 for his second book, added: ï¿½The real gold mine of information, as far as I was concerned as a researcher and a writer, was the information in the UK National Archives ï¿½ the files of correspondences, the telexes, the telegrams, letters, the correspondence that went between the UK and Bermuda in those same years ï¿½ all that had been under seal for 30 years.ï¿½ The 360-page book draws on close to 200 sources, including already published accounts and new material provided by critical players of the day. These include David Owen, the British foreign secretary at the time, former Governor Peter Ramsbotham, former premiers Sir John Swan, Sir David Gibbons and Alex Scott, the last surviving Bermudian member of the Pitt Commission, social scientist Michael Banton and Dame Lois Browne-Evans. Mr Smith was a teenager when the riots took place. From "Island Flames" above. Island Life 1999. By Scott Stallard. 1999. Island Sistahs. Patrice Frith. Island Thyme, Tastes and Traditions of Bermuda. 2004. $37.95. Bigger successor of Bermuda Cookery. Bermuda Junior Service League (BJSL). Bermuda cuisine and culture. 256 pages with more than 200 recipes and colour photos of Bermuda cooking, traditions and celebrations. I sing to the Sea or Canto Do Mar. Sandra Taylor Rouja. 2013.. Intercepted in Bermuda. Peter A. Flynn. 2006. Censorship facts. Isle of Devils. Bermuda Under the Somers Island Company. Sister Jean de Chantal Kennedy. 1971. Baxter's/Collins, 288 pages. Illustrated. This American author spent many years in Bermuda as a nun and teacher/author/researcher. Isle of Devils. 2014. E-book. Novel, mystery. Chris Dvorak, who writes under the pen name Craig Janacek. Set in Bermuda, loosely based on a Sir Arthur Conan Doyle mystery with Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson but with well-known Bermudian characters named as suspects. A hotel guest has been brutally murdered. In the plot, Dr Watson comes to Bermuda in 1880 to recuperate from wounds gained in the Afghanistan war. He stays at the Globe Hotel in St George's. Unfortunately for him, Bermuda is struck by a hurricane during his stay. When the winds die down, a guest at the Globe Hotel is dead, and only someone in the hotel during the storm could have killed him. It's Dr Watson's job to find out who did so. Dr Dvorak has written articles for medical journals under his own name, and several other mystery novels under the pen name of Craig Janacek. Isles in Summer Seas. Beautiful Bermuda. Redman. 1913. New York, Dillingham. 242 pages. Illustrated. Isles of the Sea. Dawson. 1886. 696 pages. Illustrated. I Spy. Novel. Bermuda resident Geoffrey Elliott. It Seems Like Only Yesterday. The First 50 Years of TCA, now Air Canada. Philip Smith. Bermuda is mentioned prominently, starting with the flights of 1946 and 1948. Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery. Gian Quasar (1 Apr 2005) It's a Dirty, Rotten, Wonderful Business. 2004. Nell Bassett. A Bermudian in American broadcasting. She worked for radio stations in New York. She began her broadcasting career in Bermuda as a DJ. It's only 4%: Crime in Bermuda. Larry Scott. Bermudian lawyer. 2011. Points to numerous entities including Government House, the Judiciary, the security services, the Bermuda Bar Council, Progressive Labour Party hierarchy and elsewhere, for creating a successful overall crime prosecution rate in Bermuda of only 4% compared to over 50% in New York; alienating Bermuda's young black males and being self-delusional, misguided and misdirected about the extent of crime in Bermuda and proper solutions he believes are needed. Jail Journal. Mitchell. 1910's. 320 pages. Author was a convict in Bermuda. Jazz of the Rock, Part 1. Curtis. Writers' Machine. Joe Mills: A Bermuda Labor Legend. Dr. Eva Hodgson. Justice Denied: Bermudaï¿½s Black Militants, the ï¿½Third Manï¿½ and the Assassinations of a Police Chief and Governor. Mel Ayton. 2010. This British author worked in the Bermuda prison service in 1972 and 1973 when Police Commissioner George Duckett, Governor Sir Richard Sharples and his aide Captain Hugh Sayers were murdered by assassins linked to the Black Beret Cadre, a Bermudian black power group. Originally intended to publish as Conspiracy To Kill but the author has stated the-then US publisher backed out of the contract at the last minute afraid of a law suit. Kilcolman, or Raleigh's Visit to Spenser, and other compositions in Verse. Thomas E. Nelmes. 216 pages. 1875. Kill Me Once, Kill Me Twice. Murder on the Queen's Playground. Dr. Carol Schuman. 2010. The true story of the worst crime ever committed on any woman, the brutal repeated rape, sodomy and murder in 1996 of teenager Canadian tourist Rebecca Middleton and the obscene, deliberate miscarriages of justice that followed in Bermuda, with in 2011 two-year old appeal to the European Court of Human Rights still unresolved. Kindley Air Force Base, Bermuda: The First Twenty Five Years. Block, Dolores G. Not a book but a collection of articles about the US base, in a binder. Not produced commercially. The author has since died. Kill Me Onceï¿½Kill Me Twice: Murder on the Queen's Playground. By Bermuda resident Carol Shuman. 2010. It examines the way the dreadfully and shamefully and deliberately botched investigation was handled after the 17-year-old was raped, repeatedly stabbed and left for dead at Ferry Reach in 1996. The 17 year old Canadian teenager Rebecca Middleton's brutal repeated rape, sodomy, murder, probably the most sadistic sexual crimes ever committed against a woman and the fact that nobody was convicted for it, has been the focus of international headlines and documentaries over the years. It's also been the focus of several judicial appeals including one from top human rights lawyer Cherie Booth QC. Ms Booth, wife of former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, failed in her attempt to get Bermuda's Chief Justice to quash a prosecutor's decision not to reopen the case in 2007. The Bermuda Government, instead of offering to pay substantial compensation to bereaved parents, merely offered token compensation. King Carter's Church. Gowans, Professor Alan. King George VI Large Key Type Stamps of Bermuda, Leeward Islands, Nyasaland. Robert W. Dickgiesser and Eric P. Yendall. Weston, Mass., Triad Publications, 1985, 183 pp.; bibliography. Kitty Harris. Geoffrey Elliott. In conjunction with Igor Damaskin of Russia. Novel. Knick Knacks, Licks. And the Annihilation of the Bermuda Working Class and its Placement in Prison. Writers' Machine. Lands of the Inner Sea. West Indies and Bermuda. Roberts, A. 1948. 301 pages. La Spiga Readers - Lecturas Simplificadas (A2/B1): El Triangulo de las Bermudas. Published by La Spiga Languages, Italy. Last Act in Bermuda. Burnham. 1940's. A novel about the Islands. Last of the Flying Clippers. The Boeing 314 Story. M. D. Klass. 2006. With amenities modeled on those of the great luxury liners of the period, the 12 Boeing-314 Clippers operated by Pan Am and British Overseas Airlines Corporation remain the most luxurious aircraft ever to take to the skies. The sumptuous flying boats used to fly through Bermuda in the 1930s and '40s. The book includes sections on the aircraft's extensive use of the Darrell's Island airport in Bermuda. They were the largest aircraft of their type ever built, with a maximum of 74 passengers and 10 crew. They used island airports as intermediate stepping stones for ocean-spanning flights across the Atlantic and Pacific. The aircraft were commissioned from Boeing by Pan Am founder Juan Trippe ï¿½ also the developer of Bermuda's Castle Harbour Hotel ï¿½ specifically for trans-oceanic flights. PanAm operated nine of the aircraft while three were purchased by Imperial Airways, forerunner of today's British Airways and also flew through Bermuda en route to New York and other destinations. The aircraft were built between 1938 and 1941. After World War Two, seaplanes became obsolete because new, long-range aircraft such as the Lockheed Constellation could cross the Atlantic and Pacific non-stop Legend of St. Brendan's. By Dr. Juanita Guishard. University of Toronto Press. About the only mental, or psychiatric, hospital in Bermuda and the Irish saint by that name born about 484 AD. Lennon Bermuda. 2012. Book and CD. Former Beatle's member John Lennon's experiences in Bermuda. In the summer of 1980, John Lennon, accompanied by his 5-year-old son, Sean, his personal assistant, Fred Seaman, and Sean's nanny, Helen Seaman (Fred's aunt) took a sailing trip down to Bermuda. Many songs on Lennon's last album, Double Fantasy, were written or completed during Lennon's two-month stay in Bermuda. The name of the album was even influenced by Lennon's trip when he saw the Double Fantasy freesia flower in the Bermuda Botanical Gardens. Lest We Forget - They Paved the Way. 2000. Joy Cora Elizabeth Wilson Tucker. Bermuda's Black History. Profile of some of its personalities. Letters from Bermuda. Jane A. Eames. Two editions, the second of 1881. Written originally for the Concord, New Hampshire "Daily Monitor" newspaper and published in booklet form. Begins with a letter written from the Hamilton Hotel, Hamilton, Bermuda, on January 12, 1875 and with more through 1880. Lewis Hughes: The Militant Minister of the Bermudas and his Printed Works. Cole, George Watson. Reprinted from the Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society for October, 1927. 67 pages. 1928, American Antiquarian Society. Life in Old Bermuda. Cox, John. Life of John Mitchell. Dillon. Two volumes. 1888. Mitchell was a convict on a Prison Hulk in Bermuda. Life on Old St. David's. McCallan, Ernest A. 1948. Bermuda Historical Monuments Trust. 1st edition, 258 pages. Illustrated. Later reprinted. Light the Spark. The Life and Times of Bermudian "Sparky" Lightbourne. Dr. Andrea J. Lightbourne, English Language Arts Officer, Ministry of Education. About well-known Bermudian bus driver the late Hubert "Sparky" Lightbourne after whom the new Hamilton bus terminal was named. Lincolnshire Convicts to Australia, Bermuda and Gibraltar. C. L. Anderson, 1993. Lists, Presented to the House of Commons, of All Ships and Vessels, or Cargoes or Parts of Cargoes, Prosecuted as Prizes in the Name of His Majesty, in the Vice Courts of Jamaica, Newfoundland, Bermuda, Nova Scotia, Bombay, Bahama Islands, Malta and Antigua. London: House of Commons, 1808. 66pp. British Parliamentary Paper HC195. Parliamentary Papers. Little Bermuda. Pool. 1899. Boston, Page & Co. 163 pages. Little Story About Bermuda. John Bushnell. Lois: Grand Dame of Bermuda Politics. J. Randolf Williams. A 2001 biography of Dame Lois Browne-Evans. Longtales. A Bermuda Anthology. Writers Club. 1981. 25th anniversary publication. Lost Treasure of Bermuda. Rod. C. Farrington. 2005. Novel. Look Seaward Bermuda. Pearman. 1938. 62 pages. Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Start of A New Nation. David A. Price. Alfred A. Knopf, 2003. Husband of Pocahontas was John Rolfe, formerly of the Sea Venture then of Bermuda. Love is a Durable Fire. Bermudian author Brian Burland. Mapping of Bermuda: A Bibliography of Printed Maps and Charts, 1548-1970. M. Palmer (Editor), Ronald Vere Palmer (Editor). Marathon - All the Facts, Winners and Drama. Dale Butler. Marine and Ocean Island Ecology of Bermuda. M. L. H. Thomas. 1997. Marine Fauna and Flora of Bermuda. Dr. Wolfgang Sterrer. 1986. Wiley Interscience, New York. Out of print. Marine Mollusks of Bermuda: Checklist and Bibliography. 2009. First complete and comprehensive catalogue of Bermuda's marine mollusks, after over a decade of preparation. Published by the Delaware Museum of Natural History. Compiled and catalogued by the late Bermuda-shell collector Russel H. Jensen and Dr. Timothy A. Pearce - the curator of mollusks at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh. The detailed book is compiled from more than 750 literature sources and previously unpublished museum records. With 100 species never before reported, 66 only found in Bermuda and 900 mollusk species in total, it is by far the most thorough and complete list of Bermuda's Marine Mollusks printed to date. Russel Jensen, who's work provides the basis for the book, began studying marine Mollusks in Bermuda shortly after World War 2. He spent nearly 40 years scouring the depths around the island for new species and specimens. Along with Bermudian colleagues Jack Lightbourn and Arthur Guest the trio spent decades dredging the deep waters and exploring the inland waters for new specimens. In 1997 Dr. Pearce joined the team to add thousands of additional literature references and to complete the book after Mr. Jensen's death. Available at Bermuda Underwater Exploration Institute and Bermuda Aquarium Museum and Zoo for $30. Mark Twain and the Happy Island. Wallace, Elizabeth. 1913. Chicago, McClug. 139 pages. Illustrated. Mark Twain In Paradise ï¿½ His Voyages to Bermuda. American writer Donald Hoffmann. The special relationship that Mark Twain had with turn of the century Bermuda. University of Missouri Press, 2006. Between 1867 and 1910 Twain spent a total of 187 days in Bermuda. Delves into Clemensï¿½s complex character and the topography and history of the islands. The author has plumbed the voluminous Mark Twain scholarship and Bermudian archives to faithfully re-create turn-of-the-century Bermuda, supplying historical and biographical background to give his narrative texture and depth. He offers insight into Bermudaï¿½s natural environment, traditional stone houses, and romantic past, and he presents dozens of illustrations, both vintage and new. Mazumbo:100 Facts and Essays about Dr. E. F. Gordon. Butler. 69 pages. Me One. Autobiography. By political and social Bermuda activist Roosevelt Browne, writing under the name of Pauulu Roosevelt Osiris Nelson Browne Kamarakafego. Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of The Bermudas or Somers Isles, 1515-1685. 2 big volumes. Lefroy, Major General John Henry, a former Governor of Bermuda. 1887-1889, 1st edition, London, Longman's. With a preface by the author. Subsequent editions in 1932 and 1981. Memoirs of a Scatterbrain. Daltonell Cynthia Minors. Poetry from this Bermudian author. Mettle and Pasture: The History of the Second Battalion of the Lincolnshire Regiment During World War II by Gary J. Weight July 15, 2014. Some from Bermuda who served in that regiment because of its links with Bermuda since 1914 died in that conflict. Bermudians were among the British Army soldiers of the Second Battalion who stormed ashore in northern France and from Hermanville-sur-Mer fought their way to Lengerich in Germany by May 8, 1945. Mind the Onion Seed. Nellie E Musson. Explores some of Bermuda's history, with particular reference to the old Lodges and Friendly Societies of Bermuda. Miracle. The True Story of the Wreck of the Sea Venture. Gail Karwoski of the USA.. 2004. Darby Creek Publishing, a small children's book publisher in Plain City, Ohio, USA. Recommended for children 11 and older, grades 4-6, it is slender at 64 pages, but professionally researched, vividly written and handsomely produced, with ten beautifully engraved illustrations by John MacDonald. Mohawks in the Onion Patch. Geoff Rothwell. 2002. He debunks the myth that many St. David's Islanders were Mohawks and explains they were really Pequot and Mohican Indians brought to Bermuda as slaves in the mid 17th century. Mood Bermuda (Moon Handbooks). Rosemary Jones. November 2009. Updated June 25, 2015. Moore's Poetical Works. 1879. 496 pages. Famed English Irish poet Thomas Moore lived at Bermuda's Tom Moore's Tavern for several months. Murder in Bermuda. Willoughby Sharpe. Originally published 1933 when author lived in Bermuda with his family, republished 2013. Murder mystery, fiction. Murder on the Bermuda Queen. Cheryl Peyton. 2014. Fiction. Takes place on a cruise bound for Bermuda. Author, from Tennessee, has written other books. My Bermuda 123. By Bermudian artist, book illustrator and graphic designer Dana Cooper. My Bermuda ABC. By Bermudian artist, book illustrator and graphic designer Dana Cooper. My Bermuda Namesakes. 2012. E-book. By former resident Maggie Fogarty. Ms Fogarty lived in Bermuda for a year starting April 2011, with her partner, Paul Weall, who was working as a digital forensics consultant with the Bermuda Police Service. The couple now lives in Truro, Cornwall. Her debut novel. Ms Fogarty is a television producer by profession. Amazon. My Soul Shouts. Right Rev. Vinton Randolph Anderson, Ph.D who grew up in Bermuda. 2002. My Way- The Autobiography of Calvin Bubby Symonds. Dale Butler. National Audubon Society Field Guide to Tropical Marine Fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. By C. Lavett Smith, National Audubon Society. ISBN: 067944601X. With 417 color photographs of the coral reefs and full-text descriptions for more than 400 species, each with its own range map. Easy to use and understand, lightweight, and sturdily constructed for travel. Native plants. David B. Wingate and C. Zuill, 1971. National Geographic Magazine. 1922, 1942, 1971, 1976. Chapters on Bermuda. Nature Spirits and Bermuda's Fairy Kingdom - Teachings of Norina, The Fairy Queen. See http://www.nidaba.fi/index.php?page=e-books-and-videos . Jouko Karkela. A Journey to Bermuda's Nature and suggestions how to meet the elemental spirits there. An introduction to Nature Spirituality. Author from Finland was in Bermuda 2009-2012. ISBN 978-952-67929-0-3. E-book in BDF format, easy to download from publisher website http://www.nidaba.fi . which links to www.bermuda-online.org . Includes 163 high quality digital photographs. Naval Documents of the American Revolution. W. B. Clark. Bermuda's role is mentioned. Nineteenth (19th) Century Church Registers of Bermuda. Clara Hallett, a pioneer in genealogy studies on the Island. Nonsuch, Land of Water. Beebe, William, Dr. 1932. New York, Harcourt Brace. 257 pages. Illustrated. A treatise on Bermuda's Nonsuch Island, off which Beebe and his associates conducted deep sea diving experiments in his famous bathysphere. Nonsuch Summer. 2005. Autobiography of her childhood by Janet Wingate, (eldest daughter of naturalist David Wingate, who created the Nonsuch Island Living Museum project) 160 pages, paperback, illustrated. Notes on Bermuda. Morley. 1931. New York, Henry Longwell, 32 pages. Nothin' But A Pond Dog. Llewellyn Emery. 1996. An intimate account by the author of the area of Bermuda known as Pond Hill, little known by most visitors. Observations of Bermuda's Terrestrial Herpetofauna 1956-1965. Noted Bermuda conservationist Dr. David Wingate. His pioneering work began the long process of bringing the cahow species back from the brink of extinction. Ocean Racing. Loomis. 1936. 300 pages. with much on Bermuda. Illustrated. Oh Gawd I Wish Dis Ig'rance Vud Stop! Jeremy Frith. 1996. It was unique, humorous and serious at the same time, about possible political independence for Bermuda.. Old Bermuda. Wells, Bernard. 1979, B&C Wells, Bermuda. A collection of photographs taken towards the end of the 19th century. 52 pages. Old Bermuda Maps: A Cartographic History and Collector's Guide For The Somers or Summer Islands, 1511-1948. Jonathan Land Evans. Book. 2012, National Museum of Bermuda/Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. Old Virginia and Her Neighbors. Fiske. 1901, Boston and New York. 2 volumes, with much on Bermuda. Oscar the Onion. Lisa Wilson. 2011. Coloring story book for children. Our Lady of Labour. Ottiwell Simmons. 2010. A tribute to Dr. Barbara Bertha Ball, MRCS, LRCP, OBE, former Member of Parliament and former Research Officer of the Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU). She died in March 2011 and who in the 1960s and beyond worked tirelessly with the BIU to improve workers' rights. Veteran labour leader and former MP Ottiwell Simmons has chronicled Dr. Ball's work with the BIU in one of the most turbulent periods of Bermuda's history. In 1942, the young Barbara Ball went to Liverpool University in England on a government scholarship to study medicine. After graduation she worked for five years in hospitals in Liverpool, Merseyside and Westmoreland. At the age of 30, she returned home to work as a family doctor. She started to gain the notice of the community, in 1960 ,when she spoke at a meeting of an anonymous group called 'The Committee for Universal Adult Suffrage'. They wanted all locals over the age of 21 to have the right to vote. In 1962, when Dr. Ball was first elected Secretary General at a BIU conference, she stuck out like a sore thumb. She was elected partly because some people at the conference thought that because she was white, she might get further with the white establishment they were battling with for things like the right to have union representation, better working conditions and better pay. The Bermudian community was turned upside down by the appointment. Whites seemed to reject her and push her away. Blacks suspected her as being a spy. She was thrown out of the a local medical association not long after she joined the BIU. In those days she had an office on Laffan Street where she treated mainly Portuguese and black patients. Even this was controversial, as white people mainly saw white doctors, and black people mainly saw black doctors. During a labour dispute where non-clinical workers struggled to be allowed union representation, Dr. Ball was suspended from seeing her patients at King Edward VII Memorial Hospital. The suspension was eventually lifted, but not until 6,000 people signed a petition on her behalf. One moment in her labour career that particularly stood out was the Belco strike of February 1965. On February 2, BIU members were picketing various gates at Belco. That day there were an estimated 400 people picketing, not just members of the BIU, but also people from other organizations who were sympathetic. A dispute began between the picketers and the Police seeming to hinge on how fast the picketers cleared the gate so that traffic could get onto the property. Later, the strike had sickening repercussions. Palmetto Wine. Bermuda Writers Collective. Short stories. Partners in Peace & Prosperity: a Premier and a Governor of Bermuda 1977-1981. Allison Moir of USA. Sir David Gibbons and Sir Peter Ramsbotham. 2001. Peaceful Warrior. Sir Edward Trenton Richards. The first black Premier of Bermuda in the 1970s. Williams. 375 pages. Peace, Prudence and Prosperity; a history of Bermuda from 1919 to 1939. Jonathan Land Evans. October 2013. 140 pages. Beautiful, British and business-friendly, the Atlantic archipelago of Bermuda was one of the 20th Century's great success-stories. This book examines Bermuda between the two World Wars, touching on most aspects of local life, with particular emphasis on its tourism economy, physical and social development, and public affairs. It also discusses the early days of offshore business, the decline of agriculture, the march of technology, and the island's prominent role in the arts and in marine science, as well as Bermuda's special place in the affections of its many well-to-do American devotees. Darker aspects of life, such as racism and crime, are also examined. Peniston Pedigree 1066-1920. Col William Corbusier. Includes the Bermuda side of this family. Photography in Bermuda: The First 100 Years. Butterfield and Notman. 1990 Bermudian Publishing Co. Ltd. Picturesque Bermuda. In Picture, Prose and Poetry. Bushell's Handbook. Bushell, John J. Many yearly editions from 1927-1939. (1938 edition, 196 pages, Glasgow by Macklehose). Plus advertisements, maps, photographs. Picturesque Bermuda at a glance. Roland Skinner. 48 pages. 2012. Gorgeous photographs by this Bermudian press and nature photographer. Aimed at budget-minded air and cruise visitors. Published by AS Cooper & Sons, Bermuda. includes colour photos of Island scenery, its beaches, flora, architecture and aerial shots.Soft cover, meant as an introduction to his more in-depth books. Picturesque Bermuda. Roland Skinner. 1997. First edition of this delightful in-depth coffee table book. Gorgeous photographs of the island by this Bermudian press and nature photographer Picturesque Bermuda. Roland Skinner. 2005. Second edition. More gorgeous photographs in this updated coffee table book this Bermudian press and nature photographer. Picturesque Bermuda. Roland Skinner Third edition, late 2014. Rewritten and re-photographed as the first book is 17 years old and the second one ten years old, thus a new book with fresh images. Most of the photographs are bigger. The other ones had lots of little small images. Published in Florida. Skinner started out during his school holidays working for the Department of Tourism in their photo lab and that's where he acquired his love for photography. And when he retired from the department, which was then called Information Services, he decided to open up Picturesque Gallery in 1993. For tourists captivated by the beauty of Bermuda, this will remind them of their lovely visit. Limited copies are now available for $48 at Picturesque Gallery and at Bermuda book stores. Pillars of the Bridge. Nan Godet and Edward Harris. 1991. The building of the US Military Bases in Bermuda, 50 years later. Title is taken from a quote by Sir Winston Churchill after his war-time visit to Bermuda. Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. Pink Sand Poems. 2005. Jane Barcroft and Cathy Stanz. 20 poems and 22 original water colours of scenes around the island. Jane was a Bermuda resident when her parents were based there . She was in 8th, 9th & 10th grade at Kindley High School. See also "Bermuda On My Mind." Plantation to Nation: Caribbean Museums and National Identity. 2014. A new book about museums in the Caribbean and Bermuda, launched by the Barbados Museum and Historical Society. Planting the Banner of Christ on the Isle of the Devils. By Father James Wahl, who used to serve in Bermuda, on the history of the Roman Catholic Church in Bermuda. 2003. Plants of the Bermudas or Somers Isles. 1883. By Oswald Reade, a British pharmacist then working at the Royal Navy Hospital, Dockyard, Bermuda. Publisher unknown. Playing with the Enemy: A Baseball Prodigy, a World at War and a Field of Broken Dreams. Gary Moore. The story of the June 4, 1944 captured crew of U-505, with the U-boat and crew towed initially to Bermuda then USA. The motion picture Playing with the Enemy resulted, was planned for release in 2013. Plutocracy vs. Democracy. Stovell. A Bermudian viewpoint. 40 pages. Poems From the Heart. Crystal Holdipp. 2012. A collection of her favourite pieces. Pond With No End. Esra Turner. Bermuda children's book. Portuguese Bermudians 1849-1949. Patricia Marirea Mudd. An early history and reference guide to the significant Bermudianization of Portuguese in Bermuda and their hugely significant and lasting impact on Bermudian society today. Ports of The Sun. Early, 1937, Boston, Houghton Mifflin. 316 pages. Chapters on Bermuda. Powder Keg. The Bermuda Gunpowder Mystery. Donald E. Cook. 1971. Fiction, based on fact. In 1775, George Washington needed gunpowder desperately. There was British gunpowder in Bermuda and history shows that the gunpowder was stolen August 14, 1775 and delivered to General Washington. How this might have happened. Presbyterians in Bermuda. The Story of Christ Church, Warwick 1984. 185 pages Principles of Archaeological Stratigraphy. Bermudian archaeologist Dr. Edward Harris. Originally published 1973, set the industry standard for archaeological recording on excavations. Eight foreign editions, most recent of which is the 2015 Czech edition translated by the archaeologist Jozef Chajbullin Kostial, of Prague. Also available in Italian, Slovene, Hungarian, Japanese, Polish, Spanish, German and Czech. Chinese, French, Russian and Slovak translations are being prepared. The copyright of the book was purchased and the book about the Harris Matrix has been put on the internet for free downloading at a website supported by the University of Vienna in Austria and the National Museum of Bermuda. Printed Maps of Bermuda. Palmer. 1974. Prisoners in Paradise. 2008. An account (not a printed book) of how in 1823 British convicts were approved by the British Government in London and its Navy Board for transportation to Bermuda to work on HM Dockyard. See http://issuu.com/penandsword/docs/prisonersinparadise . They began early the next year and did so for many years. Psalms and Hymns for Public Worship. Selected by Robert Hoare, Robert, A. B. 123 pages. Bermuda, 18th century by Edmund Ward, King's Printer. QE2. Warwick, Ronald, and Flayhart, William III. The story of the famous ocean liner, with its special historical links with Bermuda. Queen of Bermuda & Furness Bermuda Line. Piers Plowman and mane artist Stephen Card. 2002. Bermuda Maritime Museum. This magnificent vessel which served Bermuda before and after World War 2, left indelible memories. Also see the history in Bermuda of the Furness Withy Line from 1919. Racial Dynamics in Bermuda in the 21st Century: Progress and Challenges. A report, not a book. 2015. Keith Lawrence and Raymond Codringtonï¿½s 30-page manifesto Their paper calls for a broader and more committed collective of community figureheads to promote a ï¿½comprehensive and sustained social justice agenda. This would be an expanded universe of people in Bermuda who recognise that the societyï¿½s longer-term cohesion and prosperity will depend as much on a racial dynamic as on business growth. Railways of the Caribbean. David Rollinson. London, Macmillan Caribbean 2001. Bermuda Railway in included in Chapter 3. Ramparts of Empire: the fortifications of Sir William Jervois, Royal Engineer, 1821ï¿½1897. Dr. Timothy Crick, UK. Bermuda figures prominently, Jervois was here, book is superb in many respects but contains one major error, namely that every piece of hard stone was not imported but was entirely local. It was not too soft for military purposes. Rare Birds. The Extraordinary Tale of the Bermuda Petrel and the Man Who Brought it Back from Extinction. Elizabeth Gehrman. October 9. 2012. Beacon Press, USA. The author visited Bermuda to talk to Dr. David Wingate about the Bermuda Cahow national bird. Thanks to him and his followers, the Castle Harbour island, Nonsuch Island, is now home to a new colony which has been successfully inhabited by several breeding pairs. For those who are environmentalists or simply love nature, it is an amazing story. Rattle and Shake: The Story of the Bermuda Railway. By David Raine. 1992. Rays of Hope: The Story of Agnes May Robinson and the Sunshine League. Carol G. Hill, 2000, The Writers Machine, Bermuda, 404pp. Recollections Of 19th Century Bermuda. Horst Augustinovic. 2016. A gallery of pen-sketches of the island during the Georgian and Victorian eras, a collection of first-hand accounts. This Bermuda philatelist has also written the three-volume What You May Not Know About Bermuda series and The Golden Age of Bermuda Postcards. Here, Mr Augustinovic has drawn together eight distinctive narratives chronicling life in Bermuda between 1808 and 1897 from a rich variety of contemporaneous sources. Included are pieces by two pre-eminent 19th-century writers holding violently, almost ridiculously contradictory views of Bermuda: Mark Twain and Anthony Trollope. Twain sings Bermuda's praises with gusto and characteristic charm in his Atlantic magazine series Some Rambling Notes On An Idle Excursion, now considered a minor classic of early travel writing. Originally running over four issues of that magazine in 1877 and 1878, Twain discussed ï¿½ and extolled ï¿½ almost every aspect of life on the island which would become his second home and sanctuary. In contrast, Anthony Trollope. the British writer leaves in no doubt his profound distaste for many of the same aspects of island life which so charmed his American contemporary. In marked contrast to the whimsical take on Bermuda presented by Twain, Trollope's view of the island taken from his 1860 book West Indies of the Spanish Main is critical to a fault. And Susette Harriet Lloyd is also compared. She yearned for ï¿½that glad day [when] the industry and energy of the negro shall no longer be checked by the withering influenceï¿½ of that only recently abolished institution and be allowed to reinvigorate what she saw as a somewhat listless and directionless community). Reefs, Wrecks and Relics. Bermuda's Underwater Heritage. By William Gillies, a self-taught diver. 2010. One of his earliest memories of shipwrecks was the Spanish luxury liner Cristobal Colon that wrecked on North Rock on October 25, 1936, when Mr. Gillies was six-years-old. After being wrecked it was left where it was, for some time. Little did Mr. Gillies ever imagine at that time that he would one day dive the Cristobal Colon wreck, and many others. Regular Sea Communications with Bermuda to 1914. Reprinted from Bermuda Historical Quarterly, 1979; iv+8 pp. Reminiscences of an Old Bermuda Church. Warwick Presbyterian Church. Joseph H. S. Frith, Joseph H. S. Edited by the Rev. A. B. Cameron, DD. 1911, Edinburgh, The Darien Press, Bristo Place. 103 pages. Report on Bermuda's Yellow Fever. C. B. Adderley. Aug 3, 1865. 112 pages. Reunion in Paradise. M. J. Hinds. Romance in Bermuda. Residence in Bermuda. Hervey Allen. 1936. Bermuda Trade Development Board. 94 pages. Only 2,000 copies were printed. Hardcover. Rogues and Runners. Bermuda and the American Civil War. Catherine Deichmann. 2003. Information about the American Civil War from the exhibition in the Globe Hotel in St George's. 79 pages, paperback. $15. Rough Notes and Memoranda Relating to the Natural History of the Bermudas. John L. Hurdis. 1897. R. H. Porter, London. Roses in Bermuda. Edited and co-edited by Tupagesy Cooper and Lee Davidson. 128 pages. An updated and enlarged version of an earlier edition, 1997. In hard cover and soft cover. Royal Bermuda. 2014. Dr Edward Harris and Rosemary Jones. Details Bermuda's connections to the British monarchy. A collaboration between The National Museum of Bermuda and Brimstone Media. Provides a pictorial history of events since 1609, when the Island was colonized by the English, with chapters devoted to every official visit by the Queen since 1953. The collector's edition includes details of other royal visits since the Victorian Age, profiles local collectors of royal memorabilia and includes a timeline with mini-biographies of monarchs who helped to shape our history. Includes more than 350 photographs taken from public and private collections, including photos of the Queen's seven visits to Bermuda, five of which were with Prince Philip, as well as visits by other royals, including George V, Edward VIII, Princess Margaret, Charles, Prince of Wales and Diana, Princess of Wales. The book includes photos of regal artefacts, icons and hallmarks that include currency, stamps, street signs and Royal Mail pillar boxes. Honorees who received royal orders and honours for civil, diplomatic and military service are listed. $30 at local bookstores and the Museum. Royal Bermuda Regiment - 50 years Strong. 2016. Tony McWilliam. Celebrating its half centenary. The 160-page book features interviews with former and serving soldiers and charts the history of the RBR since it was formed in 1965 through the amalgamation of the Bermuda Militia Artillery and the Bermuda Rifles, formerly the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps. Published by the National Museum of Bermuda Press under the auspices of the Bermuda Regiment Charitable Trust, $50. Sailing in Bermuda: Sail Racing in the Nineteenth Century. Dr. Jack C. Arnell. 1982. Traces the history of sail racing in Bermuda. Published to coincide with the centennial of the Royal Hamilton Amateur Dingy Club. 255 pages. Illustrated. Salt and the Sea Venture. Melissa L. Gill, 2014. Historical novel for children. About a unique scruffy white cat called Salt looking for a new life, so sneaks aboard the Sea Venture at Plymouth, supposedly en route to Virginia. Life on the Sea Venture is full of fun and excitement, even though Salt has to deal with the aristocratic Angoras, the exclusive Feline Guild, and the territorial shipï¿½s cats. But then a huge tempest threatens to sink the ship. The passengers labor for days to keep the ship afloat and Salt expects the ship to sink at any moment. But luckily they wreck off the island of Bermuda. The island holds many new adventures, but Salt is determined to get to the New World, so when the humans build two more boats, he joins them. They make it to the New World, but find a horror there that none of them expected. Eventually the story of the shipwreck reaches England and inspires William Shakespeare to write his play, the Tempest. Saturday's Children. A Journey from Darkness into Light. Raymond. 1850. Sealab. Ben Hellwarth. The California residentï¿½s book is about the US Navy's 1964 experiments with the apparatus by that name 25 miles off the coast of Bermuda. Seasons of Change: A History of Bermuda from 1939 to 1959. Jonathan Land Evans. Sea Venture: Shipwreck, Survival, and the Salvation of the First English Colony in the New World. Kieran Doherty Sea Venture. The Tempest Wreck. Sea Venture Trust, 1986, compiled by Allan J. (Smokey) Wingood, DFC, his wife Peggy Wingood and Jonathan Adams. A definitive souvenir of Bermuda. Mr. Wingood, a World War 2 bomber pilot, former diver, former Chairman of the Bermuda Historical Society, personally dived on the wreck. Sculptor. Bermudian Desmond Fountain. 2003. 184 pages. Or at the Desmond Fountain Gallery, phone 296-3518. Second Class Citizens; First Class Men. Dr. Hodgson. Second edition. 1988. 273 pages. A Bermudian's perspective. Selling the Sea: An Inside Look at the Cruise Industry. 2002. Andy Vladimir. A former (1984-5) Director of Tourism for the Bermuda Government, who left when his home was fire-bombed. Setting Sail for the New Millennium. By Bermudian photographer Ian Macdonald-Smith, 2001. About the Tall Ships 2000 race. 233 pages. Shakespeare, an Island and a Storm. By David L. Raine. Shark Life. True Stories about Sharks & the Sea. Peter Benchley. April 2007 Including when he was on a trip to Bermuda with Teddy Tucker Shipwreck! History from the Bermuda Reefs. Ivor Noel Hume and E B Teddy Tucker. 1995. Shipwreck on Devil's Island. Bermuda in 1609. Elaine Egbert. 2013. Fiction. Romance. Sidney the Sailboat. Patricia DeCosta. A child's book. Sir George Somers: A man and his Times. David Raine. Well researched and very readable. Sir George Somers: Links Bermuda With Lyme Regis. Owen Darrell. 1st and 2nd editions. Sir John Plowman. A life time of Social, Economic and Political Changes. By his son Piers Plowman. 2001. A biography of this senior statesman, a former member of the Bermuda Cabinet. Shakespeare, an Island and A Storm. David Raine. The author examines the connections between Shakespeare and Bermuda. Shipweck Diving. Dan Berg. June 1991. Shipwrecked. Bermuda's Maritime Heritage. 2015. Dr Gordon Payne Watts. 278 pages. Traces the Islands role as the shipwreck capital of the mid-Atlantic. Underwater archaeologist Dr Watts, from North Carolina, has been a frequent visitor since 1981 and launched a long-running programme investigating Bermuda's 300+shipwrecks that has seen many US students come to the Island. Published by the National Museum of Bermuda Press. Sketchbook of the HMS Challenger Expedition 1872-1874. B. Shephard. The expedition arrived in Bermuda on April 3, 1873. 1972 edition by the Philadelphia Maritime Museum. Distributed by the New York Graphic Society Ltd., Greenwich, Connecticut. Illustrated with black and white and color plates. Sketches of Bermuda. Suzette Harriett Lloyd. First published 1835. With map and reproductions of beautiful steel engravings of different scenes of Bermuda, such as The Flatts. 258 pages. MDCCCXXXV, London, James Cochrane and Co. Re-issued 30 Nov 2005. Slavery in Bermuda. Smith, James. 1976. New York, Vantage Press. 314 pages. Illustrated. Slaves and Slaveholders in Bermuda, 1616 to 1782. July 1, 1999, Virginia Bernhard, Professor of History at the University of St. Thomas in Houston, Texas. University of Missouri Press. Slave Trade Instructions, being Instructions for the Guidance of The Commanders of Her Majesty's Ships of War employed in the Suppression of the Slave Trade. Issued by the Commissioners for executing the Office of Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 1865, London, Printed by George E. Eyre and William Spottiswood, printers to the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty. For HMSO. These instructions were sent to the Registrar of the Vice Admiralty Court, Bermuda, for distribution to the commanders of all Royal Navy vessels based in Bermuda. Slave Trade Instructions, Supplement to. Being Instructions for the Guidance of The Commanders of Her Majesty's Ships of War employed in the Suppression of the Slave Trade. Issued by the Commissioners for executing the Office of Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Volume I - Treaty Engagements with States other than Uncivilized African States. 1865, London, Printed by George E. Eyre and William Spottiswood, printers to the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty. For HMSO. Paperback. These instructions were sent to the Registrar of the Vice Admiralty Court, Bermuda, for distribution to the commanders of all Royal Navy vessels based in Bermuda. Sporty Little Field Guide to Bermuda. Constable, Jennifer and Cooper, James. 2 Halves Publishing. 1997. Illustrated by Frith, Jonathan. $10. Stark's Illustrated Bermuda Guide. Containing a description of everything on or about the Bermuda islands concerning which the visitor or resident may desire information ... with maps, engravings, and sixteen photo prints. St. David's Island, Bermuda, Its People, History and Culture. 2009. By St. Clair (Brinky) Tucker, a Bermudian proud of his St. David's Island ancestry which he can trace back to 1783 descendants of North American Indians brought to Bermuda as slaves in the 1600s and 1700s. The author provides facts on a wide variety of subjects about Indian slavery, especially how the slaves were treated en route from New England to Bermuda and after they arrived; tribes to which they belonged; what work they performed; how they died; how and where they were buried; interracial marriages; executions; religion; fishing. St. Felix. Told by Two. c. l9OO. Illustrated Bermuda story. Stamps from the Bermuda Prize Court Sale. Kasimir Bileski. Canada ca. 1949, 11 pp. Stephen Decatur, the Devil and the Endymion. Bermudian author Brian Burland. His interpretation of the life and exploits of the American-British 1812 War hero. Story of a Portrait. Mrs. George P. Coleman. Study Investigating Attitudes to Disabled/Special Needs People in Bermuda. Mark Taylor, 2001. It was part of his studies for a Diploma in Psychology via distance learning with Oxford University, before he left Bermuda for Australia. A copy was given to all who played a role in or who are responsible and accountable to the disabled in Bermuda. Study of the head-plate flaws of the George VI high values of Bermuda, Leeward Islands and Nyasaland. Edwin H. Folk. Interim report. Philadelphia, August 1968, 7 pp. Successfully Raising Bermuda Boys. 2003. Dale Butler. Sundays with Codfish and Potatoes. 2002. By UK-born Chef Mathew Line who lives and works in Bermuda. Surprise. Bermudian author Brian Burland. Tastes of Bermuda. 1996. Ed Bottone. $9.95. Author is "The Curious Cook" food writer and cook. A gastronomic tour of his favorite restaurants and Pubs. Thank you, Dr. E. F. Gordon. Brangman. 60 pages. Dr. Gordon started the Bermuda Industrial Union. That's My Bloody Plane. By Major Cecil Montgomery-Moore, DFC, formerly in the Royal Corps, whose military exploits in Bermuda included being the Commanding Officer of the Bermuda Flying School formed in the earlier part of World War 2 to train Bermudian pilots for the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm, and Peter Kilduff. About the Great War in Bermuda. 1975. The Pequot Press, Chester, Connecticut. 157 pages. Tea with Tracey . The Woman's Survival Guide to Bermuda. Tracey Caswell. When this Canadian author went to live in Bermuda with her Bermudian husband she found out first-hand what wives encounter environmentally and in many other ways as challenges on this semi-tropical island. Nice read, especially good for newcomers, wives, husbands or singles. Several editions, most recently in 2012, with topics still as true to today as then. Also see her separate book below, Twelve Nights with Tracey. Tessie's Highway: My Life's Journey. 2014. Autobiography of former Government Minister, Bermudian Dr Clarence Terceira. E-book and print version. Details Dr Terceira's life on the Island, at university in Scotland and his long political career. The grandson of immigrants from the Azores, Dr Terceira qualified as a dentist and one of the founding members of the UBP in 1964, and later held various Ministerial portfolios, including Education, Health and Works and Engineering. As Works and Engineering Minister, he was responsible for the revamp of East Broadway, a notorious accident spot, into the dual carriageway it is today, which was dubbed Tessie's Highway. The Acid Test. By Bermudian footballer Clyde Best. 2016. From humble beginnings at Somerset Trojans to one of English footballï¿½s first black heroes, Clyde Best has shared his inspirational story in his long-awaited autobiography. Bestï¿½s book charts his groundbreaking journey and tackles the discrimination he overcame because of the colour of his skin in an era when racism was rife on the terraces. The Acid Test has been more than a decade in the making, with the former West Ham United favourite now set to travel to London to promote its release by publishers deCourbertin Books. Best hopes the book will not only be a trip down memory lane for those who remember his exploits, but also enthrall a younger generation of supporters unaware of the intolerance he encountered. ï¿½Itï¿½s been good getting down on paper some of the things you had to go through that people may not know about,ï¿½ said the 65-year-old. ï¿½Some of it wasnï¿½t easy and itï¿½s nice for people to hear first-hand from me because a lot of people have done the talking over the years. Iï¿½ve always thought, ï¿½Let them go ahead and say what they wantï¿½, but I feel as though itï¿½s my turn now.ï¿½ Best was a trailblazer for black players in England during the 1960s and Seventies and helped smash the glass ceiling which for so long had hindered players from minority backgrounds. His 58 goals in 218 games for West Ham etched his name in the clubï¿½s folklore, but the forward suffered some extreme abuse from fans, mirroring the strong resistance to immigrants landing on Britainï¿½s shores back then. ï¿½I talk all about [the racism] and I talk about everything,ï¿½ Best said. ï¿½If me putting up with that kind of stuff helped the guys of colour playing today then thatï¿½s what lifeï¿½s all about. Weï¿½re always looking for improvement and if Iï¿½m able to do that then, hey, all power to it. There are a lot of players appreciative, like Micah Richards, Ian Wright, Cyrille Regis and Viv Anderson, tons of them, and Iï¿½m glad if I was able to be an inspiration.ï¿½ Best particularly enjoyed recounting his days at West Ham where he shared a special bond with the fans over an eight-year love affair, and played alongside England World Cup winners Bobby Moore, Geoff Hurst and Martin Peters. He also described the culture shock of swapping island life for West London and how Ron Greenwood, who later managed England, took him under his wing. ï¿½Thatï¿½s where it all started for me and without West Ham, where would I be,ï¿½ Best said. ï¿½I owe them a lot for giving me an opportunity and they were great people who I will never forget. Hopefully the fans enjoy it and as many people as possible read it; I hope it can go around the world. Iï¿½m sure thereï¿½s a lot of people who donï¿½t know my story who may take something from it.ï¿½ The Acid Test also chronicles Bestï¿½s time in Holland with Dutch giants Feyenoord, as well as his spell in the United States where he joined the likes of Pelï¿½, Franz Beckenbauer and Johan Cruyff in helping grow the game. The idea for the book was first broached by Jonathan Kent, the Assistant Editor of The Royal Gazette, while Derek Tully, a former deputy principle at Clearwater Middle School, was also involved in its research. Best was later put in touch with sports journalist Andrew Warshaw, the bookï¿½s ghostwriter, by Harry Redknapp, the former Tottenham Hotspur manager who played alongside the Bermudian at West Ham. ï¿½Jonathan and then Derek were the ones who first put me up to it,ï¿½ Best said. ï¿½It was on and off for a while, but then Andrew went with it and has done a great job, and Iï¿½m happy with it. Itï¿½s funny because heï¿½s a Spurs fan, but we got on great! The bookï¿½s just come off the press and weï¿½re hoping to get a bundle in Bermuda where people can buy it. Iï¿½ll also be setting up something in London to do a book signing at the new stadium. Hopefully that will be soon, though, before it gets too cold!ï¿½ The Acid Test is available online from the publishers and costs ï¿½20. The Adventurers of Bermuda; a History of the Island from its Discovery until the Dissolution of the Somers Island Company in 1884. Henry Wilkinson. 1933. The AIG Story. Maurice "Hank" Greenberg and law professor Lawrence A. Cunningham. 2012. Greenburg was CEO until 2005 of the famous American International Group, which has had extensive offices in Bermuda and worldwide since 1948. Published by Wiley in the US (328 pages, $29.95). The Airmails of Bermuda, 1925-1989: A Specialized Catalogue and Illustrated Price List. William J. Clark. Greenwich, Conn., Havemayer Press, 1990; [68 pp.]. Second edition revised and augmented, 1991 [76 pp.]. Third edition, revised and augmented, 1992. The American Loyalists. Lorenzo Sabine. (Collection of the Halifax City Memorial Library). The Andrew and The Onion. The Story of the Royal Navy in Bermuda 1795-1975. Lieutenant-Commander Ian Stranack, Royal Navy. 1977. 1st edition, Island Press, Bermuda, 155 pages. Subsequently, Bermuda Maritime Museum Press. The Atlantic Islands as resorts of Health and Pleasure. S. G. W. Benjamin. 278 pages. Much on Bermuda including engravings. The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History. Philip A. Buckner and John G. Reid. Bermuda is mentioned. The Berkeley Educational Society's Origins and Early History. Late Dr. Kenneth E. Robinson, OBE.1962. 88 pages. Berkeley Institute is a Bermuda secondary school. The Bermuda Adventure. Novel, Strudwick Marvin Rogers. 2002. $18.95. The Bermuda Affair. Alan Edmund Smith. 2001, Print Link. A semi-historical novel with its roots in the RAFï¿½s activities in Bermuda in 1943. An RAF Catalina pilot falls for a Bermudian girl from Riddles Bay, but there are complications that take fifty years to sort out. The Bermuda Atlas. Graham Faiella. 2009. Features a breakdown of local life and how it is changing physically, environmentally, politically and demographically. With much compiled information about our island. Originally commissioned by the Ministry of Education for use in schools. Part of a series of social studies books that will be prescribed texts in Primary education. Production also with Leona Scott, then Education Officer for Social Studies, and Joan Blades, then Education Officer for Science Studies. The Bermuda Boater. A Comprehensive Guide to Piloting and Seamanship for Boaters around the Waters of Bermuda. By Bermudian businessman, sailor and author Ralph Richardson. originally published in 1992, revised in 2004, for revision again in 2013. Author hopes it will help bring more tourism business to the Island by yacht. The guide, now commonly referred to as the ï¿½Bermuda Boating Bibleï¿½ has since gone through two editions and sold 4,000 copies. Hundreds of yachts sail into Bermuda every year. The past commodore of the Royal Bermuda Yacht Club taught marine navigation courses for more than 20 years and taught Royal Yachting Association courses for four. He says he originally wrote the book out of necessity. The main function of this book, initially, was just so that the author would have a text book for his course because there was no book that taught navigation using Bermuda charts. Sailing has a long and rich history in Bermuda, but only recently has it made some take notice of what a shot in the arm it can be to the Islandï¿½s economy. In June 2012, the Newport to Bermuda Race, which finishes here every other year, added an estimated $10 million to the local economy with restaurants, hotels and retailers all reporting a surge in business as 160 boats crossed the finish line. Yacht visitors now allowed to stay 90 days, rather than 21. The Bermuda Cookbook. Cecille Snaith-Simmons. 1982. Bermuda's best foods and recipes and more on Bermuda cuisine. The Bermuda Garden. Whitney (editor). 1955. Garden Club of Bermuda, 231 pages. Illustrated. The Bermuda Gombey. Louise A. Jackson. Bermuda's Unique Dance Heritage. The Bermuda Indenture. Strudwick Marvin Rogers. 2001. Novel. Published jointly by Court Street Press, Montgomery, Alabama and The Bermudian Publishing Co. Ltd. The Bermuda Islands. Angelo Heilprin. 1889. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Re-published 3 Jan 2012 as The Bermuda Islands: a contribution to the physical history and zoology of the Somers archipelago. With an examination. The Bermuda Islands. Addison Emery Verril. 1902. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 11: 413-956. The Bermuda Islands: A Convenient, Picturesque and Salubrious Winter Resort, 1875-1876. Quebec and Gulf Ports Steamship Company, New York and Bermuda Division. Reissued 1996. The Bermuda Love-Triangle. Tom Grothus. 1988. 48 pages. The Bermuda Maritime Museum and the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda. Dr Jack C. Arnell. The Bermuda Packet Mails and the Halifax-Bermuda Mail Service, 1806 to 1886. Dr. Jack (John) C. Arnell and Morris. H. Ludington. Postal History Society, 1989, 103 pp. Includes annual tables showing dates of departure and arrival of each packet and mail boat at its various ports of call. The Bermuda Railway. Gone but not Forgotten. Colin Pomeroy. A definitive history of the line from the formative years of the early 1930s to the end in 1949. It has a full description of the Bermuda Railway Trail . He first came to Bermuda as a Squadron Leader in the Royal Air Force, landing at the USAF's Kindley Air Force Base . His son was a Bermuda Police Officer for four years. The Bermuda Railway. Brendan Hollis. Video, Triton Productions Limited, 1989. One of the About Bermuda television series. Includes an interesting interview with Bill Kitchen, son of the line's Chief Engineer, who also worked on the Railway before World War II. Available in bookstores and other shops in Bermuda. The Bermuda Saga. Alan Edmund Smith, Published in Bermuda 2008. A sequel to The Bermuda Affair. The Bermuda Salvors Vocabulary, Printed in the Languages of the Nations, Trading in the North-Western Atlantic. Bermuda Salvors (31 Aug 2012). The Bermuda Shipwreck. Eric Murphy. 2016. Novel. The Canadian author's third childrenï¿½s book, first based in Bermuda. (The Phantomï¿½s Gold and The Dead Manï¿½s Boot were set in Lunenberg, Nova Scotia). Author is a frequent visitor to Bermuda. Local history is deeply woven into the plot. The book is dedicated to the memory of Joseph H. Rainey, one of the more captivating individuals to have walked St Georgeï¿½s narrow streets. The 100 Best Places to Kiss, Smooch and Snuggle in Bermuda. Butler, Dale. The Writer's Machine. 1997. The Bermuda Triangle. Charles Berlitz. 1974/1975. 189 pages .Many editions and publishers including paperback by Panther Grenada 1979 206 pages. The Bermuda Triangle. Charles Berlitz, J Manson Valentine. Grafton. Paperback and softcover. The Bermuda Triangle Incident. (The Unexplained). 2000. Terrance Dicks. Piccadilly Press. Paperback. The Bermuda Triangle Mystery - Solved. Lawrence David Kusche. 1975, republished 1978. New English Library. Paperback. The Bermuda Triangle - The World Mystery. Kindle edition. DeLuxe Edition with Videos. Tony Collins. Feb 5, 2015. The Bermuda Virus. Bob O'Quinn. 1995. Bermudian Publishing Co. A novel about a killer virus bred in Bermuda that nearly destroys the world. 322 pages. The Blacks in Canada. Robin W. Winks. Bermuda is mentioned. The Blockade Runners and the Cruisers. Soley. 1883. New York, Scribners. Much on Bermuda. The Book of Bermuda Nicknames. Dale Butler. 2016. This Bermudian author started the book in 2009 after he noticed more and more people were including nicknames in obituaries. Some people are so well known by their nicknames that people wouldnï¿½t know who was dead if the nickname wasnï¿½t included. Some nicknames are hilarious, others reflective of their youth or habits or looks or peculiarities. The British Empire and the Second World War. British historian Dr Ashley Jackson. 2006. Bermuda is mentioned. The building of Commissioner's House, Bermuda Dockyard. J Coad, 1983. P-Med. Arch. 17, 1983. 14pp. The Buses of Bermuda. 2004, Colin Pomeroy. He first came to Bermuda as a Squadron Leader in the Royal Air Force, landing at the USAF's Kindley Air Force Base . His son was a Bermuda Police Officer for four years. The Cage Birds of Bermuda. 1879. John Tavernier Bartrum. He was a grandson of the English naturalist John Tavernier. Born in Lincolnshire in 1811, Bartrum came here as a member of the British Army (37th Regiment of Foot) in 1832, purchased his discharge in 1837 and resided at Ferry Reach until his death in 1889. The Cambridge History of The British Empire. Volumes III & VI mention Bermuda. The Canadians at War. Volumes I and II, The Reader's Digest. Bermuda is mentioned. The Castle Island Case. Mason, Van Wyck. 1937. New York, Reynal and Hitchcock, 185 pages. Illustrated. Murder mystery, fiction, on Bermuda's Castle Island. Author was then a periodic Bermuda resident. Assisted by US photographer Henry Clay Gipson Jr (1908ï¿½1998), then a frequent visitor to and admirer of Bermuda. The Colonial Background of the American Revolution. Andrews. 1924. Britain's early policies to all British colonies including Bermuda. The Colonial Period of American History. Andrews. 1935. The Settlements. 4 volumes. Bermuda is mentioned many times. Yale University Press. Pulitzer Prize 1935. The Conspicuous Flora and Fauna of Bermuda. Dr. Ralph Cavaliere, Ph.D. The Cruise of Her Majesty's Ship "Challenger." W. J. J. Spry, R.N. New York, Harpers. Illustrated. The Cruise of the Montauk. To Bermuda, the West Indies and Florida. James McQuade, of the New York Yacht Club. 1885, New York, Knox. 441 pages. Illustrated. Chapters V, VI & VII are on Bermuda. The Diary of a Rum Runner. Moray. 1930. 250 pages. During Prohibition, Bermuda was one of the notorious suppliers of illegal rum to the USA. The Deep. A novel set in Bermuda. Peter Benchley. 1976 The Development of Association Football in Bermuda. John Beard, then head of physical education at Saltus Grammar School. A paper, not book. The Development of the Transatlantic Mail Service to Bermuda. Dr. Jack (John) C. Arnell. Offprint from Bermuda Journal of Archaeology and Maritime History. 1989. 18 pp. (pages 25 to 42). The Devil's Triangle. Richard Winer. 1974. The Donkey Child. Frank Ver Beck. 1917. The Downfall of the Bermuda Company- a Restoration Farce. R Dunn. William and Mary Quarterly, 1963, pp 487-512 The Early Settlers of the Bahamas and colonists of North America. Bethell, Talbot. 1937. Nassau. Bermuda references. The Economic Consequences of Political Independence: The Case of Bermuda (1990). J. C. W. Ahiakpor. The Economy of Bermuda. Robert Stewart. 2002. The author retired as Bermuda CEO of the Royal Dutch Shell Group of Companies in these islands. A sequel to his earlier book. The Encyclopedia of British Empire Postage Stamps. Volume 5, part 5; Bermuda and British Honduras. Robson Lowe. London, Robson Lowe, 1973; 128 pp. The English Prison Hulks. Branch-Johnson, 1957, London, Christopher Johnson. 205 pages. Re-published March 1970. All were former Royal Navy warships of various types. After they had outlived their use as warships many became floating prisons. Conditions were grim and diseases were rife. Much about Bermuda and the 9,000 British convicts transported there on a number of the named prison hulks. 2000 died in Bermuda. The Escapades of Thelma and Louise, A Tale of Two Houses. Bermuda National Trust. The Experience of Racism in Bermuda and in its Wider Context: Reflections of Dr. Eva Hodgson. By Eva Hodgson. 2008. An an expanded version of an essay she once wrote. Penned in response to discussions in the media over whether black people were as racist as whites, and arguments that we should not dwell on past issues such as Bermuda's segregated past. Commission for Unity and Racial Equality (CURE). The Flight of the Cavalier. Bermudian author Brian Burland. Aviation facts re the aircraft used by Imperial Airways (later BOAC, later BA) to fly between Bermuda and USA from 1937. The Froggie Twins. How Sticket stuck it. British Bermuda-based artist Sam Morse-Brown, 1994. A story in verse. The Flying Boats of Bermuda. Colin Pomeroy. A fascinating period in Bermuda history, mostly from 1937 to 1948. 254 pages. He first came to Bermuda as a Squadron Leader in the Royal Air Force, landing at the USAF's Kindley Air Force Base . His son was a Bermuda Police Officer for four years. The Fungi of Bermuda. Dr. J. M. Waterston. The Furness Line to Bermuda. M. H. Ludington and Michael R. Rego. Monograph no. 11, British Caribbean Philatelic Study Group, 1991; 60 pp. The Gateway to Bermuda, the Isles of Beauty. Reference guide. Susanne E and de Villers, M. F. B. Bell. 122 pages. 1961. The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England and the Somers Isles. Using original spelling. 1624 first edition, by Captain John Smith. One edition sold recently in London for $48,000. The Gateway to Bermuda, the Isles of Beauty. Reference guide. Susanne E and de Villers, M. F. B. Bell. 122 pages. 1961. The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles: With the Names of the Adventurers, Planters, and Governours from Their First Beginning, Ano: 1584. To This Present 1624. With the Procedings of Those Severall Colonies and the Accidents That Befell Them in All Their Journyes and Discoveries. By Captaine Iohn Smith, Sometymes Governour in Those Countryes & Admirall of New England, 1624. Also the Maps and Descriptions of All Those Countryes, Their Commodities, People, Government, Customes, and Religion Yet Knowne. Divided into Sixe Bookes. One edition sold in London some years ago for $48,000. The Golden Age of Bermuda postcards. Horst Augustinovic. 2011. $48 from local bookstores. A picture book with a difference, based on his personal collection of picture postcards compiled over 40 years. Captivating and unusual postcard scenes from the late 19th and early 20th century, a compilation of 460 images. The volume begins with an account of the development of the printing process from the first rather plain monochrome postcards to four-colour chromolithographic cards and finally colour film and lithography. A printer himself, Mr Augustinovic determined forensically how the cards were printed and, next to the brief but informative of account of each process, has placed examples drawn from the collection. He also features the key postcard publishers and printers from the large, overseas publishers to smaller, local enterprises, including H G Recht, who owned a souvenir store on Church Street and the Tucker sisters, whose reproductions of their charming watercolours were sold with refreshments at their Little Green Door cafe at Barr's Bay. There are the typical city views of Hamilton waterfront, significant buildings such as Gibbs Hill Lighthouse and the view there from, the interiors and exteriors of hotels, public parks and coastal views. There are also elements of our community that no longer exist: the workings of a Royal Naval dockyard, washerwomen, the fish market at Hamilton wharf, and fruit and vegetable sellers on Front Street. Whale-butchering, vegetable-packing, horse racing and stone quarrying are also the subject of the postcards. Among the exotic are striking flora and native children. The Great Deception. By Bermuda resident Joy Chambers. Novel. Her seventh book. 2012. Ms Chambers, one of the stars of long-running Australian soap opera ï¿½Neighboursï¿½ and the wife of media mogul Reg Grundy. A thriller about Australians in the Second World War. Ms Chambers and Mr Grundy recently put their Bermuda estate up for sale for $38 million. The Ipswich Advertiser in Australia reported that Ms Chambers started writing in 1990 after starting her career as an actor and television panellist. She is best known for such television soap opera roles as Rita Merrick in ï¿½The Restless Yearsï¿½, Dr Robyn Porter in ï¿½The Young Doctorsï¿½ and Rosemary Daniels in ï¿½Neighbours'. Headline Publishing. The Hapagesy Island. Woodall and Frissell. 1946. New York, Maloney for US Camera Book. The Historic Towne of St. George. Bermudian David Raine. The History of the Bermudas or Summer Islands. John Henry Lefroy (10 Sep 2010). The author was a 19th century Governor of Bermuda. Actually, Bermuda was originally referred to as the Somers Isles. The History of Mary Prince, A West Indian Slave. Related by herself. Edited by Ferguson.173 pages. April 6, 2015. The History of Mary Prince (1831). This edition published February 1, 2001 by Penguin Classics. The first narrative of a black woman to be published in Britain. It describes Prince's sufferings as a slave in Bermuda where she was born, Turks Island and Antigua, and her eventual arrival in London with her brutal owner Mr Wood in 1828. Prince escaped from him and sought assistance from the Anti-Slavery Society, where she dictated her remarkable story to Susanna Strickland (later Moodie). A moving and graphic document, The History drew attention to the continuation of slavery in the Caribbean, despite an 1807 Act of Parliament officially ending the slave trade. It inspired two libel actions and ran into three editions in the year of its publication. This powerful rallying cry for emancipation remains an extraordinary testament to Prince's ill-treatment, suffering and survival. The History of Policing in Bermuda. 2015. The first book documenting the evolution of policing on the Island. When the Second World War broke out in 1939, there were only 45 motor vehicles in Bermuda, none of which were police cars. By comparison, there was an estimated 20,000 pedal cycles on the roads and 550 horse-drawn carriages; today there are probably less than three dozen carriages in use. The main cause of accidents at this time was speeding ï¿½ on pedal cycles! A major gripe of the cyclists themselves was that they kept getting their wheels caught in the railway lines that ran along Front Street. The effect of the war on Bermuda was immediate; tourism, and with it the economy, quickly nose-dived, and the repercussions were soon felt by everyone. Police officers for example, had their salaries cut by ten per cent. Fortunately this state of affairs did not last too long. By 1941 Britain had signed a land lease agreement with the United States, and work began on building two US bases here. The wages of officers were soon returned to their pre-war levels! A major task for officers during the war years was to keep in line several thousand American Navy Seabees, who had been brought over to the Island to construct the bases. Navy court martials were convened at Kindley Air Force Base, and officers were frequently required to testify. The First Police Car. By mid-1942 the estimated number of motor vehicles on the Island had spiraled to over 1,000, though most were military. To keep up with developments, the police paid ï¿½375 for a Dodge sedan motor car. However it was solely for the use of the Commissioner! Nazi In Our Midst. We return to events in October 1940, when the SS Excambion berthed in Bermuda. Among the passengers on board was a German national by the name of Otto Strasser, who also happened to be travelling on a forged Swedish passport. What made Strasser so interesting to the British military and the Bermuda police was that he was a known Nazi; not just any Nazi, but a founding member of the Party together with Adolf Hitler. He had even helped to develop their platforms and policies together with such figures as Goering, Himmler and Goebbels. Strasser had allegedly broken with the Party and was on the run, and he was seeking political asylum in Canada in exchange for information that he offered to impart to British Intelligence (the United States was yet to enter the war). During his six months on the Island, Strasser was at liberty; he resided for a while in a house opposite the Cathedral in Hamilton. Once word leaked out about his existence, renowned British author and journalist, HG Wells, sailed to Bermuda specifically to interview him. He demanded to know why Strasser, ï¿½a bloodstained Nazi, was not in a concentration camp.ï¿½ Wells subsequently wrote a damning article about Strasser, which later appeared in the Miami News. In 1941 Strasser was granted the asylum that he craved, and he sailed to Canada, where he took up residence in Paradise, Nova Scotia. The Stapleton Murder. Much more shocking and of particular interest to Bermudians at the time (these were the days before television), was the murder of Margaret Stapleton. Miss Stapleton was a censorette, one of a number of young British women brought to Bermuda during the Second World War, who worked in the basement of the former Hamilton Hotel. Their job was to discreetly open and read foreign mail being sent from Europe (via Bermuda) to North America. Basically they were looking for any information whatsoever about planned enemy (Axis) activities. In July 1941, Miss Stapleton visited friends at Bleak House on Palmetto Road, Devonshire (the same residence where in September 1972, Police Commissioner George Duckett was murdered). When it came time to leave, she declined an escort and began pushing her pedal-cycle along the moonlit railway track towards the train stop at Tobyï¿½s Lane, just east of Dock Hill. However, she never caught the train, and when her flat mates telephoned to say that she had not returned home, her friends began to search for her. Miss Stapletonï¿½s half-naked body was later found among the bushes near Prospect Railway Halt. She had been raped and beaten to death. The resultant coronerï¿½s inquest in August 1942 named one 23-year-old Harry Sousa, a soldier in the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps, as the murderer. Police knew exactly where to find Sousa; he was lodging next door in the Hamilton jail (now the site of the main post office), having recently begun serving a ten-year sentence for rape. Sousaï¿½s trial contained a number of sensational twists and turns, and even the Commissioner was called to testify when it was claimed that he had tried to bribe a witness, which he hotly denied. Sousa was subsequently found guilty and sentenced to hang on the anniversary of Miss Stapletonï¿½s death. But that wasnï¿½t the end of events. Just hours before the sentence was due to be carried out, Sousa escaped under suspicious circumstances. Less than 24 hours later however, he was back in prison custody after having been flushed out of his hiding place ï¿½ a cave near Black Watch Pass. He was hung on July 7, 1943, and it would be another 24 years before Bermudaï¿½s final executions (those of Erskine Durrant ï¿½Buckï¿½ Burrows and Larry Tacklyn) took place in 1977. Next week: Read the concluding article in this series, about the first policewomen, the birth of the Marine Section, and the Belco riot from the police perspective. The book covers the period 1620 to 2014, available through the Bookmart at Brown & Company, and other book distributors. The History of the Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU). 2004, Ira Philip, MBE. About the BIU, by a one-time leading member and former Treasurer of the BIU. The House That Jack Built. 2001. $40. Former Deputy Premier and Tourism Minister C. V. "Jim" Woolridge. Memoirs of a political career in Bermuda from 1968 to 2001. The Houses and Gardens of M. H. Baillie Scott. By Bermudian Ian Macdonald Smith. From 1892 until the beginning of the Second World War, Mackay Hugh Baillie Scott exerted a profound influence on English Arts and Crafts Architecture. Indeed, his impact on visual culture was so international, it even affected architecture here in Bermuda. Architects Will Onions and others locally were inspired. With coloured photographs and detailed histories of 43 Baillie Scott houses and gardens. The Impact of Climatic Change in Bermuda. Dr. Anne Glasspool, for the Bermuda National Trust. Not a book but a 2010 report. Forecasts stronger hurricanes and extensive flooding. Up to 14 percent of the Island's land area could soon be at risk of flooding during high tides, while sea level rise and increased storm intensity will also threaten coastal areas. Bermuda's challenge will be for leaders and residents to understand and accept the science that supports climate change, be aware of the threats of climate change to Bermuda, and for them to come together and effectively plan for future sustainability, by identifying, agreeing and adopting the correct mitigation measures to offset the forecasted threats of this global phenomenon. The Incredible Canadian. A Candid Portrait of Mackenzie King: His Works, His Times, and His Nation. Bruce Hutchison. Includes a significant reference to Bermuda. 456 pages. 1953. Longmans Green, New York. The Invisible Billionaire. Jerry A. Shields. 1986. A biography and profile of Daniel K. Ludwig, a very secretive man, and his vast wealth. In 1952 he bought Bermuda's Hamilton Princess Hotel, used it to develop other Princess Hotels including the Southampton Princess Hotel. The Islands of Bermuda. Tucker, Terry. 1970. Island Press, Bermuda, 138 pages. The author was then head of the research section of the Bermuda Library. The book had 173 islands listed by name, of which, at that time, Mrs Tucker stated 120 still retained their original titles but some no longer existed having been absorbed into the US Bases at St. David's and Southampton, in the Camber [at Dockyard], been blasted out of the ocean-bed, or merged with a neighboring island. Altogether, some 30 islands and islets were disappeared in the national interest for one reason or another, most for military purposes. See Bermuda's Islands. The Islands of Bermuda. Caribbean Guides Series. 1990. David F. Raine. Macmillan Caribbean. Paperback. The Island That Disappeared. 2nd edition, 2012. First edition 1995. Elizabeth Musson Kawaley. The former Longbird Island, Bermuda, one of the largest at 62 acres, was destroyed in 1941/42 to make way for the US base at St. David's. 2nd edition has drawings by the author's daughter, Kathy and a number of family and other photographs. Once there was a Musson family house on the island. Published by Long Bird Press. The Isle of Devils. Craig Janacek. 2013. Mystery. Plot relates to the story of how in November 1880 a wounded 28 year old British Army surgeon was washed ashore. The Journal of Richard Norwood, Surveyor of Bermuda. Professor Wesley Frank Craven and Walter B. Hayward. The King George V High-Value Stamps of Bermuda. Myles Clazer. Marblehead, Mass., Calaby Publishers, 1994; xv+208 pp.; bibliography; index The King George VI issue for Bermuda - the 1/2d to 1/6 values: an attempt to examine and evaluate new evidence. Frank R. Saunders. King George VI Collectors Society, 1970. 16 pp. The Ladyboats. Life and times of Canada's Merchant Fleet. Felicity Hanington. Hardcover, June 1980. Bermuda was one of their regular ports of call. Following the Canadian Government's participation in Bermuda's shipping services from 1925-1926, the Canadian National Steamships Company was established by Act of Parliament in Ottawa in 1927, to consolidate shipping services from Halifax and Montreal to Bermuda and the West Indies. On Saturday, December 15, 1928, the first of five newly built gracious "Ladies" steamed into Bermuda. She was the Lady Nelson. Her sisters Lady Hawkins and Lady Drake followed on December 21 and January 14, 1929, to establish a fortnightly service. The trio were designed for a combined human and commodity service to the eastern Caribbean, with 218 passengers apiece in three classes and their holds designed to bring sugar from the Caribbean to Canada. Although they were known as the "Lady boats," they were "sugar ships," named after wives of famous British admirals. In April, 1929, they were joined by two "banana boats." The Lady Somers (after the wife of Admiral Sir George Somers who colonized Bermuda) and Lady Rodney served the western Caribbean and Bermuda with 130 passengers and special refrigerated holds for bananas from Jamaica to Canada. Their introduction increased the frequency of the Bermuda schedule of the Lady boats from fortnightly to weekly. On their southbound voyages from Montreal or Halifax and Boston, depending on the season, the Lady boats would often bring more than just cargo and passengers for Bermuda. Sometimes they brought water too, for King Edward VII Memorial Hospital. They served Bermuda well until World War II. During World War 2, all these vessels were requisitioned for war service and three were torpedoed and sunk. Two of the original five Canadian "Lady" boats - the Lady Nelson and Lady Rodney - resumed their services from Halifax and Montreal in 1947 to Bermuda and the West Indies and continued until the end of 1952, when the service was discontinued and the ships sold. Once very important to Bermuda's economy for visitors and freight The Law of Reinsurance in England and Bermuda. In November 2010 in its 3rd edition. Jan Woloniecki, a partner in a Bermuda law firm, with Terry O'Neill. Published by Sweet & Maxwell. Provides a comprehensive analysis of the law and practice of reinsurance in England and Wales and Bermuda and represents the only scholarly analysis of the Island's reinsurance law to have been published. It also gives an up to date, in depth statement of reinsurance law in the context of its origins, market custom and practice and areas for future development, covering all aspects of law and practice, including contract formation, avoidance, governing law and jurisdiction, brokers, premiums and commissions, underwriting agents, binders and cover holders, dispute resolution, formation and regulation of insurance and reinsurance companies, insolvency and winding-up, restructuring and schemes of arrangement. Previous editions of the book have been relied upon by English, Bermuda and foreign courts as authority for numerous statements of reinsurance law, and it is a staple reference guide for English and Bermudian lawyers practicing in the field of reinsurance law. The Law of Wills and Estates in Bermuda. 5th Edition. Mello, Michael J., QC, JP. 1993. For local law firm Mello Jones & Martin, by partner Michael Mello. The 6th edition, issued 2008, includes new chapters on the rights of children born outside of wedlock and same-sex couples. The Legacy of St. David's Islanders. Their Voices Are Not Silent. By Bermuda-born overseas-based author Eugene (Jean) Foggo Simon. Also the principal researcher for the St. David's Island Indian Committee. The Life of Ed Sherlock. Dale Butler. Sherlock was a top local runner. The Law of Reinsurance in England and Bermuda. Jan Woloniecki, a partner in a Bermuda law firm. The Lizard and the Rock. Joanne Burgess. 2008. With the financial support of the Bermuda Arts Council. Hardcover children's boo,. a fable that describes the beginnings of Bermuda and the resistance to and longing for change on a small island that is undiscovered. The Mapping Of Bermuda. 1983. A Bibliography of Printed Maps & Charts 1548-1970 Third Revised Edition. Edited by R.V. Tooley, London: Holland Press Cartographica. The May 24th Bermuda Marathon Derby Classic. Dale Butler, JP, MP. The Marine Algae of Bermuda. Dr. Ralph Cavaliere, Ph.D. The Mystery of Princess Louise. December 2013. By British writer and lecturer on art history and 19th century history Lucinda Hawksley. A new biography of Queen Victoria's rebellious third daughter and sixth child. When she visited Bermuda in 1883 she caused a sensation. The book gives details. British publisher Chatto & Windus. The author is a great, great, great granddaughter of Victorian writer Charles Dickens. Her other books include The Essential History of Art (2000), An Encyclopedia of British History (2001) and the best-selling Essential Pre-Raphaelites. The Mystery of the Bermuda Triangle (Can Science Solve?). 2000. Chris Oxlaide. Heinneman Library. The Natural History of Bermuda. 1831. By Oxford-educated St. Vincent-born (in 1797) Anglican clergyman, natural historian and artist Lansdown Guilding, from Kingstown, who was appointed colonial chaplain of Saint Vincent. His scientific interests were mainly zoological and he is perhaps best known for his discovery and description of Peripatus (1826). But he also collected the local plants and published on the botany of the Caribbean. He wrote an account of the botanic garden in St Vincent, claimed to be the oldest botanic garden in the western hemisphere (founded 1765) and containing a breadfruit tree grown from the original stock brought to the island by Captain Bligh (1793). Guilding died a few years after his book was published while on vacation in Bermuda. Many species including beetles, centipedes, moss, starfish and a St Vincentian parrot were named in his honor. While in Bermuda he wrote the paper The Natural History of Bermuda. It was donated to the Bermuda Historical Monuments Trust, the precursor of the Bermuda National Trust, by J. Leslie Darling. The Natural History of Bermuda. Canadian professor emeritus and research scientist Dr. Martin L. H. Thomas. 2004. Islandï¿½s fragile environment showcased natural history coffee table book published by the Bermuda Zoological Society. 256 pages, more than 260 colour photographs. The Naturalist in Bermuda. Jones, J. M. 1859. Reeves & Turner, London. 200 pages. plus map and illustrations. The Naval War of 1812. Or The History of the United States Navy During the Last War with Great Britain to which is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans. By up-and-coming New York politician Theodore Roosevelt (later a President of the USA). 1882. Mr Roosevelt was then only 23 years old. In volume 1, Bermuda, from where the naval war began, is mentioned quite prominently Interestingly, he got his interest in naval history from his uncle, James D. Bulloch, originally from the Confederate State of Georgia, an experienced naval officer whom Jefferson Davis, during the American Civil War had appointed as his representative in England to buy ships for the South. After that war he had remained in Liverpool, England, but his celebrated exploits there in buying famous British-built ships such as the Alabama, Florida, Shenandoah and others had made him a hero to many including his nephew notwithstanding Roosevelt's own pro-Union sentiments. The Oxford History of the American People. Morison, Samuel Eliot. The People of Bermuda: Beyond the Crossroads. Harries-Hunter, Barbara. 1994. 400 pages. Examines the history of racial development compared to other bi-racial communities. Documents strikes, assassinations, political and constitutional progress, education, sports and arts. The Pirate Menace. 2015. William S. Zuill. The notorious pirate Blackbeard once threatened to turn Bermuda into a pirateï¿½s den. So claims this Bermudian historian. ï¿½In the height of battle, Blackbeard would light slow-burning matches and put them into his hair to create a wreath of smoke around himself. This made him more frightening.ï¿½ Blackbeard, real name was Edward Teach. In 1718, Blackbeard successfully blockaded Charleston, North Carolina. By taking hostages, he forced the townï¿½s people to hand over a large quantity of money and a medicine chest. Reports reached England that he was threatening to take over Bermuda. In June that year Blackbeard set sail and steered towards Bermuda but became distracted by plunder on the high seas and did not carry out his plan. One of his ships, was the sloop Bermuda, gifted to him by another pirate, Benjamin Hornigold. Blackbeard renamed it Adventure. The pirates took sadistic pleasure in tormenting the officers and crew of captured ships. In one case, pirate crews tied captives to ropes and hoisted them high above the ship, and then let them drop to see their bones break. Blackbeard was said to have 14 wives including the 16-year-old daughter of a plantation owner. After he married her he invited his favorite crew members to rape her. There is no evidence that Bermuda was ever a stronghold for pirates, but a few Bermudians did join the ranks. One example was Nathaniel North. The Postal History of Bermuda. Edward B. Proud. E.B. Proud Ltd., 2003; 432 pp. The Postal History and Stamps of Bermuda. Ludington. 1978. Lawrence, Massachusetts, Quarterman. 432 pages. The Postal History and Postage Stamps of Bermuda. Lawrence, Mass. Quarterman, 1978; 446 pp.; index. The Postal History of Blockade Running through Bermuda, 1861-1865. Monograph no. 14. British Caribbean Philatelic Study Group, 1966; iii+47 pp.; 2 indexes The Postage Stamps of Bermuda. Bertram W. H. Poole. W.E.P. philatelic handbook no. 7. London, D. Field, 1911; 39 pp The Prince of Privateers: Bridger Goodrich and His Family in America, Bermuda and Britain: 1775 - 1825 (Paperback). Nick Hartley, September 1, 2012. Special Amazon review. "As Editor of Bermuda Online I read this book with amazement and admiration for the wealth of detail. Author Nick Hartley (who has also written Monuments Officer) has now plugged many of the gaps or misinterpretations in Bermuda's history as they relate to Bridger Goodrich. He was, as Mr. Hartley says so rightly, not only the "Prince of Privateers" but the first person in Bermuda to launch Bermuda as an island of privateering. It was from Bermuda that the first cedar-built ships were built, initially for trade then commissioned by the British Admiralty as small fast warships and often victorious as legally-sanctioned privateers. A terrific read for all interested in Bermuda and her history with the USA, in particular Virginia as a sister-colony of Bermuda in the early 17th century and before/after Britain's two wars with the USA in both of which tiny Bermuda played a unique part. Definitely an an important, compelling and historically accurate book on the privateering and related aspects of the maritime history of America, Bermuda and Britain in the 1775-1825 period. " Includes 3 pages of illustrations and a useful 6-page index. 328 pages. Publisher: M & M Baldwin. ISBN-10: 0947712518. ISBN-13: 978-0947712518. Available at Amazon. The Princess Spies. CIA Officer Thomas F. Troy who died in 2008. Article, not book. The operation at the Princess Hotel, near Hamilton, Bermuda, from 1940 was essentially the filter through which all correspondence in the Western hemisphere was inspected. To the average person during World War Two, censorship during times of war was a routine activity. It didn't generate much interest. And that's exactly how British Intelligence authorities wanted it to look because behind the walls of 13 rooms within the hotel, top secret sleuthing, a la James Bond, was taking place. Even the majority of the "examiners" didn't know what went on behind closed doors. Under the leadership of British Intelligence officer William Stephenson, a Canadian some say was one of the real-life inspirations for the literary and movie super-spy James Bond, the co-ordination of the secret "offensive" censorship took place in the 1940s.Troy says espionage experts used technologically-advanced techniques to break into letters and packages in order to produce and plant "forgeries useful in propaganda and blackmail operations." The group of experts could obtain the contents of any package leaving no trace of their tampering. Using innovative techniques for the time they could even extract a letter from an envelope without cutting, steaming or replacing it with a forged replica. Their work proved to be so useful to the combined efforts of the war that Sir William called the censorship initiative "a political weapon of very special importance . . . credit to all concerned." The hotel has many other fascinating connections to the legacy of James Bond and to victory of the Allied Forces in World War two. It's possible, perhaps even likely, the Hamilton Princess Hotel has a copy, given its involvement. If so, it might be available there for inspection. The Private Life of Georgina Gholson Walker. 1963. Confederate Publishing Company. In 1961, The US Civil War changed her life forever and she began keeping a diary, later this book. She then had a privileged life in Petersburg, Virginia, as a well-connected, happily married Southern hostess. Her husband, Norman Walker, and his brother, John, joined the Confederate Army, and the grim reality of the war came home to her when John was killed at the Battle of Malvern Hill in July 1862. Norman resigned from the army and in November was sent to Bermuda as a Confederate agent. He then sailed on a blockade runner to Nassau and from there went on to England to deliver $2,000,000 in bonds to a Confederate purchasing agent. It was then that she began her journal, which she continued intermittently until 1876. In it she recounted that when her husband returned to Bermuda to take charge of all the affairs of the Confederate States, representing the various Depts, she decided to join him, arriving in March 1863. The couple stayed in Bermuda until June 1864 when they left for Europe, returning to the island in January 1865. Her diary provides invaluable insights into Bermudaï¿½s part in the war as a centre for Confederate blockade runners. The Protectors of the Bermuda Triangle - Spinners Episode II. 2006. Rod C. Farrington. Novel. The Quiet Canadian. H. Montgomery Hyde. A tribute to Sir William Stephenson who did so much for Bermuda during World War 2. The Rich Papers. Letters from Bermuda 1615-1646. Editor Vernon Ives. Bermuda National Trust 1984. Written principally by Sir Nathanial Rich, a major shatreholder in the Bermuda Company founded in 1612. The Romance of Soldiering and Sport. Willcocks, General Sir James, GCB, GCMG, KCSI, DSO, one-time Governor of Bermuda. With Twenty two Illustrations. Chapters 19 and 20 are of special interest to Bermuda. 1925, Cassel and Company, Ltd., London, New York, Toronto, Melbourne. The Role of Agriculture in Bermudaï¿½s Future. 2010. Not a book but a factual report. Researched and prepared by Aran McKittrick. Summarizes some of the historic and modern challenges facing the agricultural industry, with an aim to better explaining their effect on the use and protection of arable land in Bermuda. Agriculture has played a crucial role in Bermudaï¿½s history forming an essential part of both the Islandï¿½s cultural and natural heritage. Despite this, the agricultural industry and agricultural land have been in a steady state of decline over the last 90 years. There is general consensus amongst many stakeholders that both are in a critical state and are fast becoming obsolete. Bermudians themselves have played an active role in the decline of agriculture, whether as agricultural land owners or as consumers. Over time, Bermudiansï¿½ diminishing appreciation for the agricultural sector has caused it to become undervalued and neglected. The result is that Bermuda has lost an estimated 87 percent of its agricultural land since the turn of the 20th century. Of the 735 acres of arable land available for agricultural use, only 360 acres are being actively farmed. Although an estimated 40 percent of the population is involved in backyard farming, there are only 18 full time farmers and 33 part-time farmers in the industry today. The challenges the potential collapse of the agricultural industry and the loss of agricultural land pose to Bermuda are far greater than just the loss of commercial farming, however. There are other significant challenges to which most Bermudians are indifferent, the most important of which is food security. The Royal Mail Steam Packets to Bermuda and the Bahamas, 1942-1859. M. H. Ludington and Geoffrey A. Osborn. London, Robson Lowe, 1971; 26 pp. + 7 loose maps. The Sailor and the Fox. Bermudian author Brian Burland. The Saint George's Dream. Bermuda writer Sandra Taylor Rouja. Short stories. The Saga of the International-One Design. 75 years after this world-famous racing yacht was born, this is a commemorative history of the class from its genesis in 1936, significantly due to Bermuda, to the present. 2012. 210 pages, large-format coffee table book, consisting of hundreds of photographs from the many years of sailing and racing IODs, as well as drawings and other graphics. The comprehensive text includes an exhaustive history of the class, with descriptions of all the individual fleets; sections of a technical nature, anecdotes from class members past and present; and a complete Registry of all known boats with cascading ownership records. The Scent of Eucalyptus. By one-time Bermuda Governor Sir Richard Posnett who laid the blame for his forced resignation squarely on then-Minister of Finance Sir David Gibbons. Published in the United Kingdom. The Sea 'Venture. Mason, Van Wyck. 1961. New York, Doubleday, 349 pages. Illustrated. An account of the first British ship and its crew and passengers to colonize Bermuda. The Serpent Never Sleeps. 20th-century American author Scott O'Dell. A fictionalized account of the 1609 Sea Venture shipwreck. The Search for Speed Under Sail, 1700-1855. Howard I Chapelle. 1968. Bermuda is mentioned. The Science Project - Nonsuch Island. Esra Turner of Bermuda. 2010 Children's book, re learning challenges. The Shipwreck That Saved Jamestown: The Sea Venture Castaways and the Fate of America. Lorri Clover and Daniel Blake Smith. 2008. Includes a look at the important role Bermuda played in the successful English settlement of North America. The Skeeters Murder. Sandra Campbell. Skeeter's Corner, Somerset, was where a notorious 19th century Bermuda murder was committed. The book recounts it in grim detail. The Sparks Among the Ashes. Gwyneth Lightbourne. The struggle of the Grace Methodist Church. 2002. The Spirit Baby and other Bermudian Folk Tales. By long-serving Bermudian youth librarian, Mrs Florenz Maxwell. The Story of A Bermudian Family: The Jackson Clan. Vernon Jackson. Mr. Jackson collected information about his family off and on from 1972 to 1978. The Story of Bermuda. Strode, Hudson. 1932. New York, Random House. Fish scale cover, 374 pages, with photographs by Walter Rutherford and a forward by Vice Admiral Sir Vernon Haggard, RN. Strode spent three years in Bermuda then returned to the University of Alabama where he was Professor of English. He succeeded in giving a feeling of the place - a rendering of an atmosphere which grew out of climate, scenic beauty, historical events, the character of the people and their manners, the country's architecture and more. Strode's book also referred to the first-ever written record of Bermuda, written in 1515 by Spanish courtier, writer and historian Gonzalo Ferdinandez ' Oviedo y Valdez. He sailed near Bermuda but was unable to land. However, he recorded an account of the island as it was then. The Story of Bermuda and Her People. William Sears Zuill. Originally issued many years ago, updated and re-published 19 April 1999 by Macmillan Caribbean with much fanfare. Paperback. The Story of the Bermuda Cedar Tree. Kevin Stevenson. 1997. The Teachers Association of Bermuda (1949 to 1964). The short History of a Small Trade Union. Colin Benbow. 81 pages, The Writers' Machine, 2000. $ 15.00. The Tennis Player from Bermuda. 2012. Fiona Hodgkin. Set partly in Bermuda. Matador Press. fictional story of a young Bermudian who qualifies for the Wimbledon Singles Draw in 1962. Author and her spouse have had a summer home on the Island. A lawyer by profession, her first novel. The Traditional Building Guide: Advice for Preserving Bermuda's Architectural Heritage. 2003. Anthony Short and Sylvia Shorto, with black and white drawings by Anthony Short. A joint production of the Bermuda National Trust. November 2002. The Thin Red Lines. Charles Graves. Bermuda is mentioned. The Three Kings of Bermuda & Their Treasure of Ambergris. Washington Irving, American author, biographer, diplomat, essayist. An essay, not strictly speaking a book, written in 1840 shortly after he visited Bermuda. Based on historical fact. The story of Edward Chard, Robert Waters and Christopher Carter inspired him to speculate on a possible connection between these three fugitive vagabonds of 1611 and their stay on Smith's Island, Bermuda and William Shakespeareï¿½s Bermuda-influenced play ï¿½The Tempest.ï¿½ Washington Irving The Tree Frog and the Poinsettia. Joan Aspinall. 2008. Children's story. Illustrated by the author. Tale of a male tree frog which shares its home with a potted poinsettia. The Vendor of Dreams. Frederick Rawle. The Unmasking of Virginia. Nathaniel Butler. 1624. Butler had gone to Virginia after serving as a capable Governor of Bermuda. About the 1622 Indian massacre. The book helped bring about the end of the Virginia Company. The Voyage of The Beagle. An account of the 1830's voyage of HMS Beagle carrying naturalist Charles Darwin and his party around the world, including Bermuda. Darwin, Charles. 1962 edition by Doubleday & Co., Garden City, New York. The West Indies and the Spanish Main. British author Anthony Trollope (1815-1882), prominent and prolific who in 1858 visited Bermuda as a British Post Office manager. 1860. In 2 volumes, 168 pp and 395 pp. His first travel book, written between January and June 1859 and the only one that included Bermuda. With Bermuda mentioned not altogether favorably at the time. London, Chapman & Co. Valued at ï¿½20 per volume from the Trollope Society in London. Trollope himself rated this book highly. He thought the future lay in miscegenation. He became one of the most successful, prolific and respected English novelists of the Victorian era. Some of Trollope's best-loved works revolve around the imaginary county of Barsetshire, but he also wrote penetrating novels on political, social, and gender issues and conflicts of his day. The White House Years: Mandate for Change 1953-1956. Dwight D. Eisenhower, former President of the USA. Bermuda referenced. He visited Bermuda in 1945. The Wildlife of Reg Grundy. Australian television pioneer Reg Grundy. 2005. A book of his photographs of his beloved Bermuda longtails. 90 years old in 2013, he put his huge Bermuda Tuckerï¿½s Town estate up for sale for just over $38.2 million, one of the most expensive homes ever listed in Bermuda. Mr Grundyï¿½s palatial Idolwood Lagoon Estate is set on the waterfront on 4.25 acres and has a 10,000 square-foot main house, three cottages and its own beach, dock, tennis court and four garages. The home and grounds featured extensively during Mr Grundyï¿½s interview a few years ago with Australian TV host Tracy Grimshaw. He and wife Joy invited her exclusively into their sprawling Bermuda home and grounds. Mr Grundy is the man behind the Restless Years, Young Doctors, Sons and Daughters, Neighbors and Sale of the Century. He has also exhibited his photos of longtails at local galleries and they are displayed at LF Wade International Airport. The Willowbank Story. Norman Grubb and Irving Harris. Island Press, Bermuda. The Wooden Houses of Bermuda. 2005. Dale Butler and his Writer's Machine. Mostly West Indian architecture. The Works of George Berkeley, DD, Late Bishop of Cloyne in Ireland. Including An Account of his Life and several of his Letters to Thomas Prior, Esq., Dean Gervais and Mr. Pope, etc. etc. Volume 1, 646 pages. Volume 2 662 pages. Mentioned is the ill fated scheme to establish a college in Bermuda. With frontispiece full page illustration of the Bishop. 646 pages. MDCCLXXXIV (1784), Dublin, printed by John Exshaw, No. 98 Grafton Street. This is My Country. Writers' Machine. Written about Bermuda. This Poem-Worthy Place. A second national anthology of Bermuda poems. February 2011. Trade and Commerce in Bermuda 1515-1839. Mary Arton. Old Sea Captain's Tales. Mary Arton. 120 pp. Island Press, 1965. Traditional Bermuda Recipes. The Sunshine League. Three Harbors. (Norfolk, Boston and Bermuda). Mason, Van Wyck. 1939, Philadelphia, Lipagesincott. A novel, based on historical facts. 695 pages. Tiny the Tree Frog. Elizabeth A. Mulderig. For children. Tiny the Tree Frog Tours Bermuda. Elizabeth A. Mulderig. 1996. For children. Hardcover. Bermudian Publishing Company. Tiny's Night Before Christmas. Elizabeth A. Mulderig. For children. Tiny and Sharkman Superheroes. Elizabeth A. Mulderig. 2010. For children. Edited by Deborah Jackson. Tiny the Tree Frog and Gilbert Pickles meet a magical sea wizard. He gives them a book of magical sea wizard knowledge, and the power to turn into superheroes. Pickles becomes Sharkman. His special power is reading, and he uses it to battle against the evil pirate Ratter. Tiny the Tree Frog's Bermuda Cookbook for Kids. Elizabeth A. Mulderig. For children. The recipes such as Bermudiana Bananarama Bread, Sunny Honey Island Tea and Kooky Kite Day Cookies, are simple and fun for children to make. The cookies are in honour of Good Friday and there are two other recipes honouring Boxing Day and Cup Match. Told By Two. A Romance of Bermuda. St. Felix. 1901, Chicago, Donohue. Thomas Hurd & His Hydrographic Survey of Bermuda, 1789-97. Dr Adrian Webb. 2016. The remarkable story of two Royal Navy lieutenants who traveled to Bermuda to embark on a ground-breaking project to map the islandï¿½s landscape, seabed and perilous reefs. The culmination of eight yearsï¿½ meticulous work by Thomas Hurd and Andrew Evans was arguably the most important survey ever conducted in Bermuda. Dr Webb spent the past 17 years researching Hurd and Evansï¿½s epic mission to chart and measure the islandï¿½s reefs and seabeds; measurements that to this day remain the foundation of modern sea charts of Bermuda. Dr Webb heads up the UKï¿½s Hydrographic Office in Somerset, trawled through thousands of communications and records in both Bermuda and the National Archives in London to produce the book. The original Hurd survey had been kept in the Hydrographic Office archives for more than 200 years before it was moved to the National Archives in London in 2015. Lieutenant Hurd and Lieutenant Evans traveled to Bermuda in 1789, during the American War of Independence, to survey the island and see if it was a suitable venue for a naval port. The pair, led by Lieutenant Hurd, measured the sea depths at thousands of locations using a plumb line to map the seabed. They also meticulously recorded the position of the edges of the reefs. During the project Lieutenant Hurd lived in the Stiles building off St Georgeï¿½s Town Square with his wife. The coupleï¿½s son, Samuel Proudfoot Hurd, was born in Bermuda and served at the Battle of Waterloo. Herd also discovered during this process that the longitude that St Georgeï¿½s had previously been measured on was wrong. Hurd was the first person to establish the correct position of Bermuda with great accuracy using the stars and the planets and worked with pilots Jemmy Darrell and Jacob Pitcarn to complete the survey. Hurd and Evans also identified the site of a naval facility at Grassy Bay. After leaving Bermuda in 1797, Lieutenant Hurd, who had already been promoted to commander, was made hydrographer for the Admiral Board and served in this top role until he died in England in 1823. Tom Moore's Bermuda Poems. William Zuill. An account of British-Irish poet Thomas Moore's 1804 stay in Bermuda and the poetry he wrote while here. Toppy Tours the Dinosaurs. Elizabeth A. Mulderig. For children. About touring the portrait gallery of his ancestors in the Dinosaur Museum in Lyme Regis, Dorset, Devon. Touching The Moon. Lisa Airey. 2013. Daughter of Bermuda-based Theresa Airey. 2013. A paranormal romance. Trains: A Photographic Journey. Trains around the world, by Bermudian author Graeme Outerbridge. Transitions: Voices of Bermudian Women. Writers' Machine. Treasure Lost at Sea: Diving to the World's Great Shipwrecks. Jenifer Marx and Robert F. Marx (who wrote In the Wake of Galleons). Trees and Plants of the Bermudas. Zuill, 1933. Bermuda Book Store, Hamilton. Trinity Church, Bermuda, a Sketch of its History Drawn from Various Sources. Thomas S. Reid. First published 1886. Re-published 31 Aug 2012. Triumph of the Spirit. Heroes & Heroines (of Bermuda). Parts 1 & 2. Edit Butler.1995.167 pages (Part 1) and 95 pages (Part 2). Tucker House. The Story of a House, its people and its contents. 2015. Diana Chudleigh, photographs by Ann Spurling. Bermuda National Trust. 68 pages. $10 in Bermuda in 2015. Twain's End. United States author Lynn Cullen. 2015. Historical fiction. The novel imagines the romantic life between celebrated American scribe Mark Twain and Isabel Lyon, his secretary, drawing on Twainï¿½s writings and letters as well as Lyonï¿½s diary. A keen traveller, Twain first came to Bermuda in 1867 and returned several times thereafter ï¿½ lingering for months at a time up until his death in 1910. Making eight trips here, Twain once famously quipped: ï¿½You can go to heaven if you want. Iï¿½d rather stay right here in Bermuda.ï¿½ Thus, readers of Ms Cullenï¿½s latest book are taken to The Princess Hotel of January 1907, in a Bermuda of horse-drawn transportation on roads of crushed limestone, in which many of the businesses lining Front Street are wooden. Twain reminisces how the Island recalls his birthplace of Florida, Missouri. The chapter closes with a trip to Devilï¿½s Hole, where the author exhorts locals in the shade of a cedar tree to ï¿½never, ever regret anything that makes you smile.ï¿½Gallery Books, an imprint of publishers Simon and Schuster, available at the Bermuda Book Store, Queen Street. Twelve Months on a Rock. Janice MacKenzie who once resided in Bermuda from Scotland with her husband Murray MacKenzie. Twelve Nights with Tracey . Tracey Caswell. When this Canadian author went to live in Bermuda with her Bermudian husband she found out first-hand what wives encounter environmentally and in many other ways on this semi-tropical island. She wrote Tea with Tracey. In this subsequent book, under those island conditions, she found innovative ways to make her marriage blossom. Also a nice read. Under the Calabash Tree. Robin Trimingham. A history of the Royal Bermuda Yacht Club. Understanding the Bermuda Roof. Leading to its Effective Repair. Written and Illustrated by Sanders Frith-Brown for the Bermuda National Trust. Unravished Bride. Terry Tucker. 1970. A novel. USS Bermuda - The Rise and Fall of an American Base. Don Grearson. 2009. Written between 2001 and 2006. 450 pages. $49.99. Self-published, 1,500 copies. The Canadian-Bermudian author states how the two bases at St. David's and Southampton closed in 1995 also refers to the $11 million settlement the Bermuda Government collected in 2002, since referred by Premier Ewart Brown to US Attorney General Eric Holder in hope of a better settlement after, according to the government, the bases left behind vast amounts of oil, as well as mercury, paint and batteries. US Navy contractor JA Jones gave a $65 million estimate for cleaning up the mess at what are now Southside and Morgan's Point. Research for the book included interviews with US Department of State officials involved in negotiating that deal, as well as local players who handled the shutdown of the base lands, such as former Premier Sir John Swan and former Cabinet Minister Grant Gibbons. Grearson was employed by the then-government to administer the newly-acquired base lands. Verdmont: The Story of a House, Its People and Its Contents. An Historical House Guide Book. Diana Chudleigh. Bermuda National Trust, 2011. Pages: 44. Paperback. Illustrations in colour. Tells the story of this early 18th century house in Smithï¿½s Parish, and the families who lived in it. The house today is furnished with examples of Bermudaï¿½s finest craftsmanship and many of these are described in words and illustrated by photographs within this book. Views from a wheelchair. 2010. 180 pages. In 2008 Phil and Victoria Cracknell decided to quit their corporate worlds in Bermuda and set out for life traveling the roads in USA, over 25,000 miles. Phil Cracknell is disabled, wheelchair-bound or in a 3-wheeled invalid car. Virginia Gold. William Thomas. 2010. Historical novel. The author, a retired pastor and US Army chaplain discovered one of his ancestors, John Thomas, then only 17, was a castaway on the Sea Venture of 1609. In June 1606, King James I granted a charter to a group of London entrepreneurs, the Virginia Company, to establish a satellite English settlement in the Chesapeake region of North America. By December, 104 settlers sailed from London instructed to settle Virginia, find gold, and seek a water route to the Orient. Three years later a fleet carrying new settlers and provisions to the Jamestown colony was scattered during a storm ï¿½ and Admiral Sir George Somersï¿½ flagship ï¿½Sea Ventureï¿½ ran aground here, leading to Bermudaï¿½s permanent settlement in 1612. Thomas and other survivors eventually reached Virginia in their two Bermuda-built ships ï¿½Deliveranceï¿½ and ï¿½Patienceï¿½. This revelation inspired the author to write an historical novel based on this manï¿½s life. ï¿½Virginia Goldï¿½ is the story of 17-year-old John Thomas, who indentures himself and sets sail from Wales in 1609. Finally John arrived in Jamestown, only to face a series of challenges and dangers that threaten his dreams of land and wealth. Virginia Historical Portraiture, 1585-1830. Alexander Wilbourne Weddell, FRGS, Litt. D. Bermuda is mentioned prominently. Visitor's Guide to Bermuda. 3rd Edition. Blair Howard. Voyage of the Challenger. Narrative, volume 1, The Atlantic, chapter 4, with map. C. Wyville Thomson. 1877. A narrative of the Atlantic and Bermuda portion of the HMS Challenger Expedition around the world from 1872-1874. Wanderous Blessings of Raw Foods. Bermudian Wander Hodgson. 2015. Her poor health had turned her into a walking time bomb. Sheï¿½d survived a bout with breast cancer but was diabetic and overweight; at her heaviest, she weighed 400lbs. In her early 40s, she decided to do something about it. Inspired by a woman she helped early on in her naturopathy career. Warwick Academy. Our first 350 years. 2013. Co-written by long time educator Andrew Dobson and school parent Catherine Kennedy. Commemorative history book. Intended to paint a picture of where the school has been and where itï¿½s headed in the future. Researching Warwick Academyï¿½s past was difficult. Pre-1930s school records had been lost at sea in 1929, after the data had been sent on a boat to be bound in New York, but sank upon its return to Bermuda. Appeals were made to former students and teachers to get their contributions and many responded. What You May Not Know About Bermuda. Horst Augustinovic. A trove of little-known Bermudian history, replete with facts and pictures never before gathered. Volume 1. Volume 2. Volume 3, 2015, Published November. The full story is told of historical dioramas once on display at Fort St Catherine, which crumbled apart during renovations in 2010. It includes the legend of the Irish monk, St Brendan, said to have discovered an Island much like Bermuda in the 6th century. Saved from obscurity is the 1886 picture of Marriott Morris, who brought his penny-farthing bicycle to Bermuda and started a fad for what was then a new form of transport. The latest volume concentrated heavily on military history, in part due to the recent 100th anniversary of the First World War. Scanning dispatches from the War Office in Britain to the local Governor, Mr Augustinovic was intrigued to spot an exceptional payout of ï¿½8,000 over a 1915 incident. An American visitor, George Montgomery, lost his leg when local sailor Alfred Lottimore, out on a scenic cruise, incurred the gunfire of sentries guarding German prisoners of war on Portï¿½s Island. A rare photograph from that same year, of a broken radio mast at Danielï¿½s Head that killed four members of the Bermuda Militia Artillery, was identified thanks to the authorï¿½s investigations. Mr Augustinovic called on the Bermuda National Museum as part of his research. A mystery picture was unearthed, showing a collapsed structure, that was ï¿½clearly the one.ï¿½ Another rarity from the First World War is a photograph of a black Bermudian serviceman, Lance Bombardier Cyril Chesterfield Eston, taken in France and recently found on eBay. Another obscure fact is that historic Carter House in St Davidï¿½s, one of Bermudaï¿½s oldest houses, briefly served as a beauty salon when it was taken over in 1941 for the US Base. Asked for his favourite quirk of history brought to light, Mr Augustinovic had a tough time choosing ï¿½ but the 1937 case of 19-year-old Evelyn Stovell, who forced an apology out of the Bishop of Bermuda, might qualify. To widespread shock, even outrage, King Edward VIII had abdicated in 1936 to marry the American divorcee Wallis Simpson, and thus became Duke of Windsor. Ms Stovell was an employee at the newspaperï¿½s office in Hamilton, where she had pictures on the wall of the new Duke and Duchess of Windsor. On January 5, 1937, she found them torn down. The culprit turned out to be Bermudaï¿½s bishop, the Right Rev Arthur Heber Browne, who had found the pictures ï¿½disgracefulï¿½ and destroyed them. ï¿½She was so furious that she found him and challenged him,ï¿½ Mr Augustinovic said. The Bishop had to apologize for ï¿½yielding to a sudden impulse, which I ought to have known how to control.ï¿½ Bermuda Book Store and Bookmart What's Become of Anna. Terry Tucker. 1972. Her historical novel of the 1878 Bermuda murder of Anna Skeeters. But Tucker transformed the 41 year old Anna into a young wife. The account is disfigured with racial condescension toward blacks, especially black men. Nonetheless, a powerful tale. When the Rock Burned. By former Police Commissioner Jonathan Smith. One of the most violent periods of the islandï¿½s history. A full account of the events leading up to the December 1977 riots, and their legacy, at a time when social, economic and racial tensions ignited in protest, street violence and flames. West Indian Censorship Devices. Handbook no. 2. Geoffrey G. Richie. Harrogate, U.K., Roses Caribbean Philatelic Society, 1977; 105 pp. In addition to Bermuda, contains articles on Bahamas, Barbados (revised), British Guiana (revised), British Honduras, Cayman Islands (revised), French West Indies, Grenada (revised), Jamaica (revised), Leeward Islands, St. Lucia (revised), and St. Vincent. Whale Song. Andrew Stevenson, also producer of the film Where the Whales Sing, 2010. 2011. Mr Stevenson has been researching humpback whales in Bermuda for several years. What Hath God Wrought. History of the Salvation Army in Canada and Bermuda. By General Arnold Brown, Salvation Army. What You May Not Know About Bermuda. Horst Augustinovic. 2012. 111 pages, most interesting and often little-known facts by a well-known local author. He hopes the book will be a useful resource in teaching Bermudians about their history, but in a fun, approachable way. He was looking for the unusual or quirky things, when things went wrong, the less known topics. What's Become of Anna? A Bermuda story. Terry Tucker. 1972, London, Hale. 207 pages. White Plumes Astern. Commander Anthony Law, RCN. His war-time account in the Atlantic and beyond, Bermuda resident. Whither Now Bermuda. John Gilbert. Island Press. A companion volume to A Tale of Two Houses. Wings over Bermuda ï¿½ 100 years of aviation in the West Atlantic. British aviation authors Ewan Partridge and Tom Singfield , a specialist in aviation history and Bermuda visitor. 2014. Bermuda's Aviation Pioneers and their unique contributions to Bermuda's aviation history. They had their finest claims to international fame in the 1930s to 1950s as our own website Bermuda's Aviation Pioneers shows. National Museum of Bermuda. Costs $65 in Bermuda from June 4, 2014, ï¿½40 in the UK. Winslow Homer Watercolors. Helen A Cooper, 1986. Including those painted in Bermuda. Winston Churchill: The Struggle for survival, 1940-1965. The diaries of Lord Moran, one-time physician to the great British Prime Minister. Bermuda is mentioned prominently. Witches, Wife Beaters and Whores: Common Law and Common Folk in Early America. Elaine Forman Crane. 2011. Of interest to Bermudian historians in particular is her inclusion of Bermuda in the context of ï¿½Early Americaï¿½ and a close examination of the Bermuda witchcraft trials of the mid-1600s within that context. Though of primary interest to scholars of early American history, there is relevance to Bermuda, particularly in the chapter on witchcraft, as the Island colonyï¿½s social and economic development was closely intertwined with that of its sister colonies on the mainland. Wooden Houses of Bermuda. Dale Butler. 2005. They were introduced to Bermuda from the Caribbean (where they are still very common in some islands) about the turn of the 20th century and adapted well to traditional Bermuda proportions. Some were repainted in several bright colours over the years. Wolfert's Roost. Irving. 1855. 383 pages. Two chapters on Bermuda. Woolcock's Wonders. A book featuring previously unseen works by late author and cartoonist Peter Woolcock. Includes a number of childrenï¿½s illustrations, including drawings from three unpublished childrenï¿½s books ï¿½ The Early Days of -, Pandoraï¿½s Pets and A New Bestiary for Children ï¿½ one unfinished fourth book, The Mad Dog, and a series of illustrated nursery rhymes. Prior to his death late last year, Mr Woolcock had been working with the Bermuda National Gallery for a retrospective of his work which would have included the art. The book is published in a limited run of 1,000 ï¿½ matching the limited runs of Mr Woolcockï¿½s popular Woppened series ï¿½ and are set to sell for $30. Meanwhile, the Bermuda National Gallery will open an exhibition of Mr Woolcockï¿½s work early next year, highlighting illustrations from the artistï¿½s entire career, his time serving in the Second World War, and even a drawing done when Mr Woolcock was a teenager. He was an incredibly important figure in the political arena in Bermuda ï¿½ documenting decades of Bermudaï¿½s politics during a time that was revolutionary. Woppened. Peter Woolcock. A yearly series since 1987. A different book of Bermudian political cartoons for each year until the 2013 last was Woppened 20. Prepared for Bermuda's daily newspaper by the Argentine-born British artist, cartoonist and illustrator who lived and worked in Bermuda from 1983 until he died in late 2014. Peter Woolcock had a prolific career as a childrenï¿½s illustrator and Disney cartoonist. The self-taught artist spent 38 years at Amalgamated Press in London, creating comic strips and illustrations, also working on Disneyland comic in the 1970s. Woman Into Wolf. The Story of Three Marriages. Terry Tucker. World of Bermuda Fish. William Beebe. 1932. A page article in Bulletin of the New York Zoological Society. Wrecked on the Bermudas. Meyer. 1892. Providence, Rhode Island. Freeman. 252 pages. Your Bermuda. All you need to know about our island home. George Rushe. 1995. Politics to Shakespeare, slavery to cahows, prisoners of war to bus tickets, censorship to flowers, economics to convict hulks. 206 pages. Nice index. Outdated now but still useful. Your Guide to Bermuda. Baron. 1965. London, Redman. 234 pages. Subsequent editions. Last Updated: January 6, 2017. Multi-national ï¿½ 2017 by Bermuda Online . All Rights Reserved.	Arthur Conan Doyle
'The Night They Invented Champagne' and 'Thank Heaven For Little Girls', are songs from which musical?	Arthur Conan Doyle - WikiVisually FEATURED ARTICLES · CHANGE LANGUAGE · hover over links in text for more info click links in text for more info Arthur Conan Doyle "Conan Doyle" redirects here. For the rugby player, see Conan Doyle (rugby union) . Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 7 July 1930(1930-07-07) (aged 71) Crowborough , Sussex, England, UK Louisa Hawkins (m. 1885–1906) Jean Leckie (m. 1907–1930) Children Five Signature Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle KStJ , DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a Scottish writer and physician, most noted for creating the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes and writing stories about him which are generally considered milestones in the field of crime fiction . He is also known for writing the fictional adventures of a second character he invented, Professor Challenger , and for popularising the mystery of the Mary Celeste . He was a prolific writer whose other works include fantasy and science fiction stories, plays, romances, poetry, nonfiction and historical novels. Contents Name[ edit ] Doyle is often referred to as "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle" or simply "Conan Doyle" (implying that Conan is part of a compound surname, as opposed to his given middle name). His baptism entry in the register of St Mary's Cathedral , Edinburgh, gives "Arthur Ignatius Conan" as his given names and "Doyle" as his surname. It also names Michael Conan as his godfather . [1] The cataloguers of the British Library and the Library of Congress treat "Doyle" alone as his surname. [2] Steven Doyle, editor of the Baker Street Journal, wrote, "Conan was Arthur's middle name. Shortly after he graduated from high school he began using Conan as a sort of surname. But technically his last name is simply 'Doyle'." [3] When knighted, he was gazetted as Doyle, not under the compound Conan Doyle. [4] Nevertheless, the actual use of a compound surname is demonstrated by the fact that Doyle's second wife was known as Jean Conan Doyle rather than Jean Doyle. [5] Early life[ edit ] Doyle was born on 22 May 1859 at 11 Picardy Place, Edinburgh, Scotland. [6] [7] His father, Charles Altamont Doyle , was English, of Irish Catholic descent, and his mother, Mary (née Foley), was Irish Catholic. His parents married in 1855. [8] In 1864 the family dispersed because of Charles's growing alcoholism, and the children were temporarily housed across Edinburgh. In 1867, the family came together again and lived in squalid tenement flats at 3 Sciennes Place . [9] Doyle's father died in 1893, in the Crichton Royal , Dumfries , after many years of psychiatric illness. [10] [11] Supported by wealthy uncles, Doyle was sent to England, at the Jesuit preparatory school Hodder Place , Stonyhurst in Lancashire at the age of nine (1868–70). He then went on to Stonyhurst College until 1875. From 1875 to 1876, he was educated at the Jesuit school Stella Matutina in Feldkirch , Austria. [9] He later rejected the Catholic faith and became an agnostic . [12] He also later became a spiritualist mystic . [13] Portrait of Doyle by Herbert Rose Barraud , 1893 From 1876 to 1881, he studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh Medical School , including periods working in Aston (then a town in Warwickshire , now part of Birmingham ), Sheffield and Ruyton-XI-Towns , Shropshire. [14] During that time he studied practical botany at the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh. [15] While studying, Doyle began writing short stories. His earliest extant fiction, "The Haunted Grange of Goresthorpe", was unsuccessfully submitted to Blackwood's Magazine . [9] His first published piece, " The Mystery of Sasassa Valley ", a story set in South Africa, was printed in Chambers's Edinburgh Journal on 6 September 1879. [9] [16] On 20 September 1879, he published his first academic article, " Gelsemium as a Poison" in the British Medical Journal , [9] [17] [18] a study which the Daily Telegraph regarded as potentially useful in a 21st-century alleged murder investigation. [19] Doyle was employed as a doctor on the Greenland whaler Hope of Peterhead in 1880 [20] and, after his graduation from university in 1881 as M.B., C.M., as a ship's surgeon on the SS Mayumba during a voyage to the West African coast. [9] He completed his M.D. degree (an advanced degree in Scotland beyond the usual medical degrees) on the subject of tabes dorsalis in 1885. [21] In 1882 he joined former classmate George Turnavine Budd as his partner at a medical practice in Plymouth , but their relationship proved difficult, and Doyle soon left to set up an independent practice. [9] [22] Arriving in Portsmouth in June 1882 with less than £10 (£900 today [23] ) to his name, he set up a medical practice at 1 Bush Villas in Elm Grove, Southsea . [24] The practice was initially not very successful. While waiting for patients, Doyle again began writing fiction. Doyle was a staunch supporter of compulsory vaccination and wrote several articles advocating for the practice and denouncing the views of anti-vaccinators. [25] [26] In early 1891 Doyle attempted the study of ophthalmology in Vienna . He had previously studied at the Portsmouth Eye Hospital to qualify to perform eye tests and prescribe glasses. Vienna was suggested by his friend Vernon Morris as a place to spend six months and train to be an eye surgeon. Doyle, however, found it too difficult to understand the German medical terms at the classes in Vienna and quickly quit his studies there. For the rest of his two-month stay in Vienna, he pursued other activities, such as ice skating with his wife Louisa and drinking with Brinsley Richards of the London Times. He also wrote The Doings of Raffles Haw. After visiting Venice and Milan, he spent a few days in Paris observing Edmund Landolt, an expert on diseases of the eye. Within three months of his departure for Vienna, Doyle returned to London. He opened a small office and consulting room at No. 2 Upper Wimpole St, London W1 (then known as 2 Devonshire Place; a Westminster Council plaque in place over the front door can be seen today). He never saw a single patient, according to his autobiography, and his efforts as an ophthalmologist were a failure. [27] [28] [29] Sherlock Holmes[ edit ] Portrait of Sherlock Holmes by Sidney Paget , 1904 Doyle struggled to find a publisher for his work. His first work featuring Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, A Study in Scarlet , was taken by Ward Lock & Co on 20 November 1886, giving Doyle £25 (£2500 today) for all rights to the story. The piece appeared one year later in the Beeton's Christmas Annual and received good reviews in The Scotsman and the Glasgow Herald . [9] Holmes was partially modelled on his former university teacher Joseph Bell . In 1892, in a letter to Bell, Doyle wrote, "It is most certainly to you that I owe Sherlock Holmes ... round the centre of deduction and inference and observation which I have heard you inculcate I have tried to build up a man," [30] and, in his 1924 autobiography, he remarked, "It is no wonder that after the study of such a character [viz., Bell] I used and amplified his methods when in later life I tried to build up a scientific detective who solved cases on his own merits and not through the folly of the criminal." [31] Robert Louis Stevenson was able, even in faraway Samoa , to recognise the strong similarity between Joseph Bell and Sherlock Holmes: "My compliments on your very ingenious and very interesting adventures of Sherlock Holmes. ... can this be my old friend Joe Bell?" [32] Other authors sometimes suggest additional influences—for instance, the famous Edgar Allan Poe character C. Auguste Dupin . [33] Dr. (John) Watson owes his surname, but not any other obvious characteristic, to a Portsmouth medical colleague of Doyle's, Dr James Watson. [34] A sequel to A Study in Scarlet was commissioned and The Sign of the Four appeared in Lippincott's Magazine in February 1890, under agreement with the Ward Lock company. Doyle felt grievously exploited by Ward Lock as an author new to the publishing world and he left them. [9] Short stories featuring Sherlock Holmes were published in the Strand Magazine . Doyle wrote the first five Holmes short stories from his office at 2 Upper Wimpole Street (then known as Devonshire Place), which is now marked by a memorial plaque. [35] Sherlock Holmes statue in Edinburgh, erected opposite the birthplace of Doyle, which was demolished c. 1970 Doyle's attitude towards his most famous creation was ambivalent. [34] In November 1891 he wrote to his mother: "I think of slaying Holmes, ... and winding him up for good and all. He takes my mind from better things." His mother responded, "You won't! You can't! You mustn't!" [36] In an attempt to deflect publishers' demands for more Holmes stories, he raised his price to a level intended to discourage them, but found they were willing to pay even the large sums he asked. [34] As a result, he became one of the best-paid authors of his time. In December 1893, to dedicate more of his time to his historical novels, Doyle had Holmes and Professor Moriarty plunge to their deaths together down the Reichenbach Falls in the story " The Final Problem ". Public outcry, however, led him to feature Holmes in 1901 in the novel The Hound of the Baskervilles . In 1903, Doyle published his first Holmes short story in ten years, " The Adventure of the Empty House ", in which it was explained that only Moriarty had fallen, but since Holmes had other dangerous enemies—especially Colonel Sebastian Moran —he had arranged to also be perceived as dead. Holmes was ultimately featured in a total of 56 short stories —the last published in 1927—and four novels by Doyle, and has since appeared in many novels and stories by other authors . Jane Stanford compares some of Moriarty's characteristics to those of the Fenian John O'Connor Power . "The Final Problem" was published the year the Second Home Rule Bill passed through the House of Commons. "The Valley of Fear" was serialised in 1914, the year Home Rule, the Government of Ireland Act (18 September) was placed on the Statute Book. [37] Other works[ edit ] Doyle's first novels were The Mystery of Cloomber , not published until 1888, and the unfinished Narrative of John Smith , published only in 2011. [38] He amassed a portfolio of short stories including "The Captain of the Pole-Star" and " J. Habakuk Jephson's Statement ", both inspired by Doyle's time at sea. The latter popularised the mystery of the Mary Celeste [39] and added fictional details such as the perfect condition of the ship (which had actually taken on water by the time it was discovered) and its boats remaining on board (the one boat was in fact missing) that have come to dominate popular accounts of the incident. [9] [39] Doyle's spelling of the ship's name as Marie Celeste has become more common in everyday use than the original form. [40] Arthur Conan Doyle by George Wylie Hutchinson Between 1888 and 1906, Doyle wrote seven historical novels, which he and many critics regarded as his best work. [34] He also authored nine other novels, and later in his career (1912–29) five stories, two of novella length, featuring the irascible scientist Professor Challenger . The Challenger stories include what is probably his best-known work after the Holmes oeuvre, The Lost World . He was a prolific author of short stories, including two collections set in Napoleonic times featuring the French character Brigadier Gerard . Doyle's stage works include Waterloo, the reminiscences of an English veteran of the Napoleonic Wars , the character of Gregory Brewster being written for Henry Irving ; The House of Temperley, the plot of which reflects his abiding interest of boxing; The Speckled Band, after the short story of that name; and the 1893 collaboration with J.M. Barrie on the libretto of Jane Annie . [41] Sporting career[ edit ] While living in Southsea , Doyle played football as a goalkeeper for Portsmouth Association Football Club, an amateur side, under the pseudonym A. C. Smith. [42] (This club, disbanded in 1896, has no connection with the present-day Portsmouth F.C. , which was founded in 1898.) Doyle was a keen cricketer , and between 1899 and 1907 he played 10 first-class matches for the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). He also played for the amateur cricket team the Allahakbarries alongside authors J. M. Barrie and A. A. Milne . [43] His highest score, in 1902 against London County , was 43. He was an occasional bowler who took just one first-class wicket (although one of the highest pedigree—it was W. G. Grace ). [44] Also a keen golfer, Doyle was elected captain of the Crowborough Beacon Golf Club in Sussex for 1910. (He had moved to Little Windlesham house in Crowborough with his second wife, Jean Leckie, living there with his family from 1907 until his death in July 1930. [45] ) Personal life[ edit ] In 1885 Doyle married Louisa (sometimes called "Touie") Hawkins, the youngest daughter of J. Hawkins, of Minsterworth , Gloucestershire, and sister of one of Doyle's patients. She suffered from tuberculosis and died on 4 July 1906. [46] The following year he married Jean Elizabeth Leckie, whom he had first met and fallen in love with in 1897. He had maintained a platonic relationship with Jean while his first wife was still alive, out of loyalty to her. [47] Jean died in London on 27 June 1940. [48] Doyle fathered five children. He had two with his first wife: Mary Louise (28 January 1889 – 12 June 1976) and Arthur Alleyne Kingsley, known as Kingsley (15 November 1892 – 28 October 1918). He had an additional three with his second wife: Denis Percy Stewart (17 March 1909 – 9 March 1955), second husband of Georgian Princess Nina Mdivani ; Adrian Malcolm (19 November 1910 – 3 June 1970); and Jean Lena Annette (21 December 1912 – 18 November 1997). [49] Doyle's house in South Norwood , London Following the Boer War in South Africa at the turn of the 20th century and the condemnation from some quarters over the United Kingdom's role, Doyle wrote a short work titled The War in South Africa: Its Cause and Conduct, which argued that the UK's role in the Boer War was justified, and which was widely translated. Doyle had served as a volunteer doctor in the Langman Field Hospital at Bloemfontein between March and June 1900. [50] Doyle believed that this publication was responsible for his being knighted as a Knight Bachelor by King Edward VII in 1902 [4] and for his appointment as a Deputy-Lieutenant of Surrey . [51] Also in 1900 he wrote a book, The Great Boer War . He twice stood for Parliament as a Liberal Unionist —in 1900 in Edinburgh Central and in 1906 in the Hawick Burghs —but although he received a respectable vote, he was not elected. [52] In May 1903 he was appointed a Knight of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem . [53] Doyle was a supporter of the campaign for the reform of the Congo Free State , led by the journalist E. D. Morel and diplomat Roger Casement . During 1909 he wrote The Crime of the Congo , a long pamphlet in which he denounced the horrors of that colony. He became acquainted with Morel and Casement, and it is possible that, together with Bertram Fletcher Robinson , they inspired several characters in the 1912 novel The Lost World . [54] Doyle broke with Robinson when he became one of the leaders of the pacifist movement during the First World War . When Casement was found guilty of treason against the Crown after the Easter Rising , Doyle tried unsuccessfully to save him from facing the death penalty, arguing that Casement had been driven mad and could not be held responsible for his actions. [55] Justice advocate[ edit ] Doyle statue in Crowborough , East Sussex Doyle was also a fervent advocate of justice and personally investigated two closed cases, which led to two men being exonerated of the crimes of which they were accused. The first case, in 1906, involved a shy half-British, half-Indian lawyer named George Edalji who had allegedly penned threatening letters and mutilated animals in Great Wyrley . Police were set on Edalji's conviction, even though the mutilations continued after their suspect was jailed. [56] Apart from helping George Edalji, Doyle's work helped establish a way to correct other miscarriages of justice, as it was partially as a result of this case that the Court of Criminal Appeal was established in 1907. [57] The story of Doyle and Edalji was dramatised in an episode of the 1972 BBC television series, The Edwardians. In Nicholas Meyer's pastiche The West End Horror (1976), Holmes manages to help clear the name of a shy Parsi Indian character wronged by the English justice system. Edalji was of Parsi heritage on his father's side. The story was fictionalised in Julian Barnes 's 2005 novel Arthur and George , which was adapted into a three-part drama by ITV in 2015. The second case, that of Oscar Slater , a Yekke and gambling-den operator convicted of bludgeoning an 82-year-old woman in Glasgow in 1908, excited Doyle's curiosity because of inconsistencies in the prosecution case and a general sense that Slater was not guilty. He ended up paying most of the costs for Slater's successful appeal in 1928. [58] Spiritualism, Freemasonry[ edit ] One of the five photographs of Frances Griffiths with the alleged fairies , taken by Elsie Wright in July 1917 Doyle had a longstanding interest in mystical subjects. He was initiated as a Freemason (26 January 1887) at the Phoenix Lodge No. 257 in Southsea. He resigned from the Lodge in 1889, but returned to it in 1902, only to resign again in 1911. [59] Also in Southsea in 1887, influenced by a member of the Portsmouth Literary and Philosophical Society, Major-General Alfred Wilkes-Drayson, he began a series of psychic investigations. These included attending around 20 seances, experiments in telepathy and sittings with mediums. Writing to Spiritualist journal Light, that year, he declared himself to be a Spiritualist and spoke of one particular psychic event that had convinced him. [60] Though he later wavered, he remained fascinated by the paranormal. He was a founding member of the Hampshire Society for Psychical Research in 1889 and joined the London-based Society for Psychical Research in 1893. He joined Sir Sidney Scott and Frank Podmore on a poltergeist investigation in Devon in 1894. Nevertheless, during this period, he remained in essence a dilettante. [61] At the height of the Great War, in 1916, a change came over Conan Doyle's beliefs, prompted by the apparent psychic abilities of his children's nanny, Lily Loder Symonds. [62] This, combined with the deaths he saw around him, made him rationalise that Spiritualism was a "New Revelation" [63] sent by God to bring solace to the bereaved. The New Revelation was the title of his first Spiritualist work, published two years later. In the intervening years he wrote to Light magazine about his faith and lectured frequently on the truth of Spiritualism. War-related deaths close to him certainly strengthened his long-held belief in life after death and spirit communication, though it is wrong to claim that the death of his son, Kingsley, turned him to Spiritualism, as is often stated. Doyle came out as a Spiritualist to the public in 1916, a full two years before his son's death. [64] It was on 28 October 1918 that Kingsley died from pneumonia contracted during his convalescence after being seriously wounded in the 1916 Battle of the Somme . Brigadier-General Innes Doyle died, also from pneumonia, in February 1919. His two brothers-in-law (one of whom was E. W. Hornung , creator of the literary character Raffles ) and his two nephews also died shortly after the war. His second book on Spiritualism, The Vital Message , appeared in 1919. Doyle found solace supporting spiritualism and its attempts to find proof of existence beyond the grave . In particular, according to some, [65] he favoured Christian Spiritualism and encouraged the Spiritualists' National Union to accept an eighth precept – that of following the teachings and example of Jesus of Nazareth . He was a member of the renowned supernatural organisation The Ghost Club . [66] Doyle with his family in New York City, 1922 In 1919, the magician P. T. Selbit staged a séance at his own flat in Bloomsbury . Doyle attended the séance. Some later commentators have stated that he declared the clairvoyance manifestations to be genuine. [67] [68] However, the contemporary report by the Sunday Express quotes Doyle as saying: "I should have to see it again before passing a definite opinion on it," and: "I have my doubts about the whole thing". [69] In 1920, Doyle debated the claims of Spiritualism with the notable sceptic Joseph McCabe at Queen's Hall in London. McCabe later published his evidence against the claims of Doyle and Spiritualism in a booklet entitled Is Spiritualism Based on Fraud? which claimed Doyle had been duped into believing Spiritualism by mediumship trickery. [70] Conan Doyle also travelled to Australia and New Zealand on Spiritualist missionary work in 1920, and continued his mission all the way up to his death, speaking about his Spiritualist conviction in Britain, Europe and the USA. [61] Sir Arthur was also inspired by his Spiritualist beliefs to write a novella on the subject, The Land of Mist , featuring the character Professor Challenger. He wrote many other non-fictional Spiritualist works; perhaps his most famous being The Coming of the Fairies (1922) [71] which reveals Conan Doyle's conviction in the veracity of the five Cottingley Fairies photographs. He reproduced them in the book, together with theories about the nature and existence of fairies and spirits. Initially suspected of being falsified, the photos were decades later determined to be faked (along with admissions from the photographers). Doyle was friends for a time with Harry Houdini , the American magician who himself became a prominent opponent of the Spiritualist movement in the 1920s following the death of his beloved mother. Although Houdini insisted that Spiritualist mediums employed trickery (and consistently exposed them as frauds), Doyle became convinced that Houdini himself possessed supernatural powers—a view expressed in Doyle's The Edge of the Unknown. Houdini was apparently unable to convince Doyle that his feats were simply illusions, leading to a bitter public falling out between the two. [72] A specific incident is recounted in memoirs by Houdini's friend Bernard M. L. Ernst , in which Houdini performed an impressive trick at his home in the presence of Conan Doyle. Houdini assured Conan Doyle the trick was pure illusion and that he was attempting to prove a point about Doyle not "endorsing phenomena" simply because he had no explanation. According to Ernst, Conan Doyle refused to believe it was a trick. [73] In 1922, the psychical researcher Harry Price accused the spirit photographer William Hope of fraud. Doyle defended Hope, but further evidence of trickery was obtained from other researchers. [74] Doyle threatened to have Price evicted from the National Laboratory of Psychical Research and claimed if he persisted to write "sewage" about spiritualists, he would meet the same fate as Harry Houdini. [75] Price wrote "Arthur Conan Doyle and his friends abused me for years for exposing Hope." [76] Because of the exposure of Hope and other fraudulent spiritualists, Doyle led a mass resignation of eighty-four members of the Society for Psychical Research , as they believed the Society was opposed to spiritualism. [77] Doyle and spiritualist William Thomas Stead were duped into believing Julius and Agnes Zancig had genuine psychic powers, both claiming that the Zancigs used telepathy . In 1924 Julius and Agnes Zancig confessed that their mind reading act was a trick and published the secret code and all the details of the trick method they had used, under the title Our Secrets!! in a London newspaper. [78] In his book The History of Spiritualism (1926), Doyle praised the psychic phenomena and spirit materialisations produced by Eusapia Palladino and Mina Crandon , who were both exposed as frauds. [79] In 1927, Doyle spoke in a filmed interview about Sherlock Holmes and spiritualism. [80] Doyle in 1930, the year of his death, with his son Adrian Richard Milner , an American historian of science, has presented a case that Doyle may have been the perpetrator of the Piltdown Man hoax of 1912, creating the counterfeit hominid fossil that fooled the scientific world for over 40 years. Milner says that Doyle had a motive—namely, revenge on the scientific establishment for debunking one of his favourite psychics—and that The Lost World contains several encrypted clues regarding his involvement in the hoax. [81] [82] Samuel Rosenberg 's 1974 book Naked is the Best Disguise purports to explain how, throughout his writings, Doyle left open clues that related to hidden and suppressed aspects of his mentality. [83] Death[ edit ] Doyle's grave at Minstead , England Doyle was found clutching his chest in the hall of Windlesham Manor, his house in Crowborough , East Sussex, on 7 July 1930. He died of a heart attack at the age of 71. His last words were directed toward his wife: "You are wonderful." [84] At the time of his death, there was some controversy concerning his burial place, as he was avowedly not a Christian, considering himself a Spiritualist . He was first buried on 11 July 1930 in Windlesham rose garden. He was later reinterred together with his wife in Minstead churchyard in the New Forest , Hampshire. [9] Carved wooden tablets to his memory and to the memory of his wife, originally from the church at Minstead, are on display as part of a Sherlock Holmes exhibition at Portsmouth Museum. [85] [86] The epitaph on his gravestone in the churchyard reads, in part: "Steel true/Blade straight/Arthur Conan Doyle/Knight/Patriot, Physician, and man of letters". [87] Undershaw , the home near Hindhead in Surrey , which Doyle had built and lived in between October 1897 and September 1907, [88] was a hotel and restaurant from 1924 until 2004. It was then bought by a developer and stood empty while conservationists and Doyle fans fought to preserve it. [46] In 2012 the High Court in London ruled the redevelopment permission be quashed because proper procedure had not been followed, [89] but it is now due to become part of the Stepping Stones school for children with disabilities and additional needs. A statue honours Doyle at Crowborough Cross in Crowborough, where he lived for 23 years. [90] There is a statue of Sherlock Holmes in Picardy Place, Edinburgh , close to the house where Doyle was born. [91] Honours and awards[ edit ] References[ edit ] ^ Stashower says that the compound version of his surname originated from his great-uncle Michael Conan, a distinguished journalist, from whom Arthur and his elder sister, Annette, received the compound surname of "Conan Doyle" (Stashower 20–21). The same source points out that in 1885 he was describing himself on the brass nameplate outside his house, and on his doctoral thesis, as "A. Conan Doyle" (Stashower 70). However, the 1901 census indicates that Conan Doyle's surname was "Doyle", leading some sources to assert that the form "Conan Doyle" was used as a surname only in his later years.[ citation needed ] ^ Redmond, Christopher (2009). Sherlock Holmes Handbook 2nd ed. Dundurn. p. 97 . ^ Doyle, Steven; Crowder, David A. (2010). Sherlock Holmes for Dummies. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 51 .	i don't know
Which pop singer survived the car crash that killed Eddie Cochran?	BBC - Wiltshire - History - The death of Eddie Cochran You are in: Wiltshire > History > Rock 'n' Roll Wiltshire > The death of Eddie Cochran Eddie Cochran The death of Eddie Cochran Geoff Barker Read the story of how the rock'n'roll legend met his tragic end in a car crash in Chippenham in 1960. American rock'n'roll star Eddie Cochran died during the afternoon of Easter Sunday 17th April 1960. His death in St. Martin's Hospital in Bath, came as a result of injuries sustained in a car crash just outside Chippenham, late the night before. Eddie and his great friend Gene Vincent had been touring the UK since mid-January, on a package tour that had created a sensation amongst UK rock n roll fans. Not one, but two genuine American rock'n'roll stars, criss-crossing the UK and even making TV and radio appearances! By then, the first flush of raw rock'n'roll was long gone, so the sight and sound of Gene and Eddie was an antidote to the blandness of much pop music at that time. They were nothing short of a revelation… Eddie in particular. Often described as 'James Dean with a guitar', Eddie Cochran had everything going for him. A young, good-looking guy, a hugely talented musician, who as well playing stunning guitar, could also handle bass and drums and most unusually for those times, also wrote his own songs. Two of which - 'Summertime Blues' and 'C'mon Everybody', had been huge hits and today - nearly 50 years on - are regarded as classics of the genre. Eddie had arrived in the UK on 10th January 1960, to join a UK tour with Gene Vincent which had already been on the road since before Christmas. It was promoted by top pop impresario Larry Parnes and the support acts and musicians were all young UK rock'n'rollers that Parnes had under contract. These included at various times along the tour - Billy Fury, Joe Brown, Georgie Fame, Vince Eager and Johnny Gentle. It was a long tour with a punishing schedule, and the British winter was not something that California-resident Cochran was used to. So by the time they all rolled up at the Bristol Hippodrome on Monday 11th April for a week-long residency, Eddie (and his accompanying girlfriend, songwriter Sharon Sheeley) were looking forward to returning to the USA immediately afterwards. For this last week of the tour, Billy and Joe were off playing elsewhere and the support acts included Georgie Fame, Johnny Gentle and also Tony Sheridan - who a year later would make a record in Germany, with an unknown Liverpool group called The Beatles. After the final show on Saturday 16th April - and back at the Royal Hotel to collect their things - Eddie wanted a lift back to London with Johnny Gentle, who had driven himself to Bristol, but his car was full. There were no more trains at that time of night, so a taxi was called. Sometime after 11.00pm, a Ford Consul driven by George Martin, with Eddie, Gene, Sharon and tour-manager Pat Thompkins, set off for London. Eddie, Sharon and Gene sat in the back, with Thompkins next to the driver. These were pre-M4 days, so Martin initially chose the old A4 down through Bath, but with this being a bad road, especially at night, he decided on a short cut on the outskirts of Chippenham. The accident spot on Rowden Hill in Chippenham Thompkins later recalled: "You come out from under the viaduct and come across a bridge in front of you. "On your right is the A4 and then the bridge and on your left is the A4 to London. "Well, he saw the A4 and turned right, going the wrong way. When he saw the milestone, he realized he was going the wrong way and hit the brakes." It appears that as the car sped out of Chippenham trying to get back on the right route, Martin lost control on the bend at Rowden Hill, (then a notorious accident black-spot) and spun backwards into a concrete lamp post. The impact sent Eddie up into the roof and forced the rear door open, throwing him onto the road. After the car had come to a halt, Martin and Thompkins were able to walk away from the wreckage uninjured. But Gene and Sharon, along with Eddie were lying on the grass verge. Gene had broken his collarbone, but fortunately for Sharon, she only suffered shock and bruising. However, the injuries to Eddie would prove fatal. The noise had brought local residents onto the scene. Dave Chivers told the Wiltshire Times: "I was getting into bed when I heard a whistling outside, followed by a series of bumps and smashes. The Daily Mirror reports on Eddie's death "My first reaction was that it was a plane crash. "I went outside and saw the wrecked car, several people lying about, a large guitar and scattered photographs, which had come from the open boot. I telephoned for an ambulance from the kiosk nearby." The first police on the scene included a young Wiltshire cadet called Dave Harman, who with a name change to Dave Dee, become a highly successful pop star himself. The time of the accident can be accurately pinpointed. In those days the street lights went out at midnight and the ambulance from Chippenham arrived soon after, in total darkness. The three were taken to St Martin's hospital, but Eddie had suffered severe brain damage. He never regained consciousness and died at 4.10pm that afternoon. Like Buddy Holly who came our way two years earlier, Eddie Cochran also had a profound influence on young aspiring British musicians. Joe Brown has often said what a great and innovative guitar player Eddie was, introducing styles and techniques that had never been seen here before. Georgie Fame totally credits Eddie with introducing the music of Ray Charles to a mainstream UK audience, through his playing of Charles' songs in his stage act. Shadows drummer Brian Bennett backed Eddie on the tour, as a member of Marty Wilde's band, who were loaned out to Cochran for some of the live dates and also his BBC radio sessions for the Saturday Club show. Brian recalls Eddie showing him some great drum tricks and said what a great player he was. Pete Townshend and Roger Daltrey both idolised Eddie and of course, 'Summertime Blues' was for years a Who stage-favourite. Ironically, the biggest UK hits for Eddie's songs 'C'mon Everybody' and 'Somethin' Else', came in 1979, when The Sex Pistols took them both to number three in the charts. George Harrison had seen Eddie when the tour played Liverpool and even acquired an important piece of Eddie memorabilia; In 1999 I worked on a radio series for the BBC World Service with Paul McCartney, looking back at his early rock'n'roll years. Paul recalled the-then unknown Beatles touring Scotland backing Johnny Gentle in 1960. Eddie had given Gentle his stage shirt after the Bristol show and following a week of pestering by the young Beatle, Johnny eventually passed it to George. Johnny came to one of the Eddie Cochran Weekender events in Chippenham, where I interviewed him live on air. He too said what an amazing talent Eddie was, and also said he wished he'd kept that shirt! The plaque which marks the spot where he died When someone dies young, it's always the eternal question - what would they have done in life? In the case of Eddie Cochran, I think there can be little doubt he would have been the first 'guitar-hero' of the sixties, with Clapton, Beck, Page and Hendrix queuing up to play with him. Jimi always said he wanted Eddie Cochran played at his funeral, and he got his wish. What makes this whole story even more poignant, is how young Eddie was when he took his seat in the car that night - just 21. Today, that dangerous bend at Rowden Hill, Chippenham has long since been made safe. There is no longer any physical reminder of the tragedy, except for one thing - a plaque on the grass verge in memory of Eddie. It was erected by fans and unveiled at one of Chippenham's Eddie Cochran Weekender events by Sharon Sheeley, on what was her first visit since that fateful night at Easter 1960. last updated: 19/03/2009 at 16:24 created: 27/02/2009	Gene Vincent
In the nursery rhyme, what was used to bind 'Jack's' head after he had fallen down the hill?	car crash killed Eddie Cochran and destroyed Gene Vincents - MUSL - 153 View Full Document car crash killed Eddie Cochran and destroyed Gene Vincent's career Teenie Boopers • the wild days of rock and roll seemed to be over  personal misfortunes of 1 st generation rockers  backlash against rock music by parents' groups, racist groups, the mainstream music industry and the government • between approximately 1959 and 1964 (when the Beatles came to America) rock music became more polished, sedate, pop-oriented and dominated by teen idols The Penguins "Earth Angel" • Doo-wop  style with emphasis on vocal harmonies  originated on street corners in NYC and Philly (Penguins from LA)  influenced generations of black artists (more recently, Boyz II Men) • sparse recording, emphasis on vocals • I-vi-IV-V chord progression • AABA form Paul Anka "Diana" • teen idol • wrote "My Way"—a hit for Frank Sinatra and Elvis Presley • also wrote hits for Buddy Holly, Annette Tunicello and Donny Oswond • this song was written about his babysitter • I-vi-IV-V chord progression • AABA form Johnny Mathis "Chances Are" • #1 hit in 1957 • pop crooner (carried on tradition typified by Nat King Cole and Bing Crosby) • 1958 Greatest Hits compilation stayed on Billboard album charts for almost 10 years • AABA form Dick Clark American Bandstand • TV show premiered 1957, airing from Philly • teenage girls in particular responded • brought a respectability to rock that didn't exist with the rackabillies • fueled teen idols and dance crazes • survived 1959-60 payola investigations Chubby Checker "The Twist" • stage name inspired by Fat Domino • released 1960 • eventually sold 70 million singles • exemplified dance crazes of late 50s and early 60s • 12-bar blues • strong backbeat—snare hits on beats 2 and 4 Changes in the Music Industry—late 1950s • record sales skyrocketed, many sold through mail order clubs and supermarkets This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. View Full Document • independent radio stations that programmed rock and roll were brought by chains who played Top 40 format nationwide • radio, which had lost adult audience to TV was reinvigorated • FTC payola investigations in 1959-60 Song Writing Early 1960’s • Don Kirsher o Music Publisher who cornered the teen market in the early 1960’s o Hired teams of NYC songwriters who composed Tin Pan Alley like songs for doo-wop and girls groups. • Brill Building • home of music publishers since the Tin Pan Alley era (early 20 th century) • songwriters included Carole King, who had a successful solo career in 1970s The Shirelles "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" • exemplified "girl group" phenomenon • this song was the first #1 hit by an all-female group • sweet, polished image • precursor of later groups like the Supremes • written by Carole King and Gerry Goffin for Don Kirshner and went to #1 The Ronettes "Be My Baby" • sisters Ronnie and Estelle Bennett, and cousin Nedra Talley • discovered by Phil Spector, producer, who married Ronnie • tough-girl image: dark eye make-up, huge beehive hairdos, tight skirts • listen for dense texture—many instruments, background vocals, etc. • VCVCBCC form This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. TERM Prof. Jen Gunderman Blair School of Music, Vanderbilt University Spring 2011 Semester Test1-2011	i don't know
In which country did the 'Graf Spee' take refuge after its epic battle with British warships?	Pursuit of the Graf Spee Reviews & Ratings - IMDb IMDb 50 out of 55 people found the following review useful: Pretty good story from Deming, New Mexico, USA 7 September 2004 The "pocket battleship" (in armor and armament, somewhere between a battleship and a heavy cruiser) Graf Spee is abroad in the Atlantic, sinking British merchant shipping. She is tracked down by three British and New Zealand cruisers and after a fierce battle takes refuge in the harbor of Montevideo, Uruguay. In accordance with the Hague Convention, the Graf Spee's Captain Langsdorff is given barely enough time to make his ship seaworthy, without improving her fighting efficiency, before having to leave port. We aren't told exactly what her fighting efficiency is like but we learn she's taken more than fifty hits on the superstructure alone from the British 8-inch guns, and those are big guns. There are shenanigans going on at the embassies in Montevideo, in which the French and British try to force the Graf Spee to leave as soon as possible, while the Germans argue for more time. All of this is reported by an opportunistic American from a well-positioned outdoor cafe where the proprietor demands he keep ordering scotch if he's going to sit there and take up the customers' space. Langsdorff is cleverly led by the British to assume that the three cruisers waiting for him outside the harbor have been joined by several other capital ships including an aircraft carrier. The rumor has been deliberately spread by British staff (over an unscrambled phone line in a hilarious scene) and everyone believes it, including Langsdorff. The German captain takes his ship out of the harbor at the appointed time but scuttles her after ordering the crew off. The British have won the Battle of the River Plate, partly through courage and partly through intelligent use of misinformation. Actually, considering that it's a "war movie" it's pretty good natured. The British crack jokes in the midst of battle. When a shell hits nearby and burns up some possessions, one sailor approaches another bearing a pair of charred boots on a tray and asks, "You ordered the toast?" When sailors die, they do so almost nonchalantly, with time for a brave few words like, "See to the others." As far as that goes, the film gives you a fairly decent picture of what sea duty can be like: operating the rudder from the steering aft position, for instance. (What a job!) The movie demonstrates the advantage of using real ships instead of models. The problem with model work has to do with texture. The splashes of exploding shells, for instance, send up drops of water as big as basketballs. But here there is some drop-dead gorgeous photography of ships making smoke and heeling around. Not even modern computer graphics could manage so effectively. The Germans are treated humanely too, this being 1956 and not 1946. The Germans have a number of British prisoners aboard the Graf Spee and they celebrate Christmas together, with the captors presenting the captives with Christmas decorations. When a German officer announces to the prisoners that they will soon be released in Montevideo, he cheers along with the British. Among the funniest scenes are those involving the blowhard American reporter. "The whole world is watching and waiting with suspense for the Battle of the Ages," or something like that. "Lays it on a bit thick, doesn't he?" asks one British listener. After a few days of this boreal oratory the reporter's voice is going and he begins to swill liquor, surrounded by a dozen glasses of scotch. "Excuse me while I get a drink," he hoarsely tells his listeners. Withall, though, there is a tragic figure here, and that is the wounded Captain Langsdorff who has fought the good fight and is now forced to sail his ship into what he believes is certain disaster. Finch does a good job with the role, as does the script. There isn't a moment when he loses his dignity. And his courtliness seems inbred. The Brits say of him, "He's a gentleman," and, "He's a good seaman." A cheaper movie would have given Finch an unnecessary speech: "A captain belongs to his ship, just as the ship belongs to the captain. This is breaking my heart. I feel as if someone had just taken my Marzipan away." It's a genuinely sad moment when we see the coffins of the German sailors killed in battle. And although the movie ends with the victorious and quite beautiful white British cruisers sailing off into the sunset, the fact is that Langsdorff shot and killed himself shortly after these events. Was the above review useful to you? 43 out of 48 people found the following review useful: A masterful depiction of the first major naval battle of the Second World War. from Australia 7 June 2004 I often wonder why this film was re-named The Battle of the River Plate when the actual action took place 150 miles to the east in the South Atlantic. Nevertheless it is a great production brought all the closer to reality by the use of two of the original Allied cruisers which were still in commission at the time of filming. The big problem was the choice of a warship to fill the role of the pocket battleship Graf Spee which had already been scuttled and that of her two sister ships which were also destroyed before the end of the war. The choice of the heavy cruiser USS Salem while not perfect was probably the best the producers could come up with despite it's extra tier of forward and rear main guns and the familiar U.S. Navy number 139 on it's bough. The storyline of the film is held together through the eyes of Captain Dove played by Bernard Lee who is taken aboard the Graf Spee after his merchant ship Africa Shell becomes one of her victims. Loosely held as a prisoner Dove is given an insight into the Graf Spee's tactics as a surface raider and that she is in fact masquerading as an American warship with false gun turrets and a bough number, solving the producers dilemma of explaining the different physical characteristics of each warship. The actual battle while well done does show a few inconsistencies in that the near miss salvos are more like large splashes and at times the Graf Spee looks motionless while being bombarded by allied shells. This is more than made up by the fine acting of the combatants, with Anthony Quale giving a best of British tradition role as task force leader Commodore Henry Harwood along with John Gregson as Captain Bell of HMS Exeter and Jack Gwillim as Captain Parry of the New Zealand cruiser Achilles. Peter Finch is perfect in the role of the chivalrous and compassionate German commander of the Graf Spee Hans Langsdorff who in real life displayed these rare qualities and was immensely respected by those on both sides of the conflict. When the Graf Spee puts into Montevideo harbour in neutral Uruguay to effect repairs a great diplomatic battle ensues over her sanctuary and the story switches to a tense minute by minute dockside radio coverage by American reporter Mike Fowler played in true journalistic style by Lionel Murton. Meanwhile two of the three British Cruisers supported by a newly arrived warship Cumberland maintain a vigil out to sea while their embassy engages in it's own brand of propaganda to deceive the Germans into believing they are up against a vastly superior British naval force. Langsdorff falls for the ruse and after seeing his men to safety scuttles his mighty warship precisely at sunset a few miles out of Montevideo in the mouth of the River Plate. With the expectations that another and greater naval action was forthcoming this fateful decision gives the end of the film somewhat of an anti-climax but it was the factual truth and a necessary conclusion to maintain it's credibility. To add a final footnote, there is presently underway a large salvage operation to raise as much of the Graf Spee as possible and eventually put it on display in a museum in Montevideo. Was the above review useful to you? 30 out of 34 people found the following review useful: A solid entry from Powell/Pressburger from New York, NY 9 December 2004 Not withstanding the negative comments of some critics, this is another great Powell/Pressburger film. Perhaps what prevents it from getting its due is that it looks like another entry in the "big WW II battle recreation" genre, but the structure, the performances, and the film's intent in general aren't really in the service of that genre. The climactic battle is fought in the middle of the film, and the last third unexpectedly takes place on the docks and in the cafes and embassies of Montevideo, with a festival air and comedy relief. Powell rightly feels that the core of the film is Bernard Lee's admiration of his captor; indeed, the final scene is the expression of that admiration. Yet the viewer isn't "pointed" to that relationship. All the expository dialogue serves the battle scenes--where the Spee might be, how to attack it, the relationship between the British Commodore and his Captains--and later, the strategies of the Spee's leaving port. Particularly in the latter part, there's a lot of discussion which doesn't relate to the film's denouement. And the collection of British prisoners on the Spee don't coalesce into an ensemble. In an odd way, their fate never seems integrated into the battle, nor does it particularly highlight the relationship between Lee and Finch. This unusual structure is in part due to the film apparently following actual events fairly closely, and actual events don't follow conventional dramatic structure. But, really, that absence of conventional structure, and the refusal to emphasize the Lee-Finch relationship or to make it a dominant theme, are the film's greatest strengths. Finally, note should be taken of the superb photography in VistaVision. Was the above review useful to you? 26 out of 28 people found the following review useful: Rousing well made movie, using some of the original ships. from Auckland, New Zealand 30 September 1999 Fine, entertaining movie of the famous sea battle between 3 smaller British warships versus the great German Pocket Battleship "Graf Spee". Tremendous sea scenes , aided by the fact that most of the original ships which fought the actual battle are used in the movie. Well acted all-round with Peter Finch doing a fine job as Captain Langsdorf. Was the above review useful to you? 20 out of 23 people found the following review useful: Excellent British Naval Drama. A Must-see. from United States, Chicago 15 September 2005 I love this movie. Peter Finch stars as Capt. Langsdorf of the German "pocket" battleship Admiral Graf Spee. He is perfect; from the almost swashbuckly entrance and dialogue with Capt. Dove, a merchant captain whose ship they've just sunk, to the trance-like confusion at the end of the film. There are so many great actors in this film its almost like "the Longest Day," except these guys act. Christopher Lee as Manolo, the jealous bar owner; Anthony Quayle as Commodore Harwood; Anthony Newly as a sailor with about three lines that he still manages to over-act; and John Gregson, who plays Capt. Bell of the British cruiser Exeter. Well known, and often quirky co-directors and writers, Emeric Pressburger and Michael Powell bring together spectacular shots of many of the actual ships involved in the battle with an almost ensemble-like feeling in the cast. From the British Ambassador with the no-nonsense, sharped-tongued secretary to the goofy-gaucho interpreter for the reporter, Mike Fowler, these powerfully presented characters intensify the real drama of this battle. It wasn't just a sea battle, it was political, involving sailors, spies, and bad cafe singing. Was the above review useful to you? 15 out of 16 people found the following review useful: Exceptional, but certainly not everyone's cup of tea. 14 May 2008 * This review may contain spoilers * This film is about the final days of the German pocket battleship (like a heavy cruiser), GRAF SPEE. This ship did a lot of damage to British shipping during the early days of the war until she was ultimately hunted down by a small armada of smaller and very vulnerable naval vessels. I enjoyed this film very much because I am a history teacher and love realistic war films. Unfortunately, while this film was big on realism, it also will probably seem a tad dull to the average person because it did stress realism and not huge name actors and unnecessary action. While there were many fine British actors in important roles (Anthony Quayle, Bernard Lee and Peter Finch, among others), to the average American audience they probably will seem more like sea men versus actors. This and the script really worked together to produce a film that seemed almost like a documentary in how it tried very hard to get the details right--and as a WWII buff, this impressed me very much. There are a few omissions or mistakes in the film, but they aren't all that important. First, of course the Spee had been sunk, so an American ship filled in--and this is certainly forgivable. Second, oddly, in the original version, the movie is called "The Battle of the River Plate" but there was no River Plate. The word was "Plata"--meaning Silver River when correctly translated into English. Finally, and I can understand why they didn't mention this, shortly after the German Captain scuttled his ship he committed suicide. However, I did appreciate how the film portrayed him as an ultimately decent and competent man--a nice requiem for a fallen enemy who was just doing his duty. Overall, not a film for the casual viewer but certainly one for history and naval buffs out there. Great stuff. Was the above review useful to you? 17 out of 20 people found the following review useful: Request permission to update list of spares from Munich, Germany 22 March 2008 The Events around the Battle of the River Plate have always been somewhat special next to the sinking of the Bismarck for me, as Germany does not have such a rich history of sea battles as England does. Two things stand out : First the very positive display of the Captain of the Graf Spee, Langsdorff, treating his prisoners positively and trying to kill ships but not humans and even saving his crew from heroic death in Battle by sinking the ship by himself and refusing to go into battle. And his tragic end by suicide. Second, the laconic display of the British Officers and Men in Battle. This is where my title quote is coming from, as a message issued by the Captain of the shut-down and burning Exeter trying to escape to safety after the Battle and heavy hits. Otherwise it seems to be a rather careful display of events, although the scenes in Montevideo are sometimes play out like a prelude to a Carry On Farce. Greatest weakness is, that we totally loose sight of the German views and events on board Graf Spee once the battle has started. Totally 6 of 10 Was the above review useful to you? 17 out of 24 people found the following review useful: Historical and epic battle between the Graf Spee and British cruisers Author: ma-cortes 23 October 2006 This is a splendid British film concerning historic deeds during WWII , the naval battle in the South Atlantic between British cruiser squadron of three ships and the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee , Dic 1939 . The main and secondary cast are stunningly incarnated by a magnificent plethora of English actors . The film contains a colorful and glimmer cinematography by Christopher Challis and an atmospheric musical score . The movie is well produced by Archers production and professionally directed by Emeric Pressburger and Michael Powell . The motion picture will appeal to warlike genre buffs and British classic movie fans . Rating : Better than average . The film is based on true events , these are the following : Though the British cruisers were no match for the battleship , Admiral Sir Henry Harwood (Anthony Quayle) launched an attack to Graf Spee (with 6 cannons,280 mm) . German fire seriously damaged HMS Exeter (commanded by John Cregson as captain Bell) with cannons 203mm , put half of HMS Ajax (captain Woodhouse played by Ian Hunter)'s guns out of action , and then damaged Achilles (cannons 152 mm) , but the cruisers did sufficient damage to the German ship to make its captain break off and run for shelter in Montevideo , Uruguay . The British followed and waited in international waters outside the neutral port . The Uruguay government ordered the Germans to leave after 72 hours . The British cruisers called Royal and Renown were near from Montevideo and Langsdorff (Peter Finch) didn't wait possibilities to vanquish . Hitler , reluctant to risk the Graf Spee being sunk by heavier British warship which were sailing for the River Plate , ordered the captain to scuttle the vessel . He did so 17 Dec 1939 and three days later shot himself . Was the above review useful to you? 10 out of 12 people found the following review useful: Top quality war movie 20 December 2004 * This review may contain spoilers * At the beginning of World War 2 the German navy positioned the pocket battleship Graf Spee, ready and waiting to prey on allied shipping, which it did with deadly efficiency. Following a major sea battle with a British task force the Graf Spee was forced to seek refuge in a south American port to make repairs. The cameras of the world's press focused on Montevideo as the German ship struggled to regain its fighting ability while the Royal Navy converged to attack when it was, inevitably, forced to leave. A brilliant espionage operation convinced Captain Hans Langsdorff that 1/2 the British navy was waiting for him, so he scuttled the ship in the harbor and subsequently shot himself. Those are the facts and they're wonderfully re-created in this riveting film. Powell and Pressburger paid meticulous attention to detail and it shows throughout. I really admired their honesty in showing the battle and what happened later as objectively as it could be, whilst still (always) remaining good entertainment. Peter Finch gave a fantastic, intense performance as the doomed Captain. The real Langsdorff was a man of the highest intelligence and integrity, a tragic example of a fine man who found himself forced to serve an evil regime, and Finch truly conveyed the battle Langsdorff must have been fighting within himself; conscience versus duty. In the end his conscience won. Captain Langsdorff took his own life in a hotel room, lying on an old "imperial" German navy flag, a calculated insult to Hitler. I'm glad the Graf Spee was destroyed but sad that Langsdorff was one of SO many victims of this terrible war. The Battle Of The River Plate is an excellent portrayal of this true-life drama. Well worth seeing. Was the above review useful to you? 15 out of 22 people found the following review useful: A change of pace from Powell & Pressburger Author: vaughan.birbeck 1 October 2001 Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger are probably best known for their mystical, romantic films like: 'A Matter of Life and Death'; 'Black Narcissus', and 'The Red Shoes'. 'Battle of the River Plate' is a decent film, but it does have some awkward lapses. There is some excellent footage shot at sea using veteran Royal Navy ships. Unfortunately this sits uneasily with the studio sets. During the battle scenes I had the uneasy feeling someone out of shot was throwing buckets of water in the air to simulate shell-fire. Instead of indulging in Technicolor, I feel the producers should have gone for the harsher monochrome which 'The Cruel Sea' and 'Sink the Bismarck!' use so well. Black and white photography also makes the shift between location and studio work much less obvious. There are some good performances in the film, notably Peter Finch as Langsdorff. I remember seeing newsreel footage of the real Langsdorff attending the funeral of his men in Montevideo, he gave a German Naval salute instead of the Nazi version. His portrayal as a 'decent' German has a basis in fact. The battle of the River Plate was the last Naval action to take place without the benefit of technical advances such as radar. It was a fine piece of seamanship and the story deserved to be told. At the end of this film, unfortunately, you can't help feeling it could have been told better. Was the above review useful to you? Page 1 of 5:	Uruguay
What is the chemical symbol for Sodium?	Divers recover large piece of Graf Spee (+ lots of unique Graff Spee photos) Divers recover large piece of Graf Spee (+ lots of unique Graff Spee photos) BBC On-Line ^ \| Thursday, 26 February, 2004 \| staff writer Posted on 02/27/2004 7:31:21 AM PST by yankeedame Last Updated: Thursday, 26 February, 2004, 14:02 GMT Divers recover piece of Graf Spee Poor weather conditions have hampered the recovery project A team of divers has recovered a key piece of the German World War II battleship Graf Spee from the mouth of the River Plate in Uruguay. Salvage experts managed to re-float the ship's range-finding equipment, which weighs 27 metric tons. It is the first significant part of the ship to be recovered in the operation after several failed attempts. The ship was sunk more than 60 years ago by its captain to keep it from falling into enemy hands. "I am looking at the range finder and it is just fabulous," -- Alfredo Etchegaray The salvage team have positioned a floating crane 7 km (4 miles) out to sea from Montevideo. The first attempt to raise the equipment - known as a telemeter - failed earlier in the day when the supporting cables snapped and the piece crashed back into the water. The Admiral Graf Spee's rangefinder is raised from the seabed. Picture: http://www.theage.com.au But the team managed to overcome tricky currents and winds to raise it. "I am looking at the range finder and it is just fabulous," project spokesman Alfredo Etchegaray told Reuters news agency. Epic battle The Graf Spee was once a symbol of German naval might. In the early days of World War II it roamed the South Atlantic, sinking as many as nine allied merchant ships. But during the Battle of the River Plate it received several direct hits and took refuge in Montevideo harbour. Uruguay, under diplomatic pressure from Britain, ordered the Graf Spee out to sea. And there she was scuttled by her captain, Hans Langsdorff. Captain Langsdorff committed suicide in a Buenos Aires naval camp three days later. The ship now lies in waters no deeper than 11 metres. The project is being financed by private investors from the US and Europe, and has the backing of the Uruguayan Government. Once restored, the vessel is eventually expected to become a tourist attraction in Montevideo. ======================================== Miscellaneous Google photos/images re: Graf Spee <"Carrying the death from the Graf Spee" http://www.armed-guard.com/memory52.jpg Hans Langsdorff, Commander of the Graf Spree (http://ww2photo.mimerswell.com/person/d/navy/01073.jpg) Vizeadmiral Maximilian Graf von Spee (http://www.westfront.de/img0050.1_1.jpg) Die "Admiral Graf Spee" unter der Levensauer Hochbrücke zu Kiel(http://www.duxu.de/marine/Schiffe/graf_spee.jpg) (http://www.military.cz/ww2_ships/Germany/CA/Admiralspee/admiralspee07_s.jpg) (http://www.panzertruppen.org/heer/protagonistas/langsdorff1.jpg) (Re: both photos)"Urna construida por los tripulantes del Admiral Graf Spee entregada a la familia del capitan Langsdorff" Armament: six 11-inch (2x3), eight 5.9-inch (8x1), six 8.8cm (6x1), eight 21-inch torpedo tubes Roughly speaking, huh? Just a ballpark estimate? LOL 11 posted on 02/27/2004 8:10:31 AM PST by Petronski (John Kerry looks like . . . like . . . weakness.) To: Petronski LOL! I knew she had 11 inch guns, couldn't remember what the secondary armament was though. 12 posted on 02/27/2004 8:15:49 AM PST by SAMWolf (I even have boring dreams...I fall asleep in my sleep!) To: yankeedame Once restored, the vessel is eventually expected to become a tourist attraction in Montevideo. Just how much of the 'vessel' are they planning to restore? I was under the impression this was kind of a 'scrap in place' effort... the wreck has long been considered a navigational hazard. 13 posted on 02/27/2004 8:16:19 AM PST by skeeter [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 1 \| View Replies ] To: yankeedame Having lived in Uruguay, let me tell you that this is probably the biggest thing that's happened there since ... well, the sinking of the Graf Spee. <\|:)~ ARRIBA URUGUAY NOMAS! <\|:)~ [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 1 \| View Replies ] To: Tallguy From what I read having only two turrets made engaging Ajax, Achilles, and Exeter at the same time a real problem. The same book also decscribed the three British crusiers as being able to coordinate their respective broadsides as if they were one ship. Pretty impressive in that era. 15 posted on 02/27/2004 9:16:24 AM PST by Dilbert56 [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 8 \| View Replies ] To: Dilbert56 I understand the turrets and guns were very slow to adjust, too. The Essex was pretty much out of action by the time she made harbor, though, so if she were still functional, I think she would have stood a good chance of fighting her way out. 16 posted on 02/27/2004 9:19:03 AM PST by KellyAdmirer I meant Iowa class. Had a brain fart. My father used to work on Ohio class subs and my brain was stuck on that name. 18 posted on 02/27/2004 10:12:48 AM PST by Chewbacca ("Turn off your machines! Walk off your jobs! Power to the People!" - The Ice Pirates) To: brothers4thID Long range 11". 19 posted on 03/27/2004 4:10:55 PM PST by U S Army EOD (John Kerry, the mother of all flip floppers.) To: theDentist Watch the movie, "Pursuit of the Graf Spee" it is accurate. 20 posted on 03/27/2004 4:13:34 PM PST by U S Army EOD (John Kerry, the mother of all flip floppers.) [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 2 \| View Replies ] To: brothers4thID Not that big. They were 11" calibre, in two triple turrets. The Graf Spee was in the Deutschland class of "pocket battleships" which were comparable at the time to heavy cruisers in size, though most heavy cruisers had 8" guns in the main battery. These ships were built with an illusion of following the Versailles treaty, consturction, starting just before the Nazi regime , though they did exceed the displacement limit of 10000 tons. It functioned mostly as a heavily armed, lightly armored merchant raider with a decent amount of speed. 21 posted on 03/27/2004 4:33:55 PM PST by Fred Hayek [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 3 \| View Replies ] To: U S Army EOD Pursuit Of The Graf Spee is well done, but you need to ignore that Graf Spee is played by USS Salem, and still carrying Salem's hull number- but the events are closely followed- 22 posted on 09/06/2004 11:47:46 AM PDT by CompassRose (Pursuit Of The Graf Spee) [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 20 \| View Replies ] To: KellyAdmirer Actually, when Exeter left, Cumberland had just about arrived, but it was academic since the British embassey was involved in a campaign of transmitting spurious messages to warships off Montevideo which were not there. The net result was that Graf Spee's Co, Langsdorf did not have an accurate idea of what ships were operating against him. 23 posted on 09/06/2004 11:53:54 AM PDT by CompassRose (Pursuit Of The Graf Spee) [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 16 \| View Replies ] To: yankeedame I think some of the 88mm guns were removed years ago and are on display in a nearby public park. 24 posted on 09/06/2004 11:54:39 AM PDT by fso301 To: yankeedame Cool! They Found The Arc !!!!! 25 posted on 09/06/2004 11:59:48 AM PDT by cmsgop ( Bong Hits, Fraggle Rock Reruns and DU is no way to go through Life..........) [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 1 \| View Replies ] To: SAMWolf But they could shoot a long ways. I think their range was in excess of the 15inch guns on the Bismark. But I have been wrong before. 26 posted on 09/06/2004 1:34:34 PM PDT by U S Army EOD (John Kerry, the mother of all flip floppers.) [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 7 \| View Replies ] To: KarlInOhio I think the Montana class was to have 18" guns or larger. She and her sisters were designed to counter the Japanese super battleships. 27 posted on 09/06/2004 1:36:45 PM PDT by U S Army EOD (John Kerry, the mother of all flip floppers.) [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 17 \| View Replies ] To: U S Army EOD The Proposed Montana class would have had 12 16"/50 cal guns in 4 triple turrets, basically the same armament as the Iowa's with one more turret added. The secondary battery was the same as the Iowa's at 20 5"(I believe they were 54 cal) guns in twin mounts.The 16"/50 cal was an excellent gun, and with it's well designed 2,700 ap round was actually considered the equal of the Yamato's 18.1", 3,lbs shell. The U.S. gun also had a much faster rate of fire. Because of there increased Armour protection and the extra turret, they would have been too wide for the Panama canal and had a displacement slightly greater than the Yamato class.( The U.S. tended to understate the tonnage of it's BB's. The Iowa's were listed at 45,000 tons. they usually operated at a displacement 10-15,000 tons or more above that.) 28 posted on 09/08/2004 8:11:26 PM PDT by Rustys [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 27 \| View Replies ] To: Rustys Thanks for the info. If the 16" guns had basically the same range and much higher rate of fire than the Japanese 18", then in a pitched battle between two ships such as these, the American ship could put out much more fire power in regards to "weight" down range. 29 posted on 09/09/2004 6:58:49 AM PDT by U S Army EOD (John Kerry, the mother of all flip floppers.) To: brothers4thID She carried six 11" (280 mm) guns which fired a 550 lb shell. 30 posted on 09/09/2004 7:00:57 AM PDT by DarthVader (John Kerry is really Janet Reno dressed up as a man.) [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 3 \| View Replies ] To: U S Army EOD; Rustys Here's a website, just for grins-and-giggles, that comments on "hypothetical" warships that could have been designed and built by the various navies during the pre-war and World War II time-frames. The site .. FURASHITA'S FLEET .. starts with Japanese vessels. At the bottom of the page are listings for American, Germany, British, French, Italian, Royal Netherland, and various minor country vessels. Very VERY interesting. Also, within the overall website, there's a page comparing various battleships .. Yamato, Iowa, Bismarck, King George V, Richelieu, Vittorio Veneto, and South Dakota. That's at Battleship Comparison . To: yankeedame Graf Spee. Two distinct words. I'll have to remember that. 32 posted on 09/09/2004 7:16:26 AM PDT by rabidralph (Mr. Clinton is sedated but arousable.--Cardiologist, commenting after surgery.) [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 1 \| View Replies ] To: U S Army EOD The Yamato Class did have a longer range than even the 16"/50 cal on the Iowa's, ( earlier classes has 16"/45 cal guns). This was of not of much practical value as were are talking about 0ver 20 miles for both guns. The weight of shot for any extended time period was greater for the Iowa's due to there more rapid rate of fire, ( at least 25% greater and with better accuracy.)The basic armour arrangement for the Iowa's and to a slightly lessor extent the South Dakota's was superior. However the Yamato's was much thicker.The Japanese tended to follow British design practice, up until the early 20's when relations soured. America had the luxury of doing quite a bit of testing on old, captured or canceled hulls to test Armour and shell effectiveness. Too bad we didn't do the same with torpedoes. In the Battle of Leyte Gulf, had Adm. Halsey fallowed the plan and left the fast BB's to guard the landing, the greatest battleship duel of all time would have ensued. Instead the Yamato sank an escort carrier, then ran away. By the way if you are a diver, you can see some of the Yamato's 18.1" shells. They are in the hold of her supply ship on the bottom of Truk lagoon. 33 posted on 09/09/2004 11:24:13 AM PDT by Rustys [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 29 \| View Replies ] To: yankeedame Uruguay, under diplomatic pressure from Britain, ordered the Graf Spee out to sea. And there she was scuttled by her captain, Hans Langsdorff. Captain Langsdorff committed suicide in a Buenos Aires naval camp three days later. I think it was an intelligence ruse that got Hans to scuttle her. He got convinced that he was surrounded, which he wasn't. 34 posted on 09/09/2004 11:27:43 AM PDT by ErnBatavia ("Dork"; a 60's term for a 60's kinda guy: JFK) [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 1 \| View Replies ] To: BlueLancer Yes thanks, I have looked at that site a couple of times and it is very interesting, if a bit hard to digest. 35 posted on 09/09/2004 11:42:32 AM PDT by Rustys [ Post Reply \| Private Reply \| To 31 \| View Replies ] To: brothers4thID 11” X 3 per turret x two turrets [same main guns as SCHARNHORST, GNIESENAU [three turrets], and the other two PANZERSCHIFFE [ADMIRAL SCHEER, and DEUTSCHLAND, later LUETZOW. 36 posted on 09/25/2007 8:07:45 PM PDT by PzLdr ("The Emperor is not as forgiving as I am" - Darth Vader)	i don't know
What, in Cambridgeshire, is known as 'the ship of the fens'?	The Ship of the Fens - Ely Cathedral, Ely Traveller Reviews - TripAdvisor “The Ship of the Fens” Reviewed 8 July 2012 Known as the Ship of the Fens to us locals, it dominates the skyline of the flat countryside. Can be seen on the cover of Pink Floyds 'Division Bell'! £7 a head is a bit pricey for just a look... we were late for any sort of tour, but I have to say it was a stunning building to see from the inside as well as outside. It would have been great to be able to visit the tower but it was an extra £5 and one of out children was too young (8) to go up there... 10 being the optimum age. The Lady's chapel was most impressive. I even felt that brass rubbing might be a fun thing to do!!! Visited July 2012	Ely Cathedral
Which 1991 film starring Billy Crystal and Jack Palance, was about three friends from New York taking part in a modern cattle drive?	Cambridgeshire \| Mumsnet Local Cambridgeshire Your Local editor is Yolanda and you can contact her at: [email protected] Cambridgeshire is a large and diverse county at the heart of East Anglia. From the most high-tech and innovative, to the historic and traditional, this thriving county is a fun and exciting place for all the family to enjoy. The numerous towns, villages and three cities in the county are steeped in history and hold countless accolades. There is an abundance of green spaces and beautiful gardens for children to explore and play games. It may be useful to know that the cities of Cambridge and Peterborough do have their own Mumsnet Local sites. The historic market town of St Neots was placed number 4 in the Daily Telegraph's Top 20 ‘Foodie' Hotspots 2013, receiving praise for its twice-monthly Farmers' Market. The Cock in Hemingford Grey was named Pub of the Year 2013 in the Good Pub Guide. Ely Cathedral is known locally as the 'Ship of the Fens'. It's famous for its unique Octagon tower which, when lit, can be seen for many miles. It can also be seen on the big and small screens lots too as it's a popular location for TV and movie producers. Visit one of Cambridgeshire's Nature Reserves which often organise events that will keep the little ones entertained and educated at the same time. They could be pond dipping at Paxton pits, camping out in the wild at Wicken Fen or discovering what's under the water whilst staying dry in the pond room at Welney Wetland centre. Some other attractions in Cambridgeshire include Grafham Water Reservoir, The Duxford Imperial War Museum, Shepreth Wildlife Park, Oliver Cromwell's house, Skylark Maize Maze & Funyard, Buckden Towers & The Raptor Foundation. See our Local listings for further details and many more suggestions. Don't forget to visit the Cambridge Local and Peterborough Local pages for even more ideas. Quick search	i don't know
From which London railway station do trains leave for Paris and Brussels?	London to Brussels - Eurostar Train Tickets by Euro Railways London to Brussels From London to Brussels - Eurostar Train Tickets London to Brussels by Eurostar Eurostar: The Premier High Speed Train connects London and Brussels through Channel Tunnel in 2:07 hours centre to centre. Eurostar crosses the Channel Tunnel and reaches speeds of up to 186 mph. Clients board the train in the center of London and disembark in the center of Brussels in 2:07 hours. Eurostar offer 3 Classes of Services: Standard (2nd class), Standard Premier (1st class) and Business Premier. Eurostar Destinations: Eurostar Services Description... Eurostar - Classes of Service Standard Class (2nd class): A variety of food and drinks available from the on-board bar-buffet. Seamless check-in closes 30 minutes before departure. Aisle seat and window seat next to each other. Standard Premier Class (1st class): Extra spacious, comfortable seats. Complimentary newspapers and magazines on board. Before 11am, this includes breakfast pastries, yoghurt, juice and tea or coffee to get your day off to a fresh start.Throughout the rest of the day, you can enjoy a choice of two main dishes and dessert with soft drinks, wine or beer, plus tea or coffee. Seamless check-in closes 30 minutes before departure. Business Premier Class Dedicated fast track check-in closes 10 minutes before departure. Exclusive Business Premier lounge access with complimentary bar and refreshments. Access to free wireless internet in all Business Premier lounges. Extra spacious, comfortable seats. Complimentary newspapers and magazines on board. In the comfort of your seat you'll be served a three course meal, designed with our culinary director, the Michelin - starred chef Raymond Blanc. Taxi booking service. Videos Currency: US Dollars Ticketless - How use your etickets: As soon as your booking have been processed, you will receive a booking confirmation, with all instructions for your retrieve your tickets. IMPORTANT: 1) In order to board your Eurostar train, you will need a valid photo ID/Passport and your PNR (reservation code) 2) Please double check the train's stations names, trip date/time. Eurostar Train Tickets - Fares Conditions: Eurostar train tickets have ticketless (eticket) option and must be booked at least 24 hours in advance. The booking confirmation is sent by email. Include the seat reservations. a. Flexi Fare: Exchangeable before the printed trip date. Not refundable. b. Leisure Fare: Promotional fare available to all passengers. Not refundable. Not Exchangeable. c. Promotional Roundtrip Fare: Special Fare. Not exchangeable. Not refundable. Not valid for itinerary London/Disneyland Paris. d. Passholder: Valid for passengers traveling with a validated Eurailpass, BritRail, Eurail Selectpass, Europass, France Railpass, France'n Benelux, France'n Italy, France'n Switzerland, German'n Benelux or Benelux Tourrail Pass. No Refundable. Exchangeable at train station before departure date. e. Children: children fare are valid for children between 4 and 11 years old. Children under 4 years old travel free. No refundable. Exchangeable at train station before departure date f) All tickets are subject to confirmation. The tickets have a variable horizon for booking, normally 60 to 120 days within trip date. A booking confirmation will be sent as soon as the booking have been processed. g) All fares are per person in US Dollars, subject to to change before the booking processing h) E-tickets: A booking confirmation is sent by email with a specific code (PNR) You should print it or storage in a device and show it when required by train's controller. i) Handling fee: all bookings are subject to US$ 8 handling fee Rail Passes & Tickets Options If you want travel multiple destinatinations, consider a rail pass for multiple destinations or a train ticket add-on: London St Pancras station: Eurostar trains departs from London St Pancras International station London's beautiful and historic London St. Pancras Station was built in 1868. The station recently underwent some renovation, making it the modern world class terminal for Eurostar and domestic rail services it is today. The station is quickly becoming a destination in itself, providing excellent connections to the rest of London and the UK, as well as Europe’s longest champagne bar. The entire area around St. Pancras is currently the focus of a vast regeneration program with new facilities, hotels and attractions being developed. One of the main advantages of the move is that, by using the new high-speed track, journey times between London and the Continent have been reduced by 20 minutes. And as you know, when you’re on vacation, you need to make every minute count! Address: Pancras Road, Greater London NW1 2QP View location on map: Google map Below some suggestions: London is plain in attractions as: London Bridge Take a look in suggestions hotels in London , with Best Rate Guarantee. Eurostar Assistance Eurostar Assistance: call on 08432 186 186, or +44 1233 617 575 if you're currently outside the UK. Available 7 days a week from 8am to 7pm Monday to Friday and 9am to 5pm Saturday, Sunday and UK Bank Holidays. If you've already taken your journey and found something didn't go to plan, please email [email protected] . Include details of what happened and your six-letter booking reference, and our Customer Care team will get on the case. When you travel in a wheelchair with Eurostar, we’ll reserve one of our dedicated wheelchair passenger spaces for you, which are in our Standard Premier and Business Premier carriages. You’ll also be able to take a companion with you at a discounted rate. We’ll set up a ramp for you and one of our team will help you board the train and get you settled comfortably. It’s a good idea to arrive at the station at least 45 minutes before departure to give you plenty of time, and let a member of our team know you’d like a helping hand. If you have restricted mobility and need a little help walking but you’re not confined to a wheelchair, we’ll be happy to arrange assistance for you to get to the platform, on the train and off again at your destination. You don’t have to arrange this in advance. Just ask at Eurostar ticket desk when you arrive at the station – we’ll take care of everything for you. Brussels Brussels Midi Station: The Brussels Midi Train Station, also know as the Brussels-Midi/Zuid station opened in 1869. The current building dates back to 1949 and is one of Europe's prinicipal transportation hubs. It is the ideal starting point for train travel to Germany, France, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom, as well as being linked to the entire Belgian railway network. Address: Av Fonsny 47B, 1060 Brussels	St. Pancras
What may be described as a 'sweet-smelling, spring flowering plant, with yellow. orange, and dark red flowers?	The EUROSTAR train from London to Paris and Brussels - a complete guide Other useful Eurostar information What is the Eurostar? An overview The Eurostar is a high-speed passenger train service that links Great Britain and mainland Europe via the Channel Tunnel under the English Channel, the passage of water that separates England and France. The Channel Tunnel, also known as the Euro Tunnel or 'Chunnel', is one of the greatest engineering projects ever undertaken, and has been declared a civil engineering wonder of the world by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). The Eurostar's main stations are London (UK), Paris (France) and Brussels (Belgium). Many trains make a stop in Lille (France), and some trains also stop in Ebbsfleet or Ashford in the UK, and in Calais in France. From London there is a direct Eurostar service to Disneyland Paris (5 days a week, daily during UK school holidays), plus trains to Avignon in the south of France (every Saturday, summer only) and Eurostar 'ski trains' twice per week to the French Alps (winter only). It is possible to book 'through tickets' between many locations in the UK and locations in France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany and Switzerland - see Through tickets for more information. Taking the Eurostar has many advantages over flying between London and Paris, and London and Brussels. Not only does it offer - in most cases - shorter travel times, but Eurostar trains are also more likely than planes to arrive at their destination on schedule. Eurostar route map Eurostar's convenient city centre stations and less time-consuming check-in processes combine to make it an altogether easier and more pleasant journey. Eurostar trains offer more comfort than economy class air travel, with more spacious seats and no restrictions on access to toilets and other facilities. Moreover, travelling by Eurostar is better for the environment than flying (the Eurostar CO2 emissions per passenger are a fraction of those of a plane on the same route), and the Eurostar company is actively involved in reducing its energy consumption and emissions, and developing responsible sourcing and recycling, with ambitious targets to be achieved by 2015. Note: Taking the Eurostar is so easy and convenient it may slip your mind that you will absolutely require your passport (or EU national identity card) in order to travel. A New Zealander friend of ours is just one of many unfortunate people annually who find themselves unable to travel because of this. See Travel Documents . Eurostar trains travel at speeds of up to 186mph / 300kph, however the ride is so smooth that you will hardly notice. Many first-time passengers have concerns about how they will feel during the short time - around 20 minutes - that the train is in the Channel Tunnel. Having taken the Eurostar several dozen times, our advice is that unless you generally suffer from severe claustrophobia and anxiety in such situations, you really don't need to worry about the tunnel at all. Sensitive people may feel the change in pressure as the train enters and leaves the tunnel, but we haven't noticed or come across reports of anyone being badly affected by this. The time in the tunnel feels just like travelling at night, i.e. there is nothing other than the occasional light (in this case service lights on the concrete walls of the tunnel) to be seen from the windows. Sit back and relax, or head to the buffet car... The train will emerge at the other side before you know it. Some people delight in jokes about fish swimming past the windows of the Eurostar while it is in the Channel Tunnel. For their sake we'd like to point out that the tunnel is bored through the solid rock deep beneath the seabed. In fact there is an average of 45 metres of rock between the roof of the tunnel and the seabed above. The only sea life you are likely to see while on the Eurostar are the prawns in the bar-buffet's sandwiches and - should you be fortunate enough to be travelling Business Premier class - the filet de merlu in your complimentary meal. Of course, it would be so much more interesting if the tunnel was in fact transparent and lying on the seabed... But that belongs in the realms of science fiction. Additional notes Eurostar is a passenger-only service and should not be confused with the Eurotunnel Shuttle, which runs car trains through the tunnel under the Channel - see www.eurotunnel.com for more information. Also, do not confuse Eurostar and Eurostar Italia. Eurostar Italia is the name of Italy's high-speed intercity train service, and has no connection with the Channel Tunnel Eurostar services. The Eurostar train link is jointly owned by the UK government, French National Railways (SNCF, who are the majority shareholders, with 55% ownership) and Belgian National Railways (SNCB). Eurostar routes and schedules The two main Eurostar routes are: Paris to London / London to Paris There are 15-18 Eurostar trains a day running between Paris and London: roughly one per hour, with extra services during the peak morning and evening periods. The typical journey time is 2 hours 25 minutes, with the fastest (non-stop) trains taking only 2 hours 15 minutes - not bad for a journey of about 300 miles (500km)! The first Eurostar trains of the day on this route leave London at around 5:30am, and Paris at around 6:00am. The last services of the day leave London at around 8:30pm and Paris at around 9:00pm. Brussels & Lille to London / London to Lille & Brussels There are 7-9 Eurostar trains a day running between Brussels and London: roughly one per hour during the peak morning and evening periods, and one every 2-3 hours during the rest of the day. The fastest journey time (on a non-stopping train) is 1 hour 50 minutes, however most London - Brussels services make one or more stops along the way (nearly all trains stop in Lille, France, and some also stop in Calais, Ashford or Ebbsfleet. The first Eurostar trains of the day on this route leave London at around 6:00am, and Brussels at around 7:00am. The last services of the day leave London at around 7:30pm and Brussels at around 8:30pm. Days of operation and time differences Eurostar services run every day of the year except Christmas Day (this is in common with almost all UK public transport which closes completely on December 25th - a fact well worth noting if you will be in the UK over the Christmas period). While the travel time for a typical Eurostar journey is about 2 hours, as London is one hour behind Paris and Brussels, you will arrive in London only about one hour (local time) after you left the continent, whereas on trips from London to the continent you will arrive approximately three hours (local time) after you left - keep this in mind when planning your trip. Additional notes For information on connecting European train services to/from Paris and Brussels, we strongly recommend the timetable information on the website of German Railways: www.bahn.de . We consistently find this to be by far the best and most reliable online source of train timetable information for the whole of Europe. Eurostar travel classes and ticket types Eurostar trains have three travel classes: Standard, Standard Premier and Business Premier. Standard and Standard Premier tickets are available with fixed or semi-flexible conditions. Business Premier tickets are fully flexible. All Eurostar trains have the same configuration: carriages 1-5 and 14-18 are Standard class, carriages 7-12 are Standard Premier and Business Premier class, and carriages 6 and 13 are buffet cars. All Eurostar trains (and stations) are completely non-smoking areas. Here is an overview of the differences between the three classes: Eurostar Standard class This is the cheapest Eurostar option and the choice of the majority of tourists and leisure travellers. It is comparable to second class on other train services, and economy class on planes. Standard class carriages are reasonably comfortable, with the seats offering somewhat more room than economy class airplane seats. Food and drinks are available from the buffet car, or bring your own (see below for notes on eating and drinking on board). The Eurostar on-board magazine Metropolitan, which has travel information and articles in English, French and Flemish, is freely available. Standard class passengers are required to check in a minimum of 30 minutes before the train's scheduled departure time. Standard class tickets are available in two versions: Non flexible: non-exchangeable & non-refundable Semi-flexible: can be exchanged by paying a fee/penalty of ï¿½22 plus the price difference between the old and the new ticket, if the new ticket is more expensive. Eurostar Standard Premier class This is a 'mid-class' blend of second and first class comfort and facilities aimed at upmarket leisure travellers and business travellers whose companies don't permit 'business class' travel. Standard Premier carriages have the same seats and seating layout as first class Business Premier carriages (see Choosing your Eurostar seats ), however the service has fewer features and 'frills' than Business Premier class. Standard Premier service includes a complimentary cold meal served at your seat (a light breakfast before 11am, and a meal comprising 'three taster dishes' during the rest of the day), plus one complimentary drink (wine or beer, tea or coffee, or a soft drink). Children's meals are available, as are vegetarian meals, however these must be requested at the time of booking, and/or at least 24 hours in advance. A range of special dietary requirements can be catered for, but require 36 hours advanced notice. These include kosher, halal, vegan, diabetic, low fat, low salt, dairy/lactose free and gluten free. Standard Premier passengers may choose from a selection of complimentary magazines and will find a power socket at every seat (suitable for both UK and European-style plugs). The check-in process is the same as for Standard class ticket holders (i.e. check-in closes 30 mins before departure), and there is no access to a special lounge. Standard Premier fares are more expensive than Standard class, but cheaper than Business Premier. As with Standard class tickets, Standard Premier tickets are available in two versions: Non flexible: non-exchangeable & non-refundable Semi-flexible: can be exchanged by paying a fee/penalty of ï¿½22 plus the price difference between the old and the new ticket, if the new ticket is more expensive. Eurostar Business Premier class This is Eurostar's highest class of service, comparable to first class carriages on intercity trains and business class cabins on planes. Business Premier is aimed at upper level business travellers and the luxury end of the market. Ticket prices are high, however Business Premier tickets are fully flexible and refundable, i.e. they can be exchanged without penalty, and a full refund is available on unused tickets from the date of purchase up to two months after the date of departure. In addition, the normal Eurostar rule that check-in must occur a minimum of 30 mins before departure is reduced to a fast-track 10 mins for Business Premier ticket holders, and there is full access to exclusive Business Premier lounges with free Wi-Fi access, drinks and snacks. Business Premier seats are spacious and reclinable, with extra legroom. A complimentary full meal, created with the help of Eurostar 'Gastronomic Ambassador' Alain Roux , and including tea, coffee, wine and champagne, is served at your seat. The meal varies according to the time of day it is served, however there is normally a choice of main course, for example a meat dish and a fish dish. Dinner comprises a starter, main course, dessert and cheese course. Vegetarian meals are available, but should be requested at the time of booking and/or least 24 hours in advance of travelling. Special dietary requirements can be catered for with 36 hours advance notice. These include kosher, halal, vegan, diabetic, low fat, low salt, dairy/lactose free and gluten free. Additional Business Premier features include: Power sockets (UK and European style) at every seat Complimentary newspapers and magazines Boarding guarantee (see Business Premier check-in ) The baggage allowance is the same for all classes of travel. See Baggage allowance . Eurostar ticket prices Eurostar ticket prices vary according to the class in which you travel, the conditions attached to the ticket (i.e. whether or not it can be exchanged/refunded), and how far in advance you make the booking. Here are Eurostar's current ticket prices in British Pounds (ï¿½). You can also pay in Euros and US$, depending on where you purchase the ticket. Eurostar ticket prices - * Notes: Children under 4 are free when sharing a seat with an adult (they are not entitled to their own seat unless a ticket is bought for them). 'Passholder' tickets are available to holders of Eurail, Interrail or Britrail passes only. Not bookable online. For telephone bookings please call 08432 186 186. Wheelchair and companion tickets are fully flexible and refundable. There are also 'Youth' (12-25) and 'Senior' (60 and over) fares which offer a small discount over the cheapest adult fare, but they are only available until the cheapest adult fare tickets sell out, after which point a normal adult ticket needs to be purchased. How to find and buy cheap Eurostar tickets Unfortunately for budget travellers and those of us who appreciate a good deal, the popularity and success of the Eurostar service means that it has little trouble filling seats and so Eurostar deals, discount tickets and 'specials' are few and far between. Without doubt, the best option for buying cheap Eurostar tickets is to book as early as you can, as the Eurostar ticketing system for Standard and Standard Premier class works like that of an airline - ticket prices start low and increase as the cheaper tickets sell out. Thus if you want to get hold of the cheapest possible Eurostar tickets it is crucial to book as far in advance as possible. Booking for Eurostar tickets opens 120 days (i.e. about 4 months) before the date of travel. If you book early for a non-peak day / season, Standard class 'non-flexible' tickets can be a very good deal: as low as ï¿½69 return between London and Paris or Brussels. Less desirable trains, for example those leaving very early in the morning or late in the evening, mid-week or on Saturday afternoons, are generally cheaper than those leaving mid-morning or early evening. Prices tend to rise rapidly as the date of travel gets nearer and can become very expensive indeed. It can be especially difficult to purchase reasonably priced Eurostar tickets for peak travel times (Fridays, Sunday afternoons and Monday mornings) and busy seasons (in particular Easter, July and August, and Christmas). If your travel plans are flexible then try to avoid these times. It is often possible to buy Eurostar tickets on the day of travel, however depending on the time/season these 'walk up fares' may be extremely expensive, and only worth it if you have no option but to travel that day. Special Youth, Senior & Passholder fares For those aged 25 and under, or 60 and over, Eurostar offers 'youth' and 'senior' rates which give a (very) small saving on the cheapest Standard class fares (i.e. the ï¿½69 return fare is discounted to ï¿½66), but disappointingly only while the cheapest Standard class adult fare is still available for your chosen connection. As soon as adult tickets at this basic fare sell out, the youth and senior tickets disappear from the ticket system. Holders of Eurail, Interrail or Britrail passes can buy flat rate 'Passholder' tickets (bookable by phone only - see notes in Eurostar ticket prices). These fares may or may not be a good deal, depending on the price of adult tickets at the time when you book. Through tickets Some of the destinations that can be reached with Eurostar Through Tickets. Will you be travelling simply to central Paris, Brussels or London? Or continuing your journey to a destination further afield? If the latter, then the best deal is usually a 'through ticket' - in other words a Eurostar ticket and connecting ticket combined. Through tickets almost always work out cheaper than buying Eurostar and connecting tickets separately, and offer the added benefit that if your first train is delayed, causing you to miss your connecting train, then you will be permitted to take the next available connection regardless of whether your ticket is exchangeable or not. Through tickets are available between most larger UK stations and any station in Belgium and the Netherlands, many regional stations in France and Switzerland, plus Aachen and Cologne in Germany. Note that, depending on your departure point/destination, Lille (rather than Paris) may be the best place to change to/from the Eurostar service. Not only may you save time by avoiding Paris, but in Lille the Eurostar services and most connecting trains - specifically the French TGV services - leave from the same station (Lille Europe), while in Paris you may well have to traverse the city to get to one of the other five main stations from which connecting services depart. Eurostar Package Deals Eurostar offers a number of city breaks and package deals, which usually comprise train ticket and hotel, plus optional extras such as car hire and tickets for shows. These packages offer convenience and some interesting options and hotel/travel combinations, but do not necessarily work out cheaper than booking your Eurostar tickets and hotel separately. Booking your Eurostar tickets Useful things to consider when booking Eurostar tickets Eurostar tickets may be booked online from 120 days prior to the departure date onwards. Eurostar tickets for Standard and Standard Premier classes are available at a wide range of prices. The cheapest tickets sell out first, so book early to get the best deals. Both single (one-way) and return tickets are available. A return ticket is a little cheaper than two single tickets. Open-jaw tickets (eg. Paris-London-Brussels) are not available. Such journeys must be booked as two single journeys (e.g. Paris-London and London-Brussels). Choosing your Eurostar seats Eurostar seating plan The Eurostar has a combination of airline-style seating (i.e. you sit facing the back of the seat in front) and groups of four seats with a central table. Standard Premier and Business Premier class carriages also have single airline-style seats and pairs of seats facing each other with a small table. You can see a detailed Eurostar seating plan here . When booking your Eurostar tickets you will be asked to specify whether you want a window or aisle seat. You are also given the option to choose your exact seat (carriage and seat number) from the seating plan. Note that if you are travelling alone, you will not be able to do an online booking for a seat in a group of four, or in facing pairs of seats in Standard Premier and Business Premier classes. If you are travelling as a pair you will not be able to do an online booking for seats in a group of four in any class. But don't worry - if you would like to book seats that are unavailable online (e.g. if you would like the table space or extra legroom a group of four seats provides) you can do so by booking by phone on 08432 186 186 (from outside the UK call +44 1233 617 575). Useful things to consider when choosing a Eurostar seat If you are travelling with a baby or small child(ren) you may wish to choose seats in the designated family carriages, numbers 1 and 18. See Travelling with children/babies below. There are two wheelchair places on each Eurostar train. See Travellers with disabilities/special needs below. There are power sockets at every seat in Standard Premier and Business Premier carriages. For an at-seat power socket in Standard class you will need to book a seat in carriage 5 or 14. Eurostar trains have an equal number of front and back-facing seats. If you would prefer a seat facing in the direction of travel check the seating plans which clearly indicate which way the train will be travelling. Eurostar trains always leave London with carriage 18 at the front of the train, and they always leave Paris and Brussels with carriage 1 at the front of the train. If you suffer from motion sickness on trains read this helpful guide on preventing motion sickness . If you will have a tight connection to make, book a seat towards the front of the train (carriages 1 & 2 or 17 & 18, depending on the journey) to avoid a long walk along the platform on disembarkation - the train is about 1200 feet / 400 metres long. If you would like a seat with a clear view from a window (rather than a seat next to one of the pillars between the windows) look carefully at the seating plan before making your choice. Eurostar e-ticket machines at St. Pancras International Station in London Printing out / collecting your Eurostar tickets Once you have completed the booking process you can choose, in most cases, to either print your ticket on your own printer, or to collect your ticket at the station you will depart from. To collect tickets at a Eurostar station you will need to either go to the ticket counter, or use one of the e-ticket machines. If you choose to collect tickets at the station, do allow plenty of extra time in case of queues or problems. Note that you will need your booking reference number, and you must present the credit or debit card that you used to make the payment. Buying via a Eurostar agent Eurostar's online booking system is available to customers worldwide, not just those resident in the UK, France or Belgium. However, if you prefer to buy your tickets locally, you can do so via one of Eurostar's agents. Be aware that tickets bought via an agent are likely to be more expensive than those bought directly from Eurostar, as most agents charge a fee (which may be hidden in the total price). Major Eurostar agents: In the US go to www.raileurope.com (with prices in US$) In Canada go to www.raileurope.ca (with prices in CAD) In Japan go to www.raileurope-japan.com (in Japanese, with prices in Japanese Yen) For other countries, go to www.raileurope-world.com Checking in for your Eurostar journey Although Eurostar's check-in process is simple and generally hassle-free, it can take time as it involves not only a ticket check but also security and passport control processes. Unlike other train services, you cannot turn up five minutes before departure and board the train moments before it leaves. Check-in for each train generally opens 60 minutes prior to a train's departure (extended to 90 minutes at some Eurostar terminals). Even though Eurostar recommends that passengers travelling Standard or Standard Premier class arrive at the station 35 minutes prior to their train's scheduled departure time, we strongly recommend giving yourself at least 45 or even 60 minutes for the check-in process, especially if you still need to pick up your tickets at the station, have any mobility issues or require special assistance, or are travelling with young children. Note that queues for the e-ticket machines and to pass through the ticket barriers can be slow moving and substantial. Business Premier passengers have different check-in rules - see Business Premier check-in . Should you find yourself with time to kill once you have completed the check-in process, all the Eurostar stations have cafï¿½s and adequate seating areas where you can wait in comfort. Important - the 30-min check-in rule If you have a Standard or Standard Premier ticket, check-in officially closes 30 minutes prior to your train's departure time (this is reduced to a slim 10 minutes for Business Premier ticket holders, who can also benefit from a boarding guarantee - see Business Premier check-in ). If you arrive at the check-in desk less than 30 minutes prior to your train's departure time you may be allowed through (however, you may have to push your way to the front of multiple queues - at check-in, at the security check and at passport control...). However, it's possible that you will be refused check-in. It's not worth the risk - allow plenty of time. Business Premier check-in Business Premier passengers may check in up to 10 minutes prior to their train's departure (although we would strongly recommend giving yourself more time if possible). Business Premier passengers also benefit from a boarding guarantee, meaning that if they are running early or late Eurostar will find them a seat on another train of the passenger's choice (although this may not be in Business Premier class). Automatic ticket barrier at the Eurostar check-in at St. Pancras International Station in London How to check in If you do not already have your tickets, go to the e-ticket machines or Eurostar ticket counter to collect them. You must present the credit or debit card that you used when making payment, and you will need your booking reference number. Your card must be chip & pin enabled for you to be able to use the e-ticket machines. While most European cards have smart-chip and pin code protection, most North American cards don't have this function, so will not work at the e-ticket machines and tickets will need to be picked up at the Eurostar ticket office. If you already have your tickets then proceed straight to the ticket barriers. Insert or scan your ticket at the automatic barrier, or ask a staff member to do a manual check-in. There are always plenty of staff on hand if you have any problems. Security check Next comes an airport-style security check. Unlike flying, there is no separate check-in for luggage and you must keep your luggage with you throughout your journey on the Eurostar (see Baggage allowance ). All suitcases, bags and purses, overcoats and the contents of your pockets must be placed on the conveyor belt and pass through the scanner machines. Passengers then proceed through an airport-style body metal detector gate. Note that there are no restrictions on carrying liquids on the Eurostar, and no need to present liquid items separately at security. Passport control All passport procedures are completed at the time of departure. EU citizens may present a passport or national identity card. All other passengers must present a valid passport and visa (if necessary). Non-EU citizens travelling to the UK must complete a declaration card (similar to an airline landing card). See Travel documents . The Eurostar departure lounges Eurostar departure lounges are similar to airport lounges, with extensive seating, plus snack bars and/or cafï¿½s. London St. Pancras has free Wi-Fi Internet access throughout the whole station. At Paris Gare du Nord and Brussels Midi/Zuid it is possible to purchase Wi-Fi Internet access in the main lounge (and Wi-Fi access is free in the Business Premier lounges). All lounges have power points for recharging computers and phones. Some departure lounges - for example Brussels - have several shops and designer concessions selling everything from chocolate to watches. There are of course toilet facilities in all Eurostar departure lounges. Business Premier ticket holders can retreat into their exclusive lounge which has complimentary drinks and snacks on offer. The information desks in Eurostar departure lounges are a useful source of free city maps, and helpfully sell tickets and travel passes for public transport at your destination (RATP tickets for Paris, STIB tickets for Brussels and Oyster cards for London). Boarding the Eurostar Approximately 15 minutes prior to the departure of your Eurostar train, a boarding announcement is made and the doors to the platform open. You may then proceed to the train, via the moving walkways or the lifts. Announcements are made in English, French and, at most stations, Flemish. N.B. In London two trains to different destinations are often boarding at the same time. Double check that you are getting on the right one. Eurostar trains seat up to 750 people in 18 carriages. Carriages 1-5 and 14-18 are Standard class, carriages 7-12 are Standard Premier and Business Premier class, carriages 6 and 13 are buffet cars. All Eurostar seats are assigned and your carriage and seat number will be printed clearly on your ticket. Carriage numbers are marked both on the platform and with an electronic display on the carriages themselves (by the doors). It is a good idea to walk along the platform to your carriage as Eurostar trains are extremely long, and it can be extremely hard work to make your way through the busy train, especially with luggage. Once on board in the correct carriage, find your reserved seat - seat numbers are marked above the seats. It is relatively common for people to confuse carriage and seat numbers, so don't be alarmed if you find someone already sitting in your seat. Just ask them to compare tickets with you, or ask the Eurostar staff for assistance. If the carriage and seat numbers on the ticket of the person sitting in your seat are the same as yours, also check their destination - they may have boarded the wrong train! (London only). Eurostar carriages of all classes are comfortable, modern and relatively spacious, however luggage space can be an issue. There are luggage racks for suitcases and large bags at the end of each carriage, but they tend to fill up quickly. The luggage racks that run the length of the carriages above the seats are useful for smaller bags and coats, but not deep enough for most suitcases or large bags (which may anyway be difficult to lift up and down). Another option is to slide suitcases and bags behind the rows of seats at the end of each carriage (i.e. between the seat backs and the wall), or between the two seat backs in places where seats are back to back. This can be a lifesaver if the carriage-end racks are full. Eurostar on-board facilities Eating and drinking Once your luggage is safely stowed and you have settled comfortably in your seat, your next thought may well be for a drink or something to eat. If you are travelling in Standard Premier or Business Premier class, then you will be well catered for with the at-seat service (see Eurostar travel classes and ticket types for details). In our experience, Eurostar's at-seat meals are good and sometimes excellent, and the service is generally helpful and efficient. If you are travelling in Standard class food and drink can be purchased from the on-board 'bar-buffets' (located in carriages 6 and 13 and available to passengers travelling in all classes), which sound attractive, but are actually rather utilitarian counters with a small number of standing tables. You'll find the usual selection of hot and cold, alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks, plus sandwiches, toasties, snacks such as crisps and chocolate bars, and some main meals. Payment can be made in British Pounds or Euros, and credit cards are accepted. Despite Eurostar's assurances that they use "seasonal produce sourced in the country of departure and Fairtrade products wherever possible", we have always found everything from the coffee to the sandwiches and meals to be a little disappointing and rather overpriced. Much better to buy a sandwich at the station before you board the train, or - best of all - bring along a picnic. There are no restrictions on carrying food or liquids (including small quantities of alcohol) onto Eurostar trains. Note: If you are departing from London then the Marks & Spencer food store in St. Pancras Station is an excellent option for drinks, sandwiches and snacks. In Brussels Midi/Zuid station there are a number of gourmet chocolate shops and a small supermarket. Paris Gare du Nord offers plenty of choice of baguettes and croissants. Restrooms/toilet facilities Toilets are located at the end of each carriage. Baby changing facilities are located - somewhat inconveniently - in carriages 1 and 18 only. Note that the toilet flush and water tap are operated by foot pedals. Wi-Fi, power sockets and mobile reception on board the train Eurostar trains are not currently Wi-Fi enabled. There are plans to make Wi-Fi available in the refurbished carriages coming into operation in 2012, and in the new fleet of Eurostar trains coming into operation from 2014. There are power sockets (suitable for both UK and European-style plugs) at all seats in Business Premier and Standard Premier class coaches, and also in standard class coaches 5 and 14. Mobile phones can, of course, be used on board the Eurostar, and most networks offer good reception all along the route. A Eurostar journey to London... Impressions from a journey between Paris or Brussels and London, including notes about the Channel Tunnel and some landmarks to look out for. Leaving Paris or Brussels... Eurostar trains at Gare du Nord Station, Paris, France The Eurostar leaves without fanfare, and so smoothly that you may be taken by surprise. Similar for departures from both Paris Gare du Nord and Brussels Midi/Zuid, the train slips rapidly through the city suburbs and then onto the high-speed lines where it reaches speeds of up to 186mph/300kph. The lines cut through the flat open countryside of Belgium and northern France, past occasional small towns and villages clustered around church steeples. There's nothing to especially hold your attention on the scenery, and you may appreciate having brought a book, magazine, or something to listen to. Through the Channel Tunnel... Nearly all Brussels departures make a brief stop in Lille, and some also stop around 30 minutes later in Calais-Frï¿½thun on the French coast, where you may notice the Eurotunnel Shuttle terminal for cars and trucks on the right. Then - similar to the rather stealth departure - the Eurostar suddenly enters the Channel tunnel. If you're reading or otherwise occupied it may take you a while to notice. While the train is in the tunnel, fire safety doors automatically close at the ends of each carriage, however they are not locked or sealed and you are permitted to open them and pass through to the next carriage if you wish to. The maximum speed in the tunnel is approximately 100mph/160khp, so the 31 mile/50km tunnel is traversed in about 20 minutes, during which the concrete walls and occasional lights and doorways into the adjacent service tunnel are all that can be seen. It's really just like travelling at night, and nothing at all to worry about. If you're feeling nervous, remind yourself that around 100 million people have safely made the journey since the service started in 1994. Although the Channel Tunnel is not quite the longest railway tunnel in the world (the record is currently held by Japan's Seikan Tunnel at 33ï¿½ miles/54km in length), the Channel Tunnel does have the world's longest underwater section at 23.5 miles/nearly 40km (the underwater section of the Seikan Tunnel is only 14ï¿½ miles/23.3 km). In England... Just as suddenly as the train entered the tunnel, it rushes out into the sunshine (or otherwise!) of southern England, past the cars and trucks waiting at the Folkestone Eurotunnel terminal, and onto the UK's only high-speed railway line. Just as the train exits the tunnel, see if you can catch a glimpse of the Folkestone White Horse which is cut into the chalk hillside above the line on the right. Here in the county of Kent, the countryside is dotted with villages and small towns. It's an ancient landscape full of moated castle sites, trackways and tumuli , sadly few of which are obvious from the train. Do look out, though, for the characteristic conical roofs of oast houses which are much easier to spot. Your train may make a brief stop at Ashford, an attractive agricultural market town and major rail junction with a handful of Eurostar departures and arrivals per day. After Ashford the train speeds over the Medway Viaduct near the historic town of Rochester, giving panoramic views of the River Medway with its boats and tidal sand flats. In clear weather you might spot Rochester's cathedral and castle in the distance. Approaching London... London St. Pancras International Station, the terminus of the Eurostar After crossing the River Medway the scenery becomes more urban as the countryside gives way to commuter towns. Many trains stop at the Eurostar's newest station at Ebbsfleet. There are plans to build a massive white horse sculpture (designed by British artist and Turner Prize winner Mark Wallinger ), close to Ebbsfleet International Station. Planning permission was granted in 2010, however the project remains extremely controversial and construction has yet to begin. Shortly after Ebbsfleet, the train goes through a tunnel under the River Thames, then passes under the northern approach to the huge Queen Elizabeth II suspension bridge, a major - and often congested - road crossing of the River Thames at Dartford. From here it's just 15 minutes or so to London and the train passes through the city's non-descript Eastern suburbs before finally heading into the tunnel that takes it - via a few seconds of daylight as it passes through the new Stratford Station, built for the 2012 Olympics - under east London to emerge just before the architecturally impressive St. Pancras International station. You have arrived in London. Travel from Brussels to London in 2 minutes 30 seconds! Disembarking from the Eurostar Unless you are in a hurry, you may wish to let others leave the train before you as up to 750 people leaving the train at once can cause brief but severe congestion on the platform. All passport controls have been completed on departure, so you are free to simply head to the exit, via a low-key customs post (although you are no doubt being observed from behind one-way mirrors...) and out into the city. Other useful Eurostar information Travelling with children/babies The good news is that children under four travel free on the Eurostar (on the condition that they share a seat with an adult). The bad news is that children 12 and over must pay adult fare, unless you are able to book the slightly discounted 'youth fares' (see Eurostar ticket prices ). Carriages 1 and 18 (in Standard class) have designated family seating in groups of four and partitions to stop little ones wandering too far. Although you may have to put up with the noise of other people's children, it can be a great relief to be seated here as no one will mind if you have a crying baby or restless toddler! If you have tickets for another carriage then it may be possible to move to carriage 1 or 18 by asking at the information desk in the departure lounge before you board the train (if there are still seats available). Baby changing facilities are located at the ends of carriages 1 and 18. The bar-buffets sell plenty of child-friendly options, including soft drinks, snacks and sandwiches, and staff will warm baby bottles on request. If you are travelling Standard Premier class then special children's meals can be requested at the time of booking. Travellers with disabilities/special needs Each Eurostar train has two wheelchair places in Standard Premier class. Tickets for these places, and a seat for a companion, are available at a very reasonable flat price (see Eurostar ticket prices ) and are fully flexible (exchangeable and refundable). There is a wheelchair accessible toilet adjacent to each of the wheelchair places. Staff are available to assist passengers with special requirements and/or mobility issues. Eurostar recommends that travellers with special needs arrive for check-in a minimum of 45 minutes prior to the train's departure time. Pets With the exception of registered assistance dogs, no pets or animals of any kind are allowed on Eurostar. Assistance dogs are carried free of charge. Baggage allowance Each passenger is permitted a maximum of two medium suitcases (max. length 85cm) and one smaller bag. There is no weight restriction. All luggage must be tagged with your name and address. Note that the rules are not applied as strictly as on planes, and in practice passengers are generally allowed to carry several smaller bags, particularly if they have just one - or no - suitcase. A registered baggage service operates between the main Eurostar stations for additional suitcases (up to 30kg in weight) and bulky items such as bicycles and large musical instruments. Fees apply for this service and the baggage will be available for you to collect at the destination within 24 hours. There is a porter service at the London, Paris and Brussels Eurostar stations. Fees apply. Self-service luggage trolleys are available at all stations. Travel documents Unlike most cross border European train links, Eurostar services between Great Britain and mainland Europe retain passport control and customs procedures. It is essential that you have the correct travel documents with you - you will not be permitted to check in without them. EU citizens may present either a passport or a national identity card. All other passengers must present a passport and - if required - a visa (note that entry to France or Belgium on a Schengen visa does not automatically guarantee entry to the UK). Non-EU citizens travelling to the UK are required to complete a declaration card (similar to an airline landing card), including the address where they will be staying. Welcome to London	i don't know
Which British plant may be described as 'aromatic bushy plant with feathery leaves, and white daisy-likeflowers'. It is used in the treatment of migraines and headaches?	HERBS AND OILS ~ PRACTICAL, MAGICKAL, AND AROMATHERAPY USES A, B, C, DEF, GHIJK, L, MNO, PR, ST, UVWXYZ ACACIA: (Acacia senegal) Also known as gum arabic, gum senegal and gum acacia; produced by a tree that grows in North Africa. The species of acacia that produces gum arabic and gum acacia are so closely related that one can be used for the other. Parts Used: flowers, leaves, stems, root, bark, resin, seeds, and essential oil Magical Uses: (Herb and Oil) Burn for altar offerings or purification; aids psychic powers, meditation, platonic love, psychic awareness; purification; inspiration; wisdom; visions; anointing; protection; prophetic dreams; spirituality; money. A sprig place over the bed wards off evil. AGRIMONY: (Agrimonia eupatoria) The dried herb has an apricot scent and is used in sachets and potpourri. Also called "Church Steeples". Parts Used: flowers, leaves, stem, and root Magical Uses (Herb and Oil) Use in all protection sachets and spells, also to banish negative energies and spirits. Returns spells to sender; Promotes sleep. ALLSPICE: (Pimemta dioica) Tropical evergreen with aromatic bark, leaves, and berries and bunches of greenish white flowers with a pervading scent. The berries, picked when mature but still green, are dried and ground to create the familiar spice. Parts Used: leaves, fruit and essential oil Magical Uses: (Herb and Oil) Burn for prosperity, courage, healing/health, luck, determination, magical power, energy, strength. ALMOND: (Prunus dulcis) The Sweet Almond tree has dark-colored bark, rose to white flowers in early spring, and dry-fleshed fruit with a pitted stone containing the nut. Almonds flavor many dishes. Almond oil is a fixed oil pressed from the Sweet Almond seeds and is used in cosmetics, massage oils, and medicines. Almonds must be chewed well and slowly. The whole raw almond had been described as a cancer preventative. Arabs crossing vast deserts live on only almonds, dates and water. One ounce of almonds can be soaked overnight in four ounces of water and blended in the morning to make a milk substitute. Peeled almonds can relieve heartburn. Ground almonds make a wonderful facial scrub. The oil relieves coughs and hoarseness. Almonds have very little starch, and the butter and flour of the nuts is recommended for diabetics. Caution: Almonds contain hydrocyanic acid and can be toxic if eaten in large amounts (over 50 kernels for an adult, ten for a child) Parts Used:� Seed and wood Magical Uses: (Wood) Burn for money, riches and wisdom. Almond wood makes a nice magickal wand. Sweet Almond Oil is one of the primary carrier oils for ritual and anointing blends. In an old fable, Phyllis was deserted by her lover Demophoon and died of grief. The gods changed her into a barren almond tree. When Demophoon returned and embraced the tree, it burst into leaf and flower - a symbol of true love transcending death. Aromatherapy Uses: (Oil)Great base for massage, bath, body and skin-care products. Sweet Almond oil is scentless and nourishing to the skin. ALOE: Aloe vera or Aloe ssp.) This plant has remarkable qualities. Two parts are used: the clear, gel-like central leaf pulp, and the yellow-green juice from the green part of the leaf. The gel is used in creams to soothe, heal, and moisturize the skin, and in shampoos for dry, itchy scalps. It cools the skin, protects it from airborne infections and fungi, and reduces scarring. It speeds cell regeneration, and so treats radiation burns, coral wounds, and dermatitis. It can be scraped from split leaves for first aid treatment of small burns, cuts, chapped skin, sunburn, eczema and Poison Ivy rash. Compounds in the leaf juice are added to sunscreens from protection against UV rays and have shown anticancer activity. Part Used: � Pulp or juice from the leaves Magical Uses � A protective house plant. It guards against evil influences and prevents household accidents. In Africa, the aloe is hung over houses and doors to bring good luck and drive away evil. Aromatherapy Uses� Aloe vera gel is used in cosmetic recipes where a cream or lotion isn't appropriate. ANGELICA: (Angelica archangelica) Also called "Angel's Food". This three-year "biennial" has a taproot, divided leaves, and umbels of green-white flowers in its third year, then it seeds and dies. Crushed leaves in car interiors reduce travel nausea. The oil is distilled from the root or seeds. Used in infusion or tincture, the root raises body temperature and promotes digestion, making it an ideal herb for older folks. It also helps bring down the menses. Use it for colds and flu, to induce a sweat and warm the body. The decoction of the dried root is said to remove the taste for alcohol. Simmer two teaspoons of the root in two cups of water for twenty minutes; take one cup twice a day. Caution: Do not exceed the indicated amounts, or the heart, blood pressure, and respiration can be affected. Use the root in salves for skin problems and rheumatic pains. The tincture can be used in doses of ten to thirty drops, four times a day. Parts Used: � Root, essential oil and seeds Magical Uses:�Sprinkle crushed leaves around the 4 corners of a house to ward negativity and purify the home, burn for meditation, protection, divination, exorcism, healing/health and visions. The leaves can be smoked in herbal "tobacco" formulas. (Oil) Use for anointing. Aromatherapy Uses:� Coughs, Colds, Fevers, Flatulence, Indigestion, Skin Care, Circulation. Do not use during pregnancy or if diabetic. ANISE: (Pimpinella anisum) Anise has sweetly, aromatic leaves, rounded at the base and narrower on the stem, with umbels of flowers followed by aromatic fruits. The flowers and leaves are used in fruit salads, the stem and roots in sweet soups. In cooking or infused as a tea, the seeds aid digestion, quell nausea, and ease flatulence and colic. Anise is used in cough mixtures, as it is expectorant and soothes spasms of irritant coughs and bronchial problems. It promotes estrogen production and is used to encourage breast milk, ease childbirth, and stimulate libido. Tiny amounts of the essential oil, produced from the seeds, are added to toothpaste, perfumes and mouthwashes, and are used to mask bitter medicines, but in large amounts Anise is highly toxic. The seeds are carminative (they move gas out of the intestinal tract). Used in tea or as lozenges, they soothe a hard cough. For the tea, steep one teaspoon of the seeds in one cup of boiled water for ten minutes. Take up to one and half cups a day. The seeds can also be tinctured using two ounces of seed per on-half quart of brandy and some lemon peel. Let the mixture sit for twenty days. The dose is one teaspoon as needed. The seeds are make into a liqueur called anisette, which is mixed with hot water as a remedy for bronchitis and asthma. Anise seed tea is sweetened with honey and given to children with lung colds. Epilepsy, colic, and smoker's cough are treated with anise. For colic, simmer one teaspoon of the seed in one-half pint of mild for ten minutes, strain, and take it hot. Oil of anise is a natural insecticide. Parts Used:� Seeds and essential oil Magical Uses:� Anise seeds are an herb of protection said to avert all evil. In ancient Roman times, they were baked into a cake that was served at the end of the wedding feast. Purification, Protection; entices spirits to aid in spells; divination; psychic awareness; youth; In a pillow it wards off nightmares. Aromatherapy Uses: � Muscular aches and pains; Rheumatism; Bronchitis; Colds and coughs; Colic, Cramps, Flatulence; Indigestion. APPLE: (Malus spp.) A Druid sacred tree. The apple is a symbol of immortality, A branch of the apple which bore buds, flowers and fully ripened fruit (sometimes known as the Silver Bough), was a kind of magical charm which enabled its possessor to enter into the land of the Gods, the underworld, in Celtic Mythology. Apples clean the liver, cure constipation, and tone the gums. When baked they can be applied as a warm poultice to sore throats and skin inflammations. The cooked apple is especially laxative. The peeled raw apple helps with diarrhea. The cider corrects intestinal flora, reduces stomach acidity, corrects gas, and helps the kidneys; take three or four cups a day. Apple cider vinegar and water make a rinse to restore hair, scalp and skin; use equal parts of vinegar and water. Blondes should use white vinegar. Apple cider vinegar, water, and honey aid digestion when taken with meals; use two teaspoons of vinegar to a glass of water, add honey to taste. This was one of my great-grandmothers favorite cures for a sore throat. Parts Used:� Whole fruit (cooked or raw, apple cider, apple cider vinegar, and wood Magical Uses:� Wiccan altars are often piled high with apples during Samhain for the apple is considered to be one of the foods of the dead. For this very reason Samhain is sometimes known as "Feast of Apples". Apples are considered symbols of life and immortality. The apple has long been used in spells of love. The blossoms are added to love sachets, brews and incenses, and they are infused in melted pink wax, then strained out to make candles suitable to burn for attracting love. Use apple cider in place of blood where it is called for in old recipes. Apples and apple blossoms are symbolic of love, healing and immortality. Burn the blossoms as incense, wear the perfume, and make them into herb candles for a handfasting rite. ASAFETIDA: Ferula asafoetida Also called Stinking Gum. The pungent gum is extracted from the living rootstock by notching the plant at soil level. It was a popular Roman condiment. (If you can imagine that!) Research suggests the plant is anticoagulant and lowers blood pressure. Used to treat stomach ailments such as intestinal flu, gas, and bloating. Add a pinch to beans as they cook. The herb is good in cases of Candida albicans. Has been used for asthma, bronchitis, and whooping cough because of it's antispasmodic properties and is a good herb for croup and colic in babies (newborns should get it through their mother's milk). Another method is to give it to infants via the rectum - make an emulsion with four parts asafetida to one hundred parts water and insert. It has been used as a sedative for hysteria and convulsion. Please Note: This herb tastes awful and is perhaps best taken in capsule form, one hundred milligrams to one gram being the dose. Parts Used:� Resin of the root Magical Uses:� Use for prophetic dreams, exorcism, and protection. Worn in a bag around the neck, asafetida dispels diseases and evils of all kinds. (It literally repels evil spirits!) Add a clove of garlic to enhance the effect. Asafetida is a classic for exorcism and purification rites. Use it to smudge a ritual space with smoke. Unfortunately, though asafetida is powerful, it also has a horrible odor. Just the slightest whiff of the fragrance has been known to cause vomiting. Use with Care! ASH TREE: (Fraxinus americana or excelsior) A Druid sacred tree. This spring-flowering deciduous tree has smooth gray bark and showy, scented flowers, although the scent is unpleasant to some. The bark of the ash can be used as a substitute for quinine in intermittent fevers. It is reputed to clear obstructions from the spleen and liver. Simmer two tablespoons of bark for twenty minutes in one cup water; take a quarter-cup four times a day. The leaves are laxative and can be used as a substitute for senna (tree leaves are always gathered beforemidsummer). Steep two tablespoons of the leaf in one cup of water for twenty minutes; take one quarter cup four times a day. Parts Used:� Bark and Leaf Magical Uses: Ash is the sacred world tree of the Teutons, known as Yggdrasil. Ash wood makes a traditional Yule log. Druid wands were often made of ash and carved with decorations. Ash wands are good for healing, general and solar magic. Put fresh ash leaves under your pillow to stimulate psychic dreams and prosperity. An herb of the sun, ash brings light into the hearth at the winter solstice. Back to the top BASIL: (Oncimum basilicum) The warm, spicy taste of this popular herb's leaf combines well with garlic, tomatoes, eggplant, and Italian dishes; Basil flavors vinegar, pesto sauce, and oil. The essential oil flavors condiments and liqueurs, and scents soaps and perfumes. Inhaling the essential oil refreshes the mind and stimulates a sense of smell dulled by viral infection. The infusion relieves gas and stomach pains. Reputedly abortive, it can help expel the placenta. A warming herb, it is used for colds and flu, constipation, vomiting, headaches, and menstrual cramps. Steep two teaspoons per cup of water for twenty minutes; take up to one and a half cups per day. Parts Used:� Leaf and stem Magical Uses:� Burn basil to exorcise negativity from the home. To do a really thorough cleansing and protection of yourself and your home, also sprinkle a little basil in each corner of each room in the house and add to your bathwater. Basil is used to mend lovers' quarrels and brings good luck to a new home. The scent of basil causes sympathy between two people and so is worn to avoid major clashes. Basil Use it in rites of exorcism and in the ritual bath. Sprinkle to powder over the area of your heart to promote fidelity. The scent brings happiness to the home and will protect you in crowds. Aromatherapy Uses: �Bronchitis; Fatigue; Colds; Loss of Concentration; Migraine; Gout; Aches and Pains; Insect bites; Insect Repellent; Coughs; Migraine; Insomnia; Anxiety; Depression; Infectious Disease. Key Qualities: Restorative; Tonic; Antidepressant; Refreshing; Uplifting; Fortifying; Purifying; Clearing; Warming; Cephalic; Stupefying in excess. BAY LAUREL:� (Laurus nobilis) The culinary leaves may be slightly narcotic, and aid digestion when added to Bouquet garni, marinades, p�te, soups and stews. The wood is used to give an aromatic tang to smoked foods, and oil of Bay, from the fruit, flavors some liqueurs. A leaf decoction added to bath water will relieve aching limbs, and diluted leaf essential oil can treat sprains and rheumatic joints but may irritate the skin. The leaf and berry are used in salves for itching, sprains, bruises, skin irritations, and rheumatic pain. The fruit and leaf are simmered until soft and made into a poultice with honey for chest colds. Bay leaf and berry tea makes a bath additive that helps the bladder, bowel, and female reproductive organs. Use two tablespoons per cup and steep for forty-five minutes; add to bath water. Parts Used:� Leaf and berry Magical Uses:� Bay leaves were used by the Delphic priestesses. The incense and the leaf are said to produce a prophetic trance. Burn for psychic powers, purification, wish magic, exorcism, healing/health, protection, divination, visions, clairvoyance, energy, power, strength, inspiration, wisdom, meditation, defense, creative word. Put the leaves under your pillow to give inspiration and visions. An herb of the sun, bay brings the light of summer into the darkest time of the year. Carry the leaf or place in the home to ward off illness and hexes. Aromatherapy Uses:� Sprains; Colds; Flu; Insomnia; Rheumatism. BENZOIN: (Styrax benzoin) Benzoin is a shrubby tree with gray bark, simple leaves, and short racemes of small, fragrant, bell-shaped white flowers. The scented yellowish resin is thought to be created in response to injury, so it is tapped by making hatchet incisions in the trunk. The resin, called benzoin or gum benjamin, is used as incense, a fixative in perfumes, and is added to cosmetics to prevent fats turning rancid. The tree resin is used externally, diluted with water, as an antiseptic skin wash. Taken internally, it relieves intestinal gas and is antiseptic to the urinary tract. Take ten to twenty drops in water or tea four times a day. Put it in vaporizers or use it as an inhalant for bronchitis, and laryngitis. A simple method is to place it, along with a few drops of the oils of peppermint and eucalyptus, in a bowl of boiling hot water. Put your face as close to the bowl as you can and cover your head, and the bowl, with a towel. Inhale the steam. Tincture of benzoin is often added to salves as a preservative; (one pound of benzoin to about one and a half quarts of salve.) Benzoin is used in Aromatherapy but may cause allergic reactions. Parts Used:� Resin Magical Uses:� An herb of purification, burned in incense to sanctify an area. The scent is also used to attract business when combined with basil, peony or cinnamon. Dilute the essential oil and rub onto the body to increase your personal power. It awakens the conscious mind as well. Burn to purify, protect, for prosperity, for astral projection or to increase mental powers. Aromatherapy Uses: � Asthma; Bronchitis; Laryngitis; Chills; Flu; Colic; Coughs; Itching; Arthritis; Colds; As a Sedative. Benzoin has been found to help retain skin elasticity. It is valuable in treating dry, cracked skin and is believed to be anti-depressant. Key Qualities: Warming; Energizing; Uplifting; Comforting; Purifying; Elevating; Stimulant; Soothing; Antidepressant. BERGAMOT: (Citrus bergamia) Bergamot has aromatic flowers and fruits. The thin, smooth peel yields Bergamot oil for "true" eau de Cologne and Earl Grey Tea. Parts Used:� Flower and fruit Magical Uses: � Use for money and protective rituals. Add the distilled bouquet to your bathwater for these purposes. Synthesized versions of the oil abound but should not be used. Aromatherapy Uses: � Boils; Cold Sores; Insect Bites; Spots; Varicose Ulcers; Colds; Flu; Fevers; Acne, Tension, Wounds; Coughs; Stress; as an Antidepressant; as an Insect Repellent; Depression; Cystitis; Infectious Diseases; Tonsilitis; Halitosis, Flatulence; Loss of appetite. Key Qualities: Reviving; Refreshing; Calming; Soothing; Uplifting; Sedative; Regulating; balancing; Anti-Depressant. BERGAMOT MINT: (Mentha x piperita 'citrata') This herb is sometimes confused with the Citrus of the same name. Bee Balm is also called bergamot at times. This is a hairless mint with thin smooth leaves and purple runners, it has purplish flowers. In full sun it develops a strong citrus scent and the whole plant is tinged purple. In shade the color is more coppery. Use it as an aromatic herb in potpourri or to make a honey-sweetened drink. The flavor is not so good for cooking. Also called Eau De Cologne Mint. Parts Used:� Leaf and Essential Oil Magical Uses: � The leaves of bergamot mint are slipped into wallets and purses to attract money. Fresh leaves are also rubbed onto money before spending it to ensure it's return. Also used in "success" rituals and spells. BETONY: (Stachys officinalis or Stachys betonica or Betonica officinalis) Also known as Bishopwort, Wood Betony or Purple Betony. Wood betony has fairly pungent, scalloped, hairy leaves and spikes of pale magenta summer flowers. A Druid sacred herb. The aerial parts provide a tea substitute and are added to tonics and herbal cigarettes. An infusion is mildly sedative and cleansing and is a nerve and circulation tonic for migraine, anxiety, indigestion, drunkenness, and difficult labor. Wood Betony was an Anglo-Saxon protective charm Parts Used:� Leaf, flower, stem and root Magical Uses: This was a very powerful herb to the Druids as it has the power to expel evil spirits, nightmares and despair. It was burned at Midsummer Solstice for purification and protection. Sprinkle around or near all doors and windows to form a protective barrier. If troubled by nightmares fill a small cloth pillow and place it under your pillow. Betony is added to purification and protection mixtures and incenses. BIRCH: (Betula alba) A Druid sacred tree. Also known as Lady of the Woods, Paper Birch or White Birch. The antibacterial leaves give a diuretic tea used to treat gout and rheumatism, to dissolve kidney and bladder tones and to lower cholesterol. Steep two teaspoons of leaf per cup of water for twenty minutes. The dose is one to one a half cups over a day. Birch twigs and leaves are simmered and added to the bath for itchy skin conditions and falling hair. Taken before bed, the tea is sedative. The young shoots and leaves make a tonic laxative. The inner bark is simmered and used in fevers. Twigs and bark are simmered using two teaspoons of plant per cup of water for twenty minutes. The dose is one-fourth cup four times a day. The twigs of B. lutea (Yellow birch) and B. lenta (black birch) are gathered in spring and simmered gently for twenty minutes to make a delicious beverage. Please note: the leaves must be used fresh, and not after Midsummer, as they will then contain natural insecticides. The white birch has no real flavor and does not make a good beverage tea. The bark and bud oil are used in medicated soaps. Parts Used:� Leaf, bark and twigs Magical Uses:� The traditional broom of witches is made of birch twigs. Protection, purification, wards negativity, love, new beginnings, changes. Birch is a feminine tree and an embodiment of the Great Mother. Cradles are often made of her wood as a protection for the child. Aromatherapy Uses: Gout; Rheumatism; Eczema; Ulcers. BLACKBERRY: (Rubus villosus) A Blackberry leaf decoction is a blood and skin tonic, and a poultice treats eczema. The juicy purple-black fruit are rich in fiber and Vitamin C. The root is a classic remedy for diarrhea and is reputed to clean the kidneys and urinary tract of stones and gravel. Simmer two teaspoons for the root per cup of water for twenty minutes, and take a quarter cup four times a day. The buds and leaves are used fresh in poultices for wounds, burns, mouth sores, and sore throats. Chew the leaves or make a poultice. The berries are slightly binding (as is blackberry wine) and are useful in diarrhea, as are the leaves. Parts Used:� Root, leaf, bud, and berry Magical Uses: � Sacred to Brighid, the leaves and berries are used to attract wealth or healing. This is a Goddess herb, belonging to the planetary sphere of Venus. Protection, health, prosperity, pie for Lughnassadh, to commemorate the harvest. BLACKTHORN: (Prunus spinosa)Also know as Sloe, Mother of the Wood, or Wishing Thorn. This tree has small, serrated, oval leaves on dark, thorny branches with purple blooms and black fruit. The leaves yield a mouthwash. The astringent fruits make Sloe gin. Traditionally, the wood was used to make clubs. Parts Used:� Leaf, twig, fruit Magical Uses:� Returns evil to sender. The thorns are used for sticking into black figure candles or poppets of enemies that will not leave you alone. Hung over doorways or carried, the sloe wards off evil and calamity, banishes demons and negative vibrations. BORAGE: (Borago officinalis) The flowers decorate salads and cakes and are frozen in ice cubes. The cooling, mineral-rich leaves flavor drinks, dips, and salt-free diets. A leaf and flower infusion is an adrenaline tonic taken for stress, depression, or cortisone and steroid treatment. It reduces fevers, dry coughs, and dry skin rashes. Pressed seed oil can be used like Evening Primrose for menstrual and irritable bowel problems, eczema, blood pressure, arthritis and hangovers. Parts Used:� Flower, leaf, stem and seeds Magical Uses: Tea aids psychic power. Carry the leaves for protection. Carry the fresh blossoms to strengthen your courage. Use in money and business spells. BRIAR ROSE: (Rosa rubiginosa) Also known as Wild Rose, Sweet Briar, Hop Fruit, or Briar. Regular scented roses may be substituted. See also ROSE. Parts Used:� Flower and fruit Magical Uses: � For clairvoyant dreams, steep two teaspoons fresh or dried rose petals in one cup of boiling water. Cover and let stand five minutes. Drink at bedtime. Burn the petals with love incense to strengthen love spells. Rose essential oil is used in formulas designed to attract love, confer peace, stimulate sexual desires and enhance beauty. Healing; Creativity; Love Luck; Prophetic Dreams; Protection; Psychic Awareness; Divination; Clairvoyance; Anointing; Balance. Aromatherapy Uses: � Anxiety; Depression; Circulatory Problems; menopausal Problems; as an Antiseptic and Tonic; Menstrual Disorders; Stress; Tension; as a Sedative. BROOM: (Genista scoparius syn. Cytisus scoparius and Sarothamnus scoparious) Also known as Scotch Broom, and Irish broom. A Druid Sacred Tree, it is a many-branched erect shrub with simple or trifoliate leaves, and golden "sweet-pea" flowers. A flowering sprig of Broom was a heraldic battle device of Henry II of England who is said to have taken the family name Plantagenet from this medieval "planta genista". Flowering broom tips are gathered in spring (before Midsummer) and are later used fresh or dry. The seeds are as useful as the tops. Both are soluble in water and alcohol. The infusion is used to tread cardiac edema. Simmer one teaspoon of the herb or seeds per cup of water for twenty minutes. The dose is one-half cup a day in one-fourth cup doses. Broom is combined with dandelion root, uva ursi, and juniper berries to treat bladder and kidney ailments. Take one part broom, one half part uva ursi, and one half part dandelion root. Simmer until the liquid is reduced to half the original quantity. Add one-half part juniper berry and cool. A pinch of cayenne is sprinkled into each one-eighth cup dose. Caution: Acute kidney problems contraindicate this herb. Broom is a heart tonic. Use one teaspoon of the herb per cup of water, and do not exceed more than one-half cup per day. One to ten drops of tincture may be given as a dose. Parts Used:� Flowering twig and seed. Magical Uses:�Broom flowers bound with colored ribbons are carried at weddings. Couples may choose to "jump the broom" as they make their transition to a new station of life. Broom can be substituted for furze(gorse) at Spring Equinox. The Irish called it the "Physician's Power" because of its diuretic shoots. Sweep your outside ritual areas with it to purify and protect. Burning the blooms and shoots calms the wind. Hang indoors for protection and purification. Toss in the air or bury it to raise or calm winds. Back to the top CAMPHOR: (Cinnamomum camphora) This white, intensely scented, crystalline substance is distilled from a tree native to China and Japan. The essential oil is steam-distilled from wood, rootstumps, and branches. For many years true camphor wasn't sold in the U.S. All "camphor blocks" and mothballs were made of synthetic camphor which is extremely poisonous. Both the leaf and crystallized extract are used for wet lung conditions such as asthma and bronchitis. Camphor is useful in depression, exhaustion, and stomach cramps and to improve circulation. Use about two teaspoons of leaf per cup of water and steep for twenty minutes. Take one-fourth cup four times a day. Alternatively, use one teaspoon of the crystallized extract per two cups of water. Take it in one-teaspoon doses four times a day. The tincture is also available and is used in doses of five to ten drops four times a day. Camphor is incorporated into salves for external use to kill parasites and treat ringworm, scabies, and itch. The oil open the lungs, making breathing easier, and helps with muscular and joint pain, arthritis, and bruises (not for open wounds). The salve functions as a "smelling salt," and the herb has been used internally to revive those in coma or delirium. Camphor can be burned to purify the air or inhaled to open lung passages. Caution: Do not use this herb if you are pregnant or if you are very weak and debilitated. Only natural plant extracts should be used, as chemical camphor is contaminated with industrial poisons. Parts Used:� Crystallized extract and leaf Magical Uses: � (Solid Form) Camphor is added in small amounts to Lunar and chastity type mixtures, (Eucalyptus or Lavender oil may be substituted). Divination; Prophetic Dreams; Psychic Awareness. Burn in the home to purify the air and to dispel disease. Aromatherapy Uses: � Coughs; Colds; Fevers; Rheumatism; Arthritis. CARAWAY: (Carum carvi) Caraway is a hardy biennial with finely cut feathery leaves, umbels of small flower heads in midsummer and capsules containing two curved narrow seeds. The seeds are a popular spice, especially in Central Europe. They enhance port, goulash, sauerkraut, cheese, and pickles and are added to cooking cabbage to reduce the smell. They flavor brads and cakes and are eaten raw or sugar-coated as Caraway comfits after a spicy meal. They sweeten the breath, aid digestion, and relieve flatulence. Chopped leaves are added to soups and salads, and the root is cooked as a vegetable. Essential oil, distilled from the seeds, flavors gin, candy, the liqueur K�mel, and mouthwashes, and scents soaps, and aftershaves. The seeds are antiseptic and a vermifuge. Caraway seeds have been used in cooking since the Stone Age. The powdered seeds are taken in doses of one-fourth to one teaspoon to promote digestion and relieve gas. Caraway tea also relieves menstrual cramps, as it helps to bring on the menstruation. Caraway increases breast mile. To make the tea, steep three teaspoons of the ground seeds in one-half cup of water for twenty minutes (use a kitchen blender to lightly crush the seed). Take up to one and a half cups a day in one-fourth cup doses, or simply chew the seeds. One to four drops of the essential oil may be taken as a digestive aid. For colicky babies, soak one ounce of the ground seed in a pint of cold water for about six hours. The dose is from one to three teaspoons of the infusion, or boil three teaspoons of seed in one-half cup of milk for a few minutes, then steep for ten minutes. The powdered seeds are moistened to make a poultice for bruises and earaches. Parts Used:� Seed, leaf, root and essential oil Magical Uses: � Caraway is often added to love potions to keep lovers from being unfaithful. The seeds are placed in poppets and used in spells to find one's mate. They are said to inspire lust when baked into cakes or breads. Put some in your wedding cake, or use it instead of rice to throw at the bride and groom. Pigeons are very fond of it too! CARDAMOM: (Elettario cardamomum) This perennial bears violet-striped white flowers and aromatic green fruits on erect or trailing racemes. The seed pods are an expensive spice, sold as whole green, bleached, or sun-dried cardamom. The seeds are digestive, stimulant, and antispasmodic, and rhizome is given for fatigue and fever. The essential oil from almost-ripe fruits is used in liqueurs and perfumes. Cardamom seeds are a symbol of hospitality. Parts Used:� Seed Magical Uses: � Deliciously spicy, cardamon essential oil brings a nice jolt of energy to live and sexually oriented formulas. Burn for love spells or use in love sachets. The ground seeds are added to warmed wine for a quick lust potion. They are also baked into apple pies for a wonderful amatory pastry. Aromatherapy Uses:� Nausea; Coughs; Headaches; Aches; as a Digestive and Tonic; Dyspepsia; Mental Fatigue; Nervous Strain; Halitosis; Anorexia; Colic. Key Qualities: Cephalic; Aphrodisiac; Warming; Comforting; Refreshing; Uplifting; Penetrating; Soothing. CARNATION: (Dianthus caryophyllus) Also called Pink , Clove Pink or Gilly Flower. This short lived perennial has blue-green grass-like foliage and spicy, fragrant long-lasting flowers in the summer. This "Flower of Divinity" and symbol of betrothal, woven into garlands is the parent of cultivated carnations, although is seldom available in its true for. Fortunately, the petals of any clove-scented Pink, with the bitter white heel removed, can be added to fruit dishes, sandwiches, soups, and sauces, or used to make floral syrup, vinegar, liqueur, or wine. This was Chaucer's "sops in wine" and is still enjoyed as a nerve tonic today. The strong-sweet spicy scent is used in soaps and perfumes. Worn during Elizabethan times to prevent coming to an untimely death on the scaffold. Parts Used:� Flower petals Magical Uses: � Altar offering for the Goddess; Anointing; Protection; Strength; Health and Healing; Energy; Power; Magical Power; Blessing; Consecration. Can be used in all purpose protective spells. CATNIP: (Nepeta catoria) A Druid sacred herb. The root and leaf scent, minty with cat pheromone overtones, intoxicates cats and repels rats and flea beetles. The tender leaves are added to salads and flavor meat. They can also be brewed as tea and were used before China tea was imported. The leaves and flowering tops treat colds, calm upset stomachs, reduce fevers, and soothe headaches and scalp irritations. When smoked, leaves give mild euphoria with no harmful effects. Parts Used:� Leaf Magical Uses: Chewed by warriors for fierceness in battle. Large dried leaves are powerful markers for magic books. Give it to your cat to create a psychic bond. Used in spells to promote beauty; happiness; love. Use in all Cat Magic Spells. CASSIA: (Cinnamomum aromaticum var. cassia) This is the highest grade of Cinnamon. See Cinnamon. Magical Uses: � Purification Aromatherapy Uses:� See cinnamon CEDARWOOD: (Cedrus libani or Cedrus spp.) A Druid sacred herb. Also known as Cedar, Tree of Life, Arbor Vitae (Thuja occidentalis) or Yellow Cedar (T. occidentalis). Ancient Celts on the mainland used cedar oil to preserve the heads of enemies taken in battle. The wood of the Atlas Cedar subspecies is distilled to produce the essential oil. Yellow cedar is used by herbalists to treat bloody cough and heart weakness. Simmer two teaspoons per cup for twenty minutes and take it cold in one-tablespoon doses, three to six times a day. It is used internally and externally as an antifungal (the dry powder is excellent for Athlete's foot). Parts Used:� Twig and leaf Magical Uses: � Cedar smoke purifies the home. Use it in smudge sticks, incense and sweat lodges. The scent is said to enhance psychic powers. I use it in a simmering pot which smells much better than the burning herb, it makes the whole house smell clean and sweet. Use for: Purification; Health and Healing; Luck; Good Fortune; Happiness; Banishing; Releasing; Exorcism; Money and Riches; Justice; Protection; Harmony; Peace. Aromatherapy Uses: � Bronchitis; Catarrh; Acne; Arthritis; as a Diuretic; Sedative; Antiseborrhoeic. CHAMOMILE: (Chamaemelum nobile or Anthemis nobilis) Also called Roman chamomile, English chamomile, Perennial Chamomile, Wild Chamomile, and Ground Apple. A Druid Sacred Herb, this aromatic evergreen has feathery, apple-scented leaves and white flowers with conical golden centers. The flowers make a digestive, soothing and sedative tea, which is used for soothing restless children, helps prevent nightmares and insomnia, and suppresses nausea. The flower compounds have shown anti-tumor activity in laboratory tests. In the garden it is a "physician plant" reviving nearby ailing plants. The essential oil is a beautiful blue color turning yellow as it ages. This herb has an affinity for the solar plexus area of the human body. Colic, upset stomachs, and fevers are benefitted by the tea of the fresh or dried flower. Use two tablespoons per cup, steep for twenty minutes, and take a quarter cup four times a day. Women with menstrual cramps can try adding a few thin slices of fresh ginger root to the tea. Chamomile is an antibacterial. Sores, wounds, itches, and rashes respond to external applications. Use the tea as a wash or add the herb to salves and poultices. The oil is rubbed into swollen joints. Chamomile calms the nerves and brings on sleep. Use it in baths and gargles. Add the tea to a vaporizer to help asthmatic children. The classic tea for cranky, teething babies, it is given in the bottle or through a mother's breast milk. Parts Used:� Flower Magical Uses:� Yellow chamomile brings the power of the sun to love potions, money spells and rites of purification. Use in incense for the God. When sprinkled around the house it removes hexes, curses and spells. It can be burned or added to prosperity bags to increase money. Use for: Love; Luck; Fortune; Justice; Prosperity; Purification; Meditation; Rest. Aromatherapy Uses:� Nerves; Migraine; Acne; Inflammation; Insomnia; Menstrual Problems; Dermatitis; Analgesic; Tension Headache; Stress. CHERRY: (Prunus serotina) A Druid sacred tree, chips of the wood or bark were burned at Celtic festivals especially Sabbats. Also known as Black Cherry, Wild Cherry or Chokecherry (P. virginiana). Chokecherry bark tea is used to clear the throats of singers and public speakers, the powdered berries were once used to improve the appetite. If you've never tried chokecherry jelly, you've missed a real treat. CAUTION:The stone is poisonous. Parts Used:� Fruit, bark and wood Magical Uses: � (Wood and Fruit Juice) Creativity; Healing; Long been used to attract Love; Cherry juice is used as a substitute for blood in old recipes. CINNAMON: (Cinnamomum verum or zeylanicum) A tropical evergreen tree up to 50 feet tall. Cinnamon sticks are quills from the inner bark and the essential oil is distilled by water or steam from the leaves and twigs. Parts Used:� Bark Magical Uses:� (Herb and Oil) Meditation; Defense; Creative Work; Divination; Energy; Power; Protection; Success; Astral Projection; Health and Healing; Love Lust; Money and Riches; Purification. Aromatherapy Uses: � (Oil)Lice; Scabies; Wasp Stings; Poor Circulation; Childbirth (stimulates contractions); Anorexia; Colitis; Diarrhea; Dyspepsia; Intestinal Infection; Sluggish Digestion; Spasm; Flu; Rheumatism; Warts; Coughs; Colds; Viral Infections; Frigidity; Infectious Disease; Stress Related Conditions; Tooth and Gum Care; Nervous Exhaustion. Key Qualities: Warming; Reviving, Tonic; Strengthening; Aphrodisiac; Restorative; Uplifting. CINQUEFOIL: (Pontentilla reptans) Also called Five Fingered Grass, Creeping cinquefoil, and Five Leaved Grass. The rootstock was cooked as a vegetable by the Celts and Native Americans. Applied to sore areas, the fresh plant relieves pain. A root decoction is used in anti-wrinkle creams. A wash reduces skin redness, freckles, and sunburn. The powdered root and leaf are used to stop internal hemorrhaging. The powder also makes an astringent for mouth sores and treats diarrhea. Taken with honey, it relieves sore throats, coughs, and fever. Take one-quarter to one-half teaspoon at a time, or twenty to forty drops of the tincture. The leaves can be steeped using two teaspoons per cup of water for twenty minutes, or one ounce of the root can be simmered in one and a half cups of water for twenty minutes. The dose is a quarter cup four times a day. Parts Used:� Root and leaf Magical Uses � Use the infusion in ritual baths and for purification rites. Cinquefoil bestows eloquence and protection to the wearer; bring it to court. Love, power, wisdom, health, and abundance are symbolized by its five petals. Prick a hole in an egg, drain it and fill it with cinquefoil. Tape the egg shut, and your home and property are protected. Bathe in the infusion every seven days to ward off evil influences. Prosperity, Protection; Defense; Purification; Anointing; Divination Dreams; Energy; Strength; Luck; Fortune; Justice; Healing; Inspiration; Wisdom; Love;. Hang at the door for protection. Add to purificatory bath sachets. CLOVE: (Syzgium aromaticum) Cloves are the sun-dried unopened flower buds of a dense evergreen tree, they have a strong spiciness that flavors foods and prevents nausea. The flowers are used to soothe aching eyes. Clove oil, from the distillation of leaves and flower buds, is an antiseptic numbing agent for toothache and indigestion. It is added to cosmetics, perfumes, and cigarettes. There are now Clove-based anesthetics. Parts Used:� Leaf and flower bud Magical Uses:� Use for: Divination; Love; Lust; Banishing; Releasing; Inspiration; Wisdom. Burn for Wealth; Purification; to ward negative thoughts; or to stop others from gossiping about you. Aromatherapy Uses: � Nausea; Flatulence; Asthma; Bronchitis; Arthritis; Rheumatism; Toothache; Diarrhea; Infections; as an Analgesic and Antiseptic; Insect Repellent (Mosquitoes). Key Qualities: Tonic; Stimulating; Revitalizing; Aphrodisiac; Warming; Comforting; Purifying; Active. CLUB MOSS: (Lycopodium selago or clavatum) Also called Selago, Foxtail, Lycopod, Vegetable Sulphur, Wolf Claw or Stag's Horn Moss. This toxic, evergreen, mosslike herb has trailing stems, upright branches and developing cones encasing the ripe spores. The spores were once used for gastric and urinary disorders, as an antispasmodic sedative and to coat pills. Blackfoot Indians knew of the spores' blood-stanching, wound-healing and moisture-absorbing properties and inhaled them for nosebleeds and dusted them on cuts. They are still used on wounds and eczema. The spores are explosive when set alight, and used to create theatrical lightening and added to fireworks. Magicians once used them to create "lightening flashes" and other pyrotechnics as needed. These effects were originally intended as a form of sympathetic magic -of evocation by emulation - not simply (or deceptively) as stage effects. The club mosses are found in North America, northern Europe, Asia, and the southern hemisphere. The plants are several inches in height and resemble moss. They creep by means of prostrate stems, which branch upward at intervals, with crowded, linear, simple leaves. Large two valved spore cases product the medicinally active spores. While the whole plant was used by the ancients as a cathartic, the spores were used as a diuretic in edema, a drastic (a forceful agent of cure) in diarrhea and dysentery, a nervine for rabies and spasms, a mild laxative in cases of gout and scurvy, and a corroborant (strengthening agent) for rheumatism. The dose is ten to sixty grains of the spores. The spores also make a dusting powder for skin diseases and diaper rash. CAUTION: Selago can be an active narcotic poison when overused. For this reason it is probably better to use only the spores, which are non-toxic. The whole plant can be used externally, however, as a counter-irritant - made into a poultice, it will keep blisters open and kill lice. Parts Used:� Above-ground portions of the herb, and spores. Magical Uses:� Druids respected the plant to such a degree that it was gathered only under strict ritual guidelines. One of the Ovates would dress in white, bathe both feet in free-running water and offer a sacrifice of bread and spirits, and then with white robe wrapped around the right hand, using a brass hook, would dig up the plant by the roots. When properly gathered, the herb becomes a charm of power and protection. Wear it, add it to incense, and use it to commune with the Gods and Goddesses. COMFREY: (Symphytum officinale) Also known as Slippery Root, Knitbone or Blackwort. Teas, tinctures and compresses of comfrey roots or leaves speed healing of cuts, rashes, and broken bones. Parts Used:� Root and leaf Magical Uses � Root or leaves for healing. Carry for safe travel. To ensure the safety of your luggage while traveling, tuck a piece of the root into each of your bags. COPAL: (Bursera odorata) Copal is a white, pale yellow or yellowish-orange gum resin. When smoldered on charcoal it produces a rich, delicious, piney-lemony fragrance. Copal is North America's equivalent of Frankincense. While it lacks some of frankincense's bittersweet odor, it is a fine substitute. When frankincense if left smoldering on charcoal for some time it eventually emits a very bitter scent. Copal, however, never varies as it burns. It is native to Mexico and Central America, and has been used as incense in religious and magical ceremonies for untold hundreds of years, beginning, perhaps, with the Mayans or even prior to the days of that fables people. The finest copal is a pale to dark yellow color with an intense resinous-citrus odor. It is usually sold in chunks and may contain leaf fragments. Parts Used:� Resin Magical Uses: � Burn for protection; cleansing; purification; to promote spirituality; and to purify quartz crystals and other stones before use in magic. May be substituted for Frankincense. A piece of copal may be used as the heart in poppets. CORIANDER: (Coriandrum sativum) The whole of this annual is pungently aromatic. The seed is a mild sedative, aids digestion, reduces flatulence, and eases migraines. The spicy essential oil, distilled from the seeds, is used in perfumes and incense, flavors medicines and toothpaste, and is added to massage oil for facial neuralgia and cramps. The seeds are strengthening to the urinary system. The leaf and seed are infused to treat bladder infections. The tea helps with stomach problems such as gas and indigestion. Steep two teaspoons of the dried seed per cup of boiled water fro twenty minutes, and take up to one cup a day. The powdered seed and the oil are used to flavor other herbal preparations and to ease griping in laxative formulas. Use one-fourth to one-half teaspoon at a time. Coriander is a common ingredient of Indian curries. Parts Used:� Seed and leaf Magical Uses:� Coriander oil works well in love and healing mixtures. The seeds are used for healing, especially easing headaches and are worn for this purpose. Add the powdered seeds to warm wine to make an effective lust potion. Put some in the chalice for a handfasting ritual. Aromatherapy Uses: � Eating Disorders; Colic; Diarrhea; Dyspepsia; Measles; Migraine; Neuralgia; General Infections; Indigestion; Influenza, Fatigue; Rheumatism; Flatulence; Nervousness; as an Analgesic, Stimulant, Aphrodisiac. Key Qualities: Aphrodisiac; Stimulating; Soporific (In excess); Refreshing; Warming; Comforting; Revitalizing; Strengthening; Purifying; Soothing; Active. CYPRESS: (Cupressus sempervirens) This tall evergreen tree has gray-brown bark, and tiny, dark green leaves. It bears yellowish male cones and green female cones, which ripen to brown. Cypress Oil, distilled from the leaves, branches, and cones, has a refreshing, camphor-resinous scent. Parts Used:� Leaf, twigs, fruit, bark, wood, resin and essential oil. Magical Uses: Burn for Happiness; Harmony; Peace; Inspiration; Binding; Wisdom; Releasing; Defense; Longevity. Cypress Oil is used for Blessing; Consecration, and protection. The unique scent stimulates healing and eases the pain of losses of all kind. Aromatherapy Uses: Skin Care; Perspiration; Wounds; bruises; Hemorrhoids, Varicose Veins; Cellulitis; Muscular Cramps; Edema; Poor Circulation; Rheumatism; Asthma; Bronchitis; Spasmodic Coughing; Dysmenorrhea,; Menopausal Problems; Nervous Tension; Stress-related Conditions; Treats inflamed/bleeding gums; Insect Repellent. Key Qualities: Refreshing; Purifying; Relaxing; Warming; Reviving; Restorative; Comforting; Protective; Soothing. Back to the Top DILL: (Anethum graveolens) Uniquely flavored, Dill offers culinary "seeds" and leaves, but the choicest flavor is in the fresh immature green seed heads. They give character to dill pickles, vinegar and potato salad. Distilled seed oil is colorless to pale yellow, with a light, fresh, warm-spicey scent and flavors drinks, food and infant gripe water for colic. The seeds aid digestion, and their infusion reduces flatulence, hiccups, stomach pains, and insomnia. A seed decoction gives a nail-strengthening bath. Parts Used:� Flower, leaf, stem, fruit, seeds, and essential oil. Magical Uses: Seeds draw money, Leaves for protection, Flowers for love and defense. Protective when hung at the door, no one ill-disposed or envious of you can enter your house. Smell Dill to cure hiccups. Aromatherapy Uses: (Oil) Colic; Constipation; Dyspepsia; Flatulence; Headaches; Indigestion; Nervousness; Amenorrhea. DRAGONS BLOOD: (Draceana draco spp.) Dragon's blood is the resin of the Draceana draco species. The common name of this plant is "dragon tree" hence the name. Parts Used:� Resin Magical Uses: Burn for love, protection, exorcism, and sexual potency. Use for Courage; Magical Power; Energy; Strength; Purification; Changes; Determination; Cleansing. A pinch of Dragon's blood added to other incenses increases their potency and power. ELDER (Sambucus canadensis or nigra) Also known as Ellhorn, Elderberry, Lady Elder, and Black Berried Elder. A Druid Sacred Tree. Sacred to the White Lady and Midsummer Solstice. The Druids used it to both bless and curse. In Chinese medicine, the leaves, stems, and roots are used to treat fractures and muscle spasms. The flowers treat colds, sore throats, hay fever, and arthritis, and act as a mild laxative. Named the "country medicine chest" for its many health uses, the Elderberry is also rich in European folklore. The black elder (S. nigra) can be used as an insecticide in the garden aor to repel insects fromt he face and body. A simple infusion of the fresh leaf is made for this purpose. It can also be poured down mouse and mole holes. The berries are used for jam, wine, pies, and syrups. Medicinally, they help coughs, colic, diarrhea, sore throats, asthma, and flu. A pinch of cinnamon makes the tea more warming. The leaves are added to salves fro skin conditions. The flowers are infused for fevers, eruptive skin conditions such as measles, and severe bronchial and lung problems. A classic flu remedy is a mixture of elderflower, yarrow and peppermint teas. Keep the patient well covered, as the flowers promote sweating. Use two teaspoons of the herbs per cup of water, steep for twenty minutes, and take up to three cups a day. Parts Used:� Leaf, flower, and berry Magical Uses:� Elder wands can be used to drive out evil spirits or thought forms. Music on panpipes or flutes made of elder have the same power of the wands. A Dryad "Elder Mother" is said to live in the tree; she will haunt anyone who cuts down her wood. Stand or sleep under an elder on Midsummer Eve to see the King of the Faeries and his retinue pass by. The flowers are used in wish-fulfillment spells. The leaves , flowers, and berries ae strewn on aperson, place or thing to bless it. Wood is NOT to be burned as it is sacred to Hecate. Flowers are used for altar offerings. Hung over doorways and windows, it keeps evil from the house. Carry Elder to preserve against the temptation to commit adultery. Use for: Money; Riches; Love; Blessings; Banishing; Releasing; Consecration; Cursing; Purification; Cleansing. EUCALYPTUS: (Eucalyptus spp.) Perhaps the ultimate healing oil. The Eucalyptus genus comprises over 500 species of aromatic trees and shrubs with deciduous bark. The most common species, Tasmanian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus globulus) has a blue-gray trunk, blue-green juvenile leaves, green adult leaves, and white flower stamens. Eucalyptus leaves, scented of balsamic camphor, are used by aboriginals to bind wounds; the flower nectar gives honey; and the oil, distilled from the leaves and twigs, is used in medicines, aromatherapy, and perfumes. Eucalyptus oil is antiseptic, expectorant, and anti-viral, treats pulmonary tuberculosis, lowers blood sugar levels, and is useful for burns, catarrh and flu. The roots of Eucalyptus trees secrete a poisonous chemical, inhibiting the growth of nearby plants. Parts Used:� Leaf, twigs, wood, sap and essential oil Magical Uses: Add to all healing blends. Apply (undiluted) to the body to relieve colds. Also used in purification mixtures. For protection, carry the leaves. Aromatherapy Uses: Blue Gum: Burns; Blisters; Cuts; Herpes; Insect Bites; Lice; Skin Infections; Wounds; Muscular Aches and Pains; Poor Circulation; Rheumatoid Arthritis, Sprains; Asthma; Bronchitis; Catarrh; Cough; Sinusitis; Throat Infections; Chicken Pox; Colds; Epidemics; Flu; Measles; Cystitis; Leukorrhea; Nervous Debility; Headaches; Neuralgia; Insect Repellent. Key Qualities: Stimulating; Refreshing; Clearing; Purifying; Balsamic; Regulating. Lemon Eucalyptus: (E. citriodora) Athlete's Foot and other Fungal Infections (such as Candida); Cuts; Dandruff; Herpes; Infectious Skin Conditions (such as Chicken Pox); Asthma; Laryngitis; Sore Throat; Colds; Fevers; Infectious Diseases; Insect Repellent. Key Qualities: Invigorating; Active; Stimulating. EYEBRIGHT: (Euphrasia officionalis) A Druid sacred herb. This semiparasitic annual extracts its nutrients from the roots of certain grasses found in poor meadowland. It has tiny oval leaves and small, scallop-edged, white flowers with yellow spots and red veins, resembling a bloodshot eye. The slightly bitter leaves have been used in salads. A whole plant infusion or strained juice from crushed, fresh stems is a general eye tonic treating strain and infections, and is a popular cosmetic wash, giving sparkle to eyes. Its antiseptic, mildly astringent, inflammation-and phlegm-reducing properties ease the irritated eyes and runny nose of hay-fever and sinusitis. Parts Used:� Flower, leaf, and twigs Magical Uses: In a tightly covered pot gently brew a handful of the herb in a pint of boiling water. Allow to stand overnight. Strain out the herb, squeezing as dry as possible. Store the liquid in a tightly sealed container away from sunlight and heat but not in the refrigerator. Drink a half teaspoon in a half cup of spring water or psychic herb tea to promote clairvoyance, clear the mind and improve memory. Burn as incense for clairvoyance and divination. Carry when you need to see the truth in a matter. FENNEL: (Foeniculum vulgare) Sacred to the God. This biennial or perennial herb has finely cut feathery foliage, umbels of midsummer flowers, curved, ribbed seeds and a thick root, all with a fresh anise seed flavor. The seeds are chewed to allay hunger and ease indigestion. They are brewed for constipation, to increase breast milk and regulate menstruation; with root extract, they are detoxifying and diuretic. Research indicates Fennel helps repair the liver after alcohol damage. Seed and leaf steam aids deep skin cleansing, and the essential oil is used in a muscle-toning massage. Fennel oil should not be used by epileptics or young children. To help with indigestion and gas, pour boiling water over crushed fennel seeds (one teaspoon seed to a pint of water). The seeds are simmered in syrups for coughs, shortness of breath and wheezing. Powdered fennel seeds repel fleas from pets' sleeping quarters. Place fennel inside a fish when you cook it to make it more digestible. The seeds and root help clean the liver, spleen, gall bladder, and blood. The leaves and seeds when boiled with barley increase breast milk. The tea and broth of this herb are said to help in weight loss programs. Fennel is eaten in salads, soups, and breads. Fennel oil mixed with honey can be taken for coughs, and the tea is used as a gargle. The oil is eaten with honey to allay gas and it is applied externally to rheumatic swellings. The seeds are boiled to make an eye wash: use one half teaspoon of seed per cup of water, three times a day, and be sure to strain carefully before use. Parts Used:� Leaf, root and seeds Magical Uses:� Hang over doors with St. John's Wort at Litha to repel evil spirits. Carry fennel to influence others to trust your words. Use for: Protection; Healing; Health; Purification. Aromatherapy Uses:� Bruises; Dull, Oily, Mature Complexions; Cellulitis; Obesity; Edema; Rheumatism; Asthma; Bronchitis; Anorexia; Colic; Constipation; Dyspepsia; Flatulence; Hiccoughs; Nausea; Menopausal Problems; Insufficient Milk in Nursing Mothers. Key Qualities: Stimulating; Balancing; Restorative; Revitalizing; Purifying; Cleansing. FERNS: Especially Male Fern (Dryopteris filixmas), Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum pedatum), Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), Lady Fern, Polypody, or Oak Fern (Polypodium vulgare). The Druids classified ferns as sacred trees. Uncurled fronds of Male fern were gathered at Midsummer, dried and carried for good luck. The mysterious regeneration of ferns led to the ancient belief that their seed could confer invisibility. The root was added to love potions and the fronds eaten by those embarking on love quests. Male Fern: The fall gathered root is a remedy for tapeworm. A few hours after it has been ingested, a purgative is given. Begin the vermifuge process by eating fresh garlic. Take one to four teaspoons of the liquid extract of the root, or of the powdered root, on an empty stomach and follow several hours later with castor oil. Caution: do not ingest alcohol while taking this herb. Overdose can result in blindness and death. The roots are added to healing salves for wounds and rubbed into the limbs of children with rickets. Parts Used:� Leaf and root Magical Uses:� Fern "seeds" are said to render on invisible if gathered on Midsummer's Eve. Ferns are also said to be an herb of immortality. Moonwort (Botrychium lunaria) is especially effective if gathered by moonlight. This fern aids in opening locks and breaking charms, is used in love spells and has the alchemical reputation of being an herb to convert quicksilver into silver. Use it to conjure money. Burned indoors, dried male fern fronds produce a very strong wall of protection. Burned outdoors they produce rain. Use for: Luck; Love; Banishing; Releasing; Exorcism; Defense. FEVERFEW: (Tanacetum parthenum) Also known as Featherfoil or Flirtwort. Semievergreen Feverfew has pungent, divided, medium to yellow-green leaves and white daisy flowers appearing in summer. The leaves add a bitter tang to food and are found in digestive ap�ritifs. They relax blood vessels, reduce inflammation and are mildly sedative. Feverfew's importance lies in its success in reducing some migraines. Chewed daily its accumulative effect is to reduce headache pains and inhibit the secretion of a compound implicated in migraine and arthritis; infused flowering tops are applied to ease headaches and arthritic swellings. A tea is taken for tinnitus and irregular periods. Warning: Fresh leaves can irritate the mouth. Parts Used:� Leaf, flower, essential oil Magical Uses: Travelers carries it as a ward against sickness or accidents during their journeys. Protection; Purification; Defense; Cleansing. FIR, SILVER: (Abies alba) Also known as Birth Tree. A Druid sacred tree. The Silver Fir grows to a height of 180 feet. This was the original Christmas tree from central Europe, chosen for its long lasting, aromatic needles. The bark resin is distilled to make Strassburg turpentine. The buds and leaves are distilled to make the expectorant and antiseptic Silver Pine needle oil, which is used in cough drops and asthma inhalations, and to give pine scent to toiletries. Parts Used:� Leaf tips, bark, wood, seeds, and sap Magical Uses: � The needles are burned at childbirth to bless and protect the mother and baby. Burn for Happiness; Harmony; Peace; Inspiration; and Wisdom. FLAX: (Linum usitatissimum) Also called Linseed. Annual Flax has slender stems with linear green leaves, beautiful, flat blue flowers, and oily brown seeds. A teaspoon of the seed is placed in a quart of water and gently simmered down to one-half quart. The resulting liquid is given for constipation, for ulcerated sore throat, and as an exectorant for bronchitis in one-fourth cup doses throughout the day. To pass a gallstone, take one and a half to two tablespoons of linseed oil and lie on your left sied for a half hour. The whole seeds (about two tablespoons) can be taken with plenty of water to relieve constipation. Follow with stewed prunes or prune juice. The cooked seeds are added to fresh grated carrots, and the mix is warmed to make a poultice to rheumatism and swellings. Parts Used:� Seed Magical Uses:� the chld who runs or dances in a flax field at the age of seven is assured of growing up to be attractive. Newborn babies are placed in a flax field to sleep for similar reasons. The blue flowers are worn as a preservative against sorcery. Sprinkle the altar with flax seeds while performing healing rituals or include it in healing mixtures. Use for: Protection; Psychic Awareness; Money. FOXGLOVE: (Digitalis purpurea) Also known as Fairy Gloves, Fairy Fingers, or Dead Men's Bells. A Druid sacred herb associated with the "little people". Caution: This plant is poisonous and should be used by qualified personnel only. Magical Uses: Grow in a garden for protection of house and yard. FRANKINCENSE: (Boswellia carteri) A small tree or shrub, with pinnate leaves, and white or pale pink flowers. It yields a natural oleo-resin gum, which is used to make a healing incense, which induces a meditative state. Frankincense essential oil is also useful in promoting spirituality and meditative states. Dilute before applying to the skin as it may be irritating. Pliny claimed that Frankincense was an antidote to hemlock poisoning. Avicenna advocated its use for tumors, fevers, vomiting, and dysentary. Chinese herbalists use it in powder form and in teas for rheumatism and menstrual pain, and externally as a wash for sores and bruises. The dose is three to six grains in a glass of wine; or twenty drops of the tincture. Frankincense is highly antiseptic and the scent is said to calm and clear the mind. Caution: Prolonged use of resins can damage the kidneys. Parts Used:� Resin Magical Uses: � Sacred to the Sun God Ra, frankincense is buned in rites of exorcism, purification, and protection. It is said to accelerate spiritual growth. Rosemary may be used as a substitute. (Oil)Anoint tools, sachets or the body. Use for spirituality, exorcism, purification, luck and protection rites. (Resin)burn for protection, exorcism, spirituality, love, consecration, blessing, energy, strength, visions, healing, meditation, power and courage. Aromatherapy Uses: (Oil) Blemishes; Dry and Mature Complexions; Scars; Wounds; Wrinkles; Asthma; Bronchitis; Colds; Coughs; Flu; Laryngitis; Cystitis; Anxiety; Nervous Tension; Stress-related Conditions. Frankincense has the ability to slow down, and deepen the breath - very conducive to prayer and meditation. Back to the Top GALANGAL: (Alpinia officionalis or A. galanga) Also known as Low John the Conquerer or Siamese Ginger. Galangal has dark green, sword-shaped leaves, white flowers with pink veins, round red seed capsules, and a rhizomous rootstalk that smells of ginger and camphor. The rhizome has a spicy, gingerlike flavor used in Southeast Asia soups and curries. The young shoots and flowers are eaten raw and the flowers can be boiled or pickled. The rhizome yields an essential oil, essence d'Amali, used in perfumes. Magical Uses:� Use tincture for luck, money, protection, exorcism and psychic development. Ginger can be substituted. GARDENIA: (Gardenia jasmenoides) This evergreen shrub or small tree has exquisitely scented white double flowers and orange-red fruits, with glossy, dark green leaves. Parts Used:� Flower Magical Uses: Health, Healing; Love; Peace; Psychic Awareness; Spirituality. Place fresh blossoms in sick rooms or on healing altars to aid the process. Add dried petals to healing mixtures. Dried gardenia is scattered around a room to induce peaceful vibrations. Add to Moon incenses. Gardenias are used in love spells, and to attract good spirits during rituals. They have very high spiritual vibrations. GARLIC:� (Allium sativum) Garlic has a clustered bulb made up of several bulblets (cloves) enclosed in a papery tunic. It has a single stem with long, thin leaves and an ubmel of edible, rose-tinted white summer flowers and a bulb whose flavor increases the more it is sliced or crushed. Cooking with fresh ginger prevents the slight nausea some experience with Garlic. Garlic repels insects and can be applied to their bites and stings. The cloves add flavor to savory dishes, especially in hot countries where the plants develop the best flavor. Garlic purifies the blood, helps control acne, and reduces blood pressure, cholesterol, and clotting. Tests confirm antibiotic activity against samples of candida, cholora, staphylococcus, salmonella, dysentery, and typhus: and a mild antifungal action. Garlic clears phlegm, thus providing treatment for colds, bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, and whooping cough. New tests suggest it has a role in treating lead poisoning, some carcinomas and diabetes. It's said that growing garlic around potatoes reduces potato blight. The garlic bulb is one of the great herbal "polycrests" - herbs of many uses. Fresh garlic is a preventative and a cure for intestinal worms. It is generally taken in one-teaspoon doses, three to six times a day, with some grated fresh ginger root. Garlic is a natural antibiotic for internal and external use. Mash it and use as a wound dressing. For a sore throat, lightly roast unpeeled cloves in a dry frying pan, peel them when they grow soft, and eat them. For pinworms, a slightly smashed fresh clove can be inserted into the rectum with olive oil. For vaginal infections, smash a few cloves and wrap them in cheese cloth. Insert directly into the vagina. Fresh raw garlic is more effective than the powdered and extracted forms available for sale. Garlic has been shown to be more effective than tetracycline as an antibiotic. CAUTION: Pregnant women and persons with "hot and fiery" temperaments should avoid overuse of garlic. Parts Used:� Bulb Magical Uses:� In the home, braids of garlic guard against evil, repel thieves, and turn away the envious. And of course, garlic protects against vampires. It is a very effective blessing for a new home. Garlic was eaten on festival days to Hecate and was left at a crossroads as a sacrifice in Her name. Garlic was once worn to guard against the plague. It is still used to absorb diseases. Simply rub fesh, peeled cloves of garlic onto the afflicted part of the body tehn throw into running water. An old spell utilized garlic in protecting against hepatitis. To do this, simply wear thirteen cloves of garlic at the end of a cord around the neck for thirteen days. On the last day, in the middle of the night, walk to a corner of an intersection of two streets, remove the necklace, throw it behind you and run home without looking back Garlic is also extemely protective. Sailors carry some while on board ship to protect against its wrecking. Soldiers wore garlic as a defense in the middle ages, while Roman soldiers ate it to give them courage. Worn, garlic guards against foul weather (mountaineers wear it) as well as monsters, and it also shields you from the blows of your enemies. When evil spirits are about, bite into garlic to send them away, or sprinkle powdered garlic on the floor (if you don't mind smelling it for some time.) Garlic is placed beneath children's pillows to protect them while asleep, and brides once carried a clove of garlic in the pocket for good luck and to keep evil far from her on her big day. Rubbed onto pots and pans before cooking, it removes negative vibrations which might otherwise contaminate the food. When eaten, garlic acts as a lust-inducer, and when a magnet or lodestone is rubbed with garlic it loses its magical powers. GINGER: (Zingiber officionale) Ginger has an aromatic rhizome, erect stems of two ranks, lance-shaped leaves, and spikes of white flowers. The rhizome is used fresh, dried, pickled and preserved. Essential to Asian dishes. Crystalized or infused Ginger suppresses nausea. Ginger tea eases indigestion and flatulence, and reduces fever. the root is warming to the body, is slightly antiseptic, and promotes internal secretions. Chop about two inches of the fresh root, cover with one cup of water, and simmer for about twenty minute, or one-half teaspoon of the powdered root can be simmered in one cup of water. Add lemon juice, honey, and a slight pinch of cayenne. A few teaspoons of brandy will make and even more effective remedy for colds. This preparation treats fevers, chest colds, and flu. A bath or a foot-soak in hot ginger tea is also beneficial. The tea without additives helps indigestion, colic, diarrhea, and alcoholic gastritis. Dried ginger in capsules or in juice is taken to avoid carsickness and seasickness. Use about one half teaspoon of the powder. It works well for pets and children! Parts Used:� Root Magical Uses:� Powerfully spicy, Ginger essential oil is useful in sexuality; love; courage; and money attracting blends. Eating Ginger before performing spells will lend them power, since you have been "heated up" by the Ginger; this is especially true of love spells. Ginger is also used in Success spells, or to ensure the success of a magical operation. In the Pacific the Dobu islanders make much use of ginger in their magic. They chew it and spit it at the "seat" of an illness to cure it, and also spit chewed ginger at an oncoming storm, while at sea, to halt it. Aromatherapy Uses� Arthritis; Fatigue; Muscular Aches and Pains; Poor Circulation; Rheumatism; Sprains; Strains; Catarrh; Congestion; Coughs; Sinusitis; Sore Throat; Diarrhea; Colic; Cramp; Flatulence; Indigestion; Loss of Appetite; Nausea; Travel Sickness; Chills; Colds; Flu; Fever; Infectious Disease; Debility; Nervous Exhaustion. Key Qualities: Tonic; Aphrodisiac; Stimulating; Warming; Cephalic; Comforting GINSENG: Oriental(Panax ginseng) or North American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) roots older than two years are a famous yang stimulant (North American less so than Oriental). Rather than treating specific problems, Ginseng strengthens the body by increasing the efficiency of the endocrine, metabolic, circulatory, and digestive systems. It reduces physical, mental, and emotional stress by increasing oxygen-carrying red blood cells and immune strengthening white blood cells and eliminating toxins. Warning-Ginseng should not be taken continuously. Parts Used:� Root Magical Uses: Lust; Creative Work; Love; Wishes; Beauty; Protection; Can be substituted for Mandrake. The root is carries to attract love, as well as to guard one's health, to draw money, and to ensure sexual potency. Ginseng will also bring beauty to all who carry it. HAWTHORN: (Cratageus spp.) Also known as May Tree, May Blossom, or White Thorn. A Druid sacred tree, this deciduous, thorny shrub has serrated, lobed leaves, dense white flower clusters in late spring, and red false fruits (haws). The flowers consist of five white petals, sacred to the Goddess. During World War I, young Hawthorn leaves were used as substitutes for tea and tobacco, and the seeds were ground in place of coffee. The berry is a superior heart tonic, useful for almost any heart condition. Cholesterol problems and valvular diseases are benefited. The berries also strengthen the appetite and digestion. Extended use lowers blood pressure. Hawthorn berry is a good remedy for the nerves and for insomnia. The berries are simmered or tinctured. Simmer two teaspoons of berries per cup of water for twenty minutes. The dose is a quarter cup four times a day. Take ten to twenty drops of tincture four times a day. The flowers are taken as a tea to benefit the heart. Steep two teaspoons of flowers per cup of water for twenty minutes; the dose is a quarter cup four times a day. Parts Used:� Berry and flower Magical Uses:� Hawthorn is the classic flower to decorate a maypole. An herb of fertility, it finds its place in weddings, May Day celebrations, and ritual groves. Beltaine was once reckoned as the day the hawthorn first bloomed. Wands made of hawthorn have great power. The blossoms are highly erotic. Use for Fertility magic; Protection; Defense; and Chastity. Hawthorn is sacred to the fairies, and is part of the tree fairy triad of Britain "Oak, Ash and Thorn" and where all three trees grow together it is said that one may see fairies. HAZEL: (Corylus avellana) Also called European Filbert. A Druid sacred tree, Hazel is a deciduous, suckering shrub with pendulous male catkins in spring and clusters of nuts in autumn. The leaves have served as a tobacco substitute. Hazel nuts are rich in phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and copper. Culpeper says that hazel nuts with mead or honey will cure a chronic cough. These are made into an "electuary". Grind the nuts in an electric blender, then add mead or honey or form a past, which is eaten several times a day in tablespoon doses. Add pepper to discharge phlegm. Parts Used:� Nut Magical Uses:� Hazel is an ancient Celtic tree of wisdom, inspiration, and poetry. Hazel nuts are eaten before divination. Diancecht, the god of healing, invented a porridge that would cure colds, sore throats, and worms. According to legend, it consisted of hazel buds, dandelions, chickweed, sorrel, and oatmeal. It was to be taken in the mornings and evenings. Wands of Hazel symbolize white magic and healing. Forked sticks are used to find water or buried treasure. If outside and in need of magical protection quickly, draw a circle around yourself with a hazel branch. To enlist the aid of plant fairies, string hazelnuts on a cord and hang up in your house or ritual room. Healing; Protection; Luck; Clairvoyance; Divination; Inspiration; Wisdom; Defense; Fertility; Wishes. HEATHER: (Calluna vulgaris) A Druid Sacred Herb, there are more than a thousand cultivars from this low-growing, evergreen species, which has scale like leaves and crowded racemes of flowers. Heather provides a support system for rural farmers, who use it for fuel, thatch, fodder, tea, and as a dye. Growing the plants increases the soils fertility. The flowering shoots of heather are used for insomnia, stomach pains, coughs, and skin problems. Heather, used fresh or dry, strengthens the heart and slightly raises the blood pressure. Heather is slightly diuretic. Fresh or dried heather shoots are simmered, four teaspoons to a cup of water; the dose is one-half cup a day. Parts Used:� Flowering shoot Magical Uses: Heather is a Goddess herb associated with the planet Venus and sacred to Isis. It is carried as a guard against rape and other violent crimes, or just to bring good luck. White heather is the best for this purpose. Heather when burned with fern outside attracts rain, or dip heather and fern in water and sprinkle around to conjure rain. Heather has also long been used to conjure ghosts. Red Heather is used for passion, to start or end an affair. Purple for spiritual development. White for cooling passions of unwanted suitors. HOLLY: (Ilex aquifolium) The American variety is Ilex opaca. A Druid sacred tree. Sacred to the Winter Solstice, when it is used for decorating. The leaf is dried and used as tea for fevers, bronchitis, bladder problems, and gout. Steep a half ounce of the chopped leaf in boiled water for twenty minutes; take up to one cup a day. The juice of the fresh leaf is helpful in jaundice; take one tablespoon per day. CAUTION: the berries are poisonous! Parts Used:� Leaf Magical Uses: Holly, with it's warrior-like bristles, is known as an herb of protection. Cast it about to repel unwanted animals and spirits. Sprinkle newborn babies with "holly water" (water in which holly has been soaked, especially if left under a full moon overnight) to keep them happy and safe. Holly is one of the evergreens brought into the home by Druids. It symbolizes a willingness to allow the nature spirits to share one'e abode during the harsh, cold season. Planted near a house, holly repels negative spells sent against you. A bag of leaves and berries carried by a man increases his ability to attract women. Carry to promote good luck. Energy; Power; Strength; Protection. After midnight on a Friday, without making a sound, gather nine holly leaves, preferably from a non-spiny plant. Wrap these up in a white cloth using nine knots the tie the ends together. Place this beneath your pillow, and your dreams will come true. The traditional crowns for the bride and groom are made of holly (a male plant) and ivy (a female plant), wreaths and altar decoration are made of these as well. HONEYSUCKLE: (Lonicera japonica) This evergreen or semi-evergreen vine has hairy leaves and fragrant spring to summer flowers that open white and turn yellow, followed by poisonous black berries. Properties cited are for the common flower that grows wild, rather that the ornamental varieties. The flowers have a broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against salmonella, staphyloccus, and streptococcus. Chinese herbalists have long recognized honesuckle as an antibiotic herb for colds, flus, and fevers. Sore throats, conjuctivitis, and inflammations of the bowel, urinary tract, and reproductive organs have been treated with it. It is said to be useful in treating cancer. Combine it with seeds of Forsythia suspensii, the well-known yellow flowering shrub, or Echinacea augustifolia or E. purpurea for maximum antivirul and antibacterial effect. Steep two teaspoons per cup for twenty minutes. The dose is a quarter cup, four times a day. Parts Used:� Flower Magical Uses:� Health-Healing; Love; Luck; Creativity; Prophetic Dreams; Protection; Psychic Awareness; Divination; Clairvoyance; Anointing; Balance. Lightly crush the fresh flowers and then rub on the forehead to heighten psychic powers. Ring green candles with honeysuckle flowers to attract money. HOPS: (Humulus lupulus) Also known as Beer Flavor. A Druid sacred herb, this herbaceous twining herb has large toothed leaves and flowers with a distinctive scent of beer. The young shoots are eaten as a vegetable and the leaves blanched for soups, but Hops are cultivated mainly for the brewing industry. The ripe, female flowers, called "strobiles," are added to beer to flavor, clarify, and preserve it. A pillow stuffed with dried hops aids sleep and healing. Parts Used:� Flower Magical Uses: Use in exorcism incenses and mixtures, as well as healing sachets. HOREHOUND: (Marrubium vulgare) Horehound is a woolly herb with a faint scent of wormwood, crinkled hairy leaves, and flowering stems with whorls of small white blossoms. Navajo mothers were given a root decoction before and after childbirth. Horehound's woolly leaves were once used to clean milk pails, and the dried flower remains were floated on oil as candle wicks. The leaves are used in tonics, liqueurs, and ales, and are made into expectorant and antiseptic cough drops. An infusion relaxes muscles, and helps expel mucus, treating bronchitis, croup, and asthma. It destroys intestinal worms, and acts as a digestive and liver tonic and a laxative. The tea is used internally and externally to treat eczema and shingles. Parts Used:� Leaf Magical Uses:� Use in protective sachets and carry to guard against sorcery and fascination. Also scattered as an exorcism herb. Drink an infusion of the herb and it will clear your mind and promote quick thinking as well as strengthen the mental powers. Horehound, when mixed with ash leaves and placed in a bowl of water, releases healing vibrations, and should be placed in a sickroom. HYSSOP: Hysopus officinalis Hyssop is a semievergreen shrub or subshrub with aromatic leaves and spikes of blue, two-lipped, late-summer flowers. The leaf is added to liqueurs, adds bit to sweet and savory dished, and aids in the digestion of fatty meat. Once used for purifying temples and cleansing lepers, the leaves contain an antiseptic, antiviral oil. A mold that produces penicillin grows on the leaves. An infusion id taken as a sedative expectorant for flu, bronchitis, and phlegm. A leaf poultice treats bruises and wounds. The antiseptic, antiviral, but hazardous essential oil is used in perfumes and to treat cold sores, disperse bruises, and heal scars. Hyssop is added to potpourri and laundry rinses. Hyssop is used in companion to distract cabbage butterflies and planted near vines to increase yield. It should be avoided when pregnant and by those with hypertension and epilepsy. The herb is used (often in combination with sage, which has similar properties, or horehound) for respiratory tract infections. Flu, sore throats, lung complaints, asthma, chronic bronchitis, gas, adn bloating are treated by it. Externally, it is used as a wound herb for bruises, injuries, and rheumatism. The green tops of the herb can be added to soups to benefit asthmatics. Hyssop baths are useful for rheumatic complaints. Make a standard infusion of the herb using two teaspoons per cup of water and steeping for twenty minutes. The dose is one-fourth cup four times a day. Parts Used:� The above ground portions of the herb Magical Uses:� Hyssop was a holy herb of the ancient Greeks, used to cleanse sacred spaces. It is the most widely used purification herb in magic. Hyssop can be burned in incense, worn, used in decorations, and added to the chalice. Use a bunch to ritually "sweep" the altar as a preparation for a ceremonial rite. It is added to baths in sachets, infused and sprinkled on objects or persons to cleanse them, and hung up in the home to purge it of evil negativity. Aromatherapy Uses � Bruises; Cuts; Dermatitis; Eczema; Inflammation; Wounds; Low or High Blood Pressure; Rheumatism; Asthma; Bronchitis; Catarrh; Cough; Flu; Sore Throat; Tonsillitis; Whooping Cough; Colic; Indigestion; Amenorrhea; Leukorrhea; Anxiety; Fatigue; Nervous Tension; Stress related Conditions. Key Qualities: Tonic; Cephalic; Nervine; Warming; Calming; Purifying; Cleansing; Aphrodisiac; Mental Stimulant; balancing. IVY: (Hedera helix) A Druid Sacred Herb. An ancient plant, believed by the Greeks to treat intoxication, its toxic leaves are used as a poultice to soothe neuralgia, rheumatism, and sciatica, and in a tincture for toothache and whooping cough. They reduce fevers, expel worms and in a compress, reduce cellulite. They contain saponins and in solution, darken hair, blacken silk and taffeta. Ivy leaves kill some amoebas, fungi and mollusks. Tender ivy twigs are simmered in salves to heal sunburn; follow the standard instruction for salves. The leaves are used as a douche for vaginal infections. Externally, ivy is used in poultices to heal nerves, sinews, ulcers, enlarged glands, boils and abscesses. Parts Used:� Twig and leaf Magical Uses:� Connected with the Winter Solstice when it is used for decorating. Ivy provides protection when growing on or near a house. Ivy is equated with fidelity and is woven into marriage wreaths. Use in charms to bind luck, love, and fidelity to your person. It is paired with holly, magically. Ivy is carried by women for good luck in general, and is worn by brides for the same reason. Traditional crowns for the bride and groom are made of holly (a male plant) and ivy (a female plant). Wreaths and altar decorations are made from these as well. JASMINE: (Jasminum officionale) Common Jasmine is a deciduous shrub with strongly scented, white summer flowers. The flowers make a tea that calms the nerves and increases erotic feelings. Steep two teaspoons of flowers per cup of water for twenty minutes. The dose is a quarter cup,, four times a day. The oil of the leaf is rubbed on the head to heal the eyes. A syrup of jasmine flowers and honey will help with coughs and lung complaints. The essential oil of jasmine is said to help menstrual pain and lung problems. CAUTION: The berries are poisonous. Parts Used:� Flower Magical Uses: Symbolic of the moon and of the mysteries of the night. Jasmine essential oil is useful for sexuality, DON'T use synthetics! Dried Jasmine flowers are added to sachets and other love mixtures. They will attract a spiritual (as opposed to a physical)love. The flowers will also draw wealth and money if carried, burned or worn. Jasmine will also cause prophetic dreams if burned in the bedroom, and the flowers are smelled to induce sleep. Use for: Anointing; Balance; Luck; Fortune; Justice; Happiness; Harmony; Peace; Prophetic dreams; Meditation; Money; Riches; Astral Projection. Aromatherapy Uses Aphrodisiac; Dry, greasy, irritated skin; Muscular spasms; sprains; Coughs; Hoarseness; Laryngitis; Frigidity; Labor Pains; Uterine Disorders; Depression; Nervous Exhaustion; Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: Intoxicating; Uplifting; Anti-depressant; Euphoric; Balancing; Warming; Tonic. JUNIPER: (Juniperus communis) A Druid sacred tree, Juniper is an evergreen tree or shrub with needle-like leaves in threes and berrylike cones that ripen to blue-black in their second or third year. Primarily a diuretic, the berries help digestive problems, gastrointestinal inflammations, and rheumatism. The berries are taken as a tea (simmer two teaspoons per cup of water for ten minutes; take up to one cup four times a day), or taken as jam or syrup in water, mild, or herb tea. The dry berries can be chewed; three a day is sufficient. CAUTION: Pregnant women and people with weak kidneys should not use juniper berry. Parts Used:� Berry and young twig Magical Uses:� Probably one of the earliest incenses used by Mediterranean Witches. Its berries were used with thyme in Druid and grove incenses for visions. Juniper grown by the door discourages thieves. The mature berries can be strung in the house to attract love. Men use the berries to increase potency. Burn Juniper as incense for: Exorcism; Protection; Healing; Love. The Essential oil is useful in protection, purification and healing blends. Aromatherapy Uses Acne; Dermatitis; Eczema; Hair Loss; Hemorrhoids; Wounds; Tonic for Oily Complexions; Accumulation of Toxins; Arteriosclerosis; Cellulite; Gout; Obesity; Rheumatism; Colds; Flu; Infections; Anxiety; Nervous Tension; Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: Aphrodisiac; Purifying; Clearing; Depurative; Nerve Tonic; Reviving; Protective; Restorative. Back to the top LAVENDER: (Lavandula species) Also called Elf Leaf; Nard; Nardus; Spike. There are 28 species of these aromatic, evergreen, shrubby, perennials, all with small, linear leaves and spikes of fragrant, usually purple or blue, two-lipped flowers. The best-quality essential oil is from L. stoechas and L. angustifolia. Aromatic oil glands cover all aerial parts of the plants but are most concentrated in the flowers. The flowers flavor jams, vinegar, sweets, cream, and Proven�al stews, and are crystallized for decoration. Dried flowers add long-lasting fragrance to sachets and potpourri. Flower water is a skin toner useful for speeding cell renewal and is an antiseptic for acne. Flower tea treats anxiety, headaches, flatulence, nausea, dizziness, and halitosis. The essential oil is a highly valued perfume and healer. It is antiseptic, mildly sedative, and painkilling. It is applied to insect bites, and treats burns, sore throats and headaches. Queen Elizabeth I is said to have consumed up to 10 cups of lavender water a day to relieve migraines. The oil is used for intestinal gas, migraine, and dizziness. Being antiseptic, lavender is added to healing salves. A tea of the leaf allays nausea and vomiting. Use two teaspoons per cup of water and steep for twenty minutes. The dose is one-fourth cup four times a day. Steep lavender blossoms in white wine and strain to make a natural antidepressant beverage. Lavender and rose petal vinagar is applied to the temples and brow to ease headache. Lavender oil is added to footbaths, eases toothaches and sprains, and is used as a rub for hysteria and palsy. Parts Used:� Flower and leaf Magical Uses:� Lavender is strewn into bonfires at Midsummer as an offering to the Gods and Goddesses. An ingredient of love spells, its scent is said to attract men. Lavender in the home brings peace, joy and healing. The essential oil is included in health; love; peace; and conscious mind-oriented formulas. Use to attract love; to produce sleep by anointing your forehead and pillow; to purify by adding to baths and to promote chastity and peace. Attracts elves, burn for purification, peace. Burn at Litha as an offering. Love; Psychic Awareness; Happiness; Creative Work; Money and Business; Anointing; Exorcism; Harmony; Peace; Healing. The odor of lavender is conducive to long life and so should be smelled as often as possible. Aromatherapy Uses Abscess; Acne; Allergies; Athlete's Foot; Boils; Bruises; Burns; Dermatitis; Eczema; Inflammation; Insect Bites and Stings; Lice; Psoriasis; Ringworm; Scabies; Spots; Sunburn; Wounds; Lumbago; Rheumatism; Sprains; Asthma; Bronchitis; Catarrh; Flu; Halitosis; Throat Infections; Whooping Cough; Colic; Dyspepsia; Flatulence; Nausea; Cystitis; Dysmenorrhea; Leukorrhea; Depression; Headache; Hypertension; Insomnia; migraine; Nervous Tension; Stress. Key Qualities: Soothing; Sedative; Antidepressant; Calming; Relaxing; Balancing; Restorative; Cephalic; Appeasing; Cleansing; Purifying. LEMON: Citrus limon The fruit, juice, and peel of citrus fruits flavor food and drink and provide vitamin C. Essential oils from the peel scent food, cosmetics and perfume. The seed oils are used in soaps. Magical Uses: Use in Lunar oils. Wear diluted lemon oil during the Full Moon to attune with its energies. Use in purification and healing oils. Purification; Love. A Lemon may serve as a poppet. Aromatherapy Uses Acne; Anemia; Brittle Nails; Boils; Chilblains; Corns; Cuts; Greasy Skin; Herpes; Insect bites; Mouth Ulcers; Spots; Throat Infections; Warts; Arthritis; Cellulitis; High Blood Pressure; Nosebleeds; Obesity; Poor Circulation; Varicose Veins; Rheumatism; Asthma; Bronchitis; Catarrh; Dyspepsia; Colds; Flu; Fever; Infections. Key Qualities: Refreshing, Mental Stimulant; Cephalic; Purifying; Reviving; Strengthening; Soothing. LEMON BALM: Melissa officionalis This bushy herb has square stems, lemon-scented foliage, and late-summer flowers that mature from white or yellow to pale blue. Fresh leaves add a delicate flavor to many dishes, oils, vinegars, and liqueurs, provide a relaxing bath, soothe insect bites, and make a sedative and tonic tea. Parts Used:� Leaf and Flower Magical Uses: Soak in wine for 3 hours, remove and serve wine to friends and loved ones. Used in spells to ensure success. LEMONGRASS: (Cymbopogon citratus) This aromatic grass has clumped, bulbous stems becoming leaf blades and a branched panicle of flowers. The stem and leaf, used widely in Thai cuisine, have a distinct lemon flavor. Leaf tea treats diarrhea, stomachache, headaches, fevers, and flu, and is antiseptic. The essential oil is used in cosmetics, food and aromatherapy. Parts Used:� Leaf, stem and oil Magical Uses: The essential oil strengthens psychic awareness and is also useful in purification mixtures. Aromatherapy Uses Acne; Athlete's Foot; Excessive Perspiration; Open Pores; Pediculosis; Scabies; Tissue Toner; Muscular Pain; Poor Circulation and Muscle Tone; Slack Tissue; Colitis; Indigestion; Gastroenteritis; Fevers; Infectious Diseases; Headaches; Nervous Exhaustion; Stress-Related Conditions; Insect Repellent (fleas, lice and ticks). Key Qualities: Refreshing; Active; Stimulating; Soothing. LEMON VERBENA: (Aloysia triphylla syn. Lippia citriodora) Lemon Verbena has strongly lemon-scented whorls of three or four leaves along its stems and panicles of tiny, pale summer flowers. The leaves are used to flavor drinks and fruit and sweet dishes, and to make herb tea. The tea is refreshing and mildly sedative. The leaves also yield a green coloring and essential oil. The leaves and flowering tops are used to lower fevers and to relieve gas and indigestion. Lemon Verbena is calming, a sedative for the nerves. Steep two teaspoons per cup of water for twenty minutes and take one-fourth cup four times a day. Stimulating to the skin, lemon verbena makes a good facial scrub for pimples and blemishes. To make the scrub, grind the dry herb or use the powder and mix in a little natural clay and ground oatmeal, add water to make a paste. Parts Used:� Leaf and flowering top Magical Uses: � Often sold simply as "Verbena" This full lemon-scented essential oil is wonderful in love blends. Added to other mixtures to increase their strength, and is also used to purify an area or is added to bathwater for protection and purification purposes. Lemon Verbena is worn to make oneself attractive to the opposite sex, and is used in love spells and mixtures. LILAC: (Syringia vulgaris) Lilac is a deciduous, twiggy shrub or small tree with a mass of heart-shaped leaves and showy panicles of small, waxy, spring flowers. The perfume is extracted from the flowers and used commercially. The flowers were once used to treat fever. In the language of flowers, Lilac symbolizes the first emotions of love. If inhaled too deeply, however, the strong flower fragrance can cause nausea. Parts Used:� Flower Magical Uses: Lilac drives away evil where it is planted or strewn. It was originally planted in New England to keep evil from the property. The fresh flowers can be placed in a haunted house to clear it. Peace; Clairvoyance; Divination; Creativity; Happiness; Harmony; Exorcism; Protection: Psychic Awareness; Reincarnation. LIME: (Citrus limata) A small evergreen tree, up to 15 feet, with stiff, sharp soines, smooth ovate leaves, and small white flowers. The bitter fruit is a pale green color, about half the size of a lemon. The essential oil is extracted from the fruit peel. Parts Used:� Fruit Magical Uses: (Peel)Useful in purification and protection spells. The peel is used in love mixtures and incenses. Aromatherapy Uses: � Antirheumatic, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, antiviral, aperitif, bactericidal, febrifuge, restorative, tonic. Use for Acne, anemia, brittle nails, boils, chilblains, corns, cuts, greasy skin, herpes, insect bites, mouth ulcers, spots, warts, arthritis, cellulitis, high blood pressure, nosebleeds, obesity, poor circulation, rheumatism, asthma, bronchitis, catarrh, dyspepsia, colds, flu, fever, throat infections, and other infections. Key Qualities: Refreshing, Uplifting; Active. LINDEN: (Tilia spp.) Linden have small highly fragrant flowers, and can be hard to identify, since they hybridize freely. The flowers are brewed to make a tea, the classic digestive end to a continental meal, and a treatment for insomnia, nervous tension, and overwrought children. The world's most valued honey is made from Linden blossoms and is used in liqueurs and medicines. The inner bark treats kidney stones, gout and coronary disease. Parts Used:� Flower, leaf, twigs, bark and wood Magical Uses:� Bark used for protection, leaves and flowers or immortality. Good Fortune, Sleep and Love. Hang branches over the door for protection or grow in the garden. LOOSESTRIFE: (Lythrum salicaria) Purple Loosestrife has a creeping rootstock, angled stems with lance-shaped leaves, and spikes of purple-red flowers. The leaves are eaten as an emergency vegetable and fermented into a mild alcohol. The flowering plant is an intestinal disinfectant, treating diarrhea and food poisoning. It acts as a typhus antibiotic, a sore throat gargle, and is given for fever and liver problems. Parts Used:� Flower, leaf and stem Magical Uses:� Placed in the corners of each room, this herb restores harmony and brings peace. Give as a gift to bring about an accord. LOTUS: (Nelumbo nucifera or Nymphaea lotus) This aquatic herb's waxy leaves rise high above the water its long-stalked fragrant flowers open at dawn and close at sunset. Lotus stalks, leaves, petals, seeds and rhizome are all eaten. The flowers are a religious offering in many cultures and are planted for devotional reasons. The leaf of Nelumbo nucifera is used for fever, sweating, irritability, dysentery, diarrhea, and scanty urine. It is a styptic (stops bleeding) and has been used to antidote alcohol and mushroom poisoning. It affects the liver, heart, and spleen energies. The nodes of the root are used to stop bleeding and to break down blood clots. All types of internal bleeding are affected. The plumule (bud) affects the heart, kidney, and spleen. It is used to calm mental agitation and worry, relieve insomnia, and lower fevers. The seed affects the kidney, heart, adn spleen. It is used for agitation, insomnia, palpitations, dry mouth, dark urine, and chronic diarrhea. It strengthens the heart and kidneys. The leaf is steeped, and the bud, root, and seed are simmered, using two teaspoons of herb per cup of water, for twenty minutes. The dose is one-fourth cup, four times a day. Parts Used:� Leaf, node of the root, buds, and seeds Magical Uses:� Lotus is an all-purpose spiritual elixer. Burned as incense, it encourages the dead to seek their highest possible reincarnation. It reminds the living of their inner sanctity and divinity. Lotus plants thrive in murky waters. They float serenely on the stagnant surface and never a drop sticks to them. Anyone who breathes the scent of the lotus will receive its protection. It's said that if you place the root of a lotus under the tongue and say the words "SIGN, ARGIS" toward a locked door. It will open miraculously. Lotus sees and pods are used as antidotes to love spells and any part of the lotus carried or worn ensures blessing by the Gods and Good Luck. There are no true Lotus oils. Perfumers simply haven't found a way to capture the scent of the flower. Use this mix to approximate the odor: Rose, White Musk, Jasmine and Ylang-Ylang; Mix until the scent is heavy, floral and warm. Use in spirituality, healing and meditation formulas. Back to the top MACE: (Myristica fragrans) This bushy evergreen has scented leaves and tiny yellow flowers. The fruits hold the seed -nutmeg- and its aril, a red, lacy shell coating -mace. Nutmeg and Mace are culinary spices used in sweet and savory dishes in a variety of cuisines. Nutmeg increases the intoxicating and soporific effect of alcoholic drinks and is claimed to be an aphrodisiac. It is prescribed for flatulence and nausea. The essential oil is added to perfumes, soaps, hair oils, tobacco, and fumigants. The nuts yield an oil, nutmeg butter, used in skin creams. Large doses of nutmeg are toxic, because of the presence of the hallucinogen myristicin. Magical Uses: Burn to increase psychic power, or for creative work. Carry to improve the intellect. Aromatherapy Uses: Indigestion; General Weakness; Bacterial Infections; Gout; Rheumatism; Arthritis; As an aid to Circulation. MARIGOLD: (Calendula officinalis) Also known as Calendula, Holigold, Pot Marigold and Bride of the Sun. A Druid sacred herb, this cheerful annual or perennial has hairy leaves and golden-orange daisy flowers. The leaves are added to salads and garnishes of flowers color rice and fish dishes. Calendula is antiseptic and antifungal and contains hormone and vitamin A precursors. Essential oil is extracted from the petals but is extremely expensive. This is the "pot marigold" not the African variety so common in American gardens. The flowers are a healing agent. Added to fomentations, poultices and salves, they speed healing of wounds and of nerve damage. The infusion is given for intestinal problems and to clean lymph and blood. Useful in fevers, the herb can be used fresh, dry, or in tincture. For tea, steep two teaspoons of flowers per cup of water for twenty minutes; take one teaspoon per hour. Using tincture, take five to twenty drops four times a day. Parts Used:� Flower and leaf Magical Uses: � Known as "summer's bride", the yellow calendula embodies the Sun's fire and life sustaining virtue. Calendula is carried into court for a favorable verdict. In the mattress it encourages prophetic dreams. Pick in full sun. Added to bathwater it helps with he respect and admiration of everyone you meet. Garlands of marigolds strung on the doorposts stop evil from entering the house. Use for: Marriage spells; Love; Divination; Protection; Enhanced Psychic Powers. MARJORAM: (Origanum majorana) Also known as Sweet Marjoram, Wintersweet, and Pot Marjoram (O. onites). Sweet Marjoram leaves have a sweeter, spicier taste than the leaves of Oregano and Pot marjoram. It is a popular culinary herb used in salads, sauces, cheese, and in liqueurs and as part of herbes de Provence. As an aromatic tea, Sweet Marjoram aids digestion, relieves flatulence, colds and headaches, soothes nerves and encourages menstruation. Marjoram essential oil is distilled from the leaves and flowering tops. It is antioxidant, reduces skin aging, antiviral, eases spasms, and stimulates local circulation. Parts Used:� Leaf and flower Magical Uses: An infusion of marjoram, mint and rosemary can be sprinkled around the house for protection. This also works for protecting specific objects. Brings happiness to a depressed person. Violets and Marjoram, mixed together, are worn during the winter months as an amulet against colds. Grown in the garden it offers shielding powers against evil. Love; Protection; Defense; Wealth; Happiness; Purification; Cleansing. Aromatherapy Uses: Chilblains; Bruises; Tics; Arthritis; Lumbago; Muscular Aches and Stiffness; Sprains; Strains; Asthma; Bronchitis; Colds; Coughs; Colic; Constipation; Dyspepsia; Flatulence; Amenorrhea; PMS; Headache; Hypertension; Insomnia; Migraine; Nervous Tension; Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: Anaphrodisiac, stupefuing on large doses; Cephalic; Sedative; Nervine; Restorative; Warming; Comforting. MASTIC: (Pistachia lentiscus) Also known as Gum Mastic. This aromatic, evergreen shrubby tree has scented pale green spring flowers in clusters and red to black berries. The bark is tapped for mastic, its resin, which chewed in the eastern Mediterranean as a breath freshener and employed as a flavoring for bread, pastries, and the liqueur Mastiche. This resin can be difficult to find, if unavailable try substituting a combination, equal parts of gum arabic and frankincense. Parts Used: Magical Uses: Love; Magical Power; Psychic Awareness; Adds potency and power to any incense. MEADOWSWEET: (Filipendula ulnaria) Also known as Queen of the Meadow, Gravel Root, and Meadowwort. One of the three most sacred Druid herbs, (with Mint and Vervain), this herb has upright stems of wintergreen-scented, divided leaves, topped by frothy umbels of almond-scented cream flowers. The stems grow up to four feet tall and are sometimes purple. The leaves smell like almonds and the flowers give an almond flavor to mead, herb wines, jam and stewed fruit. Dried flowers scent linen and yield an astringent skin tonic. Flower buds contain salicylic aced, a chemical from which aspirin was synthesized (not from Filipendula but from Spirea, a related herb), but the herb as a whole is gentler on the stomach. Herbalists use flower tea for stomach ulcers and headaches, as an antiseptic diuretic, and for feverish colds, diarrhea, and heartburn. Meadowsweet was a favorite strewing herb of Elizabeth I. Traditional herbalists simmered the flowers in wine to treat fevers and to cure depression. The fresh flower tops, taken in tea, promote sweating. Steep two teaspoons of the herb in one cup boiled water for twenty minutes. Take one-quarter cup four times a day. A distilled water of the flowers makes an eyewash to treat burning and itching. Meadowsweet is a classic for diarrhea, especially valued for children. The leaf is added to wine to bring a "merry heart", that is, to treat depression. Meadowsweet contains methyl salicylate, making it a good herb for rheumatic compaints and flus. It is astringent and helps with indigestion. It has diuretic properties, which make it helpful in edema. The tea hads been used for respiratory tract infections, gout, and arthritis. It can help bladder and kidney problems, epilepsy, and rabies. The whole plant is used - roots, flowers, and leaves - with the root being more useful for fevers. To prepare the root, simmer two tablespoons of the dried root in one cup of water for twenty minutes. Take one cup a day. The leaf is placed in claret wine to enhance the tast, and it was at one time added to mead. Parts Used:� Root, leaf and flower Magical Uses:� According to Grieve, meadowsweet, water mint, and vervain were the three most sacred herbs of the Druids. Meadowsweet is an herb of Jupiter and is useful in love spells. Use fresh flowers to decorate the altar during love spells, use the dried petals in love mixtures. Strew about the house to keep peace. Fresh flowers should be included in the bridal bouquet. Use for: Love; Happiness; Divination; Peace. MINT: (Mentha spicata, sativa, aquatica, and others) A Druid sacred herb, most mints are creeping plants that hybridize easily, producing infinite variations. The have erect, square branching stems, aromatic foliage and flowers in leaf axils. Mints are stimulant, aid digestion, and reduce flatulence. They flavor candy, drinks, cigarettes, toothpastes, and medicines. The infuseion of the herb has been used for diarrhea and as an emmenagogue (it brings down the menses). It is a classic for colds and influenza, especially when mixed with elder flower-but be careful, as this remedy will make you sweat, and you must take care to keep well covered with blankets and woolens. Stomach flu is helped by a mint, elderflower, and yarrow combination in a standard infusion of two teaspoons per cup steeped for twenty minutes and taken in quarter-cup doses. Mint is helpful in stomach complaints, but a strong infusion will be emetic (it makes one throw up). Mint tea eases colic and eases depression. It relieves earaches when the fresh juice of a few drops of the essential oil are placed in the ear. A few drops of the oil in water, applied with a cloth, help burning and itching, heat prostration, and sunburn. Apply it directly to an itchy skin condition or sunburn. For heat prostration place the cool fomentation on the forehead and wrists. Mint tea with honey soothes a sore throat. A classic cold remedy that will unblock the sinuses is two drops of mint essential oil, two drop eucalyptus essential oil and the juice of half a lemon in a cup of hot water. The mix is first inhaled and then drunk when warm. CAUTION: No more than two drops of the essential oils should be taken at any time, and no more that two cups a day of the above mixture. Larger doses can be toxic to the kidneys. Parts Used:� The above ground protions of the herb. Magical Uses:� Mint is placed in the home as a protective herb. It belongs to the sphere of Venus and has long been used in healing potions and mixtures. The fresh leaves rubbed against the head are said to relieve headaches. Mint worn at the wrist assures that you will not be ill. Its bright green leaves and crisp scent led to its use in money and prosperity spells. Fresh mint laid on the altar will call good spirits to be present and aid you in magic, especially healing spells. Added to incenses it cleanses the house or ritual area. Use for: Protection; Healing; Prosperity; Good Luck; Fortune; Justice; Travel; Exorcism. Aromatherapy Uses: (Peppermint) Acne; Dermatitis; Ringworm; Scabies; Toothache; Neuralgia; Muscular Pain; Palpitations; Asthma; Bronchitis; Sinusitis; Spasmodic Cough; Colic; Cramps; Dyspepsia; Flatulence; Nausea; Colds; Flu; Fevers; Fainting; Headache; Mental Fatigue; Migraine; Nervous Stress; Vertigo; Halitosis; Insect Repellent. Key Qualities: Refreshing; Restorative; Nerve Tonic; Cephalic; Aphrodisiac; Mental Stimulant. MISTLETOE: (Viscum album) Also known as Birdlime, All-Heal, Druid's Herb, and Golden Bough. It is the most sacred "tree" of the Druids and rules over Winter Solstice. The berries are poisonous. Mistletoe is thought to be most powerful if growing on an oak tree. The leafy twigs, toxic in volume, are a heart tonic, reduce blood pressure, slow heart rate, strengthen capillary walls, stimulate the immune system and inhibit tumors. Mistletoe grows from norther Europe to northwest Africa and east to Asia and Japan. Different varieties are found on hard-wood and softwood trees, which include apple (the most common), elm, oak, spruce, pine, and poplar. Druids considered that the mistletoe found on oak was the most potent and sacred.V The berries ripen in midwinter and have a further peculiarity in that the ripe berries, open flowers, green berries, and immature leaves can all be found on the same plant. Mistletoe does not adher to the linear logic of most plants, wit their budding, flowering, and seed production sequence. It also seems to ignore heilotropism and geotropism, it will grow upside down, sideways, or in any direction it "chooses". Another unique feature is that it germinates only in the light, unlike most plants, which require darkness to germinate. The flower buds form in May but do not open until February. The berries ripen the following winter. The entire process, from flower to fruit, can take almost two years! Even its name mistl (different) tan tan (twig) (from the Anglo-Saxon) reminds us of its peculiarities. Mistletoe is a semi-parasitic plant, generally spread by bird droppings. It forms a globular mass that can reach up to three feet in diameter. There are male plants and female plants, and both derive thair water and minerals from the host tree and produce their own carbohydrates via photosynthesis. Mistletoe seems to hold itself aloof form the rhythms and laws of the earthly seasone, and in this way parrallels the illogical and uncontrolled growth of cancerous cells in the body. As early as 1961, laboratory studies demonstrated that mistletoe, along with other immunostimulant plants (such as eupatorium, astragalus, echinacea, acathopanax, chamomilla, and sabal), inhibited tumors in mice. Fermented mistletoe taken from oak trees was shown to stimulate the activity of killer cells and showed an especially stron effect on rat hepatomas (liver cancers). Unfermented mistletoe showed a strong effect on human leukemia (Molt 4) cells. Korean mistletoe (Viscum coloratum) was found to be more active in inhibiting the growth of leukemia L1210, especially when used fresh. Mistletoe extracts have been shown to possess significant antitumor activity, not only against murine tumore but also in cases of Lewis' lung carcinome, a colon adenocarcinoma 38 and C3H adenocarcinomas of the breast. The extracts are not toxic and may be administered in high doses. Twent drops four times a day is the average dose. Many nervous conditions such as convulsions, delirium, hysteria, neuralgia, urinary disorders, and heart conditions have benefitted from the activity of mistletoe. It has also been used to temper the spasms of epilepsy. Mistletoe strengthens the heart and has been used as a heart tonic in cases of typhoid fever. It strengthens the glanular system and has helped with inflammation of the pancreas. It promotes hormonal balance when taken daily for six months. Mistletoe is recommended for use after a stroke or when hardening of the arteries is suspected. It will stop pulmonary and intestinal bleeding caused by dysentary and typhoid. It helps to lower high blood pressure and raise low blood pressure, and it has been used to ease heavy menstrual flow, heart palpitations, hot flashes, and the anxiety associated with menopause. The fresh juice has been said to increase fertility in barren women. The green plant can be simmered using a standard concoction of two teaspoons of the herb per cup of water and taken in tablespoon doses several times a day. CAUTION:Large doses have been known to induce convulsions in children. The berries should not be used for internal consumption. They are used in salves and washes for wounds. Parts Used: Twig and leaf Magical Uses: � Not quite herb, not quite tree, beyond the limitations of classification, freed from the restrictions of convention, and resembling a constellation of stars suspended in midair from the bough of a sacred tree - such is the "spirit" of this plant. It belongs to the in-between times of dusk and dawn, or the exact interval between two seasons. It is a gateway to something "other". In Italy, there is an old tale of a radiantly beautiful fairy who appeared to a certain knight with the image of the crescent moon and the Holy Grail at her feet. In her hands she held a sprig of mistletoe. She told the knight that the mistletoe was what kept her eternally young and beautiful. Mistletoe should be cut on Midsummer's Day, or else when the moon is six days old. Druids would use a golden sickle to cut it and it wasn't allowed to touch the ground. It is traditonally hung in the home at Yule, and those who walk under it exchange a kiss of peace. Bunches of mistletoe can be hung as an all-purpose protective talisman. Long used for protection against lightening, disease, misfortune of every kind, fires and so on. Laid near the bedroom door, mistletoe gives restful sleep and beautiful dreams, as it does when placed beneath the pillow or hung at the headboard. Kiss your love beneath mistletoe and you'll stay in love. Burned, Mistletoe banishes evil. Its wood is a good choice for wands and ritual inplements. Mistletoe is an excelllent all-purpose herb. Use in spells for: Protection; Love; Hunting; Fertility; Health; Exorcism. MUGWORT: (Artemisia vulgaris) Also known as Sailor's Tobacco, Witch Herb, and Old Man. A Druid sacred herb, this aromatic perennial Its wood is a good choice for wands and ritual inplements. The plant has medium green leaves with silver, downy undersides and red-brown florets. The classic herb for premenstrual symptoms, used in tea and the bath. Use a standard infusion of two teaspoons per cup of water steeped for twenty minutes, take one-fourth cup four times a day. It makes a good foot bath for tired feet and legs. Cleansing to the liver, it promotes digestion. Mugwort in an emmenagogue, especially when combined with pennyroyal, blue cohosh, or angelica root. It is helpful in epilepsy, palsy, and hysteria and is useful for fevers. When laid among clothing, mugwort repels moths. Parts Used:� Leaf and stem Magical Uses Mugwort is burned with sandalwood or wormwood during scrying rituals, and a mugwort infusion is drunk (sweetened with honey) before divination. The infusion is also used to wash crystal balls and magic mirrors, and mugwort leaves are placed around the base of the ball (or beneath it) to aid in psychic workings. In China it is hung over doors to keep evil spirits for buildings. Mugwort is also carried to increase lust and fertility, to prevent backache, and to cure disease and madness. Placed next to the bed it aids in achieving astral projection. It is said to protect travelers from fatigue, sunstroke, wild animals, and evil spirits. MULLEIN: (Verbascum thapsus) Also known as Hag's Taper, Candlewick Plant, Aaron's Rod, Velvet Plant, and Shepherd's Club. This biennial has a rosette of woolly leaves and a tall, thick, downy, resinous stem of bright yellow flowers, followed by many-seeded capsules. The honey-scented flowers flavor liqueurs and yield skin-softening mucilage. The expectorant, soothing, and spasm-sedating properties of the leaf and flowers are used to treat raspy coughs and are added to herbal tobacco. Woolly leaf wraps preserve figs and are used as tinder and emergency bandages. The powdered leaves are sometimes called "Graveyard Dust", and can be substituted for such. The leaf is a classic remedy for bronchitis (as well as other coughs) and burning urination. Simmer two teaspoons oer cup and take a quarter cup four times a day. A tea of the flowers take before bed brings on sleep. A poultice of the leaves helps wounds and sores. The leavs steeped in vinegar and water will soothe inflammations, painful skin conditions, and hemorrhoids when used externally as a poultice. They may be used in tincture form, fifteen to forty drops every two to four hours. Parts Used:�Leaf and flower Magical Uses� In India, mullein is regarded as the most potent safeguard against evil spirits and magic, and is hung over doors, in windows and carried in sachets. It is also used to banish demons and negativity. At one time Witches and magicians used oil lamps to illuminate their spells and rites and the downy leaves and stems of the mullein often provided the wicks. Protection; Divination; Health; Courage; Determination; Exorcism; Defense. MYRRH: (Comniphora myrrha) An ancient and sacred incenses, the antiseptic, anti-inflammatory oil of Myrrh was used for embalming. It is now found in toothpaste and perfume. Myrrh was burned to Ra at noon in Ancient Egypt and was also fumed in the temples of Isis. Especially valued as a disinfectant, myrrh is used as a wash for wounds. Use as a wound wash only after the wound has been well cleaned. It has the tendency to seal wounds once it is placed on them. Use the alcohol tincture in water or the tea as a wound wash. Myrrh pormots circulation and increases heart rate and power. Said to move stagnant blood through the uterus, it has been used for menopause, menstrual irregularities , and uterine tumors. Myrrh benefits diabetes and obesity; the dose is one to fifteen grains. Combined with echinacea and mullein to one quarter part myrrh; steep two teaspoons per cup of water for twenty minutes; take a quarter cup every four hours. Myrrh, goldenseal, arnica, and cayenne can be soaked in rubbing alcohol for a few weeks to make a liniment for bruises and sprains. CAUTION:Prolonged internal use of myrrh (longer than a few weeks) can lead to kidney damage. Parts Used:� Resin Magical Uses: � Myrrh is a Goddess plant of the Moon's sphere, sacred to Isis. Burned as an incense,myrrh purifies the area, lifts the vibrations aids contemplation and meditation and creates peace. However, it is seldom burned alone; usually in conjunction with frankincense or other resins. Myrrh increases the power of any incense to which it is added. Myrrh is also included in healing incenses and sachets, and its smoke is used to consecrate, purify and bless objects such as amulets, talismans, charms, and magical tools. It also aids meditation and contemplation. The essential oil can be added to blends designed to enhance spirituality and meditation. It is also used in healing mixtures. Aromatherapy Uses: Athlete's Foot; Chapped and Cracked Skin; Eczema; Ringworm; Wounds; Wrinkles; Mature Complexions; Arthritis; Asthma; Bronchitis; Catarrh; Colds; Coughs; Sore Throats; Voice Loss; Diarrhea; Dyspepsia; Flatulence; Hemorrhoids; Loss of Appetite; Thrush; Pruritus; Treats Gum Infections and Mouth Ulcers. Key Qualities: Purifying; Uplifting; Revitalizing; Sedative, Restorative; Soothing. MYRTLE: (Myrtus communis) This dense, evergreen shrub has aromatic leaves and flower buds, creamy white flowers, and blue-black berries. The flowers are made into toilet water called eau d'ange, added with the leaves to acne ointment, and dried for potpourri. Leaf essential oil is the source of myrtol, given for gingivitis. Magical Uses: Love, Money and Riches; Creative Work; Youth. If grown on each side of a house love and peace will reside within and it is a lucky plant to grow in window boxes if a woman plants it. Aromatherapy Uses: Acne; Hemorrhoids; Oily Skin; Open Pores; Asthma; bronchitis; Catarrhal conditions; chronic Coughs; Tuberculosis; Colds; Flu; Infectious Disease. Key Qualities: Mildly stimulating; Nerve Tonic; Antiseptic; Clarifying; Cleansing; Uplifting; Aphrodisiac; Refreshing. NUTMEG: (Myristica fragrans) See Mace. Magical Uses Nutmegs have long been carried as good luck charms, and are strung with star anise and tonka beans for a potent herbal necklace. Burn for prosperity., luck, psychic awareness, fortune, clairvoyance, divination, justice, and meditation. Aromatherapy Uses: Arthritis; Gout; Muscular Aches and Pains; Poor circulation; Rheumatism; Flatulence; Indigestion; Nausea; Sluggish Digestion; Bacterial Infection; Frigidity in Women; Impotence in Men; Neuralgia; Nervous Fatigue. Key Qualities: Aphrodisiac; Analgesic; Narcotic; Tonic (nerve and heart); Comforting; Soothing; Calming; Elevating; Cephalic; Euphoric. OAK: (Quercus alba or spp.) Also known as Tanner's Bark, White Oak, and Common Oak. A Druid Holy tree, the oak was the King of trees in a grove. Oak bark and galls are astringent and antiseptic. Oak bark provides tannin and as leather tanners seemed immune to tuberculosis, the bark was used for treatment of the disease. The white oak (Q. alba) is the best for internal use. Infuse the inner bark or young leaf (before Midsummer) for douches and enemas. Internal rectal problems, hemorrhoids, leukorrhea, menstrual irregularities, and bloody urine are also benefitted. Take internally as a tea a appl externally in fomentation, to shrink varicose veins. The tea brings down fevers, treats diarrhea, and makes a wash for sores. Up to three cups a day may be safely taken. As a gargle, it treats mouth sores and sore throats. Being an astringent, it stops internal bleeding. Black oak (Q. tinctoria) and red oak (Q. rubra) can be used externally. English oak (Q. robur) can be used both externally and internally. Oak leaves are prepared in infusion for douches to treat vaginal infections; gather them before Midsummer. To prepare, steep one tablespoon per quart of water for thirty minutes. A tea of the buds is a valuable tonic for the liver; steep two teaspoons per cup of water for twenty minutes. Simmer the bark in salves to make a remedy for hemorrhoids. Parts Used:� Inner bark (cambium) and young leaf; for the leaf, use two teaspoons per cup and steep for twenty minutes; for the bark, use one tablespoon per cup and simmer for twenty minutes. Magical Uses: The Oak is a tree of the sun, and sacret to Brighid and the Dagda. Druids do not celebrate unless in the presence of an oak, yew, ash, or other sacred tree. Oak symbolized abundance, fertility, longevity, protection, and the ability to withstand the lightening blasts of spiritual awareness while remaning firmly rooted in the material. All parts of the tree are powerful protective charms, which bring healing. Magic wands are made of Oak Wood (Mine Is!). A tree as long-lived and strong as the oak naturally offers magical protection. Oak Galls, known as Serpent's Eggs, were used in magical charms. Acorns bring fertility and acundance to any edeavor. Carry one for luck. Acorns gathered at night hold the most fertility powers. The Druids and priestesses listened to the rustling oak leaves and the wrens in the trees for divinitory messages. Burning oak leaves purifies the atmosphere. Represents the God. Use galls in chars. Acorns draw money, burn the wood for good health, energy, strength, power, protection, defense, money and business. OAKMOSS: (Pseudevernia prunastri) Oak Moss is a whitish blue to green, shrubby lichen. A lichen is an alga (which photosynthesizes) and a fungus operating together in a symbiotic relationship. The Arabs use ground Oak Moss to leaven bread. It is collected as a violet-scented fixative and an oleo-resin, extracted for perfumes and soap. Native Americans used it when binding wounds; it is a stomach tonic and an expectorant, and soothes coughs. Oak Moss yields a purple wool dye, but air pollution has made it scarce. Parts Used:� Whole Plant Magical Uses: Use to attract money. ORANGE, SWEET: (Citrus sinensis) See Lemon Magical Uses Use Peels in incense for love, good fortune, divination, balance, healing, harmony, peace, money and riches, Psychic awareness, Luck. A highly Solar scent, add essential oil to purification blends. Aromatherapy Uses: Dull and oily complexions; Obesity; Palpitations; Water Retention; Bronchitis; Chills; Colds; Flu; Constipation; Dyspepsia; Spasm; Nervous Tension; Stress-Related Conditions; Used to treat Mouth Ulcers. Key Qualities: Tonic; Refreshing; Warming; Uplifting; soothing; Sedative; Comforting. ORRIS ROOT: (Iris germanica var.florentina Orris root has a stout rhizome, swordlike leaves, and large, scented flowers in early summer that range in color from pale blue to white. Parts Used: Root Magical Uses: The orris root has long been used to find and hold love. The whole orris root is carried, the powder is added to sachets, sprinkled on sheets, clothing and the body as well as around the house. Orris root powder is sometimes known as "Love Drawing Powder". Use for: Divination; Protection; Psychic Awareness. Back to the Top PARSLEY: (Petroselinum sativum also crispum) Parsley is a taprooted biennial with solid stems, triangular, toothed and curled leaves divided into three segments, umbels of tiny cream summer flowers, and aromatic "seeds". Grown near roses, it improves their health and scent. Leaf infusions are a tonic for hair, skin and eyes. The leaves, root, and seeds are diuretic, scavenge skin-aging free radicals, and reduce the release of histamine. The second-year roots, the leaf, and the seed are used. Parsley is diuretic and helpful for gravel and stone as well as for edema, jaundice, and kidney problems. The root is the most powerful part. The oil of the seed (five to fifteen drops) has been used to bring on menstruation. The seed, when decocted, has been used for intermittant fevers. Steep one teaspoon of leaf per cup for twenty minutes or simmer one teaspoon of the root or seed for twenty minutes. The dose is one-fourth cup, four times a day. Parsley leaves (with violet leaf and figwort herb when possible) are used in poultices for cancer. A parsley poultice will help insect bites, stings, and sore eyes. Parsley tea is used for asthma and coughs. CAUTION: Persons with weak kidneys should avoid this herb. Parts Used:� Root, leaf and seed Magical Uses: � Parsley was used in funeral rites by the Greeks; it was held sacred to Persephone. It was wound into funeral wreaths and used to decorate tombs. Though the plant has associations with death and is often regarded as evil, the Romans tucked a sprig into their togas every morning for protection. It is also placed on plates of food to guard it from contamination. Parsley is used in purification baths, and those to stop all misfortune. Aromatherapy Uses:� Accumulation of toxins; Arthritis; Broken Blood vessels; Cellulitis; Rheumatism; Sciatica; Colic; Flatulence; Indigestion; Hemorrhoids; Amenorrhea; Dysmenorrhea; To aid Labor; Cystitis; Urinary Infection. Key Qualities: Refreshing; Stimulating; Warming. Avoid during Pregnancy. PATCHOULI: (Pogostemon patchouli or heyeanus) This tender, aromatic herb has upright, square stems with soft oval leaves and whorls of whitish flowers on spikes. The leaves, placed among clothes to deter insects, give Indian shawls their characteristic fragrance. Patchouli gave the distinctive scent to original India ink and Chinese red ink paste. Parts Used:� Leaf Magical Uses: Patchouli smells like rich earth, and so has been used in money and prosperity mixtures and spells. It is sprinkled onto money, added to purses and wallets, and placed around the base of green candles. Also, owing to its earthiness, Patchouli is used in fertility talismans and is also substituted for 'graveyard dust'. Patchouli is added to love sachets and baths. Patchouli is used to attract people and to promote lust. Burn as incense for: Drawing Money; Fertility; Protection; Defense; Lust; Banishing; Releasing; Love; Earth; Underworld. Aromatherapy Uses: Acne; Athlete's Foot; Cracked and Chapped Skin; Dandruff; Dermatitis; Eczema; Fungal Infections; Hair Care; Impetigo; Sores; Oily Hair and Skin; Open Pores; Wounds; Wrinkles; Frigidity; Nervous Exhaustion; Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: Stimulant in small amounts; Sedative in large doses; Aphrodisiac; Nerve Tonic; Appeasing; Calming; Uplifting. PEPPERMINT: (Mentha piperita) See Mint. Magical Uses: This familiar scent is excellent when used for purification. Though slow-growing the results are worth the wait. Rub against furniture and walls and floorboards to cleanse them of evil and negativity. Smelled it compels one towards sleep and placed beneath the pillow it sometimes offers one glimpses of the future in dreams. Burn as Incense for: Exorcism; Health; Healing; Lust; Money and Riches; Changes; Psychic Awareness; Purification. Aromatherapy Uses: See Mint PINE: (Pinus spp.) Sacred to the Druids, the pine was known as one of the Seven Chieftain Trees of the Irish. Dry distillation of Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris) needles, twigs, and cones gives the best quality pine oil for perfumes and for expectorants in inhalations for bronchitis and colds. The root tar is included in some hair growth stimulation products. The needles and young twigs of the white pine (Pinus strobus, Pinus alba) are made into infusions fo coughs and as an antiscorbutic; use two teaspoons per cup of water and simmer for twenty minutes. Hight in vitamin C, they helped our ancestors get through the long winters. The knot of the wood is boiled with angelica, acathopanax, quince, and mulberr branches to make a bath for arthritis and rheumatism. Pine needles are simmered into massage oils. The oil is used externally to relieve rheumatic pain, chronic bronchitis, sciatica, pneumonia, and nephritis. Simply cover the needles with a good quality olive oil and simmer at low heat for twenty minutes, or place in a low (180�) oven overnight. The resin heals the kidneys, liver and lungs. The scent is calming to the lungs and nerves. Parts Used:� Needle, twig, and knot of the wood Magical Uses� Pine is the "tree of peace" of the Native American iroquois confederace. Burn pine to purify the home and decorate with its branches to bring healing and joy. Mix with equal parts of Juniper and Cedar, burn to purify the home and ritual area. The cones and nuts can be carried as a fertility charm. Placing pine needles in a loose-woven bag and running bathwater over this makes a good magical cleansing and stimulating bath. To purify and sanctify an outdoor ritual area, brush the ground with a pine branch. The oil is commonly added to purification, protection, money and healing mixtures. Burn as incense for, money, purification, healing and exorcism. Aromatherapy Uses: (Scotch Pine) Cuts; Lice; Excessive Perspiration; Scabies; Sores; Arthritis; Gout; Muscular aches and pains; Neuralgia; Poor Circulation; Rheumatism; Asthma; Bronchitis; Catarrh; Colds; Coughs; Flu; Sinusitis; Sore Throat; Cystitis; Urinary Infection; Fatigue; Nervous Exhaustion; Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: Strengthening; Cleansing; Restorative; Reviving; Refreshing; Stimulant; Soothing. ROSE: (Rosa spp.) The Rose has aromatic, cosmetic, medicinal, culinary, and craft uses. Fresh petals and rosewater flavor sweet and savory dishes and are crystallized for decoration. Rosewater revives tired skin and eyes. Dog Rose (Rosa canina) is the major source of hips for jam, syrup, tea and wine. Associated with pure love and femininity, it is valued by aromatherapists for it's rejuvenating qualities. Rose petal syrup can be make by adding twice the petals' weight of sugar and infusing in hot water. Alternatively, the fresh petals can be ground with a little boiling water and strained, andt he liquid combined with honey. The resulting liquid is a natural laxative and a tonic for the stomach. The rose hips should be gathered after the first frost. They will be read and ready for drying or making into jam. The jam or jelly is used or coughs. The dried hips are opened, the seeds and hairs removed, and the skins used for an excellent sore throat tea; use two teaspoons per cup of water and simmer for ten minutes. An infusion of the petals, one ounce to one pint of water, makes a soothing eye lotion; strain it first through cheesecloth. Parts Used:Flowers and hips Magical Uses: The Rose is a Goddess herb belonging to Venus and the Water element. Rose is the accepted love scent. Rose buds are added to bath water to conjure a lover. Place some in a red cloth bag and pin it under your clothes. Rose hips worn as beads attract love. True rose essential oil (known as Otto) and rose absolute are expensive but worth it, one drop has powerful properties. DO NOT use synthetics. Rose oil is used in formulas designed to attract love, confer peace, stimulate sexual appetites, and enhance beauty. A tea of rosebuds drunk before sleep induces prophetic dreams. Rose petal and hips are used in healing spells and mixtures. Rose petals sprinkled around the house calm personal stress and household upheavals. Roses planted in the garden attract fairies and are said to grow best when stolen. Burn as incense for : Healing; Health; Love; Luck; Creativity; Balance; Anointing; Divination; Clairvoyance; Protection; Psychic Awareness. Aromatherapy Uses: Thread Veins; Dry, Mature and Sensitive Skin; Wrinkles; Eczema; Herpes; Palpitations; Poor Circulation; Asthma; Coughs; Hay Fever; Cholecystities; Liver Congestion; Nausea; Irregular Menstruation; Leukorrhea; Menorrhagia; Uterine Disorders; Depression; Impotence; Insomnia; Frigidity; Headache; Nervous Tension; Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: Aphrodisiac; Soothing; Comforting; Antidepressant; Sedative; Uplifting; Appeasing; Regulating; Heart Tonic. ROSEMARY: (Rosmarinus officinalis) Rosemary leaves are an ancient savory herb, especially popular in Italian dishes, and with shellfish, pork and lamb. The antiseptic, antioxidant leaves help preserve food, aid digestion of fat, and are included in several slimming compounds. The flowers can be used fresh as a garnish or crystallized as decoration. Distilled flower water makes a soothing eyewash. The leaf and flowers are stimulating to the liver and the digestion. For this reason, rosemary is a classic herb for migraine headache when associated with liver or stomach torpidity. Rosemary increases the circulation and slightly raises blood pressure. To make the tea, steep two teaspoon of the dried flowering tops in one cup of water for twenty minutes. Take one-fourth cup four times a day. Use rosemary in salves for eczema, wounds, and sores. The tea makes a mouthwash for bad breath. The oil benefits stomach and nerves. Steep the herb in white wine for a week and strain. Rub the rosemary wine into gouty or paralyzed limbs. Taken internally, the wine quiets the heart and stimulates the kidneys, brain, and nervous system. Rosemary tea relieves depression. Rosemary and coltsfoot are smoked as an herbal tobacco to relieve asthma and lung conditions. CAUTION: When rosemary is used as a tea, the dose should not exceed one cup per day. Overdose can cause fatal poisoning. Parts Used:� Leaf and flower Magical Uses: � "Any home where rosemary thrives is a home where the mistress rules." Rosemary when burned, emits powerful cleansing and purifying vibrations, and so is smoldered to rid a place of negativity, especially prior to performing magic. It is one of the oldest incenses. Burn for protection, exorcism, purification, healing, to cause sleep, To restore or maintain youth; to bring love and to increase intellectual powers. Rosemary infusion is used to wash the hands before healing work, and the leaves mixed with juniper berries are burned in sickrooms to promote healing. Rosemary may be substituted for any other herb, in any spell or mixture. It is generally used as a substitute for Frankincense. Aromatherapy Uses: Acne; Dermatitis; Eczema; Lice; Scabies; Hair; Scalp; Arteriosclerosis; Fluid Retention; Gout; Muscular Pain; Neuralgia; Palpitations; Poor Circulation; Varicose Veins; Rheumatism; Asthma; Bronchitis; Whooping Cough; Colitis; Dyspepsia; Flatulence; Hepatic Disorders; Jaundice; Dysmenorrhea; Leukorrhea; Colds; Flu; Infections; Headaches; Hypotension; Nervous Exhaustion; Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: Stimulant (nervous and mental); Analgesic; Tonic; Strengthening; Restorative; Purifying; Protective; Reviving; Refreshing. ROWAN: (Sorbus aucuparia) Also known as Mountain Ash, Witchwood, Witchbane, and Sorb Apple. A Druid sacred tree and sacred to the goddess Bride/Bridgit, Rowan bears clusters of spring flowers and bright red berries in autumn, when the leaves may turn red. The berries, rich in vitamin C, can be made into a tart jelly, Ground into flour, fermented into wine, or distilled into spirit. The seeds should be removed as they can contain hydrocyanic acid and are considered poisonous. Rowan is a traditional country charm against witchcraft.(!) Rowan is a close relative of Sorbus americana (American mountain ash) and can be used in the same way herbally. The bark is decocted for diarrhea and for vaginal douches; simmer two teaspoons of the bark per cup of water for twenty minutes. The bark is tinctured in alcohol for eight days to treat fevers (especially intermittant fevers). The berries are gathered when ripe and then dried or made into jam. The berries are very high in vitamin C and are useful for sore throats and tonsillitis. Take one teaspoon of the fresh berry juice or a quarter cup of of the tea made by simmering one teaspoon per cup of water for twenty minutes. The ancient Welsh made an ale from rowan berries. Parts Used:� Fruit Magical Uses: � Rowan is said to have come from the land of Fairy and as such is a very magical tree used for wands, rods, amulets, and spells. All parts of the tree are sacred. Make a tea with a few of the ripe berries and add it to the ritual chalice. A forked branch can help find water. Wands are for knowledge, locating metal, and general divination. Fires made of Rowan serve to summon spirits, especially when facing conflicts. Incense of leaves and berries for divination. Grow for protection of home. Carrying Rowan wood increases psychic powers. Rowan carried on board whip will prevent its involvement in storms; kept in the house it guards against lightening strikes, and when planted on a grave Rowan keeps the deceased one from haunting the place. Rowans growing near stone circles are the most potent. The leaf and berry are used in incense to increase psychic powers. Wear a tiny cross of rowan wood somewhere in your clothing or protection. RUE: (Ruta graveolens) Also known as Herb of Grace. This evergreen subshrub has yellow summer flowers and deeply divided, bluish, aromatic leaves. Rue is a stimulant and abortifacient and strengthens capillaries. Its antispasmodic action treats high blood pressure, epilepsy and colic. A leaf wash treats tired eyes and was used by da Vinci and Michelangelo. Rue's round-lobed leaves inspired the symbol for the suit of clubs. CAUTION: Some people may experience skin irritation when picking the fresh plant. The whole herb is used, fresh or dry. It is taken warm to bring on menstruation. The infusion benefits coughs, cramp, and colic. Steep two teaspoons of the dried herb in a cup of water for twenty minutes. Take no more than one-half cup per day. The leaves are used in poultices and salves to relieve sciatica, gout, and rheumatic pains. The fresh eaves are placed on the temples to relieve headache. Fomentations of the tea are placed ont he chest to help bronchitis. The juice or oil is placed in the ear to relieve earaches. CAUTION: This is a strong herb. Use in dosages only as indicated. Overdose will lead to vomiting. Parts Used:� Above-ground portions of the herb Magical Uses: � Ancient Celts considered Rue an antimagical herb, which is a defense against spells and dark magic. A fresh sprig can be used to sprinkle sacred water for consecration, blessings and healings. Burned in exorcism or purification incenses, it routs negativity and gets things moving. Used in altar oil, blessing, purifying, cleansing, consecration, protection, banishing, releasing, exorcism, inspiration, wisdom. Fresh Rue leaves placed on the forehead relieves headaches. Rue added to baths breaks all hexes and curses that may have been cast against you. Rue is another plant said to grow best when stolen, and indeed its presence in the garden beautifies and protects it. For some reason, toads have an aversion to Rue. Back to the Top SAFFRON:(Crocus sativus) The stigmas and style tops flavor and color liqueurs and many dishes, especially rice. Saffron is considered an aphrodisiac, but too much may be narcotic. It is given to reduce fevers, cramps, and enlarged livers, and to calm nerves, and is applies externally for bruises, rheumatism, and neuralgia. In India saffron is used ceremonially. Although water soluble, it is used cosmetically and as a sacred dye. Turmeric is mistakenly called saffron in Asia. Parts Used:� Stamens Magical Uses: Saffron is added to love sachets as well as though aimed at raising lustful feelings. It is used in healing spells, and the infusion is used as wash water for the hands prior to healing rituals. Sheets were rinsed with a saffron infusion in Ireland so that the arms and legs would be strengthened during sleep, and the ancient Persians used Saffron to raise the wind. Use in spells for: Happiness; Health/Healing; Lust; Psychic Awareness; Wing Raising; Strength. SAGE: (Salvia officinalis) Sage leaf has a strong taste that increases when dried. Used sparingly to flavor and aid the digestion of fatty meats, it is popular in poultry stuffing and combines well with strongly flavored floors. The flowers are tossed in salads and are brewed for a light, balsamic tea, while the leaf tea is an antiseptic nerve and blood tonics. Sage contains hormone precursors that help irregular menstruation and menopause symptoms. Sage is a drying agent for the body. The tea of the leaf will dry up night sweats, breast milk, and mucous congestion. It benefits the nerves and the menstrual cycle as well. Being astringent, it helps with diarrhea. Use it as a sore throat gargle and as a poultice for sores and stings. Use two teaspoons of the herb per cup of water, steep for twenty minutes and take a quarter cup four times a day. Tincture; fifteen to forty drops, up to four times a day. Parts Used:� Leaf Magical Uses:� Sage absorbs negativity and misfortune. It drives away disturbances and tensions, and lifts the spirits above the mundane cars of life. Burn it to consecrate a ritual space. Carry it as an herb of protecion. Use it in the ritual bath and chalice. Tradition holds that those who eat sage become immortal in both wisdom and years. Sage is used in wish manifestations and to attract money. Smolder to promote healing and spirituality. Carry to promote wisdom. Use in spells for: Protection; Wisdom; Health; Money and Riches; Spirituality. Aromatherapy Uses: (Clary Sage Salvia sclarea) Acne; Boils; Dandruff; Hair Loss; Inflamed Skin Conditions; Oily Skin and Hair; Ulcers; Wrinkles; High Blood Pressure; Muscular Aches and Pains; Asthma; Throat Infections; Whooping Cough; Colic; Cramps; Dyspepsia; Flatulence; Labor Pain; Irregular Menstruation; Depression; Frigidity; Impotence; Migraine; Nervous Tension; Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: Relaxing; Rejuvenating; Balancing; Inspiring; sedative; Revitalizing; Aphrodisiac; Intoxicating; Euphoric; Warming. ST. JOHN'S WORT: (Hypericum perforatum) A Druid sacred herb, the Celts passed it through the smoke of the Summer Solstice fire, then wore it in battle for invincibility. This herb has woody-based stems, with pairs of small, balsamic-scented leaves and clusters of lemon-scented, yellow summer flowers. The leaves are used in salads and to flavor liqueurs. Extract of the flowering tops is antiviral, astringent, and sedative; it treats inflammation, wounds, and diarrhea. Taken internally, it calms nerves and treats depression. It is under research for AIDS treatment. The flowers yield yellow and red dyes. The herb is teh part used for lung problems, bladder complaints, diarrhea, dysentery, depression, hemorrhages, and jaundice. Steep two teaspoons of the herb per cup of water for twenty minutes. Take one-half cup in the morning and one-half cup at bed time. Bedwetting is helped by a nightly cup of the tea. The oil and fomentation are applied externally the injuries, especially when nerve endings are involved (i.e. fingers and toes) and to soften tumors and caked breasts. To make the oil, cover the flowers with good cold-pressed olive oil and leave the sealedc preparation in the hot sun for twenty-one days or until it becomes a rich red. The oil is excellent for massages, as it affects the spine directly. Varicose veins, mild burns, inflammations, neuralgia, and rheumatism are helped by a poultice of it. CAUTION: Malignant tumors must be treated with care. Never rub or massage a malignant growth, as cells may become detached and travel to other parts of the body. Parts Used:� Flower, leaf, and stem Magical Uses: � The Welsh called this plant "leaf of the blessed." It was understood to be an idea combination of water and fire, the ultimate healing essence. Fire symbolized the fruitful light-filled forces of summer, and water the gathering and settling forces of the dark season. Midsummer was the time of balance between these forces of light and dark. Burn at Litha to send away negativity, wear for invincibility, health and willpower. Gather at Litha or on a Friday and worn it will keep mental illness at bay and also cure melancholy. When placed in a jar and hung by a window, St. John's Wrote protects against thunderbolts, fire and evil spirits. Both flowers and leaves are used for this purpose. At one time St. John's Wort was held to the mouth of accused Witches to attempt to force them to confess. SANDALWOOD: (Santalum album) Sandalwood is one of the most valuable woods in the world. All parts yields Sandalwood oil, particularly the heartwood and the roots, which yield about 6 percent essential oil. Recorded in Ayuvedic medicine and Egyptian embalming, the oil is now used as an inhalant for its expectorant and sedative effect on coughs and as a powerful antiseptic for lung and urinary tract infections. Sandalwood makes a popular incense, as its calming effect aids meditation. It is commonly used for funeral pyres in India, where devotees believe the scent protects places from evil spirits. The fragrant heartwood is a classic for bladder infections. It is taken to help in the passing of stones, in kidney inflammations, and in prostatitis. The oil is cooling to the body and useful for fevers and infections when used as a massage. The scent is calming to the mind. Sandalwood has been used intermally for chronic bronchitis and to treat gonorrhea and the urethral discharge that results. Simmer one teaspoon of the wood per cup of water for twenty minutes, and take up to two cups a day in quarter-cup doses. Parts Used:� Heartwood Magical Uses: � Lower grades of Sandalwood (light colored with little scent) are not recommended to use in magic. Sandalwood powder is burned during protection, healing and exorcism spells. When mixed with lavender it makes an incense designed to conjure spirits. This fragrant wood possesses very high spiritual vibrations and is mixed with Frankincense and burned at seances and Full Moon rituals. Powdered sandalwood can be scattered about a place to clear it of negativity. Sandalwood beads are protective and promote a spiritual awareness when worn. Sandalwood oil placed on the forehead aids in focusing the mind. The scent opens the highest spiritual centers and so makes an appropriate incense for rituals, exorcisms, and healings. The scents of frankincense and sandalwood have some of the highest vibrations inherent in any plant. They will resonate with aspects of ourselves or with Devic/Angelic beings of the highest order. Rose is another herb held to have that frequency, thus attracting or eliciting the highest spiritual vibrations from within ourselves and the cosmos. Sandalwood is used as an incense base for: Protection; Healing; Exorcise; Spirituality; Wishes; Full Moon Esbats; Wards Negativity; Astral Projection; Reincarnation; Spirit Offering. Aromatherapy Uses: � Acne; Dry, Cracked, Chapped Skin; After Shave; Greasy Skin; Moisturizer; Bronchitis; Catarrh; Coughs (dry, persistent); Laryngitis; Sore Throat; Diarrhea; Nausea; Cystitis; Depression; Insomnia; Nervous Tension; Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: Aphrodisiac, Soothing; Relaxing; Uplifting; Purifying; Warming; Grounding; Opening; Elevating; Sedative. SPEARMINT: (Mentha spicata) Also called Garden Mint, Our Lady's Mint, Sage of Bethlehem, Erba Santa Maria and Lamb Mint. Spearmint is the most generally cultivated of the culinary mints. The leaves are almost or completely stalkless, lance-shaped bright-green and hairless. Mice hate the smell of mint and will avoid any place where the herb is scattered. Magical Uses: Spearmint is used in all healing applications, especially in aiding lung diseases. Smelled, spearmint increases and sharpens mental powers. For protection while asleep, stuff a pillow or mattress with spearmint. Aromatherapy Uses: See Mint STAR ANISE: (Illicium verum) All parts of this small, evergreen tree are aromatic; the smooth, gray-white bark, narrow to elliptic shiney green leaves; solitary yellow flowers; and glossy brown seeds. The distinctive seeds and pods sre used as a spice in Asian cookery, notably as an ingredient of Chinese five-spice powder. The fruits and foliage yield an essential oil, used as a substitute anise seed flavoring, or, medicinally to relieve chest complaints, rheumatism, and flatulence. The oil appears in soaps, hair oils, and Asian perfumes. Chew the seeds after a meal to help the digestion. Simmer the seeds to make a tea for colic and rheumatic complaints. Steep one teaspoon of the crushed seed in one cup of boiled water for twenty minutes and take up to two cups a day. Often added to other brews to improve taste, the tea of the seed will help cramps and nausea, promote menstruation, and increase breast milk. It also relieves insomnia. The seeds are simmered into salves for scabies and lice. The oil is a stomach tonic. The seeds can be tinctured in brandy (rather than the usual vodka, whiskey, or grain alcohol) with some lemon peel; the dose is one-fourth to one-half teaspoon. Parts Used: � Seed Magical Uses: � The powdered bark is used as an incense in Japanese temples. The tree is planted by the Japanese around temples and on graves as an herb of consecration and protection. The seeds are burned as incense to increase psychic powers, and are also worn as beads for the same purpose. Sometimes star anise is placed on the altar to give it power; one is placed to each of the four directions. It is also carried as a general luck-bringer, and the seeds make excellent pendulums. The tree is often grown near Buddist temples where it is revered. Aromatherapy Uses: � Couldn't find any reference to it's use in Aromatherapy, though it is widely used in homeopathy. SUNFLOWER:�(Helianthus annuus) This fast-growing annual has a thik, tall, hairy stem, heart-shaped leaves, and large yellow flower heads in late summer. The nutritious seeds are eaten raw, roasted, and ground into meal or nut butter and were used by Native American warriors as "energy cakes." The flower buds give a yellow dye and are cooked like artichokes. The pressed seeds yield an all-purpose oil with culinary, cosmetic, and industrial uses. Medicinally, the seeds are used as a diuretic and expectorant and treat coughs, dysentery, and kidney inflammation. The root is a laxative and treats stomach pan. The stem pith yields potash and fibers for textiles and paper, and its cellular lightness is used for microscope slide mounts. The seed heads provide food for birds in winter. Parts Used:� flower, leaves, stalk, root and seeds Magical Uses: � In Aztec temples of the sun, priestesses carried sunflowers and wore them as crowns. As sun sumbols, these flowers symbolize the healthy ego, the wisdom, and the fertility of the solar logos. Sunflower seeds are eaten by women who wish to concieve. To protect yourself against smallpox wear sunflower seeds around the neck, either in a bag or strung like beads. If you cut a sunflower at sunset while making a wish, the wish will come true before another sunset - as long as the wish isn't too grand. Sleeping with a sunflower under the bed allows you to know the truth in any matter. If you wish to become virtuous, anoint yourself with juice pressed from the stems of the sunflower. Sunflowers growing in the garden guard it against pests and grant the best of luck to the gardener. TEA TREE:� (Melaleuca alternifolia) Tea tree oil has huge healing potential. It is a powerful antiseptic and immunostimulant, active against bacteria, viruses, and fungi such as athlete's foot and thrush. It helps treat colds, flu, lesions, warts and acne. Tea Tree is the best remedy for yeast infections! Aromatherapy Uses: � Abscesses; Acne; Athlete's Foot; Blisters; Burns; Bruises; Chicken Pox Rash; Cold Sores; Dandruff; Herpes; Insect Bites; Oily Skin; Spots; Rashes; Warts; Wounds (infected); Asthma; Bronchitis; Catarrh; Coughs; Sinusitis; Tuberculosis; Whooping Cough; Thrush; Vaginitis; Colds; Fever; Flu; Infectious Illnesses; Cystitis; Pruritis. Key Qualities: Penetrating; Medicinal; Stimulating; Refreshing. THYME: (Thymus vulgaris) Also known as Common Thyme, Mother of Thyme, and Garden Thyme. A Druid sacred herb, culinary Thyme aids the digestion of fatty foods and is part of bouquet garni and Benedictine liqueur. Thyme oil is distilled from the leaves and flowering tops and is a stimulant and antiseptic. It is a nerve tonic used externally to treat depression, colds, muscular pain and respiratory problems. The oil is added to acne lotions and mouthwashes. Research has confirmed Thyme strengthens the immune system. Thyme is an excellent lung cleanser. Use it to dry up and clear out moist phlegm and to treat whooping cough. It makesa good tea for the mother after childbirth, as it helps expel the placenta. Steem one-half teaspoon fresh herb or one teaspoon dried herb in one-half cup of hot water for five minutes. Take up to one and a half cups a day in quarter-cup doses. A natural antiseptic, thyme is often used in salves for wounds, swellings, sciatica, and failing eyes. The tea relieves gas and colic (as does the oil, takin in one- to five-drop doses). The tincturecan be used in ten- to twenty-drop doses, taken three times a day. Use thyme for headaches and hangovers. Parts Used:� Above-ground portions of the herb. Magical Uses: � Thyme is burned in incense ot purify an area. A place where wild thyme grows will be a particularly powerful energy center on earth. A magical cleansing bath can be make by pouring a tea made with thyme and marjoram into the bathwater. A pillow stuffed with thyme cures nightmares. When attending a funeral, wear a sprig of thyme to repel the negativity of the mourners. Use as incense for: Health; Healing; Purification; Clairvoyance; Courage; Love; Psychic Awareness; Energy; Power; Strength. Thyme is often burned prior to magical rituals to cleanse the area. Carried and smelled to give courage and energy. Aromatherapy Uses: � Abscess; Acne; Bruises; Burns; Cuts; Dermatitis; Eczema; Insect Bites; Lice; Arthritis; Gout; Muscular Aches and Pains; Obesity; Edema; Poor Circulation; Rheumatism; Sprains; Asthma; Bronchitis; catarrh; Coughs; Laryngitis; Sinusitis; Tonsillitis; Diarrhea; Dyspepsia; Flatulence; Chills; Colds; Flu; Infectious Diseases; Cystitis; Urethritis; Headaches; Insomnia; Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: Stimulating; Restorative; Warming; Reviving; Refreshing; Purifying; Antidepressant. Back to the top TOBACCO:�(Nicotiana tabacum)� This annual or biennial has large, long leaves and green-white to rose tubulur florwers. The cured, dried leaves are smoked as a narcotic, but the poisonous incotine the contain causes heart and lung disease and cancer. North and South American tribes smoke the leaves in ceremonies and apply poultices to sprains, to infected cuts and bites, and to problem skin. The juice is applied externally to relieve facial neuralgia, and wet leaves offer a quick cure for hemorrhoids. Research has revealed a chemical in the leaves that inhibits tumors. Parts Used: � Leaf Magical Uses: �Candidates for some shamanic systems must drink tobacco juice to induce visions as part of their trainng. Tobacco has long been used in religious ceremonies by some of the American Indians. Indeed many peoples still regard the plant as sacred. Tobacco is a magical substitute for sulphur, as well as for datura and nightshade, both of which are related to tobaco. It can be substituted for any other poisonous herb in ritual incense blends. Although it is regularly smoked by millions, tobacco is a very poisonous plant and can kill. VALERIAN: (Valeriana officinalis) Also known as Garden Heliotrope, Vandal Root, and St. George's Herb. Valerian has compound leaves with a fresh pea pod scent, and clusters of honey scented flowers in midsummer. Both have unpleasant fetid undertones. Their musky root is used in stews and perfumes and unskinned root is a tranquilizer. The herb treats headaches, muscle cramps and irritable bowel syndrome and is used topically for wounds, ulcers, and eczema. Laboratory tests show anti-tumor activity. Composted leaves are rich in minerals. Do not take large doses or continuously. Although the root of the herb has a strong pungent scent, some cats love it more than catnip. (Mine do!!) Parts Used:� Root Magical Uses: A sprig of the plant pinned to a woman's clothing will cause men to 'follow her like children'. Valerian Root is added to Love Sachets. Put in pillows to promote deep rest. Use in spells for: Protection; Purification; Harmony; Peace; Happiness; Love; Creative Work; Money and Riches. Aromatherapy Uses: Insomnia; Nervous Indigestion; Migraine; Restlessness; Tension States. Key Qualities: Sedative; Depressant of the Central Nervous System; Mildly Hypnotic; Regulator; Calming; Soothing; Grounding. VERVAIN: (Verbena officinalis) Also known as Enchanters Herb, Holy Herb, Verbena, Blue Vervain, and Holy Wort. A Druid sacred herb, common in their many rites and incantations, this hardy perennial has deeply cut lower leaves and smooth upper leaves with small dense spikes of pale lilac-pink flowers. An ancient sacred herb of purification, visions, and love potions, it was included in liqueurs and aphrodisiacs. Vervain was so highly regarded by the Druids that offerings were placed on altars. "Vervain" is a derivative of the Celtic fer (to drive away)and faen (stone), given to it because of its abbility to purge calculi (gravel) from the bladder. A tea of the herb helps to increase breast mild and is helpful in lowering fever, especially of the intermittent type. It will benefit eczema and other skin eruptions, as it is a kidney and liver cleanser. Jaundice, whooping cough, edema, mastitis, and headaches fall under its sphere. To make the tea, steem one tablespoon of the herb per cup of water for twenty minutes. Externally, vervain is used in poultices for ear infections, rheumatism and wounds. Vervain is an emmenagogue (brings down the menses) and soothes the nerves. It is reputed to have aphrodisiac properties. It is a powerful lymphatic detoxifier and has a cleansing effect on the female organs. Blue Vervain (Vervena hastata), the American variety, is a natural tranquilizer and is helpful with colds and fevers, especially when the upper sespiratory tract is involved. It will eliminate intestinal worms and is used externally for wounds. It is deistinguished from the European vervain by its deeper blue flowers and denser, bristly flower spikes. Blue vervain is also prepared in a standard infusion or tinctured in alcohol. Parts Used:� Above ground portions of the herb. Magical Uses: � Vervain is a profoundly magical herb belonging to the sphere of Venus. Roman priests and priestesses used it as an altar plant - it was tied in bundles and used to ritually "sweep" and purify the altar. Druids placed it in water that was sprinkled on worshipers as a blessing. Vervain was picked at the rising of the Dog Star, at the dark of the moon, just before flowering. It was taken from the earth with the sacred sickle and raised aloft in the left hand. After prayers of thanksgiving were spoken the Druid or Druidess left a gift of honey to recompense the Earth for her loss. Vervain was once infused in wine and worn on the body to to ward off the stings of insects and serpents. It is used in the bath as a protection from enchantments and to make dreams come true. Wearing or bathing in vervain places one under the influence of Diana. After washing your hands in the infusion, it will be possible to engender love in the one you touch. To dispel fears, light a candle daily and surround it with vervain. Speak aloud a prayer to the Gods and Goddesses asking for release from your fear. Do this as long as necessary. On the night of the full moon, go outside with a chalice filled with water, vervain and salt. Take also a candle and a piece of petrified wood. Dip the stone into the water mixture and then pass it through the candle flame. Touch the stone to your feet, hands, shoulders, and head. As you do this ask for the belssings of youth and beauty. Repeat the process seven times. Vervain is worn as a crown during Druidic initiatory rites and as protection for those who are working magic. Sprinkle throughout the home for protection and to bring peace. Keep some in the bedroom to bring tranquil dreams. Keep it in the home to attract wealth and to keep plants healthy. Sprinkle some on the garden as an offering to the elementals and other nature spirits. Drinking the juice of fresh vervain is said to cut sexual desire. Burn it to banish the pangs of unrequited love. Vervain is worn to recover stolen articles. Tucked into a child's cradle, the plant brings joy and a lively intellect. When burned, Vervain is powerful for warding psychic attack, but it is also used in spells for love, purification and attracting wealth. It is a powerful attractant to the opposite sex. Use for Anointing; Banishing; Gather and burn at Litha; Altar Offering; Creativity; Energy; Strength; Power. VETIVERT: (Vetivera zizanioides) Also called Khus-khus. This perennial grass grows in dense clumps of stout stems with long leaves and has an aromatic rhizome and roots. The distilled root essential oil flavors Asian sherbets and sweets, fixes perfumes, and scents quality soaps, cosmetics and aftershaves. The scent is a deep yet refreshing, woody, resinous mixture of myrrh and violets. Parts Used:� Root Magical Uses: Vetivert root is burned to overcome evil spells. It is also used in love powders, sachet and incenses and is added to the bathwater in a sachet to make yourself more attractive to the opposite sex. Vetivert is also used in money spellls and mixtures, placed in the cash register to increase business, carried to attract luck, and burned in anti-theft incenses. Aromatherapy Uses: Acne; Cuts; Oily Skin; Wounds; Arthritis; Muscular Aches and Pains; Rheumatism; Sprains; Stiffness; Debility; Depression; Insomnia; Nervous Tension. Known as the "Oil of Tranquillity". Key Qualities: Sedative; Soothing; Calming; Tonic; Grounding; Uplifting; Protective. VIOLET: (Viola odorata) Also called Heartsease, Little Faces, and Viola. This stemless perennial has scalloped, heart-shaped leaves and violet or white, sweetly scented flowers from winter to spring. The crystallized flowers flavor sweets and liqueurs and are tossed in salads with the leaves. The root treats bronchitis The leaves are a folk remedy for breast and lung cancer. The flower syrup is antiseptic and a mild laxative, and with the leaves treats coughs, headaches, and insomnia. Ancient Greeks wore the violet to calm tempers and to induce sleep The whole plant is used, fresh or dry. The leaves can be eaten as a type of wild spinach, and the flowers are used in salads and desserts. High in iron, the fresh leaf is used internally and externally for cancer, especially of the colon, throat, and tongue. For this purpose, the fresh laves should be infused daily and taken as tea; using one teaspoon of plant parts to a half cup of water, steep and take a quarter cup four times a day. The tea can be applied externally as a fomentation. The flowers are laxative; the roots and stems are emetic and purgative. The fresh leaves are used in salves and poultices for wounds. Parts Used:� Whole Plant Magical Uses: � violet crowns are said to cure headache, bring sleep, and calm anger. Violets are mixed with lavender, apple blossoms, yarrow, and roses in love potions. The leaf is a protecion from all evil. Use for: Protection; Luck; Love; Lust; Wishes; Peace; Healing. Mixed with Lavender, the flowers are a powerful live stimulant and also arouse lust. Violets and Periwinkle are used to decorate the graves and corpses of children. WILLOW: (Salix alba) Also known as White Willow, European Willow, Tree of Enchantment, and Witches Aspirin. One of the Seven Sacred Trees of the Irish. A Druid sacred tree, the willow is a Moon tree sacred to the White Lady. It's groves were considered so magical that priests, priestesses and all types of artisans sat among these trees to gain eloquence, inspiration, skills, and prophecies. The stem bark is a painkiller, a fever-reducer, and an original source for salicylic acid for aspirin. The infused leaves make a tea for nervous insomnia and are added to baths to ease rheumatism. The Salix species provide the best-quality artists' charcoal, branches are used for weaving, and the White Willow var. caerulea is the source of wood for cricket bats. The genus name Salix comes from the Celtic sal-lis, "near water". Black willow (S. nigra) bark is used to treat gonorrhea and ovarian pain. The white willow contains salicin, the active constituent from which Aspirin was first synthesized. White willow bark is used for rhematic complaints, arthirtis and headaches as well as diarrhea and dysentary. Fevers, edema, and the aftereffects of worms are treated with willow bark. To make the tea, steep three teaspoons of the bark in on cup of cold water for two to five hours, boil for one minute, and strain. Willow is also available as a powder. The dose is one teaspoon, three times a day in tea or capsules. The tincture can be taken in ten- to twenty-drop doses four times a day. Parts Used:� Bark, collected in the Spring. Magical Uses: � Willows are commonly found near ancient British burial sites. The willow is a guardian tree, said to protect from evil influences. The willow tree has a healing aura that blesses all it touches. All parts of the willow guard against evil and can be carried or placed in the home for this purpose. Burn bark with sandalwood for divination and love. Magical brooms, especially Witch's brooms, are traditionally bound with a willow branch. WITCH HAZEL: (Hammamelis virginiana) Also called Spotted Alder, and Winter Bloom, Witch Hazel, a distillation from the leaves and flower-bearing twigs, is included in skin products for its disinfectant and astringent properties. It is used on chapped and sunburned skin, bruises, swellings, and rashes; to stop bleeding; and to reduce varicose veins and hemorrhoids. The seeds are edible and the leaves can be brewed for a warming tea. Commercially distilled witch hazel contains 14 percent alcohol. It must not be confused with tincture of Witch Hazel, which may be much more astringent and could disfigure skin. Parts Used:� Leaf and young twigs Magical Uses: Witch hazel has long been used to fashion divining rods, hence the common name. The bark and twigs are also used to protect against evil influences. If carried, witch hazel helps to mend a broken heart and cool the passions. Aromatherapy Uses: Distilled witch hazel is one of the basics in any home first aid kit. It is useful for stings, bruises, cuts, scrapes, sprains, tissue swelling, and many other minor conditions. It is also useful in skin care regimes. WOOD ALOE: (Aquilaria agallocha) The prized elusive scent of Wood Aloe exists only in resin-saturated diseased wood. Magical Uses: Wood Aloe possesses high spiritual vibrations. Will bring love if worn. Use in incense for Love, Protection, Money and Riches, and Spirituality. WORMWOOD:(Artemisia absinthium) Also known as Absinthe. A Druid sacred herb, Wormwood is very magical and sacred to Moon deities. An accumulative poison if ingested. Wormwood is a bitter herb used to flavor vermouth and the now-banned liqueur absinthe. A leaf and flowering top infusion is a tonic for the digestive system, liver, gallbladder, and blood, reducing inflammation and clearing impurities. The plant treats fever, expels worms, and reduces the toxicity of lead poisoning. As a companion plant, it acts as a deterrent against several insect pests. Toxic in high doses! The leaves and flowers are used in a light infusion to help digestion, flatulence, and heartburn. Wormwood improves circulation and stimulates the liver. The tea is said to relieve labor pains. Use one teaspoon per cup and steep for twenty minutes; take a quarter cup up to four times a day; or use as a tincture, eight to ten drops in water up to three times a day. A fomentation of the leaves and flowers soothes bruises and sprains. The oil relieves arthritis. CAUTION: The oil is for external use only! Prolonged use of wormwood can lead to nerve damage. Parts Used:� Leaf and flower Magical Uses: � The scent of wormwood is said to increase psychic powers. Burned with incenses on Samhain to aid evocation, divination, scrying and prophecy. Especially good when combined with Mugwort. Strengthens incenses for exorcism and protection. Hung from a rear-view mirror, wormwood protects vehicles from accidents on treacherous roads. Use in spells for: Binding; Psychic Awareness; Evocation; Love; Clairvoyance. YARROW: (Achillea millefolium) Also known as Seven Year's Love, Milfoil, and Woundwort. The flowering tops are a digestive and cleaning tonic and a diuretic and are used to reduce high blood pressure. Fresh leaves arrest bleeding and are applied as a poultice to wounds or are placed on shaving cuts. One of the true treasures of the earth, Yarrow essential oil is naturally blue and possesses an incredible scent. The oil treats colds , flu, and inflamed joints. This is a classic herb for flu, especially the intestinal variety. Try a mixture of elderflower, peppermint, and yarrow to bring down a fever and induce perspiration. The tea benefits the kidneys. Yarrow is used in salves for hemorrhoids and in poultices to stop bleding and help heal wounds. Cramps and rheumatism are treated with the tea, as are intestinal gas, diarrhea, anorexia, and hyperacidity. Parts Used:� Above-ground portions of the herb Magical Uses: � Large patches of yarrow growing in a field indicate a very grounded energy spot. Sit there to center and relax. Yarrow is used to exorcise evil and negativity from a person, place or thing. A bunch of dried yarrow hung over the bed or yarrow used in wedding decorations ensures a love lasting at least seven years. Use in spells for: Divination; Love; Happy Marriage; Wards Negativity; Defense; Protection; Gather at Litha; Psychic Awareness; Banishing; Releasing; Clairvoyance. Aromatherapy Uses: Acne; Burns; Cuts; Eczema; Hair Rinse; Inflammation; Rashes; Scars; Wounds; Arteriosclerosis, High Blood Pressure; Rheumatoid Arthritis; Thrombosis; Varicose Veins; Constipation; Cramps; Flatulence; Hemorrhoids; Indigestion; Amenorrhea; Colds; Fever; Flu; Cystitis; Hypertension; Insomnia; Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: Balancing; Restorative; Tonic; Strengthening; Opening; Grounding; Revitalizing; Mildly Stimulating. YLANG-YLANG: (Cananga odorata) Ylang-ylang has glossy leaves and masses of perfumed, greenish-yellow (sometimes mauve or pink) flowers with narrow petals that resemble witch hazel flowers but appear during two flowering periods. The essential oil is distilled by steam from freshly picked flowers and is featured in many perfumes, soaps, skin lotions, and to balance sebum in Macasser hair oil. Use in moderation, since the oil's heady scent can cause headaches or nausea. Ylang-Ylang means "flower of flowers". Magical Uses: (Oil) Useful for Peace, Love and Sex Spells. It can be worn on the body or included in mixtures for these purposes. Aromatherapy Uses: (Oil)Acne; Hair Growth; Hair Rinse; Insect Bites; Irritated and Oily Skin; General Skin Care; High Blood Pressure; Palpitations; Depression; Frigidity; Impotence; Insomnia; Nervous Tension; Stress Related Disorders. Key Qualities: Powerfully Sedative; Soothing; Calming; Regulating; Euphoria-inducing; and narcotic when used in large quantities; Aphrodisiac.	Tanacetum parthenium
Rosanne Davidson, 'Miss World'of 2003, is the daughter of which popular singer?	Does anybody have a list of natural plants and their benefits? \| Black Community Discussion Forum Black Community Discussion Forum Anybody have a list of natural plants, roots, herbs and their benefits? Example: Alovera plant: Good for burns Ginseng root: Gives energy I would love to have a large list. Also what dietary supplements do you currently take and their benefits to you. Currently I take a vitamin per day. Similar to the complete vitamins. (I think this is the same as the complete vitamins we see advertised but mine is the offbrand version. I figure a vitamin is a vitamin) Contains: Vitamins: A, C, D, E, K, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacan, B6, Folic Acid, B12, Pantothenic Acid, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Zinc, Selenium. Most of the above have 100% of the daily sugguested amount. Could this be a bad thing if taken continually along with a diet rich in vitamins or in this case is there no such thing as too much is too bad. I never heard anybody say: "Have yall heard about poor old grandhustle? Died from taking to too many vitamins." (Vitamin C: OD) BUT there is plenty I havent heard. I also drink a ginseng tea with honey usually once per day. Let me tell it the vitamins have me feeling like the brown hornet but it might all be psychosomatic. +31 Practical, Magical and Aromatherapy Uses 1) ACACIA: (Acacia senegal) Also known as gum arabic, gum senegal and gum acacia, produced by a tree that grows in North Africa. The species of acacia that produces gum arabic and gum acacia are so closely related that one can be used for the other. Parts Used: flowers, leaves, stems, root, bark, resin, seeds, and essential oil Magical Use: (Herb and Oil) Burn for altar offerings or purification, aids psychic powers, meditation, platonic love, psychic awareness, purification, inspiration, wisdom, visions, anointing, protection, prophetic dreams, spirituality, money. A sprig place over the bed wards off evil. 2) AGRIMONY: (Agrimonia eupatoria) the dried herb has an apricot scent and is used in sachets and potpourri. Also called "Church Steeples". Parts Used: flowers, leaves, stem, and root Magical Uses (Herb and Oil) Use in all protection sachets and spells, also to banish negative energies and spirits. Returns spells to sender, Promotes sleep.] 3) ALLSPICE: (Pimemta dioica) Tropical evergreen with aromatic bark, leaves, and berries and bunches of greenish white flowers with a pervading scent. The berries, picked when mature but still green, are dried and ground to create the familiar spice. Parts Used: leaves, fruit and essential oil Magical Use: (Herb and Oil) Burn for prosperity, courage, healing/health, luck, determination, magical power, energy, strength. 4) ALMOND: (Prunus dulcis) The Sweet Almond tree has dark-colored bark, rose to white flowers in early spring, and dry-fleshed fruit with a pitted stone containing the nut. Almonds flavor many dishes. Almond oil is a fixed oil pressed from the Sweet Almond seeds and is used in cosmetics, massage oils, and medicines. Almonds must be chewed well and slowly. The whole raw almond had been described as a cancer preventative. Arabs crossing vast deserts live on only almonds, dates and water. One ounce of almonds can be soaked overnight in four ounces of water and blended in the morning to make a milk substitute. Peeled almonds can relieve heartburn. Ground almonds make a wonderful facial scrub. The oil relieves coughs and hoarseness. Almonds have very little starch and the butter and flour of the nuts is recommended for diabetics. Caution: Almonds contain hydro cyanic acid and can be toxic if eaten in large amounts (over 50 kernels for an adult, ten for a child) Parts Used: Seed and wood Magical Use: (Wood) Burn for money, riches and wisdom. Almond wood makes a nice magickal wand. Sweet Almond Oil is one of the primary carrier oils for ritual and anointing blends. In an old fable, Phyllis was deserted by her lover Demophoon and died of grief. The gods changed her into a barren almond tree. When Demophoon returned and embraced the tree, it burst into leaf and flower - a symbol of true love transcending death. Aromatherapy Use: (Oil) Great base for massage, bath, body and skin-care products. Sweet Almond oil is scentless and nourishing to the skin. 5) ALOE: (Aloe Vera or Aloe ssp.) This plant has remarkable qualities. Two parts are used: the clear, gel-like central leaf pulp, and the yellow-green juice from the green part of the leaf. The gel is used in creams to soothe, heal, and moisturize the skin, and in shampoos for dry, itchy scalps. It cools the skin, protects it from airborne infections and fungi, and reduces scarring. It speeds cell regeneration, and so treats radiation burns coral wounds, and dermatitis. It can be scraped from split leaves for first aid treatment of small burns, cuts, chapped skin, sunburn, eczema and Poison Ivy rash. Compounds in the leaf juice are added to sunscreens from protection against UV rays and have shown anticancer activity. Part Used: Pulp or juice from the leaves Magical Use: A protective houseplant. It guards against evil influences and prevents household accidents. In Africa, the aloe is hung over houses and doors to bring good luck and drive away evil. Aromatherapy Use: Aloe Vera gel is used in cosmetic recipes where a cream or lotion isn't appropriate. 6) ANGELICA: (Angelica archangelica) also called "Angel's Food". This three-year "biennial" has a taproot, divided leaves, and umbels of green-white flowers in its third year, and then it seeds and dies. Crushed leaves in car interiors reduce travel nausea. The oil is distilled from the root or seeds. Used in infusion or tincture, the root raises body temperature and promotes digestion, making it an ideal herb for older folks. It also helps bring down the menses. Use it for colds and flu, to induce a sweat and warm the body. The decoction of the dried root is said to remove the taste for alcohol. Simmer two teaspoons of the root in two cups of water for twenty minutes; take one cup twice a day. Caution: Do not exceed the indicated amounts, or the heart, blood pressure, and respiration can be affected. Use the root in salves for skin problems and rheumatic pains. The tincture can be used in doses of ten to thirty drops, four times a day. Parts Used: Root, essential oil and seeds Magical Use: Sprinkle crushed leaves around the 4 corners of a house to ward negativity and purify the home, burn for meditation, protection, divination, exorcism, healing/health and visions. The leaves can be smoked in herbal "tobacco" formulas. (Oil) Use for anointing. Aromatherapy Use: Coughs, Colds, Fevers, Flatulence, Indigestion, Skin Care, Circulation. Do not use during pregnancy or if diabetic. 7) ANISE: (Pimpinella anisum) Anise has sweetly, aromatic leaves, rounded at the base and narrower on the stem, with umbels of flowers followed by aromatic fruits. The flowers and leaves are used in fruit salads, the stem and roots in sweet soups. In cooking or infused as a tea, the seeds aid digestion, quell nausea, and ease flatulence and colic. Anise is used in cough mixtures, as it is expectorant and soothes spasms of irritant coughs and bronchial problems. It promotes estrogen production and is used to encourage breast milk, ease childbirth, and stimulate libido. Tiny amounts of the essential oil, produced from the seeds, are added to toothpaste, perfumes and mouthwashes, and are used to mask bitter medicines, but in large amounts Anise is highly toxic. The seeds are carminative (they move gas out of the intestinal tract). Used in tea or as lozenges, they soothe a hard cough. For the tea, steep one teaspoon of the seeds in one cup of boiled water for ten minutes. Take up to one and half cups a day. The seeds can also be tinctured using two ounces of seed per on-half quart of brandy and some lemon peel. Let the mixture sit for twenty days. The dose is one teaspoon as needed. The seeds are make into a liqueur called anisette, which is mixed with hot water as a remedy for bronchitis and asthma. Anise seed tea is sweetened with honey and given to children with lung colds. Epilepsy, colic, and smoker's cough are treated with anise. For colic, simmer one teaspoon of the seed in one-half pint of mild for ten minutes, strain, and take it hot. Oil of anise is a natural insecticide. Parts Used: Seeds and essential oil Magical Use: Anis seeds are an herb of protection said to avert all evil. In ancient Roman times, they ere baked into a cake that was served at the end of the wedding feast. Purification, Protection, entices spirits to aid in spells, divination, psychic awareness, youth, In a pillow it wards off nightmares. Aromatherapy Use: Muscular aches and pains, Rheumatism, Bronchitis, Colds and coughs, Colic, Cramps, Flatulence, Indigestion. 8) APPLE: (Malus spp.) A Druid sacred tree. The apple is a symbol of immortality, A branch of the apple which bore buds, flowers and fully ripened fruit (sometimes known as the Silver Bough), was a kind of magical charm which enabled its possessor to enter into the land of the Gods, the underworld, in Celtic Mythology. Apples clean the liver, cure constipation, and tone the gums. When baked they can be applied as a warm poultice to sore throats and skin inflammations. The cooked apple is especially laxative. The peeled raw apple helps with diarrhea. The cider corrects intestinal flora, reduces stomach acidity, corrects gas, and helps the kidneys, take three or four cups a day. Apple cider vinegar and water make a rinse to restore hair, scalp and skin, use equal parts of vinegar and water. Blondes should use white vinegar. Apple cider vinegar, water, and honey aid digestion when taken with meals, use two teaspoons of vinegar to a glass of water, add honey to taste. This was one of my great-grandmothers favorite cures for a sore throat. Parts Used: Whole fruit (cooked or raw, apple cider, apple cider vinegar, and wood Magical Use: Wiccan altars are often piled high with apples during Samhain for the apple is considered to be one of the foods of the dead. For this very reason Samhain is sometimes known as "Feast of Apples". Apples are considered symbols of life and immortality. The apple has long been used in spells of love. The blossoms are added to love sachets, brews and incenses, and they are infused in melted pink wax, then strained out to make candles suitable to burn for attracting love. Use apple cider in place of blood where it is called for in old recipes. Apples and apple blossoms are symbolic of love, healing and immortality. Burn the blossoms as incense, wear the perfume, and make them into herb candles for a hand fasting rite. 9) ASAFETIDA: Ferula asafoetida Also called Stinking Gum. The pungent gum is extracted from the living rootstock by notching the plant at soil level. It was a popular Roman condiment. (If you can imagine that!) Research suggests the plant is anticoagulant and lowers blood pressure. Used to treat stomach ailments such as intestinal flu, gas, and bloating. Add a pinch to beans as they cook. The herb is good in cases of Candida albicans. Has been used for asthma, bronchitis, and whooping cough because of it's antispasmodic properties and is a good herb for croup and colic in babies (newborns should get it through their mother's milk). Another method is to give it to infants via the rectum - make an emulsion with four parts asafetida to one hundred parts water and insert. It has been used as a sedative for hysteria and convulsion. Please Note: This herb tastes awful and is perhaps best taken in capsule form, one hundred milligrams to one gram being the dose. a) Parts Used: Resin of the root b) Magical Use: Use for prophetic dreams, exorcism, and protection. Worn in a bag around the neck, asafetida dispels diseases and evils of all kinds. (It literally repels evil spirits!) Add a clove of garlic to enhance the effect. Asafetida is a classic for exorcism and purification rites. Use it to smudge a ritual space with smoke. Unfortunately, though asafetida is powerful, it also has a horrible odor. Just the slightest whiff of the fragrance has been known to cause vomiting. Use with Care! 10) ASH TREE: (Fraxinus americana or excelsior) A Druid sacred tree. This spring-flowering deciduous tree has smooth gray bark and showy, scented flowers, although the scent is unpleasant to some. The bark of the ash can be used as a substitute for quinine in intermittent fevers. It is reputed to clear obstructions from the spleen and liver. Simmer two tablespoons of bark for twenty minutes in one cup water, take a quarter-cup four times a day. The leaves are laxative and can be used as a substitute for senns (tree leaves are always gathered before midsummer). Steep two tablespoons of the leaf in one cup of water for twenty minutes, take one quarter cup four times a day. a) Parts Used: Bark and Leaf b) Magical Use: Ash is the sacred world tree of the Teutons, known as Yggdrasil. Ash wood makes a traditional Yule log. Druid wands were often made of ash and carved with decorations. Ash wands are good for healing, general and solar magic. Put fresh ash leaves under your pillow to stimulate psychic dreams and prosperity. An herb of the sun, ash brings light into the hearth at the winter solstice. 11) BASIL: (Oncimum basilicum) The warm, spicy taste of this popular herb's leaf combines well with garlic, tomatoes, eggplant, and Italian dishes, Basil flavors vinegar, pesto sauce, and oil. The essential oil flavors condiments and liqueurs, and scents soaps and perfumes. Inhaling the essential oil refreshes the mind and stimulates a sense of smell dulled by viral infection. The infusion relieves gas and stomach pains. Reputedly abortive, it can help expel the placenta. A warming herb, it is used for colds and flu, constipation, vomiting, headaches, and menstrual cramps. Steep two teaspoons per cup of water for twenty minutes, take up to one and a half cups per day. a) Parts Used: Leaf and stem b) Magical Use: Burn basil to exorcise negativity from the home. To do a really thorough cleansing and protection of yourself and your home, also sprinkle a little basil in each corner of each room in the house and add to your bathwater. Basil is used to mend lovers' quarrels and brings good luck to a new home. The scent of basil causes sympathy between two people and so is worn to avoid major clashes. Basil Use it in rites of exorcism and in the ritual bath. Sprinkle to powder over the area of your heart to promote fidelity. The scent brings happiness to the home and will protect you in crowds. c) Aromatherapy Use: Bronchitis, Fatigue, Colds, Loss of Concentration, Migraine, Gout, Aches and Pains, Insect bites, Insect Repellent, Coughs, Migraine, Insomnia, Anxiety, Depression, Infectious Disease. Key Qualities: Restorative, Tonic, Antidepressant, Refreshing, Uplifting, Fortifying, Purifying, Clearing, Warming, Cephalic, Stupefying in excess. 12) BAY LAUREL: (Laurus nobilis) The culinary leaves may be slightly narcotic, and aid digestion when added to Bouquet garni, marinades, pâté, soups and stews. The wood is used to give an aromatic tang to smoked foods, and oil of Bay, from the fruit, flavors some liqueurs. A leaf decoction added to bath water will relieve aching limbs, and diluted leaf essential oil can treat sprains and rheumatic joints but may irritate the skin. The leaf and berry are used in salves for itching, sprains, bruises, skin irritations, and rheumatic pain. The fruit and leaf are simmered until soft and made into a poultice with honey for chest colds. Bay leaf and berry tea makes a bath additive that helps the bladder, bowel, and female reproductive organs. Use two tablespoons per cup and steep for forty-five minutes, add to bath water. a) Parts Used: Leaf and berry b) Magical Use: Bay leaves were used by the Delphic priestesses. The incense and the leaf are said to produce a prophetic trance. Burn for psychic powers, purification, wish magic, exorcism, healing/health, protection, divination, visions, clairvoyance, energy, power, strength, inspiration, wisdom, meditation, defense, creative word. Put the leaves under your pillow to give inspiration and visions. An herb of the sun, bay brings the light of summer into the darkest time of the year. Carry the leaf or place in the home to ward off illness and hexes. c) Aromatherapy Use: Sprains, Colds, Flu, Insomnia, Rheumatism. 13) BENZOIN: (Styrax benzoin) Benzoin is a shrubby tree with gray bark, simple leaves, and short racemes of small, fragrant, bell-shaped white flowers. The scented yellowish resin is thought to be created in response to injury, so it is tapped by making hatchet incisions in the trunk. The resin, called benzoin or gum benjamin, is used as incense, a fixative in perfumes, and is added to cosmetics to prevent fats turning rancid. The tree resin is used externally, diluted with water, as an antiseptic skin wash. Taken internally, it relieves intestinal gas and is antiseptic to the urinary tract. Take ten to twenty drops in water or tea four times a day. Put it in vaporizers or use it an inhalant for bronchitis, and laryngitis. A simple method is to place it, along with a few drops of the oils of peppermint and eucalyptus, in a bowl of boiling hot water. Put your face as close to the bowl as you can and cover your head, and the bowl, with a towel. Inhale the steam. Tincture of benzoin is often added to salves as a preservative, (one pound of benzoin to about one and a half quarts of salve.) Benzoin is used in Aromatherapy but may cause allergic reactions. a) Parts Used: Resin b) Magical Use: An herb of purification, burned in incense to sanctify an area. The scent is also used to attract business when combined with basil, peony or cinnamon. Dilute the essential oil and rub onto the body to increase your personal power. It awakens the conscious mind as well. Burn to purify, protect, for prosperity, for astral projection or to increase mental powers. c) Aromatherapy Use: Asthma, Bronchitis, Laryngitis, Chills, Flu, Colic, Coughs, Itching, Arthritis, Colds, As a Sedative. Benzoin has been found to help retain skin elasticity. It is valuable in treating dry, cracked skin and is believed to be anti-depressant. Key Qualities: Warming, Energizing, Uplifting, Comforting, Purifying, Elevating, Stimulant, Soothing, Antidepressant. 14) BERGAMOT: (Citrus bergamia) Bergamot has aromatic flowers and fruits. The thin, smooth peel yields Bergamot oil for "true" eau de Cologne and Earl Grey Tea. a) Parts Used: Flower and fruit b) Magical Use: Use for money and protective rituals. Add the distilled bouquet to your bathwater for these purposes. Synthesized versions of the oil abound but should not be used. c) Aromatherapy Use: Boils, Cold Sores, Insect Bites, Spots, Varicose Ulcers, Colds, Flu, Fevers, Acne, Tension, Wounds, Coughs, Stress, as an Antidepressant, as an Insect Repellent, Depression, Cystitis, Infectious Diseases, Tonsillitis, Halitosis, Flatulence, Loss of appetite. Key Qualities: Reviving, Refreshing, Calming, Soothing, Uplifting, Sedative, Regulating, balancing, Anti-Depressant. 15) BERGAMOT MINT: (Mentha x piperita 'citrata') This herb is sometimes confused with the Citrus of the same name. Bee Balm is also called bergamot at times. This is a hairless mint with thin smooth leaves and purple runners, it has purplish flowers. In full sun it develops a strong citrus scent and the whole plant is tinged purple. In shade the color is more coppery. Use it as an aromatic herb in potpourri or to make a honey-sweetened drink. The flavor is not so good for cooking. Also called Eau De Cologne Mint. a) Parts Used: Leaf and Essential Oil b) Magical Use: The leaves of bergamot mint are slipped into wallets and purses to attract money. Fresh leaves are also rubbed onto money before spending it to ensure it's return. Also used in "success" rituals and spells. 16) BETONY: (Stachys officonalis or Stachys betonica or Betonica officionalis) Also known as Bishop wort, Wood Betony or Purple Betony. Wood betony has fairly pungent, scalloped, hairy leaves and spikes of pale magenta summer flowers. A Druid sacred herb. The arial parts provide a tea substitute and are added to tonics and herbal cigarettes. An infusion is mildly sedative and cleansing and is a nerve and circulation tonic for migraine, anxiety, indigestion, drunkenness, and difficult labor. Wood Betony was an Anglo-Saxon protective charm a) Parts Used: Leaf, flower, stem and root b) Magical Use: This was a very powerful herb to the Druids as it has the power to expel evil spirits, nightmares and despair. It was burned at Midsummer Solstice for purification and protection. Sprinkle around or near al doors and windows to form a protective barrier. If troubled by nightmares fill a small cloth pillow and place it under your pillow. Betony is added to purification and protection mixtures and incenses. 17) BIRCH: (Betula alba) A Druid sacred tree. Also known as Lady of the Woods, Paper Birch or White Birch. The antibacterial leaves give a diuretic tea used to treat gout and rheumatism, to dissolve kidney and bladder tones and to lower cholesterol. Steep two teaspoons of leaf per cup of water for twenty minutes. The dose is one to one a half cups over a day. Birch twigs and leaves are simmered and added to the bath for itchy skin conditions and falling hair. Taken before bed, the tea is sedative. The young shoots and leaves make a tonic laxative. The inner bark is simmered and used in fevers. Twigs and bark are simmered using two teaspoons of plant per cup of water for twenty minutes. The dose is one-fourth cup four times a day. The twigs of B. lutea (Yellow birch) and B. lenta (black birch) are gathered in spring and simmered gently for twenty minutes to make a delicious beverage. Please note: the leaves must be used fresh, and not after Midsummer, as they will then contain natural insecticides. The white birch has no real flavor and does not make a good beverage tea. The bark and bud oil are used in medicated soaps. a) Parts Used: Leaf, bark and twigs b) Magical Use: The traditional broom of witches is made of birch twigs. Protection, purification, wards negativity, love, new beginnings, changes. Birch is a feminine tree and an embodiment of the Great Mother. Cradles are often made of her wood as a protection for the child. c) Aromatherapy Use: Gout, Rheumatism, Eczema, Ulcers. 18) BLACKBERRY: (Rubus villosus) A Blackberry leaf decoction is a blood and skin tonic, and a poultice treats eczema. The juicy purple-black fruit are rich in fiber and Vitamin C. The root is a classic remedy for diarrhea and is reputed to clean the kidneys and urinary tract of stones and gravel. Simmer two teaspoons for the root per cup of water for twenty minutes, and take a quarter cup four times a day. The buds and leaves are used fresh in poultices for wounds, burns, mouth sores, and sore throats. Chew the leaves or make a poultice. The berries are slightly binding (as is blackberry wine) and are useful in diarrhea, as are the leaves. a) Parts Used: Root, leaf, bud, and berry b) Magical Use: Sacred to Brighid, the leaves and berries are used to attract wealth or healing. This is a Goddess herb, belonging to the planetary sphere of Venus. Protection, health, prosperity, pie for Lughnasadh, to commemorate the harvest. 19) BLACKTHORN: (Prunus spinosa) Also know as Sloe, Mother of the Wood, or Wishing Thorn. This tree has small, serrated, oval leaves on dark, thorny branches with purple blooms and black fruit. The leaves yield a mouthwash. The astringent fruits make Sloe gin. Traditionally, the wood was used to make clubs. a) Parts Used: Leaf, twig, fruit b) Magical Use: Returns evil to sender. The thorns are used for sticking into black figure candles or poppets of enemies that will not leave you alone. Hung over doorways or carried, the sloe wards off evil and calamity, banishes demons and negative vibrations. 20) BORAGE: (Borago officionalis) The flowers decorate salads and cakes and are frozen in ice cubes. The cooling, mineral-rich leaves flavor drinks, dips, and salt-free diets. A leaf and flower infusion is an adrenaline tonic taken for stress, depression, or cortisone and steroid treatment. It reduces fevers, dry coughs, and dry skin rashes. Pressed seed oil can be used like Evening Primrose for menstrual and irritable bowel problems, eczema, blood pressure, arthritis and hangovers. a) Parts Used: Flower, leaf, stem and seeds b) Magical Use: Tea aids psychic power. Carry the leaves for protection. Carry the fresh blossoms to strengthen your courage. Use in money and business spells. 21) BRIAR ROSE: (Rosa rubiginosa) Also known as Wild Rose, Sweet Briar, Hop Fruit, or Briar. Regular scented roses may be substituted. See also ROSE. a) Parts Used: Flower and fruit b) Magical Use: For clairvoyant dreams, steep two teaspoons fresh or dried rose petals in one cup of boiling water. Cover and let stand five minutes. Drink at bedtime. Burn the petals with love incense to strengthen love spells. Rose essential oil is used in formulas designed to attract love, confer peace, stimulate sexual desires and enhance beauty. Healing, Creativity, Love Luck, Prophetic Dreams, Protection, Psychic Awareness, Divination, Clairvoyance, Anointing, Balance. c) Aromatherapy Use: Anxiety, Depression, Circulatory Problems, menopausal Problems, as an Antiseptic and Tonic, Menstrual Disorders, Stress, Tension, as a Sedative. 22) BROOM: (Genista scoparius syn. Cytisus scoparius and Sarothamnus scoparious) Also known as Scotch Broom, and Irish broom. A Druid Sacred Tree, it is a many-branched erect shrub with simple or trifoliate leaves, and golden "sweet-pea" flowers. A flowering sprig of Broom was a heraldic battle device of Henry II of England who is said to have taken the family name Plantagenet from this medieval "planta genista". Flowering broom tips are gathered in spring (before Midsummer) and are later used fresh or dry. The seeds are as useful as the tops. Both are soluble in water and alcohol. The infusion is used to tread cardiac edema. Simmer one teaspoon of the herb or seeds per cup of water for twenty minutes. The dose is one-half cup a day in one-fourth cup doses. Broom is combined with dandelion root, uva ursi, and juniper berries to treat bladder and kidney ailments. Take one part broom, one half part uva ursi, and one half part dandelion root. Simmer until the liquid is reduced to half the original quantity. Add one-half part juniper berry and cool. A pinch of cayenne is sprinkled into each one-eighth cup dose. Caution: Acute kidney problems contraindicate this herb. Broom is a heart tonic. Use one teaspoon of the herb per cup of water, and do not exceed more than one-half cup per day. One to ten drops of tincture may be given as a dose. a) Parts Used: Flowering twig and seed. b) Magical Use: Broom flowers bound with colored ribbons are carried at weddings. Couples may choose to "jump the broom" as they make their transition to a new station of life. Broom can be substituted for furze (gorse)) at Spring Equinox. The Irish called it the "Physician's Power" because of its diuretic shoots. Sweep your outside ritual areas with it to purify and protect. Burning the blooms and shoots calms the wind. Hang indoors for protection and purification. Toss in the air or bury it to raise or calm winds. 23) CAMPHOR: (Cinnamomum camphora) This white, intensely scented, crystalline substance is distilled from a tree native to China and Japan. The essential oil is steam-distilled from wood, root stumps, and branches. For many years true camphor wasn't sold in the U.S. All "camphor blocks" and mothballs were made of synthetic camphor which is extremely poisonous. Both the leaf and crystallized extract are used for wet lung conditions such as asthma and bronchitis. Camphor is useful in depression, exhaustion, and stomach cramps and to improve circulation. Use about two teaspoons of leaf per cup of water and steep for twenty minutes. Take one-fourth cup four times a day. Alternatively, use one teaspoon of the crystallized extract per two cups of water. Take it in one-teaspoon doses four times a day. The tincture is also available and is used in doses of five to ten drops four times a day. Camphor is incorporated into salves for external use to kill parasites and treat ringworm, scabies, and itch. The oil open the lungs, making breathing easier, and helps with muscular and joint pain, arthritis, and bruises (not for open wounds). The salve functions as a "smelling salt," and the herb has been used internally to revive those in coma or delirium. Camphor can be burned to purify the air or inhaled to open lung passages. Caution: Do not use this herb if you are pregnant or if you are very weak and debilitated. Only natural plant extracts should be used, as chemical camphor is contaminated with industrial poisons. a) Parts Used: Crystallized extract and leaf b) Magical Use: (Solid Form) Camphor is added in small amounts to Lunar and chastity type mixtures, (Eucalyptus or Lavender oil may be substituted). Divination, Prophetic Dreams, Psychic Awareness. Burn in the home to purify the air and to dispel disease. c) Aromatherapy Use: Coughs, Colds, Fevers, Rheumatism, Arthritis. 24) CARAWAY: (Carum carvi) Caraway is a hardy biennial with finely cut feathery leaves, umbels of small flower heads in midsummer and capsules containing two curved narrow seeds. The seeds are a popular spice, especially in Central Europe. They enhance port, goulash, sauerkraut, cheese, and pickles and are added to cooking cabbage to reduce the smell. They flavor brads and cakes and are eaten raw or sugar- coated as Caraway comfits after a spicy meal. They sweeten the breath, aid digestion, and relieve flatulence. Chopped leaves are added to soups and salads, and the root is cooked as a vegetable. Essential oil, distilled from the seeds, flavors gin, candy, the liqueur Kümel, and mouthwashes, and scents soaps, and aftershaves. The seeds are antiseptic and a vermifuge. Caraway seeds have been used in cooking since the Stone Age. The powdered seeds are taken in doses of one-fourth to one teaspoon to promote digestion and relieve gas. Caraway tea also relieves menstrual cramps, as it helps to bring on the menstruation. Caraway increases breast mile. To make the tea, steam three teaspoons of the ground seeds in one-half cup of water for twenty minutes (use a kitchen blender to lightly crush the seed). Take up to one and a half cups a day in one-fourth cup doses, or simply chew the seeds. One to four drops of the essential oil may be taken as a digestive aid. For colicky babies, soak one ounce of the ground seed in a pint of cold water for about six hours. The dose is from one to three teaspoons of the infusion, or boil three teaspoons of seed in one-half cup of milk for a few minutes, then steep for ten minutes. The powdered seeds are moistened to make a poultice for bruises and earaches. a) Parts Used: Seed, leaf, root and essential oil b) Magical Use: Caraway is often added to love potions to keep lovers from being unfaithful. The seeds are placed in poppets and used in spells to find one's mate. They are said to inspire lust when baked into cakes or breads. Put some in your wedding cake, or use it instead of rice to throw at the bride and groom. Pigeons are very fond of it too! 25) CARDAMOM: (Elettario cardamomum) This perennial bears violet-striped white flowers and aromatic green fruits on erect or trailing racemes. The seed pods are an expensive spice, sold as whole green, bleached, or sun-dried cardamom. The seeds are digestive, stimulant, and antispasmodic, and rhizome is given for fatigue and fever. The essential oil from almost-ripe fruits is used in liqueurs and perfumes. Cardamom seeds are a symbol of hospitality. a) Parts Used: Seed b) Magical Use: Deliciously spicy, cardamom essential oil brings a nice jolt of energy to live and sexually oriented formulas. Burn for love spells or use in love sachets. The ground seeds are added to warmed wine for a quick lust potion. They are also baked into apple pies for a wonderful amatory pastry. c) Aromatherapy Use: Nausea, Coughs, Headaches, Aches, as a Digestive and Tonic, Dyspepsia, Mental Fatigue, Nervous Strain, Halitosis, Anorexia, Colic. Key Qualities: Cephalic, Aphrodisiac, Warming, Comforting, Refreshing, Uplifting, Penetrating, Soothing. 26) CARNATION: (Dianthus caryophyllus) Also called Pink , Clove Pink or Gilly Flower. This short lived perennial has blue-green grass like foliage and spicy, fragrant long-lasting flowers in the summer. This "Flower of Divinity" and symbol of betrothal, woven into garlands is the parent of cultivated carnations, although is seldom available in its true for. Fortunately, the petals of any clove-scented Pink, with the bitter white heel removed, can be added to fruit dishes, sandwiches, soups, and sauces, or used to make floral syrup, vinegar, liqueur, or wine. This was Chaucer's "sops in wine" and is still enjoyed as a nerve tonic today. The strong-sweet spicy scent is used in soaps and perfumes. Worn during Elizabethan times to prevent coming to an untimely death on the scaffold. a) Parts Used: Flower petals b) Magical Use: Altar offering for the Goddess, Anointing, Protection, Strength, Health and Healing, Energy, Power, Magical Power, Blessing, Consecration. Can be used in all purpose protective spells. 27) CATNIP: (Nepeta Catoria) A Druid sacred herb. The root and leaf scent, mint with cat pheromone overtones, intoxicates cats and repels rats and flea beetles. The tender leaves are added to salads and flavor meat. They can also be brewed as tea and were used before China tea was imported. The leaves and flowering tops treat colds, calm upset stomachs, reduce fevers, and soothe headaches and scalp irritations. When smoked, leaves give mild euphoria with no harmful effects. a) Parts Used: Leaf b) Magical Use: Chewed by warriors for fierceness in battle. Large dried leaves are powerful markers for magic books. Give it to your cat to create a psychic bond. Used in spells to promote beauty, happiness, love. Use in all Cat Magic Spells. 28) CASSIA: (Cinnamomum aromaticum var. cassia) This is the highest grade of Cinnamon. See Cinnamon. a) Magical Use: Purification b) Aromatherapy Use: See cinnamon 29) CEDARWOOD: (Cedrus libani or Cedrus spp.) A Druid sacred herb. Also known as Cedar, Tree of Life, Arbor Vitae (Thuja occidentalis) or Yellow Cedar (T. occidentalis). Ancient Celts on the mainland used cedar oil to preserve the heads of enemies taken in battle. The wood of the Atlas Cedar subspecies is distilled to produce the essential oil. Yellow cedar is used by herbalists to treat bloody cough and heart weakness. Simmer two teaspoons per cup for twenty minutes and take it cold in one-tablespoon doses, three to six times a day. It is used internally and externally as an anti-fungal (the dry powder is excellent for Athlete's foot). a) Parts Used: Twig and leaf b) Magical Use: Cedar smoke purifies the home. Use it in smudge sticks, incense and sweat lodges. The scent is said to enhance psychic powers. I use it in a simmering pot which smells much better than the burning herb, it makes the whole house smell clean and sweet. Use for: Purification, Health and Healing, Luck, Good Fortune, Happiness, Banishing, Releasing, Exorcism, Money and Riches, Justice, Protection, Harmony, Peace. c) Aromatherapy Use: Bronchitis, Catarrh, Acne, Arthritis, as a Diuretic, Sedative, Antiseborrhoeic. 30) CHAMOMILE: (Chamaemelum nobile or Anthemis nobilis) Also called Roman chamomile, English chamomile, Perennial Chamomile, Wild Chamomile, and Ground Apple. A Druid Sacred Herb, this aromatic evergreen has feathery, apple-scented leaves and white flowers with conical golden centers. The flowers make a digestive, soothing and sedative tea, which is used for soothing restless children, helps prevent nightmares and insomnia, and suppresses nausea. The flower compounds have shown anti-tumor activity in laboratory tests. In the garden it is a "physician plant" reviving nearby ailing plants. The essential oil is a beautiful blue color turning yellow as it ages. This herb has an affinity for the solar plexus area of the human body. Colic, upset stomachs, and fevers are benefited by the tea of the fresh or dried flower. Use two tablespoons per cup, steep for twenty minutes, and take a quarter cup four times a day. Women with menstrual cramps can try adding a few thin slices of fresh ginger root to the tea. Chamomile is an antibacterial. Sores, wounds, itches, and rashes respond to external applications. Use the tea as a wash or add the herb to salves and poultices. The oil is rubbed into swollen joints. Chamomile calms the nerves and brings on sleep. Use it in baths and gargles. Add the tea to a vaporizer to help asthmatic children. The classic tea for cranky, teething babies, it is given in the bottle or through a mother's breast milk. a) Parts Used: Flower b) Magical Use: Yellow chamomile brings the power of the sun to love potions, money spells and rites of purification. Use in incense for the God. When sprinkled around the house it removes hexes, curses and spells. It can be burned or added to prosperity bags to increase money. Use for: Love, Luck, Fortune, Justice, Prosperity, Purification, Meditation, Rest. c) Aromatherapy Use: Nerves, Migraine, Acne, Inflammation, Insomnia, Menstrual Problems, Dermatitis, Analgesic, Tension Headache, Stress. 31) CHERRY: (Prunus serotina) A Druid sacred tree, chips of the wood or bark were burned at Celtic festivals especially Sabbaths. Also known as Black Cherry, Wild Cherry or Chokecherry (P. virginiana). Chokecherry bark tea is used to clear the throats of singers and public speakers, the powdered berries were once used to improve the appetite. If you've never tried chokecherry jelly, you've missed a real treat. CAUTION: The stone is poisonous. a) Parts Used: Fruit, bark and wood b) Magical Use: (Wood and Fruit Juice) Creativity, Healing, Long been used to attract Love, Cherry juice is used as a substitute for blood in old recipes. 32) CINNAMON: (Cinnamomum verum or zeylanicum) A tropical evergreen tree up to 50 feet tall. Cinnamon sticks are quills from the inner bark and the essential oil is distilled by water or steam from the leaves and twigs. a) Parts Used: Bark b) Magical Use: (Herb and Oil) Meditation, Defense, Creative Work, Divination, Energy, Power, Protection, Success, Astral Projection, Health and Healing, Love Lust, Money and Riches, Purification. c) Aromatherapy Use: (Oil) Lice, Scabies, Wasp Stings, Poor Circulation, Childbirth (stimulates contractions), Anorexia, Colitis, Diarrhea, Dyspepsia, Intestinal Infection, Sluggish Digestion, Spasm, Flu, Rheumatism, Warts, Coughs, Colds, Viral Infections, Frigidity, Infectious Disease, Stress Related Conditions, Tooth and Gum Care, Nervous Exhaustion. Key Qualities: Warming, Reviving, Tonic, Strengthening, Aphrodisiac, Restorative, Uplifting. 33) CINQUEFOIL: (Pontentilla reptans) Also called Five Fingered Grass, Creeping cinquefoil, and Five Leaved Grass. The rootstock was cooked as a vegetable by the Celts and Native Americans. Applied to sore areas, the fresh plant relieves pain. A root decoction is used in anti-wrinkle creams. A wash reduces skin redness, freckles, and sunburn. The powdered root and leaf are used to stop internal hemorrhaging. The powder also makes an astringent for mouth sores and treats diarrhea. Taken with honey, it relieves sore throats, coughs, and fever. Take one-quarter to one-half teaspoon at a time, or twenty to forty drops of the tincture. The leaves can be steeped using two teaspoons per cup of water for twenty minutes, or one ounce of the root can be simmered in one and a half cups of water for twenty minutes. The dose is a quarter cup four times a day. a) Parts Used: Root and leaf b) Magical Uses Use the infusion in ritual baths and for purification rites. Cinquefoil bestows eloquence and protection to the wearer, bring it to court. Love, power wisdom, health, and abundance are symbolized by its five petals. ***** a hole in an egg, drain it and fill it with cinquefoil. Tape the egg shut, and your home and property are protected. Bathe in the infusion every seven days to ward off evil influences. Prosperity, Protection, Defense, Purification, Anointing, Divination Dreams, Energy, Strength, Luck, Fortune, Justice, Healing, Inspiration, Wisdom, Love,. Hang at the door for protection. Add to pacificator bath sachets. 34) CLOVE: (Syzgium aromaticum) Cloves are the sun-dried unopened flower buds of a dense evergreen tree, they have a strong spiciness that flavors foods and prevents nausea. The flowers are used to soothe aching eyes. Clove oil, from the distillation of leaves and flower buds, is an antiseptic numbing agent for toothache and indigestion. It is added to cosmetics, perfumes, and cigarettes. There are now Clove-based anesthetics. a) Parts Used: Leaf and flower bud b) Magical Use: Use for: Divination, Love, Lust, Banishing, Releasing, Inspiration, Wisdom. Burn for Wealth, Purification, to ward negative thoughts, or to stop others from gossiping about you. c) Aromatherapy Use: Nausea, Flatulence, Asthma, Bronchitis, Arthritis, Rheumatism, Toothache, Diarrhea, Infections, as an Analgesic and Antiseptic, Insect Repellent (Mosquitoes). Key Qualities: Tonic, Stimulating, Revitalizing, Aphrodisiac, Warming, Comforting, Purifying, Active. 35) CLUB MOSS: (Lycopodium selago or clavatum) Also called Selago, Foxtail, Lycopod, Vegetable Sulpher, Wolf Claw or Stag's Horn Moss. This toxic, evergreen, moss like herb has trailing stems, upright branches and developing cones encasing the ripe spores. The spores were once used for gastric and urinary disorders, as an antispasmodic sedative and to coat pills. Blackfoot Indians knew of the spores' blood-stanching, wound-healing and moisture-absorbing properties and inhaled them for nosebleeds and dusted them on cuts. They are still used on wounds and eczema. The spores are explosive when set alight, and used to create theatrical lightening and added to fireworks. Magicians once used them to create "lightening flashes" and other pyrotechnics as needed. These effects were originally intended as a form of sympathetic magic -of evocation by emulation - not simply (or deceptively) as stage effects. The club mosses are found in North America, northern Europe, Asia, and the southern hemisphere. The plants are several inches in height and resemble moss. They creep by means of prostrate stems, which branch upward at intervals, with crowded, linear, simple leaves. Large two valve spore cases product the medicinally active spores. While the whole plant was used by the ancients as a cathartic, the spores were used as a diuretic in edema, a drastic (a forceful agent of cure) in diarrhea and dysentery, a nervine for rabies and spasms, a mild laxative in cases of gout and scurvy, and a corroborant (strengthening agent) for rheumatism. The dose is ten to sixty grains of the spores. The spores also make a dusting powder for skin diseases and diaper rash. CAUTION: Selago can be an active narcotic poison when overused. For this reason it is probably better to use only the spores, which are non-toxic. The whole plant can be used externally, however, as a counterirritant - made into a poultice, it will keep blisters open and kill lice. a) Parts Used: Above-ground portions of the herb, and spores. b) Magical Use: Druids respected the plant to such a degree that it was gathered only under strict ritual guidelines. One of the Ovates would dress in white, bathe both feet in free-running water and offer a sacrifice of bread and spirits, and then with white robe wrapped around the right hand, using a brass hook, would dig up the plant by the roots. When properly gathered, the herb becomes a charm of power and protection. Wear it, add it to incense, and use it to commune with the Gods and Goddesses. 36) COMFREY: (Symphytum officonale) Also known as Slippery Root, Knit bone or Black wort. Teas, tinctures and compresses of comfrey roots or leaves speed healing of cuts, rashes, and broken bones. a) Parts Used: Root and leaf b) Magical Uses Root or leaves for healing. Carry for safe travel. To ensure the safety of your luggage while traveling, tuck a piece of the root into each of your bags. 37) COPAL: (Bursera odorata) Copal is a white, pale yellow or yellowish-orange gum resin. When smoldered on charcoal it produces a rich, delicious, piney-lemony fragrance. Copal is North America's equivalent of Frankincense. While it lacks some of frankincense's bittersweet odor, it is a fine substitute. When frankincense if left smoldering on charcoal for some time it eventually emits a very bitter scent. Copal, however, never varies as it burns. It is native to Mexico and Central America, and has been used as incense in religious and magical ceremonies for untold hundreds of years, beginning, perhaps, with the Mayans or even prior to the days of that fables people. The finest copal is a pale to dark yellow color with an intense resinous-citrus odor. It is usually sold in chunks and may contain leaf fragments. a) Parts Used: Resin b) Magical Use: Burn for protection, cleansing, purification, to promote spirituality, and to purify quartz crystals and other stones before use in magic. May be substituted for Frankincense. A piece of copal may be used as the heart in poppets. 38) CORIANDER: (Coriandrum sativum) The whole of this annual is pungently aromatic. The seed is a mild sedative, aids digestion, reduces flatulence, and eases migraines. The spicy essential oil, distilled from the seeds, is used in perfumes and incense, flavors medicines and toothpaste, and is added to massage oil for facial neuralgia and cramps. The seeds are strengthening to the urinary system. The leaf and seed are infused to treat bladder infections. The tea helps with stomach problems such as gas and indigestion. Steep two teaspoons of the dried seed per cup of boiled water fro twenty minutes, and take up to one cup a day. The powdered seed and the oil are used to flavor other herbal preparations and to ease griping in laxative formulas. Use one-fourth to one-half teaspoon at a time. Coriander is a common ingredient of Indial curries. a) Parts Used: Seed and leaf b) Magical Use: Coriander oil works well in love and healing mixtures. The seeds are used for healing, especially easing headaches and are worn for this purpose. Add the powdered seeds to warm wine to make an effective lust potion. Put some in the chalice for a hand fasting ritual. c) Aromatherapy Use: Eating Disorders, Colic, Diarrhea, Dyspepsia, Measles, Migraine, Neuralgia, General Infections, Indigestion, Influenza, Fatigue, Rheumatism, Flatulence, Nervousness, as an Analgesic, Stimulant, Aphrodisiac. Key Qualities: Aphrodisiac, Stimulating, Soporific (In excess), Refreshing, Warming, Comforting, Revitalizing, Strengthening, Purifying, Soothing, Active. 39) CYPRESS: (Cupressus sempervirens) This tall evergreen tree has gray-brown bark, and tiny, dark green leaves. It bears yellowish male cones and green female cones, which ripen to brown. Cypress Oil, distilled from the leaves, branches, and cones, has a refreshing, camphor-resinous scent. a) Parts Used: Leaf, twigs, fruit, bark, wood, resin and essential oil. b) Magical Use: Burn for Happiness, Harmony, Peace, Inspiration, Binding, Wisdom, Releasing, Defense, Longevity. Cypress Oil is used for Blessing, Consecration, and protection. The unique scent stimulates healing and eases the pain of losses of all kind. c) Aromatherapy Use: Skin Care, Perspiration, Wounds, bruises, Hemorrhoids, Varicose Veins, Cellulites, Muscular Cramps, Edema, Poor Circulation, Rheumatism, Asthma, Bronchitis, Spasmodic Coughing, Dysmenorrhea,, Menopausal Problems, Nervous Tension, Stress-related Conditions, Treats inflamed/bleeding gums, Insect Repellent. Key Qualities: Refreshing, Purifying, Relaxing, Warming, Reviving, Restorative, Comforting, Protective, Soothing. 40) DILL: (Anethum graveolens) Uniquely flavored, Dill offers culinary "seeds" and leaves, but the choicest flavor is in the fresh immature green seed heads. They give character to dill pickles, vinegar and potato salad. Distilled seed oil is colorless to pale yellow, with a light, fresh, warm-spicy scent and flavors drinks, food and infant gripe water for colic. The seeds aid digestion, and their infusion reduces flatulence, hiccups, stomach pains, and insomnia. A seed decoction gives a nail-strengthening bath. a) Parts Used: Flower, leaf, stem, fruit, seeds, and essential oil. b) Magical Use: Seeds draw money, Leaves for protection, Flowers for love and defense. Protective when hung at the door, no one ill-disposed or envious of you can enter your house. Smell Dill to cure hiccups. c) Aromatherapy Use: (Oil) Colic, Constipation, Dyspepsia, Flatulence, Headaches, Indigestion, Nervousness, Amenorrhea. 41) DRAGONS BLOOD: (Draceana draco spp.) Dragon's blood is the resin of the Draceana draco species. The common name of this plant is "dragon tree" hence the name. a) Parts Used: Resin b) Magical Use: Burn for love, protection, exorcism, and sexual potency. Use for Courage, Magical Power, Energy, Strength, Purification, Changes, Determination, Cleansing. A pinch of Dragon's blood added to other incenses increases their potency and power. 42) ELDER (Sambucus canadensis or nigra) Also known as Ellhorn, Elderberry, Lady Elder, and Black Berried Elder. A Druid Sacred Tree. Sacred to the White Lady and Midsummer Solstice. The Druids used it to both bless and curse. In Chinese medicine, the leaves, stems, and roots are used to treat fractures and muscle spasms. The flowers treat colds, sore throats, hay fever, and arthritis, and act as a mild laxative. Named the "country medicine chest" for its many health uses, the Elderberry is also rich in European folklore. The black elder (S. nigra) can be used as an insecticide in the garden or to repel insects from the face and body. A simple infusion of the fresh leaf is made for this purpose. It can also be poured down mouse and mole holes. The berries are used for jam, wine, pies, and syrups. Medicinally, they help coughs, colic, diarrhea, sore throats, asthma, and flu. A pinch of cinnamon makes the tea more warming. The leaves are added to salves for skin conditions. The flowers are infused for fevers, eruptive skin conditions such as measles, and severe bronchial and lung problems. A classic flu remedy is a mixture of elder flower, yarrow and peppermint teas. Keep the patient well covered, as the flowers promote sweating. Use two teaspoons of the herbs per cup of water, steep for twenty minutes, and take up to three cups a day. a) Parts Used: Leaf, flower, and berry b) Magical Use: Elder wands can be used to drive out evil spirits or thought forms. Music on panpipes or flutes made of elder have the same power of the wands. A Dryad "Elder Mother" is said to live in the tree, she will haunt anyone who cuts down her wood. Stand or sleep under an elder on Midsummer Eve to see the King of the Faeries and his retinue pass by. The flowers are used in wish-fulfillment spells. The leaves , flowers, and berries are strewn on a person, place or thing to bless it. Wood is NOT to be burned as it is sacred to Hecate. Flowers are used for altar offerings. Hung over doorways and windows, it keeps evil from the house. Carry Elder to preserve against the temptation to commit adultery. Use for: Money, Riches, Love, Blessings, Banishing, Releasing, Consecration, Cursing, Purification, Cleansing. 43) EUCALYPTUS: (Eucalyptus spp.) Perhaps the ultimate healing oil. The Eucalyptus genus comprises over 500 species of aromatic trees and shrubs with deciduous bark. The most common species, Tasmanian Blue Gum (Eucalyptus globulus) has a blue-gray trunk, blue-green juvenile leaves, green adult leaves, and white flower stamens. Eucalyptus leaves, scented of balsamic camphor, are used by aboriginals to bind wounds, the flower nectar gives honey, and the oil, distilled from the leaves and twigs, is used in medicines, aromatherapy, and perfumes. Eucalyptus oil is antiseptic, expectorant, and anti-viral, treats pulmonary tuberculosis, lowers blood sugar levels, and is useful for burns, catarrh and flu. The roots of Eucalyptus trees secrete a poisonous chemical, inhibiting the growth of nearby plants. a) Parts Used: Leaf, twigs, wood, sap and essential oil b) Magical Use: Add to all healing blends. Apply (undiluted) to the body to relieve colds. Also used in purification mixtures. For protection, carry the leaves. c) Aromatherapy Use: Blue Gum: Burns, Blisters, Cuts, Herpes, Insect Bites, Lice, Skin Infections, Wounds, Muscular Aches and Pains, Poor Circulation, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Sprains, Asthma, Bronchitis, Catarrh, Cough, Sinusitis, Throat Infections, Chicken Pox, Colds, Epidemics, Flu, Measles, Cystitis, Leucorrhoea, Nervous Debility, Headaches, Neuralgia, Insect Repellent. Key Qualities: Stimulating, Refreshing, Clearing, Purifying, Balsamic, Regulating. Lemon Eucalyptus: (E. citriodora) Athlete's Foot and other Fungal Infections (such as Candida), Cuts, Dandruff, Herpes, Infectious Skin Conditions (such as Chicken Pox), Asthma, Laryngitis, Sore Throat, Colds, Fevers, Infectious Diseases, Insect Repellent. Key Qualities: Invigorating, Active, Stimulating. 44) EYEBRIGHT: (Euphrasia officionalis) A Druid sacred herb. This semi parasitic annual extracts its nutrients from the roots of certain grasses found in poor meadowland. It has tiny oval leaves and small, scallop-edged, white flowers with yellow spots and red veins, resembling a bloodshot eye. The slightly bitter leaves have been used in salads. A whole plant infusion or strained juice from crushed, fresh stems is a general eye tonic treating strain and infections, and is a popular cosmetic wash, giving sparkle to eyes. Its antiseptic, mildly astringent, inflammation-and phlegm-reducing properties ease the irritated eyes and runny nose of hay-fever and sinusitis. a) Parts Used: Flower, leaf, and twigs b) Magical Use: In a tightly covered pot gently brew a handful of the herb in a pint of boiling water. Allow to stand overnight. Strain out the herb, squeezing as dry as possible. Store the liquid in a tightly sealed container away from sunlight and heat but not in the refrigerator. Drink a half teaspoon in a half cup of spring water or psychic herb tea to promote clairvoyance, clear the mind and improve memory. Burn as incense for clairvoyance and divination. Carry when you need to see the truth in a matter. 45) FENNEL: (Foeniculum vulgare) Sacred to the God. This biennial or perennial herb has finely cut feathery foliage, umbels of midsummer flowers, curved, ribbed seeds and a thick root, all with a fresh anise seed flavor. The seeds are chewed to allay hunger and ease indigestion. They are brewed for constipation, to increase breast milk and regulate menstruation, with root extract, they are detoxifying and diuretic. Research indicates Fennel helps repair the liver after alcohol damage. Seed and leaf steam aids deep skin cleansing, and the essential oil is used in a muscle-toning massage. Fennel oil should not be used by epileptics or young children. To help with indigestion and gas, pour boiling water over crushed fennel seeds (one teaspoon seed to a pint of water). The seeds are simmered in syrups for coughs, shortness of breath and wheezing. Powdered fennel seeds repel fleas from pets' sleeping quarters. Place fennel inside a fish when you cook it to make it more digestible. The seeds and root help clean the liver, spleen, gall bladder, and blood. The leaves and seeds when boiled with barley increase breast milk. The tea and broth of this herb are said to help in weight loss programs. Fennel is eaten in salads, soups, and breads. Fennel oil mixed with honey can be taken for coughs, and the tea is used as a gargle. The oil is eaten with honey to allay gas and it is applied externally to rheumatic swellings. The seeds are boiled to make an eye wash: use one half teaspoon of seed per cup of water, three times a day, and be sure to strain carefully before use. a) Parts Used: Leaf, root and seeds b) Magical Use: Hang over doors with St. John's Wort at Litha to repel evil spirits. Carry fennel to influence others to trust your words. Use for: Protection, Healing, Health, Purification. c) Aromatherapy Use: Bruises, Dull, Oily, Mature Complexions, Cellulites, Obesity, Edema, Rheumatism, Asthma, Bronchitis, Anorexia, Colic, Constipation, Dyspepsia, Flatulence, Hiccoughs, Nausea, Menopausal Problems, Insufficient Milk in Nursing Mothers. Key Qualities: Stimulating, Balancing, Restorative, Revitalizing, Purifying, Cleansing. 46) FERNS: Especially Male Fern (Dryopteris filixmas), Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum pedatum), Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), Lady Fern, Polypody, or Oak Fern (Polypodium vulgare). The Druids classified ferns as sacred trees. Uncurled fronds of Male fern were gathered at Midsummer, dried and carried for good luck. The mysterious regeneration of ferns led to the ancient belief that their seed could confer invisibility. The root was added to love potions and the fronds eaten by those embarking on love quests. Male Fern: The fall gathered root is a remedy for tapeworm. A few hours after it has been ingested, a purgative is given. Begin the vermifuge process by eating fresh garlic. Take one to four teaspoons of the liquid extract of the root, or of the powdered root, on an empty stomach and follow several hours later with castor oil. Caution: do not ingest alcohol while taking this herb. Overdose can result in blindness and death. The roots are added to healing salves for wounds and rubbed into the limbs of children with rickets. a) Parts Used: Leaf and root b) Magical Use: Fern "seeds" are said to render on invisible if gathered on Midsummer's Eve. Ferns are also said to be an herb of immortality. Moonwort (Botrychium lunaria) is especially effective if gathered by moonlight. This fern aids in opening locks and breaking charms, is used in love spells and has the alchemical reputation of being an herb to convert quicksilver into silver. Use it to conjure money. Burned indoors, dried male fern fronds produce a very strong wall of protection. Burned outdoors they produce rain. Use for: Luck, Love, Banishing, Releasing, Exorcism, Defense. 47) FEVERFEW: (Tanacetum parthenum) Also known as Feather foil or Flirt wort. Semi evergreen Feverfew has pungent, divided, medium to yellow-green leaves and white daisy flowers appearing in summer. The leaves add a bitter tang to food and are found in digestive aperitifs. They relax blood vessels, reduce inflammation and are mildly sedative. Feverfew's importance lies in its success in reducing some migraines. Chewed daily its accumulative effect is to reduce headache pains and inhibit the secretion of a compound implicated in migraine and arthritis, infused flowering tops are applied to ease headaches and arthritic swellings. A tea is taken for tinnitus and irregular periods. Warning: Fresh leaves can irritate the mouth. a) Parts Used: Leaf, flower, essential oil b) Magical Use: Travelers carries it as a ward against sickness or accidents during their journeys. Protection, Purification, Defense, Cleansing. 48) FIR, SILVER: (Abies alba) Also known as Birth Tree. A Druid sacred tree. The Silver Fir grows to a height of 180 feet. This was the original Christmas tree from central Europe, chosen for its long lasting, aromatic needles. The bark resin is distilled to make Strasburg turpentine. The buds and leaves are distilled to make the expectorant and antiseptic Silver Pine needle oil, which is used in cough drops and asthma inhalations, and to give pine scent to toiletries. a) Parts Used: Leaf tips, bark, wood, seeds, and sap b) Magical Use: The needles are burned at childbirth to bless and protect the mother and baby. Burn for Happiness, Harmony, Peace, Inspiration, and Wisdom. 49) FLAX: (Linum usitatissimum) Also called Linseed. Annual Flax has slender stems with linear green leaves, beautiful, flat blue flowers, and oily brown seeds. A teaspoon of the seed is placed in a quart of water and gently simmered down to one-half quart. The resulting liquid is given for constipation, for ulcerated sore throat, and as an expectorant for bronchitis in one-fourth cup doses throughout the day. To pass a gallstone, take one and a half to two tablespoons of linseed oil and lie on your left side for a half hour. The whole seeds (about two tablespoons) can be taken with plenty of water to relieve constipation. Follow with stewed prunes or prune juice. The cooked seeds are added to fresh grated carrots, and the mix is warmed to make a poultice to rheumatism and swellings. a) Parts Used: Seed b) Magical Use: the child who runs or dances in a flax field at the age of seven is assured of growing up to be attractive. Newborn babies are placed in a flax field to sleep for similar reasons. The blue flowers are worn as a preservative against sorcery. Sprinkle the altar with flax seeds while performing healing rituals or include it in healing mixtures. Use for: Protection, Psychic Awareness, Money. 50) FOXGLOVE: (Digitalis purpurea) Also known as Fairy Gloves, Fairy Fingers, or Dead Men's Bells. A Druid sacred herb associated with the "little people". Caution: This plant is poisonous and should be used by qualified personnel only. a) Magical Use: Grow in a garden for protection of house and yard. 51) FRANKINCENSE: (Boswellia carteri) A small tree or shrub, with pinnate leaves, and white or pale pink flowers. It yields a natural oleo-resin gum, which is used to make a healing incense, which induces a meditative state. Frankincense essential oil is also useful in promoting spirituality and meditative states. Dilute before applying to the skin as it may be irritating. Pliny claimed that Frankincense was an antidote to hemlock poisoning. Avicenna advocated its use for tumors, fevers, vomiting, and dysentary. Chinese herbalists use it in powder form and in teas for rheumatism and menstrual pain, and externally as a wash for sores and bruises. The dose is three to six grains in a glass of wine, or twenty drops of the tincture. Frankincense is highly antiseptic and the scent is said to calm and clear the mind. Caution: Prolonged use of resins can damage the kidneys. a) Parts Used: Resin b) Magical Use: Sacred to the Sun God Ra, frankincense is burned in rites of exorcism, purification, and protection. It is said to accelerate spiritual growth. Rosemary may be used as a substitute. (Oil) Anoint tools, sachets or the body. Use for spirituality, exorcism, purification, luck and protection rites. (Resin) burn for protection, exorcism, spirituality, love, consecration, blessing, energy, strength, visions, healing, meditation, power and courage.. c) Aromatherapy Use: (Oil) Blemishes, Dry and Mature Complexions, Scars, Wounds, Wrinkles, Asthma, Bronchitis, Colds, Coughs, Flu, Laryngitis, Cystitis, Anxiety, Nervous Tension, Stress-related Conditions. Frankincense has the ability to slow down, and deepen the breath - very conducive to prayer and meditation. 52) GALANGAL: (Alpinia officionalis or A. galanga) Also known as Low John the Conqueror or Siamese Ginger. Galangal has dark green, sword-shaped leaves, white flowers with pink veins, round red seed capsules, and a rhizomous rootstalk that smells of ginger and camphor. The rhizome has a spicy, ginger like flavor used in Southeast Asia soups and curries. The young shoots and flowers are eaten raw and the flowers can be boiled or pickled. The rhizome yields an essential oil, essence d'Amali, used in perfumes. a) Magical Use: Use tincture for luck, money, protection, exorcism and psychic development. Ginger can be substituted. 53) GARDENIA: (Gardenia jasmenoides) This evergreen shrub or small tree has exquisitely scented white double flowers and o range-red fruits, with glossy, dark green leaves. a) Parts Used: Flower b) Magical Use: Health, Healing, Love, Peace, Psychic Awareness, Spirituality. Place fresh blossoms in sick rooms or on healing altars to aid the process. Add dried petals to healing mixtures. Dried gardenia is scattered around a room to induce peaceful vibrations. Add to Moon incenses. Gardenias are used in love spells, and to attract good spirits during rituals. They have very high spiritual vibrations. 54) GARLIC: (Allium sativum) Garlic has a clustered bulb made up of several bulblets (cloves) enclosed in a papery tunic. It has a single stem with long, thin leaves and an umbel of edible, rose-tinted white summer flowers and a bulb whose flavor increases the more it is sliced or crushed. Cooking with fresh ginger prevents the slight nausea some experience with Garlic. Garlic repels insects and can be applied to their bites and stings. The cloves add flavor to savory dishes, especially in hot countries where the plants develop the best flavor. Garlic purifies the blood, helps control acne, and reduces blood pressure, cholesterol, and clotting. Tests confirm antibiotic activity against samples of candida, cholera, staphylococcus, salmonella, dysentery, and typhus: and a mild anti-fungal action. Garlic clears phlegm, thus providing treatment for colds, bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, and whooping cough. New tests suggest it has a role in treating lead poisoning, some carcinomas and diabetes. It's said that growing garlic around potatoes reduces potato blight. The garlic bulb is one of the great herbal "polycrests" - herbs of many uses. Fresh garlic is a preventative and a cure for intestinal worms. It is generally taken in one-teaspoon doses, three to six times a day, with some grated fresh ginger root. Garlic is a natural antibiotic for internal and external use. Mash it and use as a wound dressing. For a sore throat, lightly roast unpeeled cloves in a dry frying pan, peel them when they grow soft, and eat them. For pinworms, a slightly smashed fresh clove can be inserted into the rectum with olive oil. For vaginal infections, smash a few cloves and wrap them in cheese cloth. Insert directly into the vagina. Fresh raw garlic is more effective than the powdered and extracted forms available for sale. Garlic has been shown to be more effective than tetracycline as an antibiotic. CAUTION: Pregnant women and persons with "hot and fiery" temperaments should avoid overuse of garlic. a) Parts Used: Bulb b) Magical Use: In the home, braids of garlic guard against evil, repel thieves, and turn away the envious. And of course, garlic protects against vampires. It is a very effective blessing for a new home. Garlic was eaten on festival days to Hecate and was left at a crossroads as a sacrifice in Her name. Garlic was once worn to guard against the plague. It is still used to absorb diseases. Simply rub fresh, peeled cloves of garlic onto the afflicted part of the body then throw into running water. An old spell utilized garlic in protecting against hepatitis. To do this, simply wear thirteen cloves of garlic at the end of a cord around the neck for thirteen days. On the last day, in the middle of the night, walk to a corner of an intersection of two streets, remove the necklace, throw it behind you and run home without looking back Garlic is also extremely protective. Sailors carry some while on board ship to protect against its wrecking. Soldiers wore garlic as a defense in the middle ages, while Roman soldiers ate it to give them courage. Worn, garlic guards against foul weather (mountaineers wear it) as well as monsters, and it also shields you from the blows of your enemies. When evil spirits are about, bite into garlic to send them away, or sprinkle powdered garlic on the floor (if you don't mind smelling it for some time.) Garlic is placed beneath children's pillows to protect them while asleep, and brides once carried a clove of garlic in the pocket for good luck and to keep evil far from her on her big day. Rubbed onto pots and pans before cooking, it removes negative vibrations which might otherwise contaminate the food. When eaten, garlic acts as a lust-inducer, and when a magnet or lodestone is rubbed with garlic it loses its magical powers. 55) GINGER: (Zingiber officionale) Ginger has an aromatic rhizome, erect stems of two ranks, lance-shaped leaves, and spikes of white flowers. The rhizome is used fresh, dried, pickled and preserved. Essential to Asian dishes. Crystallized or infused Ginger suppresses nausea. Ginger tea eases indigestion and flatulence, and reduces fever. the root is warming to the body, is slightly antiseptic, and promotes internal secretions. Chop about two inches of the fresh root, cover with one cup of water, and simmer for about twenty minute, or one-half teaspoon of the powdered root can be simmered in one cup of water. Add lemon juice, honey, and a slight pinch of cayenne. A few teaspoons of brandy will make and even more effective remedy for colds. This preparation treats fevers, chest colds, and flu. A bath or a foot-soak in hot ginger tea is also beneficial. The tea without additives helps indigestion, colic, diarrhea, and alcoholic gastritis. Dried ginger in capsules or in juice is taken to avoid carsickness and seasickness. Use about one half teaspoon of the powder. It works well for pets and children! a) Parts Used: Root b) Magical Use: Powerfully spicy, Ginger essential oil is useful in sexuality, love, courage, and money attracting blends. Eating Ginger before performing spells will lend them power, since you have been "heated up" by the Ginger, this is especially true of love spells. Ginger is also used in Success spells, or to ensure the success of a magical operation. In the Pacific the Dobu islanders make much use of ginger in their magic. They chew it and spit it at the "seat" of an illness to cure it, and also spit chewed ginger at an oncoming storm, while at sea, to halt it. c) Aromatherapy Uses Arthritis, Fatigue, Muscular Aches and Pains, Poor Circulation, Rheumatism, Sprains, Strains, Catarrh, Congestion, Coughs, Sinusitis, Sore Throat, Diarrhea, Colic, Cramp, Flatulence, Indigestion, Loss of Appetite, Nausea, Travel Sickness, Chills, Colds, Flu, Fever, Infectious Disease, Debility, Nervous Exhaustion. Key Qualities: Tonic, Aphrodisiac, Stimulating, Warming, Cephalic, Comforting 56) GINSENG: Oriental (Panax ginseng) or North American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) roots older than two years are a famous yang stimulant (North American less so than Oriental). Rather than treating specific problems, Ginseng strengthens the body by increasing the efficiency of the endocrine, metabolic, circulatory, and digestive systems. It reduces physical, mental, and emotional stress by increasing oxygen-carrying red blood cells and immune strengthening white blood cells and eliminating toxins. Warning-Ginseng should not be taken continuously. a) Parts Used: Root b) Magical Use: Lust, Creative Work, Love, Wishes, Beauty, Protection, Can be substituted for Mandrake. The root is carries to attract love, as well as to guard one's health, to draw money, and to ensure sexual potency. Ginseng will also bring beauty to all who carry it. 57) HAWTHORN: (Cratageus spp.) Also known as May Tree, May Blossom, or White Thorn. A Druid sacred tree, this deciduous, thorny shrub has serrated, lobed leaves, dense white flower clusters in late spring, and red false fruits (haws). The flowers consist of five white petals, sacred to the Goddess. During World War I, young Hawthorn leaves were used as substitutes for tea and tobacco, and the seeds were ground in place of coffee. The berry is a superior heart tonic, useful for almost any heart condition. Cholesterol problems and valvular diseases are benefited. The berries also strengthen the appetite and digestion. Extended use lowers blood pressure. Hawthorn berry is a good remedy for the nerves and for insomnia. The berries are simmered or tinctured. Simmer two teaspoons of berries per cup of water for twenty minutes. The dose is a quarter cup four times a day. Take ten to twenty drops of tincture four times a day. The flowers are taken as a tea to benefit the heart. Steep two teaspoons of flowers per cup of water for twenty minutes, the dose is a quarter cup four times a day. a) Parts Used: Berry and flower b) Magical Use: Hawthorn is the classic flower to decorate a maypole. An herb of fertility, it finds its place in weddings, May Day celebrations, and ritual groves. Beltaine was once reckoned as the day the hawthorn first bloomed. Wands made of hawthorn have great power. The blossoms are highly erotic. Use for Fertility magic, Protection, Defense, and Chastity. Hawthorn is sacred to the fairies, and is part of the tree fairy triad of Britain "Oak, Ash and Thorn" and where all three trees grow together it is said that one may see fairies. 58) HAZEL: (Corylus avellana) Also called European Filbert. A Druid sacred tree, Hazel is a deciduous, suckering shrub with pendulous male catkins in spring and clusters of nuts in autumn. The leaves have served as a tobacco substitute. Hazel nuts are rich in phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and copper. Culpeper says that hazel nuts with mead or honey will cure a chronic cough. These are made into an "electuary". Grind the nuts in an electric blender, then add mead or honey or form a past, which is eaten several times a day in tablespoon doses. Add pepper to discharge phlegm. a) Parts Used: Nut b) Magical Use: Hazel is an ancient Celtic tree of wisdom, inspiration, and poetry. Hazel nuts are eaten before divination. Diancecht, the god of healing, invented a porridge that would cure colds, sore throats, and worms. According to legend, it consisted of hazel buds, dandelions, chickweed, sorrel, and oatmeal. It was to be taken in the mornings and evenings. Wands of Hazel symbolize white magic and healing. Forked sticks are used to find water or buried treasure. If outside and in need of magical protection quickly, draw a circle around yourself with a hazel branch. To enlist the aid of plant fairies, string hazelnuts on a cord and hang up in your house or ritual room. Healing, Protection, Luck, Clairvoyance, Divination, Inspiration, Wisdom, Defense, Fertility, Wishes. 59) HEATHER: (Calluna vulgaris) A Druid Sacred Herb, there are more than a thousand cultivars from this low-growing, evergreen species, which has scale like leaves and crowded racemes of flowers. Heather provides a support system for rural farmers, who use it for fuel, thatch, fodder, tea, and as a dye. Growing the plants increases the soils fertility. The flowering shoots of heather are used for insomnia, stomach pains, coughs, and skin problems. Heather, used fresh or dry, strengthens the heart and slightly raises the blood pressure. Heather is slightly diuretic. Fresh or dried heather shoots are simmered, four teaspoons to a cup of water, the dose is one-half cup a day. a) Parts Used: Flowering shoot b) Magical Use: Heather is a Goddess herb associated with the planet Venus and sacred to Isis. It is carried as a guard against rape and other violent crimes, or just to bring good luck. White heather is the best for this purpose. Heather when burned with fern outside attracts rain, or dip heather and fern in water and sprinkle around to conjure rain. Heather has also long been used to conjure ghosts. Red Heather is used for passion, to start or end an affair. Purple for spiritual development. White for cooling passions of unwanted suitors. 60) HOLLY: (Ilex aquifolium) The American variety is Ilex opaca. A Druid sacred tree. Sacred to the Winter Solstice, when it is used for decorating. The leaf is dried and used as tea for fevers, bronchitis, bladder problems, and gout. Steep a half ounce of the chopped leaf in boiled water for twenty minutes, take up to one cup a day. The juice of the fresh leaf is helpful in jaundice, take one tablespoon per day. CAUTION: the berries are poisonous! a) Parts Used: Leaf b) Magical Use: Holly, with it's warrior-like bristles, is known as an herb of protection. Cast it about to repel unwanted animals and spirits. Sprinkle newborn babies with "holly water" (water in which holly has been soaked, especially if left under a full moon overnight) to keep them happy and safe. Holly is one of the evergreens brought into the home by Druids. It symbolizes a willingness to allow the nature spirits to share one's abode during the harsh, cold season. Planted near a house, holly repels negative spells sent against you. A bag of leaves and berries carried by a man increases his ability to attract women. Carry to promote good luck. Energy, Power, Strength, Protection. After midnight on a Friday, without making a sound, gather nine holly leaves, preferably from a non-spiny plant. Wrap these up in a white cloth using nine knots the tie the ends together. Place this beneath your pillow, and your dreams will come true. The traditional crowns for the bride and groom are made of holly (a male plant) and ivy (a female plant), wreaths and altar decoration are made of these as well. 61) HONEYSUCKLE: (Lonicera japonica) This evergreen or semi-evergreen vine has hairy leaves and fragrant spring to summer flowers that open white and turn yellow, followed by poisonous black berries. Properties cited are for the common flower that grows wild, rather that the ornamental varieties. The flowers have a broad spectrum anti-microbial effect against salmonella, staphylococcus, and streptococcus. Chinese herbalists have long recognized honeysuckle as an antibiotic herb for colds, flu's, and fevers. Sore throats, conjunctivitis, and inflammations of the bowel, urinary tract, and reproductive organs have been treated with it. It is said to be useful in treating cancer. Combine it with seeds of Forsythia suspensii, the well-known yellow flowering shrub, or Echinacea augustifolia or E. purpurea for maximum antiviral and antibacterial effect. Steep two teaspoons per cup for twenty minutes. The dose is a quarter cup, four times a day. a) Parts Used: Flower b) Magical Use: Health-Healing, Love, Luck, Creativity, Prophetic Dreams, Protection, Psychic Awareness, Divination, Clairvoyance, Anointing, Balance. Lightly crush the fresh flowers and then rub on the forehead to heighten psychic powers. Ring green candles with honeysuckle flowers to attract money. 62) HOPS: (Humulus lupulus) Also known as Beer Flavor. A Druid sacred herb, this herbaceous twining herb has large toothed leaves and flowers with a distinctive scent of beer. The young shoots are eaten as a vegetable and the leaves blanched for soups, but Hops are cultivated mainly for the brewing industry. The ripe, female flowers, called "strobiles," are added to beer to flavor, clarify, and preserve it. A pillow stuffed with dried hops aids sleep and healing. a) Parts Used: Flower b) Magical Use: Use in exorcism incenses and mixtures, as well as healing sachets. 63) HOREHOUND: (Marrubium vulgare) Horehound is a woolly herb with a faint scent of wormwood, crinkled hairy leaves, and flowering stems with whorls of small white blossoms. Navajo mothers were given a root decoction before and after childbirth. Horehound's woolly leaves were once used to clean milk pails, and the dried flower remains were floated on oil as candle wicks. The leaves are used in tonics, liqueurs, and ales, and are made into expectorant and antiseptic cough drops. An infusion relaxes muscles, and helps expel mucus, treating bronchitis, croup, and asthma. It destroys intestinal worms, and acts as a digestive and liver tonic and a laxative. The tea is used internally and externally to treat eczema and shingles. a) Parts Used: Leaf b) Magical Use: Use in protective sachets and carry to guard against sorcery and fascination. Also scattered as an exorcism herb. Drink an infusion of the herb and it will clear your mind and promote quick thinking as well as strengthen the mental powers. Horehound, when mixed with ash leaves and placed in a bowl of water, releases healing vibrations, and should be placed in a sickroom. 64) HYSSOP: Hysopus officinalis Hyssop is a semi evergreen shrub or sub shrub with aromatic leaves and spikes of blue, two-lipped, late-summer flowers. The leaf is added to liqueurs, adds bit to sweet and savory dished, and aids in the digestion of fatty meat. Once used for purifying temples and cleansing lepers, the leaves contain an antiseptic, antiviral oil. A mold that produces penicillin grows on the leaves. An infusion id taken as a sedative expectorant for flu, bronchitis, and phlegm. A leaf poultice treats bruises and wounds. The antiseptic, antiviral, but hazardous essential oil is used in perfumes and to treat cold sores, disperse bruises, and heal scars. Hyssop is added to potpourri and laundry rinses. Hyssop is used in companion to distract cabbage butterflies and planted near vines to increase yield. It should be avoided when pregnant and by those with hypertension and epilepsy. The herb is used (often in combination with sage, which has similar properties, or horehound) for respiratory tract infections. Flu, sore throats, lung complaints, asthma, chronic bronchitis, gas, and bloating are treated by it. Externally, it is used as a wound herb for bruises, injuries, and rheumatism. The green tops of the herb can be added to soups to benefit asthmatics. Hyssop baths are useful for rheumatic complaints. Make a standard infusion of the herb using two teaspoons per cup of water and steeping for twenty minutes. The dose is one-fourth cup four times a day. a) Parts Used: The above ground portions of the herb b) Magical Use: Hyssop was a holy herb of the ancient Greeks, used to cleanse sacred spaces. It is the most widely used purification herb in magic. Hyssop can be burned in incense, worn, used in decorations, and added to the chalice. Use a bunch to ritually "sweep" the altar as a preparation for a ceremonial rite. It is added to baths in sachets, infused and sprinkled on objects or persons to cleanse them, and hung up in the home to purge it of evil negativity. c) Aromatherapy Uses Bruises, Cuts, Dermatitis, Eczema, Inflammation, Wounds, Low or High Blood Pressure, Rheumatism, Asthma, Bronchitis, Catarrh, Cough, Flu, Sore Throat, Tonsillitis, Whooping Cough, Colic, Indigestion, Amenorrhea, Leucorrhoea, Anxiety, Fatigue, Nervous Tension, Stress related Conditions. Key Qualities: Tonic, Cephalic, Nervine, Warming, Calming, Purifying, Cleansing, Aphrodisiac, Mental Stimulant, balancing. 65) IVY: (Hedera helix) A Druid Sacred Herb. An ancient plant, believed by the Greeks to treat intoxication, its toxic leaves are used as a poultice to soothe neuralgia, rheumatism, and sciatica, and in a tincture for toothache and whooping cough. They reduce fevers, expel worms and in a compress, reduce cellulite. They contain saponins and in solution, darken hair, blacken silk and taffeta. Ivy leaves kill some amoebas, fungi and mollusks. Tender ivy twigs are simmered in salves to heal sunburn, follow the standard instruction for salves. The leaves are used as a douche for vaginal infections. Externally, ivy is used in poultices to heal nerves, sinews, ulcers, enlarged glands, boils and abscesses. a) Parts Used: Twig and leaf b) Magical Use: Connected with the Winter Solstice when it is used for decorating. Ivy provides protection when growing on or near a house. Ivy is equated with fidelity and is woven into marriage wreaths. Use in charms to bind luck, love, and fidelity to your person. It is paired with holly, magically. Ivy is carried by women for good luck in general, and is worn by brides for the same reason. Traditional crowns for the bride and groom are made of holly (a male plant) and ivy (a female plant). Wreaths and altar decorations are made from these as well. 66) JASMINE: (Jasminum officionale) Common Jasmine is a deciduous shrub with strongly scented, white summer flowers. The flowers make a tea that calms the nerves and increases erotic feelings. Steep two teaspoons of flowers per cup of water for twenty minutes. The dose is a quarter cup,, four times a day. The oil of the leaf is rubbed on the head to heal the eyes. A syrup of jasmine flowers and honey will help with coughs and lung complaints. The essential oil of jasmine is said to help menstrual pain and lung problems. CAUTION: The berries are poisonous. a) Parts Used: Flower b) Magical Use: Symbolic of the moon and of the mysteries of the night. Jasmine essential oil is useful for sexuality, DON'T use synthetics! Dried Jasmine flowers are added to sachets and other love mixtures. They will attract a spiritual (as opposed to a physical)love. The flowers will also draw wealth and money if carried, burned or worn. Jasmine will also cause prophetic dreams if burned in the bedroom, and the flowers are smelled to induce sleep. Use for: Anointing, Balance, Luck, Fortune, Justice, Happiness, Harmony, Peace, Prophetic dreams, Meditation, Money, Riches, Astral Projection. c) Aromatherapy Uses Aphrodisiac, Dry, greasy, irritated skin, Muscular spasms, sprains, Coughs, Hoarseness, Laryngitis, Frigidity, Labor Pains, Uterine Disorders, Depression, Nervous Exhaustion, Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: Intoxicating, Uplifting, Anti-depressant, Euphoric, Balancing, Warming, Tonic. 67) JUNIPER: (Juniperus communis) A Druid sacred tree, Juniper is an evergreen tree or shrub with needle-like leaves in threes and berrylike cones that ripen to blue-black in their second or third year. Primarily a diuretic, the berries help digestive problems, gastrointestinal inflammations, and rheumatism. The berries are taken as a tea (simmer two teaspoons per cup of water for ten minutes, take up to one cup four times a day), or taken as jam or syrup in water, mild, or herb tea. The dry berries can be chewed, three a day is sufficient. CAUTION: Pregnant women and people with weak kidneys should not use juniper berry. a) Parts Used: Berry and young twig b) Magical Use: Probably one of the earliest incenses used by Mediterranean Witches. Its berries were used with thyme in Druid and grove incenses for visions. Juniper grown by the door discourages thieves. The mature berries can be strung in the house to attract love. Men use the berries to increase potency. Burn Juniper as incense for: Exorcism, Protection, Healing, Love. The Essential oil is useful in protection, purification and healing blends. c) Aromatherapy Uses Acne, Dermatitis, Eczema, Hair Loss, Hemorrhoids, Wounds, Tonic for Oily Complexions, Accumulation of Toxins, Arteriosclerosis, Cellulite, Gout, Obesity, Rheumatism, Colds, Flu, Infections, Anxiety, Nervous Tension, Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: Aphrodisiac, Purifying, Clearing, Depurative, Nerve Tonic, Reviving, Protective, Restorative. 68) LAVENDER: (Lavandula species) Also called Elf Leaf, Nard, Nardus, Spike. There are 28 species of these aromatic, evergreen, shrubby, perennials, all with small, linear leaves and spikes of fragrant, usually purple or blue, two-lipped flowers. The best-quality essential oil is from L. stoechas and L. angustifolia. Aromatic oil glands cover all aerial parts of the plants but are most concentrated in the flowers. The flowers flavor jams, vinegar, sweets, cream, and Provençal stews, and are crystallized for decoration. Dried flowers add long-lasting fragrance to sachets and potpourri. Flower water is a skin toner useful for speeding cell renewal and is an antiseptic for acne. Flower tea treats anxiety, headaches, flatulence, nausea, dizziness, and halitosis. The essential oil is a highly valued perfume and healer. It is antiseptic, mildly sedative, and painkilling. It is applied to insect bites, and treats burns, sore throats and headaches. Queen Elizabeth I is said to have consumed up to 10 cups of lavender water a day to relieve migraines. The oil is used for intestinal gas, migraine, and dizziness. Being antiseptic, lavender is added to healing salves. A tea of the leaf allays nausea and vomiting. Use two teaspoons per cup of water and steep for twenty minutes. The dose is one-fourth cup four times a day. Steep lavender blossoms in white wine and strain to make a natural antidepressant beverage. Lavender and rose petal vinegar is applied to the temples and brow to ease headache. Lavender oil is added to footbaths, eases toothaches and sprains, and is used as a rub for hysteria and palsy. a) Parts Used: Flower and leaf b) Magical Use: Lavender is strewn into bonfires at Midsummer as an offering to the Gods and Goddesses. An ingredient of love spells, its scent is said to attract men. Lavender in the home brings peace, joy and healing. The essential oil is included in health, love, peace, and conscious mind-oriented formulas. Use to attract love, to produce sleep by anointing your forehead and pillow, to purify by adding to baths and to promote chastity and peace. Attracts elves, burn for purification, peace. Burn at Litha as an offering. Love, Psychic Awareness, Happiness, Creative Work, Money and Business, Anointing, Exorcism, Harmony, Peace, Healing. The odor of lavender is conducive to long life and so should be smelled as often as possible. c) Aromatherapy Uses Abscess, Acne, Allergies, Athlete's Foot, Boils, Bruises, Burns, Dermatitis, Eczema, Inflammation, Insect Bites and Stings, Lice, Psoriasis, Ringworm, Scabies, Spots, Sunburn, Wounds, Lumbago, Rheumatism, Sprains, Asthma, Bronchitis, Catarrh, Flu, Halitosis, Throat Infections, Whooping Cough, Colic, Dyspepsia, Flatulence, Nausea, Cystitis, Dysmenorrhea, Leucorrhoea, Depression, Headache, Hypertension, Insomnia, migraine, Nervous tension, Stress. Key Qualities: Soothing, Sedative, Antidepressant, Calming, Relaxing, Balancing, Restorative, Cephalic, Appeasing, Cleansing, Purifying. 69) LEMON: Citrus lemon The fruit, juice, and peel of citrus fruits flavor food and drink and provide vitamin C. Essential oils from the peel scent food, cosmetics and perfume. The seed oils are used in soaps. a) Magical Use: Use in Lunar oils. Wear diluted lemon oil during the Full Moon to attune with its energies. Use in purification and healing oils. Purification, Love. A Lemon may serve as a poppet. b) Aromatherapy Uses Acne, Anemia, Brittle Nails, Boils, Chilblains, Corns, Cuts, Greasy Skin, Herpes, Insect bites, Mouth Ulcers, Spots, Throat Infections, Warts, Arthritis, Cellulites, High Blood Pressure, Nosebleeds, Obesity, Poor Circulation, Varicose Veins, Rheumatism, Asthma, Bronchitis, Catarrh, Dyspepsia, Colds, Flu, Fever, Infections. Key Qualities: Refreshing, Mental Stimulant, Cephalic, Purifying, Reviving, Strengthening, Soothing. 70) LEMON BALM: Melissa officionalis This bushy herb has square stems, lemon-scented foliage, and late-summer flowers that mature from white or yellow to pale blue. Fresh leaves add a delicate flavor to many dishes, oils, vinegars, and liqueurs, provide a relaxing bath, soothe insect bites, and make a sedative and tonic tea. a) Parts Used: Leaf and Flower b) Magical Use: Soak in wine for 3 hours, remove and serve wine to friends and loved ones. Used in spells to ensure success. 71) LEMONGRASS: (Cymbopogon citratus) This aromatic grass has clumped, bulbous stems becoming leaf blades and a branched panicle of flowers. The stem and leaf, used widely in Thai cuisine, have a distinct lemon flavor. Leaf tea treats diarrhea, stomachache, headaches, fevers, and flu, and is antiseptic. The essential oil is used in cosmetics, food and aromatherapy. a) Parts Used: Leaf, stem and oil b) Magical Use: The essential oil strengthens psychic awareness and is also useful in purification mixtures. c) Aromatherapy Uses Acne, Athlete's Foot, Excessive Perspiration, Open Pores, Pediculosis, Scabies, Tissue Toner, Muscular Pain, Poor Circulation and Muscle Tone, Slack Tissue, Colitis, Indigestion, Gastroenteritis, Fevers, Infectious Diseases, Headaches, Nervous Exhaustion, Stress-Related Conditions, Insect Repellent (fleas, lice and ticks). Key Qualities: Refreshing, Active, Stimulating, Soothing. 72) LEMON VERBENA: (Aloysia triphylla syn. Lippia citriodora) Lemon Verbena has strongly lemon-scented whorls of three or four leaves along its stems and panicles of tiny, pale summer flowers. The leaves are used to flavor drinks and fruit and sweet dishes, and to make herb tea. The tea is refreshing and mildly sedative. The leaves also yield a green coloring and essential oil. The leaves and flowering tops are used to lower fevers and to relieve gas and indigestion. Lemon Verbena is calming, a sedative for the nerves. Steep two teaspoons per cup of water for twenty minutes and take one-fourth cup four times a day. Stimulating to the skin, lemon verbena makes a good facial scrub for pimples and blemishes. To make the scrub, grind the dry herb or use the powder and mix in a little natural clay and ground oatmeal, add water to make a paste. a) Parts Used: Leaf and flowering top b) Magical Use: Often sold simply as "Verbena" This full lemon-scented essential oil is wonderful in love blends. Added to other mixtures to increase their strength, and is also used to purify an area or is added to bathwater for protection and purification purposes. Lemon Verbena is worn to make oneself attractive to the opposite sex, and is used in love spells and mixtures. 73) LILAC: (Syringia vulgaris) Lilac is a deciduous, twiggy shrub or small tree with a mass of heart-shaped leaves and showy panicles of small, waxy, spring flowers. The perfume is extracted from the flowers and used commercially. The flowers were once used to treat fever. In the language of flowers, Lilac symbolizes the first emotions of love. If inhaled too deeply, however, the strong flower fragrance can cause nausea. a) Parts Used: Flower b) Magical Use: Lilac drives away evil where it is planted or strewn. It was originally planted in New England to keep evil from the property. The fresh flowers can be placed in a haunted house to clear it. Peace, Clairvoyance, Divination, Creativity, Happiness, Harmony, Exorcism, Protection: Psychic Awareness, Reincarnation. 74) LIME: (Citrus limata) A small evergreen tree, up to 15 feet, with stiff, sharp spines, smooth ovate leaves, and small white flowers. The bitter fruit is a pale green color, about half the size of a lemon. The essential oil is extracted from the fruit peel. a) Parts Used: Fruit b) Magical Use: (Peel) Useful in purification and protection spells. The peel is used in love mixtures and incenses. c) Aromatherapy Use: Anti-rheumatic, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, antiviral, aperitif, bactericidal, febrifuge, restorative, tonic. Use for Acne, anemia, brittle nails, boils, chilblains, corns, cuts, greasy skin, herpes, insect bites, mouth ulcers, spots, warts, arthritis, cellulitis, high blood pressure, nosebleeds, obesity, poor circulation, rheumatism, asthma, bronchitis, catarrh, dyspepsia, colds, flu, fever, throat infections, and other infections. Key Qualities: Refreshing, Uplifting, Active. 75) LINDEN: (Tilia spp.) Linden have small highly fragrant flowers, and can be hard to identify, since they hybridize freely. The flowers are brewed to make a tea, the classic digestive end to a continental meal, and a treatment for insomnia, nervous tension, and overwrought children. The world's most valued honey is made from Linden blossoms and is used in liqueurs and medicines. The inner bark treats kidney stones, gout and coronary disease. a) Parts Used: Flower, leaf, twigs, bark and wood b) Magical Use: Bark used for protection, leaves and flowers or immortality. Good Fortune, Sleep and Love. Hang branches over the door for protection or grow in the garden. 76) LOOSESTRIFE: (Lythrum salicaria) Purple Loosestrife has a creeping rootstock, angled stems with lance-shaped leaves, and spikes of purple-red flowers. The leaves are eaten as an emergency vegetable and fermented into a mild alcohol. The flowering plant is an intestinal disinfectant, treating diarrhea and food poisoning. It acts as a typhus antibiotic, a sore throat gargle, and is given for fever and liver problems. a) Parts Used: Flower, leaf and stem b) Magical Use: Placed in the corners of each room, this herb restores harmony and brings peace. Give as a gift to bring about an accord. 77) LOTUS: (Nelumbo nucifera or Nymphaea lotus) This aquatic herb's waxy leaves rise high above the water its long-stalked fragrant flowers open at dawn and close at sunset. Lotus stalks, leaves, petals, seeds and rhizome are all eaten. The flowers are a religious offering in many cultures and are planted for devotional reasons. The leaf of Nelumbo nucifera is used for fever, sweating, irritability, dysentery, diarrhea, and scanty urine. It is a styptic (stops bleeding) and has been used to antidote alcohol and mushroom poisoning. It affects the liver, heart, and spleen energies. The nodes of the root are used to stop bleeding and to break down blood clots. All types of internal bleeding are affected. The plumule (bud) affects the heart, kidney, and spleen. It is used to calm mental agitation and worry, relieve insomnia, and lower fevers. The seed affects the kidney, heart, and spleen. It is used for agitation, insomnia, palpitations, dry mouth, dark urine, and chronic diarrhea. It strengthens the heart and kidneys. The leaf is steeped, and the bud, root, and seed are simmered, using two teaspoons of herb per cup of water, for twenty minutes. The dose is one-fourth cup, four times a day. a) Parts Used: Leaf, node of the root, buds, and seeds b) Magical Use: Lotus is an all-purpose spiritual elixir. Burned as incense, it encourages the dead to seek their highest possible reincarnation. It reminds the living of their inner sanctity and divinity. Lotus plants thrive in murky waters. They float serenely on the stagnant surface and never a drop sticks to them. Anyone who breathes the scent of the lotus will receive its protection. It's said that if you place the root of a lotus under the tongue and say the words "SIGN, ARGIS" toward a locked door. It will open miraculously. Lotus sees and pods are used as antidotes to love spells and any part of the lotus carried or worn ensures blessing by the Gods and Good Luck. There are no true Lotus oils. Perfumers simply haven't found a way to capture the scent of the flower. Use this mix to approximate the odor: Rose, White Musk, Jasmine and Ylang-Ylang, Mix until the scent is heavy, floral and warm. Use in spirituality, healing and meditation formulas. 78) MACE: (Myristica fragrans) This bushy evergreen has scented leaves and tiny yellow flowers. The fruits hold the seed -nutmeg- and its aril, a red, lacy shell coating -mace. Nutmeg and Mace are culinary spices used in sweet and savory dishes in a variety of cuisines. Nutmeg increases the intoxicating and soporific effect of alcoholic drinks and is claimed to be an aphrodisiac. It is prescribed for flatulence and nausea. The essential oil is added to perfumes, soaps, hair oils, tobacco, and fumigants. The nuts yield an oil, nutmeg butter, used in skin creams. Large doses of nutmeg are toxic, because of the presence of the hallucinogen myristicin. a) Magical Use: Burn to increase psychic power, or for creative work. Carry to improve the intellect. b) Aromatherapy Use: Indigestion, General Weakness, Bacterial Infections, Gout, Rheumatism, Arthritis, As an aid to Circulation. 79) MARIGOLD: (Calendula officinalis) Also known as Calendula, Holigold, Pot Marigold and Bride of the Sun. A Druid sacred herb, this cheerful annual or perennial has hairy leaves and golden-orange daisy flowers. The leaves are added to salads and garnishes of flowers color rice and fish dishes. Calendula is antiseptic and anti-fungal and contains hormone and vitamin A precursors. Essential oil is extracted from the petals but is extremely expensive. This is the "pot marigold" not the African variety so common in American gardens. The flowers are a healing agent. Added to fomentations, poultices and salves, they speed healing of wounds and of nerve damage. The infusion is given for intestinal problems and to clean lymph and blood. Useful in fevers, the herb can be used fresh, dry, or in tincture. For tea, steep two teaspoons of flowers per cup of water for twenty minutes, take one teaspoon per hour. Using tincture, take five to twenty drops four times a day. a) Parts Used: Flower and leaf b) Magical Use: Known as "summer's bride", the yellow calendula embodies the Sun's fire and life sustaining virtue. Calendula is carried into court for a favorable verdict. In the mattress it encourages prophetic dreams. Pick in full sun. Added to bathwater it helps with he respect and admiration of everyone you meet. Garlands of marigolds strung on the doorposts stop evil from entering the house. Use for: Marriage spells, Love, Divination, Protection, Enhanced Psychic Powers. 80) MARJORAM: (Origanum majorana) Also known as Sweet Marjoram, Winter sweet, and Pot Marjoram (O. onites). Sweet Marjoram leaves have a sweeter, spicier taste than the leaves of Oregano and Pot marjoram. It is a popular culinary herb used in salads, sauces, cheese, and in liqueurs and as part of herbes de Provence. As an aromatic tea, Sweet Marjoram aids digestion, relieves flatulence, colds and headaches, soothes nerves and encourages menstruation. Marjoram essential oil is distilled from the leaves and flowering tops. It is antioxidant, reduces skin aging, antiviral, eases spasms, and stimulates local circulation. a) Parts Used: Leaf and flower b) Magical Use: An infusion of marjoram, mint and rosemary can be sprinkled around the house for protection. This also works for protecting specific objects. Brings happiness to a depressed person. Violets and Marjoram, mixed together, are worn during the winter months as an amulet against colds. Grown in the garden it offers shielding powers against evil. Love, Protection, Defense, Wealth, Happiness, Purification, Cleansing. c) Aromatherapy Use: Chilblains, Bruises, Tics, Arthritis, Lumbago, Muscular Aches and Stiffness, Sprains, Strains, Asthma, Bronchitis, Colds, Coughs, Colic, Constipation, Dyspepsia, Flatulence, Amenorrhea, PMS, Headache, Hypertension, Insomnia, Migraine, Nervous Tension, Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: An aphrodisiac, stupefying on large doses, Cephalic, Sedative, Nervine, Restorative, Warming, Comforting. 81) MASTIC: (Pistachia lentiscus) Also known as Gum Mastic. This aromatic, evergreen shrubby tree has scented pale green spring flowers in clusters and red to black berries. The bark is tapped for mastic, its resin, which chewed in the eastern Mediterranean as a breath freshener and employed as a flavoring for bread, pastries, and the liqueur Mastiche. This resin can be difficult to find, if unavailable try substituting a combination, equal parts of gum arabic and frankincense. a) Parts Used: b) Magical Use: Love, Magical Power, Psychic Awareness, Adds potency and power to any incense. 82) MEADOWSWEET: (Filipendula ulnaria) Also known as Queen of the Meadow, Gravel Root, and Meadow wort. One of the three most sacred Druid herbs, (with Mint and Vervain), this herb has upright stems of wintergreen-scented, divided leaves, topped by frothy umbels of almond-scented cream flowers. The stems grow up to four feet tall and are sometimes purple. The leaves smell like almonds and the flowers give an almond flavor to mead, herb wines, jam and stewed fruit. Dried flowers scent linen and yield an astringent skin tonic. Flower buds contain salicylic aced, a chemical from which aspirin was synthesized (not from Filipendula but from Spirea, a related herb), but the herb as a whole is gentler on the stomach. Herbalists use flower tea for stomach ulcers and headaches, as an antiseptic diuretic, and for feverish colds, diarrhea, and heartburn. Meadowsweet was a favorite strewing herb of Elizabeth I. Traditional herbalists simmered the flowers in wine to treat fevers and to cure depression. The fresh flower tops, taken in tea, promote sweating. Steep two teaspoons of the herb in one cup boiled water for twenty minutes. Take one-quarter cup four times a day. A distilled water of the flowers makes an eyewash to treat burning and itching. Meadowsweet is a classic for diarrhea, especially valued for children. The leaf is added to wine to bring a "merry heart", that is, to treat depression. Meadowsweet contains methyl salicylate, making it a good herb for rheumatic complaints and flu's. It is astringent and helps with indigestion. It has diuretic properties, which make it helpful in edema. The tea has been used for respiratory tract infections, gout, and arthritis. It can help bladder and kidney problems, epilepsy, and rabies. The whole plant is used - roots, flowers, and leaves - with the root being more useful for fevers. To prepare the root, simmer two tablespoons of the dried root in one cup of water for twenty minutes. Take one cup a day. The leaf is placed in claret wine to enhance the tast, and it was at one time added to mead. a) Parts Used: Root, leaf and flower b) Magical Use: According to Grieve, meadowsweet, water mint, and vervain were the three most sacred herbs of the Druids. Meadowsweet is an herb of Jupiter and is useful in love spells. Use fresh flowers to decorate the altar during love spells, use the dried petals in love mixtures. Strew about the house to keep peace. Fresh flowers should be included in the bridal bouquet. Use for: Love, Happiness, Divination, Peace. 83) MINT: (Mentha spicata, sativa, aquatica, and others) A Druid sacred herb, most mints are creeping plants that hybridize easily, producing infinite variations. The have erect, square branching stems, aromatic foliage and flowers in leaf axils. Mints are stimulant, aid digestion, and reduce flatulence. They flavor candy, drinks, cigarettes, toothpastes, and medicines. The infusion of the herb has been used for diarrhea and as an emmenagogue (it brings down the menses). It is a classic for colds and influenza, especially when mixed with elder flower-but be careful, as this remedy will make you sweat, and you must take care to keep well covered with blankets and woolens. Stomach flu is helped by a mint, elderflower, and yarrow combination in a standard infusion of two teaspoons per cup steeped for twenty minutes and taken in quarter-cup doses. Mint is helpful in stomach complaints, but a strong infusion will be emetic (it makes one throw up). Mint tea eases colic and eases depression. It relieves earaches when the fresh juice of a few drops of the essential oil are placed in the ear. A few drops of the oil in water, applied with a cloth, help burning and itching, heat prostration, and sunburn. Apply it directly to an itchy skin condition or sunburn. For heat prostration place the cool fomentation on the forehead and wrists. Mint tea with honey soothes a sore throat. A classic cold remedy that will unblock the sinuses is two drops of mint essential oil, two drop eucalyptus essential oil and the juice of half a lemon in a cup of hot water. The mix is first inhaled and then drunk when warm. CAUTION: No more than two drops of the essential oils should be taken at any time, and no more that two cups a day of the above mixture. Larger doses can be toxic to the kidneys. a) Parts Used: The above ground portions of the herb. b) Magical Use: Mint is placed in the home as a protective herb. It belongs to the sphere of Venus and has long been used in healing potions and mixtures. The fresh leaves rubbed against the head are said to relieve headaches. Mint worn at the wrist assures that you will not be ill. Its bright green leaves and crisp scent led to its use in money and prosperity spells. Fresh mint laid on the altar will call good spirits to be present and aid you in magic, especially healing spells. Added to incenses it cleanses the house or ritual area. Use for: Protection, Healing, Prosperity, Good Luck, Fortune, Justice, Travel, Exorcism. c) Aromatherapy Use: (Peppermint) Acne, Dermatitis, Ringworm, Scabies, Toothache, Neuralgia, Muscular Pain, Palpitations, Asthma, Bronchitis, Sinusitis, Spasmodic Cough, Colic, Cramps, Dyspepsia, Flatulence, Nausea, Colds, Flu, Fevers, Fainting, Headache, Mental Fatigue, Migraine, Nervous Stress, Vertigo, Halitosis, Insect Repellent. Key Qualities: Refreshing, Restorative, Nerve Tonic, Cephalic, Aphrodisiac, Mental Stimulant. 84) MISTLETOE: (Viscum album) Also known as Birdlime, All-Heal, Druid's Herb, and Golden Bough. It is the most sacred "tree" of the Druids and rules over Winter Solstice. The berries are poisonous. Mistletoe is thought to be most powerful if growing on an oak tree. The leafy twigs, toxic in volume, are a heart tonic, reduce blood pressure, slow heart rate, strengthen capillary walls, stimulate the immune system and inhibit tumors. Mistletoe grows from northern Europe to northwest Africa and east to Asia and Japan. Different varieties are found on hard-wood and softwood trees, which include apple (the most common), elm, oak, spruce, pine, and poplar. Druids considered that the mistletoe found on oak was the most potent and sacred.V The berries ripen in midwinter and have a further peculiarity in that the ripe berries, open flowers, green berries, and immature leaves can all be found on the same plant. Mistletoe does not adhere to the linear logic of most plants, wit their budding, flowering, and seed production sequence. It also seems to ignore heliotropism and geotropism, it will grow upside down, sideways, or in any direction it "chooses". Another unique feature is that it germinates only in the light, unlike most plants, which require darkness to germinate. The flower buds form in May but do not open until February. The berries ripen the following winter. The entire process, from flower to fruit, can take almost two years! Even its name mistl (different) tan tan (twig) (from the Anglo-Saxon) reminds us of its peculiarities. Mistletoe is a semi-parasitic plant, generally spread by bird droppings. It forms a globular mass that can reach up to three feet in diameter. There are male plants and female plants, and both derive their water and minerals from the host tree and produce their own carbohydrates via photosynthesis. Mistletoe seems to hold itself aloof form the rhythms and laws of the earthly seasoned, and in this way parallels the illogical and uncontrolled growth of cancerous cells in the body. As early as 1961, laboratory studies demonstrated that mistletoe, along with other immune stimulant plants (such as eupatorium, astragalus, echinacea, acathopanax, chamomilla, and sabal), inhibited tumors in mice. Fermented mistletoe taken from oak trees was shown to stimulate the activity of killer cells and showed an especially strong effect on rat hepatomas (liver cancers). Unfermented mistletoe showed a strong effect on human leukemia (Molt 4) cells. Korean mistletoe (Viscum coloratum) was found to be more active in inhibiting the growth of leukemia L1210, especially when used fresh. Mistletoe extracts have been shown to possess significant anti-tumor activity, not only against murine tumore but also in cases of Lewis' lung carcinome, a colon adenocarcinoma 38 and C3H adenocarcinomas of the breast. The extracts are not toxic and may be administered in high doses. Twenty drops four times a day is the average dose. Many nervous conditions such as convulsions, delirium, hysteria, neuralgia, urinary disorders, and heart conditions have benefited from the activity of mistletoe. It has also been used to temper the spasms of epilepsy. Mistletoe strengthens the heart and has been used as a heart tonic in cases of typhoid fever. It strengthens the glandular system and has helped with inflammation of the pancreas. It promotes hormonal balance when taken daily for six months. Mistletoe is recommended for use after a stroke or when hardening of the arteries is suspected. It will stop pulmonary and intestinal bleeding caused by dysentary and typhoid. It helps to lower high blood pressure and raise low blood pressure, and it has been used to ease heavy menstrual flow, heart palpitations, hot flashes, and the anxiety associated with menopause. The fresh juice has been said to increase fertility in barren women. The green plant can be simmered using a standard concoction of two teaspoons of the herb per cup of water and taken in tablespoon doses several times a day. CAUTION: Large doses have been known to induce convulsions in children. The berries should not be used for internal consumption. They are used in salves and washes for wounds. a) Parts Used: Twig and leaf b) Magical Use: Not quite herb, not quite tree, beyond the limitations of classification, freed from the restrictions of convention, and resembling a constellation of stars suspended in midair from the bough of a sacred tree - such is the "spirit" of this plant. It belongs to the in-between times of dusk and dawn, or the exact interval between two seasons. It is a gateway to something "other". In Italy, there is an old tale of a radiantly beautiful fairy who appeared to a certain knight with the image of the crescent moon and the Holy Grail at her feet. In her hands she held a sprig of mistletoe. She told the knight that the mistletoe was what kept her eternally young and beautiful. Mistletoe should be cut on Midsummer's Day, or else when the moon is six days old. Druids would use a golden sickle to cut it and it wasn't allowed to touch the ground. It is traditionally hung in the home at Yule, and those who walk under it exchange a kiss of peace. Bunches of mistletoe can be hung as an all-purpose protective talisman. Long used for protection against lightening, disease, misfortune of every kind fires and so on. Laid near the bedroom door, mistletoe gives restful sleep and beautiful dreams, as it does when placed beneath the pillow or hung at the headboard. Kiss your love beneath mistletoe and you'll stay in love. Burned, Mistletoe banishes evil. Its wood is a good choice for wands and ritual implements. Mistletoe is an excellent all-purpose herb. c) Use in spells for: Protection, Love, Hunting, Fertility, Health, and Exorcism. 85) MUGWORT: (Artemisia vulgaris) Also known as Sailor's Tobacco, Witch Herb, and Old Man. A Druid sacred herb, this aromatic perennial its wood is a good choice for wands and ritual implements. The plant has medium green leaves with silver, downy undersides and red-brown florets. The classic herb for premenstrual symptoms, used in tea and the bath. Use a standard infusion of two teaspoons per cup of water steeped for twenty minutes, take one-fourth cup four times a day. It makes a good footbath for tired feet and legs. Cleansing to the liver, it promotes digestion. Mugwort in an emmenagogue, especially when combined with pennyroyal, blue cohosh, or angelica root. It is helpful in epilepsy, palsy, and hysteria and is useful for fevers. When laid among clothing, mugwort repels moths. a) Parts Used: Leaf and stem b) Magical Uses Mugwort is burned with sandalwood or wormwood during scrying rituals, and a mugwort infusion is drunk (sweetened with honey) before divination. The infusion is also used to wash crystal balls and magic mirrors, and mugwort leaves are placed around the base of the ball (or beneath it) to aid in psychic workings. In China it is hung over doors to keep evil spirits for buildings. Mugwort is also carried to increase lust and fertility, to prevent backache, and to cure disease and madness. Placed next to the bed it aids in achieving astral projection. It is said to protect travelers from fatigue, sunstroke, wild animals, and evil spirits. 86) MULLEIN: (Verbascum thapsus) Also known as Hag's Taper, Candlewick Plant, Aaron's Rod, Velvet Plant, and Shepherd's Club. This biennial has a rosette of woolly leaves and a tall, thick, downy, resinous stem of bright yellow flowers, followed by many-seeded capsules. The honey-scented flowers flavor liqueurs and yield skin-softening mucilage. The expectorant, soothing, and spasm-sedating properties of the leaf and flowers are used to treat raspy coughs and are added to herbal tobacco. Woolly leaf wraps preserve figs and are used as tinder and emergency bandages. The powdered leaves are sometimes called "Graveyard Dust", and can be substituted for such. The leaf is a classic remedy for bronchitis (as well as other coughs) and burning urination. Simmer two teaspoons per cup and take a quarter cup four times a day. A tea of the flowers take before bed brings on sleep. A poultice of the leaves helps wounds and sores. The leaves steeped in vinegar and water will soothe inflammations, painful skin conditions, and hemorrhoids when used externally as a poultice. They may be used in tincture form, fifteen to forty drops every two to four hours. a) Parts Used: Leaf and flower b) Magical Uses In India, mullein is regarded as the most potent safeguard against evil spirits and magic, and is hung over doors, in windows and carried in sachets. It is also used to banish demons and negativity. At one time Witches and magicians used oil lamps to illuminate their spells and rites and the downy leaves and stems of the mullein often provided the wicks. Protection, Divination, Health, Courage, Determination, Exorcism, Defense. 87) MYRRH: (Comniphora myrrha) Ancient and sacred incenses, the antiseptic, anti-inflammatory oil of Myrrh was used for embalming. It is now found in toothpaste and perfume. Myrrh was burned to Ra at noon in Ancient Egypt and was also fumed in the temples of Isis. Especially valued as a disinfectant, myrrh is used as a wash for wounds. Use as a wound wash only after the wound has been well cleaned. It has the tendency to seal wounds once it is placed on them. Use the alcohol tincture in water or the tea as a wound wash. Myrrh promotes circulation and increases heart rate and power. Said to move stagnant blood through the uterus, it has been used for menopause, menstrual irregularities, and uterine tumors. Myrrh benefits diabetes and obesity, the dose is one to fifteen grains. Combined with Echinacea and mullein to one quarter part myrrh, steep two teaspoons per cup of water for twenty minutes, take a quarter cup every four hours. Myrrh, goldenseal, arnica, and cayenne can be soaked in rubbing alcohol for a few weeks to make a liniment for bruises and sprains. CAUTION: Prolonged internal use of myrrh (longer than a few weeks) can lead to kidney damage. a) Parts Used: Resin b) Magical Use: Myrrh is a Goddess plant of the Moon's sphere, sacred to Isis. Burned as incense, myrrh purifies the area, lifts the vibrations aids contemplation and meditation and creates peace. However, it is seldom burned alone, usually in conjunction with frankincense or other resins. Myrrh increases the power of any incense to which it is added. Myrrh is also included in healing incenses and sachets, and its smoke is used to consecrate, purify and bless objects such as amulets, talismans, charms, and magical tools. It also aids meditation and contemplation. The essential oil can be added to blends designed to enhance spirituality and meditation. It is also used in healing mixtures. c) Aromatherapy Use: Athlete's Foot, Chapped and Cracked Skin, Eczema, Ringworm, Wounds, Wrinkles, Mature Complexions, Arthritis, Asthma, Bronchitis, Catarrh, Colds, Coughs, Sore Throats, Voice Loss, Diarrhea, Dyspepsia, Flatulence, Hemorrhoids, Loss of Appetite, Thrush, Purities, Treats Gum Infections and Mouth Ulcers. Key Qualities: Purifying, Uplifting, Revitalizing, Sedative, Restorative, Soothing. 88) MYRTLE: (Myrtus communis) This dense, evergreen shrub has aromatic leaves and flower buds, creamy white flowers, and blue-black berries. The flowers are made into toilet water called eau d'ange, added with the leaves to acne ointment, and dried for potpourri. Leaf essential oil is the source of myrtle, given for gingivitis. a) Magical Use: Love, Money and Riches, Creative Work, Youth. If grown on each side of a house love and peace will reside within and it is a lucky plant to grow in window boxes if a woman plants it. b) Aromatherapy Use: Acne, Hemorrhoids, Oily Skin, Open Pores, Asthma, bronchitis, Catarrhal conditions, chronic Coughs, Tuberculosis, Colds, Flu, Infectious Disease. Key Qualities: Mildly stimulating, Nerve Tonic, Antiseptic, Clarifying, Cleansing, Uplifting, Aphrodisiac, Refreshing. 89) NUTMEG: (Myristica fragrans) See Mace. a) Magical Uses Nutmegs have long been carried as good luck charms, and are strung with star anise and Tonka beans for a potent herbal necklace. Burn for prosperity. luck, psychic awareness, fortune, clairvoyance, divination, justice, and meditation. b) Aromatherapy Use: Arthritis, Gout, Muscular Aches and Pains, Poor circulation, Rheumatism, Flatulence, Indigestion, Nausea, Sluggish Digestion, Bacterial Infection, Frigidity in Women, Impotence in Men, Neuralgia, Nervous Fatigue. Key Qualities: Aphrodisiac, Analgesic, Narcotic, Tonic (nerve and heart), Comforting, Soothing, Calming, Elevating, Cephalic, Euphoric. 90) OAK: (Quercus alba or spp.) Also known as Tanner's Bark, White Oak, and Common Oak. A Druid Holy tree, the oak was the King of trees in a grove. Oak bark and galls are astringent and antiseptic. Oak bark provides tannin and as leather tanners seemed immune to tuberculosis, the bark was used for treatment of the disease. The white oak (Q. alba) is the best for internal use. Infuse the inner bark or young leaf (before Midsummer) for douches and enemas. Internal rectal problems, hemorrhoids, leucorrhoea, menstrual irregularities, and bloody urine are also benefited. Take internally as a tea and apply externally in fomentation, to shrink varicose veins. The tea brings down fevers, treats diarrhea, and makes a wash for sores. Up to three cups a day may be safely taken. As a gargle, it treats mouth sores and sore throats. Being an astringent, it stops internal bleeding. Black oak (Q. tinctoria) and red oak (Q. rubra) can be used externally. English oak (Q. robur) can be used both externally and internally. Oak leaves are prepared in infusion for douches to treat vaginal infections, gather them before Midsummer. To prepare, steep one tablespoon per quart of water for thirty minutes. A tea of the buds is a valuable tonic for the liver, steep two teaspoons per cup of water for twenty minutes. Simmer the bark in salves to make a remedy for hemorrhoids. a) Parts Used: Inner bark (cambium) and young leaf, for the leaf, use two teaspoons per cup and steep for twenty minutes, for the bark, use one tablespoon per cup and simmer for twenty minutes. b) Magical Use: The Oak is a tree of the sun, and sacred to Brighid and the Dagda. Druids do not celebrate unless in the presence of an oak, yew, ash, or other sacred tree. Oak symbolized abundance, fertility, longevity, protection, and the ability to withstand the lightening blasts of spiritual awareness while remaining firmly rooted in the material. All parts of the tree are powerful protective charms, which bring healing. Magic wands are made of Oak Wood (Mine Is!). A tree as long-lived and strong as the oak naturally offers magical protection. Oak Galls, known as Serpent's Eggs, were used in magical charms. Acorns bring fertility and abundance to any endeavor. Carry one for luck. Acorns gathered at night hold the most fertility powers. The Druids and priestesses listened to the rustling oak leaves and the wrens in the trees for divinatory messages. Burning oak leaves purifies the atmosphere. Represents the God. Use galls in chars. Acorns draw money; burn the wood for good health, energy, strength, power, protection, defense, money and business. 91) OAK MOSS: (Pseudevernia prunastri) Oak Moss is a whitish blue to green, shrubby lichen. Lichen is an alga (which photosynthesizes) and a fungus operating together in a symbiotic relationship. The Arabs use ground Oak Moss to leaven bread. It is collected as a violet-scented fixative and an oleoresin, extracted for perfumes and soap. Native Americans used it when binding wounds, it is a stomach tonic and an expectorant, and soothes coughs. Oak Moss yields a purple wool dye, but air pollution has made it scarce. a) Parts Used: Whole Plant b) Magical Use: Use to attract money. 92) ORANGE, SWEET: (Citrus sinensis) See Lemon a) Magical Uses Use Peels in incense for love, good fortune, divination, balance, healing, harmony, peace, money and riches, Psychic awareness, Luck. A highly Solar scent, add essential oil to purification blends. b) Aromatherapy Use: Dull and oily complexions, Obesity, Palpitations, Water Retention, Bronchitis, Chills, Colds, Flu, Constipation, Dyspepsia, Spasm, Nervous Tension, Stress-Related Conditions, Used to treat Mouth Ulcers. Key Qualities: Tonic, Refreshing, Warming, Uplifting, soothing, Sedative, Comforting. 93) ORRIS ROOT: (Iris germanica var.florentina) Orris root has a stout rhizome, sword like leaves, and large, scented flowers in early summer that range in color from pale blue to white. a) Parts Used: Root b) Magical Use: The Orris root has long been used to find and hold love. The whole Orrisroot is carried; the powder is added to sachets, sprinkled on sheets, clothing and the body as well as around the house. Orrisroot powder is sometimes known as "Love Drawing Powder". c) Use for: Divination, Protection, And Psychic Awareness. 94) PARSLEY: (Petroselinum sativum also crispum) Parsley is a tap rooted biennial with solid stems, triangular, toothed and curled leaves divided into three segments, umbels of tiny cream summer flowers, and aromatic "seeds". Grown near roses, it improves their health and scent. Leaf infusions are a tonic for hair, skin and eyes. The leaves, root, and seeds are diuretic, scavenge skin-aging free radicals, and reduce the release of histamine. The second-year roots, the leaf, and the seed are used. Parsley is diuretic and helpful for gravel and stone as well as for edema, jaundice, and kidney problems. The root is the most powerful part. The oil of the seed (five to fifteen drops) has been used to bring on menstruation. The seed, when decocted, has been used for intermittent fevers. Steep one teaspoon of leaf per cup for twenty minutes or simmer one teaspoon of the root or seed for twenty minutes. The dose is one-fourth cup, four times a day. Parsley leaves (with violet leaf and figwort herb when possible) are used in poultices for cancer. A parsley poultice will help insect bites, stings, and sore eyes. Parsley tea is used for asthma and coughs. CAUTION: Persons with weak kidneys should avoid this herb. a) Parts Used: Root, leaf and seed b) Magical Use: the Greeks used Parsley in funeral rites, it was held sacred to Persephone. It was wound into funeral wreaths and used to decorate tombs. Though the plant has associations with death and is often regarded as evil, the Romans tucked a sprig into their togas every morning for protection. It is also placed on plates of food to guard it from contamination. Parsley is used in purification baths, and those to stop all misfortune. c) Aromatherapy Use: Accumulation of toxins, Arthritis, Broken Blood vessels, Cellulites, Rheumatism, Sciatica, Colic, Flatulence, Indigestion, Hemorrhoids, Amenorrhea, Dysmenorrhea, To aid Labor, Cystitis, Urinary Infection. Key Qualities: Refreshing, Stimulating, And Warming. Avoid during Pregnancy. 95) PATCHOULI: (Pogostemon patchouli or heyeanus) This tender, aromatic herb has upright, square stems with soft oval leaves and whorls of whitish flowers on spikes. The leaves, placed among clothes to deter insects, give Indian shawls their characteristic fragrance. Patchouli gave the distinctive scent to original India ink and Chinese red ink paste. a) Parts Used: Leaf b) Magical Use: Patchouli smells like rich earth, and so has been used in money and prosperity mixtures and spells. It is sprinkled onto money, added to purses and wallets, and placed around the base of green candles. Also, owing to its earthiness, Patchouli is used in fertility talismans and is also substituted for 'graveyard dust'. Patchouli is added to love sachets and baths. Patchouli is used to attract people and to promote lust. Burn as incense for: Drawing Money, Fertility, Protection, Defense, Lust, Banishing, Releasing, Love, Earth, and Underworld. c) Aromatherapy Use: Acne, Athlete's Foot, Cracked and Chapped Skin, Dandruff, Dermatitis, Eczema, Fungal Infections, Hair Care, Impetigo, Sores, Oily Hair and Skin, Open Pores, Wounds, Wrinkles, Frigidity, Nervous Exhaustion, Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: Stimulant in small amounts, Sedative in large doses, Aphrodisiac, Nerve Tonic, Appeasing, Calming, Uplifting. 96) PEPPERMINT: (Mentha piperita) See Mint. a) Magical Use: This familiar scent is excellent when used for purification. Though slow-growing the results are worth the wait. Rub against furniture and walls and floorboards to cleanse them of evil and negativity. Smelled it compels one towards sleep and placed beneath the pillow it sometimes offers one glimpses of the future in dreams. Burn as Incense for: Exorcism, Health, Healing, Lust, Money and Riches, Changes, Psychic Awareness, Purification. b) Aromatherapy Use: See Mint 97) PINE: (Pinus spp.) Sacred to the Druids, the pine was known as one of the Seven Chieftain Trees of the Irish. Dry distillation of Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris) needles, twigs, and cones gives the best quality pine oil for perfumes and for expectorants in inhalations for bronchitis and colds. The root tar is included in some hair growth stimulation products. The needles and young twigs of the white pine (Pinus strobus, Pinus alba) are made into infusions for coughs and as an antiscorbutic, use two teaspoons per cup of water and simmer for twenty minutes. High in vitamin C, they helped our ancestors get through the long winters. The knot of the wood is boiled with angelica, acathopanax, quince, and mulberry branches to make a bath for arthritis and rheumatism. Pine needles are simmered into massage oils. The oil is used externally to relieve rheumatic pain, chronic bronchitis, sciatica, pneumonia, and nephritis. Simply cover the needles with a good quality olive oil and simmer at low heat for twenty minutes, or place in a low (180°) oven overnight. The resin heals the kidneys, liver and lungs. The scent is calming to the lungs and nerves. a) Parts Used: Needle, twig, and knot of the wood b) Magical Uses Pine is the "tree of peace" of the Native American Iroquois confederacy. Burn pine to purify the home and decorate with its branches to bring healing and joy. Mix with equal parts of Juniper and Cedar; burn to purify the home and ritual area. The cones and nuts can be carried as a fertility charm. Placing pine needles in a loose-woven bag and running bathwater over this makes a good magical cleansing and stimulating bath. To purify and sanctify an outdoor ritual area, brush the ground with a pine branch. The oil is commonly added to purification, protection, money and healing mixtures. Burn as incense for, money, purification, healing and exorcism. c) Aromatherapy Use: (Scotch Pine) Cuts, Lice, Excessive Perspiration, Scabies, Sores, Arthritis, Gout, Muscular aches and pains, Neuralgia, Poor Circulation, Rheumatism, Asthma, Bronchitis, Catarrh, Colds, Coughs, Flu, Sinusitis, Sore Throat, Cystitis, Urinary Infection, Fatigue, Nervous Exhaustion, Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: Strengthening, Cleansing, Restorative, Reviving, Refreshing, Stimulant, Soothing. 98) ROSE: (Rosa spp.) The Rose has aromatic, cosmetic, medicinal, culinary, and craft uses. Fresh petals and rosewater flavor sweet and savory dishes and are crystallized for decoration. Rosewater revives tired skin and eyes. Dog Rose (Rosa canina) is the major source of hips for jam, syrup, tea and wine. Associated with pure love and femininity, it is valued by aroma therapists for it's rejuvenating qualities. Adding twice the petals’ weight of sugar and infusing in hot water can make rose petal syrup. Alternatively, the fresh petals can be ground with a little boiling water and strained, and the liquid combined with honey. The resulting liquid is a natural laxative and a tonic for the stomach. The rose hips should be gathered after the first frost. They will be read and ready for drying or making into jam. The jam or jelly is used or coughs. The dried hips are opened, the seeds and hairs removed, and the skins used for an excellent sore throat tea, use two teaspoons per cup of water and simmer for ten minutes. An infusion of the petals, one ounce to one pint of water, makes a soothing eye lotion, strain it first through cheesecloth. a) Parts Used: Flowers and hips b) Magical Use: The Rose is a Goddess herb belonging to Venus and the Water element. Rose is the accepted love scent. Rose buds are added to bath water to conjure a lover. Place some in a red cloth bag and pin it under your clothes. Rose hips worn as beads attract love. True rose essential oil (known as Otto) and rose absolute are expensive but worth it, one drop has powerful properties. DO NOT use synthetics. Rose oil is used in formulas designed to attract love, confer peace, stimulate sexual appetites, and enhance beauty. A tea of rosebuds drunk before sleep induces prophetic dreams. Rose petal and hips are used in healing spells and mixtures. Rose petals sprinkled around the house calm personal stress and household upheavals. Roses planted in the garden attract fairies and are said to grow best when stolen. Burn as incense for: Healing, Health, Love, Luck, Creativity, Balance, Anointing, Divination, Clairvoyance, Protection, Psychic Awareness. c) Aromatherapy Use: Thread Veins, Dry, Mature and Sensitive Skin, Wrinkles, Eczema, Herpes, Palpitations, Poor Circulation, Asthma, Coughs, Hay Fever, Cholecystities, Liver Congestion, Nausea, Irregular Menstruation, Leucorrhoea, Menorrhagia, Uterine Disorders, Depression, Impotence, Insomnia, Frigidity, Headache, Nervous Tension, Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: Aphrodisiac, Soothing, Comforting, Antidepressant, Sedative, Uplifting, Appeasing, Regulating, and Heart Tonic. 99) ROSEMARY: (Rosmarinus officinalis) Rosemary leaves are an ancient savory herb, especially popular in Italian dishes, and with shellfish, pork and lamb. The antiseptic, antioxidant leaves help preserve food, aid digestion of fat, and are included in several slimming compounds. The flowers can be used fresh as a garnish or crystallized as decoration. Distilled flower water makes soothing eyewash. The leaf and flowers are stimulating to the liver and the digestion. For this reason, rosemary is a classic herb for migraine headache when associated with liver or stomach torpidity. Rosemary increases the circulation and slightly raises blood pressure. To make the tea, steep two teaspoon of the dried flowering tops in one cup of water for twenty minutes. Take one-fourth cup four times a day. Use rosemary in salves for eczema, wounds, and sores. The tea makes a mouthwash for bad breath. The oil benefits stomach and nerves. Steep the herb in white wine for a week and strain. Rub the rosemary wine into gouty or paralyzed limbs. Taken internally, the wine quiets the heart and stimulates the kidneys, brain, and nervous system. Rosemary tea relieves depression. Rosemary and coltsfoot are smoked as an herbal tobacco to relieve asthma and lung conditions. CAUTION: When rosemary is used as a tea, the dose should not exceed one cup per day. Overdose can cause fatal poisoning. a) Parts Used: Leaf and flower b) Magical Use: "Any home where rosemary thrives is a home where the mistress rules." Rosemary when burned, emits powerful cleansing and purifying vibrations, and so is smoldered to rid a place of negativity, especially prior to performing magic. It is one of the oldest incenses. Burn for protection, exorcism, purification, healing, to cause sleep, To restore or maintain youth, to bring love and to increase intellectual powers. Rosemary infusion is used to wash the hands before healing work, and the leaves mixed with juniper berries are burned in sickrooms to promote healing. Rosemary may be substituted for any other herb, in any spell or mixture. It is generally used as a substitute for Frankincense. c) Aromatherapy Use: Acne, Dermatitis, Eczema, Lice, Scabies, Hair, Scalp, Arteriosclerosis, Fluid Retention, Gout, Muscular Pain, Neuralgia, Palpitations, Poor Circulation, Varicose Veins, Rheumatism, Asthma, Bronchitis, Whooping Cough, Colitis, Dyspepsia, Flatulence, Hepatic Disorders, Jaundice, Dysmenorrhea, Leucorrhoea, Colds, Flu, Infections, Headaches, Hypo tension, Nervous Exhaustion, Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: Stimulant (nervous and mental), Analgesic, Tonic, Strengthening, Restorative, Purifying, Protective, Reviving, Refreshing. 100) ROWAN: (Sorbus aucuparia) Also known as Mountain Ash, Witch wood, Witch bane, and Sorb Apple. A Druid sacred tree and sacred to the goddess Bride/Bridgit, Rowan bears clusters of spring flowers and bright red berries in autumn, when the leaves may turn red. The berries, rich in vitamin C, can be made into a tart jelly, Ground into flour, fermented into wine, or distilled into spirit. The seeds should be removed as they can contain hydro cyanic acid and are considered poisonous. Rowan is a traditional country charm against witchcraft.(!) Rowan is a close relative of Sorbus americana (American mountain ash) and can be used in the same way herbally. The bark is decocted for diarrhea and for vaginal douches, simmer two teaspoons of the bark per cup of water for twenty minutes. The bark is tinctured in alcohol for eight days to treat fevers (especially intermittent fevers). The berries are gathered when ripe and then dried or made into jam. The berries are very high in vitamin C and are useful for sore throats and tonsillitis. Take one teaspoon of the fresh berry juice or a quarter cup of the tea made by simmering one teaspoon per cup of water for twenty minutes. The ancient Welsh made an ale from rowan berries. a) Parts Used: Fruit b) Magical Use: Rowan is said to have come from the land of Fairy and as such is a very magical tree used for wands, rods, amulets, and spells. All parts of the tree are sacred. Make a tea with a few of the ripe berries and add it to the ritual chalice. A forked branch can help find water. Wands are for knowledge, locating metal, and general divination. Fires made of Rowan serve to summon spirits, especially when facing conflicts. Incense of leaves and berries for divination. Grow for protection of home. Carrying Rowan wood increases psychic powers. Rowan carried on board hip will prevent its involvement in storms, kept in the house it guards against lightening strikes, and when planted on a grave Rowan keeps the deceased one from haunting the place. Rowans growing near stone circles are the most potent. The leaf and berry are used in incense to increase psychic powers. Wear a tiny cross of rowan wood somewhere in your clothing or protection. 101) RUE: (Ruta graveolens) Also known as Herb of Grace. This evergreen subshrub has yellow summer flowers and deeply divided, bluish, aromatic leaves. Rue is a stimulant and abortifacient and strengthens capillaries. Its antispasmodic action treats high blood pressure, epilepsy and colic. A leaf wash treats tired eyes and was used by da Vinci and Michelangelo. Rue's round-lobed leaves inspired the symbol for the suit of clubs. CAUTION: Some people may experience skin irritation when picking the fresh plant. The whole herb is used, fresh or dry. It is taken warm to bring on menstruation. The infusion benefits coughs, cramp, and colic. Steep two teaspoons of the dried herb in a cup of water for twenty minutes. Take no more than one-half cup per day. The leaves are used in poultices and salves to relieve sciatica, gout, and rheumatic pains. The fresh eaves are placed on the temples to relieve headache. Fomentations of the tea are placed on the chest to help bronchitis. The juice or oil is placed in the ear to relieve earaches. CAUTION: This is a strong herb. Use in dosages only as indicated. Overdose will lead to vomiting. a) Parts Used: Above-ground portions of the herb b) Magical Use: Ancient Celts considered Rue an anti-magical herb, which is a defense against spells and dark magic. A fresh sprig can be used to sprinkle sacred water for consecration, blessings and healings. Burned in exorcism or purification incenses, it routs negativity and gets things moving. Used in altar oil, blessing, purifying, cleansing, consecration, protection, banishing, releasing, exorcism, inspiration, wisdom. Fresh Rue leaves placed on the forehead relieves headaches. Rue added to baths breaks all hexes and curses that may have been cast against you. Rue is another plant said to grow best when stolen, and indeed its presence in the garden beautifies and protects it. For some reason, toads have an aversion to Rue. 102) SAFFRON: (Crocus sativus) The stigmas and style tops flavor and color liqueurs and many dishes, especially rice. Saffron is considered an aphrodisiac, but too much may be narcotic. It is given to reduce fevers, cramps, and enlarged livers, and to calm nerves, and is applies externally for bruises, rheumatism, and neuralgia. In India saffron is used ceremonially. Although water soluble, it is used cosmetically and as a sacred dye. Turmeric is mistakenly called saffron in Asia. a) Parts Used: Stamens b) Magical Use: Saffron is added to love sachets as well as though aimed at raising lustful feelings. It is used in healing spells, and the infusion is used as wash water for the hands prior to healing rituals. Sheets were rinsed with a saffron infusion in Ireland so that the arms and legs would be strengthened during sleep, and the ancient Persians used Saffron to raise the wind. Use in spells for: Happiness, Health/Healing, Lust, Psychic Awareness, Wing Raising, Strength. 103) SAGE: (Salvia officinalis) Sage leaf has a strong taste that increases when dried. Used sparingly to flavor and aid the digestion of fatty meats, it is popular in poultry stuffing and combines well with strongly flavored floors. The flowers are tossed in salads and are brewed for a light, balsamic tea, while the leaf tea is an antiseptic nerve and blood tonics. Sage contains hormone precursors that help irregular menstruation and menopause symptoms. Sage is a drying agent for the body. The tea of the leaf will dry up night sweats, breast milk, and mucous congestion. It benefits the nerves and the menstrual cycle as well. Being astringent, it helps with diarrhea. Use it as a sore throat gargle and as a poultice for sores and stings. Use two teaspoons of the herb per cup of water, steep for twenty minutes and take a quarter cup four times a day. Tincture, fifteen to forty drops, up to four times a day. a) Parts Used: Leaf b) Magical Use: Sage absorbs negativity and misfortune. It drives away disturbances and tensions, and lifts the spirits above the mundane cars of life. Burn it to consecrate a ritual space. Carry it as an herb of protection. Use it in the ritual bath and chalice. Tradition holds that those who eat sage become immortal in both wisdom and years. Sage is used in wish manifestations and to attract money. Smolder to promote healing and spirituality. Carry to promote wisdom. Use in spells for: Protection, Wisdom, Health, Money and Riches, Spirituality. c) Aromatherapy Use: (Clary Sage Salvia sclarea) Acne, Boils, Dandruff, Hair Loss, Inflamed Skin Conditions, Oily Skin and Hair, Ulcers, Wrinkles, High Blood Pressure, Muscular Aches and Pains, Asthma, Throat Infections, Whooping Cough, Colic, Cramps, Dyspepsia, Flatulence, Labor Pain, Irregular Menstruation, Depression, Frigidity, Impotence, Migraine, Nervous Tension, Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: Relaxing, Rejuvenating, Balancing, Inspiring, sedative, Revitalizing, Aphrodisiac, Intoxicating, Euphoric, Warming. 104) ST. JOHN'S WORT: (Hypericum perforatum) A Druid sacred herb, the Celts passed it through the smoke of the Summer Solstice fire, then wore it in battle for invincibility. This herb has woody-based stems, with pairs of small, balsamic-scented leaves and clusters of lemon-scented, yellow summer flowers. The leaves are used in salads and to flavor liqueurs. Extract of the flowering tops is antiviral, astringent, and sedative, it treats inflammation, wounds, and diarrhea. Taken internally, it calms nerves and treats depression. It is under research for AIDS treatment. The flowers yield yellow and red dyes. The herb is the part used for lung problems, bladder complaints, diarrhea, dysentery, depression, hemorrhages, and jaundice. Steep two teaspoons of the herb per cup of water for twenty minutes. Take one-half cup in the morning and one-half cup at bed time. Bedwetting is helped by a nightly cup of the tea. The oil and fomentation are applied externally the injuries, especially when nerve endings are involved (i.e. fingers and toes) and to soften tumors and caked breasts. To make the oil, cover the flowers with good cold-pressed olive oil and leave the sealed preparation in the hot sun for twenty-one days or until it becomes a rich red. The oil is excellent for massages, as it affects the spine directly. Varicose veins, mild burns, inflammations, neuralgia, and rheumatism are helped by a poultice of it. CAUTION: Malignant tumors must be treated with care. Never rub or massage a malignant growth, as cells may become detached and travel to other parts of the body. a) Parts Used: Flower, leaf, and stem b) Magical Use: The Welsh called this plant "leaf of the blessed." It was understood to be an idea combination of water and fire, the ultimate healing essence. Fire symbolized the fruitful light-filled forces of summer, and water the gathering and settling forces of the dark season. Midsummer was the time of balance between these forces of light and dark. Burn at Litha to send away negativity, wear for invincibility, health and willpower. Gather at Litha or on a Friday and worn it will keep mental illness at bay and also cure melancholy. When placed in a jar and hung by a window, St. John's Wrote protects against thunderbolts, fire and evil spirits. Both flowers and leaves are used for this purpose. At one time St. John's Wort was held to the mouth of accused Witches to attempt to force them to confess. 105) SANDALWOOD: (Santalum album) Sandalwood is one of the most valuable woods in the world. All parts yields Sandalwood oil, particularly the heartwood and the roots, which yield about 6 percent essential oil. Recorded in Ayuvedic medicine and Egyptian embalming, the oil is now used as an inhalant for its expectorant and sedative effect on coughs and as a powerful antiseptic for lung and urinary tract infections. Sandalwood makes a popular incense, as its calming effect aids meditation. It is commonly used for funeral pyres in India, where devotees believe the scent protects places from evil spirits. The fragrant heartwood is a classic for bladder infections. It is taken to help in the passing of stones, in kidney inflammations, and in prostatitis. The oil is cooling to the body and useful for fevers and infections when used as a massage. The scent is calming to the mind. Sandalwood has been used internally for chronic bronchitis and to treat gonorrhea and the urethral discharge that results. Simmer one teaspoon of the wood per cup of water for twenty minutes, and take up to two cups a day in quarter-cup doses. a) Parts Used: Heartwood b) Magical Use: Lower grades of Sandalwood (light colored with little scent) are not recommended to use in magic. Sandalwood powder is burned during protection, healing and exorcism spells. When mixed with lavender it makes an incense designed to conjure spirits. This fragrant wood possesses very high spiritual vibrations and is mixed with Frankincense and burned at séances and Full Moon rituals. Powdered sandalwood can be scattered about a place to clear it of negativity. Sandalwood beads are protective and promote a spiritual awareness when worn. Sandalwood oil placed on the forehead aids in focusing the mind. The scent opens the highest spiritual centers and so makes an appropriate incense for rituals, exorcisms, and healings. The scents of frankincense and sandalwood have some of the highest vibrations inherent in any plant. They will resonate with aspects of ourselves or with Devic/Angelic beings of the highest order. Rose is another herb held to have that frequency, thus attracting or eliciting the highest spiritual vibrations from within ourselves and the cosmos. Sandalwood is used as an incense base for: Protection, Healing, Exorcise, Spirituality, Wishes, Full Moon Esbats, Wards Negativity, Astral Projection, Reincarnation, Spirit Offering. c) Aromatherapy Use: Acne, Dry, Cracked, Chapped Skin, After Shave, Greasy Skin, Moisturizer, Bronchitis, Catarrh, Coughs (dry, persistent), Laryngitis, Sore Throat, Diarrhea, Nausea, Cystitis, Depression, Insomnia, Nervous Tension, Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: Aphrodisiac, Soothing, Relaxing, Uplifting, Purifying, Warming, Grounding, Opening, Elevating, Sedative. 106) SPEARMINT: (Mentha spicata) Also called Garden Mint, Our Lady's Mint, Sage of Bethlehem, Erba Santa Maria and Lamb Mint. Spearmint is the most generally cultivated of the culinary mints. The leaves are almost or completely stalkless, lance-shaped bright-green and hairless. Mice hate the smell of mint and will avoid any place where the herb is scattered. a) Magical Use: Spearmint is used in all healing applications, especially in aiding lung diseases. Smelled, spearmint increases and sharpens mental powers. For protection while asleep, stuff a pillow or mattress with spearmint. b) Aromatherapy Use: See Mint 107) STAR ANISE: (Illicium verum) All parts of this small, evergreen tree are aromatic, the smooth, gray-white bark, narrow to elliptic shiny green leaves, solitary yellow flowers, and glossy brown seeds. The distinctive seeds and pods are used as a spice in Asian cookery, notably as an ingredient of Chinese five-spice powder. The fruits and foliage yield an essential oil, used as a substitute anise seed flavoring, or, medicinally to relieve chest complaints, rheumatism, and flatulence. The oil appears in soaps, hair oils, and Asian perfumes. Chew the seeds after a meal to help the digestion. Simmer the seeds to make a tea for colic and rheumatic complaints. Steep one teaspoon of the crushed seed in one cup of boiled water for twenty minutes and take up to two cups a day. Often added to other brews to improve taste, the tea of the seed will help cramps and nausea, promote menstruation, and increase breast milk. It also relieves insomnia. The seeds are simmered into salves for scabies and lice. The oil is a stomach tonic. The seeds can be tinctured in brandy (rather than the usual vodka, whiskey, or grain alcohol) with some lemon peel, the dose is one-fourth to one-half teaspoon. a) Parts Used: Seed b) Magical Use: The powdered bark is used as an incense in Japanese temples. The tree is planted by the Japanese around temples and on graves as an herb of consecration and protection. The seeds are burned as incense to increase psychic powers, and are also worn as beads for the same purpose. Sometimes star anise is placed on the altar to give it power, one is placed to each of the four directions. It is also carried as a general luck-bringer, and the seeds make excellent pendulums. The tree is often grown near Buddhist temples where it is revered. c) Aromatherapy Use: Couldn't find any reference to it's use in Aromatherapy, though it is widely used in homeopathy. 108) SUNFLOWER: (Helianthus annuus) This fast-growing annual has a thick, tall, hairy stem, heart-shaped leaves, and large yellow flower heads in late summer. The nutritious seeds are eaten raw, roasted, and ground into meal or nut butter and were used by Native American warriors as "energy cakes." The flower buds give a yellow dye and are cooked like artichokes. The pressed seeds yield an all-purpose oil with culinary, cosmetic, and industrial uses. Medicinally, the seeds are used as a diuretic and expectorant and treat coughs, dysentery, and kidney inflammation. The root is a laxative and treats stomach pan. The stem pith yields potash and fibers for textiles and paper, and its cellular lightness is used for microscope slide mounts. The seed heads provide food for birds in winter. a) Parts Used: flower, leaves, stalk, root and seeds b) Magical Use: In Aztec temples of the sun, priestesses carried sunflowers and wore them as crowns. As sun symbols, these flowers symbolize the healthy ego, the wisdom, and the fertility of the solar logos. Sunflower seeds are eaten by women who wish to conceive. To protect yourself against smallpox wear sunflower seeds around the neck, either in a bag or strung like beads. If you cut a sunflower at sunset while making a wish, the wish will come true before another sunset - as long as the wish isn't too grand. Sleeping with a sunflower under the bed allows you to know the truth in any matter. If you wish to become virtuous, anoint yourself with juice pressed from the stems of the sunflower. Sunflowers growing in the garden guard it against pests and grant the best of luck to the gardener. 109) TEA TREE: (Melaleuca alternifolia) Tea tree oil has huge healing potential. It is a powerful antiseptic and immune stimulant, active against bacteria, viruses, and fungi such as athlete's foot and thrush. It helps treat colds, flu, lesions, warts and acne. Tea Tree is the best remedy for yeast infections! a) Aromatherapy Use: Abscesses, Acne, Athlete's Foot, Blisters, Burns, Bruises, Chicken Pox Rash, Cold Sores, Dandruff, Herpes, Insect Bites, Oily Skin, Spots, Rashes, Warts, Wounds (infected), Asthma, Bronchitis, Catarrh, Coughs, Sinusitis, Tuberculosis, Whooping Cough, Thrush, Vaginitis, Colds, Fever, Flu, Infectious Illnesses, Cystitis, Pruritis. Key Qualities: Penetrating, Medicinal, Stimulating, Refreshing. 110) THYME: (Thymus vulgaris) Also known as Common Thyme, Mother of Thyme, and Garden Thyme. A Druid sacred herb, culinary Thyme aids the digestion of fatty foods and is part of bouquet garni and Benedictine liqueur. Thyme oil is distilled from the leaves and flowering tops and is a stimulant and antiseptic. It is a nerve tonic used externally to treat depression, colds, muscular pain and respiratory problems. The oil is added to acne lotions and mouthwashes. Research has confirmed Thyme strengthens the immune system. Thyme is an excellent lung cleanser. Use it to dry up and clear out moist phlegm and to treat whooping cough. It makes a good tea for the mother after childbirth, as it helps expel the placenta. Steam one-half teaspoon fresh herb or one teaspoon dried herb in one-half cup of hot water for five minutes. Take up to one and a half cups a day in quarter-cup doses. A natural antiseptic, thyme is often used in salves for wounds, swellings, sciatica, and failing eyes. The tea relieves gas and colic (as does the oil, taken in one- to five-drop doses). The tincture can be used in ten- to twenty-drop doses, taken three times a day. Use thyme for headaches and hangovers. a) Parts Used: Above-ground portions of the herb. b) Magical Use: Thyme is burned in incense to purify an area. A place where wild thyme grows will be a particularly powerful energy center on earth. A magical cleansing bath can be make by pouring a tea made with thyme and marjoram into the bathwater. A pillow stuffed with thyme cures nightmares. When attending a funeral, wear a sprig of thyme to repel the negativity of the mourners. Use as incense for: Health, Healing, Purification, Clairvoyance, Courage, Love, Psychic Awareness, Energy, Power, Strength. Thyme is often burned prior to magical rituals to cleanse the area. Carried and smelled to give courage and energy. c) Aromatherapy Use: Abscess, Acne, Bruises, Burns, Cuts, Dermatitis, Eczema, Insect Bites, Lice, Arthritis, Gout, Muscular Aches and Pains, Obesity, Edema, Poor Circulation, Rheumatism, Sprains, Asthma, Bronchitis, catarrh, Coughs, Laryngitis, Sinusitis, Tonsillitis, Diarrhea, Dyspepsia, Flatulence, Chills, Colds, Flu, Infectious Diseases, Cystitis, Urethritis, Headaches, Insomnia, Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: Stimulating, Restorative, Warming, Reviving, Refreshing, Purifying, Antidepressant. 111) TOBACCO: (Nicotiana tabacum) This annual or biennial has large, long leaves and green-white to rose tubular flowers. The cured, dried leaves are smoked as a narcotic, but the poisonous nicotine they contain causes heart and lung disease and cancer. North and South American tribes smoke the leaves in ceremonies and apply poultices to sprains, to infected cuts and bites, and to problem skin. The juice is applied externally to relieve facial neuralgia, and wet leaves offer a quick cure for hemorrhoids. Research has revealed a chemical in the leaves that inhibits tumors. a) Parts Used: Leaf b) Magical Use: Candidates for some shamanic systems must drink tobacco juice to induce visions as part of their training. Tobacco has long been used in religious ceremonies by some of the American Indians. Indeed many peoples still regard the plant as sacred. Tobacco is a magical substitute for sulphur, as well as for datura and nightshade, both of which are related to tobacco. It can be substituted for any other poisonous herb in ritual incense blends. Although it is regularly smoked by millions, tobacco is a very poisonous plant and can kill. 112) VALERIAN: (Valeriana officinalis) Also known as Garden Heliotrope, Vandal Root, and St. George's Herb. Valerian has compound leaves with a fresh pea pod scent, and clusters of honey scented flowers in midsummer. Both have unpleasant fetid undertones. Their musky root is used in stews and perfumes and unskinned root is a tranquilizer. The herb treats headaches, muscle cramps and irritable bowel syndrome and is used topically for wounds, ulcers, and eczema. Laboratory tests show anti-tumor activity. Composted leaves are rich in minerals. Do not take large doses or continuously. Although the root of the herb has a strong pungent scent, some cats love it more than catnip. (Mine do!!) a) Parts Used: Root b) Magical Use: A sprig of the plant pinned to a woman's clothing will cause men to 'follow her like children'. Valerian Root is added to Love Sachets. Put in pillows to promote deep rest. Use in spells for: Protection, Purification, Harmony, Peace, Happiness, Love, Creative Work, Money and Riches. c) Aromatherapy Use: Insomnia, Nervous Indigestion, Migraine, Restlessness, Tension States. Key Qualities: Sedative, Depressant of the Central Nervous System, Mildly Hypnotic, Regulator, Calming, Soothing, Grounding. 113) VERVAIN: (Verbena officinalis) Also known as Enchanters Herb, Holy Herb, Verbena, Blue Vervain, and Holy Wort. A Druid sacred herb, common in their many rites and incantations, this hardy perennial has deeply cut lower leaves and smooth upper leaves with small dense spikes of pale lilac-pink flowers. An ancient sacred herb of purification, visions, and love potions, it was included in liqueurs and aphrodisiacs. Vervain was so highly regarded by the Druids that offerings were placed on altars. "Vervain" is a derivative of the Celtic fer (to drive away) and faen (stone), given to it because of its ability to purge calculi (gravel) from the bladder. A tea of the herb helps to increase breast mild and is helpful in lowering fever, especially of the intermittent type. It will benefit eczema and other skin eruptions, as it is a kidney and liver cleanser. Jaundice, whooping cough, edema, mastitis, and headaches fall under its sphere. To make the tea, steam one tablespoon of the herb per cup of water for twenty minutes. Externally, vervain is used in poultices for ear infections, rheumatism and wounds. Vervain is an emmenagogue (brings down the menses) and soothes the nerves. It is reputed to have aphrodisiac properties. It is a powerful lymphatic detoxifier and has a cleansing effect on the female organs. Blue Vervain (Vervena hastata), the American variety, is a natural tranquilizer and is helpful with colds and fevers, especially when the upper respiratory tract is involved. It will eliminate intestinal worms and is used externally for wounds. It is distinguished from the European vervain by its deeper blue flowers and denser, bristly flower spikes. Blue vervain is also prepared in a standard infusion or tinctured in alcohol. a) Parts Used: Above ground portions of the herb. b) Magical Use: Vervain is a profoundly magical herb belonging to the sphere of Venus. Roman priests and priestesses used it as an altar plant - it was tied in bundles and used to ritually "sweep" and purify the altar. Druids placed it in water that was sprinkled on worshipers as a blessing. Vervain was picked at the rising of the Dog Star, at the dark of the moon, just before flowering. It was taken from the earth with the sacred sickle and raised aloft in the left hand. After prayers of thanksgiving were spoken the Druid or Druidess left a gift of honey to recompense the Earth for her loss. Vervain was once infused in wine and worn on the body to ward off the stings of insects and serpents. It is used in the bath as a protection from enchantments and to make dreams come true. Wearing or bathing in vervain places one under the influence of Diana. After washing your hands in the infusion, it will be possible to engender love in the one you touch. To dispel fears, light a candle daily and surround it with vervain. Speak aloud a prayer to the Gods and Goddesses asking for release from your fear. Do this as long as necessary. On the night of the full moon, go outside with a chalice filled with water, vervain and salt. Take also a candle and a piece of petrified wood. Dip the stone into the water mixture and then pass it through the candle flame. Touch the stone to your feet, hands, shoulders, and head. As you do this ask for the blessings of youth and beauty. Repeat the process seven times. Vervain is worn as a crown during Druidic initiatory rites and as protection for those who are working magic. Sprinkle throughout the home for protection and to bring peace. Keep some in the bedroom to bring tranquil dreams. Keep it in the home to attract wealth and to keep plants healthy. Sprinkle some on the garden as an offering to the elementals and other nature spirits. Drinking the juice of fresh vervain is said to cut sexual desire. Burn it to banish the pangs of unrequited love. Vervain is worn to recover stolen articles. Tucked into a child's cradle, the plant brings joy and a lively intellect. When burned, Vervain is powerful for warding psychic attack, but it is also used in spells for love, purification and attracting wealth. It is a powerful attractant to the opposite sex. Use for Anointing, Banishing, Gather and burn at Litha, Altar Offering, Creativity, Energy, Strength, Power. 114) VETIVERT: (Vetivera zizanioides) Also called Khus-khus. This perennial grass grows in dense clumps of stout stems with long leaves and has an aromatic rhizome and roots. The distilled root essential oil flavors Asian sherbets and sweets, fixes perfumes, and scents quality soaps, cosmetics and aftershaves. The scent is a deep yet refreshing, woody, resinous mixture of myrrh and violets. a) Parts Used: Root b) Magical Use: Vetivert root is burned to overcome evil spells. It is also used in love powders, sachet and incenses and is added to the bathwater in a sachet to make yourself more attractive to the opposite sex. Vetivert is also used in money spells and mixtures, placed in the cash register to increase business, carried to attract luck, and burned in anti-theft incenses. c) Aromatherapy Use: Acne, Cuts, Oily Skin, Wounds, Arthritis, Muscular Aches and Pains, Rheumatism, Sprains, Stiffness, Debility, Depression, Insomnia, Nervous Tension. Known as the "Oil of Tranquility". Key Qualities: Sedative, Soothing, Calming, Tonic, Grounding, Uplifting, Protective. 115) VIOLET: (Viola odorata) Also called Heartsease, Little Faces, and Viola. This stem less perennial has scalloped, heart-shaped leaves and violet or white, sweetly scented flowers from winter to spring. The crystallized flowers flavor sweets and liqueurs and are tossed in salads with the leaves. The root treats bronchitis The leaves are a folk remedy for breast and lung cancer. The flower syrup is antiseptic and a mild laxative, and with the leaves treats coughs, headaches, and insomnia. Ancient Greeks wore the violet to calm tempers and to induce sleep The whole plant is used, fresh or dry. The leaves can be eaten as a type of wild spinach, and the flowers are used in salads and desserts. High in iron, the fresh leaf is used internally and externally for cancer, especially of the colon, throat, and tongue. For this purpose, the fresh laves should be infused daily and taken as tea, using one teaspoon of plant parts to a half cup of water, steep and take a quarter cup four times a day. The tea can be applied externally as a fomentation. The flowers are laxative, the roots and stems are emetic and purgative. The fresh leaves are used in salves and poultices for wounds. a) Parts Used: Whole Plant b) Magical Use: violet crowns are said to cure headache, bring sleep, and calm anger. Violets are mixed with lavender, apple blossoms, yarrow, and roses in love potions. The leaf is a protection from all evil. Use for: Protection, Luck, Love, Lust, Wishes, Peace, Healing. Mixed with Lavender, the flowers are a powerful live stimulant and also arouse lust. Violets and Periwinkle are used to decorate the graves and corpses of children. 116) WILLOW: (Salix alba) Also known as White Willow, European Willow, Tree of Enchantment, and Witches Aspirin. One of the Seven Sacred Trees of the Irish. A Druid sacred tree, the willow is a Moon tree sacred to the White Lady. It's groves were considered so magical that priests, priestesses and all types of artisans sat among these trees to gain eloquence, inspiration, skills, and prophecies. The stem bark is a painkiller, a fever-reducer, and an original source for salicylic acid for aspirin. The infused leaves make a tea for nervous insomnia and are added to baths to ease rheumatism. The Salix species provide the best-quality artists' charcoal, branches are used for weaving, and the White Willow var. caerulea is the source of wood for cricket bats. The genus name Salix comes from the Celtic sal-lis, "near water". Black willow (S. nigra) bark is used to treat gonorrhea and ovarian pain. The white willow contains salicin, the active constituent from which Aspirin was first synthesized. White willow bark is used for rheumatic complaints, arthritis and headaches as well as diarrhea and dysentary. Fevers, edema, and the aftereffects of worms are treated with willow bark. To make the tea, steep three teaspoons of the bark in on cup of cold water for two to five hours, boil for one minute, and strain. Willow is also available as a powder. The dose is one teaspoon, three times a day in tea or capsules. The tincture can be taken in ten- to twenty-drop doses four times a day. a) Parts Used: Bark, collected in the Spring. b) Magical Use: Willows are commonly found near ancient British burial sites. The willow is a guardian tree, said to protect from evil influences. The willow tree has a healing aura that blesses all it touches. All parts of the willow guard against evil and can be carried or placed in the home for this purpose. Burn bark with sandalwood for divination and love. Magical brooms, especially Witch's brooms, are traditionally bound with a willow branch. 117) WITCH HAZEL: (Hammamelis virginiana) Also called Spotted Alder, and Winter Bloom, Witch Hazel, a distillation from the leaves and flower-bearing twigs, is included in skin products for its disinfectant and astringent properties. It is used on chapped and sunburned skin, bruises, swellings, and rashes, to stop bleeding, and to reduce varicose veins and hemorrhoids. The seeds are edible and the leaves can be brewed for a warming tea. Commercially distilled witch hazel contains 14 percent alcohol. It must not be confused with tincture of Witch Hazel, which may be much more astringent and could disfigure skin. a) Parts Used: Leaf and young twigs b) Magical Use: Witch hazel has long been used to fashion divining rods, hence the common name. The bark and twigs are also used to protect against evil influences. If carried, witch hazel helps to mend a broken heart and cool the passions. c) Aromatherapy Use: Distilled witch hazel is one of the basics in any home first aid kit. It is useful for stings, bruises, cuts, scrapes, sprains, tissue swelling, and many other minor conditions. It is also useful in skin care regimes. 118) WOOD ALOE: (Aquilaria agallocha) The prized elusive scent of Wood Aloe exists only in resin-saturated diseased wood. a) Magical Use: Wood Aloe possesses high spiritual vibrations. Will bring love if worn. Use in incense for Love, Protection, Money and Riches, and Spirituality. 119) WORMWOOD: (Artemisia absinthium) Also known as Absinthe. A Druid sacred herb, Wormwood is very magical and sacred to Moon deities. An accumulative poison if ingested. Wormwood is a bitter herb used to flavor vermouth and the now-banned liqueur absinthe. A leaf and flowering top infusion is a tonic for the digestive system, liver, gallbladder, and blood, reducing inflammation and clearing impurities. The plant treats fever, expels worms, and reduces the toxicity of lead poisoning. As a companion plant, it acts as a deterrent against several insect pests. Toxic in high doses! The leaves and flowers are used in a light infusion to help digestion, flatulence, and heartburn. Wormwood improves circulation and stimulates the liver. The tea is said to relieve labor pains. Use one teaspoon per cup and steep for twenty minutes, take a quarter cup up to four times a day, or use as a tincture, eight to ten drops in water up to three times a day. A fomentation of the leaves and flowers soothes bruises and sprains. The oil relieves arthritis. CAUTION: The oil is for external use only! Prolonged use of wormwood can lead to nerve damage. a) Parts Used: Leaf and flower b) Magical Use: The scent of wormwood is said to increase psychic powers. Burned with incenses on Samhain to aid evocation, divination, scrying and prophecy. Especially good when combined with Mugwort. Strengthens incenses for exorcism and protection. Hung from a rear-view mirror, wormwood protects vehicles from accidents on treacherous roads. Use in spells for: Binding, Psychic Awareness, Evocation, Love, Clairvoyance. 120) YARROW: (Achillea millefolium) Also known as Seven Year's Love, Milfoil, and Woundwort. The flowering tops are a digestive and cleaning tonic and a diuretic and are used to reduce high blood pressure. Fresh leaves arrest bleeding and are applied as a poultice to wounds or are placed on shaving cuts. One of the true treasures of the earth, Yarrow essential oil is naturally blue and possesses an incredible scent. The oil treats colds , flu, and inflamed joints. This is a classic herb for flu, especially the intestinal variety. Try a mixture of elderflower, peppermint, and yarrow to bring down a fever and induce perspiration. The tea benefits the kidneys. Yarrow is used in salves for hemorrhoids and in poultices to stop bleeding and help heal wounds. Cramps and rheumatism are treated with the tea, as are intestinal gas, diarrhea, anorexia, and hyperacidity. a) Parts Used: Above-ground portions of the herb b) Magical Use: Large patches of yarrow growing in a field indicate a very grounded energy spot. Sit there to center and relax. Yarrow is used to exorcise evil and negativity from a person, place or thing. A bunch of dried yarrow hung over the bed or yarrow used in wedding decorations ensures a love lasting at least seven years. Use in spells for: Divination, Love, Happy Marriage, Wards Negativity, Defense, Protection, Gather at Litha, Psychic Awareness, Banishing, Releasing, Clairvoyance. c) Aromatherapy Use: Acne, Burns, Cuts, Eczema, Hair Rinse, Inflammation, Rashes, Scars, Wounds, Arteriosclerosis, High Blood Pressure, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Thrombosis, Varicose Veins, Constipation, Cramps, Flatulence, Hemorrhoids, Indigestion, Amenorrhea, Colds, Fever, Flu, Cystitis, Hypertension, Insomnia, Stress Related Conditions. Key Qualities: Balancing, Restorative, Tonic, Strengthening, Opening, Grounding, Revitalizing, Mildly Stimulating. 121) YLANG-YLANG: (Cananga odorata) Ylang-ylang has glossy leaves and masses of perfumed, greenish-yellow (sometimes mauve or pink) flowers with narrow petals that resemble witch hazel flowers but appear during two flowering periods. The essential oil is distilled by steam from freshly picked flowers and is featured in many perfumes, soaps, skin lotions, and to balance sebum in Macasser hair oil. Use in moderation, since the oil's heady scent can cause headaches or nausea. Ylang-Ylang means "flower of flowers". a) Magical Use: (Oil) Useful for Peace, Love and Sex Spells. It can be worn on the body or included in mixtures for these purposes. b) Aromatherapy Use: (Oil) Acne, Hair Growth, Hair Rinse, Insect Bites, Irritated and Oily Skin, General Skin Care, High Blood Pressure, Palpitations, Depression, Frigidity, Impotence, Insomnia, Nervous Tension, Stress Related Disorders. Key Qualities: Powerfully Sedative, Soothing, Calming, Regulating, Euphoria-inducing, and narcotic when used in large quantities, Aphrodisiac.	i don't know
The M32 connects which city with the M4?	CBRD » Motorway Database » M32 Factfile Images Timeline Exit List The M32 is a spur in to the centre of Bristol from the M4 , entering the city from the north but actually signposted as the way in from all directions on the M4 and M5 . Its terrifically rubbish junction with the M4 is only the start of the traffic problems it suffers. The road was originally just a couple of miles long, with its junctions numbered 19A and 19B to follow from its parent motorway's numbering. When it was granted an extension further into the city it gained its own numbering scheme. It has the full checklist of urban motorway features, running through deep concrete-walled trenches, crossing viaducts above streets and houses, and passing through complex junctions with unlikely local roads and back streets joining its sliproads. It also has a junction for the wonderfully-named suburb of Fishponds. The M32 was, apparently, meant to be one of two motorways entering Bristol: the other, a spur to the south of the city, would have left the M5 at junction 20, near Clevedon. Part of the Long Ashton Bypass is laid out with the intention that it would be widened to form part of that motorway route, and the dual carriageway approaching the Cumberland Basin one-way system in the city centre was designed to form its terminus. Both it and the M32 would have arrived in the city centre to meet the Inner Circuit Road, but Bristol's city centre motorway never materialised and neither did its southern spur. Bristol City Council has proposed downgrading the M32 to an A-road and converting its hard shoulders to bus lanes, but the road is managed by Highways England who are not interested in such a scheme. Its motorway status is safe, for now. Factfile	Bristol
Who was on the British throne at the time of the 'Spanish Armada'?	Mercure Bristol North The Grange Hotel - Visit Bristol You are here: Accommodation > Mercure Bristol North The Grange Hotel Mercure Bristol North The Grange Hotel Visit Website About Mercure Bristol North, The Grange dates back to 1852 and is an elegant country hotel set in 18 tranquil acres of delightful grounds. It’s the ideal base for both leisure and business visitors who want to stay in beautiful surroundings but still be within striking distance of the city. The hotel offers excellent road and rail links with the M32, M4 and M5, with Bristol Parkway railway station just 1.5 miles away. Central Bristol is just eight miles away. There are 68 rooms, each equipped with an LCD TV, high-speed internet connection, on-demand movie service and a music jukebox. The majority of the rooms also have views over the surrounding countryside. Guests can dine in the The Acorn Restaurant, which is overlooking the fabulous gardens, or relax with a drink on the Conservatory Bar terrace, shaded by a 200-year-old cedar tree. 24-hour room service is also available. Room 1 - for 1 guest(s) Classic Double Room - £79 Classic Double Room - single occupancy - £90 Privilege Double Room - £99 Privilege Double Room - single occupancy - £110 Privilege Double Room - £121 Superior Double Room with Garden View - £129 Superior Double Room with Garden View - single occupancy - £140 Superior Double Room with Garden View - £151 Classic Family Room - £79 Classic Family Room - single occupancy - £90 Classic Family Room - £101 Classic Twin Room - single occupancy - £90 Classic Twin Room - £101 Room 1 - for 1 guest(s) Classic Room, 1 Double Bed - £67.15 Classic Room, 2 Single Beds - £67.15 Classic Room (Classic) - £67.15 Privilege, Room, 1 Double Bed - £84.15 Superior Room, 1 Double Bed, Garden View - £109.65 Guide Prices £79.00 per room (room only) Executive Room £129.00 per room (room only) Family £79.00 per room (room only) Single en suite £79.00 per room (room only) Twin £79.00 per room (room only) *As a guide, prices are per room per night for hotels, guest houses, B&Bs and serviced apartments and per week for self-catering accommodation. Note: Prices are a guide only and may change on a daily basis. Extras Film or TV location - Casualty film here In countryside Children's play area - Croquet lawn, secret garden,giant Jenga, giant draughts Children's videos/DVDs available - In room movies on demand Cot Facilities for children - Cots and highchairs available. Food/bottle warming available Special meal times for children - Can be flexible to your requirements Parking & Transport Access to golf course - Next to Woodlands Golf Course (one mile) Arrangements for riding/pony trekking Cycle hire - Mountain Bikes available Water sports facilities - Water sports lake just half a mile from the hotel. Catering Additional meal details - Vegan, diabetic. Bar Serve breakfast - Mon-Fri 7am-9.30am. Saturday 8am-11am Sunday 8am-12pm Serve evening meal - Mon Sat 7pm-10pm. Sun 7pm-9.30pm. Serve lunch - Daily 12.30pm-2pm. All major credit cards accepted Room / Unit Features Tea & coffee making facilities in all bedrooms Telephone in all bedrooms 24 hr return laundry service Accept coach parties Pets accepted - Not in public areas. Welcome single sex groups, eg stag/hen parties Specialist Features Aim to attract conferences and business meetings Christmas/New Year Programme Marketed as green/environmentally friendly - Silver award from GTBS, own organic garden, wildlife watch, walks and bicycle hire. Marketed to any other specialist market - We have indoor and outdoor games to make use of the extensive grounds e.g. croquet and giant Jenga. Special provisions for cyclists - Cycle racks and overnight storage,cycle route maps available Special provisions for lone female travellers - We have bedrooms above ground level available on request and the public areas are comfortable and not too big which sometimes helps lone females to feel less intimidated. Special provisions for walkers - Walking books are available at reception for local walks. Languages spoken Map & Directions Road Directions M4: Leave at junction 19 and bear left on M32 - signposted Kingswood. Take a left at the next two sets of traffic lights and then bear left on a sharp right hand bend (signposted to Motorcycle test centre). After approximately one mile there is a T-Junction, turn left and then immediately right (signposted 'hotel'). The hotel is then on this road after about one mile on the left hand side. M5 (both directions) : At junction with M4 follow M4-London and then directions as for M4. Public Transport Directions From Bristol Parkway - 1.5 miles by taxi TripAdvisor Wedding stay Tuesday, 17th January 2017 Room was very clean & spacious, television with good selection of stations, tea and coffee facilities although very sparse on what they leave for you so you might like to take some of your... Read full review donna598 Wedding day Saturday, 14th January 2017 The staff at the Grange were excellent, professional and friendly. Nothing was too much trouble. Val was excellent she looked after my sister on her wedding day and took a lot of the stress from... Read full review Steve A Decent but no iron and ironing board... Wednesday, 11th January 2017 I stay here frequently with work and overall love the location, the staff are friendly and no issues with the rooms. My only gripe is why on earth there are no irons and ironing boards in the rooms... Read full review 4 AA Stars Country House Hotel Further Information Quality development of one or two bedroom self contained apartments. Each of them... 1.59 miles away Relaxed woodland camping on a 200 acre arable farm, unwind and get back to nature just 20... 1.66 miles away Modern, 161-room hotel located near the M5 motorway and Aztec West Business Park 1.82 miles away Located close to the M4 corridor, this spacious hotel offers well-appointed accommodation... 2.24 miles away Rock House serviced accommodation is a self-contained apartment with easy access to M4,... 2.62 miles away 1,932 high quality, en-suite rooms available for summer vacation guests at our main... 2.64 miles away Premier Inn is the UK's biggest hotel chain. They guarantee clean, comfortable rooms and... 3.25 miles away Box Hedge Farm offers a perfect location for your stay with a number of newly developed... 3.28 miles away The Curious Cabinet is a beautiful and rare combination of style, quality, and glamour... 3.66 miles away Set in colourful gardens, this traditional hotel just outside Bristol has 30 modern rooms 3.76 miles away Alveston Premier Inn gives you the best of both worlds, as they are set in a lovely... 3.88 miles away Perfectly placed for shops, business and Bristol Zoo, the Premier Inn Hotel Bristol... 3.94 miles away Homely guesthouse overlooking a leafy park. Close to the city centre, major bus routes... 4.04 miles away The Wellington is a large traditional pub at the top of Gloucester Road, providing a warm... 4.15 miles away The Base is a self-catering B&B with a wide range of rooms and fully equipped shared... 4.15 miles away Beautifully presented four-bed, two-bathroomed house to let in Westbury-on-Trym, Bristol.... 4.26 miles away	i don't know
Which breed won 'Best In Show' at Crufts in 2008?	BBC - Birmingham - Crufts - Crufts Best in Show 2008 You are in: Birmingham > Crufts > Crufts Best in Show 2008 Crufts Best in Show 2008 A dog called Philip has been judged Crufts Best in Show 2008. He was named as top canine in front of an audience of 6,000 at the Crufts Arena at the NEC in Birmingham. Help playing audio/video Giant Schnauzer, Ch Jafrak Philippe Olivier has been chosen as Crufts' Best in Show for 2008. Known as Philip to his friends and family, he was competing for Best in Show for the third time. Best in Show 08: Jafrak Philippe Olivier Philip, the winner of the Working Group, is owned by Mr and Mrs Cullen from St Leonards-on-Sea in East Sussex. In Reserve (second place) was the winner of the Pastoral Group, Samoyed, Ch Vandreem Imperial Hermioni By Berezniki JW ShCM, owned by Mrs L Bobrowski from Chobham in Surrey. Six year old Philip was handled at Crufts by Kevin Cullen. "Philip is a real happy go lucky dog - he's a wonderful pet and a brilliant show dog" said Kevin. Best in Show 08: Jafrak Philippe Olivier Speaking about winning Best in Show to BBC Crufts' Clare Balding, Kevin said: "I can't believe it. What a fantastic feeling. To be here for the third time and to actually get it - a dream." The Giant Schnauzer was selected to be Crufts Best in Show by judge Clare Coxall. She said: "[Philip] came out of that arch there and he came in... as though he owned it." Clare knew Philip was a winner when she laid her hands on him: "He's got muscles on top of muscles. He's in ace order. Fantastic top athletical condition. And he has a pair of the jettest black eyes. He sold himself to me and he knew he was doing it." Philip and Kevin receive a £100 prize, a replica trophy and a prestigious place in dog show history. Hound Group winner 2008 Top dogs at Crufts 2008 Over four days, March 6 - 9 2008, thousands of dogs in seven different pedigree dog groups were shown and judged at Crufts dog show. Once the Best in Breed were selected in the NEC's halls, Best in Group winners were then judged in the main arena. Toy and Utility Groups were shown in the arena at the NEC on Thursday, Gundogs on Friday, Working and Pastoral on Saturday and Terrier and Hounds were shown on Sunday. Terrier Group winner 2008 The Best in Group winners went on to compete in the grand finale on Sunday evening, for the prestigious Best in Show title. Clare Coxall was the Crufts 2008 Best in Show judge. As a competitor, Mrs Coxall won Best in Show in 1966 with a Toy Poodle. Philip's competition Philip, shown in the Working Group, was selected to be Best in Show ahead of dogs from six other groups. Those dogs were: Terrier Group - Sunday 9 March 2008 Am Ch Caraway Celebrate Life was judged to be the winner of the Terrier Group. Winner of the Pastoral Group 2008 Hound Group - Sunday 9 March 2008 Beagle - Ch Dialynne Maximus was judged to be the winner of the Hound Group. 'Max' is owned and handled by Melanie Spavin, from Solihull in the West Midlands. Max was chosen ahead of the Basset Griffon Vendeen (grand) owned and handled by BBC Crufts presenter Jessica Holm. However Jessica's dog Ch Holmchappell Petite Priere did win Best of Bread. Jessica said she felt honoured to have won a place in the Hound Group short-list, commenting: "I will never forget this night, it's fantastic". Winner of the Gundog Group, Crufts 2008 Working Group - Saturday 8 March 2008 Judge Stuart Mallard chose Giant Schnauzer, Ch Jafrak Philippe Olivier as the winner of the Working Group on Saturday. The Giant Schnauzer is owned by Mr & Mrs Cullen from St Leonards-on-Sea in East Sussex. Pastoral Group - Saturday 8 March 2008 Judge Zena Thorn-Andrews chose the winner of the Pastoral Group. She selected the Samoyed, Ch Vandreem Imperial Hermioni By Berezniki JW ShCM, owned by Mrs L Bobrowski from Chobham in Surrey. Toy Group winner 2008 Gundog Group - Friday 7 March 2008 The Gundog Group was won by the Spaniel (American Cocker) Sh Ch/Am Ch San Jo’s Born To Party owned by Mrs M and Miss M Boardman. Toy Group - Thursday 6 March 2008 Toy Group was won by the Chihuahua (smooth coat) Gibeltarik Happy Go Lucky owned by Mrs J Requena MBE. Utility Group - Thursday 6 March 2008 Utility Group was won by the Japanese Shiba Inu Ch Janeryls In The Line Of Fire JW owned by Mrs J Bannister. Utility Group winner 2008 There's more information about the show at the Kennel Club's official Crufts website: www.crufts.org.uk. Last year's Best In Show Araki Fabulous Willy was awarded the Kennel Club's prestigious Crufts Best in Show title in 2007. The Tibetan terrier, pet-name Willy, is owned by John Shaw and Neil Smith, from Gloucester. According to Neil, after his Crufts win: "Willy then became a media personality for a week and he seemed to love it. He is now however retired from the show ring and lives at home with me and his daughter 'Dizzy'. He does make the odd celebrity appearance at local fairs and fetes."	Schnauzer
Which artisan, who was born in Otley in 1718, has a statue erected in his honour outside the Grammar School. He also has a full size sculpted figure on the facade of the Victoria and Albert Museum?	2008 Crufts Winner: Best in Show! \| POPSUGAR Pets 2008 Crufts Winner: Best in Show! 2008 Crufts Winner: Best in Show! March 10, 2008 by Pets 0 Shares Congratulations to the Giant Schnauzer, Jafrak Philippe Olivier! The third time's the charm for this pooch, who has never come out on top during his previous efforts – and beat out some pretty awesome competitors. Group	i don't know
What word could be a hunter in Greek Mythology, a model of car, or a constellation?	Astronomy for Kids: Constellations Astronomy for Kids Constellations What is a constellation? A constellation is a group of visible stars that form a pattern when viewed from Earth. The pattern they form may take the shape of an animal, a mythological creature , a man, a woman, or an inanimate object such as a microscope, a compass, or a crown. How many constellations are there? The sky was divided up into 88 different constellations in 1922. This included 48 ancient constellations listed by the Greek astronomer Ptolemy as well as 40 new constellations. Star Maps The 88 different constellations divide up the entire night sky as seen from all around the Earth. Star maps are made of the brightest stars and the patterns that they make which give rise to the names of the constellations. The maps of the stars represent the position of the stars as we see them from Earth. The stars in each constellation may not be close to each other at all. Some of them are bright because they are close to Earth while others are bright because they are very large stars. Hemispheres and Seasons Not all of the constellations are visible from any one point on Earth. The star maps are typically divided into maps for the northern hemisphere and maps for the southern hemisphere. The season of the year can also affect what constellations are visible from where you are located on Earth. Famous Constellations Here are a few of the more famous constellations: Orion Orion is one of the most visible constellations. Because of its location, it can be seen throughout the world. Orion is named after a hunter from Greek mythology . Its brightest stars are Betelgeuse and Rigel. Constellation Orion Ursa Major Ursa Major is visible in the northern hemisphere. It means "Larger Bear" in Latin. The Big Dipper is part of the Ursa Major constellation. The Big Dipper is often used as a way to find the direction north. Ursa Minor Ursa Minor means "Smaller Bear" in Latin. It is located near Ursa Major and also has the pattern of a small ladle called the Little Dipper as part of its larger pattern. Draco The Draco constellation can be viewed in the northern hemisphere. It means "dragon" in Latin and was one of the 48 ancient constellations. Pegasus The Pegasus constellation is named after the flying horse by the same name from Greek mythology. It can be seen in the northern sky. Constellation Draco The Zodiac The zodiac constellations are the constellations that are located within a band that is about 20 degrees wide in the sky. This band is considered special because it is the band where the Sun, the Moon, and the planets all move. There are 13 zodiac constellations. Twelve of these are also used as signs for the zodiac calendar and astrology. Capricornus Ophiuchus Uses for Constellations Constellations are useful because they can help people to recognize stars in the sky. By looking for patterns, the stars and locations can be much easier to spot. The constellations had uses in ancient times. They were used to help keep track of the calendar. This was very important so that people knew when to plant and harvest crops. Another important use for constellations was navigation. By finding Ursa Minor it is fairly easy to spot the North Star (Polaris). Using the height of the North Star in the sky, navigators could figure out their latitude helping ships to travel across the oceans. Interesting Facts about Constellations The largest constellation by area is Hydra which is 3.16% of the sky. The smallest is Crux which only takes up 0.17 percent of the sky. Small patterns of stars within a constellation are called asterisms. These include the Big Dipper and Little Dipper. The word "constellation" comes from a Latin term meaning "set with stars." Twenty two different constellation names start with the letter "C." More Astronomy Subjects	Orion
"Which author wrote""God is in his heaven, all's rightwith the world""?"	Pleiade Associates \| The Pleiades in mythology Content The Pleiades in mythology In the clear and unpolluted night skies of antiquity the Pleiades star cluster was an object of wonder and interest. It was the subject of myth and legend in almost every culture on the planet. As the Pleiades cluster is close to the ecliptic (within 4°) in the constellation of Taurus it is a spring and autumnal 'seasonal' object in both the northern and southern hemispheres. Being close to the ecliptic, there are frequent occultations of the cluster with the Moon and planets. To our superstitious ancestors these were, no doubt, portentious events. Likewise, the apparent annual motion of the cluster would have been highly significant. The heliacal (near dawn) rising of the Pleiades in spring in the northern hemisphere has from ancient times augured the opening of the seafaring and farming season: while its dawn autumnal setting marked the season's end. The Pleiades are among the first stars mentioned in literature, appearing in Chinese annals of about 2350 BC. The earliest European references are somewhat later, in a poem by Hesiod in about 1000 BC and in Homer's Odyssey and Iliad . The Bible contains three direct references to the Pleiades in Job 9:9 and 38:31, and Amos 5:8, and a single indirect reference in the New Testament. This latter passage (Revelation 1:16) describes a vision of the coming of the Messiah – who holds, in his right hand, seven stars… The etymological derivation of the name Pleiades (Πλειαδεσ) is uncertain. Robert Graves, the late English poet and writer, records in his 'The Greek Myths' (1955) that it may be derived from either the Greek 'plein' for 'to sail', or 'pleios' meaning 'many'. Another possible root is from Pindar, an early Greek poet, who named the cluster the Peleiades – 'a flock of Doves' – and this is, perhaps, the original form. A nearby cluster has retained its animalistic classical name of the Hyades, 'the Piglets'. The 19th century poet Alfred Lord Tennyson probably did not realise how metaphorically close to the truth he was when he described, in his poem Locksley Hall, the rising Pleiades: Many a night I saw the Pleiads, rising thro' the mellow shade, Glitter like a swarm of fireflies tangled in a silver braid. Poetic and apt – recent telescope observations have revealed that this most famous of open clusters is comprised of some four hundred stars wreathed in complex nebulæ of dust and gas. [1] The Seven Sisters In Greek mythology, the Pleiades were seven sisters: Maia, Electra, Alcyone, Taygete, Asterope, Celaeno and Merope. Their parents were Atlas, a Titan who held up the sky, and the oceanid Pleione, the protectress of sailing. After a chance meeting with the hunter Orion, the Pleiades and their mother became the object of his pursuit. Enamoured with the young women he pursued them over the face of the Earth. In pity for their plight, Zeus changed them into a flock of doves, which he set in the heavens. Thus the olympian added the penalty of the absence of his wife and family to the Titan's original punishment of eternally supporting the heavens from the Earth. Only six stars are distinctly visible to the naked eye. The ancient Greeks explained the sudden disappearance of the seventh star in various narratives. According to one, all the Pleiades were consorts to gods, with the exception of Merope. She deserted her sisters in shame, having taken a mortal husband, Sisyphus, the King of Corinth. Another explanation for the 'lost' star related to the myth of the Electra, an ancestress of the royal house of Troy. After the destruction of Troy, the grief stricken Electra abandoned her sisters and was transformed into a comet – everafter to be a sign of impending doom. The Greek legends of the disappearing star are echoed in Jewish [2] , Hindu and Mongolian folklore: their basis in an actual event seems to be corroborated by astronomical evidence that a clearly visible star in the cluster became extinct towards the end of the second millennium BC. In an alternative myth, the Pleiades were the virgin companions of Artemis, to the ancient Greeks, the goddess of hunting and the Moon. Whilst stalking a hind, the great hunter Orion crept into a sunlit glade, disturbing the innocent play of the sisters. They fled in alarm. His immoderate passions enflamed by their beauty and grace, he pursued them relentlessly, as was fitting for the greatest mortal hunter. In frustration, Artemis pleaded with Zeus to for his intervention. With characteristic olympian sarcasm, he did. As the hunter closed in on his prey, Zeus transformed the sisters into a flock of doves. They flew into the heavens, beyond the reach of their pursuer, but also removed from earthly companionship with the goddess! Artemis, enraged by these twofold masculine affronts, revenged herself on Orion. Apollo, her brother, having been affronted by the mortal hunter's prowess, was persuaded to set a monstrous scorpion to attack Orion. Not to be outdone in this, in another characteristic display of mordant wit, Zeus set the dead hunter in the heavens in a vain pursuit of the Pleiades through the night sky for eternity, with the constellation Scorpio ever chasing after Orion. Even so the Olympian had some compassion for his daughter: the path of the Moon in the heavens passes close to the Pleiades, and thus Artemis – as the goddess of the Moon – had the solace of their frequent reunions.	i don't know
'Bertram Count of Roussillon', 'Lavatch the Clown' and the 'King of France' appear in which Shakespeare play?	All's Well That Ends Well Characters - eNotes.com All's Well That Ends Well Characters link Link Helena Helena (HEHL-eh-nuh), the orphaned daughter of Gerard de Narbon, a distinguished physician, and the ward of the countess of Rousillon. She at first regards her love for Bertram, the countess’ son, as hopeless; then, with the independence characteristic of the heroines of William Shakespeare’s comedies, she resolves to try to win him with her father’s one legacy to her, a cure for the ailing king’s mysterious malady. Her charm and sincerity win the love and admiration of all who see her except Bertram himself. Hurt but undaunted by his flight from her on their wedding day, she mourns chiefly that she has sent him into danger in the Florentine war and deprived his mother of his presence. She leaves the countess without farewell, hoping at least to free her husband to return to his home if she is not successful in fulfilling his seemingly impossible conditions for a reconciliation. She contrives through an ingenious trick, substituting herself for the Florentine girl he is trying to seduce, to obtain his ring and conceive his child. She thus wins for herself a loving and repentant husband. Bertram Bertram, Count Rousillon, a rather arrogant, self-satisfied, and impulsive young man. Proud of his noble blood, he feels degraded by the king’s command that he marry Helena, and after the ceremony he flees with his dissolute companion Parolles to the army of the duke of Florence to escape such ignominy. He wins fame as a soldier, but he fares less well in his personal relationships. First, Parolles’ essential cowardice and disloyalty are exposed by his fellow soldiers to the young count who had trusted him. Then, his attempt to seduce Diana brings about the very end he is trying to escape, union with his own wife. His antagonism for Helena melts when he hears reports of her death and recognizes the depth of the love he has lost, and he is willingly reconciled to her when she is restored to him. The Countess Rousillon The Countess Rousillon, Bertram’s mother, a wise and gracious woman who is devoted to both Bertram and Helena and welcomes the idea of their marriage. Her son’s callous rejection of his virtuous wife appalls her, and she grieves deeply for his folly, in spite of her protest to Helena that she looks on her as her only remaining child. After Helena’s reported death and Bertram’s return, she begs the king to forgive her son’s youthful rebelliousness. Parolles Parolles (pay-ROHL-ehs), Bertram’s follower and fellow soldier, who has no illusions about his own character. His romantic illusions are nonexistent. He encourages Bertram to be off to the wars with him, and he aids and abets the attempted seduction of Diana. The quality of his loyalty to his patron becomes all too obvious in the hilarious drum scene when he, blindfolded, insults and offers to betray all his countrymen to free himself from the enemies into whose hands he thinks he has fallen. The king of France The king of France, a kindly old man who has almost resigned himself to the fact that his illness is incurable when Helena comes to court with her father’s prescription, which heals him. He believes her the equal of any man in the kingdom and readily agrees to reward her service to him by letting her choose her husband from the noblemen of the kingdom. Only the pleas of Lafeu and the countess, along with Bertram’s late recognition of Helena’s virtues, prevent him from punishing the young man severely for his rebellious flight. Lafeu Lafeu (LAH-few), an old lord, counselor to the king and the countess’ friend. He is as much captivated by Helena’s grace as is his king, but he blames Parolles chiefly for Bertram’s ungentle desertion of his wife. Out of friendship for the countess, he arranges a marriage between Bertram and his own daughter in an attempt to assuage the king’s anger against the count. Lavache Lavache (lah-VAHSH), the countess’ servant, a witty clown who is expert in the nonsensical trains of logic spun by characters such as Touchstone and Feste. Diana Capilet Diana Capilet (KAP-ih-leht), the attractive, virtuous daughter of a Florentine widow. She willingly agrees to help Helena win Bertram when she hears her story, and she wins a rich husband for herself as a reward from the king for her honesty. Diana’s mother Diana’s mother, a widow who is concerned about the honor of her daughter and her house. Violenta	All's Well That Ends Well
Which DJ spoke the first words on Radio Caroline?	Soldiers, Servants, Gentlemen, and Courtiers Capsule summary Helena, the low-born ward of a Spanish countess, is in love with the countess' son Bertram, who is indifferent to her. Bertram goes to Paris to replace his late father as attendant to the ailing King of France. Helena, the daughter of a recently deceased doctor, follows Bertram, ostensibly to offer the King her services as a healer. The King is sceptical, and she guarantees the cure with her life: if he dies, she will be put to death, but if he lives, she may choose a husband from the court. The King is cured and Helena chooses Bertram, who rejects her, owing to her poverty and low status. The King forces him to marry her, but after the ceremony Bertram immediately goes to war in Italy without so much as a goodbye kiss. He says that he will only marry her after she has borne his child and wears his family ring. In Italy, Bertram is a successful warrior and also a successful seducer of local virgins. Helena follows him to Italy, befriends Diana, a virgin with whom Bertram is infatuated, and they arrange for Helena to take Diana’s place in bed. Diana obtains Bertram’s ring in exchange for one of Helena’s. In this way Helena, without Bertram’s knowledge, consummates their marriage and wears his ring. Helena returns to the Spanish countess, who is horrified at what her son has done, and claims Helena as her child in Bertram’s place. Helena fakes her death, and Bertram, thinking he is free of her, comes home. He tries to marry a local lord’s daughter, but Diana shows up and breaks up the engagement. Helena appears and explains the ring swap, announcing that she has fulfilled Bertram’s challenge; Bertram, impressed by all she has done to win him, swears his love to her. Thus all ends well. There is a subplot about Parolles, a disloyal associate of Bertram’s. A recurring theme throughout the play is the similarity between love and war – conquering/seducing/betraying/outmaneuvering. Synopsis The play opens in Rousillon, then a Catalan province of Spain (now in France), where young Count Bertram bids farewell to his mother the Countess and Helena, as he leaves for the court of Paris (with old Lord Lafew) at the French King's order. Bertram's father has recently died and Bertram is to be the King's ward and attendant. Helena, a young minor noblewoman and ward of the Countess, whose father (a gifted doctor) has also recently died, laments her unrequitable love for (or infatuation with) Bertram, and losing him to Paris, which weighs on her though it seems to others that she mourns her father. Parolles, a cowardly military man and parasite on Bertram, trades wits with Helena, as they liken amorous love and the loss of virginity to military endeavors. Helena nearly admits her love of Bertram to Parolles before he leaves for Paris with Bertram and Lafew. Alone again, Helena convinces herself to strive for Bertram despite the odds, mentioning the King's illness alongside her decision. In Paris, the King and noble lords discuss the Tuscan wars, where French nobles join on either side for their own glorification. Bertram, Parolles and Lafew arrive, and the King praises Bertram's father as more truly honorable, humble and egalitarian than the lords of his day or Bertram's. He welcomes Bertram as he would his own son. In Rousillon, the Clown asks permission to marry which he and the Countess debate. The Steward explains to the Countess that he has overheard Helena lamenting her love for Bertram despite their social difference. The Countess, with sympathy and seeing Helena as her own daughter, coaxes a confession out of her. Helena admits her love, but (in decorum or strategy) reserves her previously realized ambition. They agree that Helena should travel to Paris to attempt to cure the King, even wagering her life for the opportunity. In Paris, the King advises the Lords leaving for war, urging them to seek honor with amorous terms and warning them of the Italian women in warlike terms. Bertram, too young to go to war and in Paris to serve the King, is encouraged by Parolles and the Lords to steal away to the Tuscan war. He swears to the Lords that he will, but after they leave he admits (or reconsiders) to Parolles his intention to stay at the King's side. Lafew asks the King to speak with Helena who offers to cure his fatal disease with her father's most potent and safeguarded recipe. The King acknowledges her late father's renown as a doctor, but refuses to entertain false hope. Through a series of arguments- showing her confidence, appealing to his irrational or mystical side, underlining her father's reputation- she convinces the King to let heaven work through her. She accepts the King's warning that she will wager her life on the outcome, but to even the scales, she asks that she may choose her husband from the lords at court. The King agrees. In Rousillon, the Countess sends the Clown to the Paris court with a letter for Helena, but not before the Clown teases the Countess with his impersonation of the courtiers as haughty and equivocating. Back in Paris, Lafew tries to speak on the powers of heaven in a world of scientists, but Parolles interrupts him at every turn, trying to one-up him and claim Lafew's thoughts as his own. They bring the conversation to the King's miraculous recovery and the woman who cured him. The King and Helena enter, and the men are surprised to learn that the woman is Helena (Lafew may be in disbelief, as he introduced Helena to the King for this purpose). The King summons the lords and he and Helena make known their arrangement that she now choose a husband. Helena briefly questions a few of the lords (the first two of which may give perfunctory consent in front of the King while haughtily equivocating like the Clown demonstrated previously). Helena chooses Bertram by way of giving herself to him, and the King seals her wish. Bertram balks, first asking the King to let his own eyes choose who he marries, then scorning her poverty and lack of (good) title. The King offers money and title, and praises her variously to Bertram without his objection, but Bertram refuses again despite the King's practical beatitudes on virtue over status. The King, angered, threatens Bertram with ruin and his wrath. Bertram consents in word and the King will have them married without delay. To Parolles, Lafew mentions Bertram's recantation and Parolles' duty to him, which provoke a pique of haughty contempt from Parolles in which he disdains and threatens the old Lord. Lafew returns the animosity, and leaves and returns to announce Bertram married and further insult Parolles on his way through. Bertram bemoans his fate to Parolles and plans his escape to the Tuscan wars, while sending Helena back home. The Clown, having arrived, spars verbally with Parolles on the matter of his lack of title, duty and worth. Parolles delivers from Bertram his request that Helena take her leave of the King while Bertram attends other business. Lafew tries in vain to convince Bertram of Parolles' empty viciousness. Bertram won't hear of it, and Lafew asks Bertram to mend relations between him and Parolles, likely sarcastically, since as soon as Parolles enters, Lafew subtly works toward a full indictment of Parolles as nothing but a shell of a man with a good suit on. Bertram tells Helena that he has urgent business to attend to as their surprise wedding has left him with unsettled matters, and that he will arrive at home in two days. She finds the courage to ask him for a farewell kiss, which he refuses. In Florence, the local Duke and the French Lords discuss the King of France's abstention from the Tuscan war, and the Duke welcomes the participation of the many French lords who have come to seek honour and glory. In Rousillon, the Clown informs the Countess of the marriage of Bertram and Helena, as well as Bertram's melancholy, adding that Clown has lost interest in the woman he wanted to marry after seeing the Parisian court's version of her. The Countess reads Bertram's letter, disapproving of his flight to Florence, and the Clown rattles off equivoques on cowardice in war and marriage. Helena and the Lords (returned from Florence) enter to elaborate on Bertram's flight and Helena, dejected, reads Bertram's sardonic letter claiming that she'll have him as a husband once she gets his family ring and has his child. The Countess disavows him and claims Helena as her own daughter, giving the Lords this message of disapproval to take to Bertram. Helena, alone and hoping to give Bertram cause to return from the dangers of war, plans to disappear from Rousillon in the night. In Florence, the Duke makes Bertram his cavalry officer. In Rousillon, the Countess reads Helena's farewell letter, declaring her pilgrimage to Saint Jaques (putatively in Spain, or at least not in Florence or Rousillon). The Countess sends word of this to Bertram, hoping he'll return from Florence now that Helena is away. In Florence, a Widow, her daughter Diana, Mariana and other women speak of the soldiers and watch or wait for them from afar. They discuss Bertram's success in war and his and Parolles' seduction of the local virgins. Helena arrives disguised as a pilgrim, who are hosted in Florence at the widow's house. She hears of Bertram's martial fame, his history, and his attempts to seduce Diana most recently, with more equivoques between war and the seduction of virgins. Helena befriends the women. The Lords warn Bertram of Parolles' dishonorableness, staking their reputations with Bertram on its veracity. Bertram, now more receptive to the possibility, agrees with the Lords' scheme to send Parolles off to recover his drum, lost in the day's battle, so that on his return, they can capture him disguised as the enemy. Parolles enters to take the bait, and affecting pride, swears to recover it. Bertram takes a Lord to show him Diana. Helena has identified herself to the Widow, a fallen estate noble, and enlisted her help for coin in order to get Bertram's family ring and switch Diana for Helena in a bed trick . A French Lord and his soldiers lie in wait for Parolles, who bides his time and wonders how long of a story and how many self-inflicted injuries will satisfy the others when he doesn't return with a drum. The disguised French ambush him, and he immediately panics and offers information on the Florentine cause. At the Widow's house, Bertram attempts to woo Diana who questions his motives and sincerity. Once Bertram attests that he is eternally sincere, and guileless, Diana plies him for the ring, offering to trade it for a ring (from Helena) and her virginity. Bertram accepts. The Lords discuss Bertram's letter from his mother expressing her disapproval, how it negatively affects him, his caddish behavior, and the recently received rumor of Helena's death at Saint Jaques. Bertram enters, having arranged his affairs for departure no sooner than having heard of Helena's death. The Lords, hoping he see the error of his ways through Parolles' unmasking, take him to the blindfolded Parolles, who readily offers martial information on Florence to save himself with hardly a provocation, as before. He is equally forthwith in besmirching Bertram's character to the "enemy" on discovery of a note to Diana, advising her to leech money from Bertram as he tries to seduce her since he will betray her afterward (ostensibly written to her in an undelivered compact to bilk Bertram of gold). They reveal themselves and shame Parolles into near-silence. Alone and humbled, he concludes to follow them back to France. Helena, the Widow and Diana discuss their success (the seduction having happened offstage between IV.ii. and IV.iii.) and Helena muses on the love-hate of Bertram, (or tricked-seducers of his kind, or men in general) during the sexual act. She asks the Widow and Diana to accompany her to the King in order to complete her winning or cornering of Bertram. In Rousillon, the Countess, Lafew and the Clown mourn the loss of Helena. Lafew has proposed to the King that Bertram marry his daughter, which meets with the Countess' approval. In Marseilles, Helena, the Widow and Diana send a Gentleman ahead of them to Rossillon with a letter to the King concerning Bertram. In Rousillon, Parolles, now a reeking beggar, begs for help from Lafew, who allows him in for supper. The King, Lafew and the Countess mourn the loss of Helena and decide to forgive Bertram's foolish young pride. Lafew and Bertram have arranged his marriage to Lafew's daughter, and the King consents. Bertram enters, asking forgiveness, and expanding on his love for Lafew's daughter, whom he loved at first sight. This love provoked his disdain for Helena, whom he belatedly appreciates. Lafew, whose estate will pass to Bertram in the marriage, asks for a ring from Bertram to give to his daughter. Bertram gives him the ring from Diana (which came from Helena). The King, Lafew and the Countess recognize it as the ring that the King gave to Helena, which Bertram denies. The King has him seized, suspecting foul play (the King knows that she would only surrender it to Bertram in their bed, and Bertram believes that this is an impossibility). The Gentleman arrives, giving the letter from Diana and Helena to the King, in which it is claimed that Bertram pledged to marry Diana as soon as Helena has died. Lafew rescinds his daughter's hand. Diana and the Widow enter and Bertram agrees he knows them, but not that he seduced her or promised her marriage, claiming she is a Florentine harlot. Diana shows Bertram's family ring, and claims Parolles as witness to Bertram's efforts to woo her. Bertram changes his story, claiming to have foolishly given her the ring as over-payment for her harlotry. Diana further claims Helena's ring, as recognized by the court, as the one she gave Bertram in bed. With the confusion reaching a peak, Parolles, once pressed, admits that Bertram seduced and bedded her, and Diana equivocates over how she got Helena's ring. The King has her arrested as well, as she summons the Widow and Helena. After the court's shock, Helena explains the rings, and that she has fulfilled the conditions of Bertram's sardonic challenge. Bertram swears to love her if she has honestly done all of this and can explain it. Helena pledges honesty, or righteous divorce for Bertram. Lafew accepts Parolles as a servant. The King offers Diana a dowry and her choice of husband. The actor playing the King then steps forward in epilogue, declaring that all is well if Helena and Bertram speak truthfully, and asks for the audience's approval. A watercolor of Helena and the Countess, from Act I, Scene iii. A 1794 print of the final scene A copy of Boccaccio's The decameron containing an hundred pleasant nouels. Wittily discoursed, betweene seauen honourable ladies, and three noble gentlemen, printed by Isaac Jaggard in 1620.	i don't know
'Bewitched, Bothered And Bewildered', 'The Lady Is A Tramp' and 'My Funny Valentine', all featured in which musical?	Songs with Lyrics by Lorenz Hart: Blue Moon, Bewitched, Bothered and ... - Books LLC - Google Books 0 Reviews https://books.google.com/books/about/Songs_with_Lyrics_by_Lorenz_Hart_Blue_Mo.html?id=7iiRSQAACAAJ Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Commentary (music and lyrics not included). Pages: 22. Chapters: A Ship Without a Sail, Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered, Blue Moon (song), Blue Room (song), Dancing on the Ceiling (song), Ev'rything I've Got, Falling in Love with Love, Give it Back to the Indians, Glad to Be Unhappy, Have You Met Miss Jones?, Here in My Arms, He Was Too Good to Me, I'll Tell the Man in the Street, I've Got Five Dollars, Isn't It Romantic?, It's Easy to Remember (And So Hard to Forget), It Never Entered My Mind, I Could Write a Book, I Didn't Know What Time It Was, I Like to Recognize the Tune, I Wish I Were in Love Again, Johnny One Note, Little Girl Blue (song), Lover (song), Manhattan (song), Mimi (song), Mountain Greenery, My Funny Valentine, My Heart Stood Still, My Romance (song), Sing for Your Supper, Spring Is Here, Ten Cents a Dance, There's a Small Hotel, The Lady Is a Tramp, The Most Beautiful Girl in the World (1935 song), This Can't Be Love (song), Thou Swell, To Keep My Love Alive, Wait till You See Her, Where or When, With a Song in My Heart (song), You're Nearer, You Took Advantage of Me. Excerpt: "The Lady Is a Tramp" is a show tune from the 1937 Rodgers and Hart musical Babes in Arms in which it was introduced by former child star Mitzi Green. This song is a spoof of New York high society and its strict etiquette (the first line of the verse is "I get too hungry for dinner at eight..."). It has become a popular standard. Early recordings from 1937 include one by Tommy Dorsey and His Orchestra, (featuring Edythe Wright on vocals), Midge Williams and Her Jazz Jesters, Sophie Tucker, and Bernie Cummins on the Vocalion records label (#3714). Lena Horne recorded the song with the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studio Orchestra on March 30, 1948. Her performance appeared in the film, Words and Music, a fictionalized biography of the partnership of Rodgers and Hart. It was recorded by Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgerald in 1950s and Shirley Bassey in the 1960s, becoming a signature song for each of them. Sinatra also sang it in the film Pal Joey. Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga recorded a version of this song for his 2011 album Duets II. Bennett praised Gaga's performance in the song, saying that she is a real "jazz lady." The single differs from the somber theme of "Body and Soul" displayed by Bennett and Winehouse in the album's first single, with its playful back-and-forth vocal theme instead. They performed the song live on ABC's Thanksgiving special dedicated to, written, directed, produced and hosted by Gaga entitled A Very Gaga Thanksgiving. They were the opening number, singing next to an old piano in a casual obscure room. Set in a cabaret Gaga played the part of a "tramp" with class and style she sang with Tony. Gaga grabbing a red handkerchief out of Bennett's pocket as well as taking off and showing her shoe to Bennett and then throwing it over her shoulder was a playful touch. After the song, there were clips of Lady Gaga, preparing for the show with excerpts of Bennett observations. Bennett said, "I see in Lady Gaga a touch of theatrical genius, she is very creative a	Pal Joey
Which artist had a 'Blue Period' from 1901 to 1904 and a 'Rose Period' from 1904 to 1906?	Pal Joey by Kenny Drew & Kenny Drew Trio on Apple Music 8 Songs Album Review It seems strange that (with the exception of a 1960 session for Blue Note) this would be pianist Kenny Drew's last session as a leader until 1973. With bassist Wilbur Ware and drummer Philly Joe Jones, Drew interprets eight Rodgers and Hart tunes, five written for the play Pal Joey and three of their earlier hits that were included in the film version. Drew contributes swing and subtle bop-based improvising to these superior melodies (which are highlighted by "Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered," "I Could Write a Book," and "The Lady Is a Tramp"), and the results are quite memorable. Biography Born: August 28, 1928 in New York, NY Genre: Jazz Years Active: '50s, '60s, '70s, '80s, '90s A talented bop-based pianist (whose son has been one of the brightest pianists of the 1990s), Kenny Drew was somewhat underrated due to his decision to permanently move to Copenhagen in 1964. He made his recording debut in 1949 with Howard McGhee and in the 1950s was featured on sessions with a who's who of jazz, including Charlie Parker, Coleman Hawkins, Lester Young, Milt Jackson, Buddy DeFranco's quartet, Dinah Washington, and Buddy Rich (1958). Drew led sessions for Blue Note, Norgran, Pacific... Top Albums and Songs by Kenny Drew 1.	i don't know
From which position did Wendy Alexander resign on June 28th.2008?	A look at former Scottish Labour leader Wendy Alexander - BBC News BBC News A look at former Scottish Labour leader Wendy Alexander By Andrew Black Political reporter, BBC Scotland 17 February 2011 Close share panel Image caption Wendy Alexander is stepping down as an MSP, after being elected to Holyrood in 1999 Wendy Alexander was always regarded as one of Labour's brightest talents. The outspoken former government minister was tipped as a future Scottish Labour leader almost since the beginning of devolution itself. One thing is for sure - Ms Alexander's stormy, 10-month stint doing the job, when she eventually got it, isn't likely to be forgotten any time soon. Elected MSP for Paisley North in 1999, the former management consultant came to public attention when, as a Holyrood minister, she became responsible for abolishing controversial laws banning the promotion of homosexuality in schools. This was the long-running saga over the repeal of Section 28, which dogged the early days of devolution. Ms Alexander, regarded as a protege of the late first minister Donald Dewar and a close ally of Gordon Brown, was an obvious target for the high-profile Keep the Clause campaign. She focussed on the man behind the group, multi-millionaire and SNP donor Brian Souter, saying there were more important priorities than the transport tycoon's "misguided" efforts, before Labour spin doctors forced her to take a back seat. Ms Alexander advised Mr Dewar during his time as secretary of state for Scotland and was part of the team which drafted the Scotland Act, paving the way for devolution. In the first parliament, she became communities minister and, after Henry McLeish's elevation to first minister, moved into his former position on enterprise. Image caption Wendy Alexander, on the far left, served in Donald Dewar's devolved government She tackled the issue of housing stock transfer - strongly opposed among Glasgow housing groups - and waded into a row involving the senior Australian banker Frank Cicutto. After making comments - which he said had been misinterpreted - that Scotland's economy had been in permanent recession for 200 years, Ms Alexander made a speech at an STUC conference in which she referred to "pesky Aussie put-downs". "Rather than saying Scotland doesn't give a four X, I thought I would start by setting the record straight," she told delegates. When Mr McLeish quit as first minister following the "muddle not a fiddle" row over expenses for his Westminster constituency office, Ms Alexander considered running to replace him. She surprised many when she decided not to stand and, after Jack McConnell took the job, Ms Alexander had transport added to her responsibilities, becoming known as "minister for everything". She later quit the cabinet after becoming, it is thought, increasingly discontented with her workload and relations with colleagues. Ms Alexander received a thank-you letter from former ministerial colleagues in recognition of her "substantial contribution", but less complimentary about the situation was her MP brother Douglas, himself a former member of the UK government Cabinet. The people of Scotland told us loud and clear they wanted change. They didn't whisper - they shouted it Wendy Alexander on Labour's 2007 election defeat He claimed she had suffered "outrageous" treatment at the hands of the media as a minister and that the power she held was resented. The Alexander siblings had been forced to fight their own image war, against detractors who described them as "the Donnie and Marie Osmond of Scottish politics". Ms Alexander's move to the backbenches, however, did not equate to a drop in profile. Ms Alexander criticised the Scottish Executive's management of its social justice policy and its efficiency savings drive and eventually became convener of the Scottish Parliament's powerful finance committee. A row also erupted over a leaked letter she wrote to former SNP deputy leader Jim Sillars, in which she said perhaps the last time the Labour movement in Scotland had made "a real intellectual contribution" to the party nationally was in 1906. After the 2007 election, with the SNP in government and Labour out of power for the first time in eight years Ms Alexander finally seized the opportunity to lead her party. Her road to the leadership became less and less rocky by the day as, one by one, possible contenders announced their decisions not to stand, while a challenge from the left of the party failed to attract enough nominations. Ms Alexander, who in the end emerged as the sole candidate, stated: "The people of Scotland told us loud and clear they wanted change. "They didn't whisper - they shouted it. So change we must". Image caption Wendy Alexander was tasked with holding Alex Salmond to account at first minister's questions The mother of twins wasted little time in holding the new SNP administration to account. Her primary target was Finance Secretary John Swinney - a man with whom she probably sympathised, given his large area of ministerial responsibility. She exemplified this during an eyebrow-raising speech in the Scottish Parliament when she compared him to the hungry caterpillar - a well known children's character - eating his way through announcements on post offices, bridge tolls, welfare and fairness, transport and energy policy. "That night he had a stomach ache," she told MSPs. But just a few months into the job, the leadership was rocked by an episode which it, and the party, could have done without. Ms Alexander's leadership election campaign team had accepted an illegal £950 donation from Jersey-based businessman Paul Green, which broke the rules because he was not a UK voter. She soldiered on, refusing to resign under intense pressure from the SNP, insisting she was confident of being cleared by the Electoral Commission watchdog. 'Bring it on' The resignation at the time of Peter Hain as UK Work and Pensions Secretary to "clear his name," as the police investigated more than £100,000 of undeclared donations to his deputy Labour leadership campaign, added to the pressure. Ms Alexander was eventually cleared by the Electoral Commission, concluding she took significant steps to comply with the law - but did not take "all reasonable steps". The SNP claimed the finding was a whitewash. Ms Alexander used her time as leader to attack "SNP broken promises" - key manifesto commitments which she said had been dropped. Image caption Ms Alexander resigned after a row over her leadership campaign finances Then there was the "bring it on" episode, where, during a live BBC interview, Ms Alexander called on the SNP to bring forward their planned independence referendum. It was a bold move, but led to suggestions of a rift between her and the prime minister, who did not overtly back her. And the donations row would come back to haunt Ms Alexander. In a separate issue, the Crown Office said she would not be prosecuted over failing to register donations on the MSPs' register of interests. Ms Alexander insisted she was initially told she did not need to register the donations, after seeking advice from the clerk to the Scottish Parliament's standards committee. But when the committee decided she did break the rules, it recommended she be banned from parliament for one day. With Holyrood going into summer recess at the time, Ms Alexander would have had to wait until September for all MSPs to vote on the recommendation. So, rather than having the issue hanging over her - and the party - Ms Alexander announced her resignation as leader on 28 June, 2008, branding the cross-party committee's decision "partisan". After a period of relative calm, Ms Alexander got the opportunity to lead the special Holyrood committee scrutinising new powers for the Scottish Parliament. The UK government proposals were the result of the Calman Commission review of devolution 10 years on - an idea on which Ms Alexander led the way, during her brief time in the leadership and is, in a way, her legacy to Scottish politics. The inquiry was slightly side-tracked when the old Wendy attacking style once again came to the fore. Two academics asked for an inquiry after claiming their integrity was compromised by a tough line of questioning from Ms Alexander, while giving evidence to the committee. A complaint to Holyrood's presiding officer by the two professors fizzled out after it was referred to the committee convener - one Wendy Alexander. She may have considered then whether there was any merit in standing for re-election. In 2009, Ms Alexander's leadership successor Iain Gray predicted her political comeback, saying at the time: "Wendy is somebody who still has a big future in Scottish politics." But, with her dream of a strengthened Scottish Parliament set to become a reality and growing children at home, the time seemed right for Wendy Alexander to call it a day as an elected member at the next election, and help make way for the next generation of Labour MSPs.	Scottish Labour Party
Which castle overlooks Pendle Hill?	Wendy Alexander \| London Business School \| ZoomInfo.com London Business School HQ Phone: +44 20 7000 7000 Get ZoomInfo Grow + Get 10 Free Contacts a Month Please agree to the terms and conditions I agree to the Terms of Service and Privacy Policy . I understand that I will receive a subscription to ZoomInfo Grow at no charge in exchange for downloading and installing the ZoomInfo Contact Contributor utility which, among other features, involves sharing my business contacts as well as headers and signature blocks from emails that I receive. Regent's Park, London NW1 4SA United Kingdom Company Description London Business School's vision is to have a profound impact on the way the world does business. The School is consistently ranked in the global top 10 for its programmes and research and celebrates its 50th anniversary this year. As well as its top-ran ... more Find other employees at this company (11,476) Background Information Special Adviser To the Secretary of State United Kingdom Web References (171 Total References) Demos \| People Dr Wendy Alexander is Associate Dean, London Business School, and a former Scottish Cabinet Minister. Social Market Foundation - SourceWatch Wendy Alexander, Member of the Scottish Parliament and alumnus of the British American Project Policy Advisory Board Wendy Alexander quits as Labour leader Scotlands Oracle - Wendy Alexander quits as Labour leader Scotlands Oracle Wendy Alexander quits as Labour leader Saturday, 28 June 2008 wendy_big.jpg Scottish Labour leader Wendy Alexander has resigned "with deep regret" after breaking rules on declaring donations. It came as she faced a one-day ban from Holyrood after failing to register donations to her leadership campaign. Ms Alexander said she had acted in "good faith" and on the written advice of the parliamentary authorities. She accused the SNP of waging a "vexatious" campaign against her , without regard for the damage it was doing to the Scottish Parliament. ... Ms Alexander eventually emerged as the only candidate to replace him but had already raised funds to run a leadership campaign. She previously said she had been told wrongly by clerks to the standards committee it was unnecessary to declare the donations. She register with details of 10 donors, who each gave about £1,000 to her Ms Alexander called that decision "partisan" and said she was certain MSPs would overturn it when they returned after the summer recess. Speaking at Scottish Labour's headquarters in Glasgow, Ms Alexander said: "My pursuers have sought the prize of political victory with little thought to the standing of the parliament. "Some may feel they have achieved a political victory but wiser heads will surely question 'at what price?'" Ms Alexander added: "It is clear that vexatious complaints will continue to dominate the headlines as long as I remain Labour's Scottish Parliamentary Leader. "I cannot ask Labour supporters in Scotland for further forbearance." She later told BBC Scotland that she thought the parliamentary process had been "cynically abused" by political opponents who had used "investigation as political tactic". Ms Alexander admitted she had made mistakes but said there had also been "politically-motivated" complaints". ... The prime minister said: "I want to thank Wendy Alexander, not just for her work in rebuilding the Scottish Labour Party since the last elections but for her part in establishing the Scottish Parliament. " dedication to social justice can never be doubted and her contribution - which has been outstanding over the years - will be greatly missed. Scottish deputy first minister Nicola Sturgeon acknowledged it was a difficult decision for Ms Alexander. The Scottish National Party deputy leader said: "While Wendy Alexander has been author of own misfortune, there can be no doubt that the information on her illegal campaign donation could only have come from within the inner circles of the Labour Party. "Decay from within is characteristic of the decline of the New Labour project, and Wendy Alexander's resignation is a symptom of this wider malaise." ... Scottish Lib Dem leader Nicol Stephen said: "It is sad that Wendy Alexander has been forced to resign in these damaging circumstances. ... The standards committee ruling was the latest development in the saga of donations to Ms Alexander's leadership campaign. How to Contact Us Australian Colour Swatch Company www.colourswatch.com.au [cached] Wendy Alexander is happy to assist you with any inquiries that you may have about our company and it products. Contact has been allowed to get away with it.' ... Hugh O'Donnell threatened to resign from the Standards Committee if their decision to ban Wendy Alexander from the Parliament for one days was overturned. ... 40% of Scots are less likely to vote Labour as a result of Wendy Alexander's illegal donation problems * A quarter believe they are serious enough to warrant her resignation, while a further 15% think she should quit for other reasons * ... The Sunday Times reveals that Wendy Alexander defended a £15,600 claim for office supplies by saying: 'The postage and stationery spending reflects the exceptionally hard work of the office in keeping constituents up to date with local developments particularly around campaigns on antisocial behaviour in Paisley and the future of local health services in Argyll and Clyde.' Wendygate I.17 th November 2008. Paul Hutcheon, Scottish Political Editor of the Sunday Herald, reveals that Wendy Alexander's leadership campaign had received a number of payments of £995, £5 under the limit requiring a declaration to the Electoral Commission. ... On the 7 th February 2008, the Electoral Commission issues a statement that it does not have sufficient evidence to be able to recommend prosecuting Wendy Alexander for accepting an illegal donation. On the 20 th of February the discredited Electoral Commission issues a statement that it will not be recommending prosecuting Charles Gordon MSP (Labour, Glasgow Cathcart) for soliciting and laundering an illegal donation. On the 25 th June the Scottish Parliament's Standards Committee, acting on a recommendation by the Holyrood Standards Commissioner, rules that the disgraced leader of the Labour group, Wendy Alexander MSP (Labour, Paisley North) broke parliament rules by failing to register donations on her MSPs' register of interests and recommends she should face a one day ban from parliament. On the 28 th June, Alexander resigns as leader of the Labour group in the Scottish Parliament. On the 2 nd September the sleaze scandal hits new Scottish Lib Dem leader Tavish Scott MSP (Liberal Democrat, Shetland) when he removes Hugh O'Donnell MSP (Liberal Democrat, Central Scotland) from the Standards Committee of the Scottish parliament. O'Donnell had stated that he would resign if the Committee's decision to suspend Wendy Alexander was not upheld by the full Scottish parliament. On the 4 th September the sleaze scandal hits all three Unionist parties in the Scottish Parliament as 44 of the 46 Labour MSPs, all 16 Conservative MSPs and nine of the 16 Liberal Democrat MSPs vote to overturn the decision of the Scottish Parliament's Standards Committee, acting upon the recommendation of the Standards Commissioner, of a one day ban from Parliament for Wendy Alexander for accepting illegal donations. ... The Sunday Times reveals that Wendy Alexander and her senior colleagues have given thousands of pounds of taxpayers' money to a company owned by the Labour party for services which are provided free of charge by the Scottish Parliament. Wendygate III.1 st February 2008. Wendy Alexander is reported to the procurator fiscal in Lothian & Borders by the Holyrood Standards Commissioner for breaking Scottish Parliament rules by failing to register ten leadership campaign donations of more than £520. Wendygate IV.10 th February 2008. The Sunday Times reveals that Wendy Alexander is facing an investigation by the Electoral Commission into a claim that she channelled £12,000 through a Labour front organisation to fund her constituency office. The police have also been asked to investigate. Wendygate V.17 th February 2008. The Sunday Post reveals that Wendy Alexander is facing an investigation concerning allegations of paid advocacy after she failed to declare a financial interest when proposing a motion in the Scottish Parliament praising a shopping centre that had made donations to her totalling £1,600. The Scotland Act specifically prohibits paid advocacy and the penalty is a fine of up to £5,000. Wendygate VI.24 th February 2008. The Sunday Times reveals that" at a meeting of the education committee in 2005, Alexander asked Tom McGhee of Paisley based Sparks of Genius, which runs a series of independent schools, how the Government could do more to buy services from his company" ." She did not disclose that Spark was a contributor to her campaign in Paisley in 2003, gifting £900 to her fighting fund, providing her with transport on polling day and renting her a campaign office." ... The Scotsman reveals that the Labour Party has appointed a businessman who gave cash to Wendy Alexander as its new general-secretary. David Pitt-Watson, founder and chairman of city firm Hermes Equity Ownership, gave just under the £1,000 declarable threshold to Ms Alexander. ... Holyrood Standards Commissioner Dr Jim Dyer, who reported Wendy Alexander to the Crown Office, has also declared Kerr may have broken the law. ... But insiders say Mrs Liddell is very much on the periphery of an inner circle which includes special adviser Wendy Alexander and her brother, MP Douglas Alexander, who is there at the Chancellor's behest.' ... 'Wendy Alexander, standing in Paisley North, is one of a group, now in their 30s, who 12 years ago formed Scottish Labour Action, a pressure group aimed at ensuring the party did not renege on its promise to deliver a parliament. ... 'Enterprise Minister Wendy Alexander had come under fire after the publicity disaster of the announcement.' Daily Record, 21 st April 2001. 'It's a snakepit up there, with a good chance now that two of the mostly hotly-favoured female faces of the new regime, Wendy Alexander and Susan Deacon, may pack the whole thing in after just one term of office.' ... John Reid rang me to tell me that Wendy Alexander had been forced to pull out of the race for Scottish first minister, because of lack of support and because the unions refused to back her, even though Gordon had tried to get them to override the one-member-one-vote ballot and just nominate her.' ... 'Far be it for us to suggest anyone is two sandwiches short of a picnic, but Wendy Alexander has a thing about biscuits.' ... 'The $64,000 question, of course, is whether Wendy Alexander at transport - now easily her main priority - will accept the new deal. ... 'Reports of a row between the then First Minister Henry McLeish and Enterprise Minister Wendy Alexander over the timing of his appointment also added to the controve Similar Profiles	i don't know
Which military courtroom drama of 1992 starred Tom Cruise, Jack Nicholson and Demi Moore?	A Few Good Men (1992) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A Few Good Men ( 1992 ) R \| Neo military lawyer Kaffee defends Marines accused of murder; they contend they were acting under orders. Director: From $6.99 (HD) on Amazon Video ON TV a list of 22 titles created 27 Sep 2012 a list of 27 titles created 24 Sep 2013 a list of 48 titles created 09 Dec 2013 a list of 35 titles created 5 months ago a list of 21 titles created 1 week ago Title: A Few Good Men (1992) 7.6/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 4 Oscars. Another 9 wins & 19 nominations. See more awards » Videos When a sports agent has a moral epiphany and is fired for expressing it, he decides to put his new philosophy to the test as an independent with the only athlete who stays with him. Director: Cameron Crowe As students at the United States Navy's elite fighter weapons school compete to be best in the class, one daring young pilot learns a few things from a civilian instructor that are not taught in the classroom. Director: Tony Scott A young lawyer joins a prestigious law firm only to discover that it has a sinister dark side. Director: Sydney Pollack A young hot-shot stock car driver gets his chance to compete at the top level. Director: Tony Scott A talented New York City bartender takes a job at a bar in Jamaica and falls in love. Director: Roger Donaldson The biography of Ron Kovic. Paralyzed in the Vietnam war, he becomes an anti-war and pro-human rights political activist after feeling betrayed by the country he fought for. Director: Oliver Stone Selfish yuppie Charlie Babbitt's father left a fortune to his savant brother Raymond and a pittance to Charlie; they travel cross-country. Director: Barry Levinson An American agent, under false suspicion of disloyalty, must discover and expose the real spy without the help of his organization. Director: Brian De Palma A cab driver finds himself the hostage of an engaging contract killer as he makes his rounds from hit to hit during one night in Los Angeles. Director: Michael Mann Fast Eddie Felson teaches a cocky but immensely talented protégé the ropes of pool hustling, which in turn inspires him to make an unlikely comeback. Director: Martin Scorsese An American military advisor embraces the Samurai culture he was hired to destroy after he is captured in battle. Director: Edward Zwick A dramatization of the 20 July assassination and political coup plot by desperate renegade German Army officers against Hitler during World War II. Director: Bryan Singer Edit Storyline In this dramatic courtroom thriller, LT Daniel Kaffee, a Navy lawyer who has never seen the inside of the courtroom, defends two stubborn Marines who have been accused of murdering a colleague. Kaffee is known as being lazy and had arranged for a plea bargain. Downey's Aunt Ginny appoints Cmdr. Galloway to represent him. Also on the legal staff is LTJG Sam Weinberg. The team rounds up many facts and Kaffee is discovering that he is really cut out for trial work. The defense is originally based upon the fact that PFC Santiago, the victim, was given a "CODE RED". Santiago was basically a screw-up. At Gitmo, screw-ups aren't tolerated. Especially by Col. Nathan Jessup. In Cuba, Jessup and two senior officers try to give all the help they can, but Kaffee knows something's fishy. In the conclusion of the film, the fireworks are set off by a confrontation between Jessup and Kaffee. Written by Matt Curtolo <[email protected]>	A Few Good Men
What may be described as 'a tropical tree or shrub that grows in swamps and shore mud, having many tangled roots above ground'?	Amazon.com: A Few Good Men: Wolfgang Bodison, Tom Cruise, Jack Nicholson, Demi Moore: Amazon Digital Services LLC TITLE: Few Good Men, A (1992) • R • 2:18:01 Tom Cruise, Jack Nicholson, Demi Moore, Kevin Bacon Rob Reiner (Director) I first saw this movie during its initial theatrical release in 1992, and felt then, as I do now, that it was a superior combination of murder mystery and court-room drama — It has, most definitely, aged VERY well. See the other reviews for more detail and/or other opinions regarding the plot of the movie. VIDEO: 2.35:1 • Color • 1080p (21.2 Mbps) • MPEG-2 Overall, the images in this movie are mostly sharp, with fairly good shadow detail. However, the entire film appeared slightly soft, and lacking in fine detail — as was evident in many of the close-ups of faces and clothing. I'm sure that the evident softness of the transfer is due to the use of the MPEG-2 codec to encode the movie. Otherwise, there were no other major picture anomalies (such as: specks, hair-lines, white dots, color fluctuations, etc.) to mar the image. Lastly, this movie's picture quality, while decent, is another example of the learning curve that was encountered by those who transferred movies to blu-ray in the early days of the format: that is, usually at least adequate, but could be better (nothing that a remastering using current techniques and technology couldn't fix). AUDIO: LPCM 5.1 (48KHz, 16-bit) • Dolby Digital 5.1 (448 kbps) I only listened to the LPCM track. This movie has hardly any bass, nearly no activity nor directionality in the surround channels, and no ambient sounds to speak of — but, it does have clear well-placed dialog and well recorded music. For what it is (i.e.—dialog heavy, no explosions, and very little surround activity), this is an adequate soundtrack, which fits very well with the style and content of the movie. EXTRAS: Several 'Making Of' videos None of the extras were reviewed.	i don't know
Who was the first black footballer to captain England?	PAUL INCE EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: I was England's first black captain, no one cared about the colour of my skin \| Daily Mail Online PAUL INCE EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: I was England's first black captain... but no one cared about the colour of my skin Paul Ince was the first black player to captain England in 1993 against USA Ince: ‘We can make too much of the captaincy and what it means' The FA never had a say in who was England captain, insists Ince Sol Campbell, who led England three times, says FA is 'institutionally racist' Campbell: 'If I was white I would have been England captain for 10 years' But Ince says no one could hold the England captaincy for a decade Ince, captain seven times, says the colour of his skin never came into it	Paul Ince
On a menu, what does 'Au Poivre' mean?	Football: Shy pioneer plays down his place in history \| Football \| The Guardian Shy pioneer plays down his place in history Thirty years ago tomorrow Viv Anderson became England's first black player In 1978, Viv Anderson became the first black player to play for England. Photograph: Keystone/Getty Images Thursday 27 November 2008 19.01 EST First published on Thursday 27 November 2008 19.01 EST Share on Messenger Close Yellow, purple or black - if they're good enough, I'll pick them," Ron Greenwood declared in the build-up to England's match against Czechoslovakia on November 29 1978, and in the absence of any yellow and purple players in the Football League the meaning was fairly clear. That night, 11 men wearing England shirts lined up on the Wembley turf, 10 of them white and one of them black. It was, as Greenwood put it, "a little bit of history". England won 1-0 but in the grand scheme of things the game will be remembered for only one thing: the presence of a 22-year-old Nottingham Forest footballer named Viv Anderson. Anderson, or "Spider" as he was known to team-mates because of his long legs, duly became the first black footballer to play for England and that is why his name will be remembered long after other internationals from that era have been forgotten. Tomorrow marks the 30th anniversary and Anderson, now based in Cheshire where he runs an events company, still looks the same as in his playing days with Forest, Arsenal and Manchester United. He has always been a little embarrassed to be described as a history-maker, but, as an active ambassador for Kick It Out, football's anti-racism campaign, he is also aware of the significance of the occasion. "It was a really big thing at the time," he says. "There were no black faces on the football field. OK, there was Brendon Batson and Clyde Best and a few others. But to be the first black player to pull on an England shirt in a full international - I can see why people made a bit of a fuss." Kick It Out did not exist in those days and Anderson routinely played at grounds where the National Front would be handing out leaflets. In one game at Carlisle United, a rival player started whispering racist insults in his ear. Brian Clough was quickly out of his dug-out, telling him to kick his opponent and "call him a white bastard". Things have moved on. Yet Anderson fondly remembers the 92,000 fans at Wembley giving him an appreciative round of applause. "I had a hand in the goal and we won 1-0," he says. "I remember Bob Latchford telling me I'd remember it forever and he was right. It was a very positive reaction from the terraces. To them, it was all about the football." Three decades later it is a measure of the changing times that England had seven black players making an appearance in their last game against Germany. "Many of today's younger England fans will take for granted the black faces in Fabio Capello's team," says Piara Powar, the Kick it Out director. "But in 1978 it was a rarity to see a young black man achieving so highly, both on the football pitch and society in general. This is a milestone for Viv, and gives the rest of us an opportunity to take stock of a significant turning point for sport in this country." Anderson, however, is a modest hero. "I never had it that bad," he says. "It was a lot easier for me than, say Laurie Cunningham or Cyrille Regis. They were flamboyant forwards so they were identified much more. Cyrille got a bullet through the post with the message: 'This one's for you if you play for England'. I never got anything like that because I was just a defender who used to boot people." Modest and affable, Anderson now features on the 100 Great Black Britons website. He was awarded an MBE in 2000 and was inducted into the National Football Museum's hall of fame in 2004. He has also taken part in football workshops in Soweto as a goodwill ambassador for the Football Association and, going back to 1978, still has the telegrams he received "from everyone from Laurie Cunningham's mum to Elton John and the Queen". It is, he says, a proud moment. "I played in an age where it wasn't the norm for a black man to represent his country so to do it not just once, but 30 times, is more than I could've ever asked for." Black milestones Arthur Wharton, Preston North End The world's first professional black player. Born in the Gold Coast (Ghana) in 1865, played for Darlington as a keeper in 1885-86 and joined North End the following season, reaching an FA Cup semi-final. Also played on the wing Andrew Watson, Queen's Park Born 1857 in British Guiana, played 36 games for the Spiders, winning the Cup in 1881. Three Scotland caps, captaining them against England Albert Johanneson, Leeds United South Africa-born, followed his countryman Gerry Francis over to Leeds and signed in 1961. In 1965 became first black FA Cup finalist Laurie Cunningham, WBA Became first black player to play for England at any level when he turned out for the U21s v Scotland in April 1977. Scored and won six full caps Garth Crooks, Tottenham H First to score in an FA Cup final, in 1981, and in 1988 became first black chairman of the PFA Paul Ince, Man United England's first black captain, in June 1993, when David Platt was injured. Lost 2-0 to the US but captained side on six more occasions	i don't know
In which year of World War II did the Soviet Union declare war on Japan?	Soviets declare war on Japan; invade Manchuria - Aug 08, 1945 - HISTORY.com Soviets declare war on Japan; invade Manchuria Share this: Soviets declare war on Japan; invade Manchuria Author Soviets declare war on Japan; invade Manchuria URL Publisher A+E Networks On this day in 1945, the Soviet Union officially declares war on Japan, pouring more than 1 million Soviet soldiers into Japanese-occupied Manchuria, northeastern China, to take on the 700,000-strong Japanese army. The dropping of the bomb on Hiroshima by the Americans did not have the effect intended: unconditional surrender by Japan. Half of the Japanese inner Cabinet, called the Supreme War Direction Council, refused to surrender unless guarantees about Japan’s future were given by the Allies, especially regarding the position of the emperor, Hirohito. The only Japanese civilians who even knew what happened at Hiroshima were either dead or suffering terribly. Japan had not been too worried about the Soviet Union, so busy with the Germans on the Eastern front. The Japanese army went so far as to believe that they would not have to engage a Soviet attack until spring 1946. But the Soviets surprised them with their invasion of Manchuria, an assault so strong (of the 850 Japanese soldiers engaged at Pingyanchen, 650 were killed or wounded within the first two days of fighting) that Emperor Hirohito began to plead with his War Council to reconsider surrender. The recalcitrant members began to waver. Related Videos	1945
In 'Z Cars' who played 'Detective Inspector Barlow'?	Japan and USSR sign nonaggression pact - Apr 13, 1941 - HISTORY.com Japan and USSR sign nonaggression pact Share this: Japan and USSR sign nonaggression pact Author Japan and USSR sign nonaggression pact URL Publisher A+E Networks During World War II, representatives from the Soviet Union and Japan sign a five-year neutrality agreement. Although traditional enemies, the nonaggression pact allowed both nations to free up large numbers of troops occupying disputed territory in Manchuria and Outer Mongolia to be used for more pressing purposes. The Soviet-Japanese pact came nearly two years after the Soviet Union signed a similar agreement with Nazi Germany, dividing much of Eastern Europe between the two countries. The Molotov-Ribbentrop Nonaggression Pact allowed Nazi leader Adolf Hitler to move German forces to the West for his major offensives of 1939 to 1941 and bought Soviet leader Joseph Stalin time to prepare the empire for what he saw as its inevitable involvement in World War II. However, on June 22, 1941, just two months after the Soviet-Japanese nonaggression pact was signed, Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the USSR. Stalin was caught by surprise, and the German Wehrmacht penetrated deep into the Soviet Union, killing millions of Russians and reaching the outskirts of Moscow before the Red Army was able to begin a successful counteroffensive. Although Japanese offensives into the eastern USSR during this time might have resulted in the defeat of the Soviet Union, Japan was forced to concentrate all its resources in a resistance against the massive U.S. counteroffensive in the Pacific, underway by fall 1942. During the Yalta conference in early 1945, Joseph Stalin, at the urging of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, agreed to declare war against Japan within three months of Germany’s defeat. On August 8, 1945, true to Stalin’s promise, the Soviet Union declared war against Japan, and the next day the Red Army invaded Manchuria. The same day, the United States dropped its second atomic bomb on Japan, devastating Nagasaki as it had Hiroshima three days earlier. Faced with the choice of destruction or surrender, Japan chose the latter. On August 15, one week after the Soviet declaration of war, Emperor Hirohito announced the Japanese surrender on national radio, urging the Japanese people to “endure the unendurable.” Related Videos	i don't know
Esau sold his birthright for a 'mess of pottage'. What is the main ingredient of this dish?	Saudi Aramco World : A Harvest of Legume Research Volume 39, Number 3May/June 1988 Send this article to a friend. A Harvest of Legume Research Written by Lynn Teo Simarski Photographs courtesy of ICARDA Even before Esau sold his birthright to Jacob for a bowl of red-lentil pottage, legumes - plants of the pea family - have provided important staple foods in the Middle East and North Africa. Today, legumes are the basic ingredients of such staff-of-life dishes as the Egyptian laborer's breakfast dish of ful mudammas, the Yemeni farmer's bowl of shurbat adas, the Syrian city-dweller's scoop of hummus bi tahinah, and the Turkish movie-goer's bag of toasted leblebi. Of the more than 14,000 species of legumes, including important fodder plants like alfalfa, three species account for two-thirds of the legumes produced today for human consumption in the Middle East and North Africa. They are faba beans (Vicia faba), lentils (Lens culinaris), and chickpeas (Cicer arietinum). Only cereal production surpasses "the big three" in the region's rainfed agriculture. Legumes, also known as pulses, confer special dietary and agricultural benefits that make them particularly valuable. Nonetheless, modern agricultural research has long bypassed them in favor of breeding new types of wheat and other crops. Unimproved local varieties of legumes suffered from low yields and unstable harvests, and in recent times the farmers of the Middle East began to abandon them for more dependable crops that had profited from scientific improvement. But now the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), headquartered in Aleppo, Syria, is attempting to reverse the outlook for legumes, as part of its mission to improve the region's production of basic food crops. Agricultural scientists such as those at ICARDA use crop plants' genes - the blueprints of inherited traits - to produce better plants for farmers. They often utilize "landraces" of crops, the unimproved local strains that farmers have cultivated for centuries, as a starting point, identifying plants that show desirable characteristics, such as tallness, abundant pods, or resistance to some insect pest. Then, they cross different plants with each other to produce, over time, a new variety with all the desirable traits. Local scientists from Morocco to Pakistan then test ICARDA crop lines under a wide array of local conditions, breeding for their particular environment. It is the task of national research and extension programs to refine the new crop lines - and ICARDA's new technologies - and disseminate them to farmers. A prime reason legumes have played a vital role in the region's traditional farming systems is their ability to take nitrogen directly from the atmosphere and "fix" it in a form plants can use. Because legumes leave surplus nitrogen behind in the soil to nourish subsequent crops such as corn and wheat, they save the farmer the cost of artificial nitrogen fertilizer. Once in the pot, legumes are rich in fiber and contain two to four times the protein of cereals - hence their nickname, "the poor man's meat." Legumes and cereals eaten together supply complementary amino acids - the building blocks of protein - thus providing better nourishment than if either type of food were eaten alone. Traditional diets the world over mix grains and pulses - rice and soy in Japan, corn and beans in Mexico, rice and lentils in the Middle Eastern dish mujaddarah. Ancient sources confirm that the "big three" legumes, which were first domesticated in the Middle East, have been eaten for millennia. Faba beans, which originated in west or central Asia, are mentioned in Hittite texts and the Bible; Ramses II of ancient Egypt is known to have offered 11,998 jars of beans to the god of the Nile. The dominant food legume in North Africa today, faba beans supply the main ingredient of ful mudammas, Egypt's national dish, which is also served with tomatoes, onion, olive oil, lemon, and hard-boiled eggs. Faba beans are also used in a Levantine salad and to "decorate" North African couscous - another nutritious grain-legume combination. Through careful breeding, ICARDA is transforming the faba bean. The goal is a new plant variety that is easier to grow. Harvests from traditional varieties are undependable, partly because the plant relies on outside pollinators to fertilize it. "The population of pollinating insects, such as bees, can vary," says Dr. Mohan Saxena, head of ICARDA's food legume research, "and without insects, there may be no pod set." Faba bean lines were discovered that can naturally fertilize themselves - a characteristic that was bred into ICARDA's new plants. Other lines contributed genetic traits for stable - and higher - yields. "The new plant lines are being distributed to different countries to test under local conditions," Saxena says. Tall, traditional faba beans also have an architectural fault: they tend to lodge, or fall over, in the field, making harvest difficult. In most of the region, the plants are cut or pulled out by hand. ICARDA's scientists are developing faba bean plants almost 50 percent shorter that stay erect. Unlike old types, the stalks of the new plants end in a flower. More of the plant's energy is thus channeled into developing seeds instead of unproductive foliage. Other plants have been bred with an independent vascular supply - an individual nutritional pipeline - to each flower pod. "Normally, the supply to all the flowers is interconnected," says Saxena, "and older and younger flowers compete for the plant's nutrients. If each flower has its own supply, more pods will form, and they will mature more uniformly." The acid test of a new plant line, of course, is performance in farmers' fields. ICARDA has joined with national scientists in the Nile Valley Project to improve faba bean production in Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia. Profitably exported from the area in the early decades of this century, the crop must now be imported at twice the cost of local production. But the cooperating countries are beginning to reverse this trend: In Egypt's Mina Governorate, for instance, farmers have achieved 10- to 20-percent yield increases with new techniques and varieties. Project scientists also developed "Giza 402," the first commercial faba bean variety to resist the devastating parasitic weed Orobanche, which can wipe out entire fields. The new variety is now grown on about 4,000 hectares (15,000 acres) in Egypt. In irrigation schemes in southern Sudan, where faba beans were traditionally not grown, "the project demonstrated that faba bean is the most profitable winter season crop available," says Saxena. "These schemes have a fallow or rest season which can be replaced by a legume. Faba beans used this way could provide a surplus for export and generate foreign exchange." Lentils are just as venerable in the Middle East, which presently grows one-third of the world's crop. On land now submerged beneath Syria's Lake Assad, archaeologists found the oldest remains of lentils from about 8000 BC, while lentil paste was discovered in Egyptian tombs of Thebes that date from about 2300 BC. Lentils have long been a staple food especially for the poor: There is an ancient Greek saying about a nouveau riche gentleman who "doesn't like lentils anymore." Today, virtually every region, every group in the Middle East seems to have its own characteristic recipe for lentil soup. Tess Mallos' Complete Middle East Cookbook includes a Levantine lentil soup with silverbeet, an Armenian soup based on lamb stock, a sour Cypriot version with vinegar, a highly-spiced Gulf recipe with tomatoes and limes, an Egyptian soup with chicken or meat stock, cumin, and lemon, and a Yemeni soup flavored with garlic, tomatoes, and coriander leaf. Lentils, along with chickpeas and lamb, are also added to harira, a North African stew, while Egyptian koushari, a traditional Coptic "fasting" dish for meatless meals, combines lentils, noodles, and rice. "Mechanizing the lentil harvest, particularly the step of pulling plants from the ground by hand, is widely recognized as the crop's major problem," explains Dr. Willie Erskine, lentil breeder at ICARDA. "The lentil pods open up when they're left too long on the ground, so there's a 'time window' - about four to seven days - when the crop must be harvested, or lost." During this period, the scarcity and high cost of labor hit small farmers hardest. Major lentil-growing countries recently sent 36 scientists to ICARDA for demonstrations of improved plants, growing techniques, and machinery. They saw new lentils more amenable to machine harvest - plants less prone to lodging, with pods that do not shatter in the field and lose their seeds before harvest. Ethiopia and Tunisia have released such varieties - derived from ICARDA lines - to their farmers for commercial growing, and Syria plans to do likewise. Among new machines developed at ICARDA to suit local farmers' special needs is a lentil puller that ensures harvest of the plants' straw as well as the seeds. Lentil straw supplies nourishing feed for sheep, sometimes bringing the Middle Eastern farmer a greater profit than the seeds, especially in very dry seasons. As for chickpeas, the oldest remains, from 7,500 years ago, were found near Burdur in western Turkey. An Egyptian papyrus text lists the seeds as 'falcon-face,' after their beaked shape. Crushed chickpeas, along with onion juice and honey, comprise an old aphrodisiac recipe recorded in Lorna Hawtin's Chickpea Cookbook. Boiled chickpeas were advertised on the streets of old Damascus with the reverent cry, "O you on the boil, seven servants have prepared you!" - underlining the care with which they were prepared (See Aramco World, September-October 1971). Now accounting for the largest share of the region's legume production, chickpeas figure in some famous Middle Eastern dishes, particularly nutritious snacks. They are roasted and sold in nut shops, deep-fried with other vegetables in balls called falafal, or blended into hummus bi tahinah. In the Armenian Lenten dish topig, packets of an elaborate chickpea dough are stuffed with onions, spices and tahinah. ICARDA concentrates on "kabuli" chickpeas - the large-seeded buff-colored types eaten in Arab countries and elsewhere – and has scored some dramatic advances. Studies showed that two obstacles - frost, and a fungal disease called Ascochyta blight - traditionally prevented farmers from planting in winter and kept yields low. They sowed the crop in spring to avoid the wet windy weather that fostered epidemics of the blight. But 15 new blight - and frost - resistant ICARDA varieties surmount these problems. Dr. K. B. Singh, a chickpea breeder at ICARDA, points out that the new chickpeas bred to be planted in winter yield up to twice as much as the old spring-sown types, because earlier sowing allows the plants to exploit the entire rainy season. The future for legumes - and for the farmers who grow them in the Middle East - is clearly brighter than it was some 15 years ago, when only two scientists were conducting fulltime research on legumes in the entire region. Now, a research network spans the area, with ICARDA at the hub. More than 250 local scientists, trained in legume research at the Center, spearhead national programs that did not even exist a few years ago. Network members exchange visits and stay in touch through ICARDA's legume information services, including the technical newsletters Lens, on lentils, and Fabis, on faba beans. Crop seeds, with their precious genetic variation, also flow through the research network's conduits. At its Aleppo research farm, ICARDA shelters a priceless stock of legume seeds, along with those of other important Middle Eastern and North African crops. The Center's expeditions have sought local races of crops from Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Turkey, Lebanon, and Morocco. According to Saxena, ICARDA's holding of more than 3,000 types of faba beans and 5,800 lentil types are the world's largest collection; the Center's approximately 6,000 large-seeded chickpeas are duplicated at a sister center in India. Much of this genetic heritage is "active" - that is, it is sent all over the region each year for use in breeding programs. Part of the collection is left sealed for breeders of the future, who will be able to draw upon it for legume genes that resist some insect or pest yet unknown - ensuring that crops with such ancient pedigrees will continue to provide harvests for the Middle East's - and the world's-burgeoning population. Lynn Teo Sitnarski, a free-lance writer specializing in the Middle East, was ICARDA's staff science writer during her two-year residence in Aleppo. This article appeared on pages 2-5 of the May/June 1988 print edition of Saudi Aramco World.	Lentil
Which group sang about 'Mrs. Brown's lovely daughter' in 1965?	lentil soup : definition of lentil soup and synonyms of lentil soup (English) History and literature Red lentil soup Lentils were unearthed in the Paleolithic and Mesolithic layers of Franchthi Cave in Greece (13,000 to 9,500 years ago), in the end-Mesolithic at Mureybet and Tell Abu Hureyra in Syria, and sites dating to 8000 BC in the area of Jericho . The ancient Greeks were lovers of lentil soup, as attested to by a comment by Aristophanes : "You, who dare insult lentil soup, sweetest of delicacies." [1] Lentil soup is mentioned in the Bible : In Genesis 25:30-34, Esau is prepared to give up his birthright for a pot of fragrant red lentil soup (a " mess of pottage " in some versions) being cooked by his brother, Jacob . Varieties Lentil soup may include vegetables such as carrots , potatoes , celery , parsley , and onion . Common flavorings are garlic , bay leaf , cumin , olive oil , and vinegar . It is sometimes garnished with croutons or chopped herbs or butter , olive oil , cream or yogurt . Indian lentil soup contains a variety of aromatic spices. In the Middle East, the addition of lemon juice adds a pungent tang. [2] Nutrition Types of lentils used in lentil soup Lentil soup is recognized as highly nutritious , a good source of protein , dietary fiber , iron and potassium . [3] Hippocrates prescribed lentils for patients with liver ailments. [4] See also	i don't know
What sort of bird may be described as 'tic-eyed'	3 Ways to Attract Birds - wikiHow Providing Food 1 Research birds in your area. Find out what types of birds live in your area or are likely to come to your property through migration. You may want to obtain a field guide to the area in order to know which birds to attract. Aim to create an environment that can support many different species. Bear in mind that you can attract different species depending on the season, as well. [1] 2 Choose a bird feeder. The type of feeder you choose will influence what bird species you attract. No matter what, your bird feeder should have a few essential qualities: it should be difficult for squirrels to access, it should keep food dry, and it should be easy to clean. Bird feeders need to be washed out regularly so the food inside remains free of fungi and disease. [2] The most common types of feeders include: Tray feeders. Tray feeders are simple, flat trays that allow birds very easy access to seed. The downside is that seed is also accessible to squirrels and unprotected from the weather. House feeders. These keep seed in a contained area and dispense it as the birds feed from a small tray at the bottom of the feeder. Window feeders. Window feeders attach to your window with suction cups, offering a full view of bird activity. They will attract birds like chickadees, finches, and some kinds of sparrows. Suet feeders. Suet feeders are designed to offer suet cakes, which attract different birds like woodpeckers, nuthatches, and chickadees. Tube feeders. To attract hummingbirds, use a tube feeder. These dispense sugar water through a tube. 3 Provide seed and other food. Birds will be attracted to your yard if you offer them food. However, there are certain things to keep in mind. Do you know what species you are hoping to attract? If you would like to invite a wide range of native species, it's a good idea to have more than one type of feeder and to offer a variety of food. You will inevitably bring less desirable birds – common sparrow, pigeon, or crow – but with good seed choice you can maximize your target birds. [3] Corn is a favorite among nearly all birds but is to be used sparingly -- it will attract all sorts of animals. It is also important to be careful about the source of the corn, since cheap corn can be contaminated with pesticides that are toxic to birds. Sunflower seeds are popular among all seed-eating birds, which makes them a good choice if you want a variety of species. However, the shells must be raked up frequently. Sunflower seeds will also tempt squirrels. White proso millet is a tasty treat for cardinals, quail, sparrows, doves, and crows. It is also attractive to house sparrows and other animals. Hummingbirds love to drink sugar water, meanwhile, and safflower seeds are good for attracting cardinals, chickadees, doves, sparrows, and grosbeaks. Suet, the fat around cow and sheep organs, attracts woodpeckers, nuthatches, wrens, jays, and starlings. Peanut butter makes a good winter food, since it is highly nutritious. Just make sure that it doesn't contain additives. 4 Know what foods to avoid. Birds can easily be poisoned by food that is contaminated or contains hard-to-digest ingredients. Be sure to buy high-quality seed or suet. Some cheap manufacturers of bird food cut corners, so consider springing for a more expensive brand. Here are a few foods to avoid putting out: Bread, crackers, or other processed carbohydrates do not offer birds much nutritional value and can have toxic ingredients. Bacon drippings or other meats can meanwhile contain harmful nitrates. Both may end up attracting mice and rats instead. [4] Cheap feeds often contain “filler seeds” that are not eaten like red millet, golden millet, oats, and flax. Be sure to check the ingredients in purchased feed. 5 Install the feeder in a safe location. If you want the feeder to be near enough for you to view it from your house, place it within three feet of your window. Placing it further away is dangerous for birds, since they are more likely to collide with a window (a situation that kills millions of birds every year). The feeder should also be far enough away from tree cover to prevent squirrels from reaching the feeder from a tree. [5] 6 Maintain the feeder. It is important to change the food frequently and clean the feeder with soap and water every few weeks. Otherwise, bird droppings, fungus, and bacteria can contaminate the feeder and the food, potentially sickening birds. Be particularly vigilant during wet weather, when damp food is more susceptible to mold. For the same reason, and because it attracts undesirable animals, food that has fallen to the ground should be cleared away. [6] 7 Provide grit. Birds lack teeth and many instead rely on an organ called a gizzard to digest food. To work properly the gizzard needs grit – bits of sand, gravel, or other small stones. You can help by offering insoluble grit (e.g. small pieces of gravel) or soluble grit (like cuttlebone, crushed oyster shell, or crushed eggshell). Eggshell serves a dual purpose by giving the birds calcium needed for egg-laying. [7] Method Creating Nesting Spots 1 Plant native trees, shrubs and plants. Use a local field guide or call your local Audubon Society chapter (if you live in the United States) to find out what grows naturally in your region, and add these plants to your garden. Native trees, shrubs, and plants are more likely to attract birds than non-native trees, shrubs, and plants. A variety of native trees, shrubs, and grasses will also provide natural shelter and cover for birds. [8] Evergreen trees and shrubs like hollies make great homes for birds over the winter. Many birds are attracted to fruit and berries, so consider planting an apple tree or planting a blueberry bush. 2 Build a birdhouse or nesting box. Different species nest in different places, so it is a good idea to conduct research on the type of bird you wish to attract. If you plan to buy a birdhouse or build a nesting box, take note that boxes with different holes, shapes, and orientations will attract different species. Such a box can be mounted to a tree or hung from a pole. Make sure that the box is up no later than February if you are in a southerly location; if in the north, hang it in March. [9] Make sure that your nest site has adequate ventilation and is supplied with a "baffle" and reinforcement ring at the opening. This will prevent predators from entering. 3 Create a nesting site using natural materials. If you would like to create a more natural nesting spot, an easy way to do it is to allow your yard to grow a bit more wild. Let the grass grow in a certain spot or build a brush pile. This simulates the type of habitat where birds nest in the wild. You might alternately heap branches into a large pile or create sites under your bushes by raking mulch around the base. [10] Consider supply nesting material such as string, hair, or other fibers, or stuff mesh bags with pieces of yarn or string, straw, pet fur, small bits of cloth, or anything else that a bird might use to nest. Don't remove dead trees unless they are a danger. Standing dead trees are important nesting and foraging spots for many species, especially woodpeckers, which eat the insects that infest dead trees. Method Making Your Yard More Inviting 1 Provide a water source. Birds are attracted to the sound of dripping or moving water. You can buy a birdbath or create a shallow pond with a fountain . Make sure it is close to the ground and not made of slippery material. If you are short on time or resources, hang a water-filled container with a hole on the bottom above a dish. Try not to place the water source near trees or bushes where cats might hide. Also, make sure the water is not more than 1 inch (2.5cm) deep. [11] Consider using a heated water source during the winter. For the sake of sanitation, find a bath that is easy to clean. Ensure that the water does not become stagnant or harbor algae. [12] 2 Avoid pesticides. Pesticides are harmful to birds in more ways than one. First, they kill vital sources of food for some species. Second, the chemicals in the pesticides can be dangerous for birds to ingest. In order to attract birds to your property, use natural forms of insect control instead of chemicals on your lawn, trees, and shrubs. [13] 3 Keep cats and other predators away. Cats, snakes, raccoons, and rats prey on songbirds or their eggs, killing millions every year. No matter how hospitable your yard may seem, having a cat prowling around will act as a disincentive. Keep your cat away from feeding, drinking, and nesting areas if you are seriously interested attracting birds. Hole restrictors, baffles, and tube entrances are good ways to secure birdhouses. Mounting the the house well above ground and using predator repellent are two added safeguards. [14] Community Q&A How can I attract birds with two loud, yappy dogs? wikiHow Contributor Try not to let them out when bird watching. Keep them where they can't see the birds or put them in a relaxed mood. Will sparrows eat grains, such as rice? wikiHow Contributor Try to avoid grains, including rice. While they will make the sparrow feel full, they actually have little nutritional value. Try to stick with seeds that are native to your area instead. What foods are good for birds? wikiHow Contributor As stated in the article, you can purchase a high-quality wild bird seed mix, which is likely to attract birds in your garden whilst supplementing with fruits and vegetables. Birds also love to feast on corn, sunflower seeds, white proso millet, etc. Berries are another great food source. Can I use tap water in a bird bath? wikiHow Contributor Yes, with a few things to keep in mind. Tap water has trace amounts of bleach added and that isn't good for birds, or people for that matter. Let tap water sit out for 24 hours before adding it to the bird bath. This will allow the natural dissipation of the bleach. Boiling the water will also achieve the same task. If your local tap water has fluoride, I would try to use a different water source for pets and wildlife who may drink it. If I use bread, will I have to crush it up so it is grain-ish? wikiHow Contributor No. Birds can tear off small pieces with their beak. However, bread is not a good food for birds, because it makes them feel full, has almost no nutritional value for them and some birds may even choke on it or it may create a gum like substance inside of them. Why don't birds come to my feeder when I put out the seed that they like? wikiHow Contributor Birds can sometimes be shy, so you will have to be patient and you should start to see some birds after a few days. Where do you get the bird feeders? wikiHow Contributor You can often get feeders at stores like Walmart, Lowe's, Home Depot, and basically any home improvement stores. How do I attract wild birds to my window? wikiHow Contributor You can use a feeder with suction cups on it and put their favorite foods in it, like sunflower seeds. If a house is next to a tree branch, how it can be protected from squirrels? wikiHow Contributor You can get a dome that squirrels slide off of. Another option is a squirrel feeder that is easier for the squirrels to get to than a bird feeder. If this question (or a similar one) is answered twice in this section, please click here to let us know. Video This video gives advice on how to attract birds Tips Don't be discouraged if birds don't immediately come to your sanctuary. Birds are often wary of changes in their environment and will take time to adjust to the new feeder or bath. Keep your feeders, houses, and water sources clean. If you don't have the motivation, time, or resources to create a bird sanctuary in your yard, you can always contribute to a "communal" bird sanctuary. Donate money and/or volunteer hours to conservation organizations such as The Nature Conservancy that buys tracts of land and saves them from development. Don't rake the leaves . Birds will forage for insects hiding under dead leaves in the spring. Warnings Never add antifreeze to a birdbath during winter. Antifreeze is highly toxic and will kill any bird, animal, or pet that drinks it, and can cause severe damage or death in humans as well. You can buy heaters designed to defrost ponds, fountains, or birdbaths. Floating a tennis ball in the water will also allow you to break and remove ice easily. Avoid disturbing eggs or nest if you come across them. Your nest boxes should not be too close together. Birds can be territorial and over-proximity can lead to conflicts. Updated: Views: 297,461 "Very clear information and tips, and very good pictures. Any idea/suggestion on how to keep rats away? Had to stop feeding the birds because of them and don't know what to do with all the seeds in the garage!"..." more - Anonymous "Great article! Everything is detailed and easy to understand. I always was interested on how to attract birds to my garden and this is the only article which was the best! Thanks for the article!"..." more - Klaudia Bielawska "So clear and easy for my kids to learn from. We did buy a struck on a window. I do not see it in here so we are going to buy others and start learning about how to feeds birds."..." more - Johanna Spinrad "I didn't know what to put in a birdhouse or where to place it. The article was very informative and I got the information I needed."..." more - Sandi Lucas It confirmed I am providing all that I can for a bird friendly garden. - Patricia Pratt It helped me a lot! Now I know what to do to attract birds! - Klaudia Bielawska This is very useful for me. - Rohith Thanikkal	Columbidae
Which is the only city in Cornwall?	3 Ways to Attract Birds - wikiHow Providing Food 1 Research birds in your area. Find out what types of birds live in your area or are likely to come to your property through migration. You may want to obtain a field guide to the area in order to know which birds to attract. Aim to create an environment that can support many different species. Bear in mind that you can attract different species depending on the season, as well. [1] 2 Choose a bird feeder. The type of feeder you choose will influence what bird species you attract. No matter what, your bird feeder should have a few essential qualities: it should be difficult for squirrels to access, it should keep food dry, and it should be easy to clean. Bird feeders need to be washed out regularly so the food inside remains free of fungi and disease. [2] The most common types of feeders include: Tray feeders. Tray feeders are simple, flat trays that allow birds very easy access to seed. The downside is that seed is also accessible to squirrels and unprotected from the weather. House feeders. These keep seed in a contained area and dispense it as the birds feed from a small tray at the bottom of the feeder. Window feeders. Window feeders attach to your window with suction cups, offering a full view of bird activity. They will attract birds like chickadees, finches, and some kinds of sparrows. Suet feeders. Suet feeders are designed to offer suet cakes, which attract different birds like woodpeckers, nuthatches, and chickadees. Tube feeders. To attract hummingbirds, use a tube feeder. These dispense sugar water through a tube. 3 Provide seed and other food. Birds will be attracted to your yard if you offer them food. However, there are certain things to keep in mind. Do you know what species you are hoping to attract? If you would like to invite a wide range of native species, it's a good idea to have more than one type of feeder and to offer a variety of food. You will inevitably bring less desirable birds – common sparrow, pigeon, or crow – but with good seed choice you can maximize your target birds. [3] Corn is a favorite among nearly all birds but is to be used sparingly -- it will attract all sorts of animals. It is also important to be careful about the source of the corn, since cheap corn can be contaminated with pesticides that are toxic to birds. Sunflower seeds are popular among all seed-eating birds, which makes them a good choice if you want a variety of species. However, the shells must be raked up frequently. Sunflower seeds will also tempt squirrels. White proso millet is a tasty treat for cardinals, quail, sparrows, doves, and crows. It is also attractive to house sparrows and other animals. Hummingbirds love to drink sugar water, meanwhile, and safflower seeds are good for attracting cardinals, chickadees, doves, sparrows, and grosbeaks. Suet, the fat around cow and sheep organs, attracts woodpeckers, nuthatches, wrens, jays, and starlings. Peanut butter makes a good winter food, since it is highly nutritious. Just make sure that it doesn't contain additives. 4 Know what foods to avoid. Birds can easily be poisoned by food that is contaminated or contains hard-to-digest ingredients. Be sure to buy high-quality seed or suet. Some cheap manufacturers of bird food cut corners, so consider springing for a more expensive brand. Here are a few foods to avoid putting out: Bread, crackers, or other processed carbohydrates do not offer birds much nutritional value and can have toxic ingredients. Bacon drippings or other meats can meanwhile contain harmful nitrates. Both may end up attracting mice and rats instead. [4] Cheap feeds often contain “filler seeds” that are not eaten like red millet, golden millet, oats, and flax. Be sure to check the ingredients in purchased feed. 5 Install the feeder in a safe location. If you want the feeder to be near enough for you to view it from your house, place it within three feet of your window. Placing it further away is dangerous for birds, since they are more likely to collide with a window (a situation that kills millions of birds every year). The feeder should also be far enough away from tree cover to prevent squirrels from reaching the feeder from a tree. [5] 6 Maintain the feeder. It is important to change the food frequently and clean the feeder with soap and water every few weeks. Otherwise, bird droppings, fungus, and bacteria can contaminate the feeder and the food, potentially sickening birds. Be particularly vigilant during wet weather, when damp food is more susceptible to mold. For the same reason, and because it attracts undesirable animals, food that has fallen to the ground should be cleared away. [6] 7 Provide grit. Birds lack teeth and many instead rely on an organ called a gizzard to digest food. To work properly the gizzard needs grit – bits of sand, gravel, or other small stones. You can help by offering insoluble grit (e.g. small pieces of gravel) or soluble grit (like cuttlebone, crushed oyster shell, or crushed eggshell). Eggshell serves a dual purpose by giving the birds calcium needed for egg-laying. [7] Method Creating Nesting Spots 1 Plant native trees, shrubs and plants. Use a local field guide or call your local Audubon Society chapter (if you live in the United States) to find out what grows naturally in your region, and add these plants to your garden. Native trees, shrubs, and plants are more likely to attract birds than non-native trees, shrubs, and plants. A variety of native trees, shrubs, and grasses will also provide natural shelter and cover for birds. [8] Evergreen trees and shrubs like hollies make great homes for birds over the winter. Many birds are attracted to fruit and berries, so consider planting an apple tree or planting a blueberry bush. 2 Build a birdhouse or nesting box. Different species nest in different places, so it is a good idea to conduct research on the type of bird you wish to attract. If you plan to buy a birdhouse or build a nesting box, take note that boxes with different holes, shapes, and orientations will attract different species. Such a box can be mounted to a tree or hung from a pole. Make sure that the box is up no later than February if you are in a southerly location; if in the north, hang it in March. [9] Make sure that your nest site has adequate ventilation and is supplied with a "baffle" and reinforcement ring at the opening. This will prevent predators from entering. 3 Create a nesting site using natural materials. If you would like to create a more natural nesting spot, an easy way to do it is to allow your yard to grow a bit more wild. Let the grass grow in a certain spot or build a brush pile. This simulates the type of habitat where birds nest in the wild. You might alternately heap branches into a large pile or create sites under your bushes by raking mulch around the base. [10] Consider supply nesting material such as string, hair, or other fibers, or stuff mesh bags with pieces of yarn or string, straw, pet fur, small bits of cloth, or anything else that a bird might use to nest. Don't remove dead trees unless they are a danger. Standing dead trees are important nesting and foraging spots for many species, especially woodpeckers, which eat the insects that infest dead trees. Method Making Your Yard More Inviting 1 Provide a water source. Birds are attracted to the sound of dripping or moving water. You can buy a birdbath or create a shallow pond with a fountain . Make sure it is close to the ground and not made of slippery material. If you are short on time or resources, hang a water-filled container with a hole on the bottom above a dish. Try not to place the water source near trees or bushes where cats might hide. Also, make sure the water is not more than 1 inch (2.5cm) deep. [11] Consider using a heated water source during the winter. For the sake of sanitation, find a bath that is easy to clean. Ensure that the water does not become stagnant or harbor algae. [12] 2 Avoid pesticides. Pesticides are harmful to birds in more ways than one. First, they kill vital sources of food for some species. Second, the chemicals in the pesticides can be dangerous for birds to ingest. In order to attract birds to your property, use natural forms of insect control instead of chemicals on your lawn, trees, and shrubs. [13] 3 Keep cats and other predators away. Cats, snakes, raccoons, and rats prey on songbirds or their eggs, killing millions every year. No matter how hospitable your yard may seem, having a cat prowling around will act as a disincentive. Keep your cat away from feeding, drinking, and nesting areas if you are seriously interested attracting birds. Hole restrictors, baffles, and tube entrances are good ways to secure birdhouses. Mounting the the house well above ground and using predator repellent are two added safeguards. [14] Community Q&A How can I attract birds with two loud, yappy dogs? wikiHow Contributor Try not to let them out when bird watching. Keep them where they can't see the birds or put them in a relaxed mood. Will sparrows eat grains, such as rice? wikiHow Contributor Try to avoid grains, including rice. While they will make the sparrow feel full, they actually have little nutritional value. Try to stick with seeds that are native to your area instead. What foods are good for birds? wikiHow Contributor As stated in the article, you can purchase a high-quality wild bird seed mix, which is likely to attract birds in your garden whilst supplementing with fruits and vegetables. Birds also love to feast on corn, sunflower seeds, white proso millet, etc. Berries are another great food source. Can I use tap water in a bird bath? wikiHow Contributor Yes, with a few things to keep in mind. Tap water has trace amounts of bleach added and that isn't good for birds, or people for that matter. Let tap water sit out for 24 hours before adding it to the bird bath. This will allow the natural dissipation of the bleach. Boiling the water will also achieve the same task. If your local tap water has fluoride, I would try to use a different water source for pets and wildlife who may drink it. If I use bread, will I have to crush it up so it is grain-ish? wikiHow Contributor No. Birds can tear off small pieces with their beak. However, bread is not a good food for birds, because it makes them feel full, has almost no nutritional value for them and some birds may even choke on it or it may create a gum like substance inside of them. Why don't birds come to my feeder when I put out the seed that they like? wikiHow Contributor Birds can sometimes be shy, so you will have to be patient and you should start to see some birds after a few days. Where do you get the bird feeders? wikiHow Contributor You can often get feeders at stores like Walmart, Lowe's, Home Depot, and basically any home improvement stores. How do I attract wild birds to my window? wikiHow Contributor You can use a feeder with suction cups on it and put their favorite foods in it, like sunflower seeds. If a house is next to a tree branch, how it can be protected from squirrels? wikiHow Contributor You can get a dome that squirrels slide off of. Another option is a squirrel feeder that is easier for the squirrels to get to than a bird feeder. If this question (or a similar one) is answered twice in this section, please click here to let us know. Video This video gives advice on how to attract birds Tips Don't be discouraged if birds don't immediately come to your sanctuary. Birds are often wary of changes in their environment and will take time to adjust to the new feeder or bath. Keep your feeders, houses, and water sources clean. If you don't have the motivation, time, or resources to create a bird sanctuary in your yard, you can always contribute to a "communal" bird sanctuary. Donate money and/or volunteer hours to conservation organizations such as The Nature Conservancy that buys tracts of land and saves them from development. Don't rake the leaves . Birds will forage for insects hiding under dead leaves in the spring. Warnings Never add antifreeze to a birdbath during winter. Antifreeze is highly toxic and will kill any bird, animal, or pet that drinks it, and can cause severe damage or death in humans as well. You can buy heaters designed to defrost ponds, fountains, or birdbaths. Floating a tennis ball in the water will also allow you to break and remove ice easily. Avoid disturbing eggs or nest if you come across them. Your nest boxes should not be too close together. Birds can be territorial and over-proximity can lead to conflicts. Updated: Views: 297,461 "Very clear information and tips, and very good pictures. Any idea/suggestion on how to keep rats away? Had to stop feeding the birds because of them and don't know what to do with all the seeds in the garage!"..." more - Anonymous "Great article! Everything is detailed and easy to understand. I always was interested on how to attract birds to my garden and this is the only article which was the best! Thanks for the article!"..." more - Klaudia Bielawska "So clear and easy for my kids to learn from. We did buy a struck on a window. I do not see it in here so we are going to buy others and start learning about how to feeds birds."..." more - Johanna Spinrad "I didn't know what to put in a birdhouse or where to place it. The article was very informative and I got the information I needed."..." more - Sandi Lucas It confirmed I am providing all that I can for a bird friendly garden. - Patricia Pratt It helped me a lot! Now I know what to do to attract birds! - Klaudia Bielawska This is very useful for me. - Rohith Thanikkal	i don't know
Which town in Buckinghamshire is famous for its annual 'pancake race'?	BBC - Beds Herts and Bucks - Read This - It was flipping fantastic! You are in: Beds Herts and Bucks > Read This > Features > It was flipping fantastic! Toss your pancakes - are you ready? It was flipping fantastic! Third time winner Andrea Rawlings has beaten her personal best in the famous annual Olney pancake race, which dates back to 1445. The Buckinghamshire town of Olney is famous for its annual pancake race, which dates back to 1445. This year's event was again won by Andrea Rawlings, and in what was her third consecutive win, she achieved her personal best, finishing the 415 metre course in 63 seconds, beating last year's time by 5 seconds. Third time race winner Andrea Rawlings The Olney ritual dates back to the middle of the 15th century - tradition says the first race started in 1445. One theory is that a harassed wife, hearing the shriving bell, dashed off to the church still clutching her frying pan!. Alternatively the pancake was a bribe to the Ringer, or Sexton, that he might ring the Church bell sooner, which signalled the beginning of the day's festivities. The race is known to have continued through the centuries, and although it may have been not been every year, the tradition was passed on to ensure it never forgot. It wasn't until after the end of the World War II that the custom was revived, when the local vicar found photos taken in the 1920's. The first modern race was run in 1948 - with 13 women taking part and now traffic is stopped in the town as the race begins. And of course, there were pancakes on sale too! Two years later the international link was made, after the town of Liberal in Kansas, USA, saw photographs of the Olney event. In the spirit of friendship the two teams now compete each year and prizes are given for the person who runs the distance fastest. Entrants to the race must be women, over the age of 18, who have either lived in the town for the previous three months or have a permanent residence in Olney. Dressed in the traditional costume of a housewife, including a skirt, apron and head covering, the racers speed off for a 415m course - with constant pancake tossing! The winner, on crossing the line, must toss her pancake and is then greeted by the Verger with the traditional kiss of peace. See our photo gallery of the race Finally everyone makes their way to the Parish Church of St Peter and St Paul for the Shriving Service at which prizes are issued. last updated: 28/02/06	Olney
Of all the rugby teams to have participated in the 2008- 2009 Guinness Premiership, which team is the furthest north?	Olney pancake race enters its 569th year - ITV News 4 March 2014 at 8:05am Olney pancake race enters its 569th year The race is based on a legendary mad dash to the local Church in 1445. Photo: PA The annual pancake race in Olney kicks off today, 569 years after a local woman began the tradition by running to church with her frying pan in 1445. The race has been an annual tradition in the Buckinghamshire town for the last six centuries, with mothers handing down the tradition to their daughters. The race commemorates local folklore - a woman panicked when she heard church bells ringing from her kitchen and, fearing she would be late for a Shriving service to confess her sins before Lent, she ran through the town. After arriving at the Church door in her apron and carrying her frying pan, so began the race local women still take part in today. The race has become a firm tradition in the town, with generations of the same family taking part. Daybreak spoke to reigning champion Devon Byrne, whose mother had won when she was pregnant with her. Devon Byrne will be aiming for a third win later today. Credit: Daybreak/ITV My mum won the race three times in the 1990s - which has just given away her age! The last time she won she was pregnant with me, so I guess it is in my blood. – Devon Byrne Any female Olney residents can take part, so long as they have lived in the town for a minimum of six months. The race begins at 11:55am when women dressed in aprons, brandishing frying pans filled with a pancake will set off on the route to St. Paul's church. They must flip their pancakes once at the starting point - The Old Bull Inn - and again at the finishing line. Prizes are given to the fastest runner, oldest competitor and most money raised for charity. Last updated Tue 4 Mar 2014	i don't know
Who was the President of the USA on 1st. January 1800?	Presidential Elections - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com Presidential Elections A+E Networks Introduction Departing from the monarchical tradition of Britain, the founding fathers of the United States created a system in which the American people had the power and responsibility to select their leader. Under this new order, George Washington, the first U.S. president, was elected in 1789. At the time, only white men who owned property could vote, but the 15th, 19th and 26th Amendments to the Constitution have since expanded the right of suffrage to all citizens over 18. Taking place every four years, presidential campaigns and elections have evolved into a series of fiercely fought, and sometimes controversial, contests, now played out in the 24-hour news cycle.The stories behind each election—some ending in landslide victories, others decided by the narrowest of margins—provide a roadmap to the events of U.S. history. Google 1789: George Washington – unopposed The first presidential election was held on the first Wednesday of January in 1789. No one contested the election of George Washington , but he remained reluctant to run until the last minute, in part because he believed seeking the office would be dishonorable. Only when Alexander Hamilton and others convinced him that it would be dishonorable to refuse did he agree to run. The Constitution allowed each state to decide how to choose its presidential electors. In 1789, only Pennsylvania and Maryland held elections for this purpose; elsewhere, the state legislatures chose the electors. This method caused some problems in New York , which was so divided between Federalists who supported the new Constitution and Antifederalists who opposed it that the legislature failed to choose either presidential electors or U.S. senators. Before the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment, each elector cast two votes for president. The candidate with a majority won the presidency, and the runner-up became vice president. Most Federalists agreed that John Adams should be vice president. But Hamilton feared that if Adams was the unanimous choice, he would end in a tie with Washington and might even become president, an outcome that would be highly embarrassing for both Washington and the new electoral system. Hamilton therefore arranged that a number of votes be deflected, so that Adams was elected by less than half the number of Washington’s expected unanimous vote. The final results were Washington, 69 electoral votes; Adams, 34; John Jay , 9; John Hancock , 4; and others, 22. 1792: George Washington – unopposed As in 1789, persuading George Washington to run was the major difficulty in selecting a president in 1792. Washington complained of old age, sickness, and the increasing hostility of the Republican press toward his administration. The press attacks were symptomatic of the increasing split within the government between Federalists, who were coalescing around Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, and Republicans, forming around Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson . James Madison , among others, convinced Washington to continue as president by arguing that only he could hold the government together. Speculation then shifted to the vice presidency. Hamilton and the Federalists supported the reelection of John Adams. Republicans favored New York governor George Clinton, but Federalists feared him partly because of a widespread belief that his recent election to the governorship was fraudulent. In addition, the Federalists feared that Clinton would belittle the importance of the federal government by retaining his governorship while serving as vice president. Adams won relatively easily with support from New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, except New York. Only electoral votes are recorded here, because most states still did not select presidential electors by popular vote. Nor was there a separate vote for president and vice president until the Twelfth Amendment took effect in 1804. The results were Washington, 132 electoral votes (unanimous); Adams, 77; Clinton, 50; Jefferson, 4; and Aaron Burr, 1. 1796: John Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson The 1796 election, which took place against a background of increasingly harsh partisanship between Federalists and Republicans, was the first contested presidential race. The Republicans called for more democratic practices and accused the Federalists of monarchism. The Federalists branded the Republicans “Jacobins” after Robespierre’s faction in France. (The Republicans sympathized with revolutionary France, but not necessarily with the Jacobins.) The Republicans opposed John Jay’s recently negotiated accommodationist treaty with Great Britain, whereas the Federalists believed its terms represented the only way to avoid a potentially ruinous war with Britain. Republicans favored a decentralized agrarian republic; Federalists called for the development of commerce and industry. State legislatures still chose electors in most states, and there was no separate vote for vice president. Each elector cast two votes for president, with the runner-up becoming vice president. The Federalists nominated Vice President John Adams and tried to attract southern support by running Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina for the second post. Thomas Jefferson was the Republican standard-bearer, with Aaron Burr as his running mate. Alexander Hamilton, always intriguing against Adams, tried to throw some votes to Jefferson in order to elect Pinckney president. Instead, Adams won with 71 votes; Jefferson became vice president, with 68; Pinckney came in third with 59; Burr received only 30; and 48 votes went to various other candidates. 1800: Thomas Jefferson vs. John Adams The significance of the 1800 election lay in the fact that it entailed the first peaceful transfer of power between parties under the U.S. Constitution: Republican Thomas Jefferson succeeded Federalist John Adams. This peaceful transfer occurred despite defects in the Constitution that caused a breakdown of the electoral system. During the campaign, Federalists attacked Jefferson as an un-Christian deist, tainted by his sympathy for the increasingly bloody French Revolution . Republicans (1) criticized the Adams administration’s foreign, defense, and internal security policies; (2) opposed the Federalist naval buildup and the creation of a standing army under Alexander Hamilton; (3) sounded a call for freedom of speech, Republican editors having been targeted for prosecution under the Alien and Sedition Acts ; and (4) denounced deficit spending by the federal government as a backhanded method of taxation without representation. Unfortunately, the system still provided no separate votes for president and vice president, and Republican managers failed to deflect votes from their vice-presidential candidate, Aaron Burr. Therefore, Jefferson and Burr tied with 73 votes each; Adams received 65 votes, his vice-presidential candidate, Charles C. Pinckney, 64, and John Jay, 1. This result threw the election into the House of Representatives, where each state had one vote, to be decided by the majority of its delegation. Left to choose between Jefferson and Burr, most Federalists supported Burr. Burr for his part disclaimed any intention to run for the presidency, but he never withdrew, which would have ended the contest. Although the Republicans in the same election had won a decisive majority of 65 to 39 in the House, election of the president fell to the outgoing House, which had a Federalist majority. But despite this majority, two state delegations split evenly, leading to another deadlock between Burr and Jefferson. After the House cast 19 identical tie ballots on February 11, 1801, Governor James Monroe of Virginia assured Jefferson that if a usurpation was attempted, he would call the Virginia Assembly into session, implying that they would discard any such result. After six days of uncertainty, Federalists in the tied delegations of Vermont and Maryland abstained, electing Jefferson, but without giving him open Federalist support. 1804: Thomas Jefferson vs. Charles Pinckney The 1804 election was a landslide victory for the incumbent Thomas Jefferson and vice-presidential candidate George Clinton (Republicans) over the Federalist candidates, Charles C. Pinckney and Rufus King. The vote was 162-14. The election was the first held under the Twelfth Amendment, which separated electoral college balloting for president and vice president. The Federalists alienated many voters by refusing to commit their electors to any particular candidate prior to the election. Jefferson was also helped by the popularity of the 1803 Louisiana Purchase and his reduction of federal spending. The repeal of the excise tax on whiskey was especially popular in the West. 1808: James Madison vs. Charles Pinckney Republican James Madison was elevated to the presidency in the election of 1808. Madison won 122 electoral votes to Federalist Charles C. Pinckney’s 47 votes. Vice President George Clinton received 6 electoral votes for president from his native New York, but easily defeated Federalist Rufus King for vice president, 113-47, with scattered vice-presidential votes for Madison, James Monroe, and John Langdon of New Hampshire . In the early stages of the election campaign, Madison also faced challenges from within his own party by Monroe and Clinton. The main issue of the election was the Embargo Act of 1807. The banning of exports had hurt merchants and other commercial interests, although ironically it encouraged domestic manufactures. These economic difficulties revived the Federalist opposition, especially in trade-dependent New England. 1812: James Madison vs. DeWitt Clinton In the 1812 contest James Madison was reelected president by the narrowest margin of any election since the Republican party had come to power in 1800. He received 128 electoral votes to 89 for his Federalist opponent DeWitt Clinton, the lieutenant governor of New York. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts won the vice presidency with 131 votes to Jared Ingersoll’s 86. The War of 1812 , which had begun five months earlier, was the dominant issue. Opposition to the war was concentrated in the northeastern Federalist states. Clinton’s supporters also made an issue of Virginia’s almost unbroken control of the White House , which they charged favored agricultural states over commercial ones. Clintonians accused Madison, too, of slighting the defense of the New York frontier against the British in Canada. In the Northeast Madison carried only Pennsylvania and Vermont, but Clinton received no votes south of Maryland. The election proved to be the last one of significance for the Federalist party, largely owing to anti-British American nationalism engendered by the war. 1816: James Monroe vs. Rufus King In this election Republican James Monroe won the presidency with 183 electoral votes, carrying every state except Massachusetts, Connecticut , and Delaware . Federalist Rufus King received the votes of the 34 Federalist electors. Daniel D. Tompkins of New York was elected vice president with 183 electoral votes, his opposition scattered among several candidates. After the bitter partisanship of the Jefferson and Madison administrations, Monroe came to symbolize the “Era of Good Feelings.” Monroe was not elected easily, however; he barely won the nomination in the Republican congressional caucus over Secretary of War William Crawford of Georgia . Many Republicans objected to the succession of Virginia presidents and believed Crawford a superior choice to the mediocre Monroe. The caucus vote was 65-54. The narrowness of Monroe’s victory was surprising because Crawford had already renounced the nomination, perhaps in return for a promise of Monroe’s future support. In the general election, opposition to Monroe was disorganized. The Hartford Convention of 1814 (growing out of opposition to the War of 1812) had discredited the Federalists outside their strongholds, and they put forth no candidate. To some extent, Republicans had siphoned off Federalist support with nationalist programs like the Second Bank of the United States . 1820: James Monroe – unopposed During James Monroe’s first term, the country had suffered an economic depression. In addition, the extension of slavery into the territories became a political issue when Missouri sought admission as a slave state. Also causing controversy were Supreme Court decisions in the Dartmouth College case and McCulloch v. Maryland , which expanded the power of Congress and of private corporations at the expense of the states. But despite these problems, Monroe faced no organized opposition for reelection in 1820, and the opposition party, the Federalists, ceased to exist. Voters, as John Randolph put it, displayed “the unanimity of indifference, and not of approbation.” Monroe won by an electoral vote of 231-1. William Plumer of New Hampshire, the one elector who voted against Monroe, did so be-cause he thought Monroe was incompetent. He cast his ballot for John Quincy Adams . Later in the century, the fable arose that Plumer had cast his dissenting vote so that only George Washington would have the honor of unanimous election. Plumer never mentioned Washington in his speech explaining his vote to the other New Hampshire electors. 1824: John Quincy Adams vs. Henry Clay vs. Andrew Jackson vs. William Crawford The Republican party broke apart in the 1824 election. A large majority of the states now chose electors by popular vote, and the people’s vote was considered sufficiently important to record. The nomination of candidates by congressional caucus was discredited. Groups in each state nominated candidates for the presidency, resulting in a multiplicity of favorite-son candidacies. By the fall of 1824 four candidates remained in the running. William Crawford of Georgia, the secretary of the treasury, had been the early front-runner, but severe illness hampered his candidacy. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts had a brilliant record of government service, but his Federalist background, his cosmopolitanism, and his cold New England manner cost him support outside his own region. Henry Clay of Kentucky , the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and Andrew Jackson of Tennessee , who owed his popularity to his 1815 victory over the British at the Battle of New Orleans , were the other candidates. With four candidates, none received a majority. Jackson received 99 electoral votes with 152,901 popular votes (42.34 percent); Adams, 84 electoral votes with 114,023 popular votes (31.57 percent); Crawford, 41 electoral votes and 47,217 popular votes (13.08 percent); and Clay, 37 electoral votes and 46,979 popular votes (13.01 percent). The choice of president therefore fell to the House of Representatives. Many politicians assumed that House Speaker Henry Clay had the power to choose the next president but not to elect himself. Clay threw his support to Adams, who was then elected. When Adams subsequently named Clay secretary of state, the Jacksonians charged that the two men had made a “corrupt bargain.” John C. Calhoun was chosen vice president by the electoral college with a majority of 182 votes. 1828: Andrew Jackson vs. John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson won the presidency in 1828 by a landslide, receiving a record 647,292 popular votes (56 percent) to 507,730 (44 percent) for the incumbent John Quincy Adams. John C. Calhoun won the vice presidency with 171 electoral votes to 83 for Richard Rush and 7 for William Smith. The emergence of two parties promoted popular interest in the election. Jackson’s party, sometimes called the Democratic-Republicans or simply Democrats, developed the first sophisticated national network of party organizations. Local party groups sponsored parades, barbecues, tree plantings, and other popular events designed to promote Jackson and the local slate. The National-Republicans, the party of Adams and Henry Clay, lacked the local organizations of the Democrats, but they did have a clear platform: high tariffs, federal funding of roads, canals, and other internal improvements, aid to domestic manufactures, and development of cultural institutions. The 1828 election campaign was one of the dirtiest in America’s history. Both parties spread false and exaggerated rumors about the opposition. Jackson men charged that Adams obtained the presidency in 1824 through a “corrupt bargain” with Clay. And they painted the incumbent president as a decadent aristocrat, who had procured prostitutes for the czar while serving as U.S. minister to Russia and spent taxpayer money on “gambling” equipment for the White House (actually a chess set and a billiard table). The National-Republicans portrayed Jackson as a violent frontier ruffian, the son, some said, of a prostitute married to a mulatto. When Jackson and his wife, Rachel, married, the couple believed that her first husband had obtained a divorce. After learning the divorce had not yet been made final, the couple held a second, valid wedding. Now the Adams men claimed Jackson was a bigamist and an adulterer. More justifiably, administration partisans questioned Jackson’s sometimes violent discipline of the army in the War of 1812 and the brutality of his invasion of Florida in the Seminole War. Ironically, Secretary of State Adams had defended Jackson at the time of the Seminole War, taking advantage of Jackson’s unauthorized incursion to obtain Florida for the United States from Spain. 1832: Andrew Jackson vs. Henry Clay vs. William Wirt Democratic-Republican Andrew Jackson was reelected in 1832 with 688,242 popular votes (54.5 percent) to 473,462 (37.5 percent) for National-Republican Henry Clay and 101,051 (8 percent) for Anti-Masonic candidate William Wirt. Jackson easily carried the electoral college with 219 votes. Clay received only 49, and Wirt won the 7 votes of Vermont. Martin Van Buren won the vice presidency with 189 votes against 97 for various other candidates. The spoils system of political patronage, the tariff, and federal funding of internal improvements were major issues, but the most important was Jackson’s veto of the rechartering of the Bank of the United States. National-Republicans attacked the veto, arguing that the Bank was needed to maintain a stable currency and economy. “King Andrew’s” veto, they asserted, was an abuse of executive power. In defense of Jackson’s veto, Democratic-Republicans labeled the Bank an aristocratic institution–a “monster.” Suspicious of banking and of paper money, Jacksonians opposed the Bank for giving special privileges to private investors at government expense and charged that it fostered British control of the American economy. For the first time in American politics, a third party, the Anti-Masons, challenged the two major parties. Many politicians of note participated, including Thaddeus Stevens, William H. Seward, and Thurlow Weed. The Anti-Masonic party formed in reaction to the murder of William Morgan, a former upstate New York Freemason. Allegedly, some Masons murdered Morgan when he threatened to publish some of the order’s secrets. The Anti-Masons protested Masonic secrecy. They feared a conspiracy to control American political institutions, a fear fed by the fact that both the major party candidates, Jackson and Clay, were prominent Masons. The Anti-Masons convened the first national presidential nominating convention in Baltimore on September 26, 1831. The other parties soon followed suit, and the convention replaced the discredited caucus system of nomination. 1836: Martin Van Buren vs. Daniel Webster vs. Hugh White The election of 1836 was largely a referendum on Andrew Jackson, but it also helped shape what is known as the second party system. The Democrats nominated Vice President Martin Van Buren to lead the ticket. His running mate, Col. Richard M. Johnson, claimed to have killed Indian chief Tecumseh . (Johnson was controversial because he lived openly with a black woman.) Disdaining the organized politics of the Democrats, the new Whig party ran three candidates, each strong in a different region: Hugh White of Tennessee, Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, and Gen. William Henry Harrison of Indiana . Besides endorsing internal improvements and a national bank, the Whigs tried to tie Democrats to abolitionism and sectional tension, and attacked Jackson for “acts of aggression and usurpation of power.” Democrats depended on Jackson’s popularity, trying to maintain his coalition. Van Buren won the election with 764,198 popular votes, only 50.9 percent of the total, and 170 electoral votes. Harrison led the Whigs with 73 electoral votes, White receiving 26 and Webster 14. Willie P. Mangum of South Carolina received his state’s 11 electoral votes. Johnson, who failed to win an electoral majority, was elected vice president by the Democratic Senate. 1840: William Henry Harrison vs. Martin Van Buren Aware that Van Buren’s problems gave them a good chance for victory, the Whigs rejected the candidacy of Henry Clay, their most prominent leader, because of his support for the unpopular Second Bank of the United States. Instead, stealing a page from the Democratic emphasis on Andrew Jackson’s military exploits, they chose William Henry Harrison, a hero of early Indian wars and the War of 1812. The Whig vice-presidential nominee was John Tyler , a onetime Democrat who had broken with Jackson over his veto of the bill rechartering the Second Bank. Studiously avoiding divisive issues like the Bank and internal improvements, the Whigs depicted Harrison as living in a “log cabin” and drinking “hard cider.” They used slogans like “Tippecanoe and Tyler too,” and “Van, Van, Van/Van is a used-up man” to stir voters. Harrison won by a popular vote of 1,275,612 to 1,130,033, and an electoral margin of 234 to 60. But the victory proved to be a hollow one because Harrison died one month after his inauguration. Tyler, his successor, would not accept Whig economic doctrine, and the change in presidential politics had little effect on presidential policy. 1844: James K. Polk vs. Henry Clay vs. James Birney The election of 1844 introduced expansion and slavery as important political issues and contributed to westward and southern growth and sectionalism. Southerners of both parties sought to annex Texas and expand slavery. Martin Van Buren angered southern Democrats by opposing annexation for that reason, and the Democratic convention cast aside the ex-president and front-runner for the first dark horse, Tennessee’s James K. Polk . After almost silently breaking with Van Buren over Texas, Pennsylvania’s George M. Dallas was nominated for vice president to appease Van Burenites, and the party backed annexation and settling the Oregon boundary dispute with England. The abolitionist Liberty party nominated Michigan’s James G. Birney. Trying to avoid controversy, the Whigs nominated anti-annexationist Henry Clay of Kentucky and Theodore Frelinghuysen of New Jersey . But, pressured by southerners, Clay endorsed annexation, although concerned it might cause war with Mexico and disunion, and thereby lost support among antislavery Whigs. Enough New Yorkers voted for Birney to throw 36 electoral votes and the election to Polk, who won the electoral college, 170-105, and a slim popular victory. John Tyler signed a joint congressional resolution admitting Texas, but Polk pursued Oregon, and then northern Mexico in the Mexican War, aggravating tension over slavery and sectional balance and leading toward the Compromise of 1850 . 1848: Zachary Taylor vs. Martin Van Buren vs. Lewis Cass The election of 1848 underscored the increasingly important role of slavery in national politics. Democratic president James K. Polk did not seek reelection. His party nominated Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan , who created the concept of squatter, or popular, sovereignty (letting the settlers of a territory decide whether to permit slavery), with Gen. William O. Butler of Kentucky for vice president. Antislavery groups formed the Free-Soil party, whose platform promised to prohibit the spread of slavery, and chose former president Martin Van Buren of New York for president and Charles Francis Adams, the son of President John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts for vice president. The Whig nominee was the Mexican War hero, Gen. Zachary Taylor , a slave owner. His running mate was Millard Fillmore , a member of New York’s proslavery Whig faction. Democrats and Free-Soilers stressed their views of slavery, and Whigs celebrated Taylor’s victories in the recent war, although many Whigs had opposed it. For his part, Taylor professed moderation on slavery, and he and the Whigs were successful. Taylor defeated Cass, 1,360,099 to 1,220,544 in popular votes and 163 to 127 in electoral votes. Van Buren received 291,263 popular votes and no electoral votes, but he drew enough support away from Cass to swing New York and Massachusetts to Taylor, assuring the Whigs’ victory. With the Taylor-Fillmore ticket elected, the forces had been set in motion for the events surrounding the Compromise of 1850. But Van Buren’s campaign was a stepping-stone toward the creation of the Republican party in the 1850s, also committed to the principle of “Free Soil.” 1852: Franklin Pierce vs. Winfield Scott vs. John Pitale The 1852 election rang a death knell for the Whig party. Both parties split over their nominee and the issue of slavery. After forty-nine ballots of jockeying among Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan, former secretary of state James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, and Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois , the Democrats nominated a compromise choice, Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire, a former congressman and senator, with Senator William R. King of Alabama as his running mate. The Whigs rejected Millard Fillmore, who had become president when Taylor died in 1850, and Secretary of State Daniel Webster and nominated Gen. Winfield Scott of Virginia, with Senator William A. Graham of New Jersey for vice president. When Scott endorsed the party platform, which approved of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, Free-Soil Whigs bolted. They nominated Senator John P. Hale of New Hampshire for president and former congressman George Washington Julian of Indiana for vice president. Southern Whigs were suspicious of Scott, whom they saw as a tool of antislavery senator William H. Seward of New York. Democratic unity, Whig disunity, and Scott’s political ineptitude combined to elect Pierce. “Young Hickory of the Granite Hills” outpolled “Old Fuss and Feathers” in the electoral college, 254 to 42, and in the popular vote, 1,601,474 to 1,386,578. 1856: James Buchanan vs. Millard Fillmore vs. John C. Freemont The 1856 election was waged by new political coalitions and was the first to confront directly the issue of slavery. The violence that followed the Kansas- Nebraska Act destroyed the old political system and past formulas of compromises. The Whig party was dead. Know-Nothings nominated Millard Fillmore to head their nativist American party and chose Andrew J. Donelson for vice president. The Democratic party, portraying itself as the national party, nominated James Buchanan for president and John C. Breckinridge for vice president. Its platform supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act and noninterference with slavery. This election saw the emergence of a new, sectional party composed of ex-Whigs, Free-Soil Democrats, and antislavery groups. The Republican party opposed the extension of slavery and promised a free-labor society with expanded opportunities for white workers. It nominated military hero, John C. Frémont of California for president and William L. Dayton for vice president. The campaign centered around “ Bleeding Kansas .” The battle over the concept of popular sovereignty sharpened northern fears about the spread of slavery and southern worries about northern interference. The physical assault by Congressman Preston S. Brooks of South Carolina on Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts on the floor of the Senate heightened northern resentment of southern aggressiveness. Although the Democratic candidate, Buchanan, won with 174 electoral votes and 1,838,169 votes, the divided opposition gained more popular votes. The Republican party captured 1,335,264 votes and 114 in the electoral college, and the American party received 874,534 popular and 8 electoral votes. The Republicans’ impressive showing–carrying eleven of sixteen free states and 45 percent of northern ballots–left the South feeling vulnerable to attacks on slavery and fearful the Republicans would soon capture the government. 1860: Abraham Lincoln vs. Stephen Douglas vs. John C. Breckingridge vs. John Bell At the Republican convention, front-runner William H. Seward of New York faced insurmountable obstacles: conservatives feared his radical statements about an “irrepressible conflict” over slavery and a “higher law” than the Constitution, and radicals doubted his moral scruples. Hoping to carry moderate states like Illinois and Pennsylvania, the party nominated Abraham Lincoln of Illinois for president and Senator Hannibal Hamlin of Maine for vice president. The Republican platform called for a ban on slavery in the territories, internal improvements, a homestead act, a Pacific railroad, and a tariff. The Democratic convention, which met at Charleston, could not agree on a candidate, and most of the southern delegates bolted. Reconvening in Baltimore, the convention nominated Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois for president and Senator Herschel Johnson of Georgia for vice president. Southern Democrats then met separately and chose Vice President John Breckinridge of Kentucky and Senator Joseph Lane of Oregon as their candidates.Former Whigs and Know-Nothings formed the Constitutional Union party, nominating Senator John Bell of Tennessee and Edward Everett of Massachusetts. Their only platform was “the Constitution as it is and the Union as it is.” By carrying almost the entire North, Lincoln won in the electoral college with 180 votes to 72 for Breckinridge, 39 for Bell, and 12 for Douglas. Lincoln won a popular plurality of about 40 percent, leading the popular vote with 1,766,452 to 1,376,957 for Douglas, 849,781 for Breckinridge, and 588,879 for Bell. With the election of a sectional northern candidate, the Deep South seceded from the Union, followed within a few months by several states of the Upper South. 1864: Abraham Lincoln vs. George B. McClellan The contest in the midst of the Civil War pitted President Abraham Lincoln against Democrat George B. McClellan, the general who had commanded the Army of the Potomac until his indecision and delays caused Lincoln to remove him. The vice-presidential candidates were Andrew Johnson , Tennessee’s military governor who had refused to acknowledge his state’s secession, and Representative George Pendleton of Ohio . At first, Radical Republicans, fearing defeat, talked of ousting Lincoln in favor of the more ardently antislavery secretary of the treasury Salmon P. Chase , or Generals John C. Frémont or Benjamin F. Butler. But in the end they fell in behind the president. The Republicans attracted Democratic support by running as the Union party and putting Johnson, a pro-war Democrat, on the ticket. McClellan repudiated the Democratic platform’s call for peace, but he attacked Lincoln’s handling of the war. Lincoln won in a landslide, owing partly to a policy of letting soldiers go home to vote. But the military successes of Generals Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia and William T. Sherman in the Deep South were probably more important. He received 2,206,938 votes to McClellan’s 1,803,787. The electoral vote was 212 to 21. Democrats did better in state elections. 1868: Ulysses S. Grant vs. Horace Seymour In this contest, Republican Ulysses S. Grant opposed Horace Seymour, the Democratic governor of New York. Their respective running mates were Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax of Indiana and Francis P. Blair of Missouri. The Democrats attacked the Republican management of Reconstruction and black suffrage. Grant, a moderate on Reconstruction, was accused of military despotism and anti-Semitism, and Colfax, of nativism and possible corruption. Besides criticizing Seymour’s support for inflationary greenback currency and Blair’s reputed drunkenness and his opposition to Reconstruction, the Republicans questioned the wartime patriotism of all Democrats. Grant won the popular vote, 3,012,833 to 2,703,249, and carried the electoral college by 214 to 80. Seymour carried only eight states, but ran fairly well in many others, especially in the South. The election showed that despite his popularity as a military hero, Grant was not invincible. His margin of victory came from newly enfranchised southern freedmen, who supplied him with about 450,000 votes. The Democrats had named a weak ticket and attacked Reconstruction rather than pursuing economic issues, but revealed surprising strength. 1872: Ulysses S. Grant vs. Horace Greeley President Ulysses S. Grant ran against New YorkTribune editor Horace Greeley in 1872. Greeley headed an uneasy coalition of Democrats and liberal Republicans. Despite Greeley’s history of attacking Democrats, that party endorsed him for the sake of expediency. The vice-presidential candidates were Republican senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts and Governor B. Gratz Brown of Missouri. Disaffected by Grant administration corruption and the controversy over Reconstruction, Greeley ran on a platform of civil service reform, laissez-faire liberalism, and an end to Reconstruction. The Republicans came out for civil service reform and the protection of black rights. They attacked Greeley’s inconsistent record and his support of utopian socialism and Sylvester Graham’s dietary restrictions. Thomas Nast’s anti-Greeley cartoons in Harper’s Weekly attracted wide attention. Grant won the century’s biggest Republican popular majority, 3,597,132 to 2,834,125. The electoral college vote was 286 to 66. Actually, the result was more anti-Greeley than pro-Grant. 1876: Rutherford B. Hayes vs. Samuel Tilden In 1876 the Republican party nominated Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio for president and William A. Wheeler of New York for vice president. The Democratic candidates were Samuel J. Tilden of New York for president and Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana for vice president. Several minor parties, including the Prohibition party and the Greenback party, also ran candidates. The country was growing weary of Reconstruction policies, which kept federal troops stationed in several southern states. Moreover, the Grant administration was tainted by numerous scandals, which caused disaffection for the party among voters. In 1874 the House of Representatives had gone Democratic; political change was in the air. Samuel Tilden won the popular vote, receiving 4,284,020 votes to 4,036,572 for Hayes. In the electoral college Tilden was also ahead 184 to 165; both parties claimed the remaining 20 votes. The Democrats needed only 1 more vote to capture the presidency, but the Republicans needed all 20 contested electoral votes. Nineteen of them came from South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida–states that the Republicans still controlled. Protesting Democratic treatment of black voters, Republicans insisted that Hayes had carried those states but that Democratic electors had voted for Tilden. Two sets of election returns existed–one from the Democrats, one from the Republicans. Congress had to determine the authenticity of the disputed returns. Unable to decide, legislators established a fifteen-member commission composed of ten congressmen and five Supreme Court justices. The commission was supposed to be nonpartisan, but ultimately it consisted of eight Republicans and seven Democrats. The final decision was to be rendered by the commission unless both the Senate and the House rejected it. The commission accepted the Republican vote in each state. The House disagreed, but the Senate concurred, and Hayes and Wheeler were declared president and vice president. In the aftermath of the commission’s decision, the federal troops that remained in the South were withdrawn, and southern leaders made vague promises regarding the rights of the 4 million African-Americans living in the region. 1880: James A. Garfield vs. Winfield Scott Hancock The election of 1880 was as rich in partisan wrangling as it was lacking in major issues. Factional rivalry in the Republican party between New York senator Roscoe Conkling’s Stalwarts and Half-Breed followers of James G. Blaine resulted in a convention in which neither Blaine nor the Stalwart choice, former president Ulysses S. Grant, could gain the nomination. On the thirty-sixth ballot, a compromise choice, Senator James A. Garfield of Ohio, was nominated. Stalwart Chester A. Arthur of New York was chosen as his running mate to mollify Conkling’s followers. The Democrats selected Civil War general Winfield Scott Hancock , a man of modest abilities, because he was less controversial than party leaders like Samuel Tilden, Senator Thomas Bayard, or Speaker of the House Samuel Randall. Former Indiana congressman William English served as Hancock’s running mate. In their platforms, both parties equivocated on the currency issue and unenthusiastically endorsed civil service reform, while supporting generous pensions for veterans and the exclusion of Chinese immigrants. The Republicans called for protective tariffs; the Democrats favored tariffs “for revenue only.” In the campaign, Republicans “waved the bloody shirt,” ridiculed Hancock for referring to the tariff as a “local question,” and quite possibly purchased their narrow but crucial victory in Indiana. Democrats attacked Garfield’s ties to the Crédit Mobilier scandal and circulated the forged “Morey Letter” that “proved” he was soft on Chinese exclusion. Turnout was high on election day (78.4 percent), but the result was one of the closest in history. Garfield carried the electoral college, 214-155, but his popular majority was less than 10,000 (4,454,416 to Hancock’s 4,444,952). Greenback-Labor candidate James Weaver garnered 308,578 votes. Outside the southern and border states, Hancock carried only New Jersey, Nevada , and 5 of 6 California electoral votes. 1884: Grover Cleveland vs. James G. Blaine This race, marred by negative campaigning and corruption, ended in the election of the first Democratic president since 1856. The Republicans split into three camps: dissident reformers, called the Mugwumps, who were opposed to party and government graft; Stalwarts, Ulysses S. Grant supporters who had fought civil service reform; and Half-Breeds, moderate reformers and high-tariff men loyal to the party. The Republicans nominated James G. Blaine of Maine, a charismatic former congressman and secretary of state popular for his protectionism, but of doubtful honesty because of his role in the scandal of the “Mulligan letters” in the 1870s. His running mate was one of his opponents, Senator John Logan of Illinois. This gave Democrats a chance to name a ticket popular in New York, where Stalwart senator Roscoe Conkling had a long-running feud with Blaine, and they took advantage of it. They chose New York governor Grover Cleveland , a fiscal conservative and civil service reformer, for president and Senator Thomas Hendricks of Indiana for vice president. The campaign was vicious. The Republican reformers and the traditionally Republican New York Times opposed Blaine. When it became known that Cleveland, a bachelor, had fathered a child out of wedlock, Republicans chanted “Ma! Ma! Where’s my pa? Gone to the White House, Ha! Ha! Ha!” But the furor died down when Cleveland acknowledged his paternity and showed that he contributed to the child’s support. Blaine alienated a huge bloc of votes by not repudiating the Reverend Samuel Burchard, who, with Blaine in attendance, called the Democrats the party of “Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion.” Cleveland defeated Blaine by a very close margin, 4,911,017 to 4,848,334; the vote in the electoral college was 219 to 182, with New York’s 36 votes turning the tide. 1888: Benjamin Harrison vs. Grover Cleveland In 1888 the Democratic party nominated President Grover Cleveland and chose Allen G. Thurman of Ohio as his running mate, replacing Vice President Thomas Hendricks who had died in office. After eight ballots, the Republican party chose Benjamin Harrison , former senator from Indiana and the grandson of President William Henry Harrison. Levi P. Morton of New York was the vice-presidential nominee. In the popular vote for president, Cleveland won with 5,540,050 votes to Harrison’s 5,444,337. But Harrison received more votes in the electoral college, 233 to Cleveland’s 168, and was therefore elected. The Republicans carried New York, President Cleveland’s political base. The campaign of 1888 helped establish the Republicans as the party of high tariffs, which most Democrats, heavily supported by southern farmers, opposed. But memories of the Civil War also figured heavily in the election. Northern veterans, organized in the Grand Army of the Republic, had been angered by Cleveland’s veto of pension legislation and his decision to return Confederate battle flags. 1892: Grover Cleveland vs. Benjamin Harrison vs. James B. Weaver The Republican party in 1892 nominated President Benjamin Harrison and replaced Vice President Levi P. Morton with Whitelaw Reid of New York. The Democrats also selected the familiar: former president Grover Cleveland and Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois. The Populist, or People’s party, fielding candidates for the first time, nominated Gen. James B. Weaver of Iowa and James G. Field of Virginia. The main difference between the Republicans and the Democrats in 1892 was their position on the tariff. The Republicans supported ever-increasing rates, whereas a substantial wing of the Democratic party pushed through a platform plank that demanded import taxes for revenue only. The Populists called for government ownership of the railroads and monetary reform, confronting these issues in a way the two major parties did not. Cleveland, avenging his defeat of 1888, won the presidency, receiving 5,554,414 popular votes to Harrison’s 5,190,801. Weaver and the Populists received 1,027,329. In the electoral college Cleveland, carrying the swing states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Indiana, garnered 277 votes to Harrison’s 145. 1896: William McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan vs. Thomas Watson vs. John Palmer In 1896 the Republican nominee for president was Representative William McKinley of Ohio, a “sound money” man and a strong supporter of high tariffs. His running mate was Garret A. Hobart of New Jersey. The party’s platform stressed adherence to the gold standard; western delegates bolted, forming the Silver Republican party. The Democratic party platform was critical of President Grover Cleveland and endorsed the coinage of silver at a ratio of sixteen to one. William Jennings Bryan , a former congressman from Nebraska, spoke at the convention in support of the platform, proclaiming, “You shall not crucify mankind on a cross of gold.” The enthusiastic response of the convention to Bryan’s Cross of Gold speech secured his hold on the presidential nomination. His running mate was Arthur Sewall of Maine. The Populists supported Bryan but nominated Thomas Watson of Georgia for vice president. Silver Republicans supported the Democratic nominee, and the newly formed Gold Democrats nominated John M. Palmer of Illinois for president and Simon B. Buckner of Kentucky for vice president. Bryan toured the country, stressing his support for silver coinage as a solution for economically disadvantaged American farmers and calling for a relaxation of credit and regulation of the railroads. McKinley remained at home and underscored the Republican commitment to the gold standard and protectionism. The Republican campaign, heavily financed by corporate interests, successfully portrayed Bryan and the Populists as radicals. William McKinley won, receiving 7,102,246 popular votes to Bryan’s 6,502,925. The electoral college votes were 271 to 176. Bryan did not carry any northern industrial states, and the agricultural states of Iowa, Minnesota , and North Dakota also went Republican. 1900: William McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan In 1900 the Republicans nominated President William McKinley. Since Vice President Garret A. Hobart had died in office, Governor Theodore Roosevelt of New York received the vice-presidential nomination. The Democratic candidates were William Jennings Bryan of Nebraska for president and Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois for vice president. Bryan campaigned as an anti-imperialist, denouncing the country’s involvement in the Philippines. Delivering over six hundred speeches in twenty-four states, he also persisted in his crusade for the free coinage of silver. McKinley did not actively campaign, relying on the revival of the economy that had occurred during his first term. In the election McKinley won wide support from business interests. Bryan was unable to expand his agrarian base to include northern labor, which approved of McKinley’s commitment to protective tariffs. Foreign policy questions proved unimportant to most voters. McKinley was elected, receiving 7,219,530 popular votes to Bryan’s 6,358,071. In the electoral college the vote was 292 to 155. 1904: Theodore Roosevelt vs. Alton Parker This race confirmed the popularity of Theodore Roosevelt, who had become president when McKinley was assassinated, and moved Democrats away from bimetallism and toward progressivism. Some Republicans deemed Roosevelt too liberal and flirted with nominating Marcus A. Hanna of Ohio, who had been William McKinley’s closest political adviser. But the party easily nominated Roosevelt for a term in his own right and Senator Charles Fairbanks of Indiana for vice president. Democrats divided again over gold and silver, but this time gold won out. The party nominated conservative, colorless New York Court of Appeals judge Alton Parker for president and former senator Henry Davis of West Virginia for vice president. Parker and his campaign attacked Roosevelt for his antitrust policies and for accepting contributions from big business. His having invited Booker T. Washington for a meal at the White House was also used against him. William Jennings Bryan overcame his distaste for Parker and his supporters and campaigned in the Midwest and West for the ticket. Playing down bimetallism, he stressed moving the party toward more progressive stances. Parker gained some support from the South, but Roosevelt won 7,628,461 popular votes to Parker’s 5,084,223. He carried the electoral college, 336 to 140, with only the South going Democratic. 1908: William Howard Taft vs. William Jennings Bryan After Theodore Roosevelt declined to run for reelection in 1908, the Republican convention nominated Secretary of War William Howard Taft for president and Representative James Schoolcraft Sherman of New York as his running mate. The Democrats chose William Jennings Bryan for president for the third time; his running mate was John Kern of Indiana. The predominant campaign issue was Roosevelt. His record as a reformer countered Bryan’s reformist reputation, and Taft promised to carry on Roosevelt’s policies. Business leaders campaigned for Taft. In the election Taft received 7,679,006 popular votes to Bryan’s 6,409,106. Taft’s margin in the electoral college was 321 to 162. 1912: Woodrow Wilson vs. William Howard Taft vs. Theodore Roosevelt vs. Eugene V. Debs In 1912, angered over what he felt was the betrayal of his policies by his hand-picked successor, President William Howard Taft, former president Theodore Roosevelt sought the Republican nomination. When the party chose Taft and Vice President James Sherman at the convention, Roosevelt bolted and formed the Progressive party, or Bull Moose party. His running mate was Governor Hiram Johnson of California. After forty-six ballots the Democratic convention nominated New Jersey governor Woodrow Wilson for president and Thomas R. Marshall of Indiana for vice president. For the fourth time the Socialist party nominated Eugene V. Debs for president. During the campaign Roosevelt and Wilson attracted most of the attention. They offered the voters two brands of progressivism. Wilson’s New Freedom promoted antimonopoly policies and a return to small-scale business. Roosevelt’s New Nationalism called for an interventionist state with strong regulatory powers. In the election Wilson received 6,293,120 to Roosevelt’s 4,119,582, Taft’s 3,485,082, and nearly 900,000 for Debs. In the electoral college Wilson’s victory was lopsided: 435 to 88 for Roosevelt and 8 for Taft. The combined vote for Taft and Roosevelt indicated that if the Republican party had not split, they would have won the presidency; the total cast for Wilson, Roosevelt, and Debs spoke to the people’s endorsement of progressive reform. 1916: Woodrow Wilson vs. Charles Evans Hughs In 1916 the Progressive party convention tried to nominate Theodore Roosevelt again, but Roosevelt, seeking to reunify the Republicans, convinced the convention to support the Republican choice, Associate Justice Charles Evans Hughes . The Republicans selected Charles Fairbanks of Indiana as Hughes’s running mate, but the Progressives nominated John M. Parker of Louisiana for vice president. The Democrats renominated President Woodrow Wilson and Vice President Thomas R. Marshall. The Democrats stressed the fact that Wilson had kept the nation out of the European war, but Wilson was ambiguous about his ability to continue to do so. The election was close. Wilson received 9,129,606 votes to Hughes’s 8,538,221. Wilson also obtained a slim margin in the electoral college, winning 277 to 254. 1920: Warren G. Harding vs. James M. Cox vs. Eugene V. Debs After a generation of progressive insurgency within the Republican party, it returned in 1920 to a conservative stance. The party’s choice for president was Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio, a political insider. Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts, best known for his tough handling of the Boston police strike of 1919, was the vice-presidential nominee. The Democratic party nominated James M. Cox, governor of Ohio, and Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York, assistant secretary of the navy in the Wilson administration. Democratic chances were weakened by President Woodrow Wilson’s having suffered a stroke in 1919 and his failure to obtain ratification of the League of Nations treaty. The Socialist party nominated Eugene V. Debs, imprisoned for his opposition to World War I , and Seymour Stedman of Ohio. A bedridden Wilson hoped the 1920 election would be a referendum on his League of Nations, but that issue was probably not decisive. If anything, the election was a strong rejection of President Wilson and an endorsement of the Republican candidate’s call for a “return to normalcy.” Harding’s victory was decisive: 16,152,200 popular votes to Cox’s 9,147,353. In the electoral college only the South went for Cox. Harding won by 404 to 127. Although still in prison, Debs received more than 900,000 votes. 1924: Calvin Coolidge vs. Robert M. LaFollette vs. Burton K. Wheeler vs. John W. Davis The Republican nominees for president and vice president in 1924 were President Calvin Coolidge and Charles G. Dawes of Illinois. President Warren G. Harding had died in 1923. Disaffected progressive Republicans met under the auspices of the Conference for Progressive Political Action and nominated Robert M. La Follette for president. The new Progressive party chose Senator Burton K. Wheeler of Montana for vice president. The platform called for higher taxes on the wealthy, conservation, direct election of the president, and the ending of child labor. In choosing their candidates the Democrats were faced with polar opposites. Alfred E. Smith of New York was the epitome of the urban machine politician, and he was also Catholic; William G. McAdoo was a Protestant popular in the South and West. A deadlock developed; on the 103rd ballot the delegates finally settled on John W. Davis, a corporation lawyer, and Charles W. Bryan of Nebraska, the brother of William Jennings Bryan. The Republicans won easily; Coolidge’s popular vote, 15,725,016, was greater than that of Davis, 8,385,586, and La Follette, 4,822,856, combined. Coolidge received 382 electoral votes to Davis’s 136. La Follette carried only his home state, Wisconsin , with 13 electoral votes. 1928: Herbert Hoover vs. Alfred E. Smith The Republican presidential nominee in 1928 was Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover of California. Charles Curtis of Kansas was his running mate. The Democrats nominated Alfred E. Smith, governor of New York, and Senator Joseph T. Robinson of Arkansas . The Eighteenth Amendment (Prohibition) and religion–Al Smith was Catholic–dominated a campaign that was marked by anti-Catholicism. Hoover firmly supported Prohibition, whereas Smith, an avowed wet, favored repeal. Many Americans found the urban and cultural groups that the cigar-smoking Smith epitomized frightening; Hoover seemed to stand for old-fashioned rural values. The Republican campaign slogan promised the people “a chicken for every pot and a car in every garage.” The election produced a high voter turnout. The Republicans swept the electoral college, 444 to 87, and Hoover’s popular majority was substantial: 21,392,190 to Smith’s 15,016,443. The Democrats, however, carried the country’s twelve largest cities; the support for Smith in urban America heralded the major political shift to come. 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt vs. Herbert Hoover In 1932, the third year of the Great Depression, the Republican party nominated President Herbert Hoover and Vice President Charles Curtis. Although Hoover had tried to respond to the crisis, his belief in voluntarism limited his options. The Democratic party nominated Franklin D. Roosevelt, the governor of New York, for president and Senator John Nance Garner of Texas for vice president. The platform called for the repeal of Prohibition and a reduction in federal spending. During the campaign Hoover defended his record, his commitment to a balanced budget, and the gold standard–a backward-looking stance, given that the number of unemployed stood at 13 million. Roosevelt made few specific proposals, but his tone and demeanor were positive and forward-looking. The Democrats won the election in a landslide. Roosevelt received 22,809,638 popular votes to the president’s 15,758,901 and took the electoral college by 472 votes to 59. The voters’ rejection of Hoover and his party extended to both houses of Congress, which the Democrats now controlled. 1936: Franklin D. Roosevelt vs. Alfred M. Landon In 1936 the Democratic party nominated President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Vice President John Nance Garner. The Republican party, strongly opposed to the New Deal and “big government,” chose Governor Alfred M. Landon of Kansas and Fred Knox of Illinois. The 1936 presidential campaign focused on class to an unusual extent for American politics. Conservative Democrats such as Alfred E. Smith supported Landon. Eighty percent of newspapers endorsed the Republicans, accusing Roosevelt of imposing a centralized economy. Most businesspeople charged the New Deal with trying to destroy American individualism and threatening the nation’s liberty. But Roosevelt appealed to a coalition of western and southern farmers, industrial workers, urban ethnic voters, and reform-minded intellectuals. African-American voters, historically Republican, switched to fdr in record numbers. In a referendum on the emerging welfare state, the Democratic party won in a landslide–27,751,612 popular votes for fdr to only 16,681,913 for Landon. The Republicans carried two states–Maine and Vermont–for 8 electoral votes; Roosevelt received the remaining 523. The unprecedented success of fdr in 1936 marked the beginning of a long period of Democratic party dominance. 1940: Franklin D. Roosevelt vs. Wendall L. Wilkie In 1940 President Franklin D. Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term by a margin of nearly 5 million: 27,244,160 popular votes to Republican Wendell L. Willkie’s 22,305,198. The president carried the electoral college, 449 to 82. The new vice president was Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace, chosen by the Democrats to replace the two-term vice president John Nance Garner who no longer agreed with Roosevelt about anything. Charles A. McNary was the Republican candidate for vice president. The major issue facing the American people in 1940 was World War II . This fact had determined the Republican choice of Willkie, who was a liberal internationalist running as the candidate of a conservative isolationist party. Although Willkie did not disagree with Roosevelt on foreign policy, the country chose to stay with an experienced leader. 1944: Franklin D. Roosevelt vs. Thomas E. Dewey By the beginning of 1944, in the middle of World War II, it was clear that President Franklin D. Roosevelt planned to run for a fourth term, and this shaped the coming campaign. Democratic party regulars disliked Vice President Henry A. Wallace; eventually they persuaded Roosevelt to replace him with Senator Harry S. Truman of Missouri.Although Wendell Willkie, the nominee in 1940, was initially the front-runner in the Republican race, the party returned to its traditional base, choosing conservative governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York. Republicans had hoped that Governor Earl Warren of California would accept the vice-presidential nomination, but he declined. The party then turned to John W. Bricker. The president won reelection with results that were similar to those of 1940: 25,602,504 people voted for Roosevelt and Truman, and 22,006,285 voters gave their support to Dewey. The electoral vote was 432 to 99. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the issue in 1944: his health–the sixty-two-year-old suffered from heart disease and high blood pressure–his competence as an administrator, and his stand on communism and the shape of the postwar world. At issue also was whether any president should serve four terms. The Democrats and the president were vulnerable on all these points, but the American people once again chose the familiar in a time of crisis: “Don’t change horses in midstream” was a familiar slogan in the campaign. 1948: Harry Truman vs. Thomas E. Dewey vs. Strom Thurmond vs. Henry Wallace President Harry S. Truman, who had succeeded President Roosevelt after his death in 1945, stood for reelection on the Democratic ticket with Alben Barkley of Kentucky as his running mate. When the Democratic convention adopted a strong civil rights plank, southern delegates walked out and formed the States’ Rights party. The Dixiecrats, as they were called, nominated Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina for president and Fielding Wright for vice president. A new left-leaning Progressive party nominated former vice president Henry A. Wallace of Iowa for president with Glen Taylor, a senator from Idaho , as his running mate. The Republican slate consisted of two prominent governors: Thomas E. Dewey of New York and Earl Warren of California. Although polls and conventional wisdom predicted a Dewey victory, Truman campaigned vigorously as the underdog, making a famous whistle-stop tour of the country aboard a special train. Results were uncertain to the last minute. A well-known photograph shows Truman the day after the election smiling broadly and holding aloft a newspaper with the headline dewey wins! The paper was wrong: Truman had received 24,105,812 popular votes, or 49.5 percent of the total; Dewey, 21,970,065, or 45.1 percent. Thurmond and Wallace each received about 1.2 million votes. The Democratic victory in the electoral college was more substantial: Truman beat Dewey 303 to 189; Thurmond received 39 votes, and Wallace none. 1952: Dwight D. Eisenhower vs. Adlai E. Stevenson When President Harry S. Truman declined to run for a third term, the Democratic convention nominated Governor Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois for president on the third ballot. Senator John Sparkman of Alabama was chosen as his running mate. The Republican fight for the nomination was a conflict between the isolationists, represented by Senator Robert Taft of Ohio, and the more liberal internationalists, who backed World War II general Dwight D. Eisenhower , then president of Columbia University. Eisenhower won the nomination. Richard M. Nixon , an anticommunist senator from California, was the vice-presidential candidate. Popular discontent with Truman’s handling of the Korean War , charges of corruption in his administration, an inflationary economy, and a perceived communist threat worked against Stevenson. He was also confronted with Eisenhower’s immense personal popularity–i like ike! the campaign buttons proclaimed–and the voters’ belief that he would swiftly end the war. A scandal regarding Nixon’s campaign fund threatened briefly to cost him his place on the ticket. But an emotional speech he delivered on television featuring his wife’s “good Republican cloth coat” and his dog, Checkers, saved him. Eisenhower’s victory was the largest of any candidate’s to that time: he received 33,936,234 popular votes and 442 electoral votes to Stevenson’s 27,314,992 popular votes and 89 electoral votes. 1956: Dwight D. Eisenhower vs. Adlai E. Stevenson Despite suffering a heart attack and abdominal surgery during his first term, President Dwight D. Eisenhower was nominated by the Republicans for a second term without opposition. Although Richard M. Nixon had been a controversial vice president and many Republicans felt he was a liability, he was also renominated. For the second time the Democrats chose former governor Adlai E. Stevenson of Illinois; his running mate was Estes Kefauver of Tennessee. Foreign policy dominated the campaign. Eisenhower claimed responsibility for the country’s being prosperous and at peace; Stevenson proposed ending the draft and halting nuclear testing. The Suez Canal crisis, occurring in the final weeks of the campaign, created a sense of emergency, and the country responded by voting strongly against change. Eisenhower won with 35,590,472 votes to Stevenson’s 26,022,752. His margin was 457 to 73 in the electoral college. 1960: John F. Kennedy vs. Richard M. Nixon In 1960 the Democratic party nominated John F. Kennedy , a senator from Massachusetts, for president. Senator Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas was his running mate. The Republicans nominated Vice President Richard M. Nixon to succeed Dwight D. Eisenhower, who was prohibited from running for a third term by the recently adopted Twenty-second Amendment. The Republican nominee for vice president was Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., of Massachusetts. Although much of the campaign centered on style rather than substance, Kennedy stressed what he claimed was a “missile gap” between the United States and the Soviet Union. Kennedy was Catholic, and though religion was not a major issue, it had considerable influence on many voters. Kennedy won the presidency by a popular margin of less than 120,000, receiving 34,227,096 votes to Nixon’s 34,107,646. The race was not as close in the electoral college where Kennedy got 303 votes to Nixon’s 219. Kennedy was the first Catholic and the youngest person to be elected president. 1964: Lyndon B. Johnson vs. Barry Goldwater The Democrats nominated Lyndon B. Johnson who had succeeded to the presidency upon the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Johnson, the first president from the South since Andrew Johnson, had been Democratic leader of the Senate. Senator Hubert H. Humphrey of Minnesota, a longtime liberal, was nominated as Johnson’s running mate. The Republicans chose Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona for president and Congressman William E. Miller of New York for vice president. In the campaign, conducted in the midst of the escalating Vietnam War , Goldwater, an ultraconservative, called for the bombing of North Vietnam and implied that the Social Security system should be dismantled. President Johnson campaigned on a platform of social reform that would incorporate Kennedy’s New Frontier proposals. Despite the country’s deepening involvement in Vietnam, the president also campaigned as the candidate of peace against the militaristic Goldwater. Johnson won a decisive victory, polling 43,128,958 popular votes to 27,176,873 for Goldwater. In the electoral college he received 486 votes to Goldwater’s 52. 1968: Richard M. Nixon vs. Hubert Humphrey vs. George Wallace The Vietnam War, the civil rights movement, and protests tied to both combined in a tumultuous year to cause a tight, unusual election closely linked to these issues. Opposition to the war moved Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota to enter the Democratic race, followed by Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York, both with strong support from liberal constituencies. On March 31, 1968, in the wake of the Tet offensive, President Lyndon B. Johnson announced that he would not seek reelection. This prompted Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey to announce his candidacy. Kennedy won the California primary, but immediately thereafter, he was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan. Humphrey then pulled ahead and was nominated for president, with Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine for vice president. The party convention in Chicago was marred by bloody clashes between antiwar protesters and the local police. In comparison, the Republican race was less complicated. Former vice president Richard M. Nixon completed his political comeback by winning the presidential nomination. He chose Governor Spiro Agnew of Maryland as his running mate. The conservative American Independent party nominated Governor George Wallace of Alabama, a segregationist, for president, and Air Force general Curtis LeMay of Ohio, who advocated using nuclear weapons in Vietnam, for vice president. Nixon campaigned for law and order and said he had a “secret plan” to end the war. Wallace was highly critical of Supreme Court decisions that had broadened the Bill of Rights and of Great Society programs to rebuild the inner cities and enforce civil rights for blacks. Humphrey supported most of Johnson’s policies, but late in the campaign he announced he would seek to end American involvement in Vietnam. It was not quite enough to overcome Nixon’s lead in the polls. Nixon received 31,710,470 popular votes to 30,898,055 for Humphrey and 9,466,167 for Wallace. Nixon’s victory in the electoral college was wider: 302 to 191 for Humphrey and 46 for Wallace, the latter from the South. 1972: Richard M. Nixon vs. George McGovern In 1972 the Republicans nominated President Richard M. Nixon and Vice President Spiro Agnew. The Democrats, still split over the war in Vietnam, chose a presidential candidate of liberal persuasion, Senator George McGovern of South Dakota . Senator Thomas F. Eagleton of Missouri was the vice-presidential choice, but after it was revealed that he had once received electric shock and other psychiatric treatments, he resigned from the ticket. McGovern named Sargent Shriver, director of the Peace Corps, as his replacement. The campaign focused on the prospect of peace in Vietnam and an upsurge in the economy. Unemployment had leveled off and the inflation rate was declining. Two weeks before the November election, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger predicted inaccurately that the war in Vietnam would soon be over. During the campaign, a break-in occurred at Democratic National Headquarters in the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. , but it had little impact until after the election. The campaign ended in one of the greatest landslides in the nation’s history. Nixon’s popular vote was 47,169,911 to McGovern’s 29,170,383, and the Republican victory in the electoral college was even more lopsided–520 to 17. Only Massachusetts gave its votes to McGovern. 1976: Jimmy Carter vs. Gerald Ford In 1976 the Democratic party nominated former governor Jimmy Carter of Georgia for president and Senator Walter Mondale of Minnesota for vice president. The Republicans chose President Gerald Ford and Senator Robert Dole of Kansas. Richard M. Nixon had appointed Ford, a congressman from Michigan, as vice president to replace Spiro Agnew, who had resigned amid charges of corruption. Ford became president when Nixon resigned after the House Judiciary Committee voted three articles of impeachment because of his involvement in an attempted cover-up of the politically inspired Watergate break-in. In the campaign, Carter ran as an outsider, independent of Washington, which was now in disrepute. Ford tried to justify his pardoning Nixon for any crimes he might have committed during the cover-up, as well as to overcome the disgrace many thought the Republicans had brought to the presidency. Carter and Mondale won a narrow victory, 40,828,587 popular votes to 39,147,613 and 297 electoral votes to 241. The Democratic victory ended eight years of divided government; the party now controlled both the White House and Congress. 1980: Ronald Reagan vs. Jimmy Carter vs. John B. Anderson In 1980 President Jimmy Carter was opposed for the Democratic nomination by Senator Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts in ten primaries. But Carter easily won the nomination at the Democratic convention. The party also renominated Walter Mondale for vice president. Ronald Reagan , former governor of California, received the Republican nomination, and his chief challenger, George Bush , became the vice-presidential nominee. Representative John B. Anderson of Illinois, who had also sought the nomination, ran as an independent with Patrick J. Lucey, former Democratic governor of Wisconsin, as his running mate. The two major issues of the campaign were the economy and the Iranian hostage crisis. President Carter seemed unable to control inflation and had not succeeded in obtaining the release of American hostages in Tehran before the election. Reagan won a landslide victory, and Republicans also gained control of the Senate for the first time in twenty-five years. Reagan received 43,904,153 popular votes in the election, and Carter, 35,483,883. Reagan won 489 votes in the electoral college to Carter’s 49. John Anderson won no electoral votes, but got 5,720,060 popular votes. 1984: Ronald Reagan vs. Walter Mondale In 1984 the Republicans renominated Ronald Reagan and George Bush. Former vice president Walter Mondale was the Democratic choice, having turned aside challenges from Senator Gary Hart of Colorado and the Reverend Jesse Jackson . Jackson, an African-American, sought to move the party to the left. Mondale chose Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York for his running mate. This was the first time a major party nominated a woman for one of the top offices. Peace and prosperity, despite massive budget deficits, ensured Reagan’s victory. Gary Hart had portrayed Mondale as a candidate of the “special interests,” and the Republicans did so as well. Ferraro’s nomination did not overcome a perceived gender gap–56 percent of the women voting chose Reagan. Reagan won a decisive victory, carrying all states except Minnesota, Mondale’s home state, and the District of Columbia. He received 54,455,074 popular votes to Mondale’s total of 37,577,185. In the electoral college the count was Reagan, 525, and Mondale, 13. 1988: George H.W. Bush vs. Michael Dukakis Although Vice President George Bush faced some opposition in the primaries from Senator Robert Dole of Kansas in 1988, he won the Republican nomination by acclamation. He chose Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate. The Democrats nominated Michael Dukakis, governor of Massachusetts, for president and Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas for vice president. Dukakis had faced strong competition in the primaries, including the Reverend Jesse Jackson and Senator Gary Hart of Colorado. Hart withdrew from the race following revelations about an extramarital affair, and party regulars and political pundits perceived Jackson, a liberal and an African-American, as unlikely to win the general election. Once again the Republicans were in the enviable situation of running during a time of relative tranquillity and economic stability. After a campaign featuring controversial television ads, Bush and Quayle won 48,886,097 popular votes to 41,809,074 for Dukakis and Bentsen and carried the electoral college, 426 to 111. 1992: Bill Clinton vs. George H.W. Bush vs. H. Ross Perot In 1991 incumbent President George H. W. Bush’s approval ratings reached 88 percent, the highest in presidential history up to that point. But by 1992, his ratings had sunk, and Bush became the fourth sitting U.S. president to lose re-election. In the summer of 1992 Ross Perot led the polls with 39 percent of voter support. Although Perot came in a distant third, he was still the most successful third-party candidate since Theodore Roosevelt in 1912. Popular Vote: 44,908,254 (Clinton) to 39,102,343 (Bush) Electoral College : 370 (Clinton) to 168 (Bush) 1996: Bill Clinton vs. Robert Dole vs. H. Ross Perot vs. Ralph Nader Although Clinton won a decisive victory, he carried a mere four Southern states, signaling a decline in Southern support for Democrats who historically could count on the area as an electoral stronghold. Later, in the elections of 2000 and 2004, Democrats did not carry a single Southern state. The 1996 election was the most lavishly funded up to that point. The combined amount spent by the two major parties for all federal candidates topped $2 billion, which was 33 percent more than what was spent in 1992. During this election the Democratic National Committee was accused of accepting donations from Chinese contributors. Non-American citizens are forbidden by law from donating to U.S. politicians, and 17 people were later convicted for the activity. Popular Vote: 45,590,703 (Clinton) to 37,816,307 (Dole)Electoral College: 379 (Clinton) to 159 (Dole) 2000: George W. Bush vs. Al Gore vs. Ralph Nader The 2000 election was the fourth election in U.S. history in which the winner of the electoral votes did not carry the popular vote. It was the first such election since 1888, when Benjamin Harris became president after winning more electoral votes but losing the popular vote to Grover Cleveland. Gore conceded on election night but retracted his concession the next day when he learned that the vote in Florida was too close to call. Florida began a recount, but the U.S. Supreme Court eventually ruled the recount unconstitutional. Political activist Ralph Nader ran on the Green Party ticket and captured 2.7 percent of the vote. Popular Vote: 50,996,582 (Gore) to 50,465,062 (Bush)Electoral College: 271 (Bush) to 266 (Gore) 2004: George W. Bush vs. John Kerry Total voter turnout for the 2004 presidential election numbered at about 120 million, an impressive 15 million increase from the 2000 vote. After the bitterly contested election of 2000, many were poised for a similar election battle in 2004. Although there were reported irregularities in Ohio, a recount confirmed the original vote counts with nominal differences that did not affect the final outcome. Former Vermont governor Howard Dean was the expected Democratic candidate but lost support during the primaries. There was speculation that he sealed his fate when he let out a deep, guttural yell in front of a rally of supporters, which became known as the “I Have a Scream” speech, because it was delivered on Martin Luther King Day. Popular Vote: 60,693,281 (Bush) to 57,355,978 (Kerry)Electoral College: 286 (Bush) to 251 (Kerry) 2008: Barack Obama vs. John McCain In this historic election, Barack Obama became the first African-American to become president. With the Obama/Biden win, Biden became the first-ever Roman Catholic vice president. Had the McCain/Palin ticket won, John McCain would have been the oldest president in history, and Sarah Palin would have been the first woman vice president. Popular Vote: 69,297,997 (Obama) to 59,597,520 (McCain)Electoral College: 365 (Obama) to 173 (McCain) 2012: Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney Romney, the first Mormon to receive a major party’s nomination, fought off a number of Republican challengers in the primary, while the incumbent Obama faced no intra-party challenges. The election, the first waged following the “Citizens United” Supreme Court decision that allowed for increased political contributions, cost more than $2.6 billion, with the two major party candidates spending close to $1.12 billion that cycle. Popular Vote: 65,915,795 (Obama) to 60,933,504 (Romney). Electoral College: 332 (Obama) to 206 (Romney). Access hundreds of hours of historical video, commercial free, with HISTORY Vault . Start your free trial today. Tags	John Adams
On this day in 1993 (4th Aug.), two Los Angeles police officers were sentenced to jail for their brutal assault of which African-American motorist?	Thomas Jefferson - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com Thomas Jefferson A+E Networks Introduction Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), author of the Declaration of Independence and the third U.S. president, was a leading figure in America’s early development. During the American Revolutionary War (1775-83), Jefferson served in the Virginia legislature and the Continental Congress and was governor of Virginia. He later served as U.S. minister to France and U.S. secretary of state, and was vice president under John Adams (1735-1826). Jefferson, who thought the national government should have a limited role in citizens’ lives, was elected president in 1800. During his two terms in office (1801-1809), the U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory and Lewis and Clark explored the vast new acquisition. Although Jefferson promoted individual liberty, he was also a slaveowner. After leaving office, he retired to his Virginia plantation, Monticello, and helped found the University of Virginia. Google Thomas Jefferson’s Early Years Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743, at Shadwell, a plantation on a large tract of land near present-day Charlottesville, Virginia . His father, Peter Jefferson (1707/08-57), was a successful planter and surveyor and his mother, Jane Randolph Jefferson (1720-76), came from a prominent Virginia family. Thomas was their third child and eldest son; he had six sisters and one surviving brother. Did You Know? In 1815, Jefferson sold his 6,700-volume personal library to Congress for $23,950 to replace books lost when the British burned the U.S. Capitol, which housed the Library of Congress, during the War of 1812. Jefferson's books formed the foundation of the rebuilt Library of Congress's collections In 1762, Jefferson graduated from the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, where he reportedly enjoyed studying for 15 hours then practicing violin for several more hours on a daily basis. He went on to study law under the tutelage of a respected Virginia attorney (there were no official law schools in America at the time), and began working as a lawyer in 1767. As a member of colonial Virginia’s House of Burgesses from 1769 to 1775, Jefferson, who was known for his reserved manner, gained recognition for penning a pamphlet, “A Summary View of the Rights of British America” (1774), which declared that the British Parliament had no right to exercise authority over the American colonies. Marriage and Monticello After his father died when Jefferson was a teen, the future president inherited the Shadwell property. In 1768, Jefferson began clearing a mountaintop on the land, in preparation for the elegant brick mansion he would construct there called Monticello (“little mountain” in Italian). Jefferson, who had a keen interest in architecture and gardening, designed the home and its elaborate gardens himself. Over the course of his life, he remodeled and expanded Monticello and filled it with art, fine furnishings and interesting gadgets and architectural details. He kept records of everything that happened at the 5,000-acre plantation, including daily weather reports, a gardening journal and notes about his slaves and animals. On January 1, 1772, Jefferson married Martha Wayles Skelton (1748-82), a young widow. The couple moved to Monticello and eventually had six children; only two daughters–Martha (1772-1836) and Mary (1778-1804)–survived into adulthood. In 1782, Jefferson’s wife Martha died at age 33 following complications from child-birth. Jefferson was distraught and never remarried. However, it is believed he fathered more children with one of his slaves, Sally Hemmings (1773-1835). Slavery was a contradictory issue in Jefferson’s life. Although he was an advocate for individual liberty and at one point promoted a plan for gradual emancipation of slaves in America, he owned slaves throughout his life. Additionally, while he wrote in the Declaration of Independence that “all men are created equal,” he believed African Americans were biologically inferior to whites and thought the two races could not co-exist peacefully in freedom. Jefferson inherited some 175 slaves from his father and father-in-law and owned an estimated 600 slaves over the course of his life. He freed only a small number of them in his will; the majority were sold following his death. Thomas Jefferson and the American Revolution In 1775, with the American Revolutionary War recently under way, Jefferson was selected as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress. Although not known as a great public speaker, he was a gifted writer and at age 33, was asked to draft the Declaration of Independence (before he began writing, Jefferson discussed the document’s contents with a five-member drafting committee that included John Adams and Benjamin Franklin ). The Declaration of Independence, which explained why the 13 colonies wanted to be free of British rule and also detailed the importance of individual rights and freedoms, was adopted on July 4, 1776. In the fall of 1776, Jefferson resigned from the Continental Congress and was re-elected to the Virginia House of Delegates (formerly the House of Burgesses). He considered the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, which he authored in the late 1770s and which Virginia lawmakers eventually passed in 1786, to be one of the significant achievements of his career. It was a forerunner to the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which protects people’s right to worship as they choose. From 1779 to 1781, Jefferson served as governor of Virginia, and from 1783 to 1784, did a second stint in Congress (then officially known, since 1781, as the Congress of the Confederation). In 1785, he succeeded Benjamin Franklin (1706-90) as U.S. minister to France. Jefferson’s duties in Europe meant he could not attend the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787; however, he was kept informed of the proceedings to draft a new national constitution and later advocated for including a bill of rights and presidential term limits. Jefferson’s Path to the Presidency After returning to America in the fall of 1789, Jefferson accepted an appointment from President George Washington (1732-99) to become the new nation’s first secretary of state. In this post, Jefferson clashed with U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton (1755/57-1804) over foreign policy and their differing interpretations of the U.S. Constitution. In the early 1790s, Jefferson, who favored strong state and local government, co-founded the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose Hamilton’s Federalist Party , which advocated for a strong national government with broad powers over the economy. In the presidential election of 1796, Jefferson ran against John Adams and received the second highest amount of votes, which according to the law at the time, made him vice president. Jefferson ran against Adams again in the presidential election of 1800, which turned into a bitter battle between the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. Jefferson defeated Adams; however, due to a flaw in the electoral system, Jefferson tied with fellow Democratic-Republican Aaron Burr (1756-1836). The House of Representatives broke the tie and voted Jefferson into office. In order to avoid a repeat of this situation, Congress proposed the Twelfth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which required separate voting for president and vice president. The amendment was ratified in 1804 Jefferson Becomes Third U.S. President Jefferson was sworn into office on March 4, 1801; his was the first presidential inauguration held in Washington , D.C. (George Washington was inaugurated in New York in 1789; in 1793, he was sworn into office in Philadelphia, as was his successor, John Adams, in 1797.) Instead of riding in a horse-drawn carriage, Jefferson broke with tradition and walked to and from the ceremony. One of the most significant achievements of Jefferson’s first administration was the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million in 1803. At more than 820,000 square miles, the acquisition (which included lands extending between the Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains and the Gulf of Mexico to present-day Canada) effectively doubled the size of the United States. Jefferson then commissioned Meriwether Lewis (1774-1809) and William Clark (1770-1838) to explore the uncharted land, plus the area beyond, out to the Pacific Ocean. (At the time, most Americans lived within 50 miles of the Atlantic Ocean). The expedition, known today as the Corps of Discovery, lasted from 1804 to 1806 and provided valuable information about the geography, American Indian tribes and animal and plant life of the western part of the continent. In 1804, Jefferson ran for re-election and defeated Federalist candidate Charles Pinckney (1746-1825) of South Carolina with more than 70 percent of the popular vote and an electoral count of 162-14. During his second term, Jefferson focused on trying to keep America out of Europe’s Napoleonic Wars (1803-15). However, after Great Britain and France, who were at war, both began harassing American merchant ships, Jefferson implemented the Embargo of 1807. The act, which closed U.S. ports to foreign trade, proved unpopular with Americans and hurt the U.S. economy. It was repealed in 1809 and, despite the president’s attempts to maintain neutrality, the U.S. ended up going to war against Britain in 1812. Jefferson chose not to run for a third term in 1808 and was succeeded in office by James Madison (1751-1836), a fellow Virginian and former U.S. secretary of state. Thomas Jefferson’s Later Years Jefferson spent his post-presidential years at Monticello, where he continued to pursue his many interests, including architecture, music, reading and gardening. He also helped found the University of Virginia, which held its first classes in 1825. Jefferson was involved with designing the school’s buildings and curriculum, and ensured that unlike other American colleges at the time, the school had no religious affiliation or religious requirements for its students. Jefferson died at age 83 at Monticello on July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Coincidentally, John Adams, Jefferson’s friend, former rival and fellow signer of the Declaration of Independence, died the same day. Jefferson was buried at Monticello. However, due to the significant debt the former president had accumulated during his life, his mansion, furnishing and slaves were sold at auction following his death. Monticello was eventually acquired by a non-profit organization, which opened it to the public in 1954. Jefferson remains an American icon. His face appears on the U.S. nickel and is carved into stone at Mount Rushmore . The Jefferson Memorial, near the National Mall in Washington, D.C., was dedicated on April 13, 1943, the 200th anniversary of Jefferson’s birth. Access hundreds of hours of historical video, commercial free, with HISTORY Vault . Start your free trial today. Tags	i don't know

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