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What was the name of Nana Mouskouri’s backing group | Passport by Nana Mouskouri on Apple Music
21 Songs
Album Review
The conceit of this double album-length set is that Nana Mouskouri is doing songs from different nations. However, even though Passport is a compilation recorded over a span of over a decade with a variety of accompanists ranging from Mouskouri's original backing group, the Athenians, to the easy listening specialists the Mike Sammes Singers, the albums sounds as if it could have been recorded during one lengthy session. Such is the strength of Mouskouri's jazzy, middle-of-the-road pop style that songs as varied as her biggest hit, "Never on Sunday" (here presented in its original Greek lyrics as "Ta Pedia Tou Pirea"), Paul Simon's "Bridge Over Troubled Water," and the traditional "Amazing Grace" end up sounding pretty much the same. Passport's worth depends entirely on the listener's tolerance for this kind of Eurovision Song Contest style of pop, but few people working in this style in the '60s and '70s were better than Nana Mouskouri. (Only the great Petula Clark comes immediately to mind.) Although perhaps better known in the United States for her lovely olive-skinned looks and trademark glasses than for her singing, Mouskouri's a genuinely superb jazz-pop singer with a bewitching voice and an ear for material that rises above the occasionally gloppy easy listening arrangements she's often saddled with. Unfortunately, there's more than a few of those arrangements on Passport, but there's also a number of truly impressive songs. Two particular standouts come from rare sessions with producers other than Mouskouri's usual collaborator Andre Chapelle. The countryish "The Loving Song," produced by American hitmaker Snuff Garrett, is a surprisingly solid take on the genre, but 1972's "Four and Twenty Hours," written and produced by the early-'70s British hit factory Roger Cook and Roger Greenaway, is one of Mouskouri's finest singles ever, a mature but remarkably catchy slice of AM radio fluff that predicts the sound that ABBA would take to the top of the charts later in the decade.
Customer Reviews
by Gheebutter
Wow, Nana's voice is the most beautiful thing I think I have ever heard! You really must listen to her sound, she is angelic.
Biography
Born: October 13, 1934 in Athens, Greece
Genre: Pop
Years Active: '50s, '60s, '70s, '80s, '90s, '00s
Globally speaking, Nana Mouskouri is the biggest-selling female artist of all time. Her fluency in multiple languages -- Greek, French, English, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese -- enabled her to reach audiences all over Europe, the Americas, and even Asia. Possessed of a distinctive, angelic soprano -- the product of having been born with only one vocal cord -- Mouskouri was sometimes described as Europe's answer to Barbra Streisand. Her repertoire was varied enough to support the universal appeal she...
Top Albums and Songs by Nana Mouskouri
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What was the name of Joe Cocker’s backing group | Nana Mouskouri · 2017 Tour Dates and Concert Tickets | Thrillcall
Track Artist for New Show Alerts
Nana Mouskouri (Greek: Nάνα Μούσχουρη, pronounced ˈnana ˈmusxuri), born Iōánna Moúschouri (Greek: Ιωάννα Μούσχουρη ioˈana ˈmusxuri) on October 13, 1934, in Chania, Crete, Greece, is a Greek singer. She was known as "Nána" to her friends and family as a ...
Nana Mouskouri (Greek: Nάνα Μούσχουρη, pronounced ˈnana ˈmusxuri), born Iōánna Moúschouri (Greek: Ιωάννα Μούσχουρη ioˈana ˈmusxuri) on October 13, 1934, in Chania, Crete, Greece, is a Greek singer. She was known as "Nána" to her friends and family as a child.
She has recorded songs in many languages, including Greek, French, English, German, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Hebrew, Welsh, Mandarin Chinese, Corsican, and Turkish.
Early years:
Nana Mouskouri's family lived in Chania, Crete, where her father, Constantine, worked as a film projectionist in a local cinema; her mother, Alice, worked in the same cinema as an usherette. When Mouskouri was three, her family moved to Athens.
Mouskouri's family sent her and her older sister Eugenía (Jenny) to the Athens Conservatoire. Although Mouskouri had displayed exceptional musical talent from age six, Jenny initially appeared to be the more gifted sibling. Financially unable to support both girls' studies, the parents asked their tutor which one should continue. The tutor conceded that Jenny had the better voice, but Nana was the one with the true inner need to sing. Mouskouri has said that a medical examination revealed a difference in her two vocal cords and this could well account for her remarkable singing voice (in her younger years ranging from a husky, dark alto, which she later dropped, to a ringing coloratura mezzo), as opposed to her breathy, raspy speaking voice.
Mouskouri's childhood was marked by the German Nazi occupation of Greece. Her father became part of the anti-Nazi resistance movement in Athens.
Mouskouri began singing lessons at age 12. As a child, she listened to radio broadcasts of singers such as Frank Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald, Billie Holiday, and Édith Piaf.
In 1950, she was accepted at the Conservatoire. She studied classical music with an emphasis on singing opera. After eight years at the Conservatoire, Mouskouri was encouraged by her friends to experiment with jazz music. She began singing with her friends' jazz group at night. However, when Mouskouri's Conservatory professor found out about Mouskouri's involvement with a genre of music that was not in keeping with her classical studies, he prevented her from sitting for her end-of-year exams. During an episode of "Joanna Lumley's Greek Odyssey", shown on the UK ITV channel in the autumn of 2011, Mouskouri told the actress Joanna Lumley of how she had been scheduled to sing at the amphitheatre at Epidauros with other students of the Conservatoire, when upon arrival at the amphitheatre word came through from the Conservatoire in Athens that she had just been barred from participating in the performance there due to her involvement in light music. Mouskouri subsequently left the Conservatoire and began performing at the Zaki club in Athens.
She began singing jazz in nightclubs with a bias towards Ella Fitzgerald repertoire. In 1957, she recorded her first song, Fascination, in both Greek and English for Odeon/EMI Greece. By 1958 while still performing at the Zaki, she met Greek composer Manos Hadjidakis. Hadjidakis was impressed by Nana's voice and offered to write songs for her. In 1959 Mouskouri performed Hadjidakis' Kapou Iparchi I Agapi Mou (co-written with poet Nikos Gatsos) at the inaugural Greek Song Festival. The song won first prize, and Mouskouri began to be noticed.
At the 1960 Greek Song Festival, she performed two more Hadjidakis compositions, Timōría ("Punishment") and Kyparissáki ("Little cypress"). Both these songs tied for first prize. Mouskouri performed Kostas Yannidis' composition, Xypna Agapi Mou ("Wake up, my love"), at the Mediterranean Song Festival, held in Barcelona that year. The song won first prize, and she went on to sign a recording contract with Paris-based Philips-Fontana.
In 1961, Mouskouri performed the soundtrack of a German documentary about Greece. This resulted in the German-language single Weiße Rosen aus Athen ("White Roses from Athens"). The song was originally adapted by Hadjidakis from a folk melody. It became a success, selling over a million copies in Germany. The song was later translated into several languages and it went on to become one of Mouskouri's signature tunes.
Family life:
Mouskouri has been married twice: firstly at 25, to Yorgos (George) Petsilas, a guitarist in her backing band (the trio "The Athenians") and the first man she had kissed. They had two children (Nicolas Petsilas in 1968 and Hélène (Lénou) Petsilas (singer) in 1970) but divorced when Mouskouri was 39. Not long after that, she met her second husband, André Chapelle, then her sound technician, but they did not marry then because she "didn't want to bring another father into the family" and divorce was against her conservative upbringing. They eventually married on 13 January 2003, and live primarily in Switzerland.
Life outside Greece:
In 1960, Mouskouri moved to Paris. Mouskouri performed Luxembourg's entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1963 that year, "À force de prier". Although the song only achieved eighth place in the contest, it achieved commercial success, and helped win her the prestigious Grand Prix du Disque in France. Mouskouri soon attracted the attention of French composer Michel Legrand, who composed two songs which became major French hits for her: "Les Parapluies de Cherbourg" (1964) and an arrangement of Katherine K. Davis's "Carol of the Drum", "L'Enfant au Tambour" (1965).
In 1962, she met Quincy Jones, who persuaded her to travel to New York City to record an album of American jazz titled The Girl from Greece Sings. Following that she scored another hit in the United Kingdom with My Colouring Book. In 1965, she recorded her second English-language album to be released in the United States, entitled Nana Sings. American singer Harry Belafonte heard and liked the album. Belafonte brought Mouskouri on tour with him through 1966. They teamed for a duo album entitled An Evening With Belafonte/Mouskouri. During this tour, Belafonte suggested that Mouskouri remove her signature black-rimmed glasses when on stage. She was so unhappy with the request that she wanted to quit the show after only two days. Finally, Belafonte relented and respected her wish to perform while wearing glasses.
Mouskouri's 1967 French album Le Jour où la colombe raised her to super-stardom in France. This album featured many of her French songs, Au cœur de septembre, Adieu Angélina, Robe bleue, robe blanche and the French pop classic Le Temps des cerises. Mouskouri made her first appearance at Paris' legendary Olympia concert theatre the same year, singing French pop, Greek folk, and Hadjidakis numbers.
In 1968, five years after her appearance at the Eurovision Song Contest which had been produced by the BBC, Mouskouri was invited with her backing group, the Athenians, to host a BBC TV series called Presenting... Nana Mouskouri. Each episode of the series typically contained songs from her repertoire of Greek folk music, French chansons, classical pieces and contemporary pop, and the shows often featured world music stars of the time, which made it one of the first BBC TV series to do so regularly. The series remained very popular with British viewers throughout its eight-year run, despite the fact that stars from mainland Europe singing foreign-language material have tended to find it difficult to break into the British market. Mouskouri would welcome the television audience and chat to her guest stars in fluent English, as well as perform some British and American songs as part of her shows, and this led to a very positive reaction from the largely monolingual British audience. As the producer of the series, Yvonne Littlewood, later explained, Mouskouri was very different to the majority of the singers who were popular in Britain at that time:
"I liked the voice and I thought she had a personality... I suppose it was unusual to see a singer wearing glasses. She didn't look like everyone else. She didn't have blonde hair, and she was very distinctive in her appearance. ... You know, we should remember that, in those days, we didn't have all the holiday programmes, so Greek music and anything Greek wasn't as well known to the average public as it is now. She would give the gist in English of the subject of the song before she sang it, and that was really quite unique and quite charming."
In 1969, Mouskouri released a full-length British LP, Over and over, which reached number 10 and spent almost two years in the UK album charts. This was the first of a series of English-language albums which, boosted by her TV appearances, sold extremely well in the UK and Ireland during the early 1970s, including The exquisite Nana Mouskouri (1969), Turn on the sun (1970), A place in my heart (1971) and Presenting... Nana Mouskouri (1973), while concerts from two of her British tours were also recorded and released as LPs: British Concert (1972) and Live at the Albert Hall (1974).
Although her last annual British TV series was in 1976, the BBC engaged Mouskouri for various one-off television specials until the mid-1980s. Her international appeal had encouraged the broadcaster to sell her programmes to television stations in other parts of Europe and around the world, and during the 1970s, Mouskouri was also hosting her own shows on French and West German TV. Without doubt, her popularity as a multilingual television personality rapidly increased her global profile during this period. She expanded her concert tour to include not only the United Kingdom, but also Ireland, New Zealand, Japan and Australia, where she met and befriended Frank Hardy, who followed her to the south of France in 1976. Always a prolific recording artist, the 1970s saw her record several LPs in German, including the hit albums, Sieben schwarze Rosen (1975) and Lieder, die die Liebe schreibt (1978), while in France, she released a series of top-selling records, such as Comme un soleil (1971), Une voix qui vient du cœur (1972), Vieilles chansons de France (1973), and Quand tu chantes (1976). Meanwhile, Passport, a compilation of her most popular songs in English, reached number 3 in the UK album charts in 1976 and won for her a gold disc. During the decade, she also recorded several Japanese songs for the Japanese market.
Middle years:
In 1979, Mouskouri released another English-language album named Roses and Sunshine. This album consisting largely of folk and country material, and included work from sources as Neil Young, Dolly Parton, Bob Dylan and John Denver. It was well received in Canada, and one of the album's tracks, "Even Now" (not the same song as the 1978 Barry Manilow hit), became a staple on beautiful music radio stations in the United States. She scored a worldwide hit in 1981 with Je Chante Avec Toi, Liberté, which was translated into several languages after its success in France. The momentum from this album also helped boost her following German album, Meine Lieder sind mein Leben. In 1984, Mouskouri returned to Greece for her first live performance in her homeland since 1962.
In 1985, Mouskouri recorded Only Love, the theme song to the British TV series Mistral's Daughter -- based upon the novel by Judith Krantz -- which reached number 2 in the UK charts. The song was also a hit in its other versions: L'Amour en Héritage (French), Come un'eredità (Italian), La dicha del amor (Spanish), and Aber die Liebe bleibt (German). The German version was also recorded with an alternate set of lyrics under the title Der wilde Wein but was withdrawn in favour of Aber die Liebe bleibt.
That same year, Mouskouri made a play for the Spanish-language market with the hit single Con Toda el Alma. The song was a major success in Spain, Argentina and Chile.
She released five albums in different languages in 1987, and the following year returned to her classical conservatory roots with the double LP The Classical Nana (a.k.a. Nana Classique), which featured adaptations of classical songs and excerpts from opera. By the end of 1987, she had performed a series of concerts in Asia, including South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia and Thailand.
Later years:
Mouskouri's 1991 English album, Only Love: The Best of Nana Mouskouri, became her best-selling release in the United States. She spent much of the 1990s touring the globe. Among her early 1990s albums were spiritual music, Gospel (1990), the Spanish-language Nuestras Canciones, the multilingual, Mediterranean-themed Côté Sud, Côté Coeur (1992), Dix Mille Ans Encore, Falling in Love Again: Great Songs From the Movies. Falling in Love featured two duets with Harry Belafonte.
In 1993, Mouskouri recorded the album Hollywood. Produced by Michel Legrand it was a collection of famous songs from films, and served not only as a tribute to the world of cinema, but also as a personal reference to childhood memories of sitting with her father in his projection room in Crete.
She recorded several more albums over 1996 and 1997, including the Spanish Nana Latina (which featured duets with Julio Iglesias and Mercedes Sosa), the English-language Return to Love, and the French pop classics, Hommages. In 1997, she staged a high-profile Concert for Peace at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York. This concert was later released as an album, and aired as a TV special on PBS in the United States.
On 30 May 2013, Mouskouri was awarded an honorary degree by McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
UNICEF and politics:
Mouskouri was appointed a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in October 1993. She took over from the previous ambassador, the recently deceased actress Audrey Hepburn. Mouskouri's first U.N. mission took her to Bosnia to draw attention to the plight of children affected by Bosnian war. She went on to give a series of fund-raising concerts in Sweden and Belgium.
She was a Member of the European Parliament through the New Democracy party from 1994 until 1999, when she resigned from her position as an MEP. Several reasons have been given for this, one being her pacifism, and another being that she felt ill-equipped for the day-to-day work of a politician.
21st century and retirement:
Mouskouri lives in Switzerland with Chapelle, and, until her final performance in 2008, performed hundreds of concerts every year throughout her career. In 2004, her French record company released a 34-CD box set of more than 600 of Mouskouri's mostly French songs. In 2006 she made a guest appearance at that year's Eurovision Song Contest which was held, for the first time ever, in her native Greece.
In the same year, she announced her plans to retire. From 2005 until 2008, she conducted a farewell concert tour of Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Asia, South America, the United States, and Canada. On July 23 and 24, 2008, Mouskouri gave her two final 'Farewell Concert' performances at the ancient Herodes Atticus Theatre, in Athens, Greece, before a packed stadium, including Greece's Prime Minister and Athens mayor, plus the mayors of Berlin, Paris and Luxembourg, along with fans from around the world and thousands of her Athenian admirers.
In 2010, in response to the financial crisis in Greece, Mouskouri announced that she would forgo her pension to contribute to the country's recovery. She commented: "Everywhere I see stories about my country going bankrupt. And people are aggressive about it. It's frightening. And it's painful for me. Nobody wants their country to be treated badly. It's frustrating and very sad."
In late 2011, Mouskouri released two newly recorded CDs, the first featuring songs of the Greek Islands, recorded with other Greek singers, and the second featuring duets with French contemporaries. In late November 2011 Mouskouri sang again at a single concert, with guests, in Berlin, commemorating the 50th anniversary of her hit single "The White Rose of Athens". She then did a concert tour in Germany in 2012.
Cultural references:
The British comedian Benny Hill impersonated Mouskouri on The Benny Hill Show. Wearing a long dress, large glasses and long black hair, he talked and sang with a slow and quiet voice. He introduced a song with a long translation into English of all the events supposedly mentioned in the song... and then sang just a single line of "Greek".
This sketch from 1972 was later used as part of the 1974 compilation movie The Best of Benny Hill.
Andrea Martin played Mouskouri in a sketch, 'The Nana Mouskouri Story', during the 1981-1982 season of SCTV (later included in a DVD compilation.)
Partial discography:
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In which war were there two battles of Bull Run | First Battle of Bull Run - American Civil War - HISTORY.com
First Battle of Bull Run
First Battle of Bull Run
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First Battle of Bull Run
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Introduction
On July 21, 1861, Union and Confederate armies clashed near Manassas Junction, Virginia, in the first major land battle of the American Civil War. Known as the First Battle of Bull Run (or Manassas), the engagement began when about 35,000 Union troops marched from the federal capital in Washington, D.C. to strike a Confederate force of 20,000 along a small river known as Bull Run. After fighting on the defensive for most of the day, the rebels rallied and were able to break the Union right flank, sending the Federals into a chaotic retreat towards Washington. The Confederate victory gave the South a surge of confidence and shocked many in the North, who realized the war would not be won as easily as they had hoped.
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Prelude to the First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)
By July 1861, two months after Confederate troops opened fire on Fort Sumter to begin the Civil War, the northern press and public were eager for the Union Army to make an advance on Richmond ahead of the planned meeting of the Confederate Congress there on July 20. Encouraged by early victories by Union troops in western Virginia , and by the war fever spreading through the North, President Abraham Lincoln ordered Brigadier General Irvin McDowell to mount an offensive that would hit quickly and decisively at the enemy and open the way to Richmond, thus bringing the war to a mercifully quick end. The offensive would begin with an attack on more than 20,000 Confederate troops under the command of General P.G.T. Beauregard camped near Manassas Junction, Virginia (25 miles from Washington , D.C.) along a little river known as Bull Run.
Did You Know?
After First Manassas, Stonewall Jackson further distinguished himself in the Shenandoah Valley, Second Manassas and Fredericksburg. The man Lee called his "right arm" was accidentally shot by his own men at Chancellorsville and died of complications relating to the injury.
The cautious McDowell, then in command of the 35,000 Union volunteer troops gathered in the Federal capital, knew that his men were ill prepared and pushed for a postponement of the advance to give him time for additional training. But Lincoln ordered him to begin the offensive nonetheless, reasoning (correctly) that the rebel army was made up of similarly amateur soldiers. McDowell’s army began moving out of Washington on July 16; its slow movement allowed Beauregard (who also received advance notice of his enemy’s movements through a Confederate espionage network in Washington) to call on his fellow Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston for reinforcements. Johnston, in command of some 11,000 rebels in the Shenandoah Valley, was able to outmaneuver a Union force in the region and march his men towards Manassas.
Battle Begins at Bull Run
McDowell’s Union force struck on July 21, shelling the enemy across Bull Run while more troops crossed the river at Sudley Ford in an attempt to hit the Confederate left flank. Over two hours, 10,000 Federals gradually pushed back 4,500 rebels across the Warrington turnpike and up Henry House Hill. Reporters, congressmen and other onlookers who had traveled from Washington and were watching the battle from the nearby countryside prematurely celebrated a Union victory, but reinforcements from both Johnston and Beauregard’s armies soon arrived on the battlefield to rally the Confederate troops. In the afternoon, both sides traded attacks and counterattacks near Henry House Hill. On Johnston and Beauregard’s orders, more and more Confederate reinforcements arrived, even as the Federals struggled with coordinating assaults made by different regiments.
The “Rebel Yell” at Bull Run (Manassas)
By four o’clock in the afternoon, both sides had an equal number of men on the field of battle (about 18,000 on each side were engaged at Bull Run), and Beauregard ordered a counterattack along the entire line. Screaming as they advanced (the “rebel yell” that would become infamous among Union troops) the Confederates managed to break the Union line. As McDowell’s Federals retreated chaotically across Bull Run, they ran headlong into hundreds of Washington civilians who had been watching the battle while picnicking on the fields east of the river, now making their own hasty retreat.
Among the future leaders on both sides who fought at First Manassas were Ambrose E. Burnside and William T. Sherman (for the Union) along with Confederates like Stuart, Wade Hampton , and most famously, Thomas J. Jackson, who earned his enduring nickname, “Stonewall,” in the battle. Jackson, a former professor at the Virginia Military Institute, led a Virginia brigade from the Shenandoah Valley into the battle at a key moment, helping the Confederates hold an important high-ground position at Henry House Hill. General Barnard Bee (who was later killed in the battle) told his men to take heart, and to look at Jackson standing there “like a stone wall.”
Impact of Bull Run (Manassas)
Despite their victory, Confederate troops were far too disorganized to press their advantage and pursue the retreating Yankees, who reached Washington by July 22. The First Battle of Bull Run (called First Manassas in the South) cost some 3,000 Union casualties, compared with 1,750 for the Confederates. Its outcome sent northerners who had expected a quick, decisive victory reeling, and gave rejoicing southerners a false hope that they themselves could pull off a swift victory. In fact, both sides would soon have to face the reality of a long, grueling conflict that would take an unimaginable toll on the country and its people.
On the Confederate side, accusations flew between Johnston, Beauregard and President Jefferson Davis over who was to blame for the failure to pursue and crush the enemy after the battle. For the Union, Lincoln removed McDowell from command and replaced him with George B. McClellan, who would retrain and reorganize Union troops defending Washington into a disciplined fighting force, thereafter known as the Army of the Potomac.
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Where was the wartime seat of the Petain government of France | battles of Bull Run | American Civil War | Britannica.com
Battles of Bull Run
Alternative Titles: battles of Manassas, battles of Manassas Junction
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Thomas Jonathan Jackson
Battles of Bull Run, also called battles of Manassas or Manassas Junction , in the American Civil War , two engagements fought in the summers of 1861 and 1862 at a small stream named Bull Run, near Manassas in northern Virginia; both battles gave military advantage to the Confederacy. The strategic significance of the location lay in the fact that Manassas was an important railroad junction.
Catharpin Run, Sudley Church, and the remains of the Sudley Sulphur Spring house, Bull Run, …
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-B8171-0314 DLC)
The First Battle of Bull Run (called First Manassas by the South) was fought on July 21, 1861. Although neither army was adequately prepared at this early stage of the war, political considerations and popular pressures caused the Federal government to order General Irvin McDowell to advance southwest of Washington to Bull Run in a move against Richmond, Virginia . The 22,000 Confederates under General P.G.T. Beauregard , after initial skirmishing, had retired behind Bull Run in defensive positions three days earlier. To counter a Union flanking movement, the Confederates swiftly moved in 10,000 additional troops from the Shenandoah under General Joseph E. Johnston . On July 21 the Union army assaulted the Confederates. The battle raged back and forth, but finally the arrival of Johnston’s last brigade forced the Federals into a disorganized retreat to Washington. The victors were also exhausted and did not pursue them. From among 37,000 Northern men, casualties numbered about 3,000; of 35,000 Southern troops, between 1,700 and 2,000 were wounded or lost.
First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas), lithograph by Kurz and Allison, 1889.
Kurz & Allison/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-DIG-pga-01843)
Federal cavalry at Sudley Ford, Bull Run, Virginia, photograph by George N. Barnard.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-B8171-0313 DLC)
Confederate soldiers killed during the First Battle of Bull Run, July 1861.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
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Battle of Waterloo
The Second Battle of Bull Run took place more than a year later on August 29–30, 1862, between a Confederate army of more than 56,000 men under General Robert E. Lee and a newly formed Federal force of 70,000 troops under Major General John Pope . It had become Pope’s responsibility to cover Washington until his army could be joined with the Army of the Potomac. To prevent this, Lee split his forces and ordered General Thomas J. (“Stonewall”) Jackson to march around Pope’s right flank; in two days Jackson had captured Pope’s supply depot at Manassas and had safely hidden his three divisions in a nearby wood. August 27–29 saw considerable maneuvering and fighting while Lee rushed forward the main body of his army to join Jackson. On the afternoon of August 30, Confederate artillery fire prevented the success of a Union assault on Jackson’s positions, after which Lee ordered his entire army forward in a grand counterattack. The Confederate victory was not complete because the Union forces withstood repeated assaults on certain defensive positions. Finally, however, Pope withdrew his defeated army across Bull Run and eventually retreated to the fortifications of the capital. Casualties on both sides were high: 15,000 for the North, 9,000 for the South.
At the second battle of Bull Run, Confederate forces under Gen. Robert E. Lee defeated a Union army …
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
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What is the Army equivalent to a Group Captain in the R.A.F. | Group Captain | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
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On 1 April 1918, the newly created RAF adopted its officer rank titles from the British Army , with Royal Naval Air Service Captains and Royal Flying Corps Colonels becoming Colonels in the RAF. In response to the proposal that the RAF should use its own rank titles, it was suggested that the RAF might use the Royal Navy 's officer ranks, with the word "Air" inserted before the naval rank title. For example, the rank that later became Group Captain would have been Air Captain. Although the Admiralty objected to this simple modification of their rank titles, it was agreed that the RAF might base many of its officer rank titles on Navy officer ranks with differing pre-modifying terms. It was also suggested that RAF Colonels might be titled as Bannerets or Leaders. However, the rank title based on the Navy rank was preferred and as RAF Colonels typically commanded Groups the rank title Group Captain was chosen. The rank of Group Captain has been used continuously since 1 August 1919.
Use
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Although in the early years of the RAF groups were normally commanded by group captains, by the mid-1920s they were usually commanded by an Air Officer . In the post-World War II period the commander of an RAF flying station or major ground training station has typically been a group captain. In the Air Training Corps , a group captain is the officer commanding of a region.
Insignia and command pennant
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The rank insignia is based on the four gold bands of Captains in the Royal Navy, comprising four narrow light blue bands over slightly wider black bands. This is worn on both the lower sleeves of the tunic or on the shoulders of the flying suit or the casual uniform. Group Captains are the first rank in the RAF hierarchy to wear gold braid on the peak of their cap, informally known as ' scrambled egg '; however, they still wear the standard RAF officer's cap badge.
The command pennant for a Group Captain is similar to the one for a Wing Commander except that there is one broad red band in the centre. Only the Wing Commander and Group Captain command pennants are triangular in shape.
An RAF group captain's sleeve/shoulder insignia
An RAF group captain's sleeve mess insignia
An RAF group captain's command pennant
The rank of Group Captain is also used in a number of the air forces in the Commonwealth, including the Bangladesh Air Force , Ghana Air Force , Indian Air Force (IAF), Nigerian Air Force , Pakistan Air Force (PAF), Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) and the Sri Lankan Air Force . It is also used in the Egyptian Air Force , Hellenic Air Force , Royal Air Force of Oman and the Royal Thai Air Force .
The Royal Canadian Air Force used the rank until the unification of the Canadian Forces in 1968, when Army-type rank titles were adopted. A Canadian group captain then became a colonel . In official French Canadian usage, a group captain's rank title was colonel d'aviation. The Spanish equivalent rank (in the Chilean Air Force ) is Colonel de Aviacion (Colonel of Aviation), the literal meaning in Spanish of the old Franco-Canadian air rank.
An RAAF group captain's sleeve/shoulder insignia
A Hellenic Air Force Sminarchos (group captain's) rank insignia
An Indian Air Force group captain's rank insignia
A RTAF group captain's rank insignia
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In which country was the World War 11 quick firing anti aircraft gun the Oerlikon first manufactured | Captain (military) : Wikis (The Full Wiki)
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This article is about rank of captain in armies, also used by some air forces and marine forces. For information about other uses of the word "captain," including the air force rank of "group captain", see Captain (disambiguation) .
Aircraftman
The army rank of Captain is a commissioned officer rank historically corresponding to command of a company of soldiers. The rank is also used by some air forces and marine forces . Today a captain is typically either the commander or second-in-command of a company or cavalry troop . In the Chinese People's Liberation Army , a captain may also command a platoon , or be the second-in-command of a battalion .
Captain is one rank above an lieutenant (or first lieutenant ) and one below a major (or commandant ).
The rank of captain should not be confused with the naval rank of captain or with the Commonwealth air force rank of Group Captain , both of which are far more senior.
Contents
6 See also
History
Prior to the professionalization of the armed services of European nations subsequent to the French Revolution , a captain was a nobleman who purchased the right to head a company from the previous holder of that right. He would in turn receive money from another nobleman to serve as his lieutenant. The funding to provide for the troops came from the monarch or his government; the captain had to be responsible for it. If he was not, or was otherwise court-martialed, he would be dismissed ("cashiered"), and the monarch would receive money from another nobleman to command the company. Otherwise, the only pension for the captain was selling the right to another nobleman when he was ready to retire.
Air forces
In most countries the air force is the junior service and so air force ranks have been adopted or modified from one of the other services. Many, such as the United States Air Force , use a rank structure and insignia similar to those of the army.
However, the United Kingdom 's Royal Air Force and the air forces of many Commonwealth countries use a rank structure in which Flight Lieutenant is OF-2. A Group Captain is OF-5 and was derived from the naval rank of captain.
In the unified system of the Canadian Forces , however, the air force rank titles are identical to that of the Army, while the rank insignia is common to Army, Navy, and Air Force; thus, an air force or army captain wears two gold stripes on sleeve or epaulette (the same as a naval lieutenant ), while the modern equivalent of the British group captain bears the rank and insignia of colonel , i.e. four gold stripes on sleeve or epaulette (same as a naval captain).
Equivalent Captain ranks
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Umpire Dickie Bird played first class cricket for Yorkshire and which other county | Dickie Bird | England Cricket | Cricket Players and Officials | ESPN Cricinfo
ODI statistics
Profile
Dickie Bird's white cap, twitching shoulders and forearm stretch became as much a part of the day out as the battle between bat and ball. He seemed to attract minor incident, without ever allowing the day to be soured by controversy. Burst pipes, reflecting windscreens and bomb scares all conspired to trouble him, but each impostor was met with humour and Yorkshire-bred common sense. Notorious for being an early Bird (he once made it to The Oval at 6am, so nervous was he about being late and was five-hours early to meet the Queen on one occasion), and plagued by bad weather he made the transition from cricketing figure to something close to a national institution.
A favourite among the public who took to his idiosyncrasies, Bird was equally admired and respected by the players. He diffused many a situation that a lesser umpire may have allowed to escalate, typically with common sense and good humour. Most importantly, he simply made few mistakes. "They all rated me the best: Sobers, Richards, Lillee and Botham. That means a lot I can tell you," he admitted.
Harold "Dickie" Bird was born in Barnsley in April 1933. 5'10" and a right-hand batsman, Bird played in a Barnsley side that included Geoff Boycott and the journalist Michael Parkinson, with whom he remained friends. A good enough player to have represented Yorkshire during their period of dominance (debuting in 1956 against Scotland), a regular first team place eluded him in such a strong side (his career best performance 181* against Glamorgan at Bradford in 1959 was rewarded with omission from the next game as the senior players returned from Test duty) and he moved to Leicestershire at the end of that year. He won his county cap in his first season, 1960, in which he topped 1,000 first-class runs, but later referred to the decision to leave Yorkshire as "the biggest mistake of my life".
Bird retired relatively early, aged just 32, and spent a few years coaching and playing as a club professional. He later admitted to regret that his playing career had not been more successful (first-class average: 20.71): "I just wish I'd have believed in myself as a batsman the way I do as an umpire," he told The Cricketer (November 1998) during his final match as an umpire. "I had the ability I can tell you. If you had compared me to Boycott in the nets you would have picked me as the Test player. Ray Illingworth said I played as straight as anyone he'd ever seen. Umpiring has been good to me, but it is the second-best thing to playing."
Bird officiated his first game in 1970, with his first Test coming against New Zealand at Leeds in 1973. In 1992 he stood in Zimbabwe's inaugural Test as the first ICC panel umpire. A guard of honour by the players and a standing ovation from the crowd as England took on India in 1996 marked his final Test, at his beloved Lord's. Bird, always an emotional man, was reduced to tears. In all he officiated in 66 Tests and 69 One-Day Internationals, overtaking Frank Chester's record (of 48 Tests) in Zimbabwe in 1996. His final first-class game was at Headingley, between Yorkshire and Warwickshire in 1998.
Bird was awarded the MBE in June 1986 in the Queen's Birthday Honours List ("It means more to me than my life," he commented) and became a frequent tea-time visitor at the Palace, apparently attending more than 20 times. He gained other remarkable friends, including former Prime Minister John Major, billionaire cricket fanatic John Paul Getty and the thriller writer Stephen King. "I wish I'd had a family. That's where I missed out in life," he lamented on his retirement but his oft-repeated phrase was that he was "married to the game."
Bird's real legacy will be top-quality umpiring. Calm, despite his nervous disposition; consistent, despite his erratic body movements; and unimpeachably impartial despite his obvious love for all things Yorkshire and England, Bird added to the enjoyment of the spectators without ever detracting from the cricket. Maybe a little reluctant to give lbw decisions, (he would argue "the Laws state I have to be certain"), he has expressed reservations about the marginalisation of umpires by technology in recent times.
A busy retirement, in which he revels in the new role of a media personality, has seen the ubiquitous Bird appear on quiz and chat shows, embark on a speaking tour where his routine of anecdotes provokes great amusement and improve upon each telling. He has produced several books, including My Autobiography with Keith Lodge, the biggest selling sports book of all time and the follow-up White Cap and Bails, another best-seller.
George Dobell
| Leicestershire |
In judo what colour belt do you gain after white | Dickie Bird: 'Umpiring is done by machines these days' | Cricket | ESPN Cricinfo
Cricketers reflect on their lives and times
Dickie Bird April 30, 2014
'Umpiring is done by machines these days'
Back in Dickie Bird's day the officials got respect and gave it. One of cricket's iconic umpires looks back
37
Dickie Bird collects his OBE at Buckingham Palace in 2012 © Getty Images
My first job was working down a coal mine. That's what I was doing before I got into cricket. I worked as a fitter from the age of 15 to 19.
If I had to describe myself as an umpire, I'd like to say I was honest and fair. I treated everybody on the field as human beings and as professional cricketers. If I had the respect of the players, then marvellous.
My final Test, with the guard of honour from the England and India players, was marvellous. I didn't know what was happening but I had an idea that something was going off. I walked through the Long Room at Lord's and everyone was off their high seats, clapping. Both teams were lined in a channel for me to walk through. I had a lump in my throat and tears in my eyes. People who saw Don Bradman's last appearance in cricket at The Oval said he got a tremendous reception, but they tell me mine were better. It's a day I shall always remember.
If I could turn the clock back, I would have stayed at Yorkshire as a player. I couldn't see myself nailing a place in the Yorkshire team. I was in and out of the side. That's why I left but I wish I hadn't. It's my biggest regret.
We had to look down for the no-ball, we had to look at any edges, where it pitched - we had all those decisions to make. Now I think all the authority has been taken away from the umpire. It's like umpiring is now done by a machine. It's made by electronic aids. It's very, very sad that umpiring as we knew it is finished. If you asked me who are the best umpires in the world right now, I couldn't tell you because umpiring is done by a machine.
I don't mind the guys that don't walk. There's nothing in the laws saying that a batsman has to walk. He can stand his ground and wait for the umpire's decision but he must walk off when he's given out. And that's the key. He mustn't show any dissent. It's the umpire's decision, and whether it's right or wrong, he mustn't show dissent.
If Yorkshire could put their best team out on the field for every game, we would win the County Championship ever year. We are the envy of every county side in the country, with so many magnificent young players. It's just like a conveyor belt of young players who are so talented. They just keep producing these lads who go on to play for England. It excites me tremendously, seeing all that talent. There's a lad, Matthew Fisher, he will play for England, that boy. If he's sensible - and I think he is - and everything goes his way, he will be an excellent player. Jason Gillespie, Martyn Moxon and Ian Dews have done a tremendous job.
"The conductor said, 'Fares, please.' He had a white cap on and I thought it looked like one of mine. I said: 'Excuse me, sir, where did you get that?' He replied: 'Haven't you heard of Mr Dickie Bird? It's his hat'"
Whatever you say about the technology, it's here to stay. Everyone seems to want electronic aids, so we have to have them.
The World Cup final in 1975 between West Indies and Australia was the best game of cricket I've ever umpired - but I had to be wary of the West Indies fans. I had to have a box of white caps made for me every time I umpired them, because they used to run on and nick them. At the end of the World Cup final, someone whipped my white cap off and I saw him run through the thousands of spectators who used to go on the field.
My first love was football. Cricket was very much second. I played football and cricket when I was at school, both for Barnsley. When I left school, at 15, I signed for Barnsley at football. I was an inside-right. I was there until I was 16 or 17 before I decided to stick to cricket. I don't think you could play two games. It's hard work. Cricket gave me a longer career.
The best cricketer I ever saw was Garfield Sobers . He was a truly great player. He was three cricketers rolled into one. A great entertainer, and on top of that, he was a gentleman.
One day I caught a London bus because my car was off the road. The conductor came on and said, "Fares, please." I looked at him and he had a white cap on and I thought it looked like one of mine. I said: "Excuse me, sir, where did you get that?" He turned round and replied: "Haven't you heard of Mr Dickie Bird? It's his hat. I ran on the pitch and got it and I am so proud of it." I thought it was great. I never let on that it was me.
In the modern-day game, I loved watching Jacques Kallis. He was a fine player. Sachin Tendulkar and Brian Lara were incredible to watch. But those three are now finished. They would be three outstanding players in any era and now they are gone. It's sad.
Geoffrey Boycott is a good friend of mine but I don't think he was right when he said I suffered from nerves when I played. I think I worried a lot, and that's what he's probably thinking about, Geoff. I got low scores and I used to worry.
I had to have a word with Merv Hughes once. He was bowling to Graeme Hick and he kept playing and missing. Merv's language was getting worse and worse and I had had enough. I turned to him and told him: "I want you to be a good boy. Don't swear anymore." He looked at me and said: "Dickie Bird, you're a legend. I won't swear again." He came in next ball and Hick played and missed again. Never swear again? I've never heard language like it after that!
I'm about to become president of Yorkshire - and what a tremendous honour that is. Never in my wildest dreams did I ever think I'd be president when I walked through those gates as a 16-year-old for the first time. It's one of the greatest honours of my life.
I was walking off the field in a Test match at Old Trafford once. There was a Lancashire supporter right at the top of the members' enclosure. He'd had so much to drink he couldn't stand. He shouted at me, "Bird, it's the best day of the year, it's blue sky, red hot, the sun's shining, you can't take them off. What is your problem?" I said: "I have no problem - but it's lunch!"
I didn't have any superstitions. I had faith in the Lord. That was good enough for me.
One man I cannot wait to see develop is Will Rhodes. I watched him play for England Under-19 over the winter and he looked a real prospect.
Yorkshire County Cricket Club is the greatest club in the world.
The funniest thing I've seen on a cricket field was when the drains burst at Headingley. There was torrential rain before the Test match and they were all saying the match would be delayed. The ground staff worked through the night to get the pitch fit because it was like a lake. Somehow we started on time and England won the toss and batted. Curtly Ambrose went to bowl the fifth ball of the day and stopped and said: "We've got a big problem here, Mr Dickie. You better come and look, man." Halfway through his run-up there was spray, like a fountain, the water coming up above his boots and mine. We trooped off and the crowd were shouting: "Same again, Bird, what is your problem?" I told them: "We've got a big one, we need some plumbers!"
I did 25 years as a Test umpire. If you worked it out, with all the Test matches played today and ODIs, I think if I'd have done 25 years now I'd end up standing in 500 international matches.
With Prince Charles by the statue of Bird in Barnsley © AFP
There were so many great players in my day, it's hard to pick a favourite that I umpired. Barry Richards, Sunil Gavaskar, Viv Richards, Graeme Pollock, Garfield Sobers, Alan Knott, Shane Warne, Lance Gibbs and Abdul Qadir were all enjoyable to watch. Then there are the quicks: Michael Holding, Andy Roberts, Joel Garner, Malcolm Marshall, Richard Hadlee, Imran Khan, Kapil Dev, Waqar Younis and so on. The left-armer, Wasim Akram, was tremendous as was Sachin Tendulkar.
I like talking to people everywhere I go.
In my era as an umpire, players used to have a joke with you and I used to have a joke with them off it. The game was always played in tremendous spirit. Everyone accepted decisions. That was an era that I really do think was the best time in cricket.
When the legends from Pakistan, India, West Indies and Sri Lanka retired, they used to invite me to their homes if I was on holiday. Dennis Lillee, the greatest fast bowler I've ever seen, used to invite me to come round and have a meal with him and his family. How great a thing to do was that? I doubt it happens nowadays.
I go to all the county matches. I will go to every home match and as many away matches as I can as president of Yorkshire.
I'm an honorary life member of the MCC and I'm very proud of that too. I am also an honorary life member at Leicestershire. It's so nice to see so many people who I think might have forgotten me but they still remember and have a chat. It's just amazing.
I enjoy watching Kevin Pietersen. What a fine player. I don't know what's behind England's decision to get rid of him. It's got to be in the dressing room somewhere, but I just love watching him.
In my spare time I go down to watch Barnsley a lot. I'm a season-ticket holder at Oakwell for my sins. It is a bit frustrating, though. I would like to see more Barnsley youths playing, the local lads who have got Barnsley at heart. There's not one boy in the squad that is a Barnsley-born player. We have got one of best academies in the country so why can't we use some of them?
© ESPN Sports Media Ltd.
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On which make of motorcycle is the inscription “Live to ride, ride to live” to be found | Ride to the rally with Harley-Davidson - Trails of India
Ride to the rally with Harley-Davidson
0
With a rockin’ beat and a rolling rumble Harley-Davidson is set to take over the 76th Sturgis Motorcycle Rally. As the official motorcycle of the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, Harley-Davidson plans to pack more unbridled fun and pure riding experience than ever into this week-long celebration of freedom and the open road.
Harley-Davidson will roll into the historic South Dakota Black Hills region with activities planned from August 6-13. Just a few of the activities making this Sturgis one of the best yet – daily concerts, parties, free demo rides on new 2016 Harley-Davidson motorcycles, H.O.G. member special events, Harley-Davidson sponsored AMA Pro Flat Track Racing, the do-not-miss Wall of Death and a new custom motorcycle show.
“No other motorcycle rally can boast the scenery and miles of great riding to be found in the Black Hills,” said Dino Bernacchi, Harley-Davidson US Marketing Director. “We encourage all motorcyclists to get to Sturgis and ride with us. If you ride to the rally, make Harley-Davidson dealerships a destination along your route. Harley-Davidson is proud to have been part of every Sturgis Rally since 1938, and this year we’ve put together a schedule of events certain to make some great memories for Harley fans and all the riders who make it to this legendary event.”
With a rockin’ beat and a rolling rumble Harley-Davidson is set to take over the 76th Sturgis Motorcycle Rally. As the official motorcycle of the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, Harley-Davidson plans to pack more unbridled fun and pure riding experience than ever into this week-long celebration of freedom and the open road.
Harley-Davidson will roll into the historic South Dakota Black Hills region with activities planned from August 6-13. Just a few of the activities making this Sturgis one of the best yet – daily concerts, parties, free demo rides on new 2016 Harley-Davidson motorcycles, H.O.G. member special events, Harley-Davidson sponsored AMA Pro Flat Track Racing, the do-not-miss Wall of Death and a new custom motorcycle show.
“No other motorcycle rally can boast the scenery and miles of great riding to be found in the Black Hills,” said Dino Bernacchi, Harley-Davidson US Marketing Director. “We encourage all motorcyclists to get to Sturgis and ride with us. If you ride to the rally, make Harley-Davidson dealerships a destination along your route. Harley-Davidson is proud to have been part of every Sturgis Rally since 1938, and this year we’ve put together a schedule of events certain to make some great memories for Harley fans and all the riders who make it to this legendary event.”
Image Courtesy of Harley-Davidson
Join Harley for the Sturgis festivities.
Harley-Davidson Rally Point (Main Street and Harley-Davidson Way)
The Harley-Davidson Rally Point is a permanent year-round space in Sturgis that features a stage for events and concerts and hosts a number of special events during the Sturgis Rally. Conveniently located in the heart of Sturgis, the Rally Point can also serve as a handy location for riders to rendezvous.
Kick-off Party for the 76th Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, Friday, August 5, at 3 p.m.
Mayor’s Ride featuring Grand Marshal Ben Bostrom, Monday, August 8. To register, visit the City of Sturgis’ website.
Harley-Davidson Editor’s Choice Bike Show, Tuesday, August 9 – Registration 8 a.m./Awards 4 p.m.
First Ever Angel’s Ride, Friday, August 12 – The number of women riders is on the rise in America, join us to celebrate. To register, visit the City of Sturgis’ website.
MDA Raffle – Grand Prize Bike Drawing, August 13, at 4:15 p.m.
Events and live music daily. View full Rally Point activities list
Sturgis Community Center (Fourth and Lazelle Streets)
Freedom, attitude and V-Twin engines invade the Sturgis Community Center as the home-base for the bulk of Harley-Davidson activity. Inside and outside the Community Center, riders will see and experience the newest motorcycle customizations, sales and demonstrations of the latest MotorClothes merchandise, and the largest demo fleet in Sturgis offering free test rides on Harley-Davidson’s most powerful line-up of Cruisers ever. All activities are August 6-13 from 9 a.m.-5 p.m.
Free Motorcycle Demo Rides: The 2016 motorcycle line-up and demo ride experience includes models such as the new Road Glide Ultra, Forty-Eight, Iron 883 and Roadster and the new S Series – Low Rider S, Fat Boy S and Softail Slim S plus a selection of customized models with H-D Genuine Motor Accessories. Staging for demo rides takes place in the parking lot behind the Community Center. A selection of helmets and jackets are available for demo rides.
Project RUSHMORE Experience: From Boom Audio and LED lighting to the 103 high output engine, H-D’s Touring motorcycles need to be experienced first-hand to fully appreciate what Project RUSHMORE is all about. Be sure to check out this experience to get a behind-the-scenes look at our latest motorcycle technology and get educated on the enhanced features and benefits of Harley-Davidson Touring motorcycles.
H-D1 Fit Shop and Genuine Motor Parts & Accessories: This interactive area includes everything needed to turn any Harley-Davidson motorcycle into a one-of-a-kind custom. Harley-Davidson fit consultants are on hand to help adjust any motorcycle for maximum comfort, control, style and confidence, no matter the riding style or body type. New this year will be a “Quick Install” area for 30-minute or less installations of a selected few accessories for your motorcycle.
Gear: A selection of new Genuine MotorClothes merchandise is available for demo and purchase on site, including Willie G. and H.O.G. Commemorative Merchandise.
O.G. Members Only Hospitality: Pick up an exclusive H.O.G. Sturgis event pin and enjoy daily refreshments and snacks from 1-3 p.m.
Bike Photos: Get a free professional photo taken of your Harley-Davidson bike to post on social media and an option to purchase the photo as a keepsake.
Hollywood Harley Bikes: Get up close and personal with customized bikes from the movies Captain America and Avengers: Steve Rogers and the hero bike from FX’s Sons of Anarchy TV show. Located on a red carpet, this experience provides an opportunity to take a picture while sitting on the customized motorcycles that starred in these iconic entertainment properties.
Harley-Davidson Museum: Inside the Community Center, the H-D Museum brings a slice of history and heritage to Sturgis with a display highlighting Harley-Davidson’s racing history including vintage racing footage that gives a nod to its special summer exhibit, “Drag Racing: America’s Fast Time.” Three sit-on Harley-Davidson racing motorcycles also show riders how speed thrills. Located in Milwaukee, the Harley-Davidson Museum welcomes riders on their way to or from Sturgis.
Weber Mobile Grill Academy: Stop by the Weber Mobile Grill Academy to talk to experts about all things grilling and see an array of Harley-Davidson branded gas, charcoal and electric grills as well as accessories.
Wall of Death and UNKNOWN Industries: Motorcycle stunt shows featuring UNKNOWN Industries and the spectacular Wall of Death will be running throughout the week. Check the H-D event app for daily times.
Around Town: Other Do-Not-Miss Activities:
Be on the lookout for UFC President Dana White and his buddies as they film Dana’s new TV show “Lookin’ For A Fight,” and as they ride their Harley-Davidson motorcycles at the legendary rally.
As a partner for the 76th Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, the Iron Horse Saloon will have daily giveaways (bandanas, shot glasses, etc.) and food and drink discounts for H.O.G. members.
AMA Pro Flat Track Racing: Black Hills Speedway Half-Mile: Flat track motorcycle racing, the original American action sport, invades the challenging Black Hills Speedway half mile on Tuesday night, August 9. See two AMA Pro classes in action, including the premier Harley-Davidson GNC1 series featuring the H-D Factory Flat Track and Wrecking Crew riders Brad Baker, Davis Fisher, Jake Johnson and Kenny Coolbeth battling a field of top competitors in fierce handlebar-to-handlebar racing action.
Whether twisting throttles toward South Dakota or dreaming of a first visit to Sturgis, Harley-Davidson social media is serving exciting Sturgis action all Rally long. Coverage has already begun and will continue long after the last bike rides into the sunset. Check out 2016 Sturgis Grand Marshal Ben Bostrom as he highlights what it was like to come to Sturgis as a young child and now brings his own kids to enjoy the event, #LiveYourLegend. See breathtaking images and stories from riders across the country and daily updates. Tune in to #Sturgis posts @HarleyDavidson on Twitter & Instagram, or on Facebook. For more information about Harley-Davidson 76th Sturgis Motorcycle Rally events and to get the official H-D Sturgis App, visit www.h-d.com/sturgis .
| Harley-Davidson |
With which type of transport is James Brindley associated | Ride to the rally with Harley-Davidson - Trails of India
Ride to the rally with Harley-Davidson
0
With a rockin’ beat and a rolling rumble Harley-Davidson is set to take over the 76th Sturgis Motorcycle Rally. As the official motorcycle of the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, Harley-Davidson plans to pack more unbridled fun and pure riding experience than ever into this week-long celebration of freedom and the open road.
Harley-Davidson will roll into the historic South Dakota Black Hills region with activities planned from August 6-13. Just a few of the activities making this Sturgis one of the best yet – daily concerts, parties, free demo rides on new 2016 Harley-Davidson motorcycles, H.O.G. member special events, Harley-Davidson sponsored AMA Pro Flat Track Racing, the do-not-miss Wall of Death and a new custom motorcycle show.
“No other motorcycle rally can boast the scenery and miles of great riding to be found in the Black Hills,” said Dino Bernacchi, Harley-Davidson US Marketing Director. “We encourage all motorcyclists to get to Sturgis and ride with us. If you ride to the rally, make Harley-Davidson dealerships a destination along your route. Harley-Davidson is proud to have been part of every Sturgis Rally since 1938, and this year we’ve put together a schedule of events certain to make some great memories for Harley fans and all the riders who make it to this legendary event.”
With a rockin’ beat and a rolling rumble Harley-Davidson is set to take over the 76th Sturgis Motorcycle Rally. As the official motorcycle of the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, Harley-Davidson plans to pack more unbridled fun and pure riding experience than ever into this week-long celebration of freedom and the open road.
Harley-Davidson will roll into the historic South Dakota Black Hills region with activities planned from August 6-13. Just a few of the activities making this Sturgis one of the best yet – daily concerts, parties, free demo rides on new 2016 Harley-Davidson motorcycles, H.O.G. member special events, Harley-Davidson sponsored AMA Pro Flat Track Racing, the do-not-miss Wall of Death and a new custom motorcycle show.
“No other motorcycle rally can boast the scenery and miles of great riding to be found in the Black Hills,” said Dino Bernacchi, Harley-Davidson US Marketing Director. “We encourage all motorcyclists to get to Sturgis and ride with us. If you ride to the rally, make Harley-Davidson dealerships a destination along your route. Harley-Davidson is proud to have been part of every Sturgis Rally since 1938, and this year we’ve put together a schedule of events certain to make some great memories for Harley fans and all the riders who make it to this legendary event.”
Image Courtesy of Harley-Davidson
Join Harley for the Sturgis festivities.
Harley-Davidson Rally Point (Main Street and Harley-Davidson Way)
The Harley-Davidson Rally Point is a permanent year-round space in Sturgis that features a stage for events and concerts and hosts a number of special events during the Sturgis Rally. Conveniently located in the heart of Sturgis, the Rally Point can also serve as a handy location for riders to rendezvous.
Kick-off Party for the 76th Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, Friday, August 5, at 3 p.m.
Mayor’s Ride featuring Grand Marshal Ben Bostrom, Monday, August 8. To register, visit the City of Sturgis’ website.
Harley-Davidson Editor’s Choice Bike Show, Tuesday, August 9 – Registration 8 a.m./Awards 4 p.m.
First Ever Angel’s Ride, Friday, August 12 – The number of women riders is on the rise in America, join us to celebrate. To register, visit the City of Sturgis’ website.
MDA Raffle – Grand Prize Bike Drawing, August 13, at 4:15 p.m.
Events and live music daily. View full Rally Point activities list
Sturgis Community Center (Fourth and Lazelle Streets)
Freedom, attitude and V-Twin engines invade the Sturgis Community Center as the home-base for the bulk of Harley-Davidson activity. Inside and outside the Community Center, riders will see and experience the newest motorcycle customizations, sales and demonstrations of the latest MotorClothes merchandise, and the largest demo fleet in Sturgis offering free test rides on Harley-Davidson’s most powerful line-up of Cruisers ever. All activities are August 6-13 from 9 a.m.-5 p.m.
Free Motorcycle Demo Rides: The 2016 motorcycle line-up and demo ride experience includes models such as the new Road Glide Ultra, Forty-Eight, Iron 883 and Roadster and the new S Series – Low Rider S, Fat Boy S and Softail Slim S plus a selection of customized models with H-D Genuine Motor Accessories. Staging for demo rides takes place in the parking lot behind the Community Center. A selection of helmets and jackets are available for demo rides.
Project RUSHMORE Experience: From Boom Audio and LED lighting to the 103 high output engine, H-D’s Touring motorcycles need to be experienced first-hand to fully appreciate what Project RUSHMORE is all about. Be sure to check out this experience to get a behind-the-scenes look at our latest motorcycle technology and get educated on the enhanced features and benefits of Harley-Davidson Touring motorcycles.
H-D1 Fit Shop and Genuine Motor Parts & Accessories: This interactive area includes everything needed to turn any Harley-Davidson motorcycle into a one-of-a-kind custom. Harley-Davidson fit consultants are on hand to help adjust any motorcycle for maximum comfort, control, style and confidence, no matter the riding style or body type. New this year will be a “Quick Install” area for 30-minute or less installations of a selected few accessories for your motorcycle.
Gear: A selection of new Genuine MotorClothes merchandise is available for demo and purchase on site, including Willie G. and H.O.G. Commemorative Merchandise.
O.G. Members Only Hospitality: Pick up an exclusive H.O.G. Sturgis event pin and enjoy daily refreshments and snacks from 1-3 p.m.
Bike Photos: Get a free professional photo taken of your Harley-Davidson bike to post on social media and an option to purchase the photo as a keepsake.
Hollywood Harley Bikes: Get up close and personal with customized bikes from the movies Captain America and Avengers: Steve Rogers and the hero bike from FX’s Sons of Anarchy TV show. Located on a red carpet, this experience provides an opportunity to take a picture while sitting on the customized motorcycles that starred in these iconic entertainment properties.
Harley-Davidson Museum: Inside the Community Center, the H-D Museum brings a slice of history and heritage to Sturgis with a display highlighting Harley-Davidson’s racing history including vintage racing footage that gives a nod to its special summer exhibit, “Drag Racing: America’s Fast Time.” Three sit-on Harley-Davidson racing motorcycles also show riders how speed thrills. Located in Milwaukee, the Harley-Davidson Museum welcomes riders on their way to or from Sturgis.
Weber Mobile Grill Academy: Stop by the Weber Mobile Grill Academy to talk to experts about all things grilling and see an array of Harley-Davidson branded gas, charcoal and electric grills as well as accessories.
Wall of Death and UNKNOWN Industries: Motorcycle stunt shows featuring UNKNOWN Industries and the spectacular Wall of Death will be running throughout the week. Check the H-D event app for daily times.
Around Town: Other Do-Not-Miss Activities:
Be on the lookout for UFC President Dana White and his buddies as they film Dana’s new TV show “Lookin’ For A Fight,” and as they ride their Harley-Davidson motorcycles at the legendary rally.
As a partner for the 76th Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, the Iron Horse Saloon will have daily giveaways (bandanas, shot glasses, etc.) and food and drink discounts for H.O.G. members.
AMA Pro Flat Track Racing: Black Hills Speedway Half-Mile: Flat track motorcycle racing, the original American action sport, invades the challenging Black Hills Speedway half mile on Tuesday night, August 9. See two AMA Pro classes in action, including the premier Harley-Davidson GNC1 series featuring the H-D Factory Flat Track and Wrecking Crew riders Brad Baker, Davis Fisher, Jake Johnson and Kenny Coolbeth battling a field of top competitors in fierce handlebar-to-handlebar racing action.
Whether twisting throttles toward South Dakota or dreaming of a first visit to Sturgis, Harley-Davidson social media is serving exciting Sturgis action all Rally long. Coverage has already begun and will continue long after the last bike rides into the sunset. Check out 2016 Sturgis Grand Marshal Ben Bostrom as he highlights what it was like to come to Sturgis as a young child and now brings his own kids to enjoy the event, #LiveYourLegend. See breathtaking images and stories from riders across the country and daily updates. Tune in to #Sturgis posts @HarleyDavidson on Twitter & Instagram, or on Facebook. For more information about Harley-Davidson 76th Sturgis Motorcycle Rally events and to get the official H-D Sturgis App, visit www.h-d.com/sturgis .
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What type of transport is or was the SRN-1 | BBC ON THIS DAY | 11 | 1959: Hovercraft marks new era in transport
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1959: Hovercraft marks new era in transport
A revolutionary new form of transport which can operate on sea and land has been officially launched in the Solent, off England's south coast.
The Hovercraft, which has been described as a cross between an aircraft, a boat and a land vehicle, was invented by boat-builder Christopher Cockerell.
Dubbed a "man-made flying saucer", the hovercraft is propelled on a cushion of air created by its own fan power.
It therefore hovers just above the waves at sea and avoids any irregular surfaces on land.
Christopher Cockerell, from Lowestoft, began working on a hovercraft model in the mid-1950s. He said he first came up with the idea when he was thinking how to make a boat go faster by reducing the amount of friction caused when it travels through the water.
He first tested the 'hover' theory using a cat food tin inside a coffee tin, with an industrial air blower and a pair of kitchen scales.
In 1955 he convinced the Ministry of Supply to back him but he was not able to commercially develop the product immediately as his idea had been placed on the government's secret list because of its potential benefits to the military.
In 1959 Cockerell managed to get his idea removed from the secret list and formed the Hovercraft Development Company Ltd.
He obtained funding from the National Research Development Council of �150,000 to develop the project.
A contract to build the first Hovercraft was awarded to Saunders Roe, the flying boat firm at Cowes, at the beginning of this year.
The SRN-1, an experimental model, is 29 feet long and 24 feet wide and weighs 6,600lb.
Following today's launch of the SRN-1 hovercraft in the Solent, Saunders Roe announced it is now planning a prototype up to ten times as big and weighing 40 tons.
The hovercraft, which has controls very similar to those in a helicopter, can reach speeds of up to 25-knots and it is hoped that at some stage in the future it will be able to cross the English Channel in as little as 20 minutes.
| Hovercraft |
Which American car company made the Charger in the seventies | BBC ON THIS DAY | 11 | 1959: Hovercraft marks new era in transport
About This Site | Text Only
1959: Hovercraft marks new era in transport
A revolutionary new form of transport which can operate on sea and land has been officially launched in the Solent, off England's south coast.
The Hovercraft, which has been described as a cross between an aircraft, a boat and a land vehicle, was invented by boat-builder Christopher Cockerell.
Dubbed a "man-made flying saucer", the hovercraft is propelled on a cushion of air created by its own fan power.
It therefore hovers just above the waves at sea and avoids any irregular surfaces on land.
Christopher Cockerell, from Lowestoft, began working on a hovercraft model in the mid-1950s. He said he first came up with the idea when he was thinking how to make a boat go faster by reducing the amount of friction caused when it travels through the water.
He first tested the 'hover' theory using a cat food tin inside a coffee tin, with an industrial air blower and a pair of kitchen scales.
In 1955 he convinced the Ministry of Supply to back him but he was not able to commercially develop the product immediately as his idea had been placed on the government's secret list because of its potential benefits to the military.
In 1959 Cockerell managed to get his idea removed from the secret list and formed the Hovercraft Development Company Ltd.
He obtained funding from the National Research Development Council of �150,000 to develop the project.
A contract to build the first Hovercraft was awarded to Saunders Roe, the flying boat firm at Cowes, at the beginning of this year.
The SRN-1, an experimental model, is 29 feet long and 24 feet wide and weighs 6,600lb.
Following today's launch of the SRN-1 hovercraft in the Solent, Saunders Roe announced it is now planning a prototype up to ten times as big and weighing 40 tons.
The hovercraft, which has controls very similar to those in a helicopter, can reach speeds of up to 25-knots and it is hoped that at some stage in the future it will be able to cross the English Channel in as little as 20 minutes.
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How many of Henry V111’s wives were beheaded | Henry VIII's Wife Catherine Howard Beheaded - Business Insider
Henry Blodget / Business Insider
It was hazardous being married to King Henry VIII, who ruled England from 1509 to 1547.
Of Henry's six wives, two were divorced, one died, and two were beheaded. Only the sixth survived him.
You hear a lot about Henry's wives if you visit his palace at Hampton Court, about a half an hour outside London.
And when you enter the corridor below, in the royal "apartments," you hear the story about Henry's fifth queen, Kathryn Howard (often spelled "Catherine").
Henry married Kathryn when she was 19 and he was 49 .
Henry had just discarded his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves, reportedly because he found her unattractive.
Henry developed a crush on the "vivacious" young Kathryn and soon married her. Kathryn's family, the Howards, were thrilled by the engagement, as they had been on the outs at the King's court and they assumed the marriage would restore their family to greatness.
Henry was over the moon about Kathryn, referring to her as his "rose without a thorn" and "the very jewel of womanhood."
Alas...
Kathryn Howard Tudorhistory.org
And a year after the marriage, the Archbishop of Canterbury informed the King that Kathryn had not only not been a virgin when he married her but might even now be carrying on behind his back.
Henry was reportedly heartbroken and refused to believe this.
But he ordered an investigation.
And the news that came back was not good.
So Henry ordered that Kathryn be imprisoned in the palace until she could be executed.
One day, the story goes, Kathryn escaped from her guards and rushed down the corridor below in search of Henry.
She thought he was praying in the royal chapel, which was at the end of the hall. And as she ran, she screamed and begged for his mercy.
The guards caught her before she reached the chapel, and returned her to her cell. (And Henry may actually have been out hunting.)
Shortly thereafter, Henry had her head chopped off.
The story is that the ghost of Kathryn Howard still haunts the corridor at Hampton Court, where she reenacts her desperate attempt to see the king.
Several visitors and staff over the years have reportedly seen her.
Others have reported feeling "chills" in the corridor. (Perhaps because, in the winter and early spring, the place is freezing.)
According to the Hampton Court guides, fully one-half of the visitor faintings that have occurred at the palace over the years have happened in that corridor.
So maybe, even 500 years later, the ghost of flirtatious young queen still runs down this corridor to beg the king not to chop her head off.
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The House of Bernadotte is the Royal House of which country | How Many Wives Did Henry VIII Have Executed?
Question by brindhasenthilgmailcom (9)
How many wives did Henry VIII have executed?
I know that he was married many times and that at lest one was beheaded but were there more than that?
Answer by Lorbeer (304)
Catherine Aragon ( married 1509 - divorced 1533), Anne Boleyn ( married 1533 - beheaded 1536) , Jane Seymour ( married 1536 - Jane Seymour died 1537 ) - Anne Cleves ( married and annulled 1540) - Catherine Howard ( married 1540 - beheaded 1542) - Catherine Parr ( married 1543 - Henry VIII died 28 January 1547.
Answer by DD93 (99)
Henry the VIII was responsible for the beheading of two of his wives. His second wife, Ann Boleyn, was executed in 1536 according to history, and Henry's fifth wife, Catherine Howard, met the same fate in 1542.
Answer by traumatised (3285)
Two of Henry VIII's wives were beheaded: Anne Boleyn (in 1536) and Catherine Howard (in 1542). Anne was accused of adultery with several men, treason and incest (with her brother). Catherine was accused (probably rightly so) of conducting adulterous affairs with Thomas Culpeper and Francis Dereham, both of whom were executed in 1541.
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Who was the Emperor of Japan who died in 1989 | Emperor Hirohito dies - Jan 07, 1989 - HISTORY.com
Emperor Hirohito dies
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A+E Networks
Showa Tenno Hirohito, the 124th Japanese monarch in an imperial line dating back to 660 B.C., dies after serving six decades as the emperor of Japan. He was the longest serving monarch in Japanese history.
Made regent in 1921, Hirohito was enthroned as emperor in 1928, two years after the death of his father, Emperor Taisho. During his first two decades as emperor, Hirohito presided over one of the most turbulent eras in his nation’s history. From rapid military expansion beginning in 1931 to the crushing defeat of Japan in 1945, Hirohito stood above the Japanese people as an absolute monarch whose powers were sharply limited in practice. After U.S. atomic bombs destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki, it was he who argued for his country’s surrender, explaining to the Japanese people in his first-ever radio address that the “unendurable must be endured.” Under U.S. occupation and postwar reconstruction, Hirohito was formally stripped of his powers and forced to renounce his alleged divinity, but he remained his country’s official figurehead until his death in 1989. He was succeeded as emperor by his only son, Akihito.
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| Hirohito |
Who played Curly in Coronation Street | The Emperor of Japan
The Emperor of Japan
By Namiko Abe
Updated November 10, 2015.
In the Constitution of Japan, it is stipulated that "the Emperor shall be the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people." The current emperor (天皇), Akihito, is the 125th emperor, counting from Jinmu Tenno, who was the first to be enthroned in 660 B.C.. In this span, the role of the emperor was at times one of real power, and at times only the nominal sovereign. In the Meiji Constitution (the Constitution of the Empire of Japan) which was proclaimed in 1889, the emperor was made the chief of state with political and military power; but he lost that power with the Constitution of Japan which went into effect following the defeat in the World War II. From then until now, the emperor exists as a symbol without function in the administration of government, and only carries out affairs of state at national ceremonies.
The family headed by the Emperor is called koshitsu (皇室) or kozoku (皇族). The imperial family has no surname but uses the appellation miya (meaning "prince," or "princess") granted by the Emperor.
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For example, the current Crown Prince is called Hironomiya Naruhito and he is commonly known overseas by the friendly name, Prince Hiro. After the Constitution of Japan went into effect, the laws of the country applied to the imperial family in the same way as to ordinary citizens, with the exceptions of the Family Registration Act, the right to vote or stand for election, and the right to adopt children. Although the imperial line is determined by a hereditary system whereby male heirs succeed to the throne, in a few cases, when the death of a reigning emperor left no heirs who could satisfy the requirements for imperial succession, the empress, imperial princess, or the crown princess acceded to the throne.
Click here for Japan's national holiday "Greenery day". This was the birthday of the Showa Emperor Hirohito who died in 1989.
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Which planet is fourth from the sun | Mars Facts: Life, Water and Robots on the Red Planet
Mars Facts: Life, Water and Robots on the Red Planet
By Charles Q. Choi, Space.com Contributor |
November 4, 2014 09:00pm ET
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NASA's Hubble Space Telescope snapped this shot of Mars on Aug. 26, 2003, when the Red Planet was 34.7 million miles from Earth. The picture was taken just 11 hours before Mars made its closest approach to us in 60,000 years.
Credit: NASA/ESA
Mars is the fourth planet from the sun. Befitting the red planet's bloody color, the Romans named it after their god of war. The Romans copied the ancient Greeks, who also named the planet after their god of war, Ares. Other civilizations also typically gave the planet names based on its color — for example, the Egyptians named it "Her Desher," meaning "the red one," while ancient Chinese astronomers dubbed it "the fire star."
Physical characteristics
Regolith
The bright rust color Mars is known for is due to iron-rich minerals in its regolith — the loose dust and rock covering its surface. The soil of Earth is a kind of regolith, albeit one loaded with organic content. According to NASA, the iron minerals oxidize, or rust, causing the soil to look red.
Geology
The cold, thin atmosphere means liquid water currently cannot exist on the Martian surface for any length of time. This means that although this desert planet is just half the diameter of Earth, it has the same amount of dry land.
The red planet is home to both the highest mountain and the deepest, longest valley in the solar system. Olympus Mons is roughly 17 miles (27 kilometers) high, about three times as tall as Mount Everest, while the Valles Marineris system of valleys — named after the Mariner 9 probe that discovered it in 1971 — can go as deep as 6 miles (10 km) and runs east-west for roughly 2,500 miles (4,000 km), about one-fifth of the distance around Mars and close to the width of Australia or the distance from Philadelphia to San Diego.
Space.com Exclusive T-shirt. Available to Populate Mars. Buy Now
Credit: Space.com Store
Mars has the largest volcanoes in the solar system, including Olympus Mons, which is about 370 miles (600 km) in diameter, wide enough to cover the entire state of New Mexico. It is a shield volcano, with slopes that rise gradually like those of Hawaiian volcanoes, and was created by eruptions of lavas that flowed for long distances before solidifying. Mars also has many other kinds of volcanic landforms, from small, steep-sided cones to enormous plains coated in hardened lava. Some minor eruptions might still occur on the planet.
Scientists think the Valles Marineris formed mostly by rifting of the crust as it got stretched. Individual canyons within the system are as much as 60 miles (100 km) wide. They merge in the central part of the Valles Marineris in a region as much as 370 miles (600 km) wide. Large channels emerging from the ends of some canyons and layered sediments within suggest the canyons might once have been filled with liquid water.
Channels, valleys, and gullies are found all over Mars, and suggest that liquid water might have flowed across the planet's surface in recent times. Some channels can be 60 miles (100 km) wide and 1,200 miles (2,000 km) long. Water may still lie in cracks and pores in underground rock .
Many regions of Mars are flat, low-lying plains. The lowest of the northern plains are among the flattest, smoothest places in the solar system, potentially created by water that once flowed across the Martian surface. The northern hemisphere mostly lies at a lower elevation than the southern hemisphere, suggesting the crust may be thinner in the north than in the south. This difference between the north and south might be due to a very large impact shortly after the birth of Mars.
The number of craters on Mars varies dramatically from place to place, depending on how old the surface is. Much of the surface of the southern hemisphere is extremely old, and so has many craters — including the planet's largest, 1,400-mile-wide (2,300 km) Hellas Planitia — while that of northern hemisphere is younger and so has fewer craters. Some volcanoes have few craters, which suggests they erupted recently, with the resulting lava covering up any old craters. Some craters have unusual-looking deposits of debris around them resembling solidified mudflows, potentially indicating that impactor hit underground water or ice.
Polar caps
Vast deposits of what appear to be finely layered stacks of water ice and dust extend from the poles to latitudes of about 80 degrees in both hemispheres. These were probably deposited by the atmosphere over long spans of time. On top of much of these layered deposits in both hemispheres are caps of water ice that remain frozen all year round. Additional seasonal caps of frost appear in the wintertime. These are made of solid carbon dioxide, also known as "dry ice," which has condensed from carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere, and in the deepest part of the winter, this frost can extend from the poles to latitudes as low as 45 degrees, or halfway to the equator. The dry ice layer appears to have a fluffy texture, like freshly fallen snow, according to the report in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Planets.
Mars 12 inch Globe Buy Here
Credit: Space.com Store
Climate
Mars is much colder than Earth, in large part due to its greater distance from the sun. The average temperature is about minus 80 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 60 degrees Celsius), although they can vary from minus 195 F (minus 125 C) near the poles during the winter to as much as 70 F (20 C) at midday near the equator.
The carbon-dioxide-rich atmosphere of Mars is also roughly 100 times less dense than Earth's on average, but it is nevertheless thick enough to support weather, clouds and winds. The density of the atmosphere varies seasonally, as winter forces carbon dioxide to freeze out of the Martian air.
NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter found the first definitive detections of carbon-dioxide snow clouds , making Mars the only body in the solar system known to host the unusual winter weather. The red planet also causes water-ice snow to fall from the clouds.
The dust storms of the Mars are the largest in the solar system, capable of blanketing the entire red planet and lasting for months. One theory as to why dust storms can grow so big on Mars starts with airborne dust particles absorbing sunlight, warming the Martian atmosphere in their vicinity. Warm pockets of air flow toward colder regions, generating winds. Strong winds lift more dust off the ground, which in turn heats the atmosphere, raising more wind and kicking up more dust.
Orbital characteristics
The axis of Mars, like Earth's, is tilted with relation to the sun. This means that like Earth, the amount of sunlight falling on certain parts of the planet can vary widely during the year, giving Mars seasons.
However, the seasons that Mars experiences are more extreme than Earth's because the red planet's elliptical, oval-shaped orbit around the sun is more elongated than that of any of the other major planets. When Mars is closest to the sun, its southern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, giving it a short, very hot summer, while the northern hemisphere experiences a short, cold winter. When Mars is farthest from the sun, the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, giving it a long, mild summer, while the southern hemisphere experiences a long, cold winter.
Composition & structure
Atmospheric composition (by volume):
95.32 percent carbon dioxide, 2.7 percent nitrogen, 1.6 percent argon, 0.13 percent oxygen, 0.08 percent carbon monoxide, minor amounts of water, nitrogen oxide, neon, hydrogen-deuterium-oxygen, krypton, xenon
Magnetic field: Mars currently has no global magnetic field, but there are regions of its crust that can be at least 10 times more strongly magnetized than anything measured on Earth, remnants of an ancient global magnetic field.
Chemical composition: Mars likely has a solid core composed of iron, nickel, and sulfur. The mantle of Mars is probably similar to Earth's in that it is composed mostly of peridotite, which is made up primarily of silicon, oxygen, iron and magnesium. The crust is probably largely made of the volcanic rock basalt, which is also common in the crusts of the Earth and the moon, although some crustal rocks, especially in the northern hemisphere, may be a form of andesite, a volcanic rock that contains more silica than basalt does.
Internal structure: Scientists think that on average, the Martian core is about 1,800 and 2,400 miles in diameter (3,000 and 4,000 km), its mantle is about 900 to 1,200 miles (5,400 to 7,200 km) wide and its crust is about 30 miles (50 km) thick.
Orbit & rotation
Average distance from the sun : 141,633,260 miles (227,936,640 km). By comparison: 1.524 times that of Earth
Perihelion (closest): 128,400,000 miles (206,600,000 km). By comparison: 1.404 times that of Earth
Aphelion (farthest): 154,900,000 miles (249,200,000 km). By comparison: 1.638 times that of Earth
The moons of Mars
The two moons of Mars , Phobos and Deimos, were discovered by American astronomer Asaph Hall over the course of a week in 1877. Hall had almost given up his search for a moon of Mars, but his wife, Angelina, urged him on — he discovered Deimos the next night, and Phobos six days after that. He named the moons after the sons of the Greek war god Ares — Phobos means "fear," while Deimos means "rout."
Both Phobos and Deimos are apparently made of carbon-rich rock mixed with ice and are covered in dust and loose rocks. They are tiny next to Earth's moon, and are irregularly shaped, since they lack enough gravity to pull themselves into a more circular form. The widest Phobos gets is about 17 miles (27 km), and the widest Deimos gets is roughly nine miles (15 km).
Both moons are pockmarked with craters from meteor impacts. The surface of Phobos also possesses an intricate pattern of grooves, which may be cracks that formed after the impact created the moon's largest crater — a hole about 6 miles (10 km) wide, or nearly half the width of Phobos. They always show the same face to Mars, just as our moon does to Earth.
It remains uncertain how Phobos and Deimos were born. They may have been asteroids captured by Mars' gravitational pull, or they may have been formed in orbit around Mars the same time the planet came into existence. Ultraviolet light reflected from Phobos provides strong evidence for its capture origin, according to astronomers at the University of Padova in Italy.
Phobos is gradually spiraling toward Mars, drawing about 6 feet (1.8 meters) closer to the red planet each century. Within 50 million years, Phobos will either smash into Mars or break up and form a ring of debris around the planet.
Both moons are potential targets for exploration. One NASA plan envisions bombarding Phobos with small, spiky spherical rovers called hedgehogs.
The planet Mars is the fourth planet from the sun and named after the Roman God of War and is also called the Red Planet. See what makes Mars tick with this Space.com infographic looking inside the Red Planet .
Credit: Karl Tate, SPACE.com
Research & exploration
The first person to watch Mars with a telescope was Galileo Galilei , and in the century after him, astronomers discovered its polar ice caps. In the 19th and 20th centuries, researchers believed they saw a network of long, straight canals on Mars, hinting at civilization, although later these often proved to be mistaken interpretations of dark regions they saw.
Robot spacecraft began observing Mars in the 1960s, with the United States launching Mariner 4 there in 1964 and Mariners 6 and 7 in 1969. They revealed Mars to be a barren world, without any signs of the life or civilizations people had imagined there. In 1971, Mariner 9 orbited Mars, mapping about 80 percent of the planet and discovering its volcanoes and canyons.
NASA's Viking 1 lander touched down onto the surface of Mars in 1976, the first successful landing onto the Red Planet. It took the first close-up pictures of the Martian surface but found no strong evidence for life .
The next two craft to successfully reach Mars were the Mars Pathfinder, a lander, and Mars Global Surveyor , an orbiter, both launched in 1996. A small robot onboard Pathfinder named Sojourner — the first wheeled rover to explore the surface of another planet — ventured over the planet's surface analyzing rocks.
In 2001, the United States launched the Mars Odyssey probe, which discovered vast amount of water ice beneath the Martian surface, mostly in the upper three feet (one meter). It remains uncertain whether more water lies underneath, since the probe cannot see water any deeper.
In 2003, the closest Mars had passed to Earth in nearly 60,000 years, NASA launched two rovers, nicknamed Spirit and Opportunity , which explored different regions of the Martian surface, and both found signs that water once flowed on the planet's surface. In 2008, NASA sent another mission, Phoenix, to land in the northern plains of Mars and search for water,
Two orbiters — NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and ESA's Mars Express — are keeping Mars Odyssey company over the planet. In 2011, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission, with its rover named Mars Curiosity , began to investigate Martian rocks to determine the geologic processes that created them and find out more about the present and past habitability of Mars. Among its findings is the first meteorite on the surface of the red planet.
In September 2014, India’s Mars Orbiter Mission reached the red planet, making it the fourth nation to successfully enter orbit around Mars.
Robots aren’t the only ones looking to buy a ticket to Mars. A workshop group of government, academic, and industry scientists have found that a NASA-led manned mission to Mars should be possible by the 2030s. But NASA isn’t the only one with Martian astronaut hopefuls.. The Mars One colony project is looking to send private citizens on a one-way trip to the red planet.
Possibility of life
Mars could have once harbored life. Some conjecture that life might still exist there even today. A number of researchers have even speculated that life on Earth may have seeded Mars, or that life on Mars seeded Earth.
The most public scientific claim for life on Mars came in 1996. Geologist David McKay at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston and his colleagues focused on rocks blasted off the surface of Mars by cosmic impacts that landed on Earth. Within they found complex organic molecules, grains of a mineral called magnetite that can form within some kinds of bacteria, and tiny structures that resembled fossilized microbes. However, these claims have proven controversial, and there is no consensus as to whether they are signs of life.
Mars may have possessed oceans on its surface in the past, providing an environment for life to develop. Although the red planet is a cold desert today, researchers suggest that liquid water may be present underground, providing a potential refuge for any life that might still exist there. The rover Curiosity has found evidence for a lake that could have once supported life on the red planet, after previously establishing that the planet had the key ingredients present for life to evolve.
Enthusiasm and excitement on Earth over the possibility of life on the red planet are revealed by the flurry of excitement that greets interesting objects spotted by orbiters and landers. While the Face on Mars garnered attention for the past four decades after it was first spotted by Viking 1, rovers today show close-ups of objects — such as a weathered Martian rock claimed to be a ‘thigh bone’ and a likely shiny rock that raised furor on the internet as a UFO light .
Additional resources
Read about and see pictures of more than 40 missions to Mars .
Follow the rover Curiosity as it makes its way across the Martian terrain.
Learn more about Mars at NASA's Solar System Exploration website.
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| Mars |
What is bliss when it is folly to be wise | The Solar System
The Solar System
Our Solar System is an amazing place. Not only is it home to eight planets, it also hold several dwarf planets, hundreds of moons, and thousands of stars and asteroids.
The eight planets in our Solar System are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. These planets orbit the Sun.
Here is a funny song to help you remember the planets
The Sun
The Sun is the center of our Solar System. It is because of the Sun that our solar system gets its name. Sol is the Roman name for Sun.
The Sun is the largest object within the Solar System - it makes up more than 95% of all the matter! It is because of the Sun's large size that the rest of the objects within the Solar System orbit around it.
The Sun is very, very hot. It is 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit on its surface.
Mercury
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun, making it the first planet in the Solar System. It is named after the Roman messenger god. In mythology, the god was known for being quick - Mercury is the fastest of all the planets to orbit the Sun, because it has the smallest route it has to take!
Mercury can occasionally be seen from Earth
Mercury is the second densest planet in the Solar System
It is mainly made up of iron
There is no atmosphere on Mercury
Despite its fast trip around the Sun, Mercury's revolution is very slow - one day on Mercury equals about 59 days on Earth!
Venus
Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It is named after the Roman goddess of beauty and love. Venus is almost the same size as Earth, but other than size the two planets are very different!
Fun Facts about Venus
Venus appears to be the brightest planet in the sky due to the reflection of the Sun from its clouds, and its closeness to Earth
Venus has an incredibly thick atmosphere. This makes it the hottest of the inner planets
Venus rotates East to West
Venus is covered in volcanoes
Venus does not have any moons
Earth
Earth is the only known planet that has any life forms in the Solar System. It is the third planet from the Sun. It is the only planet that is not named after a god.
Most of the Earth is covered in water - 70%!
Earth has a thin atmosphere, that protects us from dangerous gasses and heat in space
Earth is the largest of the inner planets
Air, water, and land make up the Earth
Earth's axis is tilted at 23.5 degrees
This a video showing the many different life forms that Earth has
Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun. Named for the Roman god of war, it is also known as the "Red Planet". It is the last of the inner planets.
Temperatures on Mars are very similar to temperatures on Earth
It is believed that Mars once had water on its surface
Mars is called the red planet because its surface is covered in red dust
The largest volcano in the Solar System is on Mars. It is called Olympus Mons
Mars has two small moons
Jupiter
Jupiter is the first of the outer planets, and the fifth planet from the Sun. It is named for the king of the Roman gods. It is the largest of all of the planets.
Fun Facts about Jupiter
Jupiter is best known for its "Great Red Spot" - a mass of hurricanes that have been storming for hundreds of years. The spot is larger in size than that of Earth
Jupiter is made up of gasses - there is no solid surface on it
Jupiter is so big; Earth could fit inside of it more than 1,000 times!
Jupiter has over 50 moons. Four of these moons are as big as planets
Jupiter has the most active volcanic activity in the Solar System
Learn more about the Great Red Spot!
Saturn
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun. It is named for the Roman god of agriculture. It is most well known for its highly visible rings.
Other Features of the Solar System
There are many other exciting elements in the Solar System. Here are a few.
Asteroids
Asteroids are rocky bodies in the Solar System that are too small to be considered actual planets. In between Mars and Jupiter lies the Asteroid Belt, containing well over 90,000 asteroids.
Comets
Comets are ice and rock that grow tails the closer they get to the sun. The hotter they get, the longer this "tail" becomes. The sunlight makes comets glow, which causes them to be visible on Earth.
Dwarf Planets
Dwarf planets are bodies that orbit the sun that are not considered large enough to be actual planets. The most famous dwarf planet is Pluto, which was considered an actual planet up until 2006.
Satellites
Satellites are machines put into the Solar System by scientists in order to find out more about the Solar System, and what is in it. These machines take pictures, perform experiments, take data, and much, much more. Without them, we wouldn't have the vast amount of information that we have today.
Summary
The Solar System is a fascinating place. Each of the eight planets have their own unique features, but are also similar in some ways - much like people! It is amazing to think that the Solar System has been around for more than 4.6 billions years. Each of the eight planets orbits the sun in the same direction, and in their own time. We have so much more we can learn about the Solar System, and so much we have learned already today.
sit this page to learn more interesting facts about the Solar System!
Want to get an idea of how far apart the planets are? Click here!
Resources
Our Solar System. Retrieved from http://www.kidsastronomy.com/solar_system.htm
Solar System. Retrieved from http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/solar-system
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What religion was Richard Nixon | Richard Nixon’s Religion and Political Views | The Hollowverse
Nixon was a Republican, but had some signature Democrat economic policies.
Richard Nixon was born quite poor in Yorba Linda, California.
Nixon’s mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodist when he married her.
Quaker is a surprising religion for Nixon. It teaches its followers to not drink or dance or swear, for one. But its quite liberal in a number of ways, such as allowing women to hold offices of influence in the church and, perhaps most famously, being radically pacifist.
And this from the president who is most famous for Watergate and the Vietnam War.
Even though Nixon’s family was devout, he didn’t have a high view of religion once taking office, saying:
In the long term we can hope that religion will change the nature of man and reduce conflict. But history is not encouraging in this respect. The bloodiest wars in history have been religious wars. 1
A lying politician, never!
Nixon was a real Republican. He believed in family values, small government, and kicking ass. He’s the only president to have resigned after the Watergate scandal marred his reputation, disenchanting Americans for generations. In fact, some theorize that the Nixon administration is responsible for the decline in America’s trust of politicians and the political process.
He wasn’t all bad, though. He was the first president to visit communist China, opening relations between the two countries for the first time in 25 years. Also, he managed to preside over one of the hottest periods of the Cold War, and no one got nuked. So that’s a plus.
Economically, Nixon was more liberal than conservative. The Vietnam War took a toll on the U.S. economy, causing high rates of inflation. Following in the footsteps of a number of European countries, Nixon took the U.S. dollar off the gold standard, giving the U.S. Federal Reserve greater power–a move still controversial today. It managed to only temporarily boost the U.S. economy in 1971, just in time for reelection.
In other ways, he was all Republican such as opposing the welfare state–now an American institution, saying:
If we take the route of the permanent handout, the American character will itself be impoverished. 2
| Quakers |
Who was Constable of Caernarvon Castle when Charles was invested as Prince of Wales | RICHARD NIXON | Successfulpeeps
Successfulpeeps
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RICHARD NIXON
Died April 22, 1994 (aged 81)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Resting place Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum
Yorba Linda, California, U.S.
Spouse(s) Pat Ryan (m. 1940; died 1993)
Children Patricia “Tricia” and Julie
Alma mater Whittier College (B.A.)
Duke University (J.D.)
Religion Quaker
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974 when he became the only U.S. president to resign the office. Nixon had previously served as a U.S. Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate work at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife, Pat Nixon, moved to Washington to work for the federal government in 1942. He subsequently served in the United States Navy during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950. His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president. He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California in 1962. In 1968 he ran again for the presidency and was elected.
Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American prisoners home. At the same time he ended military draft. Nixon’s visit to the People’s Republic of China in 1972 opened diplomatic relations between the two nations, and he initiated détente and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union the same year. His administration generally transferred power from Washington to the states. He imposed wage and price controls, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing which signaled the end of the moon race. He was reelected by one of the largest landslides in U.S. history in 1972.
The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo and a continuing series of revelations about the Watergate scandal. The scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9, 1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, Gerald Ford. In retirement, Nixon’s work authoring several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a debilitating stroke on April 18, 1994, and died four days later at the age of 81. Nixon remains a source of considerable interest among historians.
Nixon was born on January 9, 1913 in Yorba Linda, California, in a house his father built. He was the son of Hannah (Milhous) Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith; Nixon’s upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers: Harold (1909–33), Donald (1914–87), Arthur (1918–25), and Edward (born 1930). Four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England; Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart.
Nixon’s early life was marked by hardship, and he later quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood: “We were poor, but the glory of it was we didn’t know it”. The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the family moved to Whittier, California. In an area with many Quakers, Frank Nixon opened a grocery store and gas station. Richard’s younger brother Arthur died in 1925 after a short illness. At the age of twelve, Richard was found to have a spot on his lung and, with a family history of tuberculosis, he was forbidden to play sports. Eventually, the spot was found to be scar tissue from an early bout of pneumonia.
Nixon’s career was frequently dogged by his persona and the public’s perception of it. Editorial cartoonists and comedians often exaggerated his appearance and mannerisms, to the point where the line between the human and the caricature became increasingly blurred. He was often portrayed with unshaven jowls, slumped shoulders, and a furrowed, sweaty brow.
Nixon had a complex personality, both very secretive and awkward, yet strikingly reflective about himself. He was inclined to distance himself from people and was formal in all aspects, wearing a coat and tie even when home alone. Nixon biographer Conrad Black described him as being “driven” though also “uneasy with himself in some ways”. According to Black, Nixon “thought that he was doomed to be traduced, double-crossed, unjustly harassed, misunderstood, underappreciated, and subjected to the trials of Job, but that by the application of his mighty will, tenacity, and diligence, he would ultimately prevail”. Biographer Elizabeth Drew summarized Nixon as a “smart, talented man, but most peculiar and haunted of presidents”. In his account of the Nixon presidency, author Richard Reeves described Nixon as “a strange man of uncomfortable shyness, who functioned best alone with his thoughts”. Nixon’s presidency was doomed by his personality, Reeves argues: “He assumed the worst in people and he brought out the worst in them … He clung to the idea of being ‘tough’. He thought that was what had brought him to the edge of greatness. But that was what betrayed him. He could not open himself to other men and he could not open himself to greatness.”
Nixon believed that putting distance between himself and other people was necessary for him as he advanced in his political career and became president. Even Bebe Rebozo, by some accounts his closest friend, did not call him by his first name. Nixon stated of this, “Even with close friends, I don’t believe in letting your hair down, confiding this and that and the other thing—saying, ‘Gee, I couldn’t sleep’ … I believe you should keep your troubles to yourself. That’s just the way I am. Some people are different. Some people think it’s good therapy to sit with a close friend and, you know, just spill your guts reveal their inner psyche—whether they were breast-fed or bottle-fed. Not me. No way.” When told that most Americans, even at the end of his career, did not feel they knew him, Nixon replied, “Yeah, it’s true. And it’s not necessary for them to know.”
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What was the follow up series of Porridge with Fletcher being released from jail | Porridge (TV Series 1974–1977) - IMDb
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The prison life of Fletcher, a criminal serving a five-year sentence, as he strives to bide his time, keep his record clean, and refuses to be ground down by the prison system.
Stars:
Fletch is in the prison hospital, where an unpleasant con called Norris, shortly to be released, has won the possessions of an elderly prisoner, Blanco. Fletch hatches a plan involving a supposed ...
8.6
Supposedly as a temporary measure Lennie Godber is moved into Fletch's cell. As a first-timer the prison world is new to him and he misses his girl-friend. Fletch shows a kindly, philosophical side ...
8.5
Christmas Special. Fletcher discovers that his fellow inmates are planning to escape.
8.5
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Search for " Porridge " on Amazon.com
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4 wins & 3 nominations. See more awards »
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Arkwright is a tight-fisted shop owner in Doncaster, who will stop at nothing to keep his profits high and his overheads low, even if this means harassing his nephew Granville. Arkwright's ... See full summary »
Stars: Ronnie Barker, David Jason, Lynda Baron
This prison comedy is based on the popular British television series of the same name. Long time Slade prison inmate Fletcher is ordered by Grouty to arrange a football match between the ... See full summary »
Director: Dick Clement
Long running BBC comedy show consisting of sketches and humourous musical routines involving the large Ronnie Barker and the small Ronnie Corbett. Most sketches involved both men, but ... See full summary »
Stars: Ronnie Barker, Ronnie Corbett, The Fred Tomlinson Singers
Going Straight (TV Series 1978)
Comedy
Following his release from Slade prison, Fletcher tries to stick to the straight and narrow, but it isn't easy!
Stars: Ronnie Barker, Patricia Brake, Richard Beckinsale
Classic 1960s British comedy series about a middle aged man and his elderly father who run an unsuccessful 'rag and bone' business (collecting and selling junk). Harold (the son) wants to ... See full summary »
Stars: Wilfrid Brambell, Harry H. Corbett, Frank Thornton
Popular sitcom set in a seedy bedsit lorded over by the mean, vain, boastful, cowardly landlord Rigsby. In each episode, his conceits are debunked by his long suffering tenants.
Stars: Leonard Rossiter, Don Warrington, Frances de la Tour
Victor Meldrew is a retiree who attracts bad luck. If he's not driving his long suffering wife Margeret crazy with his constant moaning, he's fighting with neighbors.
Stars: Richard Wilson, Annette Crosbie, Doreen Mantle
During WW2, in a fictional British seaside town, a ragtag group of Home Guard local defense volunteers prepare for an imminent German invasion.
Stars: Arthur Lowe, John Le Mesurier, Clive Dunn
Accident-prone Frank Spencer fails to navigate the simplest tasks of daily life, while also trying to look after his wife and baby.
Stars: Michael Crawford, Michele Dotrice, Jessica Forte
The misadventures of a ragtag group of elderly Home Guard local defense volunteers at the onset of WW2.
Director: Norman Cohen
Terry and Bob from The Likely Lads (1964) continue their life after Terry arrives home from serving in the Army to discover that Bob is about to marry his girlfriend Thelma. Can Thelma lead... See full summary »
Stars: James Bolam, Rodney Bewes, Brigit Forsyth
This comedy series is all about two mates, Gary and Tony who share a two bedroom home. They are grown men who act like a couple of drunk two year olds, who spend their time either drinking ... See full summary »
Stars: Martin Clunes, Caroline Quentin, Leslie Ash
Edit
Storyline
Norman Stanley Fletcher is sentenced to 5 years at her Majesty's pleasure at HM prison Slade in darkest Cumbria. His naive cell mate Lenny Godber needs to learn the ropes, skives and scams and evil prison officer Mr.Mackay tries to run the prison his own way. And then there's Mr.Barroclough who is just too weak willed to have his good nature exploited.
5 September 1974 (UK) See more »
Also Known As:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The judge reading sentencing during the opening titles is voiced by Ronnie Barker . Barker is reported to have said that he regretted recording himself as the judge (who was later portrayed by Maurice Denham in two episodes). See more »
Quotes
[Fletch is about to hit Jarvis with the television]
Mackay : What are you doing, Fletcher?
Fletch : Just adjusting the television, Mr Mackay!
Mackay : With the set above your head?
Fletch : Yes, it's the vertical hold!
Warren : Look! We've got a picture!
See more »
Crazy Credits
The closing credits listed the actors' names but not the corresponding names of the characters that they played. See more »
Connections
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Who won the 2001 Volvo PGA Championship | On the Rocks (TV Series 1975–1976) - IMDb
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Alamesa minimum security prison has four inmates in a friendly rivalry with their guards and warden.
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Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence
From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence.
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Title: On the Rocks (1975–1976)
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The prison life of Fletcher, a criminal serving a five-year sentence, as he strives to bide his time, keep his record clean, and refuses to be ground down by the prison system.
Stars: Ronnie Barker, Brian Wilde, Fulton Mackay
Going Straight (TV Series 1978)
Comedy
Following his release from Slade prison, Fletcher tries to stick to the straight and narrow, but it isn't easy!
Stars: Ronnie Barker, Patricia Brake, Richard Beckinsale
The captain of a city police station and his staff handle the various local troubles and characters that come to the building.
Stars: Hal Linden, Abe Vigoda, Steve Landesberg
The sit-com takes us into the further adventures of the characters from the movie of the same name.
Stars: Rachel Dennison, Valerie Curtin, Sally Struthers
Loading dock worker Arnie's work and family life get turned upside-down when he suddenly gets promoted to a high-level management position.
Stars: Herschel Bernardi, Sue Ane Langdon, Roger Bowen
This prison comedy is based on the popular British television series of the same name. Long time Slade prison inmate Fletcher is ordered by Grouty to arrange a football match between the ... See full summary »
Director: Dick Clement
11 September 1975 (USA) See more »
Company Credits
Did You Know?
Trivia
This was the US version of the hugely successful British sitcom Porridge, produced by the BBC from 1974-1977. 'Porridge' is/was a British slang term for a prison sentence. See more »
Connections
Remake of Porridge (1974) See more »
Frequently Asked Questions
(United States) – See all my reviews
It's true that I've never seen "Porridge," but I think this show was genuinely underrated. As far as I know, about the only attention it got was negative - it was called too light a comedy (considering the subject), and was also accused of being full of ethnic stereotypes, which it really wasn't. And it was full of very good comedy actors, some of whom I've hardly seen since, like Jose Perez as Fuentes, the leader of the group. And Melvin Stewart, one of the most underrated character actors of all (even his great "All In The Family" character seldom gets mentioned when people write about that show), as the nasty guard (at least, by LIGHT COMEDY standards), always trying to get something on the main characters, especially Fuentes. And Tom Poston as the nice, put-upon guard (again, I've never seen Porridge, so I don't know the similar character on that show, but Poston was very good). And Rick Hurst, who's made a career out of playing likable oafish characters.
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In which sport do competitors assemble for a final posedown | 2014 Olympia Weekend: Mr. Olympia Final Results
2014 Olympia Weekend: Mr. Olympia Final Results
By Layne Norton, PhD
Last updated: Aug 21, 2015
At the beginning of the evening, only 13 men had ever won the elusive Sandow. At the end of the night, it was still only 13. Phil Heath did it again!
The 50th Mr. Olympia competition kicked off Friday night with a stellar and contentious prejudging that featured great showings by Dexter Jackson, Shawn Rhoden, and Dennis Wolf—not just the two competitors who produced the most sparks at Thursday's press conference. There were whispers that maybe one of these three could do what no one in this decade has done since Jay Cutler in 2011: squeeze in between Phil Heath and Kai Greene.
But in the end, this was a two-man contest between two competitors who no longer need last names in bodybuilding debates. They're just Phil and Kai, and at the end of the evening, they stood alone.
The Top 6
1 st
Phil Heath
Phil Heath was very tight and brought great aesthetics as always, but for some reason his abs seemed less defined and almost bloated in some poses. He was very good, but not at his best ever. That said, I thought the competition was very close, and—as with the 212—would likely come down to the final posedown. I had Heath with a razor-thin edge heading into finals, and that ended up being enough.
Phil Heath
2 nd
Kai Greene
Kai Greene brought his best conditioning to date, pushing Phil Heath to the absolute edge. I would argue that Greene was actually the leanest competitor onstage, outshining even Heath in this regard. The fans seemed to agree, as he ran away with the Fan's Choice Award by a large margin. This was as great an opportunity as Greene has had, but Heath ended up holding the 50th Sandow. Next year will once again be fascinating to watch.
Kai Greene
3 rd
Shawn Rhoden
Last year's drop to 4th place wasn't the sign of a decline. If anything, " Flexatron " was more impressive than ever at age 39 in his 4th Olympia. Bigger, fuller, and more defined than any previous version we've seen on this stage or any other, Rhoden certainly brought his best. His best just wasn't quite enough with Phil and Kai on point.
4 th
Dennis Wolf
A fascinating rivalry is blossoming between Wolf and Shawn Rhoden. They've gone back and forth in recent years in both the Olympia and the Arnold Classic, with each man figuring out how to gain an edge on the other from competition to competition. Wolf was as huge and defined as ever, and you could see his mixed feelings in his face as he walked up to accept the 4th-place check.
Shawn Rhoden
5 th
Dexter Jackson
The ageless Jackson continues to amaze—or is it even surprising anymore?—with his peerless conditioning and world-class symmetry. This was his 15th appearance on the Olympia stage, having won the competition in 2008, and he hasn't been outside of the top six since 2001. Let that sink in for a second. He cemented his place as one of the all-time greats of this competition long ago, regardless of how many Sandows he has in his trophy case.
6 th
Branch Warren
Warren's re-entry into the top six was one of the great stories of the night. His 9th-place finish last year had many fans wondering how much he had left in the tank. He answered conclusively tonight: plenty. His incredible conditioning was reminiscent of the Branch Warren of old, and he was as big as ever.
Top 7-10
| Bodybuilding |
What did the Rover company build before they built cars | Our Disciplines – IFBB
Our Disciplines
Bodybuilding:
Athletes train to develop all bodyparts and muscles to maximum size but in balance and harmony. There should be no “weak points” or underdeveloped muscles. Moreover, they should follow a special pre-competition training cycle, to decrease the bodyfat level as low as possible and remove the underskin water to show the quality of muscles: density, separation and definition. Who can display more muscle details is scoring higher at the contest. And the other matter to be assessed is general view of the physique, which should be proportionally built. It means broad shoulders and narrow waist as well as adequately long legs and shorter upper body.
These qualities are displayed during two physique assessment rounds when competitors do 7 compulsory exercises during comparisons of 3 to 5 athletes proposed by the judges. Athletes perform barefoot, in posing trunks. There are 10 bodyweight categories for men: 60 kg, 65 kg; 70 kg; 75 kg; 80 kg; 85 kg; 90 kg; 95 kg, 100 kg and over 100 kg.
There is also a routine round when athletes can show their physique during 60-second free posing routine performed to the music of their choice. It is an attractive, artistic presentation, including compulsory and non-compulsory poses and other type of movements. There are three rounds. In each round each panel judge must put the competitors in order, giving them individual places from the first to the last.
Bodybuilding photo: World champion Hadi CHOOPAN (Iran)
Classic Bodybuilding:
It is a version of bodybuilding for those male athletes who don’t want to develop their muscles to their “extreme” full potentials but prefer lighter “classic” physique.
To create the equal chances to them, the competitors’ bodyweight is limited according to their body height, following the special IFBB formula for each body height category (currently there are five categories: 168 cm; 171 cm, 175 cm, 180 cm and over 180 cm).
Since muscle mass is limited, special attention is paid to the overall view of the physique, body proportions and lines, muscle shape and condition (density, bodyfat level, definition and details).
These values are assessed by the judges during Rounds 1 and 3. In Round 2, like in bodybuilding, free posing routines are performed to music of athlete’s choice.
Classic Bodybuilding photo: World champion Kikwan SEOL (Rep. of Korea)
Women Fitness :
This concept has been introduced by the IFBB in the early 90’s, starting as official competition in 1996 in response to the increasing demand for competitions for women who prefer to develop a less muscular, yet athletic and aesthetically pleasing physique and also to show their physiques in motion. In Women Fitness, the emphasis is placed on a shapely, athletic-looking physique, assessed by comparisons of four quarter turns and athletic ability, assessed during a very attractive and dynamic fitness style routine. Currently, there are two Women’s Fitness categories: up to 163 cm and over 163 cm.
The judges are looking for strengths elements, flexibility movements, high tempo, technical perfection, elegance and grace. Competitors may use small props, associated with their attires.
As it is a physique sport as well, there are also two physique assessment rounds beside this artistic routine rounds. In Round 1 and 3 competitors perform four quarter turns in bikini suit, during which the judges assess their figures and body contours, bodypart shape, bodyfat level, body firmness and muscle tone, overall stage presentation (self-confidence, poise, coordination of movements) as well as the overall style of presentation.
Eliminations (if more than 15 athletes), Round 1 (comparisons in quarter turns) and Round 2 (90-second routine) are performed during the Prejudging. In the finals, the top 6 competitors perform their posing routines once again (Round 3) and then quarter turns (Round 4). The subscores from these two final rounds are summed up to create the total and final places of the competitors.
Women’s Fitness photo: European champion Kristina KOROLJAK (Estonia).
Men Fitness :
This new sport discipline is similar in structure to Women Fitness; however the body mass is limited according to the formulas established for all four body height ranges: 170 cm, 175 cm, 180 cm and over 180 cm. Currently, there is one open Men’s Fitness category.
The contest also includes four rounds, with the artistic fitness routine in Round 1 and Round 3 plus quarter turns in Round 2 and Round 4. During the quarter turns competitors wear the swim trunks only and the judges assess the overall male athletic physiques. Posing routines should include strength and flexibility moves, gymnastic moves or other ways of displaying of their athletic talent and capacity.
At the end, the subscores from two final rounds (Round 3 and Round 4) are added to produce the final scores and to reach the final places of the top 6 competitors. Competitors in places from 7th to 15th remain with their scores from the Prejudging (Round 1 and Round 2).
Women Bodyfitness :
Bodyfitness has been implemented by the IFBB in 2002 to give a chance to compete for wide group of shapely women without the routine rounds, just the physique ones. This formula has proved to be useful and the number of participating competitors increases each year. Later on IFBB created for them the possibility to show their figure in motion during a short individual onstage presentation called “T-walking”.
Currently, there are two rounds of quarter turns in the bikini-style costume of their own choice and classic stiletto pump of any color. At the beginning of Round 2 (finals) top 6 competitors perform individual “T-walking” presentations and then quarter turns as group.
In all rounds judges should assess the overall athletic appearance of the physique, taking into account symmetrically developed physique, muscle tone and shape, with a small amount of body fat, as well as the hair, makeup and individual style of presentation, including personal confidence, poise and grace. This sport discipline is widely open for all well-shaped women working out in the fitness centers and following the healthy sport diet. And they take the advantage of it! Like in fitness, subscores from the final round are used to get the final total and places. There are four body height categories: 158 cm, 163 cm, 168 cm and over 168 cm.
Bodyfitness photo: European champion Kinga SZWEDA (Poland)
Women’s Bikini-Fitness :
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What is the proper name for the basket of a hot air balloon | Balloon Terminology - Fly Me to the Moon
Fly Me to the Moon
You are here: Home / School Project Information / Balloon Terminology
Balloon Terminology
By Administrator
Balloon Terminology
All of those words and terms used by the ballooning community which might seem a little odd to an outsider.
The Australian Ballooning Federation is the body in Australia that issues sport balloon pilots certificates.
Aeronaut
The pilot of a balloon or airship.
Aerostat
A lighter-than-air craft. A hot-air balloon is an aerostat.
Aerostation
The science of lighter-than-air flight.
AGL
Above ground level
Altimeter
A pressure sensing device (barometer) calibrated in feet which is carried in an aircraft to tell the pilot how high the aircraft is off the ground.
Balloon
A generic term for an aerostat.
Balloonatic
Fanatic balloon enthusiasts. Many of whom eat, drink and sleep ballooning. Why else would they get up at 4:30 in the morning to stand out in the cold and do hard manual labour? Why – because they are balloonatics!
Basket
Also referred to as the gondola; the part of the balloon used to carry the pilot and passengers, fuel tanks, and other equipment. Constructed from wicker and light wood base, or in the case of high-altitude and long-distance craft, pressurizable materials.
British Thermal Unit- BTU
The quantity of heat necessary to raise the temperature of a pound (0.45Kg) of water by one degree Fahrenheit (0.56 degrees Celcius). It is approximately 1.055 kilojoules.
Burner
Device used to ignite and project flammable fuel (usually propane gas) up into the envelope to heat the air in a hot-air balloon. Burners come in a variety of configurations.
Carabiner
A “D”, or “O” shaped locking metal clamp used to connect things together (in particular, load cables to baskets, or tie-off lines to retrieve vehicles).
CASA
Civil Aviation Safety Authority is the Australian government agency that regulates all non military aircraft, pilots, airports and air spaces.
Certificate of Airworthiness
A document which states that an aircraft is fit to fly. A balloon as to be regularly checked to make sure the fabric isn’t getting too weak, the basket isn’t unravelling etc. I
Chase
Also referred to as the “recovery” or more frequently “retrieve”; the process by which the aerostat is tracked during flight and retrieved afterwards by crew on the ground or in another craft (like a boat).
Chase Crew
The crew that chases the aerostat – more frequently known as the retrieve crew.
Convergent Navigational Task – CNT
A ballooning event where pilots attempt to fly from a designated distance to a single point, usually a scoring ‘X’. Also known as Controlled Navigational Trajectory Event, or a Fly-In task.
Cremation Charlie
Some one who sacrifices himself during a flap inflation to stand inside the envelope and hold it up so that no valuable rip-stop gets burnt.
Crown
The top of the balloon envelope.
Crown Line
A rope which, at one end, is fastened to the top (or crown) of the balloon envelope, and at the other end, is used by a member of the crew to help stabilize the balloon during inflation and deflation.
Crown Ring
The ring of metal at the top of the envelope to which all the load tapes are attached.
Drop Line
A rope, belt or other line attached to the aerostat (usually the gondola) on one end. Normally furled or stowed during flight, it can be released by the pilot and secured by ground crewmembers who use it to maneuver the craft into or through tight landing areas.
Envelope
The portion of the balloon which holds the heated air (for hot-air balloons) or gas for gas balloons. Constructed of cloth such as ripstop nylon or nomex, or other light, relatively impermeable material.
Fan
See inflator fan.
First Flight Ceremony
Those who have endured it need no explanation. Those who have not should know that its origins are cloaked in mystery and shrouded in the most sacred rites of ballooning. Suffice it to say that the ceremony involves various liquid refreshment (usually champagne). Once having successfully survived the ceremony, the Initiate has been officially inducted into the Noble Fraternity of Aeronauts.
Flap Inflation
Before the days of inflator fans, the only way to get cold air into the envelope prior to turning on the burner was to flap the top side of the mouth up and down. Once a small amount of air had been put inside the envelope, the pilot would periodically burn to heat the air as the mouth was flapped open. Clearly this might burn the inside of the balloon higher up, so necessitated a Cremation Charlie.
Fly-in Task
See basket.
Hopper
An aerostat where the pilot sits in a chair or harness underneather the envelope, as opposed to standing in a basket.
Hesitation Waltz
Competition where multiple judge declared goals are set.
Inflator Fan
Hot air can’t be directly put into the envelope it first has to be filled with cold air using the inflator fan. Only then can this air be heated using the burner. Before fans, the balloon had to be flap inflated.
Judge Declared Goal
Competition where a single target is set and all the balloons fly from the launch site with the aim of dropping their markers as close as possible to the goal.
Landowner
The person, business or organization which holds the title to the property upon which the aerostat launches and/or lands.
Landowner Relations
Extremely important for aerostat activities, especially considering the limited control over landing location. Ideally, the pilot or chase crew should secure permission from the landowner before landing on their property. The wishes of the landowner take precedence during landing and recovery, within the limits of flight physics and safety. Landowner relations also apply to low overflights of landowner’s property.
Load Tapes
Reinforced vertical seams along the length of the envelope, connected by the load cables to the basket. The actual load-bearing parts of the envelope.
Mouth
The opening at the base of the balloon envelope through which the flames from the burner passes to heat the air inside the envelope. This is sometimes referred to as the ‘throat’…
MSL
Fire-resistant material that the scoop and bottom section of the envelope are made of.
Pibal
A small helium filled party balloon used to show the pilot the direction and speed of the wind. This gives an idea of what direction the flight will take.
Poles
The stabilizing struts between the basket, the burner mount and the load cables. On some balloons the poles are actually load-bearing elements; on others they simply act as stiff or slightly flexible guides for the actual load-bearing elements and connections from envelope sensors to the instrument console. Also referred to as “burner supports”, “supports” or “flexi poles” there main job is to stop the burner knocking you on the head during landing.
PIC
Pilot in Command
Prohibited Zone
A restricted operation zone where balloon launchings and landings are prohibited by the landowner. In some cases, a minimum altitude restriction may also exist.
PUT
Short for ‘Pilot Under Training” or “Pilot Under Tuition”.
Red Line
A rope or nylon strap connected to the top of the envelope. It is used by the pilot to let some or all of the hot air inside the envelope out in order to descend or land.
Red Zone
The material that makes up most of envelope.
Restricted Operations Zone
A land area on or over which balloon operations are restricted by the landowner. Also refered to as a prohibited zone (PZ) or a sensitive zone (SZ).
Retrieve Crew
See chase and chase crew.
Rosiere
Type of balloon that uses both gas and hot air. Sometimes called a hybrid or a temperature controlled helium balloon. These have been used for most of the ultra long distance flights since the early 1990’s.
Rotation Vent
A panel located about half way up the balloon which is used to orient the balloon during flight and for the landing. Two lines come from the rotation vent, one to rotate left and the other to rotate right.
Scoop
A specialized-shape skirt which, on American balloons, narrows to an inch or two on one side and widens to extend all the way from the top of the poles to the base of the envelope proper, forming a tilted mouth. The idea of the scoop is to provide better control of the aerostat’s orientation. Ideally, the front (or main part of the scoop) will always be kept in the direction of travel. It may also aid in keeping the envelope full.
Sensitive Zone
A restricted operation zone where balloon launchings and landings may be allowed by the landowner under special circumstances. In some cases, a minimum altitude restriction may also exist.
Skirt
The cloth segment of the envelope below the load cable connections, frequently detachable, often made of Nomex or similar fire-resistant material.
Smart Vent
Is an Australian invented deflation system for balloons. It allows the pilot to release a lot of hot air from the balloon during landing and can be reset.
Spotter
Someone who delights in collecting balloon licence numbers, badges and anoraks.
Supports
Keeping a balloon tied to the ground so that it doesn’t fly away.
Throat
See mouth.
Thumbs up
The signal from a launch director that the airspace above is clear and you have permission to launch. Any digit other than the thumb means something entirely different.
Uprights
The metal or plastic rods that conned the envelope to the basket and hold the burner up.
Vent
A portion of the top or side of the envelope that can be opened briefly by the pilot to release some hot air to get the balloon to stop going up, or go down.
Weather rock
Any smooth stone thrown at the weatherman when he tells you it’s going to be unflyable again.
ZULU
Refers to the universal time zone used within the aviation community. Also known as Grennwich Mean Time (GMT) or Universal Coordinated Time (UTC)
Technical data content credited to Mr Steve Griffin
| Gondola |
Which country has the international car registration letters of GBZ | Raven Industries - The Early Years of Sport Ballooning
Photos courtesy Balloon Historical Society
Ed Yost with Raven engineer Russ Pohl, early '60s (how did it all get off the ground with that one-can burner?). In this shot , Yost (center) prepares Nick Piantanida (right) for his ill-fated skydiving record attempt.
Raven got its start in sport balloons purveying one-place "Vulcoons," which, rather than climbing into, you just sorta put on. Many clubs quickly added seatbelts. Here is a young Don Piccard (left) preparing a Vulcoon for flight. Here is the super-compact Vulcoon on its little trailer.
Ektachrome © National Geographic Society
Collection of George Garcia Jr.
In the early-to-mid-'60s, Raven was just getting into multi-place balloons - this crate-like gondola makes even the later aluminum models look luxurious. Here is another mid-'60s gondola, looking like a project in a "learn welding at home in your spare time" course, and here is another (this one from the '65 Reno Nationals - note ducted inflator in background).
If you can find a copy of this April, 1963 Popular Mechanics, do! (Look on ebay for issues sold in lots - worked for me). GREAT Vulcoon pics inside! (See above, for example.)
Evidently, the U.S. Navy was determined to squeeze every possible military use out of their investment in balloons. Here, Navy personnel prepare to send a Shrike missile aloft for "testing purposes." The mind boggles (at least mine does) at the thought of hot-air balloons as missile platforms.
Photo courtesy Balloon Historical Society
Another early Raven, complete with precarious-looking proto-gondola, undergoing flight testing in the early sixties. Here it is (or one like it) with three (!) crewmen on board.
Raven offered a factory inflator in the '60s, which ducted pre-heated air into the balloon, but was bulky and generally unpopular (and apparently troublesome when the balloon rolled in crosswinds). This entry in the '65 Reno Nationals (not a Raven), clearly has no one holding the crown line, probably because it used an inflator like this (thanks to Lance Terry for this theory).
Two ballooning legends, Ed Yost and Don Piccard, conquer the English Channel, 1963 (shown here inflated beforehand (?) in South Dakota [collection of Mike Emich], pre-takeoff and aloft ). The "Channel Champ" helped prove the viability of the new generation of hot-air balloons, landing successfully in France despite a banner-related envelope tear on descent.
¤
Dick Keuser takes off at the first St. Paul Winter Carnival race, at the burner of a pre-Vulcoon model owing virtually everything to the ONR program's X-series models.
The chair-type gondola of this Vulcoon prototype ( better shot [collection of Mike Emich]) was to have been the production version, but proved too costly. Here's the same (?) chair during burner testing , early 1960s (blurry), and a later prototype , much closer to the final design.
The first commercial Vulcoons used this curious-looking double burner (I'd love to know more about its anatomy and output - anyone know, who can share ?). Bill Berry is shown here in the one-off custom basket he used in place of the "chair," in a 1965 issue of True magazine.
Collection of David Tanzer
For a time, Raven marketed its multiplace balloons under the "Vulcoon" name, as it had done with the earlier one-place chair-type models. This ad is from a 1971 issue of Ballooning magazine, reproduced by the kind permission of the Balloon Federation of America .
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Which city has the largest underground railway system in the world | The world's longest metro and subway systems - Railway Technology
The world’s ninth longest metro system Guangzhou Metro has been operational since 1997.
The world's longest metro and subway systems
Rapid urbanisation around the world has resulted in the construction of dozens of new metro and subway systems or the expansion of existing ones.
Seoul Subway, South Korea
Seoul subway serving the Seoul Metropolitan Area is the longest subway system in the world. The total route length of the system extended as far as 940km as of 2013. The first line of the subway was opened in 1974 and the system presently incorporates 17 lines (excluding the Uijeongbu LRT and the recently opened Yongin Ever Line).
The subway system is operated by multiple operators including the state-owned Seoul Metro, Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation, Korail, Incheon Transit Corporation, and other private rapid transit operators. Many extension projects are under construction on the already extensive subway network. The annual ridership of the subway system in 2012 was a mammoth 2.518 billion making it the second busiest subway system after Tokyo subway.
Shanghai Metro, China
The 468km network of the Shanghai Metro makes it the world's second longest. Shanghai Metro is the third rapid transit system in Mainland China, after Beijing and Tianjin. Shanghai Shentong Metro operates the network through its four subdivisions.
The first line of the Shanghai Metro was opened in 1993, and the system is currently operated with 12 lines and 303 stations. Construction is underway to extend a few of the existing lines and add new lines to the system. The metro network is planned to be expanded up to a length of 877km with 22 lines. The annual ridership of the metro in 2012 was 2.276 billion.
Beijing Subway, China
Beijing Subway, China's oldest metro system, currently ranks as the world's third longest subway system comprising of 17 operatinglines spanning a total length of 456km. The subway system has been in operation since 1969 and is owned by the city of Beijing. State-owned Beijing Mass Transit Railway Operation operates 14 lines of the system, while the other three lines are operated by Beijing MTR through a public-private joint venture with the Hong Kong MTR.
Eight of the 17 lines of the system serve the Beijing city's urban while the remaining nine lines offer connectivity to the suburbs. The network includes more than 270 stations and has an annual ridership of 2.46 billion (2012 estimate). Six new subway lines are expected to be operational on the system by 2016 and the total route length of the network is expected to exceed 1,000km by 2020.
London Underground, United Kingdom
London Underground, commonly known as the Tube, with a total route length of 402km is the world's fourth longest subway system.It is also the oldest metro system in the world and has been operational since 1863. It comprises of 11 lines and 270 stations, and is operated by Transport for London (TfL).
The subway system provides inner-city metro services in Greater London and suburban railway services to some parts of Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire and Essex counties. Surface lines comprise 54% of the system, while the rest 46% runs on sub-surface and deep-level tube lines. The annual ridership of the system was estimated at 1.17 billion in 2012. TfL has been carrying out major improvement programmes on the London Underground since 2007.
New York Subway, United States
The New York subway is currently the world's fifth longest subway system, with a total route length of 368km. The rapid transit system, serving the New York City, commenced operation in 1904. It is owned by the City of New York and operated by the New York City Transit Authority, a subsidiary of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
The subway system is operated with 24 lines and 468 stations, and is currently touted as having more stations than any other metro system. About 60% of the stations in the system are underground. The annual ridership of the subway in 2012 was 1.665 billion. Times Sq-42, followed by Grand Central-42, was the busiest station of the subway network with an annual ridership of 62 million.
Moscow Metro, Russia
The 317.5km long Moscow Metro is the sixth longest subway system in the world. It is mostly underground, and serves the city of Moscow and the neighbouring towns Krasnogorsk and Reutov. State-owned enterprise Moskovsky Metropoliten owns and operates the metro system.
The Moscow Metro is currently operated with 12 lines and 190 stations, and recorded an annual ridership of 2.389 billion in 2012. Lermontovsky Prospekt and Zhulebino are the two most recent stations inaugurated in November 2013 as part of the Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya line expansion. It is undergoing a major expansion programme to add 150km of line to the network by 2020.
Tokyo Subway, Japan
Tokyo subway system ranks seventh among the world's longest subway systems. The total route length of the subway system as of2013 was 310km comprising of 13 lines and 290 stations. Private company Tokyo Metro operates nine lines and 184 stations, whereas Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation, also known as the Toei Subway, operates the remaining four lines and 106 stations.
Tokyo subway is the busiest subway system in the world and recorded an annual ridership of 3.102 billion in 2012. Since the opening of first line in 1927, the Tokyo rapid transit system has been expanded to better serve the megacity with a population over 35 million as well as provide connections to suburban railway lines outside central Tokyo.
Madrid Metro, Spain
The Madrid Metro system serving Madrid, the capital city of Spain, is currently the world's eighth longest metro system. The Madrid Metro runs 293km long consisting of 13 lines and 300 stations. The first line of the system began operation in 1919. Metro de Madrid, under the administration of the autonomous community of Madrid, is the operator of the network.
The metro system is operated with more than 2,400 train sets, most of them are CAF metro trains. The annual ridership of the metro in 2012 was 628 million. The metro has been undergoing a new expansion and improvement plan since 2011, and is planned to be expanded by 24km by 2015.
Guangzhou Metro, China
Guangzhou Metro system serving the city of Guangzhou in the Guangdong Province of China is currently the ninth longest subway system in the world. The metro system has been operational since 1997 and currently measures 232km long. It currently consists of eight lines and 144 stations, and is operated by state-owned Guangzhou Metro Corporation.
Guangfo line, the first intercity underground metro line in China, is part of the Guangzhou metro and connects Guangzhou with Foshan. The annual ridership of the Guangzhou metro in 2012 was 1.825 billion. The metro network continues to be expanded with construction of new lines and expansion of the existing lines. The route length of the system is expected to exceed 600km by 2020.
Paris Metro, France
Paris Metro serving the French capital city Paris and the Paris Metropolitan Area is the world's tenth longest metro system with total route length of 218km. Paris Metro is one of the oldest urban transit systems in the world; the first line of the metro was opened in 1900.
Paris Metro consists of 16 lines and 300 stations, most of them underground, and is operated by state-owned Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (RATP). Line 14 of the metro system, opened in 1998, is completely automated and driver-less. Extensions of the Lines 4, 12 and 14 are currently under construction. The metro is operated with 700 train units and has an annual ridership of 1.524 billion (2012 estimate).
Related content
| London |
Which Derbyshire town is famous for having a church with a crooked spire | The world's 14 largest metro systems (photos) | ZDNet
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com
Published: August 1, 2013 -- 10:52 GMT (03:52 PDT)
Caption by: Andrew Nusca
No. 13: Cairo, Egypt
Cairo's Metro system is one of only two comprehensive metro systems in Africa; the other is in Algiers. First opened in 1987, the system consists of three operational lines and today carries about 837 million riders, per 2010/2011 figures. A ride costs just one Egyptian pound, or about US$0.15, which helps to address the city's rapid growth since the 1980s.
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com
Published: August 1, 2013 -- 10:52 GMT (03:52 PDT)
Caption by: Andrew Nusca
No. 12: Sao Paulo, Brazil
What can you say about Sāo Paulo's famous metro system? Well, for starters, it's the second largest system in South America and the third largest in Latin America, behind systems in Mexico City and Santiago. Launched in 1974, the system now carries 877.2 million people for an average of 3 Brazilian Real, or about US$1.32 -- critical for a city expected to be one of the fastest growing, economically speaking, in the next decade.
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com
Published: August 1, 2013 -- 10:52 GMT (03:52 PDT)
Caption by: Andrew Nusca
No. 11: London, England
London's Underground (and its recognizable circular symbol) has reached iconic status, and rightly so: "the Tube" began operation in 1863. Today, it has a breathtaking 11 lines serving almost 1.2 billion passengers, per 2011 figures. A ride isn't cheap, though: the zoned system starts at £4.50, which is about US$6.85. Much cheaper fares can be had through the use of the Oyster contact-less "smart card."
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com
Published: August 1, 2013 -- 10:52 GMT (03:52 PDT)
Caption by: Andrew Nusca
No. 10: Paris, France
The Paris Metro system is best known around the world for its original Art Nouveau entrances, which date back to the system's inauguration in 1900. Today's system, which includes 14 inner-city lines and five regional lines, the underground heart of France's capital city, and handles 1.51 billion passengers each year, per 2011 figures. A ride will set you back 1.70 Euro, or about US$2.25.
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com
Published: August 1, 2013 -- 10:52 GMT (03:52 PDT)
Caption by: Andrew Nusca
No. 9: Hong Kong, China
Hong Kong's Mass Transit Railway first opened in 1979 and now has 10 light rail lines and a ridership of 1.6 billion, making it the number one mode of public transport in a city of seven million people. How did it achieve such growth in that short amount of time? Government backing. A basic adult fare costs HK$3.50, or about $0.45. Similar to London, Hong Kong's system has a contact-less "smart" fare card named Octopus.
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com
Published: August 1, 2013 -- 10:52 GMT (03:52 PDT)
Caption by: Andrew Nusca
No. 8: Mexico City, Mexico
Don't underestimate Mexico City's sprawling Metro, which carried 1.61 billion people in 2012 and spans 12 lines. The system, which began operation in 1969, is what keeps Mexico's capital city moving and is a key strategy to curb the city's massive automotive gridlock problem. At three Mexican pesos, or about US$0.25, a ride won't made too much of a dent in your wallet. It's also music to the ears of a city with 8.8 million people.
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com
Published: August 1, 2013 -- 10:52 GMT (03:52 PDT)
Caption by: Andrew Nusca
No. 7: New York, United States of America
New York is called the city that never sleeps, and a key tool for that is a transit system that doesn't, either. The 24-hour network carried 1.66 billion people in 2012 -- enough to place it on this list, but also enough to lead the U.S. by a large margin. (Consider: its Lexington Avenue 4-5-6 subway line carries more passengers every day than the entire Chicago, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C. metro systems combined. ) The system has 34 lines and began operation in 1904; a ride will run you US$2.25.
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com
Published: August 1, 2013 -- 10:52 GMT (03:52 PDT)
Caption by: Andrew Nusca
No. 6: Guangzhou, China
Guangzhou is probably among the least-known cities on this otherwise star-studded list, but name recognition means little when you successfully carried 1.83 billion riders to their destinations in 2012. The city's metro was the fourth such system built in China, and opened in 1997. The system has grown at break-neck speed since then, and now spans eight lines. It costs as little as two Chinese yuan -- about US$0.33 -- to ride.
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com
Published: August 1, 2013 -- 10:52 GMT (03:52 PDT)
Caption by: Andrew Nusca
No. 5: Shanghai, China
Twelve lines. Almost 300 stations. The third-longest system in the world -- and it was only opened in 1993. Oh, and did we mention that there are several more lines under construction? Shanghai's metro saw 2.28 billion passengers in 2012, no slouch for China's most populous city. At just three yuan per ride, or about US$0.50, it's a deal, too.
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com
Published: August 1, 2013 -- 10:52 GMT (03:52 PDT)
Caption by: Andrew Nusca
No. 4: Beijing, China
The oldest metro system in China has hardly rested on its laurels since it first opened in 1969, and now handles upwards of 2.46 billion riders, per 2012 figures. It's the second-longest system in the world. Amazingly, 15 of its 17 lines were built after 2002, and it's still building: two more lines are scheduled to come online in the next two years. With a fare of two Chinese yuan, or about US$0.33, it's a regular contender for most affordable in China, thanks to significant government subsidies.
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com
Published: August 1, 2013 -- 10:52 GMT (03:52 PDT)
Caption by: Andrew Nusca
No. 3: Moscow, Russia
Moscow's famed Metro is among the most beautiful in the world, thanks to its marble walls, high ceilings and elaborate chandeliers. But the state-owned system is also a day-to-day powerhouse, with 12 lines and 2.46 billion passengers in 2012. Opened in 1935, the system is rather inexpensive -- just 30 Russian rubles per ride, or about US$0.91 -- and "smart" card-enabled.
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com
Published: August 1, 2013 -- 10:52 GMT (03:52 PDT)
Caption by: Andrew Nusca
No. 2: Seoul, South Korea
It may be a cliché to say, but Seoul's Metropolitan Subway has soul. With 19 lines and a clean, efficient demeanor, there's little reason to wonder why the system saw 2.52 billion passengers in 2011. Seoul's metro first opened in 1974, and as befits its Korean location, it's now kitted out with all the finest technology: mobile applications, massive electronic displays and, naturally, a "smart" payment system that will set you back 1,050 won, or about US$0.93, per ride.
Photo: Keith Lee
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com
Published: August 1, 2013 -- 10:52 GMT (03:52 PDT)
Caption by: Andrew Nusca
No. 1: Tokyo, Japan
The most populous city in the world -- by a long shot -- also has the busiest public transport system in the world, too. Tokyo's joint Metro and Toei Subway systems saw an astounding 3.1 billion riders in 2011. The Metro spans nine lines and the Subway another four; they first opened in 1927 and 1960, respectively. The entire system handles the Japanese and English languages with ease, and contact-less fare cards are plentiful. A ride on the world's most traveled public transit system costs just 160 Japanese yen, or about US$1.61. It's a tremendous human achievement. What have you got to lose?
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com
Published: August 1, 2013 -- 10:52 GMT (03:52 PDT)
Caption by: Andrew Nusca
| i don't know |
Which Scottish region shares its name with a musical instrument | Regions of Scotland | By Scotland Channel
City finder
The Incredible Regions of Scotland
Aberdeen & Grampian has a multi-faceted appeal, offering the glitz of the city of Aberdeen as well as the quaint atmosphere of small fishing villages. With a variety of attractions, including distilleries and castles , plus destinations such as Aberlour, Elgin, Banff and Cruden Bay, Aberdeen & Grampian is just waiting to be explored.
Angus & Dundee is the ideal region in which to unwind and enjoy a break. The area boasts a number of sights and attractions, including Broughty Castle and Museum in Dundee; outdoor activities in Angus; historic buildings in Forfar; the Castle in Glamis; golfing in Carnoustie; and natural beauty in Glen Isla.
Argyll is a coastal region with numerous islands and waterways. Popular destinations in Argyll include Inveraray, Bowmore, Campbeltown, Garelochhead and Dunoon. The variety of attractions in these cities and towns in Argyll will appeal to all tastes.
Ayrshire is a fascinating region with a rich history and numerous tourist attractions. In Ayrshire you will discover more than 40 castles and a large number of golf courses. Many visitors enjoy exploring the Isle of Arran , whilst others prefer a round of golf at Troon.
Dumfries & Galloway offers a varied landscape of hills, moorland, coastline, forest and rivers just waiting to be explored, as is the Mull of Galloway, the most southerly point of Scotland. There are a number of attractions in cities such as Dumfries and Kirkcudbright, as well as many fun activities.
Edinburgh & the Lothians is a bustling region filled with history, attractions and activities. The renowned city of Edinburgh buzzes day and night, while Newhaven is a quiet fishing village where you can simply relax. Other destinations worth visiting include Leith, Dunbar, Stenton, Pencaitland and Cramond.
Fife is one of the historical regions of Scotland and was originally a Pictish Kingdom. It is still called the Kingdom of Fife and is situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth. This popular tourist region encompasses towns such as Anstruther, Glenrothes, St. Andrews , Leven and Falkland.
Glasgow & Clyde Valley captures much of Scotland’s charm and character in one region and thus has been referred to as “Little Scotland”. The city of Glasgow is the largest in Scotland and is filled with culture, entertainment and attractions.
The Scottish Highlands region is world renowned for its beauty, rich culture and extensive history. Inverness is considered the area’s capital and is home to a variety of tourist attractions, accommodation and activities. Various other destinations, including Fort William, Aviemore, Dornoch and Kinlochleven add to the region’s flavor.
Orkney is made up of about 70 islands, but only seventeen of these are populated. Though many of the Orkney Islands are small, there is something to see on virtually every one of them. Island hopping is a great way to spend time in this part of Scotland as it is one of the best ways to get up close and personal with some of the island attractions.
The Outer & Inner Hebrides consist of a number of islands, including St. Kilda, Harris, North and South Uist, Skye, Mull and Jura. On the islands of the Hebrides you will find amazing birdlife, delightful villages, historic castles and other fascinating attractions.
Perthshire is a great place to visit and is especially popular because of its walking trails. You can choose anything from 1 mile to 100 miles and see many popular attractions along the way. There are lochs and castles galore, as well as a beautiful and tranquil landscape which stretches out in every direction.
The Scottish Borders region hosts an abundance of attractions and activities. From hours spent walking amidst the natural beauty of the area, to exploring history at various museums and historical attractions, Borders will keep you well occupied and send you home with abundant memories.
The Shetland Islands are a group of over 100 islands on the northeast coast of Scotland. Although only 29 of them are populated, they have a lot to offer. The largest island is known as Mainland and here you will find stunning beaches, tall cliffs, sheltered alcoves and friendly people.
Stirling & The Trossachs is a region of history and natural abundance. The city of Stirling is filled with historical appeal, while Strathyre is a nature lover’s paradise. Enjoy a tranquil stay in Dunblane, or discover a legend in Balquhidder. Stirling & The Trossachs is filled with variety.
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| Fife |
Where would you be incarcerated if you were in Parkhurst Prison | 14 Harmonious Baby Names For Musically-Minded Parents | The Huffington Post
14 Harmonious Baby Names For Musically-Minded Parents
11/04/2014 11:35 am ET | Updated Nov 04, 2014
290
Linda Rosenkrantz
Image taken by Mayte Torres via Getty Images
We‘ve written and talked in the past about musical words like aria, jazz, rock and country singers, classical musicians, and opera and operetta and Broadway musical names, but we’ve never looked at the music instruments themselves. Some we’ve found are as common as Viola , others as rare and exotic as Ciaramella.
Banjo
When Aussie actress Rachel Griffiths chose the name of this bluegrass instrument for her son, it caused a certain amount of headshaking. Her motivation became clearer when it was cited as an honor name for one of Australia’s national poets, Andrew Barton “Banjo” Paterson.
Baya
The baya is a deep kettledrum, played with the left hand, usually made of copper, but also of clay or wood. More exotic than Maya , Baya is at once a Swahili name, a Spanish name meaning ‘berry’, and was also the name of a ninth century Scottish saint.
Bell
A member of the tympani contingent, Bell has become a common girls’ name -- almost always spelled Belle , which gives it the French "beautiful" meaning. Actress Kristen Bell made her maiden name daughter Lincoln ’s middle, and feminist writer Gloria Jean Watkins went by the name (lower case) bell hooks.
Calliope
This is an instrument that produces sound by sending steam through large whistles, used especially in circuses and on carousels and riverboats: it can be heard on the Beatles Sgt. Pepper album. In Greek mythology, Calliope is the muse of epic poetry; Patricia Arquette made it one of her daughter Harlow’ s middle names.
Celesta
The celesta is a keyboard instrument that gets its name from its “celestial” tinkling sound, heard accompanying the dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy in The Nutcracker. More distinctive than Celeste , Celesta was used by novelist Barbara Cartland for the heroine of one of her books.
Ciaramella
The Italian ciaramella instrument comes from the Abruzzo Mountains.
The Ciaramella is an Italian double reed instrument from the Abruzzo Mountains. Could it be seen as a plausible clear and mellow smoosh of Chiara and Ella ?
Drum
The familiar instrument that comes in many forms -- from snare to bongo to conga -- is also an Irish surname, derived from the Gaelic Ó Droma. Drum might make a cool middle name choice, or could be expanded to Scottish surname name Drummond .
Fife
A fife is that piccolo-like instrument you see in all those Revolutionary War pictures. Fife is a Scottish surname (anyone remember Barney Fife?) that originated for someone from the ancient Kingdom of Fife. Patrick Dempsey used the Fyfe spelling for his daughter Tallulah ’s middle name.
Musette
This is a small bagpipe that was fashionable in French court circles of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and is also a dance style. It’s close to Musetta , the name associated with Puccini’s opera La bohème; the character was named Musette in the original novel.
Piano
There’s no doubt that some of these -- like this one-- would make better middle names than firsts, although Piano is a legitimate Italian surname, as in Pritzker Prize-winning architect Renzo Piano, selected by Time as one of the 100 most influential people in the world.
Ruan
The ruan is a Chinese string instrument similar to the lute, with strings that were originally made of silk. The name Ruan is a multi-cultural, unisex name with roots in Sanskrit, Chinese, and Scottish Gaelic -- and has the same red-haired feel as a Rowan .
Sax
The familiar and versatile reed instrument was invented by a Belgian named Adolphe Sax, and it’s commonly referred to by his surname, which has occasionally been used as a first. The English novelist known as Sax Rohmer, famous for his Dr. Fu Manchu novels, was born Arthur Henry Sarsfield Ward.
Viola
The one name on this list most recognizable as a girls’ appellation; the viola is a bowed string instrument slightly larger than a violin. The name Viola, which means “violet,” seems to be on track to be revived à la Violet . Powerful actress Viola Davis is a strong bearer of the name. (A somewhat larger instrumental choice: Cello .)
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The theme from which TV drama gave Jimmy Nail a hit single | 5 Shows Where The Cast Sang The Theme Tune | Drama Channel
> 5 Shows Where The Cast Sang The Theme Tune
5 Shows Where The Cast Sang The Theme Tune
Sometimes a theme song can become as iconic as the TV programme itself – especially when the cast pitch in and hit the high notes…
Birds of a Feather
BIRDS OF A FEATHER
Here's an often-forgotten fact: that famous Birds of a Feather title sequence showing snapshots from the sisters' lives was only introduced later on in the show's run. The sitcom originally opened in an oddly ominous way, with Sharon and Tracey dressed in white and black, walking slowly under a series of spotlights, looking a bit like characters from a gothic Victorian saga.
And while Irving Berlin's classic "What'll I Do" was the theme song, it wasn't sung by the girls. Instead, we had a male vocalist version which originally featured in the 1974 Robert Redford film version of The Great Gatsby. Luckily, someone behind the scenes eventually had the idea of getting Pauline Quirke and Linda Robson to sing the tune instead, giving us the deliciously downbeat Chigwell version we know and love.
A Fine Romance
A FINE ROMANCE
One of the all-time great British sitcoms, and one that's well overdue for rediscovery, A Fine Romance couldn't have had a more appropriate theme song. "They think we're like a couple of hot tomatoes," go the lyrics, "but we're as cold as yesterday's mashed potatoes." Which just about sums about Mike and Laura, the would-be lovers who specialize in awkward silences, clumsy cuddles and mutual moping around.
The other great thing about the theme song is it's sung by Judi Dench! (Yes, that definitely warrants an exclamation mark.) In fact, she does a wonderful job of it, which is saying something when you consider the song was previously covered by legends including Billie Holliday, Ella Fitzgerald and Ginger Rogers. Bonus fact: it was written by Jerome Kern, the songsmith who also gave us The Way You Look Tonight and Smoke Gets In Your Eyes.
Bread
BREAD
"Making bread out of nothing but air." So goes the opening ditty, and that pretty much sums up the show about a close-knit Liverpudlian clan who spend all their time wheeling, dealing and generally blagging their way through life. Belted out by the cast, this upbeat, bouncy, Barbershop Quartet-style song became one of the signature sounds of 80s Britain: an anthem of cheeky optimism in the face of defeat.
It's easy to forget just how massive the show actually was. A bit like that other comedy about scam artistry, Only Fools and Horses, it took a little while to catch on with the public, but when it did it became a phenomenon. In its heyday, Bread challenged EastEnders and Corrie for telly supremacy. A lot of that was down to its cleverly soap-like structure, but credit also has to go to the relentlessly catchy theme song with a chorus you want to yell from the sofa.
Crocodile Shoes
CROCODILE SHOES
It's rare that a TV theme tune becomes a bona fide chart hit, but that's exactly what happened when Jimmy Nail crooned out this homage to country music in Crocodile Shoes . The programme itself is about an ordinary Geordie factory worker who decides to jack everything in, swap Newcastle for Nashville, and follow his seemingly impossible dream of becoming a singer. So the song certainly fits, even if it's definitely more pop than country.
Saying that, you may not remember the tongue-in-cheek video for the song, which took the mickey out of every possible country-western concept - from a pantomime horse dancing in the background to child cowboys firing water pistols at Jimmy Nail. And when he sings "My crocodile shoes are crying too", the shoes actually sprout cartoon eyes. Which start crying.
New Tricks
NEW TRICKS
No list of cast-sung theme tunes would be complete without at least one entry from the man who made it an art form: Dennis Waterman. The man's so fond of singing theme tunes that it inspired a Little Britain sketch on that very subject (though by all accounts the real Dennis Waterman is considerably taller than the one depicted by David Walliams).
Written by Mike Moran, a veteran songwriter who represented the UK in the 1977 Eurovision Song Contest, the New Tricks song is arguably Dennis Waterman's finest moment behind a microphone. Yes, some may plump for Minder ("I Could Be So Good for You"). But really, when it comes down to it, Dennis belting out "It's alright, it's OK, doesn't really matter if you're old and grey" is his Sgt Pepper's. We're only slightly exaggerating.
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Look At Me I'm Sandra Dee is a song from which musical | There's nothing like a panto dame - BBC News
BBC News
There's nothing like a panto dame
By Ian Youngs Entertainment reporter, BBC News
17 December 2012
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Their frocks are florid flights of fancy, they mix fairytale with farce - and their bosoms are decidedly false. Every festive pantomime needs a great dame. But who are the men beneath the bloomers, and why do they do it?
Berwick Kaler - York's panto superstar
On 1 March every year, a queue forms at midnight outside the York Theatre Royal.
The devoted fans are not waiting to buy tickets to see a pop concert or an A-list actor - but a pantomime.
The main attraction is Berwick Kaler, who has starred as York's pantomime dame for 34 of the last 36 years, writing and co-directing 32 of those shows.
The theatre does not allow internet or telephone bookings on the first day of ticket sales, he says. "It's become an event. They queue from midnight and it reaches round to the minster.
Image caption Berwick Kaler (right) appeared in 1990s TV drama Spender with Jimmy Nail (left) and Peter Guinness
"Our audience is 80% adult. They've grown up with me. They were children when they first came to see me."
Between pantomimes, Kaler, 66, has carved out an acting career with supporting roles in TV shows like Spender, The New Statesman and Crocodile Shoes, as well as appearing in stage plays and musicals in the West End and across the UK.
Is there snobbery towards pantomimes from other actors he encounters? "Oh, have you got three hours to spare?" he roars. "Of course."
Kaler first dabbled in the dame business while a jobbing actor, when somebody in a theatre suggested he give it a try.
"I put the wig on, put a pair of boots and a frock on, and suddenly people around me started laughing," he says. "I thought, oh well, I'll give it a go, never dreaming all these years later I'd still be doing it."
Playing a dame is unlike other forms of acting, he believes. "You can be the funniest comedian or comic actor in the world - but you put on a frock and suddenly you become the most un-funny.
"It's the face," he adds. "If the face suits the wig, you should be able to get away with it."
Berwick Kaler is in Robin Hood and His Merry Mam at the York Theatre Royal until 2 February.
He also features in Michael Grade's History of the Pantomime Dame on BBC Four on 20 December. Watch a clip here .
Bob Stott - the management consultant
For nine months of the year, Bob Stott is a management consultant, helping companies in crisis.
For the other three, he is Dame Dotty, a comedy battle-axe who has become a festive fixture at the Customs House theatre in South Shields.
"I help organisations manage change, usually quite radical change," Stott says of his main job.
"Getting that head off and becoming Dame Dotty takes about two or three days. And then once the Dame Dotty head's there, there is no point in asking me a serious question 'til January, because it just turns to a Dotty mush."
Image caption Bob Stott is retiring from playing Dame Dotty after 37 years
Stott first donned the dame's frock 37 years ago in amateur dramatics, attracted by the comic value of the role. He even met his wife in panto when she was in the chorus.
Panto skills can be useful as a management consultant, he believes. "I think in any occupation, especially one where you're dealing with people who can be quite stressed, that sense of humour is very handy," he says.
So what do the pin-striped executives think of his bawdy, befrocked alter-ego?
"I tend not to tell most of them," he confesses. "I tell the ones I think can take it.
"I've actually had clients come to the pantomime, and we'd be talking about things they've been doing, and then they'd say, 'sorry Bob, I cannot have a serious conversation with you standing there in a frock'."
But many of his clients are in the US, where pantomime is unknown. He has told one current American colleague about his double life, he says, but "I don't think he gets it".
"They haven't got anything like it," Stott says. "I said to him, if wearing a frock's good enough for Dustin Hoffman in Tootsie, it's good enough for me."
Bob Stott is in Dick Whittington at the Customs House until 6 January.
Kenneth Alan Taylor - the Nottingham legend
Kenneth Alan Taylor's theatre career has included spells as artistic director of the Nottingham Playhouse and Oldham Coliseum.
The 75-year-old has also recently appeared in plays by Arthur Miller and Samuel Beckett. But pantomime is his first love, he says.
He introduced traditional panto to the Nottingham Playhouse 29 years ago and his own turn as the dame soon became a hit. Despite retiring in 2001, and again in 2009, he is back on stage this Christmas.
He first played a dame in 1964. "She can be the most anarchic character," he says.
It's a sort of ego trip in a way. A lot of it is nothing to do with you
"What I love is that a good pantomime embraces all kinds of theatre - song, dance, drama, comedy, a spectacle, and the dame has more licence to have the most fun and divert from the script, particularly if you become established.
"It's a freedom that you never have in any other form of theatre."
The audience reaction means panto stars can revel in the kind of adulation normally reserved for stand-up comedians, he explains.
"It's a sort of ego trip in a way. A lot of it is nothing to do with you.
"For instance, I have nine or 10 costumes this year, so when you come on in a wonderful costume, you get a round of applause. You haven't done anything, you've just put a costume on. Now that doesn't very often happen in a play."
His shows rely on a traditional formula rather than C-list celebrities, who he blames for giving pantomimes a reputation for tackiness.
"So many of the commercial pantomimes are so bad," he says.
"They don't have a proper rehearsal time, they have so-called celebrities, and you just think, they don't know what they're doing. Why would you pay to see them?"
Kenneth Alan Taylor is in Robin Hood and the Babes in the Wood at the Nottingham Playhouse until 19 January.
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Who played the piano on Bobby Darren's Dream Lover | Bobby Darin - Dream Lover - YouRepeat
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Dream Lover
"Dream Lover" is a song written and recorded by Bobby Darin on March 5, 1959. Darin decided to stretch out some chord changes he found on the piano, and add strings and voices. It was produced by Ahmet Ertegun and Jerry Wexler and engineered by Tom Dowd. The song became a multi-million seller, reaching #2 in US charts for a week and #4 on the R&B charts. Dream Lover was kept from the number one spot by The Battle of New Orleans by Johnny Horton and went to #1 in UK for four weeks during June and July 1959 respectively. It was released as a single on Atco Records in 1959. In addition to Darin's vocal, the song features Neil Sedaka on piano. A picture sleeve, featuring a portrait of Darin, was also issued for this record. The song is featured in the 1991 movie Hot Shots! starring Charlie Sheen. A remake of the song performed by Dion is also played in full, during the end credits. The song was also used in Michael Apted's 1974 movie Stardust and in Barry Levinson's 1982 debut film Diner. A version of the song, retitled "Dream Maker" and with rewritten lyrics, appears in the pilot of the 1987 TV series Rags to Riches.
Composer
Bobby Darin
Bobby Darin
Bobby Darin was an American singer, songwriter, and actor of film and television. He performed in a range of music genres, including pop, rock'n'roll, jazz, folk, and country. He started as a songwriter for Connie Francis, and recorded his own first million-seller Splish Splash in 1958. This was followed by Dream Lover, Mack the Knife, and Beyond the Sea, which brought him world fame. In 1962, he won a Golden Globe for his first film Come September, co-starring his first wife, Sandra Dee. Throughout the 1960s, he became more politically active and worked on Robert Kennedy's Democratic presidential campaign. He was present on the night of June 4/5, 1968, at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles at the time of Kennedy's assassination. The same year, he discovered that he had been brought up by his grandparents, not his parents, and that the girl he thought was his sister was actually his mother. These events deeply affected Darin and sent him into a long period of seclusion. Although he made a successful television comeback, his health was beginning to fail, as he had always expected, following bouts of rheumatic fever in childhood. This knowledge of his vulnerability had always spurred him on to exploit his musical talent while still young. He died at age 37, following a heart operation in Los Angeles.
Place of birth: The Bronx
Nationality: United States of America
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What is the most common British duck | Dream Lover by Bobby Darin Songfacts
Dream Lover by Bobby Darin Songfacts
Songfacts
Darin wrote this song, which is about a guy who wishes and prays for the girl of his dreams to come to him so that he doesn't have to dream any more - or as he puts it in his grammatically incorrect but lyrically - no more. Darin wasn't so sure of the song when he demoed it for his bosses at Atlantic Records, but it became a huge hit and earned him more creative control as a songwriter and artist - his next single was the unlikely " Mack The Knife ," which stayed at #1 in the US for 9 weeks. In the '90s, Darin was inducted into both the Rock and Roll and Songwriters Hall of Fame.
"Dream Lover" appealed to adults who appreciated the conservative lyrics and Darin's wholesome image - he came off as a guy you wouldn't mind dating your daughter at a time when Elvis was singing "A Big Hunk O' Love." Most songs that pulled this off were written by New York songwriters and crafted for mass appeal, but Darin managed to compose his own song securing his teen idol image. He was 22 when the song was released.
Neil Sedaka played piano on this track, and also the B-side of the single, which was a song called "Bullmoose." Sedaka had a song on the charts called "The Diary," but was not yet widely known as a solo artist. Along with his songwriting partner Howard Greenfield, he had written "Keep a Walkin'," which Darin recorded in 1958. Darin was comfortable with Sedaka's style, and gave him the leeway to play what he thought was right for the track.
Musically, this song was built on a Latin dance rhythm. Darin said of writing it: "I had just discovered the C-Am-F-G7 progression on the piano. I stretched them out and I like the space I felt in there, and the words just flowed."
Rick Nelson released an intimate, countrified version of this song shortly after performing it when he was the musical guest and host of a 1979 episode of Saturday Night Live. The single was re-released in 1986 a few months after Nelson died in a plane crash.
Darin found his dream lover a year after this song was released when he married the actress Sandra Dee, a union that would last until 1967.
Other artists to record this song include Don McLean, Dion, Johnny Nash and Tony Orlando. Mariah Carey had a #1 hit with a different song with the same title , although hers was rendered "Dreamlover."
Darin performed this on his first Ed Sullivan Show appearance on May 31, 1959. He made five more appearances on the show.
Rich Podolsky's book Don Kirshner: The Man with the Golden Ear tells the story of how Darin introduced this song to Don Kirshner and Al Nevins, producers of the then-newly-formed Aldon Music. Kirshner and Darin were lifelong friends, having teamed up in their teen years before either one of them got their first break, having been best man at each other's weddings, and after Darin's tragically early death, Kirshner named his daughter Daryn after him. So when Darin made it big before Kirshner got established, he promised that he wouldn't leave Kirshner behind.
So a few weeks after Darin's new contract at Atlantic Records forced him to let Kirshner go as his manager, he dropped by Aldon Music to give them a preview of "Dream Lover," along with "Queen of the Hop." Kirshner relates that Darin sang it "as if he were performing it at the Copacabana nightclub." Afterwards he couldn't wait to tell Al Nevins about it.
This song made one more trip to the Hot 100 when the girl group The Paris Sisters (" I Love How You Love Me ") took it to #91 in 1964.
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Which character did Harrison Ford play in Star Wars | Harrison Ford | Wookieepedia | Fandom powered by Wikia
Harrison Ford is an Academy Award -nominated actor most famous for his portrayals of the character Han Solo in the Star Wars saga as well as the archaeologist Indiana Jones in the Indiana Jones franchise .
Ford has also been the star of many high-grossing hit Hollywood blockbusters such as Air Force One and The Fugitive , which have distanced him from his famous Star Wars and Indiana Jones roles. At one point Ford had roles in the top five box-office hits of all time, though his role in E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (as Elliot's school principal) was deleted from the final cut of the film. Five of his films have been inducted into the National Film Registry .
As of May 2007 , the combined domestic box office grosses of Ford's films total approximately 3.10 billion with worldwide grosses approaching the $6 billion mark, making Ford the number-three all-time domestic box-office star behind Eddie Murphy and Tom Hanks .
Contents
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In 1964 Ford moved to Los Angeles , California where he signed a contract with Columbia Pictures for $150 a week in the studio's New Talent program, playing bit roles in films. His first film appearance was uncredited as a bellhop in Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round (1966), then followed by Luv (1967). In his next film he was credited as "Harrison J. Ford" in the 1967 western , A Time For Killing , but the "J" didn't stand for anything because he does not have a middle name. It was added to avoid confusion with the other actor named Harrison Ford , who died in 1957.
Ford dropped the "J" from his name and worked for Universal Studios playing minor roles in many television series throughout the late 1960s and early 70s including Gunsmoke , Ironside , The Virginian , The F.B.I. , Love American Style and Kung Fu . Ford was offered the role of Mike Stivic in Norman Lear's All in the Family but he turned down the part because of expressions of bigotry uttered by the leading character Archie Bunker .[ source? ] Then, he played in the western Journey to Shiloh (1968) and had an uncredited role in Michelangelo Antonioni's 1970 film Zabriskie Point as an airport worker. Not happy with the acting jobs being offered to him, Ford became a self-taught professional carpenter to better support his then-wife and two small sons. Some of Ford's carpentry work remains in the Hollywood Hills area. While working as a carpenter, he became a stagehand for the popular rock band, The Doors , including operating one of the four cameras for their taped concert at the Hollywood Bowl in 1968.[ source? ] He also built a sun deck for Sally Kellerman and a recording studio for Sergio Mendes .
Promotional image of Ford from American Graffiti. Because he and Lucas had worked together before, Ford wasn't allowed to audition for Star Wars.
He turned to acting again when George Lucas , who had hired him to build cabinets in his home, cast him in a pivotal supporting role for his film American Graffiti (1973). The relation he forged with Lucas was to have a profound effect on Ford's career. After director Francis Ford Coppola's film The Godfather was a success, he hired Ford to do expansions of his office and Harrison was given a small role in his next film, The Conversation (1974), and a cameo appearance in 1976 in Apocalypse Now which did not appear in theatres until 1979.
Star Wars
Harrison Ford as "Han Solo" in Star Wars: Episode V The Empire Strikes Back
In 1975, director George Lucas used him to read lines for actors being cast for parts in his upcoming space opera , Star Wars . At the reading, Steven Spielberg noticed that Ford was well suited for the part of Han Solo and convinced Lucas to give Harrison the role that would eventually shoot him to fame.
Ford went on to star as Han Solo in the next two Star Wars sequels, The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , as well as in The Star Wars Holiday Special . He asked George Lucas to write in the death of Han Solo at the beginning of the third act of Return of the Jedi, saying that it would lend more dramatic weight to the film, but Lucas refused. [1] Ford's likeness was used on the covers of Expanded Universe novels that were published decades after the Original Trilogy, giving him an older face.
Other films
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Ford made many movies in the wake of Star Wars , including Heroes (1977), Force 10 from Navarone (1978) and Hanover Street (1979). Ford also co-starred alongside Gene Wilder in the buddy-western The Frisco Kid (1979), playing a bank robber with a heart of gold. Ford then starred in 1981 as Indiana Jones in Lucas and Spielberg's blockbuster historical action-yarn, Raiders of the Lost Ark , and its first two hugely successful sequels; Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) which turned Ford himself into a blockbuster phenomenon. Unlike many other actors of the same or similar genre, Ford's authenticity as a daring action hero was supported by his willingness to perform many of his own stunts for the Indiana Jones films. During this time, Ford also starred in a number of dramatic-action films: Peter Weir's Witness (1985) and The Mosquito Coast (1986) and Roman Polanski's Frantic (1988). He also starred in Mike Nichols ' romantic drama Working Girl (1988) and Ridley Scott's now cult sci-fi classic, Blade Runner (1982).
The 1990s brought Ford the role of Jack Ryan in Tom Clancy's Patriot Games and Clear and Present Danger , as well as leading roles in Alan Pakula's Presumed Innocent (1990) and The Devil's Own (1997, with Treat Williams ), Mike Nichols ' Regarding Henry (1991), Andrew Davis ' The Fugitive (1993), Sydney Pollack's remake of Sabrina (1995) and Wolfgang Petersen's Air Force One (1997). During production of The Fugitive, he reprised his role as Indiana Jones in an episode of the television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles . While often playing the hero in action films, Ford has also played straight dramatic roles in several films, including an adulterous husband with a terrible secret in both Presumed Innocent (1990) and What Lies Beneath (2000), and a recovering amnesiac in Regarding Henry (1991).
Many of Ford's major film roles came to him by default or unusual circumstances: he won the role of Han Solo while reading lines for other actors, was cast as Indiana Jones because Tom Selleck was not available, and took the role of Jack Ryan due to Alec Baldwin's fee demands[ source? ] (Baldwin had previously played the role in The Hunt for Red October ).
Salary
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The 2001 edition of the Guinness Book of Records listed Ford as the richest actor alive: his reported salary for the 2002 flop K-19: The Widowmaker was $25 million. The 27 movies that he has starred in have grossed a combined box office of more than $3.3 billion.
Awards
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Despite being one of the most financially successful actors of his generation, Ford has received just one Oscar nomination, that of Best Actor for Witness . It has been speculated that this has been because action movies (such as the Star Wars and Indiana Jones trilogies) typically don't receive the same critical acclaim as for other genres.
In 2000, he received the Life Achievement Award from the American Film Institute . On June 2, 2003, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in front of the Kodak Theatre .
Recent work
Edit
Ford's star power has waned in recent years, the result of appearing in numerous critically derided and commercially disappointing movies. In 2004, Ford declined a chance to star in the thriller Syriana , later commenting that "I didn't feel strongly enough about the truth of the material and I think I made a mistake." The role eventually went to George Clooney , who won an Oscar and a Golden Globe for his work. [2] Ford also turned down leading roles in the critically acclaimed films Traffic and A History of Violence as well as The Patriot . Also in 2004, Ford appeared in the straight-to-video Water to Wine as a favor to his son Malcolm. Ford was credited as "Jethro the Bus Driver," and his line, "What up, biotch?" has become an Internet phenomenon .[ source? ].
Ford reprised his role as Indiana Jones in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , with the story by George Lucas , screenplay by David Koepp , and direction by Steven Spielberg . The movie was released May 22, 2008 , and was both a critical and financial success, bringing a revival to Ford's career. He later had a main role in the 2011 adaptation of the graphic novel Cowboys & Aliens.
Current and upcoming projects
Edit
Ford has also finished recording narration for the upcoming feature documentary film about the Dalai Lama entitled Dalai Lama Renaissance .
He starred in the independent film Crossing Over as ICE Special Agent Max Brogan. He also appeared as himself in the film Bruno . Ford just recently finished up principal photography for the film Extraordinary Measures (scheduled for release January 2010), a story about the true life events of biotech executive John Crowley - Ford plays the role of Dr. Robert Stonehill; he is also an executive producer on the project.
In an interview on September 14, 2009 with Ford, he stated that a fifth Indiana Jones film is in primary stages. The story is said to be finished, and Ford has expressed his willingness to reprise the role. [3] [4]
Personal life
Edit
Ford is one of Hollywood's most notoriously private actors, zealously guarding his private life. Outside of film promotion, he rarely appears in the press, preferring to keep to himself at his Jackson , Wyoming home. Ford despises the Internet for facilitating the spread of malicious gossip about him. [5]
Marriages and children
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Ford has been married thrice. He married Mary Marquardt in 1964 , and they divorced in 1979 . They had two sons, Benjamin (born in 1967 ) and Willard (born in 1969 ). He married again, to Melissa Mathison , screenwriter of The Black Stallion , Kundun , and E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial , on March 14 , 1983 . They had two children: a son, Malcolm (born on March 10 , 1987 ), and a daughter, Georgia (born on June 30 , 1990 ). Mathison filed for legal separation on August 23 , 2001 , and their subsequent divorce in January 2004 has become one of the most expensive in Hollywood history, as she was awarded a share of Ford's residual paychecks. Ford married actress Calista Flockhart June 15, 2010 in Santa Fe, New Mexico, while filming Cowboys & Aliens.
Awards and Nominations
| Han Solo |
Who was the fifth wife of Henry V111 | Star Wars Episode 7: Why Harrison Ford returned to ‘dumb’ Han Solo character
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HARRISON Ford often referred to his Star Wars character Han Solo as “dumb” and swore he would never return to the franchise.
But 32 years after the first Star Wars release, and many interviews later, one of the world’s most recognisable movie stars is sitting at the Los Angeles Convention Center to promote the feverishly anticipated Episode VII: The Force Awakens.
“Well, I didn’t have a job,” he says with a wry grin.
One of the highest-ranking franchises in history, Star Wars films have grossed more than $US2 billion, and billions of people around the world are counting down the days to the big release.
As a father of five and grandfather of three, with kids ranging in ages from 48 to his adopted 14-year-old son Liam with third wife Calista Flockhart, how is the Ford family handling the excitement?
“Well, my kids are not that interested,” he says.
Surely the youngest is a little excited?
He laughs. “No. Not so much. He loves to watch Hercule Poirot or Sherlock more than he likes science fiction.”
Harrison Ford is in Sydney to promote the new Star Wars movie. Picture: Lisa Maree Williams/Getty ImagesSource:Getty Images
It’s no secret that Ford doesn’t like doing interviews and can often come across as somewhat grumpy. At the same time he has an unmistakably dry sense of humour. When I ask if he is still flying planes, given his emergency landing on a golf course in California earlier this year, he deadpans.
“I just crash them, I don’t fly them. I just take them out in front of the hangar and drive old cars into them,” he laughs.
“Yes, I fly. I started flying as soon as I could get in my helicopter with a cast on my right leg but my toes were hanging out so I could put them over the anti-torque pedals, so I’ve been flying ever since.”
Despite the crash landing, in which he sustained a broken pelvis, ankle and other injuries, he hasn’t made any lifestyle changes. “Maybe I’m stupid but I haven’t changed anything. I still love flying and my wife still supports my choice because she knows how much it means to me,” he said.
He and Ally McBeal start Calista Flockhart met at the Golden Globes in 2002 and have been together ever since.
Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca and Harrison Ford as Han Solo in Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Picture: Film Frame/Lucasfilm via APSource:AP
Has his experience flying a real plane helped him feign his pilot duties commandeering the Millennium Falcon spaceship?
“Movies is all pretending. Oscar Isaac [who plays Poe Dameron, a resistance x-wing fighter pilot] asked me, ‘How do we fly this thing? What do you think I ought to do?’ because he knew I was a pilot. And I said to him, ‘Don’t worry about it, you ought to just make sh** up because nobody knows what to do’.”
Not only does Ford play one of the most popular characters in the Star Wars pantheon, he was also at the helm of another wildly successful franchise, the Indiana Jones series. However, not everything Ford touches has turned to gold and he has a few commercial missteps on his resume including Six Days, Seven Nights and Random Hearts.
“Doing interviews for this, people are a lot more excited to see me and to know the film is coming than they were about Hollywood Homicide,” he jokes, referring of the poorly received 2003 buddy cop movie in which he starred with Josh Hartnett. A master of understatement, he adds, “It’s gratifying that people are pretty enthusiastic about this one. But I can’t be a fanboy about it. It’s where I work.”
A younger Harrison Ford as the ‘dumb’ Han Solo.Source:Supplied
Despite his nonplussed attitude about being front and centre of the spectacle, he adds, “I’m not cynical. I’m happy to be involved. I was happy they put my name on the dressing room and I was glad to be back. I had a fun time with Carrie (Fisher) and Mark (Hamill) as well as the new young actors, who are all terrific. It was fun.” He pauses. “It could have been silly, but it wasn’t,” he says. “It was fun.”
At 73, Ford is one of the few action heroes who can also claim senior citizen status, which might explain his hesitation at returning to this iconic role. “The character had to be consistent with the one we met years ago, and it was. He’s like a bigger tree and there are more rings in the trunk. He has had more experience, and if I’ve done my job in any way correctly, that should be apparent. He’s had experiences which have changed him and which we will reference in the telling of the story.”
With Christmas approaching, what would one of the world’s most successful movie star like to receive?
“A big box of time and not the kind you sprinkle over lamb chops,” he quips. “I’d like to travel more as well as spend more time at home, and I am missing both those things. I’d like to fly to places I haven’t flown, spend more time with my kids and grandkids, and we have to work around school and things like that. So, nothing crazy,” he smiles. “I’d like to get my closet organised.”
Star Wars Episode VII: The Force Awakens opens in Australia on December 17.
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What country does Gruyere cheese come from | French cheese - Cheeses of France - a short guide
- soft cheeses , such as Camembert
- blue cheeses to which can be added a number of hybrids or very individual cheeses.
Three different types of milk:
Cheese is traditionally made from three types of milk:
- cow's milk
- sheep's milk (ewe's milk)
Two origins:
And they are further divided into cheeses from the farmhouse (fromages fermiers) , or industrially manufactured cheeses.
Labels:
A further distinction is also possible: traditional regional cheeses with an "appellation controlée" label (there are about 40 of these), traditional cheeses without an "appelation contôlée" label, and modern dairy-designed and produced cheeses.
This brief guide looks at a good selection of French cheeses looking at each of these categories in turn.
The families of cheese:
1. Pressed cheeses. All of these are made from cow's milk.
A selection of the best-known "pressed" (or "hard") cheeses in France. All of these cheeses come in large units, off which the cheese merchant will cut slices. There are two types, "cooked" cheeeses, where the whey is heated during the production process, and "uncooked" cheeses, where it is not. Cooked cheeses can sometimes keep for a very long time.
Cantal
A very tasty uncooked pressed cheese from the Auvergne mountains, Cantal is a cheese that many consider to be quite close to an English farmhouse cheddar or chester. A lot of this "appellation contrôlée" cheese is made on farms, but obviously local dairies in the region also produce it in large quantities.
Cantal comes in two varieties: "jeune" (young) and "entre deux" (between two), meaning cheese that has matured for longer. This cheese's strength and taste increase with ageing, and generally speaking cantal cheese is stronger than cheddar.
Two smaller areas within or bordering the Cantal department produce specific appellations of their own, Salers and Laguiole. These cheeses - made from the milk of cows grazing at high altitude, tend to be more expensive than generic Cantal, and are generally aged longer.
Comté
This delicious French cousin of the swiss "Gruyère" cheese is an appellation contrôlée from the Franche Comté region of eastern France. The production area stretches along the Swiss border, and all milk comes from cows grazing at at least 400 metres altitude. This cooked cheese is manufactured collectively village by village, and the production method has changed little over hundreds of years.
Though produced village by village, in the local village dairy (the "fruitière"), a lot of Comté is matured for up to two years in industrial cellars by large dairy companies such as Jurador
Comté cheese generally comes without holes in it; but sometimes it may have small holes. Like Cantal, Comté comes in different varieties, sometimes called "fruité" or "salé" (fruity or salty). Fruité Comté is often more elastic; salé is usually a little more brittle. The most expensive Comté is "Comté vieux" (old Comté), which is generally aged over six months and possibly over a year. Comté is the traditional cheese used in a cheese "fondue", and also for "raclette" (see below).
Comté that is produced using milk not coming from cows grazing according to the "appellation contrôlée" rules, can be used to make French Gruyère. Although Gruyère is the name of a Swiss village, it has recently been given an IGP label (= PGI - Protected Geographical Indication) in France. Gruyère is an AOC in Switzerland.
Cheeses similar to comté are Beaufort, and Abondance made in a similar manner in the French alps. Beaufort tends to be stronger tasting than Comté, and the taste is also slightly different.
(On the cheese map, the three large cheeses centre right are -top to bottom- Comté, Emmental and Beaufort).
Emmental
Emmental is your traditional cheese with holes in it. It is not an appellation contrôlée cheese, and is thus produced over a large area of France, notably in the east. It lacks the finesse of Comté, and is generally produced industrially, though industrial producers have their own label of quality for this cheese. French Emmental benefits from an IGP label.
Mimolette
A round cheese, made in the area of Lille in the north of France. It's orange colour is the result of the addition of natural coloring. The cheese was originally made as a French variation of the Dutch Edam cheese, to which it is very similar.
(Tomme des) Pyrénées
This slightly-cooked hard cheese is produced, obviously, in the Pyrenees - though it does not benefit from an appellation contrôlée label. Pyrenees comes with a distinctive black skin. Generally speaking it is a fairly bland cheese that will appeal to those who do not like strong-tasting cheeses. An IGP cheese.
Reblochon: A rich soft pressed cheese made in the Alps; it has quite a strong flavour, and a creamy texture.
2. Soft cheeses
There are literally hundreds of soft French cheeses; each region has its own specialities. Many of these - notably those with appellation contrôlée - are manufactured in small units, and (with notable exceptions such as Brie and St. Nectaire) if you want to buy one, you must buy a whole cheese.
Brie
There are two sorts of Brie, Brie de Meaux and Brie de Melun, both appellation contrôlée (AOC) cheeses named after two nearby towns in the the country some fifty miles south east of Paris. Brie comes as a thin round cheese about 20 inches in diameter, with a soft white crust. This crust is eaten, not cut off! Brie is a very mild creamy cheese that should appeal to anyone who does not enjoy strong tasting cheese.
Camembert:
A cheese from Normandy, Camembert is perhaps the most famous French cheese, and is known and imitated worldwide. A ripe Camembert should be just soft on the inside, but not too runny. A young Camembert will tend to be hard and dry, and rather tasteless; an overripe Camembert, going yellowish on the outside, will tend to smell quite strongly and is not to be reccommended other than to those who enjoy strong cheeses. The crust of a Camembert is usually eaten.
Supermarkets are full of Camembert lookalikes, since any similar cheese that is not manufactured in the appellation contrôlée area in Normandy cannot call itself Camembert. These lookalikes tend to be sold young. To test a Camembert or a lookalike, open the box (not the protective wrapping paper!) and press gently. The cheese should be just soft, but not spongy.
Epoisses
A fairly strong "rind-washed" soft cheese from the Burgundy region. Thicker than a Camembert, Epoisses, like other rind washed cheeses, is yellowish on the outside, and white on the inside. The white centre is often almost crumbly, while the cheese under the skin remains very soft. Epoisses has a distinctive taste, shared with a similar cheese from a bit further north "Langres"; both of these cheeses are appellation contrôlée cheeses, and are admirable accompaniments for red wine. Another cheese in the same family is Maroilles, made in the north of France.
Gaperon
A semi-soft cheese from Auvergne, made with cows milk, and flavoured with pepper and garlic. A small hemispherical cheese weighing about half a pound.
Mont d'Or
This very distinctive appellation contrôlée cheese from Franche Comté , (known as Vacherin in Switzerland), is manufactured along the French-Swiss border, at altitudes of at least 800 metres. Like Comté that is made in the same region, it is a cheese whose manufacturing process has changed little over the centuries. This rind washed cheese matures in a round frame made of a thin strip of local spruce wood. In the course of maturing, this wood imparts a delicious aroma into the cheese which is later packaged and sold in round boxes made from the same wood.
Unfortunately, Mont d'Or is a seasonal cheese and is not manufactured in the summer months because the milk quality in the regin is different when the cows have rich summer pastures to graze on.
This cheese comes with an undulating beige crust, and under the crust the cheese itself is soft to runny. Though it is quite a strong cheese, Mont d'Or is not usually a sharp cheese. It tends to appeal to all tastes.
In recent years, local dairies have looked for ways to produce and market a cheese similar to Mont d'Or year-round. The most successful imitation is called Edel de Cleron, made in the Franche Comté region, but in a dairy at a lower altitude. Like Mont d'Or, Edel is packaged in spruce wood, to give it the distinctive aroma.
Munster
A fairly strong rind-washed soft cheese from the Vosges mountains in Eastern France, in the Lorraine region. Munster is definitely not a cheese for those who do not like strong tasting varieties. It comes in two varieties, normal and "au cumin" (with cumin seed). Darker on the outside than Langres or Epoisses, Munster generally has a thicker rind which some eat, others cut off. Even an unripe Munster is tasty; a ripe one - which may well be quite hard on the inside - will be very strong. However, like other strong cheeses, Munster should never have an acrid taste. If it does, it is over-ripe.
Pont l'Evèque
A creamy soft cheese, uncooked and unpressed, from the coastal region of Normandy , south of Deauville; this is one of the oldest cheeses in France, and has been documented since the 12th century.
Saint Nectaire
Some claim that this is the greatest of French cheeses - and possibly this could be true for an exceptionally good cheese; but Saint Nectaire - an appellation contrôlée cheese from the mountains of the Auvergne - is, alas, a cheese that varies considerably in quality and taste. To start with there are two distinct types, the farm variety and the dairy variety. The farm variety is generally better and more expensive, the dairy variety, usually found in supermarkets, is frequently sold too young. When this cheese is young, it is quite dry and hard; a properly matured Saint Nectaire should be soft and elastic, with a slight tendency to flow if left at room temperature. One does not eat the rind of a Saint Nectaire.
A cheese very similar to Saint Nectaire - notably to the variety found in supermarkets - is Savaron, a non-appellation cheese that is also produced in the Auvergne but generally by industrial dairies.
Blue cheeses
Bleu d'Auvergne - An appellation contrôlée cheese whose quality and taste can vary considerably , going from the bland to the sharp. Even in a supermarket, you can ask to taste before you buy. Specific varieties of Bleu d'Auvergne include the ancient Bleu de Laqueille .
A popular modern variant of Bleu d'Auvergne is Saint Agur, a creamy blue cheese made in the Velay hills of Haute Loire by the large industrial dairy group Bongrain. There is no village called Saint Agur - indeed no saint either - but Saint Agur cheese is made according to traditional methods
Bleu de Bresse - Not an appellation contrôlée cheese, but a French industrial dairy's attempt to imitate the success of Danish blue. Soft and almost spreadable cheese.
Bleu des Causses - An appellation contrôlée cheese which is generally delicious and strong tasting, without being sharp. A cows-milk cheese, sometimes quite crumbly, manufactured in the same area as Roquefort and quite similar tasting.
Bleu de Gex - A blue from the swiss border, rather hard and not very strong.
Fourme d'Ambert - a mild blue cheese from the Auvergne, often with an almost nutty flavour. No-one should find this too strong.
Roquefort - The most famous French blue cheese, though not necessarily the best. Roquefort is an Appellation contrôlée cheese, made from the milk of one single breed of sheep, the "Lacaune" breed. The cheese has been made since the Middle Ages, and has been famous for many centuries; more recently it has been the object of intense and successful marketing. Over 18,000 tons of Roquefort are manufactured each year, and the cheese is exported worldwide. Made in the "causses" mountains of southern France, in the department of the Aveyron, and matured in caves. In the past, a lot of the milk used in the making of Roquefort is imported into the region; but the cheese's success has led to a development of sheep rearing in the Aveyron, and all the milk used in Roquefort is now sourced locally.
Other cheeses
Goat's cheeses:
Crottin de Chavignol, Valençay, etc... There are dozens of different goats' cheeses, and many local producers market their cheese under their own local village or regional name. Goats' cheeses can be sold either very young (frais), when they are soft and spreadable, medium matured, when they are still soft, but not spreadable, or fully matured, when they are hard.
Ewe's milk cheeses: Ineguy : pressed cheese from the Basque country, similar to other southern European ewe's milk cheeses such as Pecorino.
Some modern dairy cheeeses
Saint Agur (a soft blue cheese, made in the Auvergne) , Brillat-Savarin (an almost buttery soft cheese... delicious, but watch the cholesterol...),
Roulade, Saint Albray, Port Salut, Boursin (a cream cheese with herbs and garlic).
Raclette
Raclette is a mass-produced industrial cheese designed for a "raclette", i.e. a meal in which thin slices of cheese are heated and melted then poured over baked potatoes and eaten with gherkins, mountain ham and other accompaniments. Raclette is an easy and convivial meal, where everyone serves themselves from the raclette grill which is placed in the middle of the table. (Traditionally, the cheese was melted in front of a hot wood fire). However, "raclette" cheese is not the best cheese for a raclette. Prefer Comté (the best) or even Cantal.
Generic terms:
The words "tomme" and "fourme" are generic words that can describe several different types of French cheese. Etymologically, the French word for cheese, "fromage" is a diminutive of the word "fourme".
Unusual cheeses
Cancoillotte -this very distinctive comes from Franche Comté; it is a runny cheese strongly flavoured with garlic, and is very much an acquired taste. It can be eaten cold or hot.
Cheeses and wine.
You'll read a lot of pompous advice about how such and such a cheese goes well with such and such a wine. When this is not merely a marketing gambit by regional tourist boards and local farmers associations, anxious to sell as much local produce as possible, it is often just sophisticated brain-washing. The truth of the matter is that cheese and wine go together, and as long as you follow a few basic guidelines, you can match a wide range of wines with any cheese.
There is one exception; sweet white wines do not go well with cheese - unless the cheese is being used in a sweet/sour combination.
Red wines go best with most cheeses, though with some very strong cheeses it is better to choose a light-bodied red wine. Dry white wines also go well with cheese, especially with tasty but mild cheeses. But in the end, it has to be a matter of individual choice. Your idea of what goes well together is just as good as the next man's - even if the next man claims to be an expert. Remember the adage: "Even if all the experts agree, they may still be wrong." It's your taste against his.
Copyright 2003 - 2017
France: a nation of cheeses
In one of his memorable witticisms, General de Gaulle once quipped "How can you govern a country that has 246 varieties of cheese?" What he meant by that was not quite clear - whether he was commenting on France or on French cheese; yet this remark has gone down in history among de Gaulle's most memorable quotations. What he probably meant was that France as a country is as diverse as its cheeses - or vice-versa. And just as France is physically the most varied country in Europe, so its cheeses reflect this wide and rich cultural diversity. About-France.com helps you to distinguish your Bries from your Pyrenees.
Map courtesy of Sopexa
| Switzerland |
Who told Michael Aspel, I'm always on the job | Gruyere AOP
Gruyere AOP
Recipes
There’s a lot to be said for a cheese that’s been famous for over six centuries. Gruyere’s legendary status does not come through mere luck--it’s known as much for the steadfast rules surrounding its production as its iconic flavor profile and versatility.
Quick Look:
Enjoy with:
Food: Country pate and French cornichons (those delightful tart little pickles).
Drink: For mature Gruyere, full-bodied Pinot Noir with noticeable berry flavors or a crisp Chardonnay with elements of apple or citrus.
Tasting Notes:
Like a fine wine, Gruyere’s complex flavors are strongly influenced by its aging process. Although it starts as tropical fruit on the nose, as the cheese warms on the tongue notes of dry hay, earth, toasted hazelnuts and beef bouillon unfurl and open up, particularly with varieties aged one year or more.
A Short History of Gruyere:
As a name protected cheese with European PDO and AOP status, Gruyere can only be legally produced in certain districts (called cantons in French); namely Fribourg, Vaud, Neuchâtel and Jura and Berne. This restriction occurs partly to ensure Gruyere’s quality and specifications are met through inspections, but many argue that its unique geography is largely responsible for creating the cheese’s character. Utilizing a system called “transhumance,” Swiss farmers make a yearly trek up the mountains, taking their dairy cows to feast on higher pastures full of summer grass and flora. The quality of this rich foliage is translated to the cow’s milk, which in turn contributes to the flavor of Gruyere. Dairying families must follow a strict set of rules to meet the standards that will allow them to use the Gruyere name and AOP label.
For each wheel of Gruyere, morning milk collected from their cows is added to evening milk that has cooled overnight, but milk must be less than 18 hours old at the start of the cheesemaking process. Across the cantons Gruyere makers follow the same procedures, using milk from a 12-mile radius that must be raw to preserve its mountain terroir. Cheesemakers use copper vats to cook the curds, which are pressed into wheels and soaked in brine until they are ready for cave aging. After the wheels are handed over to the affineur, they are stored in cellars with precise temperature measurements and regular washing in light salt-water solution.
Cheeses are aged to accommodate desired flavor profiles, with the youngest (and mildest) wheels sold at five months, and the most complex--considered “prime quality”--sold at twelve months or more. Traditionally a fondue staple, Gruyere is a perennial melting cheese. Its complex (but not overpowering) characteristics also make it an excellent addition to baked dishes, omelettes and soups.
The Monger’s Cut:
A classic for centuries, Gruyere is a complex and versatile cheese with applications from everything from a fondue pot to the star of a lunch sandwich. Those looking for the highest quality are encouraged to seek out the older varieties, but those simply looking to enrich a recipe or enliven a sandwich will be happy with the younger version.
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In which American state is Martha's Vineyard | The History of Martha's Vineyard by Henry Franklin Norton, 1923
The following text was scanned and OCRed from the book MARTHA'S VINEYARD by Henry Franklin Norton. Copyright 1923 by Henry Franklin Norton and Robert Emmett Pyne, Publishers.
See also Tisbury (Vineyard Haven) by H. F. Norton.
HISTORY OF MARTHA'S VINEYARD
Part First
ARTHA'S VINEYARD, called "Noepe" by the Indians, which means in their picturesque language "In the Midst of the Sea," is the largest island on the southeastern coast of Massachusetts. It is twenty miles long and nine miles wide and but a few feet above the sea level in the eastern part, which is known as the Plains, one of the largest tracts of level ground in New England. However, the land gradually rises to an elevation of over three hundred feet above the sea level at Peaked Hill in Chilmark, not Indian Hill as believed by many summer visitors.
Martha's Vineyard, with Chappaquiddick, No-Man's-Land, and the Elizabeth Islands comprise the County of Dukes County, which was incorporated November 1, 1668. The county was named for the Duke of York by the first governor, Thomas Mayhew, who was hoping thereby to gain royal favor. There are six towns on Martha's Vineyard. Edgartown on the east, named for Edgar, son of James II, who bore the title of Duke of Cambridge; Oak Bluffs on the northeast, named for its location and oak trees; Tisbury for the Mayhew Parish in England; later the village post-office was named Vineyard Haven because of its location; West Tisbury; Chilmark, for the English Parish of Governor Mayhew's wife, and Gay Head on the west, named for its wonderful cliffs of different colored clay.
DISCOVERED BY NORTHMEN IN A. D. 1000
The first Europeans that visited Martha's Vineyard were the Northmen, who landed about the year 1000, naming it Vineland. In some of their writings have been found descriptions that can be of no other place than Martha's Vineyard.
The Famous Cliffs at Gay Head
Another discoverer of this island was Verrazano, an Italian explorer, who first sighted the western extremity in 1524, and called it Claudia, in honor of the mother of Francis II of France.
The next explorer, and the first one to leave any account of the island, was Bartholomew Gosnold, of Falmouth, England. In 1602 he sailed for Virginia. Contrary winds drove him to the Azores; thence he sailed a little north of west, and struck out boldly across the Atlantic. He was the first Englishman to sail directly to the American coast, thereby saving nearly a thousand miles in distance and at least a week in sailing time. He landed on a cape which he named Cape Cod from the abundance of codfish found there. Then doubling the cape and sailing to the southward he landed on a small island about six miles southeast of Gay Head. He called this small island Martha's Vineyard. The next day he landed on the larger island. After exploring it and finding it so large, well wooded, and with such luxuriant grape vines, many beautiful lakes, and springs of the purest water, he transferred the name and called it Martha's Vineyard, in honor of his mother whose name was Martha. The other island he named No-Man's-Land.
GOSNOLD BUILDS FIRST HOUSE AND FORT IN NEW ENGLAND
Soon after Gosnold explored the group of islands to the northwest of the Vineyard, naming them the Elizabeth Islands in honor of Queen Elizabeth who was still reigning. There are eight islands in this group, named as follows: Naushon, Nonamesset, Uncatena, Wepecket, Nashawena, Pasque, Cuttyhunk, and Penekese. On May 28, 1602, Gosnold founded a colony on Cuttyhunk. Here he built the first house and fort erected in New England, intending to leave a colony there, but when he had loaded a cargo of sassafras root and cedar logs, the settlers were determined to return with him because they were afraid of the Indians
The sassafras root was then in great demand in England as a popular medicine and cure-all. Gosnold counted on getting a great sum for it, but Sir Walter Raleigh accused him of trespassing on his land, which was from north latitude 34 to 45, and seized the whole cargo, much to the disappointment and disgust of the industrious sassafras diggers.
Cuttyhunk Light and Gosnold Monument
Referring to Gay Head Cliffs in one of his accounts, Gosnold called them Dover Cliffs, because they somewhat reminded him of the white cliffs of the same name in England. He found on Martha's Vineyard "an abundance of trees and vines of luxuriant growth."
His expedition was not a failure because it showed Europe a shorter and more direct route to America and kept up the interest in the new country. The Mayflower followed this route eighteen years later. In 1902 a large monument was erected to Gosnold's memory on Cuttyhunk, where the first fort was built three hundred years before.
CAPTAIN PRING TRADES WITH INDIANS
About five years later, in 1607, Captain Martin Pring, with a more courageous company than Gosnold's, anchored in what is now Edgartown harbor on Whit Sunday and called it Whitsun Bay. He built a stockade on Chappaquiddick Bluffs which he called Mount Aldworth. Pring traded with the Indians, amused them with music, but enjoyed terrifying them with the sound of the cannon, and with two large mastiffs which he had on board his ship. He sailed away at the first sign of hostility with a cargo of the precious sassafras root. Those who attended the Tercentenary Pageant at Plymouth will remember the scene representing Pring trading with the Indians.
By this time the Vineyard had become known to the English by the Indian name of Capawock, and it seems to have been considered one of the most important places on the newly-discovered American coast. This was of course because of its geographical location, harbors and springs of purest water.
The following noted discoverers and explorers, the Cabots, Champlain, Cartier, and Captain John Smith, must have passed through Vineyard Sound and may have stopped for water at these wonderful springs; especially the one known as "Scotland Spring" at the head of the Lagoon Pond.
Part Second
AVING considered the discovery and exploration of the island let us now turn to the early settlers and their work which largely contributed to make the Vineyard what it is to-day.
Tradition tells us that there were families living here by the name of Pease, Vincent, Trapp, and Stone before 1640. The story goes that these settlers were on their way to join the Jamestown colony , but were driven into Edgartown harbor for shelter. They remained here after spending their first winter in a dugout at "Green Hollow," near what is now known as Tower Hill. This story seems reasonable enough but history contradicts it as some of these families were living at Watertown, Massachusetts.
THOMAS MAYHEW BUYS THE ISLAND
Thomas Mayhew, an English merchant and a settler of Watertown, Massachusetts, not far from Boston, bought in October, 1641, from Lord Stirling and Sir Ferdinando Gorges, through their agent James Forcett, the islands of Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, and the Elizabeth Islands. Lord Stirling and Sir Gorges having received their right of ownership from the English Crown.
The Bay, Edgartown
The same year, Mayhew sent his son Thomas, with a few families to settle on his new purchase. They landed at a place they called "Great Harbor," later named Edgartown. The place of landing is not definitely known but there is reason to believe that it was between Collins's wharf and Tower Hill. Young Mayhew compelled all his company to purchase their lands from the Indians. We can find in the old records at Edgartown where the first settlers had their grants of lands, for many of the deeds are written in the Indian as well as the English language. The following year, 1642, Governor Thomas Mayhew came to the Vineyard with other settlers. He brought domestic animals, tools, and many things which were needed to start a new colony.
Among the families that were here in 1650 we find the names of Butler, Bland, Smith, Burchard, Daggett, Folger, Bayes, Trapp, Norton, Pease, and Vinson.
THOMAS MAYHEW, JR., FIRST MISSIONARY
Thomas Mayhew, Jr., the only son of Governor Mayhew, was the first missionary to the Indians of New England. He was a graduate of Oxford, a good Latin and Greek scholar, and was familiar with the Hebrew tongue.
After the arrival of his father, young Mayhew found the English flock small. The sphere was not large enough for so bright a star to move in, so he commenced his work among the Indians. He worked diligently, and the first Indian who believed in the true God was Hiacoomes who lived not far from Great Harbor and used to attend the meetings of the English. First he stood outside and each Sunday came a little nearer. After a few weeks he dared to enter and take a back seat. Soon the Indian and the young missionary became fast friends. At the end of the first summer Hiacoomes and his whole family were attending the white man's church. During the second winter a terrible fever broke out among the Indians and many of them died. The family of Hiacoomes was not afflicted. Mayhew took this opportunity to preach a sermon from the ninety-first psalm, "There shall no evil befall thee, neither shall any plague come nigh thy dwelling. For he shall give his angels charge over thee, to keep thee in all thy ways." At this time Hiacoomes joined the Church of Christ, the first Indian on Martha's Vineyard to give up the worship of the false gods.
Quatapog Pond, where Thomas Mayhew, Jr, preached to the Indians. Oak Bluffs
After this Mayhew spent considerable time with his new convert learning the Indian language. In a short time he had mastered the Indian tongue so that he was able to hold meetings at the wigwam of Hiacoomes. After that his Indian converts became more numerous. A few years later we find young Mayhew traveling all over the Vineyard preaching to the Indians and telling them of the wonderful works of God in their own language. He would spend half the night telling the Indians and the children Bible stories. In order to strengthen his teachings Mayhew was accustomed to question the Indians on the principles of religion so as to make sure that they understood his doctrine.
This young man of twenty-four may be pictured with his Indian band beside the lake at Tashmoo, by the waters of Quatapog, on the great cliffs at Gay Head, explaining to them the songs of David, with God's handiwork all around him and the spirit of the Great Master within him.
FIRST SCHOOL FOR INDIANS ESTABLISHED
January 11, 1651, Thomas Mayhew, Jr., established the first school on Martha's Vineyard to teach the native children and any of the young Indian men who were willing to learn. He hired Peter Folger to become the first teacher. Folger later became the grandfather of Benjamin Franklin, and his descendants still make their home on the island. Folger found the Indian "very quick to learn and willing to be instructed in the ways of the English."
In 1657, in his thirty-seventh year, young Mayhew proposed a short trip to England in order to give a better account of his work among the Indians than he could by letter. He also planned to purchase books and to bring back ministers and teachers to help him carry on his work.
He spent his last week with his Indian converts. While at what is now Farm Neck the Sachem of Sanchakantackett gave him a big "powwow." After the dinner Mayhew praised the good split eels for which that neighborhood is famous. The Sachem said: "Mr. Mayhew, him no eels, him black snake from big swamp; no venison, him my best dog me kill for you." Whether or not young Mayhew enjoyed the feast may be left to the reader. In any event it showed that the Indian thought a great deal of him and the best dog was none too good for him.
"The Place on the Wayside" where young Mayhew bade farewell to the Indians
Mayhew's last meeting with the Indians before he sailed was held at a place about half-way between Edgartown and West Tisbury known as "The Place on the Wayside." Here all the Indian converts met him, about fifteen hundred in number. The chiefs and all their tribes came and formed a semicircle about the place where Mayhew was to stand. Many of these Indians had followed him from Gay Head as he came down towards Edgartown. The service was opened with prayer by Mayhew. Then he preached to them, taking his text from the first and twenty-third psalms: "He shall be like a tree planted by the rivers of waters, that bringeth forth his fruit in his season; his leaf also shall not wither; and whatsoever he doeth shall prosper." "The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want." A song was sung. He gave his Indians unto the care of Peter Folger; another short prayer and then the farewell. At the close, Hiacoomes came forward and shook the hand of his beloved teacher, and, bursting into tears, placed a white stone at his feet, saying: "I put this stone here in your name and whenever I pass, here I shall place a stone in your memory until you return." Mayhew answered; "Hiacoomes, not in my name, nor in my memory; but in the name and memory of the Great Master of whom I have taught you, Christ." All the chiefs placed a stone where Mayhew stood, and throwing their blankets over their faces and with their heads bowed in grief, followed by their tribes, marched in Indian file over the Plains to their homes.
MISSIONARY MAYHEW'S SHIP LOST AT SEA
The next morning Mayhew sailed, taking with him his wife's brother, and the first Indian graduate of Harvard college, who was a preacher among the aborigines. The Indians stood on the beach with bowed heads as the ship sailed and the Indian runners followed as far as they could. Alas, the mysterious ways of Providence; neither the ship nor its passengers were ever heard from again. Young Mayhew's name was never mentioned without tears and as one who expected no reward but from Him who said: "Go teach all nations, Lo I am with you."
When the writer was a young boy his family had an old Gay Head Indian woman working for them. She was planning to go home, for a short visit and he was to take her as far as West Tisbury where she could get the stage for Gay Head. Just before starting she asked him if he would go by the Indian trail along the South Side. She picked up a white stone, put it in the wagon and they then started on their trip.
At that time the writer knew nothing about "The Place on the Wayside" but as they neared it she told him how, when she was a little girl walking with her grandmother from Gay Head to visit her people on Chappaquiddick, they had stopped and placed a stone in the memory of the Saviour, and the first white man who had taught them to know Him. When they came to the place she got out of the wagon and placed the stone on the pile which must have been between three and four feet high. She said a short prayer and returned to the wagon.
Rock on Which Young Mayhew Stood When He Preached to the Indians. Farm Neck, Oak Bluffs
As the writer looks back and sees that old Indian woman, the granddaughter of the last Sachem of Gay Head, and the great grand-daughter of the last Sachem of Chappaquiddick, placing her tribute on that pile of stones, the place becomes Holy Ground. What grander monument could one wish than to have a stone placed to his memory two hundred and forty years after by the Indians because of his work among them!
Mayhew Monument at "The Place on the Wayside"
The writer has stood on the rock in Farm Neck where Thomas Mayhew, Jr., preached to the Indians of Sanchakantackett. He also attended the dedication of the Mayhew monument at "The Place on the Wayside," in 1901. This monument was a boulder given by the Indians of Gay Head. The Martha's Vineyard Chapter, D. A. R., had a bronze tablet placed on the boulder telling the story of young Mayhew's work and death. Since the dedication in 1901 the greater part of the original pile of stones has been removed by souvenir hunters.
"PLACE ON THE WAYSIDE"
The links by which our storied spots are chained,
Fast riveted by years of brilliant dreams,
Ambitions spent and hopes, perhaps attained,
To present hours reflecting brightest gleams
Of deeds benevolent, heroic, grand,
Are varied as the matchless tints of flowers,
The glittering gems on oceans whitened strand,
Or blending glories charming sunset hours.
Beyond two centuries and more, I look,
As in a picture, scene, historic view,
And plainly see, as in an open book,
The younger Mayhew and his foll'wers true;
Long lines of dusky Indians come to clasp
The friendly hand of him whose teachings pure
Had turned their minds from war's revengeful grasp
To thoughts of Christ, and peace that should endure.
They sadly stood in oaken grove divest,
A little while ago bedecked in gayest green,
And wooing sweet the birds from winter nest,
To cradle soft, its leafy boughs between.
The lonely hills inclined to cloudy sky,
And drear and brown the heath-clad plains;
November's chill and portent gloom are nigh;
And homeless birds are singing sad refrains.
O mem'ried stones, with saddest word "Farewell,"
Impressed, in fancy, by such tearful grief,
Not pean grand, nor solemn dirge can tell,
The love, the trust, the simple heart's belief
Conveyed to them through him who kindly taught
To native souls the message Christ imbued,
As one by one the stolid Indians brought
A stone unpolished, but with tears bedewed.
As sped the years, the spot was holy ground,
To all that band of Indian converts bold,
And not a man among them could he found,
So freed from credulous belief of old,
Who dared when passing mystic spot enshrined,
In tedious march or chase for forest game,
Forget the symbol with its love entwined,
But placed thereon a stone in Jesus' name.
Since that event whose story we recall,
The Indian darts at white men swiftly hurled;
The wars that freed our land from England's thrall,
And saw the minute man amaze the world;
The strife in which a Worth, to victory led,
The war for Slave in which our fathers fell,
And the world's conflict bringing sadness, dread,
Have made and kept our nation's freedom well.
The patriotic fires that ever glowed,
In sires of Revolutionary fame,
Have lately gained a fav'ring sure abode,
In hearts of daughters, hundred race and name;
Who backward glance to dreary primal days,
To time when feet of white men rarely trod
The wave-lulled, sandy beach, or sylvan ways
Where wordless music raised the soul to God.
As poet, we will loudly cry, O save!
And let no touch of blasting hand consume
These stones, with which rare memories pave
This place of parting and of deepest gloom,
O forest dark o'ercapped by cloudlets white
Whose tranquil beauty slow unfolding rose,
Attested ye, on Martha's Vineyard's site,
How simply savage hearts in Christ repose.
Place on the Wayside! In seclusion sweet,
Thy name in mellowed light of years is known;
The tablet's lasting bronze will now repeat
The honor claimed for Mayhew quite alone
And clinging vines, in wildness Nature owns,
Shall intertwine as years fast glide away,
To hallow all the sacred mem'ried stones,
That lie in silence by the woodland way.
GOVERNOR MAYHEW CONTINUES SON'S WORK
After the death of his only son, Governor Mayhew, although in his sixty-fifth year, took up the work among the Indians, preaching to them one day every week as long as he lived. Sparing no pains or fatigue, sometimes walking twenty miles through the woods to Gay Head, to carry on the noble work commenced by his son.
Though the loss of his only son was a great sorrow to him, Governor Mayhew lived to see a son of that son associated with him in the Indian service. This man was Rev. John Mayhew, whose son Experience and grandson Zachariah Mayhew were great missionaries to the Indians of Martha's Vineyard. After the death of Zachariah Mayhew the work was taken up by Rev. Frederick Baylies.
Old Mayhew House, Edgartown (Torn Down in 1910)
August 22, 1670, the first Indian church was organized. The famous Mr. John Eliot was prcscut, for in a letter published at London in 1671 he writes: "Passing over the Vineyard many were added to the church, both men and women. The church was desirous to have chosen Governor Mayhew, but he waived it." Mr. John Cotton of Boston was hired to carry on the work.
Governor Mayhew died at the age of ninety-two. His death was greatly lamented by both the English and the Indian. The Indian had always found a father and protector in him, for he made it evident to them that he did not rule by self-will or humor, but by wisdom, justice and reason. It was for this reason that during the Indian Wars this island was guarded by the Christian Indians.
Governor Mayhew requested that his grave should not be marked, so at this time the question has come up as to the place where the Governor rests. Without doubt he was buried in what is now Collins's back yard near a large black stone. Governor Mayhew's home was only a short distance and his favorite grandson Mathew Mayhew and family are buried near this spot.
Before leaving the story of Governor Mayhew, perhaps it might be of interest to mention an old deed which was found in the Edgartown records, reading as follows: "I do sell the island of Nantucket for thirty pounds Stirling and two beaver hats, one for my wife, and one for myself."
THE PASSING OF THE RED MAN
To-day the race has become extinct in all the portions of the fair island where young Mayhew dwelt and worked; a few scant remnants alone survive about the painted cliffs at Gay Hcad. Old deacon Simon Johnson, the last full-blooded Indian, is remembered only by our oldest inhabitants. The last wigwam fell into decay on the slopes of Sampson's Hill long ago. They sleep in unknown graves; their names are for gotten. No chronicle of their lives can ever be written, but they have left us a stainless memory. A pleasant heritage they have bequeathed us, of sweet sounding names for our hills, ponds and many quiet nooks.
Sampson's Hill Meeting House, Chappaquiddick
Chappaquiddick becomes holy ground, made forever sacred by the loving toil of Hiacoomes. Its air is resoundant with the prayer and praises of the God-fearing people who have built their wigwams and their meeting house in its quiet retreat. Nashmois, Tashmoo, Ahquapasha, Pohoganot, Mattakessett, Sanchakantackett, Quansue, Scribnocket, and all the rest of these pleasant places are invested with an intensely human interest by the remembrance of the good and true lives lived here by the Christian Indians.
Reach back over the centuries to give a clasp to the Indian as our friend and brother. We are constrained to say, had there been Mayhews to deal with the fierce Indians of the mainland, had the Pequot and the King Philip people experienced the happy lot of the Vineyard Indians in their contact with the white men, there would have been no Swamp Fight, no Bloody Brook, and the burning of Deerfield, and all the unspeakable horrors of King Philip's War, and French and Indian Wars would have been unknown. The Indian would have proved himself everywhere a kindly, well-disposed person, susceptible to the fine influences and capable of sustaining an honored place amid the great families of the world.
Part Third
HE early colonists that came to the Vineyard found the island well adapted to grazing and agriculture. The climate was mild in comparison with the other New England settlements. The island was well-wooded, chiefly with oak and pine, sufficient for all building purposes. Sawmills were soon established and homes built. One of the first houses built in what is now Oak Bluffs was built at Farm Neck by Joseph Norton before 1670. It stood near the half-way watering place on the highway that leads from Edgartown to Vineyard Haven. A description of this house will apply to nearly all the houses built at that time. With two or three exceptions they were of one story; large on the base and low in the post. They were always located near springs of fresh water, or where water could be had by digging shallow wells at which old-fashioned sweeps could be used. Another interesting fact is that near the site of these ancient dwellings can be seen old pear and cherry trees, which tradition says were planted soon after these houses were built The frames of these houses were of oak and pine which grew near. There was a saw pit he the neighborhood, to which these great trees, many of which were three feet in diameter, were hauled by oxen and sawed into convenient dimensions by hand, one man in the pit and another above.
Foundation and cellar walls were of old field stone; one hardly, if ever, finds a stone that has been split by drill or wedge. The chimneys were very large, many eight feet square at the base, made of crude bricks burnt in the neighborhood The lime used to make the mortar was as of the very best quality, made by burning oyster, clam, and other shells found along the shores. Specimens of it are as hard as rock at the present time. Another kind made mostly of clay was used where it didn't come to the weather.
The Norton Homestead at Farm Neck 1750
The rooms were arranged conveniently for use, a small front entry, with stairs leading to the chamber from it. Two large front rooms to the right and left, usually sixteen or eighteen feet square, and always on the southerly side of the house. The panel work over the fireplaces in these rooms was very elaborate and is now considered worthy of preservation. The "beaufat" must not he forgotten as it was the receptacle for the best china and silverware which the house afforded. Next was the large kitchen in the rear, with its fireplace eight by six feet, in the center of which hung the trammel used to hold the great kettle for the cooking of the savory meals for the large families of those days. To the right and left of the kitchen were four rooms used for sleeping and storerooms. The "up stairs part" of the house was divided into two sleeping rooms and the "open chamber," which was used for storing everything from the India shawl to grandfather's chair. This was also used as the spinning and weaving room, for the housewife made all the cloth and linen used by the family.
Old Pewter Pieces
It is interesting to observe the fine quality of lumber used in the outside finish; handmade shingles on the upright two feet long and good after a hundred and fifty years weathering. The nails were of the best hammered iron. The old wide boards were called "Bayboards" because they came from Buzzards Bay.
These early homes were lighted before 1700 by the light of the fireplace and burning of large pine knots of the fat pitch pine trees which grew here in abundance All the settlers kept sheep and oxen, and the tallow from these animals was made into candles by hand at first, known as dip candles Later they were made by molds. Later the tallow candles were abandoned for sperm candles made from oil from the sperm whale. The largest sperm candle factory in America was at Edgartown. Still later the sperm candle was given up for the sperm oil lamp These lamps were made of pewter, brass and glass, and are much sought after by the "Collector of the Antique."
COLONIAL INTEREST IN EDUCATION
In looking over the pages of the history of our country we find that one of the first things the colonists did after they had founded a church and a government was to establish a school. Five years after the coming of the Puritans at Boston the Boston Latin School was established, and the following year Harvard was founded by John Harvard. Many instances could be related where the school was one of the first organizations. It has already been told how Thomas Mayhew, Jr., established the first school in 1651 to teach the Indian. Long before that date there had been a school to teach the English children.
The First School House in Oak Bluffs 1761
In the early part of the eighteenth century there was a law passed that every town with fifty families should establish a public school. At that time public schools were established at Edgartown, Tisbury and Chilmark. In September, 1748, a town meeting was held in Tisbury at which it was voted to have a "moving school," in the following manner: "In the first place to be kept at Holmes Hole, now Vineyard Haven, two months beginning in the fall; then at Checkemmo school-house for three months; then at a place called Kiphigan for two months; then at the schoolhouse near the meeting house at Tisbury, now West Tisbury, for five months" It also provided that the whole town should have full and free liberty to send their children to any of the said places for schooling without molestation throughout the whole year if they or any or all of them saw fit. The best school of the eighteenth century and the first part of the nineteenth was kept by "Parson Thaxter" at Edgartown. Scholars attended this school from all of the neighboring islands. Under "Parson Thaxter" many of the Vineyard boys were prepared to enter college, and Latin was studied at the age of seven.
Thaxter Academy, Edgartown
Rev. Joseph Thaxter was pastor of the Congregational Church at Edgartown for nearly fifty years and was always spoken of as "Parson Thaxter." He was the first chaplain of the United States Army. On the fiftieth anniversary of the "Battle of Bunker Hill," Josiah Quincy says: "The first exercises of the day had a peculiar interest. The occasion was of course to be consecrated by prayer, and venerable Joseph Thaxter of Edgartown, chaplain of Prescott's own regiment, arose to officiate. Fifty years before he had stood on the same spot, and in the presence of many to whom that morning sun should know no setting, called upon Him, who can save by many or few, for His aid in the approaching struggle. His sermon brought the scene vividly to the view of all those present."
In imagination they could almost hear the thunder of the broadside that ushered in that eventful morning. They could almost see Prescott and Warren and their gallant host pausing from their labors to listen to an invoca tion to Him before whom many would appear before nightfall. They could almost realize what thoughts filled the minds of the patriots before that decisive conflict. How things have changed since then. All except the Being before whom they bowed, God alone is the same yesterday, to-day and forever.
Academy Lane, Now Davis Street Edgartown
In 1825 the Thaxter School was dedicated as Thaxter Academy, with Hon. Leavitt Thaxter, son of "Parson Thaxter," as principal.
Another school was the Davis Academy, located diagonally across the street from the Thaxter Academy. This school was conducted by David Davis of Farmington, Maine.
There was also an academy established at Vineyard Haven by Deacon Nathan Mayhew. The students were called to school by a piece of steel in the shape of a triangle; this was struck with a hammer and the sound would travel a long distance. This building was bought by the Sea Coast Defense Chapter, D. A, R., and is used as an historical building.
In the early part of the last century many private schools were kept. Some of the following teachers will be remembered by the older inhabitants: Maria Norton, Catherine Bassett, Emily Worth, Frances Mayhew, and Jedidah Pease, known to this day as "Old Jedidah Whipper."
Sea Coast Defense Cheater, D. A. R. Vineyard Haven
BARTERING AN EARLY CUSTOM
It seems, because of the scarcity of money, to have been the custom among the Vineyard people during colonial times to barter, not only with their neighbors but with ships that came into the harbor. The pilot would exchange home-made mittens, cookies, pies and other things for molasses, sugar, ginger, spices and Holland rum. The housewives of Eastville and Edgartown were rich in supplies of all kinds. Coal was burned at Eastville before they ever had it at Boston.
The shoemaker would exchange his home-made shoes for wool, mutton, beef or whatever he wanted which the farmer had on hand. The blacksmith would do the same. Mr. Dexter, a blacksmith at The-Head-of- The-Pond, did iron work for a farmer and received in payment two fat goats, two bushels of rye, corn and pine timber.
PART FOURTH
REVOLUTIONARY TIMES
UNE 20, 1775, a general notice was given to all the inhabitants of Martha's Vineyard to turn out and assemble at Tisbury on June 25th to see what measures should be taken because of the Island's exposed position. There was a large majority in favor of applying to the General Court at Boston for soldiers. At this meeting all their arms were inspected. The next step, as expressed in the quaint language of the period, was: "To sound the minds amongst the young men to see who would join the volunteer corps of Edgartown." They soon found that nearly all were ready.
The first act of the Revolution that stirred the ''Islanders'' was the attempt of the enemy to plunder the few houses on the Elizabeth islands.
When independence was declared by Congress in 1777, an order came from the General Court at Boston to the several towns in the Province located on the Vineyard to assemble, and for the inhabitants to give their opinion on this very important transaction. On this occasion one of the towns would not even meet, and the other two at their meetings positively refused to act on the matter.
VINEYARDERS' ACTIVE PART IN REVOLUTION
It was for their own good to stand neutral because of their exposed position; but they were willing to send all their men to fight with Washington, for there was not a battle of the whole war from Bunker Hill to the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in which a Vineyarder did not take part and do his duty. One of the leading citizens of the time expressed the whole matter as follows: "The British come here and pay you good prices for your sheep, cattle and provisions. You can take this money and help our army in many ways. If you refuse they wilt take everything as they can land anywhere, anytime, and you haven't any way to protect yourselves." This was said at a town meeting. The citizen was called a traitor, and a vote was passed to hang him. He looked up with a smile and said: "Here I am, boys. You will find that I have told the truth sometime." They let the matter drop. Later the Vineyard openly declared herself for the cause of liberty.
Huzzleton's Head, Vineyard Haven
September 10, 1778, General Grey in command of a transport of eighty-two sails and ten thousand British troops made a raid upon the Vineyard, carrying off all the sheep, swine, cattle and oxen that could be found. To oppose this wholesale spoliation the "Islanders" had no power so they submitted in sullen and despairing silence, at times even assisting to drive away the captured flocks, hoping thereby to prevent still greater waste and outrage. A very good idea of this period is given in the diary of Colonel Beriah Norton, which reads as follows:
"September 10th. -- Gen. Grey commanding a detachment of his Majesty's army arrived at Martha's Vineyard, when I waited on him on shipboard. Agreed to deliver him 10,000 sheep, 300 head of cattle; the General informed me that payment would be made for the same if they were not resisted. The General then required the stock to be brought to the landing the next day, which was punctually complied with.
"September 11th. - This day the troops landed under the command of Col. Sterling. Said Sterling then informed me that Gen. Grey had directed him to assure me that the whole stock would be paid for if they came down according to the conversation of the evening before. Sterling then informed me that a person must be appointed to appraise the stock before they would take any on shipboard. To which I agreed and we jointly agreed to. I did appoint proper persons to do that business; who were sworn by me to do their duty faithfully by the request of Col. Sterling. The stock was by this time coming down to the landing and was taken on board to the amount of 10,000 sheep and 312 head of cattle.
"September 14th. - Col. Sterling then informed me and other inhabitants of the island that he had a message to deliver to the people. Then he recommended them to meet in a field for there was not room for them in doors, accordingly they met to the amount of several hundred. He informed us that we were to apply to New York for payment for the stock that they had received. I asked the Colonel if we best send a man in the fleet at this time for the payment to which the Colonel replied, we might if we chose but he recommended us to wait a little time before application was made.
"September 15th. -- The fleet sailed for New York."
It must seem to the reader that this Colonel Beriah Norton was a traitor to his own people, but what could he do but give in to Grey's command! Grey had the force and the power and could have destroyed the towns on the island in half a day, and would have done so if they had resisted in any way. In the diary, September 12th and 13th are omitted. Those were the days when the British troops were ravaging the island from Edgartown to Gay Head.
A man was sent to New York to receive payment for the stock, but Grey had forgotten that he had ever stopped at Martha's Vineyard. Colonel Beriah Norton made two special trips to London for the same purpose, and at one time he was given a hearing in Parliament. Very little was accomplished in these two trips to England.
THE WHALING DAYS
Whale fishing was carried on by the Indians long before the arrival of the white men. After the whites came whenever a dead whale was washed ashore the Indians always claimed a share. In many cases when Indians sold land they reserved a certain "whale right" on all whales that drifted ashore, and also the "rights to fish and whale."
All Vineyard boats in its early history had a number of Indians among the crews because they knew the habits of these fish and could manage the boats while the fierce struggle was going on.
When Captain John Smith passed through Vineyard Sound in 1614 he saw: "mighty whales spewing up water like the smoke of a chimney, and making the sea about them white and hoary."
John Butler was the first known whaler of Martha's Vineyard. He was an expert for, at times, he killed seven or eight whales a month.
The first whaleship on record that sailed from the Vineyard was the schooner "Lydia," with Peter Pease as master, which left Edgartown for a voyage to Davis Straits in 1765.
Before this time whales were plentiful about the shores. Men would go out in small boats and capture them. After a while all the whales near the island here caught, and the men were obliged to go farther and farther away from home, until finally they were compelled to go on voyages lasting from three to five years. In 1850 Vineyard ships commanded by the brave and hardy sons of this island were found on every ocean of the globe. Wherever whales were to be found they were very sure to feel the harpoon thrust to their vitals by a Vineyard arm. Fifty ships were fitted out at Edgartown at one time. In those days the Port of Edgartown was one of the most important on the coast, having its own custom house and doing thousands of dollars worth of business. Ships from all parts of the world came there for clearance papers and to pay the duty on cargoes. In 1850 whalebone was worth twelve cents a pound; now it is worth from three to five dollars a pound.
The Last of the Whale Ships
Now when a captain or officer goes on a whaling voyage he packs his trunk and takes the train for San Francisco where his ship or steamer is ready for him. He starts for the Arctic Ocean about the first of May, where he remains about three months returns to San Francisco and arrives back in Edgartown about the first of October. Many Vineyard women, the. wives or daughters of whaling captains, have dared the dangers of the whale fishery, and there are women living on the island today who can tell tales of adventure that have happened under the sum of the equator or beside the ice floes of the Arctic.
The Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 nearly ruined the whale fishery; but when we had gained "The Freedom of the Sea" a new fleet of whale ships was soon built.
There is hardly a cemetery on the island but what has a stone to the memory of some dear husband, father or son, with the inscription "Lost at Sea." The first gravestone on the Vineyard so marked is at Lambert's Cove, with the inscription, "To the memory of Anthony Luce, March 20, 1769, aged thirty-six years."
Until a few years ago there was a cemetery in the field between the Marine Hospital at Vineyard Haven the old Edgartown Road where one could find a slate stone with the following epitaph:
"John and Lydia that lovely pair,
A whale killed him, her body lies here,
There souls we hope with Christ now reign,
So our great loss was there great gain."
Someone had the graves and stones moved from this lot to the Oak Grove Cemetery at Vineyard Haven.
CAMP MEETING ASSOCIATION AT OAK BLUFFS
Perhaps one of the quaintest institutions on the Vineyard is the Martha's Vineyard Camp-Meeting Association. The first camp-meeting commenced Monday the twenty-fourth of August, 1835. A meeting has been held every year since excepting the year 1846. In 1836 what is now Oak Bluffs was a sheep pasture, and the huckleberry brush was so thick that one could hardly get through. The ministers and congregation landed at Eastville, and walked or rode in ox-carts to a place called "Wesleyan Grove," where the tabernacle now stands.
Camp Meeting in 1850. Oak Bluffs
Only nine tents were erected at the first camp-meeting, making a semicircle, in front of which they had erected a stand of old boards and drift wood, which was called the "preacher's stand." The congregation sat in the open air on split trees with pegs driven for legs. There were nearly three hundred at this meeting. These first meetings were very simple and unique in form. Each succeeding year they assumed larger proportions until they became the most fully-attended meetings of their kind in this country.
From these few tents, which were later boarded in to make summer cottages the town of Oak Bluffs grew, until now it is one of the best-known watering places on the northern Atlantic coast.
The town grew fast, and in 1874 a railroad was built from Oak Bluffs wharf to Edgartown, then to Katama and on to South Beach. The first train was run over the road on the twenty-second of August of the same year. This road was kept in operation until 1897.
About 1890 a horse-car line was started at Cottage City, now Oak Bluffs. This line commenced at Oak Bluffs wharf, extending to the Prospect House at Lagoon Heights; another branch went through the Camp-ground and on to New York wharf. Later electric cars were used and the line was continued to Vineyard Haven. This was discontinued in 1917 and the rails were sold to the government for old iron.
THE PERENNIAL LURE OF MARTHA'S VINEYARD
The following celebrated people have visited the Vineyard: John Eliot, the "Apostle," in 1670. John Adams, later President, visited his college chum Jonathan Allen at Chilmark in 1760. John Paul Jones in 1777 took refuge in the harbor of Holmes Hole after a fight with a British ship, and obtained medical aid for two of his wounded sailors. From 1835 to 1850 Daniel Webster visited Dr. Daniel Fisher at Edgartown. Whittier, Hawthorne, and Charles Sumner were frequent visitors. In 1874 President Ulysses S. Grant came to Oak Bluffs. Agassiz and Alexander Graham Bell were here at different times.
In 1876 Lillian Norton sang for the first time at Edgartown, the home of her ancestors. In 1908 she came to the Vineyard as the world's greatest interpreter of Wagnerian operas, at this period known as Madame Lillian Nordica.
The Vineyard has always done its part in the wars that have kept this country free. In the War of 1812 we find that her men were in command of privateers and on all the leading ships of the navy. Some of the men were in Dartmoor prison, England, and two died there. Major-General William J. Worth, a man who spent his boyhood days at Edgartown, took a prominent part in the Mexican War. In the Civil War the Vineyard furnished two hundred and forty soldiers and sailors, filling its quota at every call of the President. In the Spanish-American War four boys enlisted from Oak Bluffs, namely: Herbert Rice, Morton Mills, Manuel Nunes and Stanley Fisher. In the World War the Vineyard more than filled its quota at every call, and Gay Head sent the largest number of men according to population of any place in New England
The writer has endeavored to give a brief and accurate sketch of the history of Martha's Vineyard, by touching on the main points and giving an idea of its colonization and inhabitants who have helped to make the Vineyard what it is todaya prosperous, flourishing community of God-fearing citizens, who are trying to carry out the wishes and desires of those great and humane men who together with the Pilgrim Fathers dared the cold and inhospitable New England climate.
"From out of thy rude borders have spread far and wide
Thine own sturdy sons, once thy joy and thy pride.
To fell the thick forest, to plough the rough main,
To gather bright laurels of glory and fame."
| Massachusetts |
What was the name of George Washington's house where he is buried | Martha's Vineyard and Its Importance in Deaf History
Updated May 06, 2016
If you could create a deaf utopia, what would it be like?
Everyone would communicate in sign language , both deaf and hearing. Many, if not most, children would be born deaf.
Deaf Utopia Did Exist
There actually was such a place once. It was an isolated island off the Massachusetts coast - Martha's Vineyard. Some early Vineyard settlers carried a gene for deafness (the first known deaf one was Jonathan Lambert, 1694), and over years of marriage, generation after generation was born with hearing loss .
At one point, one in four children was born deaf! There were so many deaf people on the Vineyard (most deaf lived in Chilmark) that residents developed a sign language, Martha's Vineyard Sign Language (MVSL). MVSL later merged with mainland signs to form American Sign Language .
High Deaf Population
Some censuses taken of 19th century Vineyard population reveal the extent of deafness. In 1817, two families had deaf members, with a total of 7 deaf. Just a few years later, by 1827 there were 11 deaf. The 1850 Chilmark census identified 17 deaf out of 141 households, in the Hammett, Lambert, Luce, Mayhew, Tilton, and West families. In 1855, it was 17 plus 4 in nearby Tisbury. The 1880 Chilmark census had 19 deaf in 159 households. New deaf families in the 1880 census included the Nobles and the Smiths. To put this into perspective, compared to the mainland U.S. where the frequency of deafness was 1 in almost 6000, on the Vineyard it was as high as 1 in 155 (1 in 25 in Chilmark, and 1 in 4 in the Chilmark town of Squibnocket).
High Acceptance of Sign Language
Sign language was so accepted on the Vineyard that a newspaper marveled in 1895 at the way the spoken and signed languages were used so freely and easily by both deaf and hearing residents. People moving to Chilmark had to learn sign language in order to live in the community.
Deafness was so common that some hearing residents actually thought it was a contagious disease. Deafness was never considered to be a handicap.
Gradual Decline in Deaf Population
These intermarriages persisted and the deaf population of Chilmark and the rest of the Vineyard continued to propagate. It would have kept growing if not for the growth of deaf education on the mainland. As deaf Vineyard children attended schools off-island, they tended to settle off-island, married mainland mates, and gradually the deaf Vineyard population died out. The last deaf Vineyard native passed away in the 1950s.
Books and Other Resources
The history of the deaf society on Martha's Vineyard has fascinated scholars and resulted in the publication of the book: Everyone Here Spoke Sign Language: Hereditary Deafness on Martha's Vineyard . This book traces Vineyard deafness to an area of Britain's Kent County called the Weald. In addition, these other resources are available:
An undated (appears to be mid-1990s) 15-page research paper by Robert Mather and Linda McIntosh at Tufts University, "The Deaf of Martha's Vineyard." The bibliography cites two 1981 articles in the Duke's County Intelligencer, respectively titled "The Island's Hereditary Deaf: A Lesson in Human Understanding," and "Chilmark Deaf: Valued Citizens." Also included in the bibliography was an 1895 Boston Sunday Herald article, "Mark of Chilmark, Deaf and Dumb in the Village of Squibnocket." A six-page Spring 2001 article, "A Silent Culture with a Strong Voice," from the Boston University alumni magazine, Bostonia.
The article briefly mentions the efforts of an alumnus (Joan Poole Nash, now a deaf education teacher ) to record on videotape examples of MVSL demonstrated by her great grandmother and grandfather. In March 1999, Yankee magazine published the article, "The Island That Spoke by Hand."
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Who had a No 1 in the 90's with Ebeneezer Goode | The Shamen - Ebeneezer Goode (1992) - YouTube
The Shamen - Ebeneezer Goode (1992)
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Uploaded on Feb 22, 2010
FULL VIDEO (xvid K-rip)
A great philosopher once wrote
"Naughty naughty very naughty"
Ha ha ha ha ha
There's a guy in the place
He's got a bittersweet face
And he goes by the name of Ebeneezer Goode
His friends call him Eezer and he is the main geezer
And he'll vibe about the place
Like no other man could
He's refined, sublime, he makes you feel fine
Though very much maligned and misunderstood
But if you know Eezer he's a real crowd pleaser
He's ever so good, he's Ebeneezer Goode
You can see that he's mysterious,
Mischievious and devious
As he circulates amongst the people in the place
But once you know he's fun
And something of a genius
He gives a grin that grows around
From face to face to face
Backwards and then forwards,
Eezer is the geezer who loves to muscle in
That's about the time the crowd
All shout the name of Eezer
As he's kotcheled in the corner,
Laughing by the bass bin
Eezer Goode, Eezer Goode
Has anybody got any veras?
Lovely
Ya ha ha ha ha ha
Ya ha ha ha ha ha
A great philosopher once wrote
"Naughty naughty very naughty"
Ha ha ha ha ha
Ebeneezer Goode, leading light of the scene
Know what I mean - see
He created the vibe,
He takes you for a ride and as if by design
The party ignites like he's comin alive
He takes you to the top, shakes you all around
Then back down, you know as he gets mellow
Then as smooth as the groove
That is making you move
He glides into your mind with a sunny "Hello!"
A gentleman of leisure,
He's there for your pleasure
But go easy on old Eezer
He's the love you could lose
Extraordinary fellow, like Mr. Punchinello
He's the kind of geezer who must never be abused
When you're in town and Ebeneezer is around
You can sense a presence
In the sound of the crowd
He gets them all at it, the party starts rocking
The people get excited it's time to shout loud
Eezer Goode, Eezer Goode
| The Shamen |
Who wrote the UB 40 hit Red Red Wine | The Shamen - Ebeneezer Goode HD - YouTube
The Shamen - Ebeneezer Goode HD
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Published on Aug 13, 2013
Promo video for Ebeneezer Goode by The Shamen directed by Richard Heslop.
The video has been upscaled to HD and restored as much as possible for inclusion on www.shamensource.co.uk
Written by Colin Angus & Richard West
A version of the track features on the Boss Drum album on One Little Indian, published by Warner Chappell Music.
Video can be found on The Shamen Collection DVD released by One Little Indian.
Category
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From which musical does the song Shall We Dance come | SHALL WE DANCE? - YouTube
SHALL WE DANCE?
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Uploaded on Mar 19, 2011
This is the lyrics for my favorite song "Shall We Dance?" from my favorite movie and musical "The King and I". "The King and I" takes place in a country that we now call Thailand, but in this movie, it is still Siam. Anna Leonowens (Deborah Kerr) is a british subject who has arrived in Bangkok, Siam to teach the royal children of King Mongkut (Yul Brynner). At first, Mrs. Leonowens and the king do not get along because the king has broken his promise to give Mrs. Leonowens a house of her own, but as the two people grow closer to each other, one of the most amazing friendships in film history develops.
Category
| The King and I |
What was the classic Percy Sledge hit that charted in the sixties and again in the eighties | The King And I - Shall We Dance? lyrics | LyricsMode.com
The King And I The King And I –
Shall We Dance? lyrics
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The King And I – Shall We Dance? lyrics
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From which language do we get the word kiosk | Kiosk - definition of kiosk by The Free Dictionary
Kiosk - definition of kiosk by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/kiosk
(kē′ŏsk′, kē-ŏsk′)
n.
1. A small structure, usually open in front, used as a newsstand or a place for selling goods or conducting transactions, as at a bank.
2. A small structure housing an electronic terminal for public use, as for purchasing tickets or accessing information.
3. A usually cylindrical structure on which advertisements are posted.
4. Archaic A small open gazebo or pavilion.
[Ultimately (partly via French kiosque Italian chiosco, with French ki- and Italian chi- representing Turkish palatalized k-) from Turkish köşk, gazebo, pavilion, from Persian kōšk, palace, from Middle Persian, of unknown origin.]
Word History: Kiosk comes from the Turkish word köşk, which originally referred to a kind of open pavilion or summerhouse in Turkey and Persia, often built on a hexagonal or many-sided base. The upper classes of the Ottoman Empire would enjoy entertainments and view their gardens in the comfort of such buildings. When the word first began to appear in English, kiosk referred to these Middle Eastern pavilions, which Europeans imitated in their own gardens and parks. In France and Belgium, the word kiosque was applied to something lower on the scale, structures resembling these pavilions but used as places to sell newspapers or as bandstands. When such lowly structures began to be built in England for these purposes, the word kiosk was reborrowed from French in the middle of the 1800s with the meaning "a place where newspapers are sold."
kiosk
(ˈki ɒsk, kiˈɒsk)
n.
1. a small building or structure open on one or more sides, used as a newsstand, refreshment stand, etc.
2. a thick, columnlike structure on which notices and advertisements are posted.
3. an interactive computer terminal available for public use, as one with Internet access or site-specific information: Students use kiosks to look up campus events.
4. an open pavilion or summerhouse common in Turkey and Iran.
5. Brit. a telephone booth.
[1615–25; < French kiosque stand in a public park « Turkish köşk villa < Persian kūshk palace, villa]
kiosk
1. A small pavilion or summer-house.
2. A small shop building on the street or inside a bigger building.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
| Turkish |
From which country does the word tycoon originate | Previous Columns/Posted 12/15/97
Previous Columns/Posted 12/15/97
Papa's got a brand new ... oh, never mind.
Dear Word Detective: I hope you can settle an argument between me and some younger co-workers of mine. I am 33 years old, and to the best of my knowledge, the term "my bag" means "my fault." You step on someone's foot and you say, "Oh, my bag." It seems that everyone at my job under the age of 20 or so believes that the term "my bad" would be the correct phrase. Of course I explained that I believed that the term was taken from "caught holding the bag," meaning the one who took the blame, hence "my bag" equals "my fault." Please clarify. -- Keith, via the Internet.
Well, Keith, I hate to say this, but I'm afraid the kids are right. I wouldn't be too disturbed about this -- after all, even a broken clock is right twice a day, and all that.
To be honest, I wouldn't be so sure about this question myself were it not for the fact that there was recently a protracted discussion of "my bad" on the e-mail discussion group of the American Dialect Society (which is an organization of scholars who pay attention to such things). "My bad," an exclamation meaning "my fault" or "my mistake," evidently arose in the mid-1980's among players (primarily Black) in informal "pick-up" basketball games. One player would throw a bad pass or flub an easy shot and say "My bad" as a sort of handy shorthand for a more elaborate apology. The term's transition to more general slang use was apparently greatly accelerated by its inclusion in the enormously popular film "Clueless" a few years ago.
As to "my bag," it's been slang for "personal style or preference" since the early 1960's, but I've never heard it used to mean "my fault." And "my bag," which comes from the slang of jazz musicians, is unrelated to "holding the bag," which dates all the way back to the 18th century.
Well, the blue spotlight was confusing me.
Dear Word Detective: A student stumped me today! Ok, not a rare occurrence, by any stretch of the imagination; but I do like to come up with an answer sooner or later. Hopefully you can help. The question was simple enough: "Why do we call it the blues?" This could (and did, in my mind) go in several different directions; the main two, of course, are music and psychology. My questions, then: Is the musical genre known as "the blues" so called because it ideally rises out of the state of mind known as "the blues"? If so, why "blue"? And, as long as we're at it, why are certain films of um, shall we say, an explicit sexual nature called "blue movies"? (I assume this latter has nothing to do with music or depression, though I may be wrong.) -- Jeff Ferrell, Rhea County High School, Evensville, Tennessee.
Great question! But didn't Elton John answer this a few years ago? Anyway, I'm just glad I didn't have to face it in front of a classroom of high-school students. My public speaking style, incidentally, is based on the Ralph Kramden Method (I learned it from the old "Honeymooners" TV series). Put me in front of a crowd and all I seem able to do is sweat profusely and stammer "Humminahumminahummina." I once did this for an entire hour on C-SPAN.
Onward. According to Christine Ammer, who devotes an entire chapter to the color blue in her "Seeing Red and Tickled Pink" (Plume, 1993), "blues" music takes its name not directly from its often depressing subject matter, but from the notes themselves. "Blue notes," according to Ammer (I am a musical illiterate, myself) are "half-flatted" notes that fall between major and minor pitch.
Of course, melancholy "blue notes" probably took their name in turn from "the blues," as in depression. Unfortunately, no one knows exactly how or why "blue" came to mean "sad," although the term has been used since at least the 18th century. As to "blue movies," that "blue" is also a mystery, but may be a reference to the traditional use of blue spotlights in strip-tease acts.
Maybe I'll open a posh tip kiosk....
Dear Word Detective: I'm trying to find the origin of the word "kiosk" with little success. Did it evolve from an acronym? Can you help me? -- Barbara Pjura, via the Internet.
Sure, why not? But first, this is as good a time as any to repeat a general truism about acronyms. Acronyms were very rare before World War Two, so any explanation of a word existing prior to 1940 or so as being an acronym for something is almost certainly false. Words such as "tip" and "posh," for example, are often explained as being coined as acronyms ("To Insure Promptness" and "Port Out, Starboard Home," respectively). But even if there weren't tons of evidence proving that the origins of these terms lie elsewhere, the vintages of the words themselves (1755 and 1903) would be enough to cast serious doubt on any "acronym" theory.
In the case of "kiosk," this date test goes right off the chart -- "kiosk" first appeared in English in 1625. Its original meaning was, to quote the Oxford English Dictionary, "An open pavilion or summerhouse of light construction, often supported by pillars and surrounded with a balustrade; common in Turkey and Persia, and imitated in gardens and parks in Western Europe." Not surprisingly, the root of "kiosk" is the Turkish word "kiushk," meaning "pavilion." The graceful kiosks of Turkey and Persia were social gathering places on estates and in public parks, much admired by European visitors, who carried the idea (and the word) home with them.
Back in Europe, kiosks sprang up by the hundreds in the gardens of the wealthy, but the general design of the kiosk (as well as the word itself) was also put to a more plebeian task -- selling newspapers. Small circular newspaper kiosks are still found in many European cities, and kiosks even dot American shopping malls, where they are used to peddle novelty license plates and similar knickknacks. Quite a comedown for a graceful word. If I were "kiosk," I'd sue.
Mooky business.
Dear Word Detective: I'm having a tough time finding a good definition or etymology for the word "mook." I think I've established from context an approximate meaning of "unsavory (or unpolished) fellow." Perhaps a rabble consists of a collection of mooks? As I've heard it spoken by a local DJ, and a TV detective from New York City, "mook" rhymes with "kook" and may be a regionalism from New Jersey or New York. A survey of dictionaries only helped a tad -- one indicated that "mook" might derive from "mooch" (so a mook might be a moocher), while another suggested that it meant marijuana (mook equals pothead?), and might be related to "mota" -- which is slang for marijuana among many of us Latinos. If you have any ideas, I'd love to hear them. -- Richard Brooks, Library Troll, The Exploratorium, San Francisco.
Wow, for a troll, you certainly cover a lot of ground. I'd be interested to know which dictionaries gave you those leads about "mook." As far as I can tell, they are not correct, but there's so much mystery associated with "mook" that any extra shard of information is worth pursuing. Most of my reference books don't even list "mook," much less define it or trace its origin.
One dictionary that does deal with "mook" is the recently published Volume Two of the excellent Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang (which I will call "HDAS" to save space). According to HDAS, "mook" means "an ineffectual, foolish, or contemptible person," so your definition is certainly in the ballpark. The earliest citation HDAS lists is from 1930.
As to the origin of "mook," HDAS ventures that it is probably a variation on "moke," a slang term dating back to the middle of the 19th century. "Moke" means several things: originally, it was a slang and dialect term in England for a donkey, but it has also been used as a term of contempt for a Black person or any dark-skinned person. But "moke" has also been used since at least 1855 to mean "a foolish or inconsequential person," which certainly ties it to "mook." Unfortunately, no one has any clear idea of where "moke" came from. So I guess we'll both just have to keep digging.
In yer mug, ya big lug.
Dear Word Detective: I'm wondering about all the various forms of the word "mug." It can mean a cup for beverages, the human face or "to rob," as well as "to make a face," and occurs in such phrases as "mug shot." Are these all the same word "mug," and if so, how are they related? -- Susan Davis, New York, NY
Yes, as unlikely as it may seem, all those senses of "mug" are indeed related. "Mug" is a very good example of how even our most basic words evolve and change their meaning, often in remarkable directions. The Oxford English Dictionary lists eight separate senses of "mug" as a noun and another seven senses as a verb, and all of them stem from the same root, a Scandinavian word meaning "drinking vessel."
If the mug we use for coffee came first, "mug" meaning "face" was the next stop, and the reason might surprise you. It was common in the 17th and 18th centuries to decorate drinking mugs with grotesque caricatures of human faces, and by the early 1700's "mug" had become a popular slang term for "face." On the lower rungs of society, "mug" also became a slang term for "guy" or "fellow," sometimes "a sucker" or "a fool," and a "mug's game" was a thankless task. Once cameras came along, "mugging," or making a distorted face, became a favorite pastime of children of all ages.
"Mug" took a turn for the worse with the advent of another sort of "mugging," originally meaning to rob by punching or striking the victim in the face. Fortunately, thugs who "mugged" often ended up with pictures of their faces ("mug shots") in a "mug book" at the local police station.
Pigeons plot in secrecy.
Dear Mr. Word Detective, Sir: My mother likes to use the expression "in cahoots." Whenever two people or groups are hidden partners in underhanded crime, they were "in cahoots." Back in the 1970's, she claimed the car companies and big oil were "in cahoots" selling gas guzzlers. I'm not sure what the car companies got out of the deal, but then, I can't follow the ins and outs of most of her theories. She still thinks a lot of people are in cahoots -- I don't know if she likes the marvelous ring to the word or is just paranoid. Anyway, I've always wondered where we got such a fun sounding word for what really is serious business. -- Kevin Murphy, via the Internet.
No, I don't think your mother is paranoid, though she may be a bit overly perceptive. I'd have her watch more television if it really bothers you. If that doesn't quiet her down, just report her to the Ministry of Contentment.
If there's one phrase which perfectly sums up a certain mood in America in the late 20th century, "in cahoots" is it. As a synonym for "conspiring with" or "collaborating with," "in cahoots" carries a loose, folksy tone that nicely softens what might otherwise be regarded as paranoia.
"Cahoots" is a classic early 19th century American coinage, largely unknown outside the U.S. The origin of "cahoots" is a bit uncertain, but it can be narrowed down to two possible roots, both French words. The American scholar John Bartlett, of "Bartlett's Quotations" fame, felt certain that "cahoot" came from the French "cohorte," meaning "company or band." The Oxford English Dictionary, on the other hand, theorizes that it came from the French "cahute," meaning "cabin," reasoning that to "be in cahoots with" was to be as close as two people sharing a small cabin.
So we may never know exactly where "cahoots" came from. But considering that there's been a black helicopter hovering outside my window ever since I started writing this particular column, that's OK by me.
The itch to shop.
Dear Word Detective: Why are flea markets called "flea" markets? How did they get their name and why? -- Danny Sayer, via the Internet.
Well, you've brought your question to the right place. My relatives, especiallythe ones in Ohio, seem to be obsessed with flea markets and their suburban cousins, yard sales. You could be fleeing an erupting volcano with these people (unlikely in Ohio, I know, but one can always hope), and they'd insist on stopping the car to optimistically peruse two broken toasters, three boxes of Reader's Digest Condensed Books (just add verbs, I suppose), and the ugliest collection of white vinyl pocketbooks this side of Las Vegas. To me, visiting Ohio means saying "I'll wait in the car" at least ten times per day.
There are two theories about the origin of "flea market," and although I'm fairly certain that one of them is actually a case of linguistic coincidence, we'll take them both for a spin. According to etymologist Christine Ammer, the first "flea market" may have been New York's raucous Fly Market, a fixture in Lower Manhattan from before the American Revolution until around 1816. The "Fly" came from the Dutch name for the market, "Vly" or "Vlie," which meant "valley," and was pronounced, you guessed it, "flea." Voila, "flea market." Maybe.
However, while the Fly Market certainly existed, and its name was evidently indeed pronounced "flea market," the actual origin of the term most probably lies in Paris, where Le Marche aux Puces (literally, "market of the fleas") was a popular shopping venue. Le Marche aux Puces took its name, as you might have guessed by now, from the semi-humorous (and probably at least partly accurate) popular perception that the market's ragtag goods were more than likely to be infested with fleas.
In any case, "flea market" first appeared in English in the 1920's and is most likely a simple translation of the French market's name. If "flea market" had gained currency from the Manhattan "Fly Market," it almost certainly would have appeared in print much earlier than it did.
Ho, Ho, Holy cow, wasn't it just October?
Dear Word Detective: I have just realized that the holidays are almost upon us, and yet I haven't bought a single word book for the numerous logophiles among my family and friends. This is obviously a grievous oversight on my part, and one that must be remedied immediately. Any suggestions? -- Edith Freedle, Hoodathunkit, NH.
Why, bless your heart for asking, Miss Freedle, and just let me say that the fact that both you and your letter are my own transparent inventions does not dim my regard for your taste and discernment one iota. We need more people like you. In fact, I'd settle for just one person like you. And you are right, of course. Time is short, and the ravening hordes clamor for books devoted to words and language. Naturally, I have a few suggestions.
First up, and rightly so, is the newly-published second volume of the Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang, edited by J.E. Lighter (Random House, $65.00 hardcover). As I noted at the time of the publication of the first volume in 1994 (a third and final volume is due to be published in the year 2000), the RHHDAS is an extraordinary project that brings to the study of American slang a scope, a method, and a standard of scholarship until now found only in the renowned Oxford English Dictionary.
The RHHDAS differs from other slang dictionaries in several respects. Most importantly, the RHHDAS is a historical dictionary which (like the Oxford Dictionary) traces, using examples of usage drawn from thousands of newspapers, books, magazines and other media, the history and evolution of slang terms in the words of those who have actually used them. Even the shortest entries in this dictionary make casual browsing a riveting experience, and the longer explorations (the entries on the infamous "n-word" run to ten full pages, for instance) attain an almost novelistic narrative flow as you watch our language grow before your eyes. The RHHDAS is a remarkable work of scholarship that makes a lasting contribution to our understanding of our language and the society that created it. This is a truly great book.
Next time out, we'll look at two more good gift choices for word lovers.
More great stuff.
Last time out, we began our annual holiday roundup of gifts for word lovers with high praise for the new second volume of the Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang ($65.00 hardback). This time, we'll briefly look at two more new books that would make great gifts for anyone interested in our language and how it got that way.
Any book that teams David K. Barnhart, editor and publisher of The Barnhart Dictionary Companion, with Allan A. Metcalf, Executive Secretary of the American Dialect Society, has to be a humdinger, and "America In So Many Words -- Words That Have Shaped America" (Houghton Mifflin, $18.00 hardback) is a humdinger in spades. The American Dialect Society has chosen a "Word of the Year" every year since 1990, and Metcalf and Barnhart's inspiration was to take this great idea backwards into American history, all the way back to the early 1600's. Year by year, Metcalf and Barnhart explore the words that Americans invented or embraced while building a modern nation, from "minuteman" (1774) to "gangsters" (1896) to "geeks" (1978). The entries are brief and lighthearted, combining fun and solid scholarship in a rare mix.
In a similar vein but with a broader scope comes "Speaking Freely -- A Guided Tour of American English" by Stuart Berg Flexner and Anne H. Soukhanov (Oxford University Press, $39.95 hardback). Soukhanov, editor of the excellent Third Edition of the American Heritage Dictionary and Atlantic Monthly columnist, has combined and updated two of the late lexicographer Stuart Berg Flexner's liveliest books ("I Hear America Talking" and "Listening to America") in this volume, adding another 40 percent or so of her own new material. The result is a sweeping and perceptive survey of what H.L. Mencken called "the American Language," filled with the words of the myriad ethnic groups, cultures, industries and geographic regions that combined to create modern America. This book is never dull -- it's full of illustrations, sidebar articles and highlighted quotations -- and it's so readable that it would even make a great gift for a junior-high or high school age friend. It is wonderful to see Stuart Berg Flexner's passionate love of the American Language carried on for a new generation of word lovers.
I say, chaps, we've been nabbed.
Dear Word Detective: My friends and I are curious about the saying "the jig is up." TTFN. -- Mary MacKenzie, Toronto.
TTFN yourself. For the benefit of those readers not familiar with "TTFN," I should explain that it stands for "Ta-ta for now," an phrase commonly heard when parting from someone who was raised within the cultural orbit of England. "Ta-ta" itself means "goodbye" in baby talk, but is now used by a number of otherwise sane adults as a cheerful farewell. Go figure.
Oh, well, back to business. "The jig is up" means simply that "It's all over," usually referring to a scam, trick or plot that has been found out and foiled before it could come to fruition. "Jig" is a very old word of uncertain origin that originally meant "lively dance," a sense still heard in reference to folk dances such as Irish jigs. An extended meaning of "jig" since the late 16th century has been, as the Oxford English Dictionary puts it, "A piece of sport, a joke; a jesting matter, a trifle; a sportive trick or cheat," and it is from this sense that "the jig is up" comes. Although the first written example of the precise formulation "the jig is up" comes from a Philadelphia newspaper in 1800, my sense is that the phrase is today more common outside of the United States. Few of our current crop of crooks would be so graceful as to acknowledge defeat by simply admitting that "the jig is up." Lawyers, guns and money have done wonders for criminals' self-esteem around here lately.
While I'm being cranky, I'd also like to take this opportunity to urge the banishment of another initialism I've seen far too much of lately -- "TIA." This means "Thanks in advance," and always comes at the close of letters asking for something I have not yet agreed to give. In response to such pushy presumption, I humbly offer my own invention, "DHYBB" -- Don't Hold Your Breath, Bucko.
Tinkerbelle Hell.
Dear Word Detective: A friend of mine wants to know if I can find out about the origin of the word "pixilated." Can I? I looked in all my places and the word wasn't even listed. Help! Please? -- Sherrie, via the Internet.
All right, all right, I'll admit it. I love it when readers beg for help. I especially love the hyperventilating e-mails I get on Sunday evenings from high-school students imploring me to write their reports (which just happen to be due Monday morning) for them, reports they had really tried to complete on their own, you understand, and indeed would have finished in plenty of time had only those dastardly Freedonian terrorists not occupied their school library for the last six weeks.
In this case, however, I happen to know that Sherrie is a faithful reader and not a slacker, so bring on the pixies. For it is indeed pixies we're talking here -- pixies, fairies, little folk, elves, Brownies, Greenies, all the magical and yet mysteriously short characters (can't they cast themselves a "42 Regular" spell?) that crop up in the mythology of various cultures.
"Pixilated" is an American coinage dating back to the mid-1800's, and, strictly speaking, someone who is "pixilated" behaves as if under the spell of, or "enchanted by," pixies. The practical effects of such a state can be seen in the definition of "pixilated" provided by the Oxford English Dictionary: "Mildly insane, fey, whimsical; bewildered, confused; intoxicated, tipsy." (That "mildly insane," by the way, is a good example of why I love the OED.)
That definition makes "pixilated" sound like a rather fun thing to be, but in current usage, "pixilated" has come to mean deliberately "magical" or coyly, often insufferably, "kooky." "Pixilated" today is most often found in theater or movie reviews when the critic was clearly less than enchanted by a character's dogged attempts to cast a spell on the audience.
Take me to the Index of back columns.
All contents Copyright © 1997 by Evan Morris.
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From which language does the word ombudsman come | Origin of the Word "Ombudsman" | Ombuds Program
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Origin of the Word "Ombudsman"
"Ombudsman" is a Swedish term dating back to the 1800’s. It means a person who has an ear to the people. It is used world-wide to designate impartial, confidential and independent offices that receive inquiries and concerns from groups of people, and work to achieve fair solutions.
The term ombudsman is used to communicate to the widest possible community and is not intended to discourage others from using alternative forms of this word, such as ombudsperson or ombuds.
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From which language does the word howitzer originate | Ombudsman | Article about ombudsman by The Free Dictionary
Ombudsman | Article about ombudsman by The Free Dictionary
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/ombudsman
Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Medical , Legal , Financial , Wikipedia .
ombudsman
(äm`bədzmən) [Swed.,=agent or representative], public official appointed to deal with individual complaints against government acts. The office originated in Sweden in 1809 when the Swedish legislature created a riksdagens justitieombudsman, or parliamentary agent of justice, and in the 20th cent. it has been adopted by a number of countries. As a government agent serving as an intermediary between citizens and the government bureaucracy, the ombudsman is usually independent, impartial, universally accessible, and empowered only to recommend. In the United States the term ombudsman has been used more widely to describe any machinery adopted by private organizations (e.g., large business corporations and universities) as well as by government to investigate complaints of administrative abuses. In 1969, Hawaii became the first of many American states to appoint an ombudsman.
Bibliography
See studies by G. Sawyer (2d ed. 1968), F. Stacey (1978), and D. C. Rowat (2d ed. 1986).
Ombudsman
in bourgeois states, an official empowered by the constitution or a special law to oversee the workings of government institutions, ministries, and departments. The position of ombudsman was first provided for in the Swedish Constitution of 1809.
In most countries the ombudsman acts nominally on behalf of the parliament, on the initiative of individuals or legal entities that have approached him. The official title of the position of such a government supervisor varies: for example, in France, intermédiaire, and in Great Britain, New Zealand, and India, “parliamentary commissioner” (plenipotentiary). In some countries there are several ombudsmen, each of whom is assigned a certain sphere of administration (in Sweden, for example, there are civil, military, and consumer ombudsmen). Ombudsmen are elected by parliament or appointed by the head of state. In monitoring the actions of officials in the government apparatus, the ombudsman does not have the right to revoke their decisions, but he can make recommendations. In most countries the ombudsmen’s control is very limited; it does not cover the activities of the government, ministers, foreign-policy departments, the police, or municipal agencies.
ombudsman
1. a commissioner who acts as independent referee between individual citizens and their government or its administration
2. (in Britain) an official, without power of sanction or mechanism of appeal, who investigates complaints of maladministration by members of the public against national or local government or its servants
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Which well known actor played the part of Red Grant in the Bond film From Russia With Love | Donald 'Red' Grant (Character) - Biography
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Donald Grant aka Red Grant is a fictional character in the novel and the film. In both, Grant is a henchman for Rosa Klebb. Donald Grant is played by actor Robert Shaw. The very tall, muscular and blond archetype created by Grant would become a clear characteristic of villains in the later Bond films, including Vargas, Hans, Peter Franks, Erich Kriegler, Necros, and Stamper. Grant's signature weapon is a garotte wire concealed in his wristwatch. Red Grant is the device used to show Bond's ability to read people, in the novel Bond is wary of Grant, disguised as Cpt. Nash, as he ties his tie with a Windsor knot, in the film his suspicions arise as the waiter asks Grant if he would like white Chianti with his grilled sole, when Grant replies "No...the red kind.", Bond gives a startled look as it is usually customary to eat fish with white wine.
Novel
In the novel, Red Grant is SMERSH's Chief Executioner. He was born Donovan Grant in Northern Ireland, to an Irish mother and is the illegitimate son of "The Mighty O'Donovan", a German strongman who is involved with an international circus group. Shortly after birth, his mother died and he was consequently raised by his aunt. Red Grant becomes a killer at an early age, his homicidal urges coinciding with the full moon; his SMERSH file categorizes him as a manic-depressive psychopath and an asexual. In the intro of the novel his wristwatch is described to show the phases of the moon. After World War II, he is called up for National Service and is posted to Berlin as a soldier with the British Army of the Rhine. He defects to the Soviets after being disgraced for cheating in a boxing match. Grant enjoys killing people, and the Russians train him to become their Chief Executioner where the Russians call him "Krassno Grantitsky" code name "Granit" with some American paperbacks calling him "Krassno Granitsky".
He poses as an MI6 Agent to lull James Bond into a false sense of security. Bond then trusts him to take watch one night on the Orient Express and gives Grant his gun for protection. Later on in the journey, Grant demonstrates his weapon by shooting it at Bond. He then arrogantly tells bond SMERSH's plans and how the Lektor decoder is booby trapped to kill all Mi6's cypher specialists. Grant then attempts to shoot Bond with the gun hidden in the spine of a copy of War and Peace but Bond has put a cigarette case over his heart. Bond (who is playing dead) then stabs him in the leg and shoots him 5 times with Grant's weapon. Red Grant's father is referenced in Charlie Higson's Young Bond book SilverFin, while Bond is in attendance at a circus.
Film
Donald Grant, aka Red Grant, is a British national who works for SPECTRE and is assigned the task of assassinating James Bond to avenge the death of Doctor Julius No from the previous Bond film. The pre-title sequence in From Russia with Love shows Bond and Grant searching for one another. In the end, Grant kills Bond, before a mask is removed from "Bond's" face to reveal that the whole thing was a training mission for Grant.
Somewhat similar to the novel, Grant apparently was born and raised in Ireland. Grant escaped from Dartmoor prison in 1960 (where he was presumably incarcerated for life for a murder conviction) and was recruited by SPECTRE in Tangier two years later, while on the run from the law. He has been intensively trained by the organization and, when not on a mission, he is resident on SPECTRE Island. He is physically formidable, as Rosa Klebb learns when she suddenly punches him in the abdomen with brass knuckles and he barely reacts to the blow.
Although it is Grant's mission to kill Bond, the early part of the film shows him shadowing Bond upon his arrival in Istanbul and taking on the role of Bond's protector to ensure Bond delivers (unknowingly) the Lektor encoding device into SPECTRE's hands. Grant uses his role as "guardian angel" to Bond when he perches himself as a sniper during the Gypsy camp battle sequence to shoot one Bulgar assassin who tries to kill Bond. Later, Grant kills another enemy Bulgar agent at the St. Sophia Mosque in Istanbul who tries to intervene in Bond's rendezvous with Tatiana.
Later in the movie, Grant shadows Bond on the Orient Express train and murders Kerim Bey and Soviet security agent Benz to hinder Bond's plans for escape. Later, Grant impersonates a British agent, Captain Nash; whom he had taken out at the train's stop in Zagreb to gain Bond's trust. At dinner on board the train, Grant drugs Soviet cipher clerk Tatiana Romanova by spiking her wine with chloral hydrate.
Soon, Grant reveals his true identity, escape route and his plans for SPECTRE to Bond after disarming him. Grant also shows 007 an 8mm film recording of Bond and Romanova making love in his Istanbul hotel, as well as a forged letter that SPECTRE intends for Bond to have on him when he is ultimately found dead by the authorities. This letter would supposedly be from Tatiana, threatening to turn the film over to the news press unless he marries her.
Trying to stall for time, Bond asks for one last cigarette, but Grant refuses. Knowing that the assassin has taken his wallet, Bond offers to pay for the cigarette with 50 gold sovereigns hidden in his attach� case. Grant allows Bond to retrieve them. Knowing how the attach� case works, Bond opens it the correct way (by turning the latches inward before opening), and retrieves the gold sovereigns. With a clear hint of greed, Grant asks if there are more gold sovereigns hidden in the other case (the one that Grant took from the British captain). As Grant puts on his black gloves, Bond tricks Grant into opening the other attach� case the incorrect way, which activates a tear gas cartridge, momentarily stunning him, and giving Bond a chance to lunge at his captor. After a long and brutal fistfight between the two adversaries in the train compartment, Grant attempts to strangle Bond with the garrote wire concealed inside his 'strangler's wristwatch'. Bond takes advantage of his Q-branch attach� case again by producing a hidden, flat-bladed throwing knife and stabs Grant in his left arm, and then strangles Grant with his own garrote. 007 subsequently retrieves his wallet and money from Grant's coat saying, "You won't be needing this... 'old man.'"
Video game
In the video game based on the novel and film, Donald "Red" Grant is the chief enforcer for the terrorist organization codenamed OCTOPUS. He has a female assistant named Eva Adara, portrayed by Maria Menounos. Grant does most of OCTOPUS' dirty work, but his primary mission is to acquire the Lektor decoding device and kill Bond. He catches up with Bond on the Orient Express, and survives the confrontation at the train station unbeknownst to Bond. During the final assault on OCTOPUS headquarters, he uses a spider-like machine with 4 miniguns that can also throw multiple grenades to attack Bond, Claiming to be Bond's "Guardian Angel" .This time he is killed, where Bond shoots him with a Wright Magnum and says finally, "That was for Kerim."
Page last updated by BA-Baracus , 5 years ago
| Robert Shaw |
What is the capital of Cambodia | James Bond Retrospective: From Russia With Love (1963)
10 Reasons To Take Up Running
James Bond Retrospective: From Russia With Love (1963)
Our 50th anniversary Bond retrospective continues with From Russia With Love, the 2nd in the series and one which introduced many of the hallmarks we have come to associate with the saga.
Flipboard
As James Bond prepares for his 23rd official outing in Skyfall and to mark next years 50th Anniversary of one of the most successful movie franchises of all time I have been tasked to take a retrospective look at the films that turned author Ian Flemings creation into one of the most recognised and iconic characters in film history. Following the huge success of the first James Bond film Dr. No , producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman were keen to start production on a follow-up. With United Artists offering the pair $2 million, double the budget of Dr. No, to quickly get a sequel in the works Broccoli and Saltzman were left to decide which of Flemings novels to adapt next. In an interview with Life magazine the then US President John F. Kennedy had mentioned the Bond novel From Russia With Love in a list of his top ten favourite books. Despite the fact that the book was the fifth in the series and Dr. No had been the sixth, it was decided with the increased budget that From Russia With Love would be the ideal choice for the next Bond film allowing more globetrotting and scope to expand the character. James Bond
Sean Connery returns to the main role brimming with self confidence and charm however he still seems to be finding his feet with the character. Some of his quips and one-liners fall a little flat, lines such as Id say one of their aircraft is missing after shooting down an enemy helicopter or the equally bad She had her kicks following the defeat of blade-footed Rosa Klebb, just feel a little forced and lack the timing of later more memorable lines from future films, he also fails to say the immortal line Bond, James Bond at any point. That said, Connery establishes a style in the role that will remain through all interpretations that follow and with the films more complex plotting in comparison to Dr. No, Connery is given more opportunities to show all sides of Bonds personality. Pre-Credits & Theme Song
The film opens with the first pre-credits sequence of the Bond series, a rather shocking scene that sees Bond murdered in the first five minutes only for it to be revealed that it is actually a man in a mask and part of an elaborate training exercise for SPECTRE hit-man Red Grant, played by Robert Shaw. The scene may not be as action packed as some of the later Bond pre-credits sequences but it sets the tone perfectly establishing SPECTREs desire to have their revenge for the killing of Dr. No making Bond a prime target for assassination. The opening titles are basic but really effective with the titles projected onto the bodies of belly-dancing women gyrating to the sounds of an instrumental version of composer Lionel Barts theme song. The full vocal version sung by crooner Matt Monro appears over the closing credits and begins the trend of having contemporary pop stars singing the Bond theme song while incorporating the films title into the lyrics. The title music is referenced throughout John Barrys score for the film and also recalls themes from Dr. No including the James Bond Theme which seems a little overused and inappropriate in places. The Bond Theme has become so synonymous with action that it seems odd to hear it played as he checks into a hotel and unpacks his suitcase. The Movie From Russia With Love is a true sequel to Dr. No in that the story follows directly with the main plot threads linking the two films. The majority of future Bond films would eschew this in favour of stand-alone adventures with occasional recurring characters and it was not until 2008s Quantum Of Solace that Bond would appear in another proper sequel to his preceding mission. Looking to avenge the death of their agent Dr. No, the leader of SPECTRE Ernst Stavro Blofeld puts into motion a plan to obtain The Lecktor, a Russian decoding device, while at the same time luring Dr. Nos killer, James Bond into a trap. Bond is assigned to Istanbul to meet with Russian cipher clerk Tatiana Romanova, herself a pawn in SPECTREs game, to assist her defection to the West and gather information about The Lecktor. In an operation led by Blofelds numbers 3 and 5, Rosa Klebb and Kronsteen, they enlist the services of former SMERSH assassin Red Grant to steal The Lecktor from Bond killing him in the process.
As with Dr. No, the film evokes a similar style and pace to an Alfred Hitchcock movie, with most obvious nods to North By Northwest. The climactic scenes with Connery running across the hills dodging a low flying helicopter even ape that films famous crop duster scene and with a large portion of the film set on board a train the comparisons are clear. The plot takes the form of a complex game of cat and mouse between Bond and SPECTRE focussing on Cold War spying tactics and espionage. Terence Young returns to direct following his success with Dr. No bringing the majority of the crew with him in the process. The most obvious omission is set designer Ken Adam, who after director Stanley Kubrick had seen his work on Dr. No immediately hired him to design the sets for his current film Dr. Strangelove Or: How I Learned To Stop Worrying And Love The Bomb. As a result the film does lack the grand sets that helped define the previous film but certainly not to the detriment of the story, in fact, From Russia With Love has a much more believable real world feel.
Mexican actor Pedro Armendariz plays Ali Kerim Bey, Bonds liaison in Istanbul. Armendariz is the first in a long line of expendable characters that will assist Bond throughout the series. He adds a great deal of humour to the role and is the perfect foil to Bond while also playing a key role in moving the film forward. Sadly this proved to be Armendarizs final film with the shooting schedule altered so he could finish his scenes as quickly as possible once it was discovered he was suffering from an inoperable cancer. Joining the cast of regulars Bernard Lee as M and Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny is series favourite Desmond Llewelyn as Major Boothroyd, head of Q division, British Intelligence Gadgetry Department. The character made a brief appearance in Dr. No played by Peter Burton who was unavailable to return so director Young offered the role to Llewelyn, the former Second Lieutenant in the British Army, with whom he had previously worked on the 1950 film They Were Not Divided. Llewelyn would continue to play the role in a further 17 Bond films and proved to be one of the best loved characters in the series providing Bond with his most famous gadgets.
While the film shows the beginnings of many of the trademark components that have made the Bond films so popular over the years it also stands alone as being one of the least formulaic of the series. It follows completely different beats to later films that would all take the same basic structure. By having a number of different villains and a more multi-layered plot the film is more of a traditional spy thriller without the over the top excess that would prove to be a sticking point in the future. The Bond Villain From Russia With Love is very different from most Bond films in that it does not really have a central bad guy. Bonds most famous adversary Blofeld puts in an early appearance, albeit only shown from the neck down and on this occasion played by Anthony Dawson who had previously appeared in Dr. No as Professor Dent. Dawson would go on to play the role one more time in Thunderball again without disclosing his identity.
Classic Line
James Bond: Red wine with fish. Well that should have told me something.
Red Grant: You may know the right wines, but youre the one on your knees. How does it feel old man?
Aside from Blofelds brief introduction, From Russia With Love is populated mostly by henchmen. Robert Shaws Red Grant is the main standout and is surely one of Shaws greatest performances. From the opening scenes to the final confrontation with Bond aboard the Orient Express, Grant proves to be Bonds equal, hard-as-nails but intelligent with it. He is a cold, calculating assassin who even saves Bond, without him realising, during the gypsy camp ambush just so he can have the pleasure of killing Bond himself.
Rosa Klebb is also one of the most memorable characters of the series, the vicious lesbian with a poisoned flick knife hidden in her shoe. Played by Lotte Lenya, who by all accounts was one of the sweetest people you were ever likely to meet, she proves to be as ruthless as Grant and can probably be considered the films main villain orchestrating the whole operation to kill Bond. When all attempts fail she takes it upon herself to have a go leading to a great fight scene taking place after the main climactic action sequence starting another great Bond tradition of post-climax, pre-closing credits action scenes where the villains have one last effort to stop Bond. The Bond Girl
Eunice Gayson returns for the final time as Bonds supposed girlfriend Sylvia Trench. Its a real shame that her character was dropped after this film as there is some great chemistry between her and Connery and I really like the idea that Bond has a relatively normal life and relationship outside his day job, however given the number of women he beds when he is at work it would probably be a little odd to expect him to have a stay-at-home partner.
Classic Line
James Bond: Youre one of the most beautiful girls Ive ever seen.
Tatiana: Thank you, but I think my mouth is too big.
James Bond: No, its the right size...for me, that is.
For the role of the main Bond girl producers looked to the 1960 Miss Universe runner-up Danielle Bianchi fromItaly. Once again as with Dr. Nos Ursula Andress her voice was deemed to have too strong an accent for world audiences so her dialogue was overdubbed in post production by Barbara Jefford. Andress would prove to be a tough act to follow, despite the fact Bianchi is given a much larger role in the film, especially as it is her story that provides the main plot thread, sadly her character is not particularly strong or interesting and is often cast aside for Bond to handle the situations they find themselves in. As a result, through no fault of her own, she is possibly one of the least memorable Bond girls from the whole series. Gadgets
With the introduction of Q, Bond is provided with the first of many gadgets that will become a signature aspect of all future Bond films. In this film he is presented with a fairly simple briefcase containing a sniper rifle, a hidden knife, an exploding talcum powder gas canister (if the case is opened incorrectly) and 50 gold sovereigns sewn into the lining. As with all Bond gadgets this briefcase just happens to be perfect for this particular mission and all features and functions are used to his advantage at some point in the film. James Bond Will Return.. From Russia With Love proved to be even more popular than Dr. No taking almost $80 million at the box office. The huge success meant Broccoli and Saltzman were assured they could continue to bring Flemings character to the screen for the foreseeable future. With a further 12 books to choose from, the producers knew they would need to make the right choice and create something special with the next instalment to keep audiences interested.
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Which English artist painted The Blue Boy and The Hay Wagon (not the Haywain) | John Constable Prints & Posters | ConstablePrints.com
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The Haywain by John Constable
Constable Prints represent a great choice for those who want to add the best British art to their homes. John Constable marked the rise of landscape painting which previously had been undervalued and wasn't seen the way it is today, either by art buyers or academics.
Below is a link through to a gallery of his best works, as well as a link directly to our recommended one, and Constable's most popular - The Haywain . You can see the Haywain Constable print here.
John Constable was a truly passionate artist who stuck rigidly to his belief that landscape painting was what art was all about, even at a time when others looked snobbishly towards it as not as impressive as portraits and religious depictions.
You can also read more about Constable Haywain here.
His achievements helped change tradition and it was his English based works from the Southern counties that helped bring about this development which later inspired the rise of the French impressionists.
Constable's legacy is intertwined with that of William Turner , sometimes referred to as JMW Turner, as both spearheaded the prominence of British art around that time when previously art from this region had not produced a particularly high number of world-inspiring artists.
They still sit amongst the major painters to have ever comes from these shores and their legacies remain as strong as ever.
Constable's works all retain huge value whenever they make ocassional appearances at auction halls and the best are also on show at the most prestigious galleries of London plus other areas of England and the United States .
As a groundbreaking painter it is still interesting to note the painters that inspired this revolutionary, counting Thomas Gainsborough , Annibale Carracci , Claude Lorrain, Peter Paul Rubens and Jacob van Ruisdael as the leading of these figures.
Constable achieved enough acceptance to gain exposure at the Royal Academy, which was a crucial factor for any artist of that time in achieving acceptance.
Click on the Haywain above to see that print where you can also order it online from the recommended retailer.
The other links above offer you the chance to see a gallery of other Constable prints, too, in case the Haywain is not your preferred selection.
You can also see a list of Constable's other famous prints below. As well as art prints there are also tapestries, stretched canvases and framed or unframed paintings available.
Those who are interested in British oil paintings often look beyond just John Constable to find other famous artists from this location.
See our sitemap here.
Famous British Artists
You can see a short list of the best other British artists below, whose art prints are also available to buy from our recommended art retailer:
| Thomas Gainsborough |
In what year were post codes introduced in England | Scenic English Art, Posters and Prints at eu.art.com
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The Blue Boy C1770
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Fishermen at Sea
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The Hay Wain 1821
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Old Sarum
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What was the name of Dumbo's mother in the Disney cartoon | Dumbo | Disney Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
“Dumbo, the 9th wonder of the 'universe'! The 'world's' only flying elephant!”
―Timothy Q. Mouse
Dumbo is the protagonist of Disney 's 1941 film of the same name . He is a small elephant and the son of Mrs. Jumbo . Dumbo is most famous for his giant floppy ears, which give him the ability to glide in the air.
Contents
Background
Personality
Dumbo has the personality of a small child. He is playful, innocent and very fun. He loves being around his mother and hates being alone. He is somewhat naïve, as he did not realize Smitty and his gang were taunting him or that the "magic feather" was simply a way of thinking. Dumbo is also very easily scared, evidenced by his encounters with the clowns, the pink elephants, and, like all elephants, Timothy Mouse . However, he is also very open-hearted, such as with Timothy and Jim Crow and his brothers , and never seemed to express any true anger or resentment toward those who tease him.
As he is only a baby in his first appearance, he does not talk during the film, save for some quick squeaks. However, in Dumbo's Circus, he does talk when he's a teenager.
Physical appearance
Dumbo is a little Asian elephant, his skin is gray and his eyes are blue, his tail is very small but his ears are huge, which the other elephants don't like, but with his ears he can fly, he has a small proboscis with two large nostrils at the end of it.
Appearances
Dumbo
In his debut, after being delivered by Mr. Stork , he is named "Jumbo, Jr." by his mother, Mrs. Jumbo and all the other female elephants remark on his cute looks. Dumbo then sneezes after the Elephant Matriarch tickles him on his trunk and reveals that his ears are much larger than average. As soon as his big ears are revealed, he is teased with the other female elephants, who call him "Dumbo". After Dumbo's mother closes the door to their stalls, she and Dumbo rest peacefully. Dumbo later takes part in setting up the circus tent with his mother and the other elephants and circus animals at night as they arrive to their destination.
The next day, Dumbo takes part in the opening parade for the circus with his mother and the other elephants, but trips on his ears and falls in a mud puddle, thus, causing everyone to laugh at him. A few moments later, Dumbo is given a bath by his mother and they spent time playing with one another. Once people come into the circus for a tour to see the circus animals, Dumbo gets laughed at by some boy bullies and his ears are pulled by a boy who wanted to tease him, thus, considered a laughingstock to them. When his mother tries to protect him, she is believed to be mad, and is captured and imprisoned by the Ringmaster and his guards. Dumbo is left by himself feeling sad, while the other elephants laugh at him and regard him a disgrace. When Dumbo tries to have a hay meal with the other female elephants, they give him the cold shoulder and he walks away without a friend in the world until he meets his soon-to-be best friend, Timothy, whom he was afraid of at first when Timothy scared all the elephants for picking on Dumbo, but then, Dumbo and Timothy become friends when Timothy offers to help him get his mother out of the clink.
Timothy, having overheard the teasing Dumbo endures earlier, decides to help Dumbo become a circus star. The first attempt ends in failure, as Dumbo once again trips on his ears while attempting to jump to the top of a "Pyramid of Pachyderms" as the climax resulting collapsing the big top and all of the elephants injured, he then emerges his trunk through a hole on the big top swinging his flag, but it break in half due to the collapse of the big top leaving him swinging what's left of his flag. The failure results in the circus making Dumbo into a clown, which depresses Dumbo and makes him a real laughingstock to the circus, the people, the clowns, and the other elephants. To cheer him up, Timothy takes Dumbo to visit his mother, but the visit ends too soon.
Dumbo takes flight for the first time.
Later, Dumbo and Timothy accidentally become drunk when they drink water that has been accidentally mixed with alcohol due to the clowns' clumsiness. Both begin hallucinating; seeing Pink Elephants . When they awaken, they somehow end up in a tree after meeting some crows , who are amused by an elephant being in a tree and tell them about their situation. After getting back down to the ground while falling from the tree, Timothy wonders if Dumbo either jumped or climbed up to the tree until he finally comes to believe that Dumbo flew (due to one of the crows' ironic suggestion), thus, amusing the crows and making them sing " When I See an Elephant Fly ". But after Timothy tells them Dumbo's sad story, they feel sad and bad about their earlier action and decide to help Dumbo use his ears as wings to fly and to use the "magic feather" as a token to encourage and increase Dumbo's confidence. Dumbo is finally seen flying in the air, much to Timothy and the crows' amazement and delight.
At the circus' next stop, during the act, Dumbo is able to fly without the help of the magic feather after accidentally losing it and after Timothy begs him to open his ears, therefore, impressing the crowd and allowing Dumbo to get some payback on those who teased him by taking off a clown's mask resembling Dumbo's mother, throwing it on the Ringmaster's buttocks who ends up getting his head dunked into a bucket of water, causing the clowns to accidentally burn themselves on their buttocks, then he decides to vacuum up some peanuts with his proboscis from a peanut seller's stand, and spray those peanuts on his rude aunts and Mrs. Jumbo's "sisters". Dumbo becomes the greatest star in America with Timothy as his manager.
At the end of the film, it is shown that Dumbo's mother has been released and the two share their own private coach, they then wave goodbye to the crows who are standing in an electric pole.
Dumbo's Circus
During the launch of the Disney Channel in 1983, Dumbo's Circus premiered. It is a live-action/full-body puppet show that aired the same time as Welcome to Pooh Corner . Dumbo, now a teenager, is able to talk. Dumbo also has new friends, such as Lionel the Sideshow Lion (and his Chief Lieutenant), Q.T. the Calliope-Playing Orangutan, Fair Dinkum the Ringmaster Koala (and his sergeant), Sebastian the Ventriloquist Alley Cat, Lilli the Detective/High-Wire Cat, Barnaby the Magician/Clown Dog, and others as well.
House of Mouse
Dumbo and Timothy in House of Mouse
Dumbo has made several cameo appearances in the television series House of Mouse . In the series premiere, he flew in front of the spotlight projector, causing Mickey Mouse 's spotlight to disappear. In " Super Goof ", Mickey mistakenly believed Dumbo to be Super Goof 's secret identity. In " Donald Wants to Fly ", he and Timothy advise Donald to use the magic feather but it backfires. In " The Mouse Who Came to Dinner " Dumbo was annoyed when Mortimer Mouse mocked him. He also appears in Mickey's House of Villains and along with the other guests locked in the club's kitchen and held captive as the villains take over.
Cameos
Dumbo with Jiminy Cricket and Timothy in the animated opening of The Mickey Mouse Club.
In the 1950s, Dumbo and Timothy made an appearance in the animated opening of the Mickey Mouse Club .
In The Great Mouse Detective, Dumbo made a brief cameo as a bubble blowing toy when Basil , Dawson , and Olivia were investigating a toy shop.
Dumbo makes two brief cameos in Who Framed Roger Rabbit . His first cameo is at the beginning of the film, where he flies in front of R.K. Maroon 's office, much to Eddie Valiant 's shock. Mr. Maroon mentions that he has rented Dumbo from Disney along with half the cast of Fantasia , and the best part of it is that they work for peanuts. His second cameo is at the end of the film, during the final scene where he is seen shaking Eddie's hand as he flies back to Toontown along with the rest of the Toons.
Dumbo made a brief cameo appearance in Bonkers , episode " Of Mice and Menace ", which introduced the villain Flaps the Elephant. He is shown crying at the police station because Flaps had stolen his flag.
Dumbo also makes a cameo appearance in Flubber , seen on Weebo the Robot 's computer monitor.
In Lilo & Stitch , Dumbo made a brief cameo as a toy on Lilo's easel.
Dumbo make a cameo in the forms of silhouette at the end of The Lion King 1½ .
Video games
Disney's Villains' Revenge
In the game, Disney villains have taken control over their stories and altered the endings so that they can have the "happy endings". For Dumbo, the Ringmaster made it so Dumbo must endless perform humiliating stunts at his circus, as his slave. Fortunately, the player, as well as Jiminy Cricket, are able to save the briefly fallen heroes.
Dumbo is a Summon character who can be called forth by Sora in combat in Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories .
In Kingdom Hearts, he was apparently the sole survivor of the destruction of his world Like several other Summon characters, Dumbo's spirit survived in the form of the Watergleam Gem, which Sora discovered while trapped inside Monstro . Upon giving it to the Fairy Godmother , she restores Dumbo's spirit and Dumbo becomes a spirit for Sora.
In Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories, Dumbo is recreated from Sora's memories, in Castle Oblivion , and returns as a summon.
Dumbo was one of the original characters and this marks one of his few live appearances in the parade. Dumbo has since been removed, but in the Tokyo Disneyland version, Dumbo is present as a part of the parade float.
Gallery
The Disney Wiki has a collection of images and media related to Dumbo (character) .
Trivia
Dumbo was a character which inspired people to create another elephant character almost like him and based on him named Goliath II in Goliath II .
The animation of Dumbo getting caressed by his mother during " Baby Mine " was recycled for use in Goliath II for the scene with Goliath II getting caressed by his mother .
Dumbo's trumpet squealing was later reused on Goliath II from Goliath II.
Dumbo is the first protagonist of a Disney animated film to have blue eyes―all his predecessors had either black or brown eyes.
Even though the guessed inspiration of all the elephants including Dumbo were Asian elephants, Dumbo looks in many features like an African elephant.
He is almost hairless, except for the 3 strands of hair on his head, baby Asian elephants have a full head of hair (a lot like Hathi, Jr. from The Jungle Book ).
His head is conical with one hump; Asian elephants have two humps, even as calves.
Dumbo is the name of a district from New York City.
He is the only character that doesn't speak in the movie.
A species of octopus nick named Dumbo octopuses was named after this character for its large protruding ears.
| Dumbo |
What type of transport is or was a velocipede | Famous Movie Moms: Disney and Pixar's Best Animated Mothers
(FIND: Bambi among the 25 all-TIME Best Horror Movies )
Indeed, among the most endangered of all Disney denizens were mothers — a fact that should have terrified the kids sitting next to their own moms in a darkened movie house. (Keep holding her hand, little one, to make sure she’s still alive.) A young boy or girl was naturally invested in the adventures of the movies’ young heroes or heroines, and would infer that their mothers were his or her mother. So what happens? Bambi’s mother dies in an act of random violence. In Dumbo (1941), the circus elephant Mrs. Jumbo is the loving single mom of her baby Jumbo Jr., who has been derisively nicknamed because of his outsize ears. When a boy at one performance cruelly pulls on Dumbo’s ears, Mrs. J. stomps forward to protect him and inadvertently causes a stampede. She is consigned to a madhouse, and her child to a life of pachyderm vagabondage in the company of a helpful mouse and some jive-talking crows.
The Disney animators’ rules on adult females: mothers are perfect but imperiled; stepmothers are wicked and occasionally homicidal; godmothers are sweet things with magical powers. Recall that the aristocratic widower father in Cinderella (1950) unwisely thought the girl needed maternal guidance and married the haughty Lady Tremaine. When the disposable dad dies, Tremaine and her gawky daughters Anastasia and Drizella treat Cinderella like a despised menial. The stepmother’s dictatorship finds its liberating equal in the Fairy Godmother’s magic. Say “Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo,” and a pumpkin is transformed into a royal coach and the girl’s rags into a silver blue dress, with glass slippers to catch a Prince’s eye and heart.
(GALLERY: 13 Disney Princesses and the Actresses Who Voiced Them )
Fairy godmothers, like the Witches of Oz, can be benign or malign. In Sleeping Beauty (1959), the blessings of three kindly fairies can barely hold off the curse of the evil Maleficent (voiced by the same actress, Eleanor Audley, who had played Lady Tremaine) on the princess Briar Rose. That 1959 film was the last animated fairy tale produced by Disney before Walt’s death in 1966.
A generation later, in the animation “Renaissance” under Jeffrey Katzenberg, the studio would return to fable territory with The Little Mermaid (1989) and Beauty and the Beast (1991), both of whose heroines had fathers but no mothers. The female protagonists of two other Disney Renaissance features, the 1995 Pocahontas and the 1998 Mulan, also have to do without mothers, though Pocahontas does have a Grandmother Willow — a talking tree that croaks advice and warnings.
(READ: Corliss’s review of Beauty and the Beast )
More recent Disney animated features based on Grimm stories, The Princess and the Frog (2009) and the “Rapunzel” adaptation known as Tangled (2010), outfitted their leading ladies with a full complement of parents; Oprah Winfrey voiced the role of the frog-princess’s mom. Disney also modernized Hans Christian Andersen’s story “The Snow Queen” into the worldwide 2013 hit Frozen, a story of princess liberation that, in the grand Disney tradition, killed off both parents early on.
(SEE AND HEAR: a mashup of Frozen’s Oscar-winning “Let It Go” sung in 25 languages )
Tangled weaves the tale of a classic Disney princess — whose destiny is to come of age, triumph over adversity and, in general, woman up — with a very contemporary obsession: looking young by any means necessary. Re-enter that old reliable Disney villainess, the wicked witch. When Gothel (Donna Murphy) discovers that the 70-foot tresses of young Rapunzel (Mandy Moore) somehow bring eternal youth, or at least chic middle age, to an old crone, she swans around the kingdom while keeping her victim locked in a tower from infancy to her 18th birthday. Gothel could be many modern American parents who think that confining their teens in enforced preadolescence may make them feel younger too. Of course Gothel is a stepmother figure; Rapunzel’s real mother and father are virtuous, fretful and mostly absent.
(READ: A review of Disney’s ripping Rapunzel )
The Princess and the Frog and Tangled restored a smidge of equilibrium to the animated films of the preceding decade, when the major producers of CGI cartoons paid little attention to female characters and their offspring. DreamWorks movies (the Shrek and Madagascar series) are usually vaudeville capers. The Ice Age pictures from Fox/Blue Sky relocate the Road movies of Bob Hope and Bing Crosby into a prehistoric winterland. Universal’s Despicable Me tandem touches on parenthood, but only from the viewpoint of a single dad who would like to believe he’s a supervillain.
Pixar, which stole Disney’s hand-drawn thunder by launching the first CGI animated feature, Toy Story, in 1995, usually ignored the themes of boy-girl and mother-child in favor of stories about bonding buddies: the Toy Story, Cars and Monsters, Inc. franchises, and A Bug’s Life, Ratatouille, WALL•E and Up. Only two Pixar features so far have boasted strong mothers. In The Incredibles (2004), the superheroine Helen, aka Elastigirl (Holly Hunter), is able to raise three precocious kids while teaming with husband Bob, alias Mr. Incredible, to save the world.
(READ: A credible mom in The Incredibles )
And in 2012 Pixar finally devoted an entire feature to the mother-daughter perplex. Brave (codirected by Brenda Chapman, the studio’s first female director) took the classic Disney formula — a rebellious princess battles an imperious queen and is beset by magic spells — and gave it a beguiling twist. This time, the woman who makes the heroine’s life miserable is not her stepmother but her own mom.
In ancient Scotland, Merida (Kelly Macdonald) is a lass as wild as her curly red mane. An expert in archery, like The Hunger Games’ Katniss, Merida feels closer to the bear-hunting machismo of her father, King Fergus (Billy Connolly), than to the civilizing demands of her mother Elinor (Emma Thompson). She’s both a tomboy and a sullen teen who responds to her mother’s every request by whining, in two harsh syllables, “Mah-ahm!” When urged to choose a suitable beau for a husband, Merida screams, “I hope you die!” at the woman who gave her life. The Queen doesn’t die, but she is transformed into a bear — part regal Elinor, part huge, clumsy creature.
Simon & SchusterRichard Corliss’ new book, Mom in the Movies
(READ: Corliss’s review of Brave )
Kids have often thought of their parents as monsters, and when Brave turns into My Mother the Bear, it taps both maternal helplessness and the love a child feels for any wounded creature. In this Beauty and the Beast, the sympathetic beast is a mom. Now isn’t that beautiful?
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What is the distance between the axles on a car called | From Pillar to Post: More Automotive Definitions - Ate Up With Motor
From Pillar to Post: More Automotive Definitions
Periodically, we feel it’s worth taking the time to define some of the terms we throw around with which some readers may not be familiar. This week, we examine some of the terminology of automotive design.
First, let’s review some basics:
Axle: This is a term that has several related but distinct meanings. An axle is any set of two or more of a vehicle’s wheels that rotate around a common axis; the beam or assembly connecting those wheels is also called an axle. Of course, many modern vehicles have independent suspension, with no direct physical connection between the wheels. In such vehicles, the term axle is still applied in a more abstract sense to mean the imaginary line between the centers of the left and right wheels.
Wheelbase: The horizontal distance between the respective wheel centers of the front and rear axles. On passenger cars, that distance is usually — but not always — the same from right to left. The wheelbase quoted in a car’s specifications is measured with the car stationary and unladen; depending on the suspension geometry, the actual wheelbase may change as each wheel moves through its range of travel. A car’s wheelbase is a critical dimension in many respects, affecting ride quality, maneuverability, and passenger space. In general, a longer wheelbase benefits ride quality (because it lowers the frequency of ride motions) and passenger room (by allowing more legroom), but reduces maneuverability by spreading the car’s mass over a longer distance, thus raising its polar moment of inertia. Conversely, a short wheelbase provides better maneuverability at the cost of a choppier ride and less useful interior room.
Overhang: Front overhang is the distance between the front axle and the front end of the car; rear overhang is the distance between the rear axle and the rear end of the car.
Overall length: The distance from the front of the vehicle to the rear, including bumpers. A vehicle’s overall length is equal to the sum of the wheelbase, the front overhang, and the rear overhang.
In the illustration above, A is the front overhang; B is the wheelbase; and C is the rear overhang. Naturally, overall length = A + B + C.
Track or Tread Width: A vehicle’s tread width (or track) is the distance between the horizontal centers of the left and right wheels on each axle. The track widths of the front and rear axles are often slightly different, so a car’s specifications will usually list front and rear track separately. (The terms “track” and “tread width” are often used interchangeably, but “track” has become more common to avoid confusion with the width of each tire.) As with the wheelbase, the track widths shown in a car’s specifications are static measurements; depending on the suspension layout, track may change as the car’s wheels move through their suspension travel.
Couple: Couple can mean a variety of different things in automotive engineering, but to designers, couple distance is the distance between the driver’s hip joint when seated (which designers call the “H-point”) and the rear axle line. A close-coupled car is one in which this distance is very short. The modern BMW Z4 roadster, which has the cabin pushed so far back that the driver is practically sitting on the rear axle, is a close-coupled design.
Next, let’s define a couple of terms the describe how components are positioned inside the vehicle.Transverse or Longitudinal: Naturally enough, transverse means sideways, while longitudinal means lengthwise. In a car, if the component is parallel to the axles when seen in plan view (that is, when viewed from overhead), it is transverse. If it is perpendicular to the axles, it is longitudinal. With automotive engines, a transverse engine is mounted so that its crankshaft is parallel to the axles while a longitudinal engine (also called a north-south engine) is mounted so that its crankshaft is perpendicular to the axle.
Leading or Trailing: The edge of a component nearest the front of the vehicle is called the leading edge; the edge furthest from the front of the vehicle is the trailing edge. This can be a little confusing when applied to suspension components because they’re described in terms of their relationship to the body rather than the wheel. A suspension link that connects to the wheel behind the point where it connects to the body is called a trailing link (or trailing arm). A suspension arm that connects to the wheel ahead of the point where it connects to the body is called a leading link.
Next, let’s look at some terms related to the body.
Body panels: The outer skin of most cars is usually separate from the inner body structure and consists of panels of metal or plastic bolted, welded, or glued to the inner structure. (It’s worth noting here that while each exterior panel may appear to be a single piece, it is typically an amalgamation of several smaller pieces that are welded or otherwise bonded together.) Since the body panels of most modern cars are sheet steel, a car’s skin is often generically called sheet metal, although some cars use plastic or carbon fiber for certain exterior panels, either to save weight or better resist parking lot dings. The spaces between body panels are called panel gaps or shutlines.
Hood: Since we are American, we describe the panel that covers a car’s engine compartment as the hood; English-speaking readers elsewhere in the world call this the bonnet. (Since “hood” in British usage refers to a convertible top, we sometimes elect to use the word “bonnet” to avoid confusing our non-U.S. readers.)
Deck: When we’re talking about a car’s body, the deck is the section of the body behind the rear window. On front-engined vehicles, the deck (if there is one) usually contains the cargo area, which our American readers describe as the trunk and British readers call the boot. If the deck incorporates an opening panel, that panel is known as a decklid. (The word “deck” also refers to the upper surface of the engine block, where the cylinder head mates to the block. Customizers also use “deck” as a verb, referring to the removal of all exterior trim from the deck and decklid.)
On some cars, there is a gap between the base of the rear window and the leading edge of the decklid; for obscure reasons, some stylists call this area the “Dutchman.”
Continental kit: A spare wheel mounted externally on a car’s deck or rear bumper, often with a cover painted the color of the body and embellished with chrome.
Buick did not offer a Continental kit as a factory option in the fifties, but various dealers and aftermarket companies offered accessory kits to add one.
In the twenties and thirties, some designers — and some buyers — were keen on side mounts: spare wheels mounted in the front fenders, behind the front wheels. Like the later Continental kits, side mount spares frequently had body-colored covers for a more streamlined look. By the late thirties, they were considered increasingly archaic and they fell out of favor just before World War II.
This 1936 Cadillac V-12 convertible shows off its neatly trimmed and decorated side mount spare wheel. Like many side mounts of this era, the mirror is clipped to the top of the wheel’s cover. A major drawback of side mounts was that moisture would pool in the well under the wheel, promoting corrosion.
Wheel well or wheelhouse: The area in each corner of the car’s body that contains the wheel — and the clearance needed for it to turn and move up and down through its suspension travel.
Fender: The exterior body panel surrounding each wheel well. (Our British readers call this a wing; American designers sometimes refer to the rear fenders as quarter panels.) The original purpose of fenders was to keep the wheels from throwing mud, water, or dirt onto the windshield and interior. A fender skirt is a trim panel that covers part of the wheel opening. Many fender skirts are removable to facilitate tire changes or other maintenance.
In the thirties and forties, automotive fenders became progressively more streamlined and integrated into the body. By the late fifties, they had almost completely “melted” into the surrounding body. Fender skirts, however, have never quite caught on, perhaps because they complicate tire-changing.
Cowl: The portion of the body structure below the base of the windshield to which the front fenders are attached. In a front-engine car, the cowl incorporates the firewall, the panel that separates the engine compartment from the cabin. The cowl usually contains the car’s heating and ventilation system (which on modern cars generally draw their air from a plenum at the base of the windshield). The cowl is a major structural element and is typically the second-largest (and most complex) single piece of the body. Manufacturers will often share the same cowl structure between several vehicles. For example, the 1961–1966 Ford Thunderbird shared its cowl with the contemporary Lincoln Continental.
Floorpan: The bottom of a vehicle’s body, generally beginning at the cowl and comprising the floor of the cabin and cargo area. On many mass-production cars, the floorpan is one big, complex steel stamping. Since this is usually the largest and most expensive single piece of the body, it’s common for manufacturers to use the same floorpan (or variations of it that can be made with the same machinery) for several different models.
Until the early fifties, many cars had pop-up vents in the cowl, at the base of the windshield. Modern cars still take their ventilation air from this area, although usually through a grille just behind and below the trailing edge of the hood, in the same area as the windshield wipers.
Sill: Sometimes called the rocker area, the sill is the outermost longitudinal section of each body side, running beneath the door openings from the trailing edge of the front wheelhouse to the leading edge of the rear wheel opening. The sills are important structural members, particularly in unitized or semi-unitized vehicles, and typically provide a great deal of the body’s total bending stiffness. Early unitized cars, particularly ones intended to offered in convertible form, often had large, complex sill structures.
Rocker panel: The outside of the rocker area, which may be either a separate body panel concealing the sill (and/or the frame rail beneath it) or simply the exposed, finished outer section of the sill itself. Some cars cover the rocker panel with a plastic or chrome rocker molding, either for decoration or to protect the rocker panel from stone chips and road salt.
Rub strip: A horizontal trim strip or molding running across the door and sometimes the inside of the front fender to protect against dings and scratches from the doors of other cars. In recent years, it has become popular to omit the rub strips for a cleaner appearance, although the absence of protective trim tends to result in an assortment of minor dings and scratches after a few years in the real world.
Roof pillars: The vertical pillars (or posts; the terms are used interchangeably) that support a car’s roof. The forward pillars, which also support the windshield, are called A-pillars. Center pillars located behind the driver’s seat but ahead of the rear seats (if any) are called B-pillars. The rear pillars, behind the cabin, are called C-pillars. If the car has an additional set of pillars behind the C-pillars, such as the rearmost pillars of a station wagon (estate car), they are called D-pillars. (“Post” may be used interchangeably with “pillar” in this sense.)
In the fifties and sixties, there was a great craze for pillarless hardtops, which had no B-posts. Some manufacturers offered hardtop coupes, sedans, and even station wagons. Even if a vehicle has no B-pillars, the pillars behind the cabin are still called C-pillars and D-pillars respectively.
Although true pillarless hardtops are rare today, many cars still strive for a hardtop look by concealing the B-post behind a darkened section of the rear quarter window. This early-nineties Dodge Stealth shows off a typical “blackout pillar” treatment. Note that the front windows have no frames, adding to the effect.
Sail panel: The body panel covering the rearmost roof pillar.
In the sixties and seventies, there was a brief vogue for “flying buttress” roof designs, in which the sail panels extended further back than the roof pillars themselves. This is still occasionally seen on mid-engine cars, although it has fallen out of favor for most ordinary passenger cars.
Rake: Stylists use the term rake (or fast) to describe the angle of the windshield. In the forties and fifties, customizers and hot-rodders also coined the word rake (sometimes California rake) to describe a vehicle whose tail is noticeably higher than its nose.
Greenhouse: The collective term for the roof, roof pillars, side windows, windshield, and backlight.
Beltline: The uppermost horizontal edge of the doors and body sides, below the greenhouse.
Tumblehome: In automotive terms, the angle of the sides of the greenhouse (when viewed from the front or rear) relative to the vertical plane. If the side windows are completely vertical, tumblehome is zero. Beginning around the late 1950s, American stylists became enamored of increasingly radical tumblehome as a way to make a vehicle look lower than it was. However, extreme tumblehome generally requires the use of curved glass for the side windows (which is more expensive than flat glass) and can cut significantly into passengers’ head and shoulder room.
Chrysler’s early-seventies “fuselage styling” theme emphasized some of the industry’s most extreme tumblehome. The sides curve inward so sharply that the top edge of the side window sits practically above the driver’s shoulder.
Light: Stylists sometimes refer to a car’s windows as “lights.” For example, small windows between the roof pillars and the car’s side windows are sometimes called quarterlights (or quarter windows). The rear window is called the backlight. A car with three windows on each side (for example, two regular windows and a quarter window) is called a “six-light” design, while one with only two windows per side is called a “four-light” design.
A 1967 Pontiac Firebird shows off its front quarterlight (which GM originally called “Venti-Planes”). Note also the prominent chrome reveals around the side window and windshield.
Reveal: An exterior molding or decorative trim piece surrounding a window or other exterior body component.
Drip rail: A molding U-shaped channel at the outer edges of the roof, above the doors, that channels rain water away from the side windows.
Modesty panel: A body panel below the front or rear bumper that hides the ends of the frame or body structure.
Airdam: A modesty panel under a car’s front bumper that controls the flow of air under the car. The main purpose of the airdam is to force air to flow around the car rather than under it in the interests of reducing aerodynamic drag and lift. On many modern cars, the airdam also channels air into the radiator, the engine’s air intake, and sometimes the front brakes.
Most modern cars have airdams, but few are as aggressive as that of the Mitsubishi Lancer Evo. The extended lip also functions as a spoiler.
Spoiler: A device that improves a car’s aerodynamics by “spoiling” aerodynamic drag, lift, or both. Small lip spoilers are commonly incorporated into the airdam and mounted on (or molded into) the rear decklid. Although spoilers and wings are more often cosmetic than aerodynamically useful, lip spoilers are often functional. (We’ve noted that the tinier and more anemic a spoiler looks, the more likely it is to actually work, although this tongue-in-cheek “rule” obviously ignores the more complex aerodynamics involved.)
Scoop: An opening that allows outside air to pass through a body panel. A functional scoop may serve to channel air into the cabin’s ventilation system; the engine’s intake manifold, radiator, or intercooler; or the brakes. Some scoops have more than one plenum, allowing them to perform several of these functions at once, but it’s more common for a scoop to be strictly decorative.
Mid-engine cars, like this Lotus Elise, typically have a formidable array of functional scoops to channel cooling and intake air into the engine.
Louver: A slot or vent that either admits or exhausts air. Working louvers may provide additional airflow to intercoolers or brakes or allow hot air to leave the cabin or engine compartment. Nonfunctional fender louvers periodically become popular as cosmetic add-ons.
The Ford GT shows off its array of engine cooling louvers. The GT has a great deal of heat to dissipate; under the cover is a 5,409 cc (330 cu. in.) DOHC V-8 with a Lysholm-type supercharger, making 550 horsepower (410 kW).
Belly pan: A smooth pan or tray mounted on the underside of the car. Since underbody components like the engine oil pan, frame rails, and exhaust pipes tend to be aerodynamically cluttered, the typical purpose of the belly pan is to reduce drag. (Many modern cars have a detachable plastic cover under the engine, which serves a similar purpose at less cost than a full pan.) On some modern exotic sports cars, the belly pan incorporates venturi to control the speed of air passing under the car, which can be used to provide negative lift (downforce).
The slots under the rear bumper of this Ferrari F430 are diffusers for the underbody venturi. Although the F430 has no wings and only a modest lip spoiler under the nose, the underbody channels enable it to produce more than 600 lbs (2,670 N) of downforce at 185 mph (300 km/h).
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NOTE
The typeface used in the image labels is Liberation Sans, one of the Liberation Fonts, which are © 2012 Red Hat, Inc., used here under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1 . LIBERATION is a trademark of Red Hat, Inc.
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What is the proper name for the bag holding the air in a hot air balloon | The official New Zealand road code for heavy vehicles - Information for heavy vehicle drivers
Information for heavy vehicle drivers
Information for heavy vehicle drivers
Heavy combination motor vehicle types
Full trailers
Full trailer
Axles
A full trailer has two axle sets, one of which is connected to the towing vehicle by a drawbar that steers the front axle set.
Note: the axle set requirements described here apply to heavy trailers. They don't apply to light trailers (that is, trailers with a gross vehicle mass (GVM) of up to 3.5 tonnes).
A heavy full trailer must have a front axle set consisting of either:
a single axle set, or
a tandem axle set.
A heavy full trailer must have a rear axle set consisting of either:
a single axle set, or
a tandem axle set, or
a tri-axle set, which is only permitted if the front axle set is a tandem axle set.
Overall length
The maximum overall length for a full trailer (including drawbar and load) is 11.5 metres.
For a rigid vehicle and full trailer combination (including load, but excluding collapsible mirrors), the maximum overall length is 20 metres.
Forward distance
For a full trailer, forward distance means the distance from the rear axis to the front of the trailer (excluding the drawbar and front axle set) or its load, whichever is foremost. The maximum distance is 8.5 metres.
Rear overhang
Rear overhang means the distance from the rear axis to the rear of the vehicle or its load, whichever is greater. The maximum for a heavy full trailer is 4 metres or 50 percent of the wheelbase, whichever is less. The maximum overhang for a light trailer is 4 metres.
Wheelbase
The wheelbase of a full trailer is the distance from the rear axis of the trailer to the centre of the front axle set of the trailer.
Front overhang
For full trailers, front overhang means the distance from the centre of the turntable that connects the front axle set to the chassis of the trailer, to the foremost point of the vehicle (including its load, but excluding the drawbar). The maximum is 2.04 metres radius arc ahead of the turntable centre.
Tow coupling
For a rigid vehicle towing a heavy full trailer, the tow coupling position must not be further behind the rear axis of the towing vehicle than a distance equal to 45 percent of the wheelbase of the rigid vehicle.
Inter-vehicle spacing
For full trailers, inter-vehicle spacing means the distance between the towing vehicle (excluding the tow coupling shroud) and the trailer (excluding the drawbar but including the load). The maximum distance is 4 metres. Full trailers also have a minimum inter-vehicle spacing of either 1 metre or half the width of the foremost point of the trailer (including the load but excluding the drawbar), whichever is greater.
Width
This is the same as for heavy rigid vehicles (see page 206).
Drawbars
A drawbar on a full trailer can only have one operating position and cannot be extendable, unless it complies with one of the following:
it may only be retractable to facilitate loading or unloading of livestock or goods, provided that the drawbar has only one set of holes for locking pins and these holes are positioned so that the drawbar is fully extended when locked, or
if the trailer is used to transport logs, the drawbar may have up to three fixed positions and one sliding position, provided that the drawbar has:
one sliding position for long logs, and
one or two fixed positions for short logs, and
a fixed position for storage of the drawbar when it is out of use while the trailer is being transported on a rigid vehicle or another vehicle.
Note: when fully extended, the drawbar dimension must be such that the length of the trailer does not exceed 11.5 metres and the total length of the combination vehicle does not exceed 20 metres.
Drawbeam
A drawbeam must not be sliding or adjustable.
Gross mass
The maximum gross mass of a rigid vehicle and one full trailer in combination is 39 tonnes, unless the towing vehicle has:
a twin-steer axle set or a wheelbase of at least 4.25 metres, and
at least two motor-driven axles in the rear set of the truck.
In addition to these two conditions, the maximum gross mass of the heavy full trailer vehicle must not exceed 42 tonnes, unless:
the towing vehicle has a twin-steer axle set or a tri-axle set, or
the trailer has two tandem axle sets or the trailer has five axles.
Semi-trailers
A semitrailer with a quad axle set and two steering axles is limited to 18 metres.
Axles
A semi-trailer has one axle set, attached to the towing vehicle at one of these two coupling positions:
at or forward of the rearmost axle of the towing vehicle (for rigid vehicles with one axle in their rear axle set or where another trailer is the towing vehicle), or
not more than 300 millimetres behind the rear axis of the towing vehicle (for rigid vehicles with two or more axles in their rear set).
Note: trailers attached to the towing vehicle behind the above positions are considered simple trailers (including Stinger Steer Vehicles). For more information about simple trailers see Simple trailer .
A heavy semi-trailer must have a rear axle set consisting of either:
a single axle set, or
a tandem axle set, or
a tri-axle set, or
a quad-axle set, provided the rearmost axle and the first or third axle in this set are steering axles and the semi-trailer does not form part of an A-train or B-train combination.
Gross mass
The gross mass of a semi-trailer (including its load) is the mass transferred to the ground through the axle(s) of that trailer. Any transferred weight from a following attached trailer is to be included in the calculation of gross mass of the first trailer.
The maximum gross mass of a rigid vehicle and one semi-trailer is 39 tonnes, unless it has at least two motor-driven axles in the rear set of the rigid vehicle.
Overall Length
The maximum overall length for a rigid vehicle and semi-trailer combination (including load, but excluding collapsible mirrors) is 19 metres.
Forward distance
For a semi-trailer, forward distance means the distance from the rear axis to the centre of the kingpin. The maximum is 9.2 metres.
Rear overhang
The maximum rear overhang for a heavy semi-trailer is 4 metres or 50 percent of the forward distance, whichever is less. The maximum for a light semi-trailer is 4.3 metres.
Front overhang
For semi-trailers, front overhang means the distance from the centre of the kingpin to the foremost point of the vehicle (including its load). The maximum is 2.04 metres radius arc ahead of the kingpin.
Towing two trailers (A-trains and B-trains)
A heavy rigid vehicle towing two trailers must be:
an A-train (a rigid vehicle connected to a semi-trailer that tows a full trailer), or
A-train
a B-train (a rigid vehicle attached to two semi-trailers connected at two points of articulation, where the forward distance of the longer trailer divided by the forward distance of the shorter trailer does not exceed 1.4), or
B-train
a heavy rigid vehicle followed by any combination of two trailers (not an A-train or a B-train), provided the trailer at the rear of the combination has a gross vehicle mass (GVM) that isn't over 3.5 tonnes and the gross mass of the combination is less than 20 tonnes.
Note: a light rigid vehicle (for example, a car or ute with a GVM of up to 3.5 tonnes) may only tow one trailer. Light tractors, however, are allowed to tow two trailers at a speed not greater than 50km/h.
Axles
For an A-train, the rigid vehicle must have at least two motor-driven axles in its rear axle set. A-trains and B-trains must not have retractable or rear-steering axles.
Tow coupling
For a B-train, the rearmost semi-trailer must not be coupled further rearward than the rearmost axle of the lead semi-trailer.
The coupling point distance for an A-train is the distance between the rear axis of the semi-trailer and the centre of the tow coupling connecting the full trailer to the semi-trailer. The maximum allowed is 30 percent of the forward distance of the semi-trailer.
Overall length
The maximum overall length for a heavy rigid vehicle towing two trailers (including load, but excluding collapsible mirrors) is 20 metres.
Simple trailers
Simple-trailer
A simple trailer is a trailer that has one axle set, and is not a semi-trailer.
A simple trailer is attached to the towing vehicle at a position well behind the position specified for a semi-trailer. Stinger Steer Transporters are simple trailer combination vehicles.
Gross mass
The gross mass of a simple trailer (including its load) is the mass transferred to the ground through the axle(s) of that trailer. Any transferred weight from the following trailer is to be included in the calculation of the gross mass of the first trailer. The gross mass of a combined rigid vehicle must not exceed 32 tonnes.
Axles
A heavy simple trailer must have an axle set consisting of:
a single axle set, or
a tandem axle set, or
a tri-axle set.
Overall length
The maximum overall length for a simple trailer (including drawbar and load) is 12.5 metres. The maximum overall length for a rigid vehicle and simple trailer combination (including load, but excluding collapsible mirrors) is 22 metres.
Forward distance
For a simple trailer, forward distance means the distance from the rear axis to the centre of the point of attachment of the towing vehicle. The maximum is 8.5 metres.
Rear overhang
Rear overhang means the distance from the rear axis to the rear of the vehicle or its load, whichever is greater. The maximum rear overhang for a heavy simple trailer is 4 metres or 50 percent of the forward distance, whichever is less.
For a light simple trailer, the maximum rear overhang is 4 metres.
Front overhang
For simple trailers, front overhang means the distance from the centre of the tow coupling to the foremost point of the vehicle (including its load). The maximum is 2.04 metres radius arc ahead of the tow coupling.
Tow coupling
For a rigid vehicle towing a heavy simple trailer, the tow coupling position must be at least 700 millimetres behind the rear axis of the rigid vehicle and not more than a distance equal to 50 percent of the wheelbase of that vehicle. The wheelbase is measured from the rear axis of the rigid vehicle to the foremost axle of that vehicle.
Note: for Stinger Steer Transporters, 'tow coupling' includes an articulated fifth wheel attachment with kingpin, or a ball attachment.
Inter-vehicle spacing
There is no minimum inter-vehicle spacing for simple trailers. The trailer (or its load) may overhang the towing vehicle.
Important
Drivers of vehicles that tow simple trailers (those with one axle set that aren't semi-trailers) also need to be aware that the simple trailer can impose a large weight on the rear of the towing vehicle that can (by lever action through the chassis of the vehicle) reduce the effective mass bearing on the front axle(s) of the towing vehicle. Simple trailers therefore need to be loaded carefully so that their load is distributed centrally over the axle(s) of the trailer. This will allow the towing vehicle to maintain front wheel traction.
Note: loading on a simple trailer is critical, as there needs to be a small downward force on the tow coupling to make sure a simple trailer remains stable while it's being towed.
Pole trailers
Pole trailers
A pole trailer is a trailer attached to a towing vehicle by a telescoping or sliding pole, which is designed to support a common long load spanning between the trailer and the towing vehicle.
Overall length
The maximum overall length for a pole trailer is 11.5 metres (drawbar fully extended, but excluding the load). The maximum overall length for a rigid vehicle and pole trailer combination (including load, but excluding collapsible mirrors) is 20 metres.
Front overhang
Front overhang for pole trailers is the distance from the centre of the turntable on the towing vehicle to the foremost point of the load. The maximum is 2.04 metres radius arc ahead of the turntable centre on the towing vehicle (that is, the load on the trailer may hang forward of the turntable centre on the towing vehicle by this distance).
Gross mass
The maximum gross mass of a rigid vehicle and the pole trailer combination is 39 tonnes, unless the towing vehicle has at least two motor-driven axles in its rear axle set.
Pole trailers with one axle set
A heavy pole trailer with one axle set must have an axle set consisting of:
a single axle set, or
a tandem axle set, or
a tri-axle set.
For a pole trailer with one axle set, forward distance means the distance (excluding load) from the rear axis of the trailer to the centre of the point of attachment to the towing vehicle. The maximum distance is 8.5 metres, measured with the drawbar at full extension.
Rear overhang is the distance from the rear axis to the rear of the vehicle or its load, whichever is greater. The maximum rear overhang for a heavy pole trailer with one axle set is either 4 metres or 50 percent of the forward distance of that trailer, whichever is lesser. The maximum rear overhang for a light pole trailer with one axle set is 4 metres.
Pole trailers with two axle sets
A heavy pole trailer with two axle sets must have a front axle set consisting of either:
a single axle set, or
a tandem axle set.
A heavy pole trailer with two axle sets must have a rear axle set consisting of:
a single axle set, or
a tandem axle set, or
a tri-axle set, which is only permitted if the front axle set is a tandem axle set.
For a pole trailer with two axle sets, forward distance means the distance (excluding load) from the front axis of the trailer to the centre of the point of attachment to the towing vehicle. The maximum is 8.5 metres, measured with the drawbar at full extension.
For a pole trailer with two axle sets, rear overhang is the distance from the rear axis to the rear of the vehicle or its load, whichever is greater. The maximum for a heavy pole trailer with two axle sets is either 4 metres or 50 percent of the wheelbase of the trailer (where the wheelbase is measured from the rear axis to the centre point of the front axle set), whichever is lesser. The maximum for a light pole trailer with two axle sets is 4 metres.
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Which car manufacturer make the Felicia | Felicia Model » Skoda Manufacturer » Cars » Cars, Motorcycles & Vehicles » Page 1 » Motors 23
1999 SKODA FELICIA GLI D GREEN CHEAP BARGAIN RUNABOUT DIESEL DIESEL
Price: £200.00
Time left to buy this: 9 days 8 hours 28 seconds
Located in: St. Albans,United Kingdom
Payment Accepted: PayPal,
| Skoda |
Maglev is a form of high speed surface transport what does the name maglev mean | Felicia Model » Skoda Manufacturer » Cars » Cars, Motorcycles & Vehicles » Page 1 » Motors 23
1999 SKODA FELICIA GLI D GREEN CHEAP BARGAIN RUNABOUT DIESEL DIESEL
Price: £200.00
Time left to buy this: 9 days 8 hours 28 seconds
Located in: St. Albans,United Kingdom
Payment Accepted: PayPal,
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In which TV quiz were the contestants invited to feel the sportsman | Panel Game - TV Tropes
Panel Game
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— Richard Ayoade very sincerely introduces Never Mind the Buzzcocks
A Panel Game or Panel Show is a variation on the Game Show in which celebrities and comedians compete in teams to win points. Panel games are a mainstay of British television, perhaps due to the continued UK popularity of radio entertainment, from which the format was adapted; or to accommodate lower UK production budgets . The games are a useful way for up-and-coming — or fast-descending — comedians to pay the bills.
The celebrity contestants are usually paid an appearance fee, but there is rarely a prize as an incentive to win, although the contestants may still be highly competitive. The focus is on comedy ; The Points Mean Nothing , and some shows feature a joke prize that is mundane ( Have I Got News for You ), bizarre ( Shooting Stars ), or non-existent ( I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue ).
Panel games feature a host who asks the questions and adjudicates, and often some of the panelists are regulars who appear every week. The host makes jokes between the rounds, of which there are up to six, some more gimmicky than others, including video clips and minigames.
Not to be confused with Celebrity Specials of a Game Show , where the celeb accrues prize money and donates it to a charity of their choosing.
Examples:
Live-Action TV
The one that is most familiar to American viewers is Whose Line Is It Anyway? , which had four comedians who would perform improv comedy to win points from host Clive Anderson (later replaced by Drew Carey for the somewhat-louder American version).
A long-running British panel show is Never Mind the Buzzcocks , which is based around music and generally features pop and rock stars as well as comedians. After most of the original cast started having other commitments, the show bounced back with a very successful format of rotating guest hosts and temporary team captains. Phill Jupitus has appeared in every episode but one, making him pretty much the face of the show. The show is currently hosted by Rhod Gilbert, and the other team captain is Noel Fielding .
Another mainstay of British panel games is Have I Got News for You , a political and satirical panel game that generally attracts politicians, journalists, and businessmen as its panelists, as well as more politically-minded comedians.
A similar show is Mock the Week , basically Have I Got News For You meets Whose Line.
One of the oldest British panel games is A Question of Sport , which — since it typically features sportsmen — is generally regarded as more niche and less funny than its competitors (there were a lot of restrictions on how funny they could be when Princess Anne turned up). It's headed a bit more towards the comedic in recent years (ever since Sue Barker took over the chair), which meant that...
They Think It's All Over , also a sporting panel game but with more emphasis on the funny (each side had a regular sportsman, a regular comedian and one other random, usually a sportsman), was rendered slightly redundant. A change of panelists didn't kill the show; a change of hosts did. Rampantly most famous for the Feel The Sportsman round, where contestants were blindfolded and had to identify a sportsperson (or, in several cases, a team of sportspersons) by touch alone.
The format was taken to its logical conclusion in Shooting Stars which dispensed with rules, order and sense, and featured questions such as "True or False: Bill Cosby was the first-ever black man" (the answer was false; it was actually Sidney Poitier ). It also featured dream sequences, sketches, and other distractions from the boring business of actually hosting a show. The guests are more of an afterthought than anything.
Subverted in Annually Retentive , a Two For One Show which shows both a traditional panel game and the (fictional) behind-the-scenes backstabbing that happens behind it. As far as the celebrities are concerned, it's a 'proper' panel show, and only the host and captains act in the behind-the-scenes bits.
Wild N Out is an urban-themed improv comedy show. The players, who seem to be regulars with a single exception (the special celebrity guest), are divided into the Red Squad (led by host Nick Cannon) and the Black Squad (led by the special guest). They compete mostly for pride, as well as the opportunity to hold the pro wrestling -style "improv champion" belt.
This format was once common on North American prime time; the tone was more serious, although there was still some joking going on. The best known of these were CBS's To Tell the Truth , I've Got A Secret , and What's My Line? (all of which later went into syndication) and CBC's Front Page Challenge, which ran for 37 years (1958-95).
Australia also has its fair share of these, many differing from their British counterparts only so much as is necessary to avoid paying the BBC for the rights.
There have been two Never Mind the Buzzcocks-alikes. SBS 's Rockwiz is considered the more musically credible; it has the feel of a stage show that just happens to be on TV, being filmed in an actual pub and with the scores displayed on cardboard placards. It is trumped in popularity by ABC 's Spicks And Specks , which is closer to Buzzcocks in format but (being hosted by Adam Hills) with a more positive attitude and less likely to go Off the Rails .
Good News Week was originally a carbon copy of Have I Got News For You, but its political satire didn't survive the move to commercial television. After a ten year hiatus, the rebooted show focuses more on oddball stories, celebrity news and musical guests.
Also Australian is Talkin' 'bout Your Generation , hosted by Shaun Micallef and featuring comedians Baby Boomer Amanda Keller , Generation X Charlie Pickering , Generation Y Josh Thomas , and their celebrity guests, in an attempt to determine the superior generation.
QI , themed around general knowledge ignorance, has become one of the biggest. (And funniest.) Notable for having no captains but a regular panelist in Alan Davies, who acts as a foil to host Stephen Fry and keeps things from getting too serious.
You Have Been Watching , themed around television shows, hosted by Charlie Brooker .
8 Out of 10 Cats , about statistics, hosted by Jimmy Carr , regular team captain Sean Lock (either of whom tend to be CMOF-worthy separately), relatively new team captain Jon Richardson, and the occasional somewhat thematic celebrity (such as Chris Hoy, after he won Olympic gold).
Dave Gorman's Genius, which is also a radio show, involves more audience participation than usual: the general public mails suggestions which could improve the world (or are just funny), and the best ones get invited onto the show to defend their idea to a guest, who is in charge of deciding whether or not the idea is genius. Ideas that have been declared genius before include breeding an elephant that is small enough to be a house pet, helium filled bubble wrap to make parcels lighter and postage cheaper, and to make parliament discuss things under the rules of Just a Minute .
Would I Lie to You? , hosted in the first two seasons by Angus Deayton, currently hosted by Rob Brydon, with team captains Lee Mack and David Mitchell . Slightly more emphasis on the game part of panel game, the contestants read out a card that either contains an unlikely truth about themselves or a lie made up by the researchers of the show, and they have to defend it as true, while the other team prods them for additional facts and then says whether it's the truth, or a lie. ( A video link
explains it better than that description.) There are also various other rounds, such as each member of one team claiming to know a mystery guest. It's one of the best panel shows on today, with very little scripted material, lots of funny stories and plenty of good-natured ribbing.
The Bubble, hosted by David Mitchell isolates 3 celebrities in a country house for a week and shows them a variety of News Stories from the week, some real, some faked and the celebrities have to guess which is which. It's better seen than read about.
Notable for the fact that while it's a BBC show they are banned from faking news from the BBC. Here's an interview about the program.
Ireland has The Panel which dispenses with the quiz format altogether, while still attempting to feel like a panel game show. It used to work, until Dara Ó Briain left .
The format is quite popular in the Netherlands, although not quite as mainstream as it is in the UK. Popular Dutch panel shows include:
Waku Waku, a classic charity show with a focus on wildlife trivia. Although it was extremely popular for quite a number of seasons, it was cancelled well over a decade ago. It's the one panel show that all others take their cues from.
Dit Was Het Nieuws (This Was The News), a carbon copy of Have I Got News for You .
The Mike And Thomas Show, a rapid, very musical show not unlike Shooting Stars. It consists of the two titular hosts basically just messing about in the guise of a gameshow. And two grand pianos.
Wie Ben Ik? (Who Am I?), a panel show based around celebrities trying to guess the object, character or concept they've been labeled as. The show made great use of its simplistic rules, letting the comedians run loose and never pretending to be more than it was, resulting in one of the most celebrated light entertainment shows in Dutch TV history.
New Zealand's local programme Seven Days follows this format, focusing on news stories that happened in the last week. The amount of points awarded per round tends to reference recent news stories, often at impressively different scales (Team one, you can have the number of women that claim to have slept with Tiger Woods; Team Two, you can have the cost of repairing Qantas' air fleet. Team Two wins!).
Figure It Out has four panelists try to figure out what a contestant's secret talent is before all three rounds are up. Being a Nickelodeon show, lots of slime is expected.
Bunk , an IFC mock-gameshow with a panel of 3 comedians competing at strange tasks to win strange prizes.
Comedy World Cup , hosted by David Tennant , which ran for only 7 episodes. In a twist of the normal formal, there were no regulars but four different teams that consisted of the same comedians. The teams were pitted against each other to answer questions regarding comedy history and trivia, and the winner would advance to the next level.
Comedy Central 's @midnight is a U.S. take on the concept themed around internet culture and social media. It still carries all of the hallmarks of a panel game, although it is thematically inspired by the format of traditional quiz shows
Radio
I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue is a parody of the panel show genre (featuring many intentionally surreal rounds where scoring points would be completely impossible even if they tried) and has been broadcast with most of the original panelists since 1972.
The 99p Challenge is a radio panel show that offers up a prize of 99 pence (currently equivalent to US$50,000) to its winners.
American example: NPR 's Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! . Not a pure panel game, as it also features segments in which listeners play to win an actual prize, but as the prize is an answering machine greeting from newscaster Carl Kasell, these are played for laughs as much as the ones with only the panelists.
More panelly American example: NPR's Says You! where a regular cast, consisting mostly of media writers and producers, plays a series of games dealing with trivia and English vocabulary.
Just a Minute , which, over the years, has placed more and more emphasis on joke-telling than on trying to speak for a minute without repetition, hesitation, or deviation, with the panel now generally composed of stand-up comedians (the original regulars included columnist Clement Freud and comic actors (but not stand-up comedians) Peter Jones, Derek Nimmo, and Kenneth Williams). Host Nicholas Parsons does insist that it is the contributions and not the point-scoring that is most important, but this has not stopped many panelists over the years from taking the "game" aspect very seriously.
The Unbelievable Truth , hosted by David Mitchell. The four guests give a lecture on a particular subject that is full of lies, except for five truths scattered throughout, and the others have to pick out the truths as they go.
The News Quiz , something of a radio counterpart to Have I Got News for You (which it predates by thirteen years). In its early years, it was a relatively straight panel game about the week's news, with the panel largely comprising journalists and politicians, but since around the mid-1990s there has been more emphasis on comedy.
The Museum of Curiosity, which has been described as a sister show to QI .
A very early example would be Information Please, first broadcast in 1938. Particularly interesting in that the listening public was responsible for sending in the questions asked of the panel members, and they were the ones paid if the panelists got the answer wrong.
Fighting Talk, which airs every Saturday morning during the football season on BBC Five Live. More competitive than most examples, it features four panelists; usually sportspeople, comedians or journalists, discussing topical sporting news with points awarded for good punditry and passion as well as comedy.
So Wrong It's Right, another panel show hosted by Charlie Brooker . Comedians (including several regulars such as David Mitchell , Rob Brydon, Holly Walsh, and Lee Mack ) compete to tell the "worst" stories, such as the worst thing that happened to them at a party or the worst idea for a restaurant.
Because News , a CBC radio panel game that first aired in 2015.
New Media
David Firth of Fat-Pie.com doesn't appear to much like panel shows, as displayed in a cartoon he made for Charlie Brooker's show Screenwipe that mocks the pre-written jokes many of them use. It also makes a few jabs at internet videos . See the cartoon here.
Ironic, considering that Charlie Brooker is credited as a joke writer on some episodes of 8 Out Of 10 Cats, and has been a panelist on Have I Got News for You and Would I Lie to You? twice...
| They think it's all over |
What is a starter question worth in University Challenge | TV shows 'have a bad influence on children' - Telegraph
TV shows 'have a bad influence on children'
12:01AM GMT 26 Mar 2008
Television quiz shows are a bad influence on children and fuel bullying at school, says Britain's biggest teachers' union.
Steve Sinnott, the general secretary of the National Union of Teachers, said he was "shocked” by some of the insults contestants hurled at each other on programmes such as Never Mind the Buzzcocks and They Think It's All Over.
He said the shows encourage children to use "grossly offensive and sexist" language in the playground.
He told the union's annual conference: "Too often such cruel behaviour can be seen on television programmes like Never Mind the Buzzcocks.
"When I watch that programme I am quite shocked at the personal nature of some of the attacks by celebrities on other celebrities."
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26 Mar 2008
Simon Amstell, host of Never Mind the Buzzcocks, has repeatedly been accused of being "bitchy" to the contestants who appear on his show.
After playing a song from pop group Girls Aloud, in which the girls dressed up as car mechanics, he said: "Waxed, fluffed, full leather interior, slight smell of sick, some rear-end damage - it's Girls Aloud."
Last year singer Preston stormed off the set of Never Mind the Buzzcocks after Amstell made fun of his then wife Chantelle Houghton's autobiography.
Preston, who is lead singer of the band the Ordinary Boys, was said to have been unhappy about a particular reference to the book in which Miss Houghton described Marks and Spencer clothes as being upmarket.
In 2003 They Think Its All Over presenters Gary Lineker and David Gower left the show amid concern that they were too "laddish".
BBC executives were said to be worried about a part of the show called "feel the sportsman" in which young, mainly female, athletes were touched by blind-folded presenters to establish their identity.
Viewers also criticised Roy McGrath, presenter of They Think It's All Over for being overly crude in one section of the show.
Teams would be asked to guess the identities of a picture which contained three athletes merged into one. McGrath liked to joke that he recognised the person in the photo as an ex-girlfriend of his.
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How many contestants compete in a round of Mastermind | Mastermind - UKGameshows
Mastermind
Magnus Magnusson (1972-97 and Mastermind Celebrity Special: 2002)
John Motson (Cup Final Mastermind: 1978)
Frank Bough (Cup Final Mastermind: 1979)
Des Lynam (Cup Final Mastermind: 1980 and Sport Mastermind: 2008)
Huw Evans (Mastermind International: 1981)
Peter Sinclair (Mastermind International: 1982)
Griff Rhys Jones (2011 special)
Co-hosts
Scorer and Timekeeper: Mary Craig (often referred to as the "Dark Lady" who sat by Magnus' side but never spoke).
Broadcast
BBC1, 11 September 1972 to 1 September 1997 (444 episodes in 25 series)
as Cup Final Mastermind: 6 May 1978, 12 May 1979 and 10 May 1980 (as part of Grandstand)
as Mastermind International: 28 February 1979, 7 April 1980, 11 June 1981, 3 June 1982 and 29 August 1983
as Mastermind Champions: 1 to 3 May 1982 (3 episodes in 1 series)
BBC Radio 4, 6 April 1998 to 31 July 2000 (39 episodes in 3 series)
as Discovery Mastermind: BBC Manchester for Discovery Channel, 14 November 2001 to 16 January 2002
as Mastermind Celebrity Special: BBC Two, 30 December 2002
BBC Manchester for BBC Two, 7 July 2003 to present
as Celebrity Mastermind: BBC Manchester for BBC Two, 26 December 2003 to 2 January 2004 (3 episodes in 1 series)
BBC Manchester for BBC One, 23 July 2004 to present
as Junior Mastermind: BBC Manchester for BBC One, 30 August 2004 to 21 December 2007 (29 episodes in 5 series)
as Mastermind Cymru: BBC for S4C, 8 October 2006 to 8 December 2007
as Celebrity Mastermind Cymru: BBC for S4C, 2006 to 26 December 2009
as Sport Mastermind: BBC Two, 8 July to 20 August 2008 (10 episodes in 1 series)
as Mastermind Plant Cymru: BBC for S4C, 8 December 2008 to 15 October 2009
as Mastermind Champion of Champions: BBC Manchester for BBC Two, 2 to 6 August 2010 (5 episodes in 1 series)
bbc.co.uk webcast, 5 to 6 March 2011 ( 24 Hour Panel People )
as Hip Hop Mastermind: BBC Manchester for BBC iPlayer, 22 September 2014
Synopsis
Considered by many to be "the ultimate test of memory and knowledge", Mastermind is a simple quiz. However, at times it can prove quite fascinating.
Originally set in the chapel of a college or hall, nowadays a studio in sunny Salford, John (originally Magnus) puts four contestants through their paces. Each contestant has previously submitted a specialist subject , which can be anything you like as long as the subject is deep enough. These are judiciously researched beforehand.
The seating arrangements
The black chair that has become the programme's trademark.
In Round One, each contestant goes up to the famous black chair (pictured) one by one, and is asked "Name?", "Occupation?" and "Specialised subject?" The contestant is then subjected to two minutes of quick-fire questions about their subject. (Contestants can pass if they wish, although in the event of a tie these are taken into account.) At the end of the two minutes, a buzzer is sounded and, if John is in the middle of a question, he uses one of television's most famous catchphrases, originally used by Magnus: "I've started so I'll finish". (Though unlike Magnus, he does not follow this up with "And you may answer".)
Name, occupation, specialised subject
And now, general knowledge
After each of the four contestants have had their go, the scores are read out in reverse order. Round Two is played similarly to Round One, but this time the subject is always general knowledge, and contestants play in the order of position, the person with the least points going first.
Halfway through the 1990 final. The contenders are, left to right: Brian Bibby, Helen Grayson, the champion-to-be, David Edwards, Paul Webbewood and Chantal Thompson
After that, the scores are read out again and the winner declared. (If there is a tie on points, the player with the "fewer or fewest" passes is declared the winner; if there is still a tie after passes are taken into consideration - a very rare occurence - then there is a "sudden death" tiebreaker in which both players separately face the same five questions and whoever gets the most right, wins.) The winner goes through to the semi-finals, the four (later six) winners of them going through to the final for the chance to win the engraved punchbowl which signifies the title of Mastermind champion.
And that's it. Bells? Whistles? Not one (with the possible exception of the intriguing black chair). And it doesn't need it for Mastermind, despite being simple, has become something of a national institution.
The end... not quite
The very last programme (at least, that's what it seemed at the time) was in 1997, where the programme went for the ego-trip of a lifetime to the remote Scottish island of Orkney to film in St. Magnus (geddit?), an 860 year old cathedral. Anne Ashurst, a novelist for Mills and Boon, was crowned the 'last ever' champion, and Magnus Magnusson got to keep the black chair, as was only right.
St. Magnus Cathedral
But it wasn't quite the end. Peter Snow hosted a version on BBC Radio 4 (although the impact of the chair was a bit less...) and what felt like a slightly dumbed-down version ran for a year on the Discovery Channel, with a redeeming feature being a separate final for interactive play-along viewers.
And that really did seem to be it until a celebrity special aired in 2002...followed by the show itself returning the next year! Everything remained pretty much the same, including the theme tune and chair (a replica of the original) though there was a bit more interaction between new host John Humphrys and contestant. (At least, there was until the 2009-10 series, whereby Humphrys no longer chatted to the contenders in between the rounds: instead, the contenders all did a brief spiel just before their first rounds about why they'd chosen their subjects and what they found interesting about them. However, that's now also gone in the 2010-11 series, because the general knowledge rounds are now two and a half minutes long). Some believe the show has been 'dumbed down' seeing as more people are choosing subjects such as Doctor Who rather than The Crimean War, but it's good to see the show back again on the BBC.
An example specialist round on Buffy the Vampire Slayer
There's even been a regular kids' series, a Welsh-language version for S4C, and (almost inevitably) a children's series in Welsh. In 2008, Des Lynam returned with a sport-themed version. It wasn't his first time in the question master's chair, as he used to host special editions of the quiz on FA Cup Final mornings, though he does seem uncharacteristically wooden in the role of questionmaster. It does however show what a good, no, let's make that great, format Mastermind is. As long as the basic structure is in place, it's almost impossible to mess it up, wooden host or not.
"Mastermind Cymru" host, Betsan Powys
Who's the greatest?
As if being crowned Mastermind wasn't honour enough, winners have often been invited to take part in further contests against other quiz show champions. In the 1970s there was Supermind , and the 1990s gave us Masterbrain , in which winners of Mastermind and Brain of Britain played off against each other. 1997 even saw a University Challenge crossover, with that year's four "last ever" Mastermind finalists making up a team to take on UC's reigning champions (the latter won). The 1997 winner, Anne Ashurst, also appeared on 'University Challenge - The Professionals' as part of the Romantic Novelists team, who were the defeated finallists in the 2005 series.
In 1979 Magnus hosted a special Mastermind International programme involving quiz show winners from around the world (including UK Mastermind champions David Hunt and Rosemary James, together with the champions of the Nigerian, Australian and New Zealand versions of the show, and winners from Ireland's Top Score and the Canadian version of The $128,000 Quiz ), which was won by the Irish contender John Mulcahy. Following this, Mastermind International became an annual event for the next four years. In 1980 it was hosted by Magnus again, but after that it followed a Eurovision -type "winning nation hosts next year" system. In 1981 the programme was filmed in the Sydney Opera House with questionmaster Huw Evans, who hosted the Australian version of the show. The 1982 edition was made in New Zealand and hosted by Peter Sinclair, who was the questionmaster on the local versions of both Mastermind and University Challenge . Finally, after the first British victory, 1983 saw Huw Evans fly to the UK to present what turned out to be the last edition, made at the Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford.
Ten champions and an interrogator
There was also a Mastemind Champions contest aired over three consecutive nights in 1982 (in lieu of a proper series that year) featuring the first ten series champions - five in each of two heats, top two from each progressing to the final. The winner was David Hunt, with the specialist subjects of the history of Crete, and Alexander the Great. 2010 saw a Champion of Champions competition featuring sixteen past winners, which the 2005 champion Pat Gibson won with specialist subjects of Pixar films and Great Mathematicians. In addition to Gibson, the Grand Final line-up comprised the 1993 champion Gavin Fuller, the 1990 winner David Edwards and the reigning champion Jesse Honey, who managed to set two new records in his first round (see Scoring records , below). The final scores were most impressive - Fuller and Edwards tied for third place on 32 points, while Gibson and Honey tied on 36 points, but Gibson won it on passes - and it should be noted that the general knowledge round was two and a half minutes long in this case. Humphrys reckoned that there had never been a contest quite like it before, and 2008 champion David Clark (who lost to Gibson on passes in the heats) suggests that it may be the highest four-person aggregate score ever (it's certainly the highest for the Humphrys era).
Key moments
The final of each series attracts a lot of attention, the most famous winner being Fred Housego, a London taxicab driver. Mr Housego was the first of three drivers to win the series, since Christopher Hughes, a London Underground train driver, won it in 1983 and Ian Meadows, a hospital driver, did so in 1985.
Catchphrases
"I've started so I'll finish." (At the end of his last-ever show, Magnus adapted it slightly: "I started, and now...I've finished. Bye bye".)
"Hello, and welcome to another round of 'Mastermind', with me, John Humphrys..."
"May I have our first contender, please?"
"And at the end of a close competition, let's glance at the scores."
"...And it doesn't get much closer than this..."
"So on now to the second round, the general knowledge round - and remember, if there is a tie at the end of this round, then the number of passes will be taken into consideration, and the contender with the fewer or fewest passes will be declared the winner. And if there is still a tie on passes, then there will be a sudden death play-off" (or "shoot-out", as John Humphrys has sometimes put it).
(Magnusson-era): "...and you may answer". Also: "Our thanks and commiserations to our three gallant runners-up!"
Magnus Magnusson normally signed off with, "All that it remains for me to do now is to thank the authorities here at (wherever) for all their great kindness and hospitality to us. Next week, we shall be at (wherever else). Until then, from 'Mastermind' in (wherever), it's goodbye!" John Humphrys signs off more simply, but equally effectively, with, "Do join us next time for more 'Mastermind'. Thank you for watching - goodbye!" In fact, nowadays he says "Join us next time for more Masterminds", which is really rather cute. He's not going to like us for saying that, is he?
(John Humphrys, since 2009): "Four contenders, two rounds of questions, one aim - to become the nation's Mastermind" and, for the 'Champion of Champions' series, "Four former winners, two rounds of questions, one aim - to become the 'Mastermind' Champion of Champions".
Inventor
The idea for the show comes from the experiences of the producer (Bill Wright) when he was a Prisoner of War during WWII. He was often asked for his "Name", "Rank" and "Number" (the only information he was obliged to give under the Geneva Convention). He decided to change this to "Name", "Occupation" and "Specialised Subject". Note the dark mise-en-scene, which is meant to give a sort of individualised, cross-examination feel. In the early days, this theme was even carried through to the on-screen credit for Magnus Magnusson, who was described not as "questionmaster" or something fluffy like that, but as "Interrogator".
Bill Wright
Theme music
The theme tune is called Approaching Menace by Neil Richardson (who, incidentally, co-composed and conducted the score for the film Four Weddings and a Funeral).
The 2010 final featured a new orchestration recorded by the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra. BBC Manchester then promptly forgot they'd ever commissioned it and reverted to the original library-music version for the 2010-11 series, before bringing it out to serve as the main theme for the 2011-12 run.
Trivia
Contenders
One quirk of the show is that participants are always referred to as "contenders", never "contestants". Well, almost never, as both Magnusson and Humphrys have been known to slip up on occasion.
Because the first three Mastermind champions were women, the BBC were once apparently on the verge of debating whether to change the title of the programme to 'Mistressmind'. And if you believe that, you'll believe anything! Nevertheless, it's true that the 1975 series was accompanied by a lot of speculation in the press about whether a man would ever - or could ever! - win the title, which all proved somewhat academic at the end of that year's contest when a man, John Hart, did just that. The balance was largely redressed throughout the 80's, as the mix of male and female victories became fairly even, but it later became rather more male-dominated. A relative lack of female applicants has often been a concern for producers of quiz shows, as reflected in the fact that Magnus would often ask for more ladies on the show when requesting future contestants. Gordon Burns often did the same thing on The Krypton Factor , as did William G. Stewart on Fifteen-to-One . The problem is particularly bad for "prestige" shows like these since they can't really be seen to indulge in positive discrimination in the way that other, less "serious" shows can.
The oldest-ever 'Mastermind' champion, at 64, was Sir David Hunt in 1977, while the youngest-ever, at 24, was Gavin Fuller in 1993. It was therefore most appropriate that Hunt presented the trophy to Fuller in the latter year's Grand Final.
Probably the first-ever contender to win the game before he'd even started his second round was a 2005 semi-finallist, Tom King. He'd scored 17 on his specialist subject, namely "Dad's Army" and all his three opponents finished with scores below that. "Well, I can't pretend that it's a close match", declared Humphrys, "but we're going to test your general knowledge anyway", and King went on to score a total of 24. One contender to match this feat was the 2006 finallist Ray Eaton in one of his first two rounds.
Several series champions had been highest-scoring runners-up in at least one of their previous matches. They included Margaret Harris, David Edwards, Anne Ashurst and, from the 'Junior' series, Domhnall Ryan. This has also occasionally happened on University Challenge and quite often on The Krypton Factor .
Champions, especially those from non-academic backgrounds, sometimes find that their success leads to other TV and radio work. Cab driver Fred Housego, the 1980 champion, went on to present a BBC1 series entitled 'History On Your Doorstep' and he appeared on certain other shows too, before settling into a long career on local radio. 1983 winner Chris Hughes, then a train driver, went on to appear on other quizzes such as Call My Bluff , in which he helped Frank Muir to victory and The Adventure Game , in which he was unfortunately evaporated for giving an inappropriate gift to the Rangdo - but he's more than bounced back from that little setback, since he's now best-known as one of the Eggheads . He also narrated a series on steam trains (which had been one of his specialist subjects) for TVS, and most unusual of all, was the subject of a QED programme about what makes someone clever.
Other champs who turned up elsewhere included the 1984 champion, Margaret Harris, appeared on a special Christmas edition of Bullseye that same year and proved surprisingly adept at dart-throwing as well as answering questions, and the 1993 (and youngest-ever) champion, Gavin Fuller, who went on Noel's House Party , on which he was gunged (well, what else could you expect on that show?) and was later the defeated finallist on Grand Slam . Other than that, however, the majority of 'Mastermind' champions have returned to (relative) obscurity following their victories (but see also 'Who's The Greatest' above).
The famous Arfor Wyn Hughes, who scored only 12, revealed on 'Disastermind' (part of a 'TV Hell' night screened on BBC2 in 1992) that his appearance on the programme caused him considerable grief with the pupils that he taught. Apparently, whenever he asked one of them a question in class, the response would inevitably be, "Pass!" followed by a cheeky snigger - and, as if that wasn't bad enough, the kids would deliberately hum the 'Mastermind' theme tune as he walked down the corridors. Somehow, the famous "Scooby Doo" cartoon phrase "I would have gotten away with it if it hadn't been for them pesky kids!" springs to mind.
Another former contender to appear on 'Disastermind' was the 1974 finallist Susan Reynolds (now Halstead), who had apparently been partially concussed when hit in the face by a brass knob on the wardrobe door in her hotel room not long before the recording and found herself in the black chair facing, as the programme described it, 'two Magnusses'. As a result, she struggled considerably on her specialist subject, 'British Ornithology', scoring only 5 points: she made a comeback in her general knowledge round, but unfortunately it was too little, too late, although she did manage to finish in third place. She later stated in interviews that she was knocked out "by three other contestants and a brass knob". Magnus actually went to visit her to find out more as part of another quiz-related programme, some time after his version of the show had finished, because he had suspected at the time that something wasn't right and that she may well otherwise have won the series. He always remembered her fondly as the greatest champion that 'Mastermind' never had - and she would certainly have also been the youngest-ever champion, as she was only 19 at the time.
Future millionaire David Edwards
1990 champion David Edwards subsequently scooped the top prize on Who Wants to be a Millionaire? , while Millionaire winner Pat Gibson completed "the double" the other way around in 2005 (and made it a treble by going on to win Brain of Britain as well). Humphrys spoke to Gibson during the latter's first round about his winning WWTBAM and asked him, "What would you do if we were to give you a million pounds?" then added hastily, "No - I'm getting a voice in my earpiece, saying, 'Don't go down that route!'". (Yes, one can believe that it was best that he didn't). There was also a victory for 1995 champion Kevin Ashman at Torquay in the live, touring stage version of WWTBAM .
The 1994 champion George Davidson received his prize from none other than Bamber Gascoigne . It is surely no coincidence that this final went out just a month before the BBC revival of University Challenge began.
A 1996 edition of the programme featured contenders from all corners of the UK, as Magnus was keen to point out in his introductory spiel: an Irishman, a Scotsman, an Englishman and a Welsh woman. The Irishman, Robert Devlin, and the Scotsman, Dr Malcolm Walker-Kinnear, went through to the next round as winner and highest-scoring runner-up respectively. Similarly, the winners of the Junior series represented three of the four corners of the UK: the 2004 winner, Daniel Parker, was from Wales, the 2006 winner, Domnhall Ryan, was from Northern Ireland, while the remaining three, Robin Geddes, Robert Stutter and David Verghese, were all from England.
There has always been a considerable University Challenge /'Mastermind'-crossover, with many contestants from the former going on to take part in the latter (and occasionally vice versa), but 'Mastermind's' 2010 Grand Final almost certainly holds the record for the greatest number of former UC contestants competing in one edition of 'Mastermind'. The series winner, Jesse Honey, had been part of the Durham University team that had reached the UC semi-finals in 1999. Kathryn Johnson, who finished in second place, had been a member of the victorious British Library team in the 2004 UC 'Professionals' series. Barbara Thompson had been the captain of the Open University team that had won the 1985 UC series and had also reached the semi-finals in the 2002 'Reunited' series. Finally, Les Morrell had competed in the 2004/5 UC series as part of an East Anglia University team, who reached the second round. In addition, one other contestant, Mark Grant, was appearing in his second "Mastermind" Grand Final, having previously achieved the feat in 2005. The 2011 champion, Dr Ian Bayley, had previously been a contestant twice on 'University Challenge', reaching the second round on his first appearance (on behalf of Imperial College, London, in 1996) and the quarter-finals the second time (on behalf of Balliol College, Oxford, in 2001). Bayley later went on to become a 'Mastermind' finallist in 2009 and was narrowly beaten by Nancy Dickmann, which made him all the more determined to go one better in the 2011 series. (Oh, and he'd also previously won 'Brain of Britain', as Humphrys pointed out when presenting Bayley with the 'Mastermind' trophy).
The rules were changed in 1995 to allow previous contenders, except finalists, to return. This has since been changed again to allow defeated finalists another go as well. Isabelle Heward has been a contender five times (1983, 1996, 2003, 2005, 2016) and reached the semi-finals on each of her last four entries. All of her specialist subjects have been related to the cinema. Geoff Thomas won the title at his fourth attempt: he was a semi-finalist in 1994 and again in 2001's one-off Discovery Mastermind series, runner-up in 2003 and finally champion in 2006. Mark Grant has been a finalist twice, in 2005 and 2010, and he has appeared in at least 2 more series since, in which he has been a semi-finalist. Sheila Altree also appeared in four series (1980, 1985, 1997, 2007), the first time under her first married name, Sheila Denyer. She won her heat in 1985 before someone tipped off the producers that Altree and Denyer were the same person and they disqualified her.
A panel of clergy contested a heat at Norwich Cathedral in 1996 and the winner, Dr Richard Sturch, went on to win that series' grand final. When he returned for the 2010 'Champion of Champions' series, Sturch revealed that he had originally gone on mainly because, at the time, the clergy had not been getting a very good press within the field of quizzing and other aspects of popular culture, so he had wanted to try to redress the balance, as did the 'Mastermind' team, which was why they had decided to have an all-clergymen edition. However, it's also worth noting that the famous 'showbiz vicar', the Reverend David Smith, was still very active in the quizzing world at the time: he had always proved highly entertaining and knowledgeable in all the (many) shows he had been on.
In 1987, married couple Paul and Christine Hancock competed in the same edition of the show. Both scored 34 correct answers and two passes; Mr. Hancock won the play-off by one question. Magnus very appropriately entitled that edition 'Hancock's Half-Hour'. The couple also later appeared on Masterteam , along with Mr Hancock's brother.
Similarly, a father and son who appeared on the programme were Ashok Venkatesh, who had been a finallist in the 2006 regular series, and his son, Nikhil, who had previously done well in his first round match in that year's 'Junior' series.
Another family event occurred during the two 2007 series of Junior Mastermind. In the series screened early that year, twins Robert and Tintin (real name Antonia) Stutter competed in separate heats. Although they both scored impressively, only Robert made it into the Grand Final, which he duly won - with the specialised subject of Tintin, appropriately enough. Their younger brother Edmund took part in the later series, having apparently been determined to follow in his siblings' footsteps, and also performed well: he was one of the defeated finallists. Had he won, he would have received the trophy from his own brother, because the previous champions in that series always came to present the trophy. Previous winners also presented the trophy on several occasions during the regular series.
One of Robert's opponents in the aforementioned Grand Final, William, had interested Humphrys in his first round by answering questions (and winning the heat) on 'Hancock's Half Hour' - Humphrys was surprised that a radio comedy from so long ago held the interest of such a young contender. It also transpired that William listened to the 'Today' programme, much to Humphrys's delight - but in fact, the only reason for that was the fact that the lad's parents insisted on listening to said programme while driving him to school and, as he was always sat in the back of the car, he could not change the channel. Oh well, you can't win 'em all, Humphrys, eh?
Another memorable moment from 'Junior Mastermind' was just after the last (so far) champion, David Verghese, had been presented with his trophy by the aforementioned Robert: Humphrys asked David what he hoped to do next and the latter stated that, as soon as he was old enough, he wanted to go on University Challenge , adult Mastermind and Who Wants to be a Millionaire? Humphrys duly wished him luck with all that. In fact, we can now confirm that David has now achieved one of his ambitions, ie appearing in the 2016-17 series of University Challenge .
Celebrities
Many of the celebrities' appearances on their version of the show proved memorable. Vic Reeves did a silly walk to the black chair and Magnus (rather sourly) asked him, "Occupation? - as if I needed to ask."
When John Humphrys asked Edward Stourton for his name, Stourton responded in mock-indignation, "John - we practically sleep together!" (A bit too much information there, maybe, but he was, of course, referring to the fact that he and Humphrys work together on the 'Today' programme).
When Peter Serafinowicz was presented with his trophy, he returned to the black chair and pretended to drop off to sleep, as if indicating that the whole experience was a very draining one. Humphrys was somewhat nonplussed and tried nudging him - but to no avail.
When Bernard Cribbins appeared, Humphrys asked him to do a 'Wombles'-narration, which he was famous for doing in the 70's - Cribbins duly obliged with his usual great aplomb, finishing with, "John - go out and collect any old rubbish you can, but John - don't bring her back to the burrow!" (Nice one).
Humphrys also asked Tim Vine to do his most famous trick of telling as many jokes as he could in a short space of time (probably one minute in this case?) and, like Cribbins, Vine certainly did not disappoint us. In addition, thanks to Humphrys, we got to find out how Spoony got his nickname - apparently, his head was shaped like a spoon when he was a kid.
We also found out that the veteran quiz host and producer William G. Stewart found asking the questions much easier than answering them - and, when Humphrys asked his former "Nine O'Clock News" colleague, Julia Somerville, why she had chosen 'Winnie The Pooh' as a specialist subject, she responded, "I just wanted to hear a distinguished journalist like you talk about Pooh, Piglet, Eeyore and Tigger". (Why not indeed?)
A classic moment occurred in the all-comedians 2009 Children In Need special, when Stephen K Amos scored 5 points with 5 passes on his specialist subject, which just happened to be Five Star, the 1980s pop group! Amos then went on to achieve an equally appropriate final score of 15, admittedly with a bit of help from Humphrys, but rightly so in this case.
Soon after this, when the late Michael Winner appeared, he failed to live up to his name (quite the reverse, in fact) and even resorted to constantly asking Humphrys, "Can I ask the audience?" and "Can I phone a friend?" etc etc. (Actually, it was nice to see Winner showing a sense of humour, rather than his usual abrasive persona).
In the 2010 Children In Need Special, Stewart Francis told Humphrys, "You look like a much younger person". "I wish I could say the same for you", answered Humphrys, then Francis added, "I was talking to Pudsey", (who, of course, was sitting strategically on Humphrys's desk). Humphrys decided to move swiftly on.
When Humphrys presented the trophy to Hilary Kay in a 2010 Celebrity edition, he asked her to give a valuation for said trophy, much as she would in her main show, The Antiques Roadshow. Kay responded, in her usual style, "Well, how much would you say it's worth?" "You were meant to say, 'It's priceless'!" exclaimed Humphrys in mock-indignation, and Kay was quick to answer, "Oh, it's definitely that", much to Humphrys' relief.
On another 2010 Celebrity edition, David Threlfall was answering questions on the Bonzo Dog Band. One question (enquiring after the title of their 2007 reunion album) had to be answered in French (Pour l'Amour des Chiens) and he failed to do so, but was most indignant when Humphrys took it as a pass. At the end of his round, Threlfall protested that he knew what it was but just couldn't manage the French pronunciation. "Yes, it is a problem, but it's actually your problem, not mine", declared Humphrys, with some severity. Threlfall still looked and sounded disgruntled, although he appeared slightly mollified when he found out that he'd scored 12 points. "And our final contender, please - and I hope that he's going to be less trouble than the last one", was Humphrys' parting shot. Humphrys' apparent rudeness was explained and excused when Threlfall returned for his General Knowledge questions and their chat revealed that Humphrys and Threlfall knew each other from the school run, as their children went to the same school.
Harlequins, hardly twins: Freddie Mercury and Rhys Thomas.
Actor Rhys Thomas not only scored a (celebrity) record 21 points on his specialist subject, the rock group Queen, but did so dressed in a replica of Freddie Mercury's famous harlequin costume, much to Humphrys' amusement.
Comedian Andi Osho made a considerable impact when competing in one of the 2012 celebrity specials. Not only did she become the first celebrity to win twice, having previously done so in the 2010 Children In Need Special, but she also chose 'The Life and Career of John Humphrys ' as her specialist subject, ("for reasons best known to herself", declared a rather bemused Humphrys).
Humphrys was even more bemused in a 2016 celebrity edition, when he had a puppet dog, namely Hacker T Dog, as a contender - his (Humphrys's) resigned expression and voice said it all. Hacker actually achieved a decent score and nearly won - the chef Paul Rankin beat him by just one point - and only on his (Rankin's) very last question at that - he would otherwise have lost to Hacker on passes.
Oh, and let's not forget that classic moment when "Dad's Army's" Ian Lavender had just sat down in the black chair: Humphrys asked him his name and one of Lavender's opponents, Rick Wakeman, called out that immortal line, "Don't tell him, Pike!" with immaculate timing and to the great amusement of all concerned. "Yes, we let anyone on this show nowadays", chuckled Humphrys.
Questions and Answers
Over 57,000 questions were asked over the course of the original series.
The last ever question asked on the Magnus version of the programme was virtually the same as the first one asked back in 1972 (concerning Picasso's Guernica). This was plotted beforehand as an in-joke to be played only if the scores did not depend on it.
In 1996, one contender took The Sex Pistols as a specialist subject, but the BBC insisted that the word "bollocks" (as in "Never Mind the...") be bleeped out of the broadcast. According to question-setter Elizabeth Salmon, this was the first and only time a question on the show was censored in this way.
Magnus Magnusson claimed that he once got a letter from an irate viewer who accused him of blasphemy for saying that Jesus' first name was Reginald. It turned out that the correspondent had actually misheard a question concerning Jeeves's first name!
Magnus Magnusson, not the sort to confuse Jeeves with Jesus
With the many hundreds, if not thousands of questions asked each series, it's perhaps inevitable an incorrect question will slip through now and again. In one episode in February 2010, a contender was asked of which African country was Janet Jagan the president between 1997-1999. The contender guessed Ghana, but was told the answer was Guyana - which is in fact a South American country. The contender in question ultimately finished in last place however, some 13 points behind the winner, and 6 points behind their nearest competitor, meaning it didn't materially affect the game.
In a heat in 1997, Colin Cadby was judged to have given an incorrect answer to a question when he had actually got it correct. He ended up losing to Tony Dart - however, he qualified as one of the highest-scoring losers, and ended up reaching the final (beating Dart in his semi-final).
Around 2008, John Humphrys asked the question 'Which chemical has the symbol Ti?' The contestant gave the (correct) answer 'Titanium' - however Humphrys said that the answer was 'Thallium' (he had obviously misread the lower-case L in the chemical symbol Tl as a capital I). Thankfully it made no difference to the outcome of the match.
In one 2014 celebrity edition, the question setters took advantage of Humphrys' Welsh origins by having him enquire after the island on which Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch is situated. (Anglesey, which the contender Hal Cruttenden got right.)
Pleasingly, one former contender, Anna Torpey, later became a question-setter for the programme and was listed as such in the end credits during that period. Torpey was a finallist in the 2007-8 series.
Scoring records
Low scores:
The famous Arfor Wyn Hughes is not, and never was, the lowest-ever scorer in the regular Mastermind series - he scored 12. The lowest ever score is 5 points, achieved by Kajen Thuraaisingham in the 2009-10 series (4 points on Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and just 1 on general knowledge).
Before this, the lowest score record for the regular (non-celebrity) series was 7 points, set by Colin Kidd in the 2005 series. He scored 4 on the history of the World Chess Championships and 3 on general knowledge. This was equalled by Michael Burton in the 2009-10 series with 2 on angels, 5 on general knowledge.
In 2004, Gill Perry scored 8 points, 4 on her specialist subject (Babylon 5, series 1 & 2) and 4 on general knowledge.
Previously, scores of 9 points were 'achieved' by Armando Margiotta, Sally Copeland and a community worker from Warwickshire who wishes to remain anonymous. 9 points have also been scored by Michael Kane in the 2004 final, and in 2006 by Steve Bolsover in the first round and Simon Curtis (who fell into "pass hell" and scored just one point on his specialist subject, the films of Jim Carrey) in the second. Mr Curtis was not the first contestant to score only one point on a specialist subject, however - Arabella Weir had also done so in a 2004 celebrity special, her subject having been 'Dallas' (the television series). Three other contestants to score 9 points have been Cliff Hughes and Andrew Hesford, both in the 2007 series, and Joyce Wilson in the 2012 series. In the 2010 series, Paul Robson scored only 2 points on his chosen subject ('The Weimar Republic') - however, he did considerably better on general knowledge, finishing on 11 points. In 2012, Steve Ferry scored only 1 point on his specialist subject ('The 30 Years War'), but made an even more impressive comeback in his second round, finishing on 16 points.
The lowest-ever score on the programme was "achieved" by Kadeena Cox in a 2016 Celebrity special, scoring just 3 points in her specialist round and none in her general knowledge round, becoming the first to score no points in a round. To rub it in, the other three contestants scored 11, 12 and 11 in their specialist rounds. The previous lowest-ever score for the celebrity version of the show had been jointly "achieved" by Arabella Weir and Tara Palmer-Tompkinson in a 2004 match: they both scored 6, and this score was matched by Alan Gardner in 2017. Politicians had mixed fortunes - David Blunkett and Gyles Brandreth both only scored 11, Neil Hamilton, David Lammy and Michael Howard did slightly better, Lembit Öpik and Diane Abbott better still and Edwina Currie and Jacqui Smith both won their games.
Can nobody beat this Egghead?
High scores:
The highest score was 41, set by Kevin Ashman in 1995. Jennifer Keaveney, Mary Elizabeth Raw and Anne Ashurst all scored 40. Keaveney did so twice. Prior to Keaveney setting the new record in 1986, the highest-ever score was 38, achieved by the 1984 champion Margaret Harris in that series' Grand Final. 38 is also the highest score in the Humphrys era, which was achieved by Jesse Honey in the heats of the 2010 'Champion of Champions' series - beating his own record of 37 set in the 2010 Grand Final. Before this, the revival record was 36 points, earned by Geoff Thomas in the 2006 Grand Final.
The 2010-11 series changed the format a little, with the heats and final having the general knowledge round extended to two and a half minutes, meaning scores are not directly comparable to those in earlier series. The highest score to date in the extended format is Ian Bayley's 37 points in the 2011 Grand Final. Brian Pendreigh had previously came close in the heats by scoring 35 points, his chosen subject having been The Beatles. In the same series, two other contenders, Keith Nickless and Nick Mills, tied on 34 points, with Nickless winning the game on passes. Mills, it should also be noted, was an impressive former University Challenge contestant, having the been the captain (and star player) of a Manchester University team that made it as far as the semi-finals in the 2004/5 series. (See also 'Trivia - Contenders' below). Strangely enough, Mills and Nickless went on to appear in the same semi-final, in which they did not score quite so highly (due in part to there being less time available to each contender - 3½ minutes rather than the 4½ minutes in the heats) and this time Mills outscored Nickless, but was himself beaten by another contender, Peter Riley, who went on to finish in second place in the Grand Final.
Jesse Honey's revival high-score of 38. The contender on the left (with 28 points) is previous revival record-holder Geoff Thomas. The other two contenders are the 1987 champion Dr Jeremy Bradbrooke (with 25 points) and the 1991 winner Stephen Allen (with 29 points)
Jesse Honey's 38 points included the all-time record score in a specialised subjects round: 23 points on Flags of the World. The previous record was set in 1979 when Joe West, a helicopter pilot from Shetland, scored 22 points on the life of Lord Nelson. The highest score in that round in the Junior series was scored in the early-2007 Grand Final by a boy named Callum: he scored 19 points on the life and career of the cricketer Andrew Flintoff, but was narrowly beaten in the General Knowledge round.
The highest score in a General Knowledge round is 23, achieved by Iwan Thomas (in a two-and-a-half minute round) in 2010. The highest in a two-minute round was 22, set by Jennifer Keaveney in 1986 and equalled by Chantal Thompson in 1990.
Even allowing for the fact that celeb participants aren't subjected to quite as hard a challenge as regular contenders, the 2010-11 yuletide Celebrity Mastermind series saw some very impressive performances. Frank Gardener scored 20 in his general knowledge round, which is a remarkable achievement by anyone's standards. And Rhys Thomas racked up a magnificent 21 points in his specialist round, on the group Queen.
The highest score for the Celebrity version of the show, 36 points, was achieved by Hilary Kay and matched by Rhys Thomas in two separate 2010 editions. One of Kay's opponents, Richard Herring, equalled the previous record, which had been set by Lucy Porter in the 2009 Comedians Special for Children in Need: 35 points. Mark Watson had been close behind Porter in the latter edition with 33: this score was matched in 2011 by Lord Digby Jones. (We're pleased to report that Watson later won a 'regular' celebrity edition of the show, not with quite so high a score, but with a still-impressive 27 points). Prior to these records being set, the highest score for this version of the show had probably been the one achieved by Tom Ward in 2005: 31 points.
Jennifer Keaveney, the only person to score 40 twice, with Magnusson and Michael Grade
Other:
In a 2005 celebrity special, former Popstars winner Myleene Klass may have set a record for the most asynchronous performance - scoring 17 points from 18 questions about Sex & The City series 3, but only answering one question right in the general knowledge round. A contender on the 2003 regular series did something similar (if not quite on the same scale), scoring 12 points on the Harry Potter films (of which there were only two at the time), but only getting one right in her general knowledge round.
Production notes
By 1981 the programme had visited every British university, with Aberdeen the last to play host to the show.
One venue that provided some very interesting scenery was the National Motor Museum in Beaulieu, Hampshire, which played host to the show in 1983: it was certainly refreshingly different to see the contenders competing amid a collection of vintage vehicles. The same museum reappeared 21 years later on the first 'Junior Mastermind' Grand Final - not as a venue for the programme, but as the place where the eventual winner, Daniel Parker, had gone to research his chosen subject. That subject was 'James Bond Villains', although one would suspect that the museum was actually a more obvious research-venue for his previous subject, namely 'The Volkswagen Beetle'. (Not that it ultimately mattered in any case: he won the series in considerable style).
Though the regular series was produced in Manchester, the celebrity version was made for many years at BBC TV Centre in London. It only moved north in 2011, when the Salford complex opened.
Magnus-era scorekeeper Mary Craig also filled the same role on Television Top of the Form and its international spin-off Transworld Top Team .
In the Magnus Magnusson years, the questions and responses were carefully measured to give an optimum 20 questions per two-minute round. Each contestant's general knowledge round included one question about their home region, history, geography, literature, and science. According to question setter Janet Barker in a Radio Times article in 2010, modern general knowledge rounds take the individual contenders' backgrounds into account: "if someone’s got a career in science they might have a slightly harder one [on science] in their general knowledge than someone who was a musician."
In some of the early finals, the rounds were extended to three minutes. In the second round of the 2010 series, the specialist rounds were shortened to 90 seconds in order to cram five contenders into the regular half-hour slot (a format which has been retained for subsequent semi-finals). The 2010-11 series has also seen the general knowledge round extended to two and a half minutes in the heats, yet, bizarrely, this did not happen in any of the subsequent celebrity matches, in which the general knowledge round went back to the original two minutes. Actually, this may have been because Humphrys still chats to the celebrities between the rounds, which he no longer does with the regular series contenders.
Although Junior Mastermind did not make its debut until 2004, there had been a few children's versions of Mastermind during the Magnus-era. Around 1980/81, a special edition was made on Jim'll Fix It with a girl answering questions on the 'Mister Men' books by Roger Hargreaves: she achieved a very impressive score. There had also been a special edition screened as part of one of the BBC's Saturday morning programmes (either 'Swap Shop' or 'Saturday Superstore') around 1981/82. In addition, the show was amusingly mentioned on an early edition of The Vicar of Dibley, in which Geraldine (alias Dawn French) was telling her congregation that she'd once wanted to go on 'Mastermind', but had been unable to, partly because she was too young (at only four and a half) and partly because there wasn't much call for "The Wombles" as a specialist subject. Not at that time, maybe, but of course 'Junior Mastermind' started some ten years later - and, soon after that, on the regular series, one contender answered questions (which were actually quite hard) on "The Trumptonshire Trilogy", ie the Brian Cant -narrated kids' series, "Camberwick Green", "Trumpton" and "Chigley". As a minor footnote to this, when a contender on the 2005 Junior series took The Vicar of Dibley as a specialist subject, the question-setters couldn't resist a cheeky bit of self-reference and included one asking for Geraldine's proposed specialist subject - which, we're pleased to report, the contender, Robin Geddes, (who went on to win the series) got right.
An equally cheeky piece of self-reference occurred on another episode of the same series, when one contestant, James, was answering questions on "Fawlty Towers". During his chat with James in between the two rounds, Humphrys referred to the moment in the comedy when Basil told Sybil that she should go on "Mastermind" and that her specialist subject should be 'The Bleeding Obvious' - and James (not surprisingly, given that he had gained a high score on the subject) knew it well. This was actually used as a question in the 2010 Children In Need Celebrity Special, in which Fred MacAulay was also answering questions on 'Fawlty Towers' (or as the onscreen caption had it, "Farty Towels"), and he got it right too. Oh, and just to keep up the self-reference theme, MacAulay's general knowledge round also included the question, "Which comedy duo once performed a 'Mastermind' sketch with the specialist subject being ' Answering the Question Before Last '?" and he got that one right too - the answer being 'The Two Ronnies', of course.
There was a Doctor Who special in 2005, with Christopher Eccleston awarding the trophy. Eccleston also appeared on 'Junior Mastermind' the following year, offering help and encouragement to one of the finallists, Sam, who was answering questions on the former's 'Doctor Who' series. (Sam, by the way, turned out to be the grandson of the late and legendary cricket commentator Brian ('Johnners') Johnston, and John Humphrys was only too keen to talk with Sam about Johnners' most famous line, "The bowler's Holding, the batsman's Willey".)
Throughout most of the Magnus-years, Magnus would tell contenders who had passed their score, followed by an initial round of applause, then he would go through the passes, while those who hadn't would be told their score, followed by "And no passes - thank you very much". From time to time, the contenders who had passed would make to leave, thinking they had no passes, then do a double take and sit back down again and Magnus would usually say (humorously), "And just before you dash away, let me give you your (however many) passes..." One contender in the 1986 series, however, was so convinced that he had no passes that he actually returned to his seat and Magnus had to call him back. Probably as a result of this, the system later changed so that Magnus would announce the score, immediately followed by the number of passes (if any), so that there could be no doubt on the matter. The system was tweaked again when John Humphrys took over: he always deals with the passes before announcing the score.
A modified version of the Mastermind format was used for the US sports quiz series 2 Minute Drill (2000-1). Confusingly, there has since been a US quiz show called MasterMinds, which isn't based on this programme, but is rather a version of the College Bowl (UK: University Challenge ) format.
There was also a version in the Netherlands, called Megabrein. Marga Scott-Johnson tells us:
Sadly, it only ran for two seasons (1991-2 and 1992-3) due to disappointing viewing figures. I took part in the 1992-3 series and made it to the semi-final. In fact, taking part in Megabrein completely changed my life, as I met my first husband (Keith Scott, a contender on Mastermind in 1987 and 1995) through the Mastermind Club in the UK and as a result have lived in Britain since 1999!
Magnus Magnusson on one of Esther Rantzen's chat shows revealed that Mastermind's success was due in part to TV campaigner Mary Whitehouse. Mastermind was originally intentioned as a quiz for "insomniac academics" and shown in an appropriately late-night slot (around 10.15pm most weeks, with a daytime repeat later in the week, around 3.30pm). In 1973 the BBC were showing a sitcom called Casanova '73, written by Galton & Simpson and starring Leslie Phillips in full-on "hellllo laydees" mode. It wasn't exactly The Borgias, but nevertheless Whitehouse cast a glance at the BBC and they moved it past the watershed, leaving the way clear for Mastermind to fill the plum 8pm slot, right after Top of the Pops. And the rest, as they say, is history. So there we are.
Some of the show's 1996 editions were screened back-to-back with a very different show, namely Small Talk and the BBC produced an amusing trailer for both shows as a result. Magnus's voice would be heard saying, "May I have our first contender, please?" and a little boy would appear and announce, "My name's Jamie, I'm six years old and I'm a genius". Magnus would then ask, "Occupation?" and a little girl would say, "I can do a magic trick - watch!" (This 'trick' was putting a pencil on her top lip as a moustache - and the pencil duly fell off, surprise, surprise!) Finally, Magnus would ask, "And your chosen specialised subject?" and a rather serious little boy would say, "Er - I'm not sure about that question". A clever way of trailering two very contrasting shows and certainly a cut above the average BBC trailer.
The black chair was voted the second most iconic chair of the 20th century in a 2009 survey for House Beautiful magazine. Now that's trivial! It was beaten to the top spot by the copy of an Arne Jacobsen model 3107 from that famous photo of Christine Keeler . Should you want to buy one to intimidate your house guests, you may wish to know that the current chair is an Eames Soft Pad Chair made by Herman Miller. The one used on TV is specially modified, with detachable arms (in case a contender is too large to fit between them) and four feet instead of the usual five. The original chair was twice kidnapped, both times by students - quelle surprise!. Apparently it's now used at home by Magnus' daughter, the BBC Scotland newsreader Sally Magnusson.
Champions
Winners are listed with their specialist subjects. Before 1992, contenders could revert to their original subject for the final if they so wished. Discovery Mastermind, Junior Mastermind and Mastermind Cymru did not have a semi-final phase. There were two Junior Mastermind series in 2007. The 2007 Mastermind Series ran on into 2008.
Regular series
| 4 |
On which TV quiz show was Carol Smillie a hostess | How would you do in the Mastermind chair? Take the test · The Daily Edge
2FM's Rick O'Shea cradles his Celebrity Mastermind trophy, with host Nora Owen.
Image: TV3
IRELAND’S FIRST SERIES of Celebrity Mastermind wrapped up on TV3 last night , with 2FM broadcaster Rick O’Shea taking the title with a seriously impressive overall score of 32.
To put that in context, contestants on the British version of the show – in which participants face one round of questions on a specialist topic, and another on general knowledge – rarely score above 30 points.
In fact, had Rick – whose specialist subject was the Solar System, scoring 15 out of 15 in the first round – scored 32 in the final of the 2009 British series, he’d have won that too.
A score of 32 would almost certainly beat most contestants in other years – only five contestants scored higher points in the British series between 2005 and 2010.
Now while we obviously can’t question you on your specialist subject – the internet’s interactive, but it’s obviously not that interactive – we can at least try to see how you’d do when faced with the same general knowledge questions that Rick faced last night.
Here are the 21 general knowledge questions that Rick got, answering 17 correctly. How would you have done?
The answers are available in the link at the bottom.
What everyday item, used as a portable rain shelter, was also the title of a 2007 worldwide hit for pop singer Rihanna?
What is the current name of the Indian city formerly known as Bombay?
In which sport do teams compete for the Calcutta Cup?
Table salt has two chemical elements. Chlorine is one, what is the other?
A silver anniversary represents how many years of marriage?
Name the character played by Ronnie Barker in the BBC sitcom ‘Porridge’.
Which famous writer initially published her work under the alias ‘Ellis Bell’?
What substance, found in the fourth stomach of a young calf, has milk-curdling properties and is also used in the production of cheese?
Which Irish county has both a North Riding and a South Riding?
What is the profession of the fictional character Sweeney Todd?
In Greek Mythology, what did Prometheus steal from Zeus to give to mankind?
How many faces does a dodecahedron have?
Which County Tyrone-born singer wrote the theme tune for the TV sitcom ‘Father Ted’?
The wreck of which famous Irish ship was pinpointed deep in the north Atlantic in September in 1985?
In which holiday camps are the entertainers known as ‘Redcoats’?
What is the surname of the four acting brothers Alec, William, Stephen and Daniel?
From which French region does the Chablis wine come?
What feast day do Americans traditionally celebrate on the fourth Thursday of November every year?
Which Irish poet was one of the founders of the Abbey Theatre in Dublin?
What is the capital city of Spain?
If a car displays the initials CH, what country is it from?
| i don't know |
What is the home ground of Walsall F.C. called | Banks's Stadium | Walsall FC | Football Ground Guide
Football Ground Guide
Address: Bescot Crescent, Walsall, WS1 4SA
Telephone: 01922 622 791
Ticket Office: 01922 651 414/416
Pitch Size: 110 x 73 yards
Club Nickname: The Saddlers
Home Kit: Red and Black
Away Kit: Blue and White
Main Stand External View
Looking Towards The Tile Choice Stand
Main Stand
Looking Towards The KIA Stand
Tile Choice Stand External View
WHAT IS THE BANKS'S STADIUM LIKE?
The Saddlers moved to then called Bescot Stadium in 1990 from Fellows Park, which had been their home for 104 years. A fairly simple affair, somewhat similar to Glanford Park in Scunthorpe, which was opened two years earlier, the stadium received a boost in 2003 with the opening of a huge stand at one end. This is a large two tiered affair that completely dwarfs the rest of the ground. It is smart looking, with a glassed area running across its middle, which houses the concourse. Unusually, it has a slightly larger upper than lower tier. This end before it was re-developed was previously called the Gilbert Alsop (a former Walsall playing great) Stand, but in a commercial sponsorship deal, it is now currently called the Tile Choice Stand.
The rest of the stadium is totally enclosed with three of the stands being roughly the same height, giving it a 'box-like' feel. These stands are not particularly big, around 15 rows high. The corners are filled, but only for advertising hoardings. The Homeserve Main Stand on one side has a small television camera gantry perched on its roof, as well as the players tunnel and team dug outs at its front. At the back of the stand is a glassed area, which I presume is used for corporate hospitality. Opposite is the WFC Community Stand which is a simple seated stand that has dedicated areas for wheelchair users at its front.
The main disappointment is the large number of supporting pillars in each of the older stands (the newer Tile Choice Stand is pillar free). As Walsall unfortunately very rarely fill the stadium, this is not a huge problem. However, for big games this can be very annoying if you are unlucky enough to get seated behind one. There are four floodlight pylons mounted on the roof of each side stand. In one corner of the stadium between the away end and the Family Stand is a large video screen that was installed in 2014. In a corporate sponsorship deal with Marstons Brewery, the stadium has been renamed the Banks's Stadium.
FUTURE STADIUM DEVELOPMENTS
The Club have announced that they have been granted planning permission to redevelop the KIA (William Sharp) Stand at one end of the ground. The new stand would look similar to the Tile Choice Stand and add 2,300 seats to the stadium, raising the overall capacity to 13,500. It would also mean that up to 4,000 away supporters could be accommodated at that end. The back of the stand will also feature a giant advertising hoarding, clearly visible from the M6. However there are no firm time scales as to when this might actually happen.
WHAT IS IT LIKE FOR AWAY SUPPORTERS?
Away supporters are housed in the KIA Stand at one end of the ground, where around 2,000 away supporters can be accommodated. There are a few supporting pillars at the front which could impede your view. The good news though, is that even a small amount of away fans can really make some noise and make a good atmosphere. A trip to Walsall can be disappointing in terms of trying to get there and the stadium itself, but is more than countered by the relaxed atmosphere around the ground and the friendliness of the Walsall fans themselves. Neil Harding a visiting Hull City fan provides his thoughts on the stadium; 'In my opinion The Bescot has to be one of the poorest grounds in the country. It has a strange look to it with three covered stands all the same size, but one large stand that towers over the rest of the ground, giving it a somewhat lopsided feel. I found the away end to be rather cramped and the view distorted by one of the four pillars that run across the front. The only good thing is that it the stand is covered, which means a good away following can create a lot of noise. The away end is served by a food kiosk stuck in each corner, and near to the toilets which created a bit of a bottle neck at half time, especially as a large away following was present. The food though, if you are prepared to wait, was excellent, especially the chicken balti pies. The home fans didn't appear to be threatening in anyway and the stewards came across as a friendly bunch of people. The amount of police on duty though did seem a little excessive for what was a bit of a nothing game'.
Inside you will find a range of Pukka Pies available including Chicken Balti (allegedly Walsall were the first Club in the country to stock Balti pies) and Steak & Kidney Pies (£3), Cheeseburgers (£3.40), Burgers (£3.20), Hot Dogs (£3.20), Sausage Rolls (£2.10) and Pasties; Cornish (£2.40), Minced Beef and Onion (£2.40) and Cheese & Onion (£2.40).
Neutral supporter going to the game?
If you are a neutral supporter attending the game then I would recommend sitting in the Tilechoice Stand at one end of the ground. This is simply that situated between the two tiers is a large enclosed area that overlooks the pitch. This contains two bars, refreshment kiosks and a giant television screen showing the latest scores. I was very impressed with the facilities. In fact if the refreshment kiosks had been serving prawn sandwiches then I might have thought that I had stumbled into a corporate hospitality area!
PUBS FOR AWAY FANS
This is the Saddlers Club situated just outside the stadium that is happy to admit away supporters on matchdays on payment of a £2 entrance fee, although under 16's are admitted free. The Club has two rooms, a smaller one at the front which is for home supporters and a larger function room at the back, which is for away fans. This area has seating for 300, has a large screen showing Sky Sports news, has food on offer, such as pies & burgers plus they offered real ale (on my last visit this was Wychwood Hobgoblin). Overall, I was very impressed with the facilities, but as you would expect if there is a large away following it can get full pretty quickly.
Otherwise, the nearest pub to the ground is the King George V on Wallowes Lane. It is okay, but again understandably busy which can make it a bit difficult to get served quickly. It is about a 15 minute walk away, opposite the Morrisons Supermarket. If you are walking from the stadium, go out of the official car parks and down towards McDonalds. Go past McDonalds on your right and take a left hand turn into Wallowes Lane. At the end of the lane turn left onto the main road and the pub is just setback on the left. Away fans though should avoid the Fulbrook pub near to the ground. Otherwise after many years of opting not to sell alcohol to away supporters inside the stadium, the Club now serve beer to away fans!
DIRECTIONS AND CAR PARKING
Banks's Stadium is located right next to the M6, in fact you can see it from the motorway just north of the RAC Control Centre. Unfortunately, this stretch of motorway normally has a large traffic jam on both Saturday lunchtimes and early weekday evenings, so allow extra time.
From M6 South
Leave the M6 at Junction 7 and take the A34 towards Walsall (beware though of speed cameras on this stretch of dual carriageway). At the end of the dual carriageway turn left at the Bell Inn public house into Walstead Road (sign posted Bescot Stadium, Bescot Station Park & Ride). Continue straight on this road for two miles, passing another pub called the Tiger on your left. You will come to Bescot Stadium and entrance to the away end on your right.
From The M6 North
Leave the M6 at Junction 9 and take the A461 towards Walsall. Bear right on to the A4148 (Wallowes Lane) and turn right at the second set of traffic lights. You will see the ground on your left.
Car Parking
There is a good sized car park located at the ground behind the away stand, which costs £4. The car park lends itself to a quick getaway after the match. Bescot Railway Station also offers car parking for £2. Alternatively there is some street parking to be had off Wallowes Lane.
Post Code for SAT NAV: WS1 4SA
FIND AND BOOK YOUR WALSALL HOTEL OR NEARBY AND HELP SUPPORT THIS WEBSITE
If you require hotel accommodation in the Walsall or the Birmingham area then first try a hotel booking service provided by Booking.com . They offer all types of accommodation to suit all tastes and pockets from; Budget Hotels, Traditional Bed & Breakfast establishments to Five Star Hotels and Serviced Apartments. Plus their booking system is straightforward and easy to use. Yes this site will earn a small commission if you book through them, but it will help towards the running costs of keeping this Guide going.
BY TRAIN
The Banks's Stadium has its own Railway Station, called Bescot Stadium which is situated behind the away end and is only a few minutes walk from the turnstiles. Trains run there on a local line from Birmingham New Street and the journey time is around 20 minutes. There is a regular service on Saturdays along this line and you should not have too many problems getting away after the game.
Find train times, prices and book tickets with trainline. Booking tickets in advance will normally save you money!
BOOK TRAIN TICKETS WITH TRAINLINE
Remember if travelling by train then you can normally save on the cost of fares by booking in advance.
Visit the the trainline website to see how much you can save on the price of train tickets.
Click on the trainline logo below:
Like a number of Clubs Walsall have a category system (A & B) of ticket pricing, whereby the most popular games cost more to watch. Category A games are shown below with Category B prices in brackets.
Home Fans*
Homeserve Main Stand: Adults £23.50 (£22), Concessions £18 (£16.50)
Tile Choice Stand (Upper Tier): Adults £23 (B £21.50), Concessions £17 (B £15.50)
Tile Choice Stand (Lower Tier): Adults £19 (B £18), Concessions £15 (B £14)
WFC Community Stand: Adults £23 (B £21.50), Concessions £17 (B £15.50), Under 18's £15 (B £13.50)
WFC Community Stand (Family Tickets): 1 Adult + 1 Junior £25 (B £23.50), Extra Junior on family ticket £12 (B £10.50)
Away Fans*
KIA Stand: Adults £21 (B £20) Concessions £16.50 (B £15)
Family Tickets** 1 Adult + 1 Junior £23 (B £22), Extra Junior on family ticket £12 (B £10.50)
Concessions apply to Over 60's/Juniors who are Under 18.
* Please note that these prices are tickets purchased prior to matchday. Tickets bought on the day of the match can cost up to £2 more.
** These Family Tickets are only available on matchdays from the Walsall FC Ticket Office.
| Bescot Stadium |
What was the venue for the tragic Eubank v Watson fight | Walsall FC Club Contacts
Walsall FC Club Contacts
Get in touch with The Saddlers...
Registered Address: Banks's Stadium, Bescot Crescent, Walsall, West Midlands WS1 4SA
Company Registration Number: 171970
Please Note:
If you are a player looking for a trial with the club then please do not contact Walsall Football Club with online requests as these will be ignored. Please instead send a CV with as much detail of your experience and achievements as possible to the postal address above, marked for the attention of the 'First Team Manager'.
If you are a young footballer looking to break into the game and currently have minimal experience and little in the way of a CV, please send any relevant details to the postal address above, marked for the attention of the 'Academy Manager'.
If you are a collector of club memorabilia and are looking to obtain free Walsall Football Club souvenirs by contacting us online, then you will be disappointed. Badges, keyrings, posters and other such items can be purchased from the Banks's Stadium Club Shop or via our online shop www.walsallfcstore.co.uk.
Charities and other such organisations looking for donations, raffle items or other Walsall FC merchandise should write to Gemma Park at the address above on headed letter paper for a request to be considered.
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| i don't know |
Where is the German Grand Prix held | Ecclestone: German GP F1 race won't be held in 2017 | Autoweek
Advisors
There were plenty of people in the stands in 2014 (the last time the German Grand Prix was held). However, in recent times, Germany has not been able to support the race, and it appears it won't happen in 2017. Photo by LAT PHOTOGRAPHIC
Ecclestone: German GP F1 race won't be held in 2017
'Obviously Germany has lost the joy for F1'
December 16, 2015
Bernie Ecclestone is not confident about the future of the German Grand Prix.
Just a decade ago, the country was still in the grip of Michael Schumacher fever, which had revolutionized the popularity of Formula One in Germany.
But even though Sebastian Vettel, Nico Rosberg and Mercedes proudly wave the flag today, spectator numbers and television ratings are down and Germany did not even host a Grand Prix last year.
"It's a mystery to me," F1 supremo Ecclestone told Die Welt newspaper.
"I don't know what's going wrong, but obviously Germany has lost the joy for F1."
Currently, Hockenheim is confirmed to return with a 2016 race, but as the contract is for an annual alternation with the Nurburgring, 2017 could see Germany disappear from the calendar yet again.
Ecclestone blames the Nurburgring.
"When it was for sale, I agreed to buy it," he told the specialist German-language website Motorsport-Magazin.com.
"They came back to me and said they had an offer that was one or two million higher."
Ultimately, it is the higher bidder that has got the Nurburgring into its latest trouble, with Ecclestone charging, "The stupid thing is that, for the sake of two million, they lost someone who would have made sure the race is there for 100 years.
"It is disappointing and annoying, but that is why we lost the Nurburgring," Ecclestone said.
And he said he cannot imagine the situation changing in time for a German Grand Prix in 2017.
"I think we can say for sure that there will not be a race (then)," said Ecclestone.
"Next year is fine, because we have a contract," he added. "Not a very good one, but there is one."
By GMM
| Hockenheim |
Where are the annual British Showjumping Championship held | German Grand Prix likely dead for 2015 | Autoweek
Sebastian Vettel won the German Grand Prix the last time it was held at the Nurburgring in 2013. For the first time since 1960, it appears no German Grand Prix will be held. Photo by LAT PHOTOGRAPHIC
German Grand Prix likely dead for 2015
If race is officially cancelled, it won't be replaced on the schedule
March 18, 2015
The last slim hope for this year's German Grand Prix now appears to be gone.
With the embattled Nurburgring unable to fulfill its agreement to host the race in July, Formula One CEO Bernie Ecclestone had been in talks with Hockenheim about filling the place.
But circuit boss Georg Seiler told the Mannheimer Morgen newspaper on Tuesday, "We do not expect a Grand Prix to take place at Hockenheim in 2015. The timing for a commitment passed long ago, so a serious organization of the Grand Prix is no longer possible."
Ecclestone has already said that if Germany does not host a 2015 race, the July 19 date on the currently 20-race calendar will not be replaced.
SID news agency said Germany's removal, and the reduction of the calendar to 19 races, is likely to be formalized by the FIA's World Motor Sport Council on Friday.
The last time Germany did not host a Formula One race was 1960.
By GMM
| i don't know |
On which famous golf course would you find the twelfth hole at the edge of Rae's Creek | Donald Ross Design Wannamoisett Rhode Island | Golf Club Atlas
RI, USA
Green Keeper: Mark Daniels
All any architect can do is get the most from the property with which he is given to work. In that regard, Donald Ross set one of the gold standards in golf course architecture with his work at Wannamoisett. Above is a view across the second green to the famous one shot third hole.
The Wannamoisett golf course in Rumford, Rhode Island has everything and yet the property didn’t. The fact that Donald Ross managed to get so much out of seemingly so little is testimony to his skill as an architect (it is also testimony to the fact that his Rhode Island summer office wasn’t far away).
It is well documented that Wannamoisett occupies only 104 acres. What isn’t as well known is the variety that Ross enthused into each hole. The two-shot holes in particular are a fascinating mix and taken as a group, they are of singular merit. There are several monstrously difficult par fours, two of them (the second and ninth) requiring forced carries over gullies. On the shorter length par fours like the fifth and seventh, the golfer may well hit the green only to appear foolish as his putt from the back rolls off the front. In between, there is a host of fine two shotters that are nicely varied.
The art of fairway bunkering is alive and well at Wannamoisett . There are fifty-six fairway bunkers on the front nine alone (compare that to Augusta National for instance). Not only is length required off most tees, but the better golfer is always given something to do. Can he fade the tee ball around the bunkers on the inside of the fifth hole? Can he rifle a straight shot down the seventh fairway, avoid six fairway bunkers and stay on a ridge? Can he draw it up the throat of the tenth fairway? Does he carry the pond at the fourteenth with a driver or lay off to the left? Decisions, decisions, which is exactly what makes any course fun not just on the first round but for many thereafter.
At Wannamoisett , once you are in the fairway, the fun is just beginning. The approach shots vary from a hard chasing shot that runs onto the first green to flying the brook at the second, to hitting a plateau green on the third; you get the point. Ross excelled (even for him) in the green site selections at Wannamoisett . Many good golfers will tell you that these are among Ross’s two or three finest sets of greens. What’s ironic about that is that Wannamoisett came relatively earlier in Ross’s career. Later, he would build some wildly sophisticated greens like at Mountain Ridge and Plainfield in New Jersey with six feet plus of back to front slope and wild interior contour. Still, the ones at Wannamoisett are so varied and seem to flow so effortlessly out of the ground that they are beyond reproach. In part, credit is due to the club for having been such a good steward over the decades as all the original random undulations remain; the greens have never been touched, except to expand them out in their original size.
Ross expert Ron Forse has been working with the club since 2008 and has come to marvel at the variety found within the greens. As he states, ‘some of the greens like the second and tenth are hunkered down while others like the first and fourth are set at grade and then some of Ross’s very best are the ones found on natural plateaus like the fifth and seventh. All in all, the natural setting of the green sites makes Wannamoisett remarkable.’ Hitting the correct shot that allows the golfer to stay on the right side of the hole is an exercise in skill. Given today’s conditioning of the greens and their pacing, the golfer will soon appreciate the value of keeping the ball below the hole. The praise generally heaped on Inverness’s small undulating greens is equally deserved here.
Ross does a particularly fine job of rotating what he asks the golfer to do. At the tenth, the golfer may elect to land his ball some ten yards short of the punchbowl green and have it bound on. On the very next hole, Ross walled off the entrance to the green.
The cumulative result from the tee until the putt drops is a course that is good enough to test the best. Since 1962, Wannamoisett has hosted the Northeast Amateur, one of the most prestigious and important amateur events conducted in the United States. The course is closed for a week and the members open their home doors to the contestants. The list of past champions from Ben Crenshaw to David Duval attests to the quality of the design.
Holes to Note
First hole, 430 yards; Be ready is all we can say. While waiting to play during a rain delay, several members approached the author and said words to the effect of ‘Don’t be too discouraged. After the fourth hole, you will be OK .’ What a strange way to introduce your course and yet they were absolutely right. Speaking of rain, that’s a non-issue for Wannamoisett as the property is blessed with sandy soil throughout. The rock clusters that Ross would later bury underground at other New England stand-out courses like Salem Country Club and Essex County weren’t a factor. No doubt the quality of the sandy loam soil was a big help to Ross when he started crafting the greens and some of their subtle slopes like the ones found here at the first. In turn, these subtler features play so well because of the consistently firm playing conditions that Green Keeper Mark Daniels achieves from the sandy soil.
True lay of the land architecture involves shots like this with the flag barely visible above the brow of a hill. Too many modern architects would make a heinous cut in the fairway to provide perfect visuals of the putting surface - and what a shame that would be as the charm/mystery on the approach shot would be diluted.
Forse restored this pair of bunkers that Ross had built into two mounds that guard either side of the first green. While Ross would stop building bunkers in such an artificial manner by the 1920s, such eccentric features are why some students of architecture prefer Ross's courses built in the first half of his career to the more conventional ones later on.
Second hole, 505 yards; ‘Ferocious start’ and ‘ Wannamoisett ‘ go hand in hand which is ironic because that wasn’t the case when the course first opened in 1916. At the time, this 465 yard hole was a par five (as was the ninth) with a majority of golfers forced to lay-up of a gulley and brook short of the green. Of course, even in this day of 460cc drivers as opposed to the hickory clubs back then, many of us still treat the second as a par five! This is especially true ever since Ron Forse found room to add a new back tee in 2009, adding forty yards to the hole. At over 500 yards in length, top amateurs get a quick introduction to the fact that this par 69 course packs quite the punch.
If the golfer's tee ball doesn't find the fairway at the second, most elect to lay-up short of the gulley and care then needs to be taken not to get in this string of bunkers down the right side.
The steps in the foreground signify how the fairway runs out sixty-five yards short of the green.
Another view of the second green. Notice the potato chip waves in the putting surface.
Third hole, 135 yards; Ross was a fan of ’scooped-out pits’ and this hole is a prime example. One large bunker materializes out of the hillside on the left and sweeps around in front of the built-up plateau green that falls away steeply to the right. You either find the small target off the tee or you have an interesting recovery shot – and the small target is just plain difficult to find. A hole of this length that requires precision is the perfect foil to the mugging the first two holes provide. The Donald Ross Society thinks so much of it (and the course) that the third is their logo.
The pushed up, 3,200 square foot third green is tightly defended, entirely appropriate for a hole of modest length.
Don't even think about chasing after the back right hole location that Forse and the club have recently recovered as the tight grass to the right of the green leaves a very difficult recovery.
Fourth hole, 440 yards; Given that Wannamoisett came early in Ross’s career, there wasn’t any certainty as to what design principles he would necessarily apply here. Yes, his background from Dornoch and his superlative work at Essex County Club boded well but penal courses like Oakmont carried great sway pre-World War One. If there was ever any doubt though, Ross from this earliest days embraced strategic design elements and that penchant is showcased with the bunkering at the fourth. Talented golfers who avoid the fifty-eight yard long bunker that hugs the inside left of the fairway are rewarded with a clear shot to a green that is open in front. However, standing on the tee, most of us steer right away from the out of bounds and from that long, snaking bunker. In turn, we are left with a semi-blind approach over a large bunker that is 100 yards from the center of the green. Not only does depth perception become an issue but Ross used that forward bunker to mask two smaller bunkers on the right of the green that gather as many approach shots as the green. Does the golfer who can shape his tee ball from right to left appreciate the advantage that he gains? Absolutely. Hence, better amateur players are as quick to mention Wannamoisett as any course in the golf rich northeast of the United States.
The holes hit the landforms in all sorts of ways. As opposed to carrying the gulley with one's approach at the second, the golfer must now carry it off the tee at the fourth.
Ross's bunker 'style' resists being stereotyped at Wannamoisett, which speaks well as to the variety of shapes and sizes that he employed. This bunker to the left of the fourth fairway is much longer than it is wide and the fourth fairway bends around it.
Fifth hole, 370 yards; The property line that borders the fourth and fifth holes is essentially straight and yet Ross saw to it that the fourth bends to the left and the fifth bends to the right, thereby avoiding the sense of monotony that frequently accompanies one straightaway hole after another. In this case, Ross built three fairway bunkers with tall faces and then bent the fifth fairway to the right around them. While Wannamoisett wasn’t feature rich, it did have a dominant ridge that ran through a third of its mid-section. Ross seized on it where ever possible, starting here with a knob of a green. As a sign of his efficiency, he also found room on this 300 yard long rise for the eighth tee, seventh green, twelfth green, fifteenth green and sixteenth tee. In particular, his handiwork at the fifth and seventh green complexes stands out.
Ross's distinctive fairway bunkering with its tall grass faces forces the golfer to stay to the left. If ever a course plays to its full yardage, it's Wannamoisett.
Opened for play in 1916, the superb green complex at the fifth is as sure a sign as any that Ross was an immense talent.
Few courses in the United States feature shorter green to tee walks than at Wannamoisett. Pictured above is the left edge of the fifth green with the sixth tee just six paces away!
| Augusta |
What was the name of Johnny Kidd's backing group | RACV Healesville - Golf Course Reviews - thegolfforum.com
Location:Melbourne
Posted 20 March 2011 - 09:08 PM
The Royal Automobile Club of Victoria (RACV) is a large organisation. Within the various services it provides (insurance, travel, and a plethora of others) there exists a Club within a Club. Members of the RACV Club have the opportunity to enjoy a host of facilities throughout Victoria (Cape Schanck, Torquay, Inverloch, CBD, Healesville, Cobram) and even Royal Pines on the Gold Coast.
The RACV Healesville Country Club is situated in the Yarra Valley - a 75 minute drive from Melbourne.
The Country Club possesses 80 brand new fully appointed accommodation rooms, adjoining great conference facilities. Numerous dining rooms and caf� areas, a library, sports bar, day spa, fitness centre, games room, billiards room and swimming pool too. There's tennis courts, a three rink bowling green, a croquet lawn, and even a giant outdoor jumping pillow for young kids!
But what takes us there is the golf course, which includes a new four hole short course. Mike Clayton's course design firm was charged with the task of rejuvinating the existing course several years ago.
Sitting on clay soils, the course traverses some nicely undulating land, which generates typical Australian bush land vistas. Hills in the distance, and gums on either side of the fairways.
The course was not designed to host professional tournaments. It was designed first and foremost with repeat member play in mind. The RACV member demographic no doubt encompasses a broad age range, and likely an even broader spread of golfing skill and frequency of play. The course measures 4872m from the back marks (4272m for women), at par 68. The fairways are generously wide, with no forced carries. The greens are an absolute blast - dramatic and undulating, providing endless fun and challenge. They're playable for all, yet demand accuracy and respect from regular golfers trying to post a good score. The course is resultantly a perfect fit for the majority of the RACV Club members for whom it was designed.
Several years ago, Mike Clayton suggested "It's 5500 yards and the aim was to make a course where Geoff Ogilvy, his dad and his mum could play off the same tees and all really enjoy it. There are enough really fun shots on and around the greens for Geoff to enjoy it - as well as a couple of long 3s, short but interesting 4s and a couple of longish two-shotters to give him some difficult long shots."
The card reads like this -
#1 Par 4 328m Index 4
#2 Par 3 134m Index 13
#3 Par 4 335m Index 6
#4 Par 3 176m Index 8
#5 Par 4 351m Index 1
#6 Par 4 302m Index 10
#7 Par 4 348m Index 3
#8 Par 5 423m Index 12
#9 Par 4 287m Index 16
Out Par 35 2684m
#10 Par 3 130m Index 17
#11 Par 3 163m Index 11
#12 Par 4 265m Index 18
#13 Par 3 141m Index 14
#14 Par 4 341m Index 2
#15 Par 5 421m Index 5
#16 Par 3 125m Index 15
#17 Par 4 298m Index 7
#18 Par 4 304m Index 9
In Par 33 2188m
Total Par 68 4872m
and the route plan
The first hole is a 328m dog leg right par 4, playing uphill. The drive is bunkerless, as are several other through the round. The green is tough to visualise on the uphill approach.
1st tee shot
1st approach
If time didn't permit a visit to the practice putting green pre-round, the first green is enough to indicate what sort of putting challenges lie in wait. Boldly contoured, and divided into distinct segments, the first green possesses a bold rise within its back left quarter. The "greens within a green" concept is executed so well and so consistently at Healesville - a real feature of the course. Most greens are bunkered, and the first possesses a left side trap, and another at the rear. The hazard on the right (which when viewed from the fairway seems adjacent to the green) is more than 30m short of the green front. This too is a cool feature frequently encountered through the round.
1st hole, from green rear back down the fairway
1st green, viewed from right
MM
"It's balancing time at home and working out when to practise and when to spend time with them. Everybody who has kids knows from the first one it throws a fair spanner in their works. You realise how time-rich you were before, and how little time you've got afterwards. You have to get better at time management, which never really mattered before, and now it does." - Geoff Ogilvy
Location:Melbourne
Posted 20 March 2011 - 09:49 PM
The second hole at RACV is the first of the course's 6 par 3 holes. This one plays 134m uphill, with a putting surface almost completely unsighted from the tee.
2nd tee shot
Bunkering cut into the rise short left of the green is a little short of the putting surface.
One of the smallest and flattest greens on the course, it still possesses some nice internal movement.
Chipping from behind the green can be tough, with loads of short grass around the putting surface.
2nd green, from rear
"It's balancing time at home and working out when to practise and when to spend time with them. Everybody who has kids knows from the first one it throws a fair spanner in their works. You realise how time-rich you were before, and how little time you've got afterwards. You have to get better at time management, which never really mattered before, and now it does." - Geoff Ogilvy
Location:Melbourne
Posted 20 March 2011 - 10:01 PM
The third is a 335m downhill, straight, unbunkered par 4 with a big green. Sounds boring right?
3rd tee shot
Well, it looks harmless enough, despite the fairway being canted a little left to right.
There's a small knoll short left of the green which can complicate things. And the green is strongly contoured into three distinct zones. Errant approaches yielding putts from one zone to another will more often than not result in bogey. Going long on approach isn't great either.
3rd green
3rd green, from rear
"It's balancing time at home and working out when to practise and when to spend time with them. Everybody who has kids knows from the first one it throws a fair spanner in their works. You realise how time-rich you were before, and how little time you've got afterwards. You have to get better at time management, which never really mattered before, and now it does." - Geoff Ogilvy
Location:Melbourne
Posted 20 March 2011 - 10:06 PM
The 4th hole is a drop shot par three of 176m. On first glances, it appears similar to the 4th at Titirangi.
The tee shot is played to a large green, which features a marked longitudinal ridge dividing the green into an upper right two thirds, and a lower left third.
"It's balancing time at home and working out when to practise and when to spend time with them. Everybody who has kids knows from the first one it throws a fair spanner in their works. You realise how time-rich you were before, and how little time you've got afterwards. You have to get better at time management, which never really mattered before, and now it does." - Geoff Ogilvy
Location:Melbourne
Posted 21 March 2011 - 06:53 AM
The greens are an absolute blast - dramatic and undulating, providing endless fun and challenge. They're playable for all, yet demand accuracy and respect from regular golfers trying to post a good score. The course is resultantly a perfect fit for the majority of the RACV Club members for whom it was designed.
This is almost exactly how I described the course to NLS when I got home.
For those of you who get the idea I'm shit canning the place, incorrect, I just don't think it's top 25 material, it's good fun and a surprisingly easy walk and a nice place to play, it has plenty of everything for everyone, it's just not going to nudge many courses to far down the rankings (for what ever rankings are worth)
Recycling day makes me feel more like an alcoholic than regular days.
Posted 21 March 2011 - 07:39 AM
Glad you guys enjoyed the course.
The greens complexes seem like they were a talking point. They were designed to be on the bold side - as you pointed out they are its best defence - but its rare that you find yourself in an impossible position. Even on 18 if you find yourself on the wrong side of the horseshoe you can putt your ball around the central bunker. A lot of time was spent looking at all the different scenarios and making sure there was a slope or a rise which you could use as a backstop or which could help feed the ball close to the hole.
When they're firm and fast they're more effective as a defense but also much more fun, as you can feed the ball in off the slopes as was the intent. I think they also give the player with a good imagination a significant advantage.'
Mike
Posted 21 March 2011 - 08:02 AM
Glad you guys enjoyed the course.
The greens complexes seem like they were a talking point. They were designed to be on the bold side - as you pointed out they are its best defence - but its rare that you find yourself in an impossible position. Even on 18 if you find yourself on the wrong side of the horseshoe you can putt your ball around the central bunker. A lot of time was spent looking at all the different scenarios and making sure there was a slope or a rise which you could use as a backstop or which could help feed the ball close to the hole.
When they're firm and fast they're more effective as a defense but also much more fun, as you can feed the ball in off the slopes as was the intent. I think they also give the player with a good imagination a significant advantage.'
Mike
mjc
You don't see fescue striped all that offen, do you think it takes away from the appeal at all.
Great looking course by the way. Love the flag sticks.
Harley, Harley, Harley.
Posted 21 March 2011 - 08:43 AM
Danny,
Absolutely. Stripes take away from the what your trying to get the golfer to focus on ahead of them. Given that we're striving to make the course feel as natural as possible all those lines conspire to do exactly the opposite.
My approach to maintenance is one of simplicity. Simple mowing lines (there's nothing wrong with a straight line), no stripes, as little cut rough as you can get away with, tees and fairways cut at the same height and greens and tees linked with short grass wherever possible.
In Australia we're caught right between the UK and America. Those that fall on the side of the great links courses are easily the best - both to look at and to play - but unfortunately there are a lot that creep over to the other side of the line. Unfortunately like design, presentation is largely subjective. Lots of people think stripes look great and that stepped rough adds definition.
Mike
Gender:Male
Posted 21 March 2011 - 09:15 AM
I did find myself with an impossible putt on 8 (? the par 5) with a bunker between me and the hole and the slope taking it away towards the burn.
If I were defending a score I would have got the wedge out and dug a hole in your green, but the day being what it was I was happy enough to take a 3 putt bogey.
I reckon 17 was the scariest pin position over the back there. It felt like I was trying to stop on the downslope of the far side of a roof.
Memorable greens for me were 3, 5, 6, 8, 15,16, 17 and 18 - heck that's a long list. Maybe there is something to the place.
I really like the way 15 and 16 join up around that burn with all that fairway across to the 16th tee.
A woman is only a woman, but hefty drive is a slosh. - PG Wodehouse.
Posted 21 March 2011 - 10:01 AM
Danny,
Absolutely. Stripes take away from the what your trying to get the golfer to focus on ahead of them. Given that we're striving to make the course feel as natural as possible all those lines conspire to do exactly the opposite.
My approach to maintenance is one of simplicity. Simple mowing lines (there's nothing wrong with a straight line), no stripes, as little cut rough as you can get away with, tees and fairways cut at the same height and greens and tees linked with short grass wherever possible.
In Australia we're caught right between the UK and America. Those that fall on the side of the great links courses are easily the best - both to look at and to play - but unfortunately there are a lot that creep over to the other side of the line. Unfortunately like design, presentation is largely subjective. Lots of people think stripes look great and that stepped rough adds definition.
Mike
I think I can remember you once saying that Kauri Cliffs had something like 6-7 different heights of cut and they were proud of it.
Barnbougle Dunes had/has 3. greens, tees/fairways/green surrounds and rough.
I know which one I prefer.
Harley, Harley, Harley.
Gender:Male
Posted 21 March 2011 - 10:08 AM
I think I can remember you once saying that Kauri Cliffs had something like 6-7 different heights of cut and they were proud of it.
Barnbougle Dunes had/has 3. greens, tees/fairways/green surrounds and rough.
I know which one I prefer.
DNG
I agree with the sentiment.
I had trouble at BD finding the rough which had been cut. Marram grass yes, rough rarely found, apart from the island on 8 fairway and a bit of a fringe on some bunkers.
The lack of 'rough' at BD is also in line with mjc's sentiments.
mjc
gracias senor. I wish I had been at Healesville.
Benje
Location:Melbourne
Posted 21 March 2011 - 07:41 PM
The fifth hole is a par 4 of 351m. The hole bends gently to the left, around a solitary fairway bunker. Drives less than 200m yield a blind approach. This point, and the fact that this is the longest par 4 on the course, sees the fifth play as index #1.
5th tee shot
The approach is played to a wonderful kidney bean shaped green. Slopes right and beyond the green feed the ball back towards the hole. Approaches played too long may find a lone bunker beyond the green.
5th approach
Approach shots coming up short, or played with too much spin, trundle down a slope which drops away quickly from the central portion of the green.
Looking back down the 5th fairway
MM
"It's balancing time at home and working out when to practise and when to spend time with them. Everybody who has kids knows from the first one it throws a fair spanner in their works. You realise how time-rich you were before, and how little time you've got afterwards. You have to get better at time management, which never really mattered before, and now it does." - Geoff Ogilvy
Location:Melbourne
Posted 21 March 2011 - 07:57 PM
The sixth is a 302m par 4 - a wonderfully simple hole. It is also sure to be criticised by those who don't score well on it.
A small trap on the left of the fairway requires a 120m carry, and isn't really in play for most of us. The solitary trap 215m out on the right is where all the action should be.
6th tee shot
The green is bunkered on the left, and the putting surface is characterised by a large knoll on it's front left segment. The further right the tee shot is played, the easier the approach shot. Drives played to the left will invariably see a tough second shot, and sometimes an even tougher third.
6th approach
Several holes on The Old Course at St. Andrews feature sizeable undulations within their greens, or in the areas immediately prior. Holes 2 and 4 come to mind. Approach is best made after placing a drive with the undulation foremost in mind. The concept is employed here. And what's wrong with asking someone to hit an accurate tee shot on a short, reasonably wide hole?
MM
"It's balancing time at home and working out when to practise and when to spend time with them. Everybody who has kids knows from the first one it throws a fair spanner in their works. You realise how time-rich you were before, and how little time you've got afterwards. You have to get better at time management, which never really mattered before, and now it does." - Geoff Ogilvy
Location:Melbourne
Posted 21 March 2011 - 08:07 PM
The par 4 348m seventh plays through a wide fairway, uphill towards a large sweeping green.
7th tee shot
A single bunker sits on the left of the fairway, and on approach looks to be adjacent to the putting surface. The hazard is a few dozen metres short of the front edge of the green, like many on the course. They all do a good job of lulling one into thinking the approach is shorter than it actually is.
The generous green features more subtle and sweeping contours than many others on the course. It is more than 40m deep, and features a very nicely constructed false front.
7th green
"It's balancing time at home and working out when to practise and when to spend time with them. Everybody who has kids knows from the first one it throws a fair spanner in their works. You realise how time-rich you were before, and how little time you've got afterwards. You have to get better at time management, which never really mattered before, and now it does." - Geoff Ogilvy
Posted 21 March 2011 - 08:27 PM
benno - I understand it's tough for non RACV Club members to get a game.
I phoned twice in the first year the course was open and got a flat 'no' from the pro shop.
Maybe some of the forum members who are members could PM you and organise something?
The par 5 eighth hole descends the rise climbed by the preceding hole. At 423m downhill, it is eminently reachable. But the green is treacherous. And a diagonal water hazard must be negotiated before any putting's to be done.
8th tee shot
The solitary right side fairway bunker requires a 200m carry from the tee.
Those playing a second from near this hazard are presented with this view.
The diagonal creek meanders through the fairway from left to right, eventually hugging the right side of the green. Drives of 300m and longer may trickle into the creek, which appears much closer to the tee than it actually is.
Many TGF members will simply hit a mid or short iron second to the green, and hunt an eagle putt. The shot in best be accurate, as there are distinct greens within the green. Each quadrant is sharply defined, and putting from one to another is not often easy.
8th approach
Many regular RACV Club golfers will face a decision with their second shot - pins on the left side of the green may be best approached from the right, and vice versa. Where to place a second shot? When to cross the creek? What distance to leave for a third shot?
View from 8th green to 8th fairway
The green itself is large, with much of it's right half sloping towards the water hazard immediately right. A large left side bunker intrudes upon the putting surface to such an extent that balls on the front left quadrant are unable to be putted to the hole when it is cut back left. A cool feature, yet some will not like it.
8th green
On a course with several stand-out holes of high quality, this may be the pick for most.
"It's balancing time at home and working out when to practise and when to spend time with them. Everybody who has kids knows from the first one it throws a fair spanner in their works. You realise how time-rich you were before, and how little time you've got afterwards. You have to get better at time management, which never really mattered before, and now it does." - Geoff Ogilvy
Location:Melbourne
Posted 21 March 2011 - 09:16 PM
The final hole on the front nine at Healesville is another short 4 - 287m in length. The fairway tilts a little from left to right, and most tee shots will fall right, a point which yields the less desirable approach position. Again (unsurprisingly) the area from which approaches are best made is where a lone fairway bunker stands sentinel.
9th tee shot
Those trying to drive the green and falling short face this 50m bunker shot.
The ninth green is a more simple affair than most on the course, but is deceptively well contoured, with another good false front seen at the right of the green.
"It's balancing time at home and working out when to practise and when to spend time with them. Everybody who has kids knows from the first one it throws a fair spanner in their works. You realise how time-rich you were before, and how little time you've got afterwards. You have to get better at time management, which never really mattered before, and now it does." - Geoff Ogilvy
Posted 21 March 2011 - 09:43 PM
The back nine at RACV Healesville starts out with consecutive par 3s.
The tenth (130m) is a pretty looking hole with deep flanking bunkers pinching the front portion of the green. The seemingly safe and more expansive putting area towards the back of the green is quite intricately contoured, and more than enough to keep some scratching their heads.
10th tee shot
The eleventh affords much less visibility of the green from the tee.
Playing 163m, the lone bunker plays tricks with distance perception, sitting shorter of the green than most expect.
Lots of short grass around the green, and a neat little collection point short right of the putting surface.
"It's balancing time at home and working out when to practise and when to spend time with them. Everybody who has kids knows from the first one it throws a fair spanner in their works. You realise how time-rich you were before, and how little time you've got afterwards. You have to get better at time management, which never really mattered before, and now it does." - Geoff Ogilvy
Location:Melbourne
Posted 21 March 2011 - 10:05 PM
The twelfth hole at Healsville is another hole of high quality. A par 4 of 265 metres. Bunkered sparingly, but intelligently, with a ton of width, loads of options, more than enough temptation and a good green.
The putting surface is reachable from the tee, but despite looking manageable enough, there's trouble near the green. And, acres of fairway begging to be hit! The green is angled slightly across the axis of the hole, and constructed such that pins on the right are best attacked from the left of the fairway, and vice versa. As the picture below illustrates, when going right off the tee, it's much more straight forward a task approaching a pin on the left, rather than one on the green's right, tucked over the rise, adjacent to the guarding bunker.
The green is more subtly cotoured than most on the course. A small sheft sits just beyond the front right bunker, such that those suckered into driving the green with a flag just beyond the bunker had better land soft. Too strong a shot in - the ball trundles down the slope, towards the green's centre and rear bunkers.
On a course boasting more than a handful of high calibre holes, this is a genuine star. A high quality, strategic hole, yet owing to it's simplicity, may fly under the radar. The hole's geometry is very similar to the stellar 14th at Lost Farm, yet the green complex here is more sophisticated, exerting greater influence upon tee shot line. This hole would sit proudly on any Sandbelt course.
"It's balancing time at home and working out when to practise and when to spend time with them. Everybody who has kids knows from the first one it throws a fair spanner in their works. You realise how time-rich you were before, and how little time you've got afterwards. You have to get better at time management, which never really mattered before, and now it does." - Geoff Ogilvy
Location:Melbourne
Posted 21 March 2011 - 10:29 PM
The 13th is the penultimate par 3 of the day. Playing 141m, ever so slightly uphill. The large facing bunker generates an intimidating appearance to a relatively straight-forward shot. The green is artfully divided into front and back portions by a ridge which wanders through the green. Again, lots of short grass around the green, making for a broad variety of recovery options.
"It's balancing time at home and working out when to practise and when to spend time with them. Everybody who has kids knows from the first one it throws a fair spanner in their works. You realise how time-rich you were before, and how little time you've got afterwards. You have to get better at time management, which never really mattered before, and now it does." - Geoff Ogilvy
Location:Melbourne
Posted 22 March 2011 - 08:08 PM
The next hole is a 341m par 4. A generous and unbunkered fairway lies in wait.
The green is hemmed in by bunkers at all four corners, necessitatng an accurate approach. Particularly if the pin is cut in the narrow section of green pinched between the two front bunkers. From the fairway, the green appears to open out at the rear, yet it drops away quite quickly. Putts played to this bigger portion of green invariably produce lengthier and more testing first putts.
"It's balancing time at home and working out when to practise and when to spend time with them. Everybody who has kids knows from the first one it throws a fair spanner in their works. You realise how time-rich you were before, and how little time you've got afterwards. You have to get better at time management, which never really mattered before, and now it does." - Geoff Ogilvy
Location:Melbourne
Posted 22 March 2011 - 08:30 PM
Uppy, I tend to agree with you. Going right when the pin is left, and vice versa, may be a little help, but not essential, as many will have a wedge in hand for approach. I do recall feeling a little ho-hum on that tee.
The walk from 14 to 15 provides the chance to grab a drink and maybe some more balls,
courtesy of the enterprising children living adjacent to the course!
The fifteenth will be judged the best hole on the course by many. An unbunkered hole, it is a 421m par 5, which features a stream wandering through the length of the hole. The fairway is expansive, and the creek can't be more than a few metres wide at most points, yet it's effect on decision making and driving is great.
Where best to go? Can I get home in two? Should I challenge the creek on the drive?
The further left the drive is played, the better the angle into the green. The portion of fairway right of the creek is more generous.
This is what you see after a reasonable drive. The creek is much further from the green front than it appears. Long approaches played from this point can fall dozens of metres short of the green and remain dry.
There's a broad lay-up area right of the green, leaving a wedge third for those who aren't long, or who didn't drive their best. This area still necessitates clearing the creek on approach, as the green's right edge is nestled hard against the water hazard. The safer / further from the creek the lay up is played, the worse the approach angle.
The green features a "scooped out" segment through much of the middle segment of the green, almost making it a Biarritz in style. It's much like the depression within the left of the new green on 11 at The Lakes. The rear of the green is a higher plateau. This makes for interesting chipping and putting, while also demanding an accurate second from the longer, more skilled golfer aiming for eagle or birdie.
This is a fun, dramatic, individual hole, where anything from 3 to 7 can be had (and was among our boys on the day). Yet another hole of real class. It owes much of it's quality to construction, as well as design skill and imagiation, as if the creek appeared synthetic, the hole would lose much of it's charm.
"It's balancing time at home and working out when to practise and when to spend time with them. Everybody who has kids knows from the first one it throws a fair spanner in their works. You realise how time-rich you were before, and how little time you've got afterwards. You have to get better at time management, which never really mattered before, and now it does." - Geoff Ogilvy
Location:Melbourne
Posted 22 March 2011 - 08:46 PM
The 16th is the final par 3 of the day. At 125m it will be a short iron or wedge for most.
Placed innocuously on a flat, uninspiring segment of land, where one could so easily exit the 15th green, and walk to where the 17th tee sits. Yet this hole is another of quality, sits comfortably on the land, and within the routing, and is potentially of famous lineage.
The creek encountered on the previous hole meanders along, fronting the 16th green. Short grass extends from tee to hazard. The green is quite a wide target, yet not overly deep. It sits across the axis of the hole, slightly obliquely (8 o'clock to 2 o'clock), with its surface tilted from back to front. A bunker sits at the rear of the green.
I don't think it's too much to suggest that 16 at Healesville
is a copy of a famous, slightly longer par 3 we see on TV every year.
So much of this hole plays the same.
Yet - I can't believe Clayton would be involved in a homage to the boys at Augusta National...
Looking back to the 16th tee
"It's balancing time at home and working out when to practise and when to spend time with them. Everybody who has kids knows from the first one it throws a fair spanner in their works. You realise how time-rich you were before, and how little time you've got afterwards. You have to get better at time management, which never really mattered before, and now it does." - Geoff Ogilvy
Location:Melbourne
Posted 22 March 2011 - 09:52 PM
The seventeenth is yet another great short par 4, and at 298m will feel reachable for some. The fairway is again wide, and a lone left side fairway bunker obscures the green from view to those on the tee. But the flag is visible above the top line of the hazard, and it waves temptingly.
A direct line over the bunker is required if eagle putts are sought. Those falling short face a tricky chip, as a knoll within the left of the green repells balls to the right, and the green contours also feed off to the front and back of the putting surface.
Many golfers may elect to aim well right of the green, playing safe, into the broad fairway.
The green sits adjacent to a small scrubby rise, and is yet another with terrific undulation and fun putting.
"It's balancing time at home and working out when to practise and when to spend time with them. Everybody who has kids knows from the first one it throws a fair spanner in their works. You realise how time-rich you were before, and how little time you've got afterwards. You have to get better at time management, which never really mattered before, and now it does." - Geoff Ogilvy
Location:Melbourne
Posted 22 March 2011 - 10:41 PM
The final hole at Healesville is a show-stopper. A 304m par 4, played from an elevated tee, into a broad valley, then up to a wild, imaginative green.
The fairway is bisected by a long, slender bunker which ascends towards the green. The left flank of the fairway is also bunkered, but transversely, presenting a carry of 220m.
Driving into the skinny central fairway bunker presents this view and a 60m uphill sand shot
The green on the home hole is amazing. A boomerang shape, with a caverous front bunker sitting in between the left and right wings of the green. A clear head is required on the tee, as drives are best placed on the same side of the fairway as the pin. The pressure is also on approach play, with great undulation and unique geometry of the green presenting it's share of challenges.
Chipping and putting from the back of the green is tougher than it looks. And putting from one wing of the green, all the way up and around the bunker, back down onto the other side of the green, is quite possible.
What a dramatic completion to the round.
RACV Healesville is a perfect template for future course design and construction. It successfully addresses so many of the ills in our game today. We lament the escalating cost of land acquisition necessitated by far flying balls and modern clubs. And the increasing time a round takes when walking modern, lengthy courses. Such layouts are costly to build, and expensive to maintain. They often aren't much fun. Especially for beginners, the aeging golfers, and the less skilled. They do little to stimulate greater participation in the sport.
Yet here is a course which was completely renovated, and shortened by around 100 yards! With a modest 38 bunkers. The greens are imaginative, fun, challenging, and unique. The fairways are wide, and several are devoid of hazards. Short grass encompasses most greens. The course is playable for all, and facets are enjoyable and stimulating for those on handicaps of 1, through to those with handicaps over 30, and even beginners. Brains are rewarded much more so than brawn. The demographic to which the course appeals may be one of the widest of all courses on Earth.
From an economic viewpoint, the shorter and sparingly bunkered course is easier to upkeep. Especially with the maintenance practices sugested by Clayton's design firm specifying simple mowing, with tees, fairways and surrounds all one height. If only this advice was followed
I can't help but think that Healesville provides an experience enjoyed by those playing Augusta National in the early days of the course's life. Exciting water hazards, boldly contoured greens with wickedly breaking putts. A course of manageable length and less bunkers than convention would dictate. Wide fairways with minimal rough, where thoughtful placement of drives was rewarded, all on a course covering picturesque undulating contryside.
Some might scoff at a par 68 course almost a mile shorter than historic local tournament venues. Yet the intelligent golfer will look at Healesville and marvel at the quality of so many holes. 5, 6, 8, 12, 15, 16, 17 and 18 are all of high calibre. Collectively, they may lift a sub-5000m par 68 course into the nation's Top 50. If offerred a game at Healesville, or any of the courses recognised as sitting around #30 to #50 in the country, I wouldn't hesitate to grab the clubs and drive to the Yarra Valley. Putting some of Melbourne's older Sandbelt clubs' noses out of joint in the process.
MM
"It's balancing time at home and working out when to practise and when to spend time with them. Everybody who has kids knows from the first one it throws a fair spanner in their works. You realise how time-rich you were before, and how little time you've got afterwards. You have to get better at time management, which never really mattered before, and now it does." - Geoff Ogilvy
Gender:Male
Posted 23 March 2011 - 06:52 AM
Great review Matt, the course is super fun and for the first time ever 2 of my 3 favourite holes are par 5's. I always like short par 4's the best but the extra questions posed by 8 & 15 were certainly highlights of the round. 18 was a showstopper, an absolute world class hole and 12 was the best of the 4's for mine. Greens were exciting & laugh out loud over the top at times, I think they are the signature feature of the course. I'm looking into RACV club membership at the moment simply off the back of the course, I can't wait to get back there again.
Note - I am not bullying you
Gender:Male
Posted 23 March 2011 - 07:15 AM
Now I've had some time to separate my performance on the day from my thoughts on the course I think I really like the closing 4 holes. All of them contain tests of nerve rather than being the long, brutal slogs that I think is the curse of recent architecture.
15 has the short road down the left while you flirt with the creek.
16 will always feel like the pin is 2 steps past the creek and good luck if you end up in the back bunker.
17 requires some real skill to hold the green
18 seems to have more options on how to play it as you stand on the tee than anything I can remember. You can lay up left, middle or right, you can go a bit longer left or right, or you can have a crack at the green if you are long like Taz.
Uppy or 2-Dogs - did you take any photos of the short course? If so, can you share them please, because the boys should see what they missed. 1 and 3 down there highlights and on a quiet day you could turn the 4 holes into a dozen or more.
A woman is only a woman, but hefty drive is a slosh. - PG Wodehouse.
2938 posts
Posted 23 March 2011 - 07:20 AM
From an outsider looking in that has not seen the place I can only imagine the greens were built "over the top" to create some added excitement at the end of the golf hole and provide some serious teeth. How would that course be rated and enjoyed if there were flattish and tame greens ? I'm guessing it would be too much of a pushover.
I remember working with Ross at Pacific Harbour on a dead flat site and early on in the peace he decided to go a little "over the top" with the putting surfaces as with mundane and uninteresting greens it would have just blended in with the other Sunshine Coast Courses. Now of course PH is a totally different animal to Healesville but I'm sure they both will endure some criticism of excessively bumpy greens.
Which leads me to my usual dilemma. I can see so much at Healesville that is sensational yet so much of it is such a hard sell to most club committee guys. I struggle every day with fights about Par 72 and lengthening layouts and of course that magical word..the RATING number. I'm sure Clayts and Mike had a much smoother ride out there with the RACV and I trust there weren't not too many committee guys pushing the length or rating argument. I envy the design team for having such a hindrance free run (if this was in fact the case).
I can't wait to come down and check the joint out.
Just dip once....then end it !
Posted 23 March 2011 - 08:38 AM
Thanks for the review Matt for those of us that couldn't be there.
It looks like a lot of fun. Short 4s are my favourite holes, and the ones here certainly look interesting.
It would be great to have several opportunities to play there though, I think it would take time to play the holes using all of the different options - there is a fair chance I would try driver on all of them though the first time.
from the pics I can see plenty of similarities with Clayton's work at Peninsula, particularly with the meandering creek so similar to the one on Pen Sth 1 and 5, and the use of the diagonal bunkering in the fairways of some of the short 4s.
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Who was the composer of the opera Hansel and Gretel | Hansel & Gretel, the opera by Engelbert Humperdinck
By Engelbert Humperdinck
The Opera
“Hänsel und Gretel” is an opera by nineteenth-century composer Engelbert Humperdinck, who described it as a “fairy tale opera”.
The libretto was written by Humperdinck's sister, based on the Grimm brothers' Hansel and Gretel.
It is much admired for its folk music-inspired themes, one of the most famous being the "Evening Benediction" from Act 2.
The idea for the opera was proposed to Humperdinck by his sister, who approached him about writing music for songs that she had written for her children for Christmas, based on "Hänsel und Gretel."
After several revisions, the musical sketches and the songs were turned into a full-scale opera.
The opera was first performed in Weimar on 23 December 1893, conducted by Richard Strauss.
Since its earliest performances it has been associated with Christmas ever since and even today it is frequently performed at Christmas time.
A favourite of children and adults alike, opera companies frequently produce this opera in various themed guises.
The sheer fantasy of the story allows for many creative indulgences.
| Engelbert Humperdinck |
What is the national anthem of Bermuda called | Humperdinck: Hansel and Gretel - Charles Mackerras | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Humperdinck: Hansel and Gretel
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AllMusic Review by Stephen Eddins
Hansel und Gretel has probably been performed and recorded in English translation more than any other foreign language opera, due at least in part to widespread efforts to market it as a "starter" opera for children, and therefore make it as user-friendly as possible. Chandos' admirable Opera in English series has produced many landmark English language recordings, including works like Lulu and The Makropulos Case, but with so many fine translated versions of Hansel and Gretel available, this might seem to be the one opera that needn't be tackled. Several things, though, make it a valuable addition to the catalog. Not least is the excellent new translation by David Pountney . It's less literal than traditional versions, but it's clever and poetic, and hearing the opera begin with a verse other than "Susie, little Susie, pray what is the news" is hugely refreshing. Charles Mackerras ' conducting captures the score's broad romantic sweep, but he doesn't quite pull off the difficult trick of making the children's music sound genuinely playful and spontaneous. Aside from that caveat, his shapely reading and loving attention to detail reveal the score as the jewel that it is. Only Rebecca Evans as Gretel, with a voice that turns shrill in its upper register, falls short of the stellar performances of the rest of the cast. Jennifer Larmore is appealingly warm and exuberant as Hansel. Jane Henschel , as the Witch, makes the character at first funny, then scary, without mugging and without sacrificing beautiful, full tone. Rosalind Plowright and Robert Hayward as the parents offer personable and vocally solid performances.
As is unfortunately common in this series, Chandos' engineering overdoes the simulation of theatrical space by fiddling with the volume of different singers' miking. It's extremely distracting to have one singer in an ensemble sound close enough to hug, and the other seem to be standing at the far end of a long hallway, or to have a solo begin at normal volume and then fade to near inaudibility in a misguided attempt to approximate stage movement. That kind of acoustic vagary can be unavoidable in a live performance, but for a studio recording it would be preferable in most situations just to have the singers lined up and miked at levels that balance with each other and with the orchestra. Is anyone at Chandos listening?
Track Listing - Disc 1
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Which river forms the border between America and Mexico | Rivers in North America - North American Rivers, Major Rivers in Canada Us Mexico - Worldatlas.com
Rivers in North America - North American Rivers, Major Rivers in Canada Us Mexico
Ohio:
Formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the Ohio flows generally southwest. It forms the natural borders of Ohio and West Virginia, Ohio and Kentucky, as well as parts of the borders of Indiana, Illinois and Kentucky. It empties into the Mississippi River at the Illinois border and is (975 miles) (1,569 km) long.
Rio Grande:
It is one of the longest rivers in North America at (1,885 miles) (3,034 km). It begins in the San Juan Mountains of southern Colorado, then flows south through New Mexico. It forms the natural border between Texas and the country of Mexico as it flows southeast to the Gulf of Mexico. In Mexico it is known as Rio Bravo del Norte. Used for drinking water by both countries, the river is becoming more polluted as population centers that dot the river grow in size, and then dump sewage and pesticides into the water.
St. Lawrence:
This river flows northeast out of Lake Ontario and on into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It's (760 miles) (1,225 km) in length and permits the passage of deep-water ships between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes. It includes a series of man-made canals, locks and dams, and is considered one of the most vital shipping routes on the planet. Additional details on the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes.
Yukon:
It begins in the southwestern edge of the Yukon Territory of Canada, and then flows northwest across the border into Alaska. This massive river continues southwest across central Alaska, ending at the Bering Sea. Even at a length of (1,265 miles) (2.035 km), most of it is navigable, however, it remains frozen from October through mid-June.
| Rio Grande |
Into which channel does the River Severn discharge | Latin America Mapping Questions - StudyBlue
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Latin America Mapping Questions
Last Modified: 2012-11-15
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What river cuts through the desert and forms a border between Mexico and the United States?
Rio Grande
What mountains in the western portion of South
America run roughly parallel to the Pacific Coast
for more than 5,000 miles?
Andes Mountains
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What is the main mountain range in western Mexico that runs roughly parallel to the Pacific Coast?
Sierra Madre Occidental
What are the highlands in the northern portion of South America that separate Venezuela, Suriname, and French Guiana from Brazil?
Guiana Highlands
What is the huge plateau that covers most of central Mexico and is surrounded by mountains?
Plateau of Mexico
What is the large lake in the northern tip of South America that has a small opening to the Atlantic Ocean?
Lake Maracaibo
What is the major river in the northern portion of South America that winds from Guiana Highlands
to the Atlantic Ocean?
What is the large peninsula in Mexico that extends into the Gulf of Mexico?
Yucatan Peninsula
What is the long rive r in South America that
winds from Peru through northern Brazil and
empties into the Atlantic Ocean?
Amazon River
What is the main mountain range in eastern Mexico that begins south of the Rio Grande?
Sierra Madre Oriental
What lake is located high in the Andes Mountains and forms part of the border between Peru and Bolivia
Lake Titicaca
What is the plain that extends through northern Argentina, Paraguay, and southern Bolivia?
Gran Chaco
What is the plateau located in southern Argentina between the Andes Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean?
Patagonia Plateau
What is the plain that covers most of central Argentina?
Pampas
What is the desert located in northern Chile
that is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west
and the Andes Mountains to the east?
Atacama Desert
What is the vast river basin that covers most of
northern Brazil and parts of Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela?
Amazon Basin
What is the large lake located in southwest Nicaragua that drains into the Caribbean Sea?
Lake Nicaragua
What is the estuary (place where a river meets the sea) on the southeast coast of South America formed by the meeting of the Paraná and Uruguay Rivers?
Rio de la Plata
What is the archipelago (chain of islands) located
at the southern tip of South America and divided
between Chile and Argentina?
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On which river would you find Luxor | The Top-10 River Nile Must-Sees from the source to the Nile Delta
The Top-10 Must-Sees along the length of the River Nile
The River Nile is the world's longest and most magical river, playing host to some of Africa's most amazing spots. While most people associate the Nile's must-sees with Egypt, Egypt has just 1,500 of the Nile's 8,250 kilometres - counting both the White and Blue Niles. To claim the true Nile's Greatest Hits, one needs to consider all of the sites from the Nile sources deep in the heart of Africa, along the Nile River Valley to the Nile Delta. So taking that into account, here's the Top-10 River Nile Must-Sees:
1. Cairo, Egypt
Ahhh Cairo, Africa's largest city and unrivalled by few anywhere for excitement. It's the type of place where even the air's smell and taste reverberates the city's energy. There's obviously the last remaining ancient world wonder of the Great Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx overlooking the city, but add that to the cluttered, yet jaw-dropping ancient collection at Cairo Museum and the narrow medieval lanes of Islamic Cairo. Cairo is also the gateway to the Nile Delta and that's just the start! Many people's first impressions of Cairo aren't great, but do some planning beforehand to make the most of everything this melting pot has to offer!
Away from Cairo's pyramids and museums are the enchanting medieval lanes of Islamic Cairo.
2. Meroe Royal City, Sudan
Nowhere along the Nile has a greater concentration of ancient pyramids than the Meroe Royal City in Northern Sudan. More than two hundred pyramids rise elegantly around the rim of a sandy Sahara basin a few miles from the River Nile. Meroe was once the revered capital of the Black Pharaohs who ruled over much of Egypt, but nowadays it is only visited by a handful of people. There is next to no tourism infrastructure close by which means it is common to have these magnificent ancient treasures all to yourself. It's 200km from Khartoum, and there are a few transport options to get there from the capital.
Be awed by more than 200 ancient pyramids at Meroe Royal City.
3. Aswan, Egypt
Aswan is the Nile you see in story books. The white sails of feluccas dot the glistening river ferrying tourists to botanic islands and charming Nubian villages with a backdrop of golden sandy mountains. Strolling through the colourful markets you'll experience a blend of Nubian and Egyptian culture, but for Colonial Victorian grandeur, overlooking the Nile from the deck of the Old Cataract Hotel would be hard to top. On a day trip to Abu Simbel on Lake Nasser, you will see arguably the most awe-inspiring temples from ancient Egypt.
Brace yourself for when you first set eyes on the giant statues of Abu Simbel close to Aswan.
4. Lake Tana, Ethiopia
There are few better places to enjoy Ethiopia's beautiful culture, food and dance than in Bahir Dar on the shores of Lake Tana. The palm-lined streets lead to a jetty where pelicans play and boats take you to any of the lake's 37 islands. On 20 of the islands there are historic monasteries as old as 700 years, each emblazoned with wall-sized colourful murals and treasures ranging from mummified remains of Ethiopian emperors, to their swords, to their old books. My favourite monastery is the men-only Daga Istefanos perched on a cliff on a bushy island overlooking Lake Tana - sorry girls, even hens, nanny goats and she-donkeys aren't allowed, but there are plenty of other interesting monasteries to visit. Lake Tana is the source of the Blue Nile and a handy spot to see upper reaches of the river from.
Monks and 700-year old Monesteries dot Lake Tana's lush islands in the Ethiopian Highlands.
5. Jinja, Uganda
The adventure capital of Uganda on the northern side of Lake Victoria is home to some of the best commercial whitewater rafting in Africa. Friendly and professional rafting operators offer adrenaline-packed rafting adventures on the White Nile. The trips crash down through unspoilt forests with plenty of wildlife including birdlife, cheeky monkeys and a few crocodiles sunning themselves on the bank. If the whitewater doesn't float your boat, there's bungy jumping, horse trekking and a handful of other adventures.
Whitewater rafting on the White Nile in Uganda.
6. Luxor, Egypt
If there is one place to get a true appreciation of the scale the Nile's ancient civilisation, it is Luxor in the heart of Egypt's Nile River Valley. 85% of the remains of ancient Egypt are in and around Luxor. The jewel of Luxor is Karnack Temple, one of the greatest ever feats of construction. For 1,500 years each pharaoh tried to outdo the last, building magnificent obelisks, columns, sphinxes, statues and eventually the 5,500 square metre hypostyle hall with its 134 columns, ten metres around, soaring 26 metres high. It's larger than any ancient religious site in the world; big enough to fit nine of Rome's St. Peter's Basilicas. And across the Nile on the west bank, there's the Valley of the Kings and Queens where new tombs seem to be discovered every day. In 1922, it was where Howard Carter uncovered King Tut's tomb. If you've got spare cash, take a hot air balloon ride over Luxor to see another perspective of it.
Luxor Temple in the heart of Luxor.
7. The Blue Nile Falls and Blue Nile Gorge, Ethiopia
Blue Nile Falls are the second highest falls in Africa and an icon throughout Ethiopia, although most days it's full flow is diverted to power station. Around the falls there are gorgeous grassy mountains dotted with straw-hut villages. Further downstream, the Blue Nile crashes through the some of the most stunning scenery anywhere, an area considered the Grand Canyon of Africa. Much of the Blue Nile Gorge is flanked with dramatic jungle walls that climb a mile high through some of the remotest parts of Africa. In fact, large sections of the Blue Nile were not mapped until 1930s. The wildlife is truly wild in the gorge with an abundance of game, wart hogs, baboons, hippos and the infamous Nile Crocodile. Due to the dangers and inaccessibility, there are no tourist operations in the Blue Nile Gorge. To see it you will need to organise a fully-fledged expedition, however you can catch glimpses on the drive from Addis Ababa to Bahir Dar, or by taking a rough 2-day hike to the 370 year-old 2nd Portuguese Bridge from the town of Mota.
The Blue Nile Gorge at the cliffs retreat from the Blue Nile River.
8. Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda
Uganda's largest national park is best known for its namesake, the spectacular Murchison Falls. The falls are where the flow of the White Nile is forced through a narrow gap in the rocky escarpment before plunging 43 metres below. Although the park was heavily poached in the 1980s, it now boats large populations of elephants, giraffes, game, chimps, and even lions. The landscape varies from wild savannah grasslands to lush rainforest. The Nile itself hosts hippos, crocodiles and a collection of birds including the rare shoebill stork.
Giraffes at Murchison Falls National Park in Uganda.
9. The Sudd, Southern Sudan
The Sudd is a truly unique destination in the world's newest nation - the world's largest swamp, swelling to the size of England in rainy season. The area is home to the fascinating Dinka, Nuer and Shilluk tribes, some who look, live and hunt on the floating reed islands in the same way they have for thousands of years. The swamp is rich with wildlife; it was only in 2007 when scientists discovered significant numbers of white-eared kob antelopes - a herd numbering 800,000. When joined by Mongalla gazelles and Tiang antelopes they form migrating herds of more than 1.2 million in number and 80km by 48km in size. It is also an internationally significant stopover for millions of migratory birds. Now Southern Sudan is an independent nation, I'd expect travelling there will be less of a drama, however visiting The Sudd won't be easy for some time - the few boats that travel through carry saws and chains to clear floating reed islands that constantly alter the routes. But persevere, it will be incredibly rewarding.
A decoratively scarred Nuer woman common in the Sudd.
10. Karima, Sudan
Karima is a relaxed and friendly town of colourfully painted adobe buildings at the foot of the stately Jebel Bakal mountain. The mountain was a spiritual place for ancient Egyptians and Nubians, who believed all Gods were born there. In the shadow of Jebel Bakal are the 3,750 year-old ruins of the Temple of Amon, where carved columns and rows of Sphinx rise from hieroglyphic rubble. Around the mountain, you'll find two rows of perfectly intact pyramids where powerful Kushite royals were buried. Like most sites in Sudan, there is absolutely no one else around. There are numerous other ancient sites close to Karima including more pyramids at Merowe and the medieval Old Dongola where more than 40 large rugby ball-shaped tombs spill out across the Nubian desert.
The view atop of Jebel Bakal, with ancient ruins below and the contrasting lushness of the Nile and the Sahara Desert.
Well that wraps the Top-10 River Nile Must-Sees. I could have included another 100 sites from the Nile Source, through the Nile Valley, to the Nile Delta, but I want to leave something for you to discover for yourself. Happy travelling!
My friend Les Jickling and I spent 5 months on our backsides paddling from the Blue Nile source to the sea. Upon reaching the Med we became the first people to ever paddle the full length of the Nile from either of its sources. It was quite an expedition! There's some info about our Nile paddling adventure here , I'd recommend taking a look!
Other interesting Nile River pages:
| Nile |
The Granta is another name for which English river | Nile River Facts for Kids - Interesting Facts about the Nile River
Enjoy our awesome range of Earth facts for kids. Check out the cool trivia and have fun learning about some of our planet's most amazing features.
Nile River Facts
Check out these fun Nile River facts for kids. Learn about where the Nile River is located, its relationship to Ancient Egypt, how long it is, the agriculture it supports and more. Enjoy our range of interesting facts about the Nile River.
The length of the Nile River is approximately 6650 kilometres (4132 miles). It is believed to be the longest river in the world.
Located in Africa, the Nile River lies in the following countries: Kenya, Eritrea, Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia.
The Nile River has huge significance in regards to Ancient Egypt. Most of Ancient Egypt’s historical sites are located along the banks of the Nile River including cities such as Luxor and Cairo.
In 2004, the White Nile Expedition became the first to navigate the entire length of the Nile River. The expedition began in Uganda and finished in Rosetta, taking four months and two weeks to complete.
The Nile Delta in Northern Egypt is where the Nile River drains in to the Mediterranean Sea. It is around 160 kilometres (100 miles) in length and spreads out over 240 kilometres (149 miles) of coastline. It is rich in agriculture and has been farmed for thousands of years.
Around 40 million people (half of Egypt’s population) live in the Nile Delta region.
In 1787, the famous Rosetta stone was found in the Nile Delta in the city of Rosetta. This Ancient Egyptian artifact played a key role in modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphics.
The Aswan High Dam was built in 1970 to help regulate flooding of the Nile River. Before the Aswan Dam was built, years that featured high levels of water could wipe out crops while years of low level water could produce famines and drought. The dam helps control these water levels.
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Which European country was ruled by Queens throughout the 20th Century | European Queens, Empresses and Regents
from the year BCE 1200
Female rulers of principalities, duchies, counties, baronies are not included
Around 1200 Legendary Queen Camilla of Lathium (United Kingdom)
Ruled of one of the British tribes.
590-59 Legendary Ruler Adela of Friesland (The Netherlands and Germany)
After the murder of Frana in 586 BCE, the people wanted the "borugh maid" Adela to be their new Earth Mother, but she refused because she wished to resign from her citadel and marry, which she did. For the next thirty years no Mother could be elected because each state supported the its own Maiden. More land was lost to the Magy of the Finns and Magyars but not by conquest of arms. He used propaganda on children and bribes on the nobles, promising them permanent hereditary offices with special privileges. These were long term plans that undermined the very foundation of Friesland society. During Adela�s unofficial reign, nobles were then being mentioned but the meaning of such offices was changing. A count took the public inventory; he counted, initially the market sales which were taxed and the profits of the ships which were shared and later on, the military levy of armed men. It eventually became a position of privilege, even an hereditary one. A duke was a hearer of disputes like a local judge and it has already been mentioned that a king was an elected short-term commander.
Before 512 Queen Hypsipyle of Lemnos (Greece)
In the ancient realm of myth there is the account that in prehistoric times the island Lemnos was only inhabited by women. This island was called gynaikokratumene, which means reigned by women. In the Greek myth about the Argonauts
, a group of men comes to this island on their way to the land of Colchis (in the East of the Black Sea), which was ruled by Hypsipyle. These women of Lemnos lived as self-confident Amazons on this island, their aim of life was not focused on fighting against men. It is likely that this myth reflects former matriarchal life on this island.
Circa 480 Queen and Admiral Artemisia I of Caria-Harlikarnassos and Kos (Turkey)
As a vassal of Persia, Artemisia was obliged to recruit her own small force when Xerxes invaded Greece - in fact, Artemisia commanded five ships in her own right. Artemisia alone of his commanders advised Xerxes against a naval battle with the Greeks but Xerxes, however, chose to follow the advice of his male advisors, and met the Greeks on the sea in the channel of Salamis on 20th September 480 BCE. Artemisia was aboard one of her ships, commanding their movements. After the initial confusion, the Persians took the offensive. Though she only had one ship left, Artemisia herself disabled the ship of King Damasithymus of Calynda. At a council, Artmesia spoke her mind - she had opposed the war from the beginning and opposed its continuation. She advised Xerxes to leave his trusted commander Mardonus to pursue the Greeks whilst Xerxes himself return home, and would still maintained his dignity whether in victory or defeat. For her wisdom, Xerxes entrusted Artemisia with the care on his sons, and returned home to a kingdom racked by rebellion and conspiracy, to which he ultimately became a victim. Her kingdom prospering from her good relations with Persia.
Around 401 Joint Ruler Queen Epyaxa of Cilicia (Turkey)
She is known from references to her in Xenophon's Persian Expedition, where she gives considerable aid to the rebel Cyrus. The comments about her do not explicitly state that she was a co-ruler with Syennesis III, simply that she was "Queen" - but she acted in a very independent fashion.
Years 400 Military Leader Telessilla, of Argos (Greece)
A warrior poet, she rallied the women of the besieged city of Argos with war hymns and chants and led them in defending the city against the invading forces.
Circa 353-50 Queen Artemisia II of Caria, Rodhos and Harlikarnassos (Turkey)
Also Satrap of Asia Minor or Vice-Reine of the Persian King. Circa 377-53 she had been co-ruler with her husband and brother, King Mausolos of Caria and Rodhos, who died 353. After Mausolos' death in 353, she became ruler in her own right, and constructed the 49 meters high monumental tomb "Mausoleum" at the center of the city which is a magnificent piece of art in the Hellenistic world and one of the Seven Wonders of the antique era.
344-30 Regent Queen Cleopatra of Macedonia of Epirus (Greece)
Sister of Alexander the Great, Married to Alexander of Epirus. In 309 she was murdered.
340-35 and 334-20 Queen Ada I of Caria (Turkey)
Co-ruler with her brother and husband Idrieus in succession to their sister, Artemissa II. After his death she ruled alone for three years until her younger brother, Pixadarus (341-335), deposed her. She moved to her fortress Alinda, where she held out for several years. His daughter, Ada II, married a persian nobleman, Orontobates, who became satrap of Caria. Even after the death of Pixodarus, her son-in-law kept her a prisoner in Alinda. Seizing the opportunity afforded by Alexander�s invasion, Ada I opened negotiations with him offering the surrender of all of Caria if she were placed upon her rightful throne. She further offered to adopt him as her son making him at once the legal heir to the throne of Caria by Carian law. Alexander turned inland to face the armies of Orontobates and Memnon who stood ready to defend Halicarnassus. The siege was a short one as Alexander�s army was joined by the Carian forces loyal to their Queen and with Ada at the head of her armies given the honor of taking the acropolis. Though Orontobates and Memnon escaped by sea, Ada sat again on the throne of Halicarnassus and stayed there until her death sometime after the death of Alexander.
334-circa 323 Regent Princess Barsine of Persia of Pergamon (Turkey)
Ruled in the name of her and Alexander the Great's son Herakles. She was the daughter of king Artabazos IV of Syria. Barsine was married to Mentor, her second husband was her brother Dariusz Memnon, since 333 she was the wife of Alexander the Great.
334-330 Co-Regent Queen Olympias of Epiros (Greece)
330-323 Regent of Epiros
323-16 Regent Dowager Queen of Macedonia (Greece)
Since around 357 she was married to king Philip II of Macedonia, and she later acted as regent for him during his military campaigns. Since 331 she was in exile in Epiros. After her brother's death in 330, with her daughter Cleopatra, she was regent of Epirus for her grandson Neoptolemos. Since 323 she was regent of Macedonia for her second grandson Alexander IV. Murdered during a rebellion and lived (375-316).
Until early the 300's Queen Regnant Tirghetau of Circassia (Russia)
She was head of the region in the foothills north of the Caucasus. Its inhabitants, a sturdy, handsome folk with many often rapacious neighbors, have developed a warrior culture as a response to repeated invasions and slaving raids.
322-317 Politically influential Queen Eurydice II of Macedonia
319-317 Co-Ruler of Macedonia (Greece)
Daughter of Kynane and Amyntas IV of Macedonia, and influential during the reign of her husband, king Philippos III Arrhidaeus of Macedonia. 319-317 de facto co-ruler of Macedonia with Nicanor. She fought for the power with Olympias. Killed in 317. She lived (337-317).
322-287 Politically influential Queen Phila of Macedonia
294-287 Co-Ruler of Macedonia (Greece)
The daughter of Antipater I, regent of Macedonia. She was influential during the reigns of her husbands Crateros ( 322-319) and Demetrius I (319-287), and was active in diplomacy until she killed herself in 287.
314-13 Ruler Kratesipolis of Korinthos and Siyon (Greece)
In 308 she handed over Korinthos to Ptolomy I of Egypt.
306-285 Regent Dowager Queen Amastris of Herakleia, Pontica and Pontos (Turkey)
Pontos is also known as or Pontoiraklaia. She was a niece of Dariusz III Kodoman, she was married to tyrant Dionizos, Krateros and since 300 to Lysimachus, king of Thrace and Macedonia, whom she divorced in 298 and returned Herakleia. After her death Lysimachus give Herakleia to Arsinoe II. Amastris lived (?-285).
Around 3
00 Celtic Chiefess in Reinheim (Germany) Known from her very elaborate grave.
298/97-95 Regent Dowager Queen Thessalonica of Macedonia (Greece)
Regent for her son Philippos IV
285-281 Ruler Arsinoe II Piladelphos of Herakleia, Pontica, Kassandria and Ephesos (Turkey)
281-279 Resided in Kassandreia
277-70 Co-Regent Queen of Egypt
The daughter of Ptolemy I Soter, she was married to King Lisymachus of Tracia 299-281. He gave her Herakleia, Pontica, Kassandria and Ephesos. After his death in 281 she resided in Kassandreia. She had been married to her half brother Ptolomy Keraunos of Macedonia, but after he murdered one of her sons in 279 she escaped to Egypt. Before 274 she was wife of and co-ruler of her, brother Ptolomy II Piladelphos. She lived (around 316-270).
Circa 262-35 Regent Dowager Queen Olympiada of Epiros (Greece)
After the death of Pyrrhus II, she was reigned in the name of Ptolemy (circa 262-235).
253 Sovereign Lady Laodike III of Egypt of Propontis (Turkey)
247-246 Regent of Syria
Politically active during the reign of her husband-brother (or cousin, King Antiochiaos II of Syria (267/66), and after their divorce, she became Lady of Propontis. Later regent for Seleukos II Kallinikos and after he came of age she remained politically active until she was murdered. She lived (287/84-237/36).
250 Regent Dowager Queen Etazeta of Bithynia (Tyrkey)
After the death of her husban, king Nicomedes I, she continued to rule on behalf of their infant sons. Zialas, a grown-up son by an earlier wife, Ditizele, had previously fled to Armenia. Now Ziaelas returned, at the head of some Galatians. Although she was supported by neighbouring cities and Antigonus, Ziaelas conquered first part, then all of Bithynia. Etazeta and her sons, including another Ziboetes, fled to Antigonus� court in Macedonia.
248-233 Queen Deidamia of Epiros (Greece)
Ptolemy was king (circa 262-235). Pyrrhus III succeeded as king in 235.
245 Dowager Tyrant Nikaia of Korinthos and Euboia (Greece)
Married to the uncle of Alexander the Great, Antigonos Gonatas, Governor of Macedonia etc., and was his co-ruler until he was deposed in 250. She then married his son Demetrios II.
231-28 Regent Dowager Queen Teuta of Arcliano (Illyrian State) (Albania)
She had practically been co-ruler with her husband Agron, and after his death in 230 BCE, she was regent for son Pinnes. The state covered Northern Albania and part of Montenegro.
Circa 215-175/76 Co-Reigning Queen Kamasayre Philoteknos of the Bosporanian Realm (Crimean) (Georgia)
Ruled jointly with husband, Pairisades II, who died around 190.
200's Queen Martia Proba of a Celtic Tribe (United Kingdom)
Her seat of power was in London, and she was holding the reins of government so wisely as to receive the surname of Proba, the Just. She especially devoted herself to the enactment of just laws for her subjects, the first principles of the common law tracing back to her; the celebrated laws of Alfred, and of Edward the Confessor, being in great degree restorations and compilations from the laws of Martia, which were known as the "Martian Statutes".
Late 200s-early 100s Legendary Queen Amage of the Roxolanoia (Russia)
The Roxolanoia tribe was probably deriving their name from the proto-Iranian Raokhshna, or �shining�. The name may also derive from a term meaning, essentially, �The Western Alans�. They were among the most powerful of the Sarmatian tribes, inhabiting much of the region north of the Black Sea. The ruling dynasty of the Bosporan Kingdom (see Crimea) from the end of the 1st century BCE on was Sarmatian in origin, and probably belonged to the Roxolanoi originally.
138-before 127 Regent Dowager Queen Ri-'nu of Parthia (Turkey)
Other versions of her name is Riinu or Rihinu, and she was regent for son Phraates II.
130 De Facto Ruler Queen Laodike of Cappadocia (Greece)
The widow of Ararathes V of Cappadocia, she poisoned 5 (step)sons and ruled in the name of the 6th.
130-126 Regent Dowager Queen Nysa of Cappadocia (Turkey)
Widow of Ariarathes V Epiphanes Philipator and regent for their son Ariarathes V (130-116). In 190 her husband had secured that the state became an independent kingdom. Formerly it was a satrapy under the Persian Achaemenid Empire. It was incorporated by Alexander the Great into the Macedonian Empire, and on Alexander's death became a client state of the Selecucid Empire.
125/24 Regent Dowager Queen Ghadani of Iberia (Georgia)
After the death of her son Rhadamiste I (or Ghadam)
, she assumed the regency
a Parthian King of Armenia. She was (b. circa 100).
120-115 Regent Dowager Queen Laodice of Pontus (Turkey)
Following the death of her husband, king Mithradates V, she ruled in the place of her 11 years old son, Mithradates VI. Eupator Dionysos. About 115 BCE, she was deposed and thrown into prison by her son. She was daughter of king Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Syria and Queen Laodice.
100s Queen Larthia Seianti of the City State of Caere in Etruria (Italy)
Her splendid sarcophauge has lead historians to speculate that she might have been Queen of the City State of Chiuisi or Caere. Even if Caere did not have kings and Queens at this time (as did Rome, or as Caere certainly did in the 5th century), it is clear that society had become sharply differentiated, not only in regard to wealth but also in division of labour. Many scholars hypothesize the existence of a powerful aristocratic class, and craftsmen, merchants, and seamen would have formed a middle class; it was probably at this time that the Etruscans began to maintain the elegant slaves for which they were famous.
Around 100 Ruler Aba of Olbe (Turkey)
The daughter of Zenofantes, tyrant of Cilicia, and Olbe was a city in this principality.
62-47 Princess Musa Orsobaris of Prusias (Albania)
Until BCE 13 and BCE 8-7/8 CE Reigning Queen Dynamis of the Bosporanian Realm (Georgia)
A grandchild of King Mithridatis of Persia, she inherited the country from her father. In 17/16 her first husband, Asander, died. Her second husband was deposed by the third, the king of Pontus. They divorced and she was in exile until his death. Died circa 70 years old. and was succeeded by fourth husband, Spurges, who had not previously been co-ruler.
BCE 10-5, 4-2 and BCE 6-12 CE Queen Regnant Erato of Greater Armenia
Her father, Tigran III had been force to accept the supremacy of Rome, but the dynasty still used the title of "King of Kings." She first married her half-brother Tigran IV, who was disposesed by Augustus because of suspected treachery, and Tiberius came again to Armenia to replace him with their cousin Artavazd. This led to discontent and finally to civil war, partly instigated by Tigran, whom Phraates, King of Parthia, was secretly backing. Augustus sent his godson, Caius Caesar, to bring about an appeasement, but before his arrival, Tigran IV was killed in a riot, while she took to flight. The revolt was supressed, and in the year 1 CE, the Armenian throne was bestowed upon Ariobarzan, a Mede by origin, who was accepted because of his eminent qualities. But he very shortly was killed by accident, and Augustus nominated Artavazd, his son, as his successor. But the opposition to foreign rule soon found expression in the assassination of the King. Augustus thereupon abandoned his ill-conceived policy and sent Tigran V, a descendant of the national dynasty, to occupy the throne. But the nation's tranquility, apparently restored by this concession, was soon disturbed. The nobles recalled Queen Erato, but also her second reign was short, and her overthrow marked the end of the dynasty of Artashes and Tigran.
BCE 8-23 CE Queen Regnant Pythodorida of Pontus (Turkey)
She succeeded Polemon I, and in 23 the kingdom was reincorporated into the Roman Empire.
BCE 3- 6 CE Regent Dowager Queen Thea Ourania of Parthei (Turkey)
Took over the regency for son Pharaateces after the death of her husband, Phraates IV.
Around year 1 Queen Medb of Connaught (Ireland)
Also known as Maeve, she was daughter of the high king of Ireland, Ouchu Feidlich, and married King Ailill mac Mata of Connaught. It seems that she was once married to Conchobor mac Nessa, the king of Ulster. She was powerful enough to be euhemorized in myth as a triune goddess of fertility and nature.
3-40 Regent Queen Antonia Thryphaena of Pontus (Turkey)
38-40 Regent of Thrace
Ruled in the name of son King Polemos who succeeded her mother in Pontus in Asia Minor. He succeeded a brother, Rhoemetaces, who had become king after the murder of her husband, Kytos.
7/8-23 Queen Pythodoris I Philometer of Pontus (Turkey)
Also known as Pantos Pythodorida, she succeeded husband, Polemon I, and married King Archelaos of Cappadocia. Succeeded by daughter and her son.
14-29 De-facto Co-Regent Augusta Livia of the Roman Empire
Livia Drusilia Augusta was a member of the ancient, wealthy and powerful patrician gens claudia, the Claudian family. Octavian divorced his first wife Scribonia and forced Livia to divorce Tiberius so they could marry in 38 BCE. It was a political marriage in the tradition of the Republic, intended to bring together the wealth and might of the gens claudia and the gens julia, the Julian family, into which Octavian had been adopted by Julius C�sar. The marriage thus formed an important part of Octavian's strategy in the intense power struggles of the late Republic. The dynasty they founded is known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Though their union was political in nature, there were warm feelings between the two, at the very least a profound sense of mutual loyalty. Their marriage lasted 52 years, until the death of Augustus in 14 CE. Livia never bore him any children, but Augustus Adopted Tiberius after a number of other possible heirs all died. Livia's son Drusus died in an accident in 9 CE. Livia was quite influential, through her personal wealth, through her intelligence and political sense, and through her marriage. She played a central role in the establisment of the Principate, along with Augustus and M. Agrippa. Livia's influence continued when her son Tiberius became emperor, until her death in 29 CE at the age of 85. She was deified by her grandson Claudius in CE 41, and lived (BCE 58-CE 29).
Circa 40-60 Queen Regnant Cartimandra of The Brigants (Brigantia) (United Kingdom)
Brigantia was a British tribe in Yorkshire. She signed a treaty with the Romans, placing herself under their protection. Her tribe was opposed to this treaty and there were several revolt. In 48, she asked for and received Roman help in fighting the rebellion. Cartimandua's consort, Venutius attempted to have her overthrown but he was unsuccessful after the Romans came to her aid. For a while Cartimandua ruled jointly with Venutius, but when he made another attempt to overthrow her, she took Vellocatus, a royal armor-bearer, as her consort. She sent Vellocatus to fight Venutius and, again, asked for Roman help. Ca.69, Cartimandua "retired" and in 71, Rome annexed Brigantia after they easily defeated Venutius, Vellocatus and the Brigantes in battle.
54-56 Regent Augusta Iulia Agrippina of the Roman Empire
She was the younger of three daughters of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder. She was 34 years old when she married emperor Claudius, who was nearing the end of his life. During the last five years of Claudius� reign, she grew more and more powerful. Her son Nero succeeded her husband at the age of 17 and could not legally rule in his own name. Agrippina acted as his regent and was a powerful controlling influence on him even after he came of age. After about a year, Nero moved her out of the imperial palace. She began to denounce her son more and more in public. After the tension between mother and son grew to a critical level, Nero determined to be rid of her, and had her killed. She lived (16-59).
Around 60 Queen Regnant Phytodoris of Colchis (Georgia)
Colchis was an ancient country on the eastern shore of the Black Sea and in the Caucasus region. Centered about the fertile valley of the Phasis River (the modern Rion), Colchis corresponds to the present-day region of Mingrelia in Georgia. She was a vassal of the Roman Empire.
60-61 Queen Regnant Boudicca of the Iceni-Tribe in Norfolk (United Kingdom)
The Iceni was a people who lived in the present-day counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. She led a rebellion against the Roman authorities as a result of their mistreatment of her family and people after the death of her husband, Prasutagus, who may have been a Roman client-ruler, in 60 AD. She and other disaffected tribes, sacked the cities of Colchester, St. Albans and London and, it is estimated, massacred approximately 70.000 Roman soldiers and civilians in the course of the glorious, but ill-fated rebellion. The rebels were finally defeated in battle by a force led by the Roman governor of Britain, Suetonius Paulinus, after which she took her own life by ingesting poison together with her two daughters, Camorra and Tasca or, according to legend, Voada and Voadicia. She lived (15-61).
112-? Regent Dowager Queen Gespaepyris of Pontus (Turkey)
Gespaepyris was born as Princess of Thrace and ruled on behalf of her son Mithridates VI. in the kingdom in Asia Minor.
130-? Reigning Dowager Queen Laodike II Nysa of Cappadocia (Turkey)
After the death of her husband, Ariarathes V, she poisoned 5 stepsons and ruled in the name of her own son.
135-49 Regent Dowager Queen Ghadana of Iberia (Georgia)
The widow of King Pharasmenes II Kveli (circa 116-32), she reigned for grandson Pharasmenes III (135-185) after the death of her son Rhadamiste I (or Ghadam). She was daughter of King Sanatroukes of Armenia (b. circa 100).
193-217 Joint Ruler Iulia Domna of the Roman Empire
She was one of the most powerful people in the Roman Empire. While her emperor husband, Septimius Severus, was fighting rivals, pursuing rebels, and subduing revolts in the far corners of the empire, she was left to administer the vast Roman Empire. She played one powerful general or senator against another, while keeping herself from falling into the many traps set by political enemies at court. Caracalla had murdered his brother Geta in her private apartments even as the younger son sought protection in her arms. After Macrinus had murdered Caracalla and seized the throne in 217, he sent her away from Antiochia after it was reported that Julia was inciting troops to rebel against him. At this time, she was believed to be about fifty years old and was suffering from a painful illness, probably cancer of the breast. Rather than face exile and the humiliation of being reduced to the status of a private citizen, she decided to commit suicide by starving herself.
218-222 (�) Joint De-facto Ruler Iulia Soaemias Bassiana of the Roman Empire
She plotted together with her mother, Julia Maesa, to substitute the ursurpor, Macrinus, by her son Varius Avitus Bassianus (Heliogabalus) (203-218-222). As the emperor's mother, with the title Iulia Soaemias Augusta, she played a great role in government and administration and was infact the de facto ruler of Rome, since her son was concerned mainly with religious matters. Their rule was not popular and soon discontent arose. Julia Soaemias and Heliogabalus were killed by the Praetorian Guard in 222, and she was declared public enemy and her name erased from all records. She lived (circa 180-222).
218-222 Joint De-facto Ruler Iulia Maesa of the Roman Empire
222-225/26 (�) Joint Regent of the Roman Empire
First she plotted together with her daughter, Julia Soaemias Bassiana to have her grandson Elagabaleus placed on the throne and later she was joint regent with her other daughter, Julia Masaea and her son, Alexander Servus. She was sister of Julia Domna and closely related to the Imperial family and grew up in Syria.
222-228 (�) Regent Dowager Empress Iulia Mamaea of the Roman Empire
She was behind the plot that ousted her sister, Julia Soaemias Bassiana, and her son and had her infant son, son Alexander Servus, placed on the throne. She ruled together her mother, Julia Mamesa and 16 senatorsm but as they were unable to defend the empire from the attacking Germans, the Army killed both her and her son.
238-41 Regent N.N. of the Roman Empire
Her name is not known, but she was the daugter of Emperor Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus (Gordian I) and married to a senator, whose name is also not known. After Emperor Maximus I Thrax was murdered, her 13 year old son, Emperorr Gordianus III (225-38-44) was placed on the throne with her in charge of the regency.
275 Sole Regent Dowager Empress Ulipia Serverina of The Roman Empire (March-September)
Reigned alone after her husband, Aurelianus' death until Tacitus was named emperor.
350 Augusta Constantina of East Roman Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
She roclaimed Vetranio as C�sar during a riot - acting in her own right with the authority of the daughter of the Emperor with the title of Augusta in the Byzantine or East Roman Empire.
375-83 Joint Ruler Dowager Empress Iustiana of the Roman Empire
383-? Regent
Joint ruler with son Gratianus and regent for Valentianus II (383-92), who ruled the Western division of the Empire, encompassing Rome itself together with Italy, Gaul, Britain, Iberia, and northwestern Africa, though the state was already disintegrating faced with the babaric invasions.
378 Queen Regnant Zarmandukht of Greater Armenia
Her name is also spelled Zarmandux, she was widow of King Pap, who was known to have been gay and was killed on the orders of the Byzantine general Terent. In the first instance his cousin, Varazdat was king until 378. She took power, but from 378 until his death in 385, Manuel Mamikonean, was the real ruler of Armenia. He ruled as a "trustee" of the monarchy in the name of her son, and kept both of them in the king's place and causing them to circulate around in honor. He nourished her two sons Arshak and Vagharsha as his foster-children and honoured her.
378 De-facto Regent Dowager Empress Domnica of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
She held the City of Byzanz after the death of her husband, Valens and defended the city against the attacks of the Goths, before the arrival of the successor, Theodosios.
449/50 Augusta Justa Grata Honoria of the Roman Empire (in the West)
The sister of Valentin III, she acted in her capacity as Augusta.
400-04 De-facto Ruler Empress Eudoxia of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
She was a significant figure in the government because she had the ear of her husband Emperor Arcadius of the East Roman Empire until her own death in 404. She was strong and strident, dominating her weak and passive husband.
414-55 De-facto Ruler Augusta Pulchera of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
At the age of 15 Princess Aelia Pulcheria was crowned Augusta and assumed a dominant role in guiding the affairs of state. In 420/22 she may have organized the Byzantine campaign against Persia, she replaced the emperor as director of power, but the ultimate power resided with her brother. In the mid-420s she engaged in a power struggle with her sister-in-law, Eudokia, and Pulchera was forced into semi-retirement. She established herself as a holy virgin dedicated to God, and this gave her access into the altar to receive the communion with priests and deacons, something normally barred to women. When her brother died in 450 she took control of the government of the Eastern Empire, and married Marcian, Army Chief of Staff, and named him co-Emperor. She spoke Greek and Latin and had a deep interest in medicine and natural science lived (399-453).
423-50 Regent Dowager Empress Galla Placidia of the Roman Empire (Covering Italy, Spain, France and Northern Africa)
She was in Rome at the time of its sack by Alaric and the Visigoths, and after Alaric�s death in 414, she married his brother and successor as king of the Visigoths, Athaulf. After his death, Placidia returned home in 416 to marry Constantius, who was made co-augustus in the West in 421 and became the Roman emperor Constantius III. He died of pleurisy after a reign of only seven months. In 423 her brother Emperor Honorius died and Galla Placidia was made Augusta and regent for her six year old son Valentinian III. Placidia proved to be a hard-nosed ruler who knew how to manage a declining economy and rebellious subjects. Even after her son's death, she managed the Roman government in the West for twenty years during one of the most perilous periods of its existence. She lived (388-450).
491 Regent Dowager Empress Ariane of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
Also known as Aelia Ariadane, she was the daughter of Leo I (447-74). She was married to Tarasicodissa who became Emperor Zeno, and after his death in 491 the Senate officially requested her to choose another candidate to rule and she married Anastasios I, who became emperor.
518-65 Co-Ruler Empress Theodora of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
Before becoming Empress, she was an actress. During this time in history the theatre was looked down upon and in fact banned by the church. She later became a devote Christian and married Emperor Justinian, who viewed her as an equal and accepted her many ideas. She was influential in changing the administrative and legislative sectors. She was an advocate of women�s rights. The Empress, along with her husband changed laws on guardianship to include women, and created a law that allowed women to own property. The two also rebuilt cities that were ruined during earthquakes, and built the church Hagia Sophia. In 532, mobs attempted to overthrow Justinian, causing the Emperor the desire to flee his city. But it was his wife who convinced him to stay.
526-34 Regent Princess Amalasuentha of the Ostrotoths (Italy)
534-35 Joint Reigning Queen
She was the daughter of King Theodoric and Audofleda, a sister of King Clovis. Exceptionally well educated, she studied both Greek and Latin and took a keen interest in art and literature. Married to Eutharic at the age of 17, she found herself Queen in 522, following the deaths of both her father and her husband. She served as regent for her 10-year-old son, Athalric. Like her father, she maintained a pro-Byzantine policy, which was not popular with the Ostrogothic nobles. She suppressed a rebellion and executed three of its leaders. She also purged her lands of dishonest office holders and limited the power of grasping landowners. After her son died, in 534, she shared the throne with her cousin, Theodahad who later led a palace revolution and caused her to be exiled to an island, where she was strangled in her bath as an act of vengeance by relatives of the nobles she had executed.
565-572 and 574-578 Co-ruler Empress Sophia of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
572-574 Sole Regent
The niece of Empress Theodora and married to emperor Iustinus II (565-578), and sole regent during her husband's mental illness. She nominated his two successors without marrying either, and continued exercise a high degree of influence on the government and is believed to have played a major role in various financial measures and took an active part in foreign politics, mainly in her dealings with Persia.
584-94 Regent Dowager Queen Fredegundis of France
Fredgunde or Fredegunda was a slave-girl at the court of Neustria when she came to the attention of Chilperic I, Merovingian King of Soissons (Neustria). She became his mistress and then eventually third wife. She persuaded Chilperic to repudiate his first wife Audovera and was said to be the driving force behind the murder in 568 of Chilperic's second wife Galswintha. Fredegunda also engineered the murders of Audovera's three sons and Sigibert of Austrasia, Chilperic's brother. Finally her husband was murdered or assassinated, shortly after the birth of their son Lothair in 584. Fredegunda seized her late husband's wealth and fled to Paris with her remaining son Lothair (Clotaire II), and persuaded the Neustrian nobles to recognize her son as the legitimate heir to the throne and she took over the regency and continued her longtime power struggle with Guntrum of Burgundy (d.593) and Brunhilda, Queen-Mother of Austrasia (d.614), whom she defeated around 597. Fredegunda (d. 598).
590 Reigning Dowager Queen Theodolina of the Lombards (Italy)
615-25 Regent of the Kingdom
Co-ruler with husbands, king Autharis (584-90) and Agilulf (591-615) and regent for son King Adololdo of the Lombards or Langobards, who was deposed by her son-in-law. She was instrumental in restoring Athanasian Christianity - the ancestor of modern Roman Catholicism - to a position of primacy in Italy against it's rival, Arian Christianity. With a stable base in Italy thereafter, the Papacy could begin subduing those it regarded as heretics elsewhere.
639-42 Regent Dowager Queen Nanthildis of Neustrasia and Burgundy (France)
Also known as Nanthilde, Nanthechilde or Nantechildis, she was a former servant and married the Merovingian king Dagobert I (604-29-35) after he had divorced his childless consort, Gomatrud. After Dagobert's death her son, Chlodwig II was appointed king of Neutrasia and Burgundy and his older half-brother, Sigibert III king of Austrasia. She received 1/3 of the royal treasure. She acted as regent together with the Major Domus Aega. As he attacked the Burgundfarons she protected them and 642 she reformed the office of Major Domus of Burgundy and appointed the Frankish Flaochad to the office. She lived (circa 610-642).
641 Regent Dowager Empress Martina of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
After the death of her husband, Herakleios, she was first co-ruler with stepson, Constantinos III , whom she was accused of poisoning. She took power but was deposed together with son Heraklonas, who was still a minor. They were both mutilated and sent into exile.
642-49 Member of Regency Council Dowager Empress Gregorina of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
She was the widow of Herakleios-Constantinos and her son, Constans, was chosen as Emperor after Martina and Heraklonas, and though the sources does not mention the members of the Regency Council it can be assumed that she was one of the members. She was a niece of Emperor Herakleios II.
657-64/65 Regent Dowager Queen Bathildis of Neustrie, Bourgogne and Austrasie (France)
Also known as Bathilde or Baldechildis, she was born in England, and taken to Gaul as a slave and about 641, she was bought by Erchinoald, mayor of the palace of Neustria. She married Clovis II in 648. The future Lothair III was born in 649, and she had two more sons, Theoderic and Childeric, who also eventually became rulers. Balthildis' influence during her husband's reign was considerable, since she controlled the court and the allocation of charity money, and had strong connections with Church leaders. After Clovis' death in 657 she took over the regency for her son Lothair III and embarked on a policy of unifying the Frankish territory by controlling Austrasia through imposing her son Childeric as Prince and absorbing Burgundy. She lost her political power when Lothair came of age and was forced to retire to the convent of Chelles, which she had founded and endowed with much of her personal wealth in 664. She died in 680 in Chelles, and was later declared a saint.
662 Regent Dowager Queen Himnechilde of Austrasia (France)
After the death of her husband, Sigebert III, she was joint regent for her son, Child�ric II together with the Major Domus (Major of the Palace) Wulfoald.
664-66 Regent Dowager Queen Sexburga of Kent (United Kingdom)
The eldest daughter of King Anna of East Anglia and his second wife, Saewara. She married King Erconbert of Kent, and after he died of the "yellow plague", she reigned on behalf off her son, Egbert I. After he came of age, she became abbess of Minister-in-Sheppey and later of Ely, where her sister, St. Etheldreda of Ely had been Abbess. Another sister and both of her daughters; Ermengilda and Ercongota were Saint and the sam was the case of her grandchildren; St. Werburga of Chester, St. Wulfade and St. Rufinus. She lived (circa 636-around 700).
Circa 669-74 Regent Empress Aelia Sofia of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
Handled the affairs of state for her insane husband Justinos II (58-95 and 705-11), who was killed.
672-74 Queen Regnant Seaxburh of Wessex (United Kingdom)
She succeeded her husband, Cenwealh, who was king (642-72), and was followed by Centwine, son of former king Cynegils.
692 Regent Queen Dowager Clothilde of Neustria and Bourgogne (France)
Regent for a few months for son Child�ric. She is also known as Rothilde, Chroth�childis or Doda (d. 694/9).
685-99 Regent Dowager Princess Spram of Girdyaman (Azerbaijan)
Ruled in the name of Varaz-Tiridat I of the Mihranid Dynasty, who ruled (680-699). She was succceded by Sheraye.
714 Acting Major Domina Plectrudis von Ecternach of Neustraia, Austria, Aquitania and Burgundy (France)
Also known as Plectrud or Plectrude, she engaged in a power-struggle with her stepson, Carles Martel after the death of her husband, Pipin II d'Heristal. She favoured the succession of one of her grandsons to the office of Major Domus. Her forces were finally defeated in 719. She was daughter of Count Palantine Hugobert von Ecternach (d. 697/698) and inherited "The Lands between the Rhine, Moselle and Meuse" after her mother Irmina von Oeren, and was later declared a Saint. She lived (Before 665-ca.725).
Circa 750 Legendary Queen Wanda of Poland
According to legend her father, king Krak was succeeded by one brother, but was killed by another. The Councillors broke with tradition in asking Wanda to rule over her people. Peace and prosperity prevailed over Krakow, but in the west, the Germans grew in strength and began attacking Polish hamlets and cities. The German commander, Rytygier, wanted to make Wanda his wife, and to avoid this and save her people, she wandered to the top of a cliff over the Wisla river, she threw herself into the river.
Circa 772-98 Joint Reigning Queen Cynethryth of Mercia (United Kingdom)
She was the wife of Offa II, the Saxon King of Mercia (757-96), and acquired notoriety as a tyrannical Queen. She was the only Queen consort ever allowed to issue coins in her own name, and they carry vivid portraits, the earliest portrait of an Englishwoman. Her daughter, Eadburgh, acquired a still worse reputation.
780-90 Regent Dowager Empress Eirene of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
787 Presiding over the 7th Ecomenical Synod (Council)
792 Joint Ruler of the Empire
797-802 Reigning Empress
Also known as Irene, she dominated her husband Emperor Leo IV (775-780), and after his death she took over the regency for son, Constantine VI. Irene generally undermined Constantine's authority when he tried to push her aside, she deposed him in 797 - he was seized, flogged and blinded. Irene began her reign as the first Byzantine Empress, and did not recognize Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor in 800. After the death of his wife, Liutgard, the same year, Charlemagne sought her hand in marriage - but nothing came out of this proposal. Soon revolts against Irene rule broke out and she was deposed by the leading Patricians. Irene was then exiled to island of Lesbos, where she supported herself by spinning. Irene died the following year and her former finance minister succeeded as Emperor Nicephorus I. She lived (752-803).
Before 825 Regent Dowager Queen Angharad Ferch Maredudd Llewelyn of Powys, Holderness, Skipton and Cockermouth (Wales and England in the United Kingdom)
Reigned in the name of her son.
829-30 Member of Regency Council Dowager Empress Euphrosyne of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
She was daughter of Emperor Constantinos VI who divorced her mother, Maria of Amnia (circa 770-circa 830) and send both of them to a monestary, where they stayed until 820 when Michael II of Amorion ursurped the throne and married Euphrosyne in order to legitimize his reign. After his death, she was probably member of the regency council for his son, Theophilos, though the sources are not clear about this. After she helped select his wife, Theodora, she retired to a convent, though she did not stay totally out of politics. She (circa 790-after 840).
842-56 Head of the Regency Council Dowager Empress Theodora of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
The widow of Theophilos (829-42), she was leader of the regency for her son Michael III (838-42-67). She restored the veneration of icons, br
ought back the deposed holy Patriarch Meletios and convened a Council, at which the Iconoclasts were anathematized. When Michael came of age, she spent 8 years in the monastery of Saint Euphrosynia, in ascetic deeds and the reading of Divine books (a copy of the Gospels is known of, copied by her hand). She died peacefully in about the year 867. Later declared a saint.
842 Member of the Regency Council Princess Tekla of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
The sister of Michael III, she was in theory co-regent with Theodora
914-919 Regent Dowager Empress Zo� Karbonopsina of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
The fourth wife of Leon IV, who died 912. After his death the guardian of her son, but Constantinos VII (b. 905) sent her to a convent. She later managed to become regent for son, but was deposed in 919.
927-30 Regent Dowager Queen Oneca de Navarra of Le�n (Spain)
Ruled in the name of her son, Alfonso IV (926-31) who abdicated.
Until 931 Co-Regent Margravine Ermengard di Lucca of Ivrea (Italy)
She was daughter of Adalbert II of Tuszia and Berta, illegitimate daughter of king Lothar II. As co-regent she secured the Italian throne for her brother, Hugo d�Arle, against the claims of Raoul II de Haute-Bourgogne.
945-59 Co-ruler Empress Helena Lecapena of the Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
Married to Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitu (913-59), who raised her father, Romanus Lecapenus, to the rank of c�sar and the status of co-emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire and actual ruler of the state. In 944 two sons deposed him, but they were executed, and finally Constantine took over the reigns himself - though with heavy guidance from Helena. She retired to a convent after her husband's death, to please his son, Romanus, who was under the spell of his wife, Theophano.
961-62 De-facto in charge of the Government Dowager Empress Mathilde von Sachsen of Germany
She had withdrawn to the convent of Quedlinburg which she founded after the death of her husband, King Heinrich I in 936, but took over the reigns in Germany when her son, Otto I, went to Italy after having appointed his infant son, the later Otto II as regent. She had devoted her time to charity and founder of numerous convents and she was later declared a saint (Mathilde die Heilige). She was mother of 3 sons and 2 daughters (among whom Geberga was regent in the West-Frankish kingdom from 954), and lived (circa 895-968).
963-69 Regent Dowager Empress Theophano of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
Very powerful during the reign of her husband, Emperor Romanos II (959-63) and regent for sons Basileios II and Constantinos VIII. Married to the FieldMarshall Nikephoros Phokas, who was emperor 963-69. He was deposed by Jean Tzimikskes who married Theodora, daughter of Theophano
.
966-75 Regent Do�a Elvira Ram�rez of Le�n and Asturias (Spain)
The daughter of Ramiro II, she left the convent take over the regency for her nephew, Ramiro III, after the death of her brother, Sancho I. She made treaties with Caliph Al-Hahen II and orgaised the defence against the Normans In 968-69. In 975 she was replaced as regent by her sister-in-law, the Dowager Queen Teresa.
966-99 Princess-Abbess Mathilde I von Sachsen of Quedlinburg (Germany)
997-99 Guardian of the Realm of the Holy Roman Empire
Daughter of Emperor Otto I, she was appointed the first Princess-Abbess - Reichs�btissin - of Quedlinburg. She also acted as "domina imperialis", and followed her brother Otto II on journey to Italy and acted regent with the title of Matica (Reichsverweser) for her nephew, Otto III during his stay in Italy. She was also named as his representative in Sachsen with the additional titles of Metropolitana of Quedlinburg and Matrixcia of Sachsen (Substitute and Representive of the Emperor). She lived (955-999).
973-75 Joint Ruler Queen �lfthryth of England
978-84 Regent Dowager Queen
Sources indicated that after her consecration she was considered to been sharing the royal lordship with her husband, King Edgar, who was first succeeded by his son of the first marriage, Edward, then by a brother, and finally by his son by �lfthryth, Edmund II Ironside (968-78-1016), and was in charge of the government during his minority, and continued to be a dominant force after he came of age.
975-80 Regent Dowager Queen Teresa Ans�rez of Le�n and Asturia (Spain)
The widow of Sanchos I, she replaced her sister in law, Princess Elvira as regent for son, Ramiros II, after his troops was beaten by the Arab forces by Gormaz in 975. From 977 the kingdom was systematically attacked by al Mansur, and in 981 Ramiros was deposed after a riot, and replaced by Vermundo II in Asturia, and was now only king in Leon until he was deposed here too, and killed.
978-94 Queen Gurandukht of Abkhazia (Georgia)
She succeeded Theodosius III the Blind and reigned jointly with king
Bagrat III Bagrationi the Unifier (King of Georgia 1008-14) of the mountainous district along the east coast of the Black Sea.
1042-66 Joint Ruler Queen Edith of Wesex of England (United Kingdom)
1066 De facto Regent
She was married to king Edward. In 1051 her father, Earl Goodwin of Wessex revolted against the Norman influence, but failed, and was banished. Edward started divorce-proceedings, but they remained married until his death, and during the vacancy at the throne she seems to have been de-facto caretaker. They had no surviving children and there was a succession of rulers, resulting in William the Conqueror of Normandy becoming king and it was her who was obliged to hand over the keys to Winchester, the county town of Wessex. She remained in charge of vast lands, but did no longer participate in politics. She lived (circa 1020-75).
1055-61 Hereditary Duchess Agnes de Pointou of Bavaria (Germany)
1056-62 Regent Dowager Empress of the Holy Roman Empire
1057 and 1059 and 106? Presiding over the Hearings at the Royal Court (K�nigsgericht)
She was descended from the royal houses of Burgundy and Italy, the daughter of William V of Aquitaine and Poitou, she became the second wife of the German king Henry III in 1043. They were crowned Holy Roman Emperor and Empress by Clement II in 1046. After her husband's death she acted as Regent for her son, Heinrich IV (1050-?) She was not an experienced politician and was influenced by the nobility to part with the duchies of Bavaria and Carinthia, and entered into unwise alliances against the dominant reforming party in the Papacy. By 1062 discontent led to an uprising in which Anno, Archbishop of K�ln, took over the regency. Agnes retired to a convent where she remained until her death. She lived (1024-77).
1060-? Regent Dowager Queen Anne de Kiev of France
After the death of her husband, Henri I, she reigned jointly with Baudouin V of Flanders in the name of her son, Philippe I. Her subsequent marriage to Raoul, Comte de Valois caused a scandal, since he was already married. He was excommunicated, and she died in a convent. She was daughter of Jarosla Vladimirovich of Kiev and Indegard of Norway, and lived (1051-89).
1066-69 and 1069-83 Regent Queen Mathilda van Flanders of England in the Normandie (France)
She was married to William I the Conqueror of England (1066-87) and duke of Normandy. He depended heavily on her and she acted as regent whenever he was absent after their marriage in 1051. With him in England 1067-69 until she went back to Normandy, where she remained in charge until her death. In 1077 the oldest son, Robert Curthose, suggested that he should become the ruler of Normandy and Maine. When William the Conqueror refused, Robert rebelled and attempted to seize Rouen. The rebellion failed and Robert was forced to flee and established himself at Gerberoi. William besieged him there in 1080 but Matilda managed to persuade the two men to end their feud. Mother of around 10 children, one of the last being king Henry I. She lived (circa 1031-83).
1067 Reigning Dowager Empress Eudoxia Makrembolitissa of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
1068 and 1071 Regent
Regent for Michael VIII Dukas and Konstantinos after the death of her husband Constantine X Dukas. In 1068 married to Romanos IV Diogenes, who took title of emperor. In 1071 co-ruler with son, Michael, but was deposed and ended her life in a convent.
1088-91 Joint Ruler Queen Jelena Illona Lijepa of Croatia and Dalmatia
Also known as Elena or Helena. She was considered a joint ruler during the reign of her husband Dmitar Zvonimir (1075-1089), who had previously been a ban in Dalmatia and gained the title of king with the support of Pope Gregory VII, after which he aided the Normans in their struggle against the Eastern Empire and Venice between 1081 and 1085. Due to this, in 1085 the Byzantines transferred their rights to Dalmatia to Venice. A rebellion against Zvonimir broke out at the sabor of Knin in 1089 because of discontent with warring in the interest of the Pope, and he was killed. She continued rule parts of the country in opposition to the new king, Stjepan II of the Trpimirović dynasty, who nominally ruled Croatia for 2 years. The army of her brother, Ladislaus of Hungary, penetrated Croatian territory in 1091 and quickly occupied all of Pannonian Croatia, after which they were met with some unorganized resistance in Dalmatian Croatia. The Eastern Roman Emperor Alexius reacted by making the Cumans attack the Magyars, which made Ladislaus retreat from Croatia, but he did leave Prince �lmos to rule over Slavonia. (d. after 1091)
1095-1103 Joint Reigning Queen Bodil of Denmark
Contemporary sources depict her as the co-ruler of her husband, King Erik I Ejegod. She was daughter of the Thurgot, Earl in Jutland, and her nephew, Asser, became the first Archbishop Denmark. In 1103 they went on a prilgimmage to Jerusalem. Erik died on the way and she did in Jerusalem in 1103 or 1104.
1101-12 Regent Dowager Queen Adelisa di Savona of Sicilia (Sicily) (Italy)
1101-1118 Sovereign Countess of Salona
Widow of Roger I, she was a very efficient and successful regent for the sons Simon and Roger II. After having handed over the government to Roger, she travelled to Jerusalem and married Bodouin I, but it was not a success and they divorced in 1117 where after she returned to Sicilia. She lived (1072-1118).
1104-30 Joint Reigning Queen Margrethe Fredkulla of Denmark
Contemporary sources depict her as the co-ruler of her husband, Niels, and considered to be the strongest of the two. She is described her as vise, clever, devote and peace loving. Daughter of King Inge of Sweden, she was first married to the Norwegian king Magnus, who died 1103. (d. 1130).
1109-29 Queen Regnant Urraca I Alfonsez of Castilla and L�on (Spain)
In 1107 she reigned over her Dowry Galicia and Zamora after the death of her first husband Count Raimond de Bourgogne. The following year she inherited the throne from her father Alfonso VI Fernandez of Castile and Leon (1040-1109). Her second marriage in the year 1109 to Alfonso I Perez de Aragon (d. 1134) ended in divorce in 1114. Her reign was disturbed by strife among the powerful nobles and especially by constant warfare with her husband, who had seized her lands. She never remarried, though she took several lovers. Another thorn in her side was her half-sister, Tarasa of Portugal and her husband, Enrique, who allied with her estranged husband, then betrayed him when a better offer came from Urraca's court. After her brother-in-law's death in 1112, her sister still contested ownership of lands. With the aid of her son, Alfonso Raim�ndez, Urraca was able to win back much of her domain and ruled successfully until her death. According to the Chronicon Compostellanum, she died in childbirth in 1126. The father was her lover, Count Pedro Gonz�lez of Lara. She was succeeded by her legitimate son, Alfonso VII Raymundez of Castile and Leon "Imperator totus Hispaniae" (d. 1157), She lived (1082-1128/29).
1117-18 Presiding over the Hearings of the Royal Court Mathilda of England of the Holy Roman Empire
1119 Stadtholder in Italy and Superme Commander of the Army and Presiding over Courts
1125 Holder of the Imperial Insignia of the Holy Roman Empire
1135-50 De-facto Sovereign Duchess of Normandie (France)
1141 Queen Regnant (Lady Domina) of England (United Kingdom) (02.02-01.11)
Also known as Maud, she was married the Holy Roman emperor Henry V in 1114, and acted as his co-ruler until his death 11 years later, when she became the holder of the Royal Insignia until a new Emperor was elected. As her only legitimate brother had been killed in the disastrous Wreck her father, King Henry I, had the barons swere allegiance to her and promised her the throne after her father's death. She then married Count Geoffrey V of Anjou and Maine. He was thirteen, she twenty-three. It is thought that the two never got on. Newer the less they had had three sons in four years. Being absent in Anjou at the time of her father's death on 1st December 1135, possibly due to pregnancy, she was not in a position to take up the throne and she quickly lost out to her cousin, Stephen de Blois. With her husband, she attempted to take Normandy. With encouragement from supporters in England though, it was not long before she invaded her rightful English domain and so began a long-standing Civil War from the powerbase of her half-brother, Robert of Gloucester, in the West Country. After three years of armed struggle, she gained the upper hand at the Battle of Lincoln, in February 1141, where King Stephen was captured. However, despite being declared Queen or "Lady of the English" at Winchester, she alienated the citizens of London with her arrogant manner. She failed to secure her coronation and the Londoners joined a renewed push from Stephen's Queen and laid siege to the Empress in Winchester. She managed to escape to the West, but while commanding her rearguard, her brother was captured by the enemy. She then exchanged Robert for Stephen who soon reimposed his Royal authority. In 1148, after the death of her half-brother, Matilda finally returned to Normandy, leaving her son, who, in 1154, would become Henry II, to fight on in England. She lived (1101-67).
1131-41 De-facto Ruler Queen Helene of Serbia of Hungary
1141-... Regent of the Kingdom
Influential during the reign of her husband Beta II the Blind, and after his death she assumed the regency for son, Geza II (1130-41-61).
1137-63 Queen Regnant Petronilla I of Arag�n (Spain)
1163-69 Regent of Ar�gon and Barcelona
Succeeded father, Ramiro II the Monk. She married Count Berenguer IV of Barcelona, who did not become joint-regent. In 1163 she abdicated in favour of her son, Alfonso II. and continued as his regent, and even after he came of age she continued to control the state affairs. Alfonso later named himself king of Aragon and Catalu�a. She lived (1136-73/74).
1154-65 Co-Reigning Countess Consort Constance of France of Toulouse (France)
Her first husband, Count Eustache IV.of Boulogne, Duke of Normandie and Heir to the English Throne died in 1153 and the following year she married Raimondo V of Toulouse. She was the first Countess of Toulouse to use the title of Duke, she often signed official documents with the title Regina or Dux Narbonn�, but at her seal she used the title Ducissa. The couple was divorced 1165. She was daughter of king Louis VI in his second marriage to Adelaide de Savoie, the mother of four children, and lived (circa 1124-circa 80).
1156-66 Joint Ruler Queen Margarita de Navarra of Sicilia (Sicily) (Italy)
1166-72 Regent Dowager Queen of Sicily and Malta
Daughter of King Garcia VI and married to Guillermo I, Prince of Capua, before becoming co-king in 1151. Regent for son Guillermo II (b. 1154-). Since 1167 the sources name her as co-regent and in 1168 a regency council consisting of 10 people was formed, with her has head. She lived (1128/35-82)
.
1157-ca.58 Regent Dowager Queen Berengela Raimondo de Barcelona of Castilla, Leon and Galicia (Spain)
The widow of king Alfonso II (1105-57), she was in charge of the government in the name of her son, King Fernando II (1137-57-88). She lived (1105-57).
1178-84 Joint Ruler Queen Tamar of Georgia
1184-1213 The Most High Queen, by the will of our Lord, King and Queen of Queens of the Abkhazis, Kartvelians, Ranians, Kakhetians and the Armenians, Shirvanshah and Shahanshah and Master of all the East and West, Glory of the World and Faith, Champion of the Messiah
Member of the royal house of Bagrationi, she was 19 years old when her father Grigori III had her crowned co-ruler, and when he died she became the sole ruler of Georgia. Despite the fact that she was 25 on her accession, Tamar was placed under the official guardianship of her father's sister Rusudani. She dealt with the various factions within the nobility by giving commands of provinces to important generals and prominent nobles. During her reign the kingdom reached the apex of its political, economic and cultural might. A unique Georgian Christian Culture flourished in this multinational state, exalted by great building projects. After the conquest of Byzantium by the Fourth Crusaders in 1204, Tamar sent troops to Trebizond and Kerasund in support of her relative, Alexios Comnenus, who would become Byzantine Emperor 1205. She personally led the Georgian forces and routed the Turks at the battle of Basiani. From here on, she pursued a policy of military aggression - Kars surrendered in 1205 and her son Grigori was made Governor; she exerted her hold over the local Muslim semi-protectorates; received tribute from some of the southern Russians provinces. In 1209 The Emir of Ardabil attacked Georgia, slaughtering 12.000 Georgians and enslaving thousands more. Tamar took her revenge the following year - she took the Emir of Ardabil by surprise, killing him, and as warnings to others who might threaten Georgi, Tamar's troops began raiding deep into North Persia and other surrounding regions. Married 1185 and divorced two years later to Prince Giorgi of Novgorod and then in 1189 she married King Davit-Soslani of Ossetia (d. 1207). Succeded frist by son, Giorgi IV Lasha, and then by daughter Rusudan in 1223. Tamar lived (1159-1213).
1180-82 (�) Regent Dowager Empress Xenia-Maria de Antiochia of Constantinople (Cowering what is now Greece and Turkey)
She was daughter of Constance of Antiochia (d.1162) and Raymond de Poitiers, and took over the regency for her son Alexius II (1180-82). Maria took a lover, her advisor Alexius Comnenus. But Maria's regency was opposed by her stepdaughter Maria Komnena (daughter of Manuel by a former wife) and her husband Ranier de Monferrato. Andronicus Comnenus was sent for by popular acclaim and was crowned co-Emperor. He eventually assumed total control of Constantinople. Maria was condemned to be strangled, and her son forced to sign the warrant by new Emperor Andronicus. Her son was murdered two months later. She lived (1145-82).
1184-? Regent Princess Rusudani of Georgia
She acted as regent after the accession to the throne of her niece, Queen Tamar, and as her advisor for the first years of her reign.
1190-91 Regent Dowager Queen Alix de Blois-Champagne of France
The third wife of Louis VII (1120-37-80), she was in charge of the government during her son, Philippe II August's participation in the crusades at the time. Louis' first wife was Duchess Eleanore d'Aquitaine, the second Constance of Canstile. Alix lived (1140-1206).
1191-94 Queen Regnant Berenguela of Navarra (Spain)
Also known as Berengaria or Berengere, she succeeded her father King Sancho VI and was succeeded by brother, Sancho VII, and married to Richard I Lionhart of England and became known as Queen Berengere or Berengaria. Her sister later Blanca was regent of Champagne from 1201 and later of Navarrawhen their brother went into "retirement". Berenguela did not have any children, and lived (1163-1230).
1194 Regent Dowager Queen Sibylla di Medina of Sicilia (Sicily) (Italy)
Daughter of Count Ruggerio di Accera and Caecile de Madania. Married to Tankredo di Lecce, King of Sicilia (1190-94) and regent for son Guillermo III, who succeeded his brother Roger III in 1193. But the supporters of Queen Constanza gained ground and Constanza�s husband, Emperor Heinrich VI, offered her son the position as Count of Lecce in exchange of the royal insignia. But it seems that she got involved in a conspiracy against Heinrich, and therefore she, Guillaume and her three daughters were imprisoned and deported to Germany, where she and the daughters were placed in a convent. After Heinrich's death, they managed to escape to France.
1194-98 Queen Regnant Constanza of Sicily (Italy)
1195-97 Regent of Sicily
1197-98 (28.98-17.05) Sole Ruer of Sicily
Also known as Constance, she was married to Holy Roman Emperor Heinrich VI and daughter of King Roger II of Sicily. In 1185 she was named possible heiress of Sicily by her nephew King Guillermo II. On his death in 1189, however, the Sicilian nobles, wishing to prevent German rule in Sicily, chose Constance's nephew Tancredo of Lecce as William's successor. Emperor Heinrich VI conducted an unsuccessful campaign in 1191 against Tancred during which Constance was captured but was released because she was pregnant. After Tancred's death in 1194 they were crowned King and Quee of Sicily and she gave birth to her only child, Friedrich. She was named regent in the absence of her husband in 1195 but clearly considered herself to be the rightful heiress and continued the forceful rule of her predecessor. When he died in 1197 she ruled alone for a year. In order to save the throne of Sicily for her infant son, Federico (later Holy Roman emperor as Friedrich II), Constance renounced the German kingship for Frederick and the following year he was crowned as king of Sicily, continuing to act as regent until her death. In her will she had named Pope Inocenz II as guardian for her son. As queen she used the titulature;Constancia dei gracia Romanorum imperatrix semper augusta et regina Sicilie and as regent for her son she added the term; una cum carissimo filio suo Frederico eadem gracia rege Sicilie, ducatus Apulie et Principatus Capue. She lived (1154-1198).
1195-1203 De facto Ruler Empress Euphrosyne of the Byzantine Empire (Covering what is today Greece and Turkey)
She was married to Alexus III Angelus, a weakling with a lust for power, who mainly busied himself with diplomatic affairs and left the interior with home affairs to her. She proved to be both extravagant and corrupt.
1201-22 Regent Dowager Countess Blanca de Navarra of Champagne (France)
Until 1229 Regent of Navarra (Spain)
Also known as Blanche de Navarre, she was pregnant when her husband Thibaut III died, and she became regent for her posthumously born son Thibaut IV (1201-53). Her regency was plagued by a number of difficulties. Her brother-in-law, count Henry II had left behind a great deal of debt, which was far from paid off when Thibaut III died. Further, their son Thibaut's legitimacy was not unquestioned, and his right to the succession was challenged by Henry's daughter Philippa and her husband, Erard I of Brienne, count of Ramerupt and one of the more powerful Champagne nobles. The conflict broke into open warfare in 1215, and was not resolved until after Thibaut came of age in 1222. At that time Thibaut and Blanca bought out their rights for a substantial monetary payment. Her brother Sancho VII of Navarre was the last male-line descendant of the first dynasty of kings of Navarre, the Pamplona dynasty, and was childless and when he went into retirement ("el Encerrado") she took administration of the kingdom, though he remained king until her son succeeded him in 1234. She was the youngest daughter of Sancho VI of Navarre (who died 1194) and Sancha of Castile. She lived (1170's-1229).
1212-22 Regent Dowager Queen Constance de Arag�n of Sicilia (Italy)
She held the reins in the absence of her husband. She was the second wife of Friedrich III, who was Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 1198-1251, and successor of his first wife was Queen Constanza of Sicily. She was the mother of Konrad IV, who also became Emperor and King of Sicily. She (d. 1222).
1212-17 Sovereign Margravine Yolanda de Flanders of Namur (Belgium)
1216-19 Empress of Constantinople
Also known as Violante or Jolanta. After her brother, Emperor Henri's death in June 1216 the Barons of the Empire offered her and her husband Pierre, the crown, and they both accepted. In 1217 they left for Constantinople, and she seeded the marquisate to her oldest son. They were crowned in Rome by Pope Honrius III, and continued their journey, Pierre over land and was taken prisoner, she was pregant and travelled by sea. In Morea she married her daughter Anges off to Gottfried II, the future Prince of Achaia. In Constantinopel she gave birth to the heir to the throne, Baudouin II. (1228-1261), and took ver the regency. Just before her dath she married her daughter Maria to Emperor Theodor I. Laskaris of Nik�a. She was mother of 9 children and daughter of Count Baudouin V of Flanders and Hainault and lived (circa 1175-1219).
1214 (�) Regent Dowager Queen Leonor de Plantagenet of Castilla (Spain)
Co-Regent for Enrique I (1214-17) and her daughter, Princess Bergengula became regent after her death. She was daughter of Duchess Leonora of Aquitanie and King Henry II of England. (d. 1214).
1214-15 Regent Princess Bergenguela of Castilla (Spain)
1215-19 Queen Regnant of Asturias-Le�n and Castilla
1219 Regent
1230 Regent in Le�n
First she governed in the name of her brother Enrique I (1204-14-15-17). Later she divorced - under Pope Innocent III's orders - from her second degree cousin King Alfonso IX de Leon (King of Leon 1188 -1230). Her first son, became King Fernando II of Castile by succession and transmission of her rights to the Castilian Crown in 1219. Eleven years later, when his biological father, Alfonso IX de Le�n, died in 1230, he became, too, King Fernando III of Leon. She lived (1180-1246).
1218-28 Regent Dowager Queen Alice de Champagne of Cyprus
1243-46 (�) Regent of Jerusalem
The daughter of Queen Isabella of Jerusalem and her second husband Henri de Champagne, she married Hugues of Cyprus in 1208. He took over the reigns in Cyprus in 1210/11 from his sister Burgundia. After his sudden death at Tripoli in 1218, Alice acted as regent for her 8 month old son Henri in Cyprus. In 1223 she married Bohemond V of Antiochia. In Jerusalem, Friedrich II, Holy Roman Emperor was recognized as suzerain but not regent of Cyprus in 1228, because of his marriage to Queen Yolanda. When she died, Alice traveled to Acre to put forward her claim to Crown of Jerusalem - without success. After she and Bohemond divorced because they were too closely related (third cousins), she married Ralph, Count of Soissons. As she was the great-aunt of King Conrad of Germany - who had failed to come East to accept throne - Alice was entrusted with regency of Jerusalem in 1243. After her death the regency passed to her son and heir, Henri, King of Cyprus. She lived (circa 1193-1246)
.
1219-52 Queen Regnant Zabel I of Lesser Armenia (Cilicia) (Turkey/Syria)
Also known as Isabella, her father, Leo II had promished his nephew Raimond-Ruben de Antiochiaia, the succession to the throne, but at his death-bed he her, as his heir. Her older sister, Stephanie, or her husband, Jean de Brienne, claimed the title for her and their young son, but they died shortly after. And the Armenian nobles followed the wish of Leo II, and paid homage to her as their Queen, under various male regents. She later ruled together with her two husbands; Phillip 1222-25 (he was poisoned) and Heton I (1226-1269). Armenia Minor established very close ties with the Crusader States. It was still threatened by Byzantium, however, and appears to have come under Byzantine overlordship for short periods. Her mother was Sibylla de Lusignan of Cyprus-Jerusalem, she was mother of two sons and two daughters, and lived (circa 1212-52).
1223-47 Queen Regnant Rusudani of Georgia, by the will of our Lord, Queen of Queen of Kings and Queens of the Abkhazis, Kartvelians, Ranians, Kakhetians and the Armenians, Shirvanshah and Shahanshah and Master of all the East and West, Glory of the World, Kingdom and Faith, Champion of the Messiah
The daughter of Queen Tamar (1178-1213) she succeded her brother, Giorgi IV Lasha. She was leader of the nation in a period when it was attacked by Mongol tribes and disintegrated into numerous petty principalities. Retreated to Kutaisi when Tiflis was besieged by Jalal ud-din Shah of Khwarazmia, and captured by the latter, 9th March 1226. Forced to accept the sovereignty of the Mongol Khan in 1242, an annual tribute of 50,000 gold pieces. In 1224 she married Muhammad Mughis ud-din Turkan Shah of Erzerum, who embraced Christianity on his marriage. Her son, Davit VI Narin, succeded her as King of Georgia - Imerati. Her daughter, Princess Thamar married Sultan Muhammad Ghias ud-din Kaikhushru II of Konia. She lived (1195-1247).
1226-36 Regent Dowager Queen Blanche de Castilla of France
1240-52 Sovereign Countess of Valois
1248-52 (�) Regent of France
When her hunsband Louis invaded England after the death of her cousin John to claim the crown in her right, only to find a united nation against him, she established herself at Calais and organized two fleets, one of which was commanded by Eustace the Monk, and an army under Robert of Courtenay; but all her resolution and energy were in vain. Although it would seem that her masterful temper exercised a sensible influence upon her husband's gentler character, her role during his reign (1223-1226) is not well known. He left her as regent and guardian of his children. Of her twelve or thirteen children, six had died, and King Louis IX was only 12 years old. The situation was critical, for the hard-won domains of the house of Capet seemed likely to fall to pieces during a minority. She had to bear the whole burden of affairs alone, to break up a league of the barons (1226), and to repel the attack of the king of England (1230). But her energy and firmness overcame all dangers. She remained influential after her son took over the government in 1236. In 1248 she again became regent, during Louis IX's absence on the crusade, a project which she had strongly opposed. In the disasters which followed she maintained peace, while draining the land of men and money to aid her son in the East. She was the third daughter of Alfonso VIII, king of Castile, and of Eleanor of England, daughter of Henry II, and lived (1187-1252).
1228-(37) Regent Dowager Empress Maria de Courtenay of Constantinople (Turkey)
Regent for Baudouin II de Courtenay, who succeeded his brother, Robert. She reigned together with co-regents.
The Empire of Constantinople was mainly based around the ancient city of Byzantine and parts of Greece, but the City of Constantinople is now known as Istanbul.
1253-61 (�) Regent Dowager Queen Plaisance de Antiochia of Cyprus
1257-61 (�) Regent of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in Acre (Israel)
At the death of her husband, Henri of Lusignan, her son Hugh II was only a few months old ans she claimed the regency. The High Court of Cyprus confirmed her in this position, but the Barons in the mainland, in Akkon (what remained of the former Kingdom of Jerusalem) demanded that she showed up herself before they would confirm her as regent. Lord Jean d'Ibelin of Arsuf was bailliff in Jerusalem and she contemplated marrying his son. In 1258 she tried to strenghten her pssition and arrived in Tripoli with her son. The High Court of the Kingdom assembled, and her brother, Boemond tried to be accepted as heir to the throne of Cyprus in the abcense of, grandson of Emperor Frederik II and Queen Maria of Jerusalem, but this was rejected and the royal family was drawn into the civil war between the Genoese, Venetians, Hospitallers and the Templars. A majority was in favour of Plaisance's regency, and she returned to Cyprus after haveing reappointed Jean d'Ilbelin as bailliff. She was daughter of Boemond V of Antiochiaia and Lucienne de Cacammo-Segni, and lived (1236-61)
1253-54 Keeper and Governor Queen Eleanor de Provence of England (06.08-29.05)
She was appointed to "keep and govern the realm of England and the lands of Wales and Ireland", with the counsel of Richard, earl of Cornwall, when her husband since 1236, Henry III, was away in France to defend his territories in Gascogne. She was adviced by a Council, but she was in charge of the government, even when giving birth to a daughter in November. Eleanor was very influential during her husband's reign. Her determined resistance to baronial reform and her key part in bringing about the fall of Simon de Montfort's government invite new appraisal. After her husband's death in 1271 she was the only person in the realm anointed to the royal estate, she gave her consent to the breaking of the old seal and making of the new and the declaration of the new king, Edward I's peace, but she did not act as regent in the period until Edward returned to England. As a widow she was in control of her wast dowry in Amesbury. In 1286 she entered a convent, but was still consulted by her son, Edward I, from time to time. She was daughter of Raymond Bergengar, count of Provence and Beatrice of Province. Her sister Marguerite was married to Louis IX of France, Sanchia to Richard, Earl of Cornwall and the youngest Beatrice to Charles, Count d'Anjou. The youngest sister inherited Province. Eleanor was mother of nine children of whom four survived to adulthood. She lived (1217/23-91).
1259-66 Regent Dowager Queen Margrethe Sambiria Spr�nghest of Denmark
1266-81 Lady of Estonia and Virland
Born as a Pommerian Princess, she was regent for her son Erik 5. Klipping after the death of her husband, Kristoffer I. She fought against the powerful Archbishop Jakob Erlandsen. In 1261 she and her son were taken prisoner in Germany. The next year she returned together with Albrecht of Braunshweig and Erlandsen left the country. She managed to persuade Pope to accept the idea of female succession to the Danish throne, though not to her daughters having succession-rights before male relatives in other lines. Estonia was her dowry which she controlled from Lolland-Falster another Dowry in the South of Denmark. She lived circa (1230-81).
1261-67 De Facto Ruler Queen Maria Laskarina of Hungary in Croatia and Dalmatia
Married to King Bela IV of Hungary (1235-70), sho used much of his reign trying to curtail the power of the magnates and set out to recover the crown lands his father had given to supporters. Confronted by the menace of the Mongol invasion, he sent unheeded appeals to Pope Gregory IX and Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich II, but he was defeated in 1241. Returning after the withdrawal of the invaders, he repopulated the country by inviting foreign colonization. Bela's long struggle with Ottocar II, king of Bohemia, for Austria and Styria ended in defeat in 1260. His last years were disturbed by the rebellion of his son, King Stephen V (1270-72), who forced him to share the kingdom. Maria was involved in the struggle and was de-facto ruler of parts of the kingdom. She was born as Princess of Nicaea and (d. 1270).
1263-64 (�) Regent Princess Isabella of Cyprus
When Queen Plaisance of Cypern died in 1261 her son Hugo II was eight years old, at first Isabella's son was appointed regent because the Supreme Court thought a man would be a better regent than a woman, but in 1263 Isabella and her husband, Henri de Poitou of Antiochiaia (d. 1276 ), came to Cyprus and the nobles paid homage to her as regent, but she died the following year. As the younger daughter of King Hugo I Lusignan of Cypern and Alice de Champagne-Blois she was Heriess Presumptive of Jerusalem, since her mother was the daughter and Heriess Presumptive of King Henri I of Jerusalem and Princess Isabella d'Anjou of Jerusalem. Isabella's oldest son, Hugo III, was king of Cyprus (1235-84) and her daughter ,Marguerite Titular-Princess of Antiochiaia and Lady of Tyros and lived (before 1244-1308) and married to Jean de Montfort, Lord of Tyros (d. 1289). Isabella lived (circa 1215-64).
1272-77 Regent Dowager Queen Elisabet Kumanac of Hungary
After the death of her husband King Istv�n V (Stephen) of Hungary (1270-72) she was regent for their son, L�szl� IV of Hungary (1272-90), who was murdered. He had been kidnapped at age ten from his father's court by rebellious vassals. His minority was an alternation of palace revolutions and civil wars, in which she barely contrived to keep the upper hand. In this milieu Ladislaus matured precociously and was poorly educated, which greatly confined his personalities as rough and reckless. Her daughters Katalin (Ca 1256-after 1314) was married to king Stepan IV Dragutin of Serbia (d. 1316), M�ria (ca 1257-1323) was married to King Charles II of Naples and Sicily - recognized as Queen in parts of the country 1290-92, the third daughter was married to the Tsar of Bulgaria, Erzs�bet (1255-1326) first married Zavis von Rosenberg zu Falkenstein and secondly King Stepan Uros II Milutin of Serbia and the youngst daughter �gnes (ca 1260-ca 1281) was married to Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos of Byzantium. Queen Elizabeth was daughter of Zayhan, a prince of the Turkish Nomadic Cuman tribe, which had been pushed into Hungary by the invasions of Chinghis-Khan, and lived (1240-after 1290).
1274-1305 Queen Regnant Juana I of Navarra, Countess of Champagne and Brie (Spain and France)
Also known as Jeanne, and at the age of 13 she was married to king Philippe V of France (1268-1314), who became king of Navarra by the right of his wife. She left him to reign in Navarra and stayed in Champagne. Mother of 7 children. Her three surviving sons; Louis X of France, Philip V and Charles IV all became kings of France and Navarra, and her only surviving daughter, Isabelle, married king Edward II of England. She died under mysterious circumstances; one chronicler even accused her husband of having killed her. She lived (circa 1271-1305).
1274-76 Regent Dowager Queen Blance d'Artois of Navarra and the Counties Troyes and Meaux
1274-84 Regent of the Counties of Champagne and Brie (Spain and France)
After the death of her husband Henri I (1270-74), she was regent for daughter Juana I, and various powers, both foreign and Navarrese, sought to take advantage of the minority of the heiress and the weakness of the female regent. She left the administration of Navarra to King Philippe III of England after her marriage to Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster (1245-1296), brother of Edward I of England, and they administered Champagne until Juana came of age in 1284. She was the daughter of count Robert I of Artois, and the granddaughter of Louis VIII of France, mother of four children with her second husband, and lived (circa 1248 -1300).
1276-1309 Sub-Queen Helena d'Anjou of Dioclea (Montenegro)
Succeeded Stephen and followed by Stephen Uros III of Decani
1280-84 Regent Dowager Queen Ingeborg Eriksdatter of Norway
After the death of her husband, Magnus the Lawmaker (1238-63-80) she acted as regent for her son, Erik II (1268-99). She was the first Norwegian Queen to be crowned and was daughter of King Erik IV Plogpenning of Denmark and Jutta of Sachsen, and lived (1244-87).
1283-1308 Titular Empress Catherina I de Courtenay of Constantinople (Turkey), Dame of Courtenay (France)
Also Sovereign Princess of Achaia (Albaina) and Dame de Courtenay (France)
Daughter of Philippe, the son of Emperor Boudewijn of the Latin Empire in the ancient city of Byzanz and parts of Greece. He was deposed 1261. Plans were made to marry her to Freiderich of Sicilia, but nothing came of it. The Pope interfered, there were also attempts to have her marry the heir to the Byzantine throne, Michael IX, but she declined because the contract was not lucrative enough for her, and in 1302 she married Count Charles I de Valois (1270-1325), who was planning a cruzade against Byzantine when she died. Mother of three daughters and a son, who died just before herself, and she was therefore succeeded by the oldest, Catherine II, as heir to the Latin Empire of the East. Catharine I lived (1274-1308).
1283-85 Governor Queen Constance Hohenstaufen of Sicily (Italy)
In 1262 her father, Manfredo Hohenstaufen, arranged her marriage to Infant Pedro of Aragon. Manfredo lost his crown and life in 1266, and she was his heir - though the throne remained in the hands of Charles of Anjou, a brother of King Louis IX of France. Her husband gave her in her own right the title of Queen, before succeeding to the throne in 1276. In 1282 her husband - now Pedro III made a triumphant entry into Messina, and in the following year she left for Sicilia, and it was announced that the Infant Jaime would be heir to Sicily as the elder son, Alfonso, would remain heir of Aragon. In the case of Jaime's minority, she would act as regent. Pedro III had to depart Sicily, leaving her in charge. In November 1285 Constance's husband died at Villafranca de Penadres where he was buried, and the following year Jaime was crowned - though both she and her son were excommunicated by the pope. When in 1291 her eldest son, Alfonso III, died childless Jaime succeeded him, remaining king of both countries until 1296 when Fadrique, Constance's third son, became King of Sicilia. She returned to Spain and lived (1249-1301).
1284-85 Empress Regnant Theodora Comnenus of Trebizond (Turkey)
Trabzon is a city and coastal region in northeastern Turkey, by the Black Sea; west-southwest of Georgia. At the Sack of Byzantium in 1204, and subsequent establishment of the Latin Empire by marauding Crusaders, a few members of the Imperial family escaped and established this state. Owing to a combination of the typical Byzantine policy of extensive marriage alliances together with notable difficulty of access by potential invaders, Trapezoid was generally ignored or bypassed by the great conquerors of the era; Seljuqs and Mongols mainly. Theodora was daughter of Manuel I (1238-63) and came on the throne after 3 of her brothers, before she was deposed
.
1284 Titular Queen Irene Palailologina de Monferrato of Thessalonica (Greece)
Her father, Guglielmo VIII of Monferrato in Italy gave up the title of titular king upon her marriage to Emperor Andronikos II. Palailogos of Byzantine. Her father was Marchese di Montferrato (1253-92), titular King of Saloniki (1262-84), Signore d'Ivrea (1266-67) and (1278-92), Signore di Milano (1278-82), and died in prison Alexandria in 1292. Her mother was his third wife, Beatriz of Castilla. She lived (1274-1317).
1286-90 Queen Regnant Margaret of Scotland
and The Orkney Islands (United Kingdom)
With the sudden death of Alexander III, Scotland was left without an obvious heir to the throne. At first, Margaret's step-grandmother Yolande declared that she was pregnant with a legitimate heir, countering the claims of two powerful nobles, Robert Bruce (grandfather of the future Robert I of Scotland) and John Balliol, each of whom wanted the throne for himself. When it was discovered that Yolande was not really pregnant, it was decided that Alexander's only surviving descendant, his three-year-old granddaughter Margaret, would ascend to the throne under a regency of six nobles. She was the daughter of Eric II of Norway and his wife Margaret, daughter of Alexander III, who died in childbirth. Fearing that a young and powerless queen would invite civil war between the rival claimants to the throne, the Scottish nobles appealed to Edward I of England to intervene. Eager to extend his own influence in Scotland, Edward arranged the Treaty of Birgham in 1290, by which Margaret was betrothed to his son the Prince of Wales (later Edward II of England), in return for an assurance of Scottish independence though he would serve as ward for the young queen. She set sail from Norway to her new realm in the autumn of 1290, but took ill during the stormy voyage and died soon after reaching the Orkney Islands around September 26. With her death, the House of Dunkeld came to an end. Her corpse was taken to Bergen and buried beside her mother in the stone wall, on the north side of the choir, in Christ's Kirk at Bergen. In the two years that followed, Scotland was left with 14 claimants to the throne. Once again, Edward was asked to intercede. His efforts to exert his own authority over the country eventually led to the First Scottish War of Independence. Also known as "The Maid of Norway", she lived (1283-90).
1286-92 Regent Dowager Queen Agnes af Brandenburg of Denmark
1286 Royal County Sheriff of Lolland-Falster
Regent for son Erik IV Menved after her husband, Erik V was assassinated. Her rule was challenged by several magnates who had been found guilty - probably unjustly- of killing her husband and had been outlawed in 1287. These outlaws, who were aided by the Norwegian king and soon joined by Duke Valdemar of Schleswig and the new archbishop, Jens Grand, raided the Danish coasts. Erik defeated Valdemar and reached an agreement with Norway in 1295, but he continued to feud with Grand, whose imprisonment led to a papal interdict of the king in 1297. Erik's settlement with Pope Boniface VIII (1303) enabled him to resume Danish conquests along the northern border of the Holy Roman Empire, and in 1304 the emperor Albert I ceded to Denmark all lands north of the Elbe River. Lolland-Falster was her dowry which she administered as a royal fief, being in charge of aspects of the local administration. She later married Count Gerhard II of Holsten and became mother of another son, Johann, she lived (1258-1304).
1290-1300 Co-Regent Queen Catherina Tomasina Morosini of Hungary
Her husband Istv�n the Posthumous of Hungary, Duke of Slavonia (1236-71) who died as a Patrician in Venezia, was son of King Endre II of Hungary and Croatia (1205-35). She became co-ruler when her son, Endre III (1265-90-1301), came to the throne after the son of his third cousin, L�zsl� IV was murdered during the civil wars in the country. She was daughter Micaele Sbarra Morosini, and Patrician of Venice of lived (1240-1300).
1290-92 Reigning in Dissidence Queen M�ria of Hungary
She reigned in dissidence to King Endre III, after the her brother L�zsl� IV was murdered,when she was acknowledged as kiralyno (female king) by the Dalmatian regions, with the provison that her son Carlo Martello (Martell K�roly) was to be elected king in her place. She was daughter of King V. Istv�n and Elisabeth, who was regent of the kingdom 1272-77, and married to the future King Carlo II of Napoli and Sicily. She lived (circa 1257-1323).
1295-1301 and 1312-21 (�) Regent Dowager Queen Mar�a de Alfonso de Molina of Castilla (Spain)
Lady de Molina in her own right, she was widow of Sancho IV. As regent for her son, Ferdinando IV, she defended his throne against several pretenders, who were at various times supported by France, Arag�n, Portugal, Navarre, and Granada. 11 years later, after Ferdinando�s death, she acted as a guardian to her grandson Alfonso XI, while the regency was contested among his other relatives.
1303-17 De facto Reigning Empress Violante Aleramo of Thessalonica (Greece)
1305-06 Sovereign Margravine of Monferrato (Italy)
She married Emperor Andronikos II Palailogos, later Emperor of Constantinople, as his second wife in 1284 and became known as Yolanda, and was given Thessalonica as her dowry. She was in disupte with her husband over the future of their sons, as his sons by the first marriage were named as heirs. She wanted to have the Empire carved out in seperate principalities for each of the thre sons. They grew further apart when her husband married their five year old daughter to King Simonis Milutin of Serbia who were in his 50s and forced their oldest son to marry the daughter of his closest advisor even though she was of low nobility. In 1303 she packed her backs and took up residence in Thessalonica, which considered her own property. 1309 an attempt of reconciliation failed and she died in her territory in 1317. 1305 she had inherited Monferrato from her brother and the folowing year she passed the title to her second son, Theodore, who spend the rest of his life in Italy. She was mother of seven chldren.
1306 Regent Dowager Queen Ryksa Elzbieta of Bohemia (Czech Republic)
1306-35 Lady of K�nigsgr�tz
Elisabeth-Richsa had been politically influential 1303-05 during the reign of her husband, Wencelas II of Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, and regent from August till October, when she married Rudolf III of Austria, who was titular king of Bohemia, Hungary and Poland until his death one year later, but in reality Hungary and Bohemia was in an interregnum. Elzbieta married her third husband, Heinrich zur Lippe in 1315 and they continued as leaders of the Bohemian nobility against Queen Elisabeth. After his death in 1329, she withdrew to the Convent of Aula Sankt Mari� in Br�nn. She was daughter of King Przemyl II of Poland and Richeza, daughter of King Valdemar of Denmark, and lived (1288-1335).
1352-54 Regent Princess Constanza of Sicily (Italy)
The unmarried daughter of Pietro II of Sicily (1337-42) and Elisabeth of Carinthia of Tirol, she was regent during the reign of her brother Luigi, who was king 1342-55. Her sister Eufemia was regent for their other brother, Federico from 1355. Constanza lived (1324-55).
1355-57 Regent Princess Eufemia of Sicilia (Sicily) (Italy)
The unmarried daughter of Pietro II (1337-42) she was regent for brother, Federico III, Duke of Athens and Neopatras (1341-55-77), who was succeeded by daughter Maria in 1377. Their sister, Constanza had acted as regent 1552-54 for their older brother King Luigi. Eufemia lived (1330-59).
1365-68 In Charge of the Government Queen Leonor de Gandia de Arag�n of Cyprus, Titular Queen Consort of Jerusalem (Israel)
1369 Co-Regent of Cyrus
Her husband, Pierre I de Lusignan, who had been away on various expeditions since 1365, returned to Cypern in 1368, he retaliated on the nobles who had been her favourites during his absence, and behaved with such haughtiness and tyranny that he alienated the sympathy of his barons and even of his brothers. In January 1369 he was assassinated by a body of nobles with the concurrence of his brothers. His son Pierre, a boy of thirteen, succeeded to the throne under the regency of his uncles, Jean, prince of Antiochia, and Jacques, constable of Cyprus. She quarreled with both of them, who had both been concerned in the assassination of her husband. She first welcomed the invaders as a means of avenging the murder of her husband, but when she saw that the Genoese were bent on destroying her son's kingdom, she joined the other royalists and took refuge with Jacques, the constable of Cyprus, in the Kyrenia castle. It was not until 1374 the her son was reinstated on the throne. She lived (1333-1416)
1370-75, 1376-77 and 1378-79 Regent Dowager Queen Elżbieta Łokietk�wna of Poland and Dalmatia
As regent Queen Elisabeth or Ersz�bet had the official title Regina Senioris Poloniae and 1370-80, she was in fact joint ruler with her son, Louis d'Anjou of Hungary, and officially appointed regent during his stays in Hungary after he inherited the kingdom after her brother, Kazimierz III of Poland (1309-33-70). She had already been very influential since he succeeded her husband, Karol Robert, as king of Hungary in 1342. She had gained the upper hand at court and for several decades she acted as a sort of co-regent, and even the Hungarian barons were afraid of her. She was a fanatical catholic and founded countless religious churches and convents. Of her 7 children, the second son, Andreas married his cousin, Joanna I of Napoli and was Duke of Calabria until he was murdered by his wife in 1345. She lived (1305-80).
1375-1403 Titular Queen Isabel of Mallorca and Ibiza (Spain)
The daughter of King Jaime III of Mallorca etc. (1315-24-49), who was killed fighting against the king of Aragon who had retaken Majorca during the 1340s, labeling him as "a contumacious vassal". She succeeded her brother, Jaime VI (husband of Queen Joanna I of Napoli (1326-82)) to the titular dignity and lived in her family's possessions in Southern France at Chateau de Gallargues. Her first husband was Margrave Giovanni II of Montferrato (1313-72) and the second Konrad von Reischach zu Jungnau. She was mother of four sons (three of whom became Margraves of Monferrato) and a daughter, and lived (1337-after 1403).
1376-87 Regent Dowager Queen Margrethe I Valdemarsdatter of Denmark and Norway
1387-1412 Reigning Queen (Master and Mistress) of Denmark, Sweden and Norway
She was the youngest daughter of King Valdemar IV of Denmark. At the age of ten she was married to King H�kon VI of Norway, son of Magnus II of Sweden and Norway. Their son Olaf, born in 1370, was elected King Olaf II of Denmark in 1375 at the death of Margrethe's father, with her as regent. After her husband's death shortly after her son also became Olaf IV of Norway. After Olaf's death in 1387 the Estates in Denmark elected her as "Full-mighty Master and Mistress of All the Real" for life. The following year she became regent of Norway. In 1388 the Swedish nobility dethroned their king Albrecht of Mecklenburg, and elected Margrethe as their reigning Queen instead. She chose her sister's daughter's son Erik of Pommerania as her successor, who beacme king in 1389, but Margrethe remained the real ruler. She founded the union of Kalmer which in the case of Sweden would last until 1523, and with Norway until 1814. In 1410, Margrethe tried to reinstate Danish overlordship over Schleswig, which caused a war with the Counts in Holstein. She traveled to the conflict area, and died there in 1412. She lived (1353-1412).
1377-1402 Queen Regnant Maria of Sicilia (Sicily) (Italy)
1377-79 Duchess of Athens and Neopatria and Titular Queen of Jerusalem
At the age of 15 she succeeded her father, King Federico with Artale of Alagona as regent. 1379-88 she was in-exile in Sardegna because of civil war in Sicily. In 1390 she married Martin the Younger of Aragon and two years later they returned together with his father, Martin the Old, King of Aragon, and Maria received the crown by the Sicilian Barons. As king and Queen they used the titluatures; Nos, D.Martin, e duenya Marya, per la gracia di Dios, roy e reyna de Ssicilia, e de los ducados de Athenes e de Neopatria duque e duquessa, e nos infante don Martin, del mult alto D. Pedro, de buena memoria, roy d'Aragon fillo, e per la gracia di Dios duque de Monblanc, Conte de Luna e senyor del marquesado e de la ciutat de Sagorbe, governador general per lo mult alt senior D.Jean, rey d'Aragon, ermano e senyor nostro muyt car, en tut sus regnos e terras, coadjutor de la dicha reyna en lo regimento del regno e ducados sopredichos, e padre e legitimo administrador del dicho rey. She died without a heir, and lived (1361-1402).
1381-86 Politically Influential Queen Margherita d'Angi�-Durazzo of Napoli (Italy)
1386-1400 Regent Dowager Queen
She was very influential during her husband and nephew Carlo III Durazzo's reign. He succeeded her father, Andreas of Hungary, as king and was also king of Hungary 1386. He was killed same year and she took over the government in the name of her son Ladislao di Durazzo (1386-1414) who was later succeeded by his daughter, Giovanna II. Margherita was daughter of Duke Carlo di Durazzo and the former heir to the throne of Napels, Princess Maria of Napoli (1328-66) and her sister Giovanna, was Duchess of Durazzo 1348-87. She ived (1347-1412).
1382-85 and 1386-95 Queen Regnant Maria of Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia, Rama, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria and Cumania, Bulgaria
M�ria was crowned as rex Hungari�, and was the second of three daughters of Louis I the Great of Hungary from the House of Angevin (Anjou). Mary became Queen of Hungary after her father's death in 1382 (her elder sister Catherine died four years earlier). The country was ruled by her mother and the Palatine Mikl�s Garai. Many noblemen of Hungary were opposed to them and they helped Charles of Durazzo (Charles III of Naples, Charles II of Hungary) to become King of Hungary in 1385. Sigismund to whom she was betrothed rescued her from captivity. Sigismund took revenge on the murderers of her mother. From 1387 officially Maria and her husband were joint rulers of Hungary but in fact he ruled alone. In 1410 Sigismund was elected Holy Roman Emperor, two years after she married Barbara Cilli, and their daughter, Elisabeth and her husband became Queen of King of Bohemia and Croatia-Dalmatia in 1437. She lived circa 1372-95).
1382-86 Regent Dowager Queen Elisabeth of Bosnia of Hungary
She assumed the regency without difficulty after her husband's death, but the political elite was divided over who Maria should marry, She worked for a marriage between her daughter and Louis d'Orl�ans of France. The Polish nobles insisted that their ruler should reside permanently in their kingdom. At first Elisabeth considered taking up arms, but in March 1383 she accepted the accession of her younger daughter, Hedwig (Jadwiga) as Queen of Poland. In August 1384 some of the Hungarian nobles renounced their allegiance to her. She was under threat from both Sigismund of Luxembourg - whom her husband had designated as Maria's husband - and Carlos d'Anjou of Durazzo-Napoli, who was offered the Hungarian throne. Elisabeth was forced to abandon the idea of the French marriage and accepted that Maria married Sigismund, but it was too late in December 1385 Maria abdicated and Carlos became king, but in February the following year he was deposed, he was wounded and died. Elisabeth again seized the reigns of power and immediately rewarded those who had been loyal to her daughter. In April 1386, king Wenceslas of Bohemia brought Sigimund to Hungary, and by the Treaty of Gy�r the queens were forced to accept him as prince consort. A riot had broken out in Slavonia and Elisabeth thought that the presence of Maria would calm the situation. She was wrong, her small army was slaughtered, and the queens were imprisoned at the bishop of Zagreb's castle, and this marked her fall from power, and in January 1387 Elisabeth was strangled in her prison. Elisabeth was daughter of Stefan Kotromanić, Ban of Bosnia and Elżbieta of Poland, and lived (ca.1340-87).
1383-85 Queen Beatriz of Portugal
Also known as Brites, she was married to king Juan of Castilla, and after her father, Fernando I's death, she claimed the throne of Portugal, but was almost immediately deposed by the C�rtes, who chose her uncle as king. Her son Fernando I of Aragon and Sicily, who were married to Leonor Urraca de Castilla, Countess de Albuquerque. Beatriz lived (1372-circa 1410).
1383 Regent Dowager Queen Leonor Tellez de Menezes of Portugal
First married to Jo�o Louren�o da Cunha, Lord of Pombeiro and in 1371 she married king Fernando I, which caused a war with Castilla as her husband broke an engagement with Enrique II's daughter. During the later years of their marriage, her husband was very ill and had to withdraw from the government, which was left in her hands. After his death, she was appointed regent for their daughter, Beatriz, who was married to Juan I of Castilla. She was very unpopular because of her pro-Castilian politics, and people did not trust the promises of autonomy, and as she gave her lover, Juan Fern�ndez Andeiro, Count von Our�m, much power, she was deposed after only six weeks by a riot of the artisans of Lisbon in favour of her husband's illegitimate half-brother, Jo�o de Avis. Mother of one son by her first husband and two by her second, who both died as infants. She was daughter of Martim Afonso Telo de Menezes and Aldon�a Anes de Vasconcelos, and lived (circa 1350-86).
1384-99 Queen Jadwiga of Poland and of the Lands of Crakow, Sandomierz, Sieradz, Leczyca, Kujawia, and
Hereditary Lady of Pomerania
Her official title was �Hedvig Rex Poloni�, and she was the youngest daughter of king Louis of Hungary and Poland and Elizabeth of Bosnia. She was brought up at the royal court in Buda. In 1378 she was betrothed to Wilhelm von Habsburg and spent about a year at the imperial court in Vienna. She was well educated and polyglot, interested in arts, music, science and court life, and was also known for her piety.When her father died in 1382, the Hungarian throne was inherited by her older sister, Maria. The lords of Lesser Poland did not want to continue the personal union with Hungary and therefore chose her as their new monarch. After two years of negotiations with Jadwiga's mother and a civil war in Greater Poland (1383), she finally came to Krak�w and was crowned King of Poland.. As a monarch, she probably had little actual power, but she was actively engaged in her kingdom's political, diplomatic and cultural life. In 1387 she led a military expedition to reconquer the Duchy of Halych and in 1390 she began to correspond with the Teutonic Knights. She gave much of her wealth to charity, including foundation of hospitals, she founded the bishopric in Vilnius and resored the Academy of Krak�w, since called Jagiellonian University in honor of her and her husband. Her engagement to Wilhelm of Habsburg was broken off, and instead she married Jagiello, Gand Duke of Lithuania, in order to unite Poland and Lithuania and to convert the Lithuanians to Christianity. She was said to be a blonde, blue-eyed beauty, and an exhumation performed in 1976 showed that she was unusually tall for a medieval woman (180 cm). Her only daughter, Elizabeth Bonifacia, died one month after her birth, and Jadwiga died soon after. She lived (1374�99).
1392-1419 Regent Queen Isabeau Baverie of France
1403-04 President of the Council of State
In 1392 her husband, Charles IV had the first of 44 fits of insanity, which were to last until his death in 1422, and would make him unable to reign. Isabeau was given large lands in Normandie, around Paris and in Champagne as a security, and officially declared regent during the "absence" of her husband. From 1395 she actively engaged in politics, and arranged the marriage of her children in very young age. Her advisors, the brother's of her husband, Philippe de Burgundy and d'Orl�ans, engaged in a fierce power struggle, which almost resulted in a civil war. In 1402 she took over the control of the taxation and at 26.4.1403 she became President of the Council of State and took over the management of the Government. One year later Louis died, and she reigned jointly with Philippe. After the birth of the last child, she removed totally from Charles, who became more and more violent and dangerous. In 1407 her position was reaffirmed in an official act, but her husband's cousin, Jean placed his followers in all the central positions. 1411-12 a civil war broke out between the Burundians and Orleans. In 1415 her 18 year old son, Louis, took over the government, and soon after the English attacked France. After Louis' death, his brother, Jean (Married to Jakob�a of Hainault, Holland and Zeeland) was regent until his death two years later. She then was in charge again, and appointed Jean without Fear as Governor of the French Kingdom. In 1419 and 1420 she met the English king, Henry V and negotiated a peace-treaty. After the death of her husband, she lived alone, plagued by rheumatism and immobile because of her heavy weight. Originally named Elisabeth von Bayern, she was mother of 12 children, and lived (1370-1435).
1395-98 Reigning Dowager Queen Jelena Gruba of Rama (Bosnia)
Also known as Helena the Cruel, she was the widow of Stjepan Dasiba (1391-95) and was succeeded by Stjepan Ostoja (1398-1404 and 1418-21).
1395-97 and 1398-99 Regent-Governor Queen Maria L�pez de Luna of Arag�n (Spain)
Her husband, King Martin I was king of Aragon (1395-1410) and in 1409 he succeeded his son as King of Sicily, where he reigned one year. Their son, Martin the Younger's wife Maria of Sicily inherited the kingdom in 1377 but 1379-88 she was in-exile in Sardegna because of civil war in Sicily. In 1390 they married and two years later they returned together with Martin I. After her death in 1402 Martin the Younger married the later Queen Blanca II of Navarre (1391-1425-42). Maria succeeded her father Lope de Luna as Countess of Luna. (d. 1406).
1313 and 1316-31 Sovereign Princess Mathilde d' Avesnes-Hainault of Achaia and Morea, Queen of Thessalonica (Greece)
Also known as Mahaut, she was daughter of Florence d'Avernes-Hainault, who had succeeded her mother, Isabelle de Villehardouin as titular-prince. First married to Guido II de la Roche, Duke of Athens, Lord de Theben (d. 1308). In 1313 she was deposed by her second husband, Louis de Bourgogne, titular King of Thessaloniki until his death in 1316. Two years later she married Jean d'Anjou-Gravina (Prince Giovanni of Naploli (1294-1336)) until their divorce in 1321. Her fourth husband was Hugo de La Palice, who was also Co-Prince of Achaia and Morea. Her sister, Marguerite, was Lady of Karytena from 1311. Mathildee lived (1293-1331).
1316 Regent Dowager Queen Clemence d'Anjou-Napoli of France
When her husband Louis X (1289-1314-16) died she was pregnant, making it impossible to know Louis's successor until the time his child was born. If the child were a son, he would succeed Louis as king: had the child been a daughter, Louis would have been succeeded by his brother Philip V. (John I's half-sister Jeanne, as a female, could not succeed to the throne of France; she did, however, retain rights in the succession of Navarre). She was joint regent with her brother-in-law Philip for the five months remaining until the birth her child, who turned out to be male. But Jean I, only lived five days was succeeded by his uncle Philippe V.
1320-54 Politically Influential Empress Eirene Palaiologina Asenina Cantacuzene of the Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
1348 In charge of the Administration and Defence of Constantinople
1318 she married Jean Cantacuzene, Lord of Kalliopolis in Thrace. In 1320 he left her behind in the city of Didymoteichou while he took part in Andronikos III Palaiologos's rebellion against his grandfather, Andronikos II. She held the ford throuhout the whole civil war wich lasted until 1238, when Andronikos II abdicated. Also in charge of the defence of the city during the civil war against Anna of Savoia over the regency over Anna's infant son from 1341-43. Jean was problaimed Emperor and crowned in 1346 by the Patriarch of Jerusalem, who had taken side against Anna and the Patriarch of Constantinople, and the following year the new patriarch crowned Jean and Eirene. 1348 she was left in charge of Constantinople while her husband went on campagn against the Bulgarians. Six years later he abdicated and they both joined a convent. She was granddaughter of Tsar Jean II Asen of Bulgaria and (d. 1361/79).
1320-39 Politically Influential Queen Jadwiga Kaliska of Poland
She was influential during the reign of her husband king Władysław I Łokietek and her son Kazimierz III the Great. Her daughters were Elżbieta Łokietk�wna, Queen of Hungary and Regent of Poland and Kunegunda, Princess regent of Świdnica. Jadwiga was daughter of Prince Bolesław the Devout of Małopolska (Poland Minor) and the Hungarian Princess Jolenta-Helena, and lived (1266-1339).
1326-27 Regent Dowager Queen Isabella de France of England
When her brother, King Charles IV of France, seized the French possessions of her husband, Edward II in 1325, she returned to France and gathered an army to oppose her estranged husband, who was probably homosexual and neglected her in favour of his male favourites. In 1326 she landed with her lover Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, at Suffolk with their mercenary army. King Edward's few allies deserted him were killed, and himself was captured and abdicated in favour of his eldest son, Edward III of England. She and Roger Mortimer became regents for him. After he came of age Mortimer was executed and she was allowed to retire to Castle Rising in Norfolk where she enjoyed a comfortable retirement and made many visits to her son's court. After her brother King Charles IV of France's death, Edward III claimed throne of France - and thus began what is known as the Hundred Years' War. Isabella was mother of four children, and lived (1292-1358).
1328-49 Queen Regnant Juana II Capet of Navarra and Pamplona (Spain)
Also Countess d'Angoul�me, she signed her laws with the title: Nos, donna Johana, por la gracia de Dius reyna de Francia et de Navarra, et de Jampayne et de Bria condesa palaziana . Succeeded uncle, Charles IV, who had succeeded her father in 1316. Married to Philippe d'�vreux (1301-43), and daughter of king Louis X the Hunchback of France and Marguerite de Bourgogne, and lived (1312-49).
1330 Regent Queen Philippa de Hainault of England
Her husband Edward III appointed her regent on many occasions when he was absent on the Continent. When the Scots invaded England as far south as Durham in1346, she raised an army, winning the battle of Neville's Cross, and taking the Scottish King David II Bruce (d.1371) prisoner. She was responsible for the introduction of weaving into England and the patron of poets and musicians. She survived the Black Death (1348) - but her daughter Joanna, en route to marry the Castilian Prince Pedro the Cruel, was struck down and died. She was daughter of Count Guillaume III de d'Avesnes of Hainault and Holland (d.1337) and Jeanne de Valois (d.1352). She had 11 children and lived (1311-69).
1330 Regent Dowager Tsarina Theodora Palailologina of Bulgaria
After her husband, Tsar Michael Shishman,was defeated and killed by the Serbians, under Stephen Uros III, at the battle of Velbflzhd (Kiustendil) she assumed the regency for step-son, Ivan Stepan Shishman, who died in exile in Napoli. She was soon deposed by her husband's ex-wife Princess Ana Nead of Serbia. Theodora was daughter of Micah�l IX Palaeologos, co-emperor of Byzantium and Rita of Armenia.
1330-31 Regent Ex-Tsarina Ana Neda of Bulgaria
After her brother had deposed her ex-husband, Michael III, she i
nitially reigned in the name of her son, czar Ivan Stephan, until she was removed herself. Her brother, Stephen Uros III,
ruled Serbia and Bulgaria until 1355. Ana Neda was first engaged to Count
Charles de Valois, but never married him. (d. after 1346).
1340-47 Regent Dowager Empress Anna de Savoie of Constantinople (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
1350-65/66 De Facto Ruler of Thessalonica (Greece)
She was widow of Andronikos III (1296-1328-41) and governed for son Jean V (1332-41�47-91) jointly with the Patriarch of the Orthodox war. A civil war followed with the pretender Jean VI Kantakuzenos (1347-54) who became emperor in 1347 when her son was deposed. She lived in Constantinople until 1350 when she moved to Thessalonica which she ruled as her own portion of the empire until her death. She lived (1306-65/66).
1340-41 Empress Regnant Eirene Palailologina of Trebizond (Turkey)
Also known as Irene Palaeologina, she was the illegitimate daughter of Andronikos III Palailogos and married Emperor Basileios II Komnenos of Trapezunt. They divorced in 1339 and when he died the following year she succeeded him as ruler of the Empire wich was established after the conquest of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade. Greek authority was maintained in three major locations, at Nicaea, in Epirus and at Trebizond. The latter started as heir to the Comneni and a reasonable ambition of moving on to Constantinople, but spent much of its existence in vassalage to the Mongols and Turks who ruled the plateau behind it. The city is known as Trabzon today. (d. 1341).
1341 and 1341-42 Empress Regnant Anna Anachutu of Trebizond (Turkey)
She was daughter of Alexius II Comnenus who ruled (1297-1330), followed by her brother Andronicus III of Trebizond until 1332, his son Manuel II in 1332 and the seond brother, Basileios II Komnenos 1332-40, who was married to Eirene Palailologina, who reigned as Empress 1341-42.
1343-82 Queen Regnant Giovanna I d'Angi� of Napoli and Sicilia and Sardegna, Sovereign Duchess of Pouilles and Calabre, Princess of Capua, Sovereign Countess of Province, Forcalquier and Pi�mont (Italy and France)
1374-76 Princess of Achaia and Baroness of Vostitsa (Greece) and Titular Queen of Jerusalem
Also known as Joan or Johanna of Napels, Jeanne d'Anjou or Juanna. At the age of 17 she was crowned by her Grandfather, Roberto d�Anjou, and inherited a flourishing kingdom, however tormented by dynastic troubles. In 1342 Giovanna married Andrea of Hungary, who died two years later in consequence of a conspiracy, to which perhaps the Queen herself participated in. Her brother-in-law took his revenge invading Naples. In 1346 she had married her cousin Luigi d�Anjou of Taranto. Because of the invasion she flew to Avignon in Province, in 1347 she sold it to Pope Clemente VI who supported her as an exchange to hold back the Hungarian expansion in Italy. After the death of her second husband, Giovanna got married with Juan of Aragon, who died very soon in consequence of an illness. Then in the same year she married a skilful captain, Otto of Braunschweig, to better defend her reign. She didn�t have any heir and this caused succession problems. Pope Urbano VI excommunicated her because she had backed up the Anti-Pope Clemente VII. Her cousin, Carlo of Durazzo of Taranto, invaded her reign also because she had appointed as her successor Louis I d�Anjou, brother of the King of France. Giovanna fell prisoner and Carlo imprisoned her in Muro Lucano, a small town in Southern Italy, and had her strangled in 1383. She lived (1343-83).
1344 Regent Dowager Queen Maria of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (Lesser Armenia) (Syria and Turkey)
1363-73 Politically Active
After Constantine IV of Armenia, the first Latin king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was killed in an uprising in 1344 after two years in office, she took over the regency. The new king was a distant cousin, Constantine V of Armenia, who died of natural causes in 1362. She then married Constantine VI another distant cousin, who formed an alliance with Peter I of Cyprus, offering him the port and castle of Corycus. On Peter's death in 1369, Constantine looked for a treaty with the Sultan of Cairo. The barons were unhappy with this policy, fearing annexation by the Sultan, and in 1373 Constantine was murdered. The year before she had sent a letter to Pope Gregory XI requesting military help against the Moslems. After her husband's death, the Pope urged her to marry Otto of Braunschweig. She was daughter of Jeanne of Anjou, Princess of Tarent and Oshin Korikos (or Corycos), who was regent of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia from 1320-1329 during king Leo V's minority. He was rumoured to have poisoned King Oshin and was probably responsible for the deaths of Leo's father, Oshin's sister Isabella of Armenia and two of her sons. He and his daughter, Alice was assassinated in 1329 at the behest of her husband Leo V.
Around 1400-42 Titular Queen Yolande de Arag�n of Sicily, Napoli, Jerusalem, and Arag�n (Italy)
1417 Regent Dowager Duchess of Anjou and Province (France)
1424-27 Presiding over the Estates General of Anjou and Province
Daughter of Juan I, king of Arag�n, she was initially called Violenta. Her father was succeeded by Martin as king of Arag�n. Her marriage to Louis II of Anjou in 1400, who spent much of his life fighting in Italy for his claim to the kingdom of Napoli. She was appointed guardian of her son-in-law the Dauphin Charles who became Charles VII in 1422, but his title was still challenged by the English and their Burgundian allies. In this struggle, Yolande maneuvered to have the duke of Bretagne break from an alliance with the English, and was responsible for the Breton soldier, Arthur de Richemont, becoming the constable of France in 1425. Yolande's early and strong support of Jeanne d'Arc, when others had reasonable doubts, suggests the Duchess' possible larger role in the orchestrating the Maid's appearance on the scene. Her younger daughter, Yolanda, was married to the heir of Bretagne, her youngest son Ren� inherited Lorraine in 1431 and after her older son's Louis III's death, and three years later he also became duke of Anjou and heir of Sicily. She lived (1379-1442).
1406-18 Regent Dowager Queen Catalina de Lancaster of Castilla (Spain)
Widow of Enrique III (1379-90-1406) she was joint regent with Fernando de Antequera for son, Juan II (1405-06-54). She was an active regent, involved in financial matters, using her influence in negotiation about matrimonies and peace-treaties in the most important European nations. She was daughter of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and Aquitaine (1340-99) and his second wife, Constance, titular Queen of Castile (1354-94) whose father, Pedro I of Castile and Leon (1350-69), was succeeded by a brother. Catalina was considered heiress of Castilla and married her half-cousin, King Enrique, and became the mother of 1 son and 2 daughters, and lived (1374-1418).
1409-15 Vice-Reine Blanca de Navarra of Sicilia (Italy)
1425-41 Queen Regnant Blanca I Navarra, Countess de Nemours and Everux (Spain and France)
She was widow of Martin I de Arag�n (1392-1409). His first wife was Maria of Sicilia, Duchess of Athens and he was succeeded by his father, Martin II (1409-10). 1410-12 the throne of Aragon was vacant, until Federico I de Aragon became king. He was King Consort of Navarre in her right, and after her death kept the government of Navarre in his own hands, from the hands of their own son Carlos de Viana, the rightful heir of the line of Navarrese kings. after his death in 1479 her daughter, Leonor became Queen. Blanca was daughter of Charles II of Navarra, Comte d'�vreux and Duc de Nemours, and lived (1385-1441).
1412-14, 1416-19 and 1431-33 "Stadtholder" Queen Barbara von Cilli in Hungary and Croatia
1437 "Stadtholder" of Bohemia (Czech Republic)
Her husband, Sigmund of Luxemburg, king of Hungary and King of Germany from 1410, king of Bohemia from 1419 and Holy Roman Emperor since 1433. In Hungary she took over the "regni curia" when he went to Italy, first supported by her brother-in-law the Palatine Garai Mikl�s and two bishops. 1414-16 she went to Aachen for the coronation and participated in the Council of Konstanz before she returned and took over the government in Hungary. In the 1420's she followed her husband on his journeys during the Empire and he included her in the decision-making. During her second regency in Hungary she managed to maintain peace after a settlement was reached with the Hussites. After her coronation as Queen of Bohemia in 1437 she also acted as regent here for a few moths. After her husband's death the same year she was arrested by his successor, Albrecht II, but was able to flee to Poland. After Albrecht's death in 1439 she returned and settled at her dowry at Menik near Prague for the rest of her life. She was daughter of Herman II, Count von Cilli and Countess Anna von Schaunberg, mother of one daughter, Elisabeth who inherited Hungary and Bohemia,
and lived (1390/95-1451).
1414-35 Queen Regnant Giovanna II d'Angi� of Napoli (Italy) and Titular Queen of Jerusalem Cyprus and Armenia, Sicily, Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia, Ramia, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Cumania and Bulgaria
Also known as Jeanne d'Anjou, she succeeded her brother, and two years later, her second husband, Jean de Bourbon, was imprisoned after trying to seize power. She adopted Alfonso V of Aragon as her heir in 1421. After he tried to take over power in 1423, she transferred the adoption to another relative; Louis III d'Anjou, who she had expelled in 1420 for trying to seize power. After Louis' death in 1434, his brother, Rene was appointed heir, but Alfonso took power after her death. She lived (1373-1435).
1416-56 Governor Queen Maria of Arag�n and Catalunya (Spain)
She was regent in Arag�n and Catalu�a during her cousin and husband, Alfonso V's warfare in Italy, conquering Napoli from Giovanna II in 1442. He was king of Aragon (1416-58), Napoli (1435-58) and Sicily (1442-58) and spend most of the time in Italy from around 1435. She was daughter of king Enrique III of Aragon and Catherine of Lancastre, had no children and lived (1401-58).
1420 De-facto Regent Queen Philippa of England of Sweden
1423-25 Regent of Denmark (August-May)
She had big parts of Sweden as her dowry and she acted as her husband, Erik VII of Pmerrania's representative in the country, and she spend much of her time here. During his stay abroad from 1423 she was Guardian of the Realm in Denmark and among others made a treaty with some members of the North-German Confederation of socalled Hanse-States about the walidity of the coin-system. In 1428 she successfully organized the defence of Copenhagen against the attacking Hanse-Cities. No children She lived (1394-1430).
1422-28 Guardian Dowager Queen Catherine de Valois of England
Her husband, Henry VI died suddenly in 1422 and she was effectively exiled from court, suspicion falling on her nationality, and passed over as regent for her son Henry V by her brothers-in-law and kept away from her son. She entered a relationship and later married Owen Tudor, a Welsh courtier, who would become the founding father of the Tudor dynasty. Of their five children, two sons, Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond and Jasper Tudor, 1st Duke of Bedford, were to play an important role in the future of the English monarchy. She was daughter of King Charles VI of France and Isabeau de Bavi�re, and lived (1401-37).
1437-40 Queen Elisabeth von Luxemburg of Bohemia and of Croatia-Dalmatia, Soverign Duchess of Luxembourg
1439-1440 De-facto Regent of Hungary (27.10-29.07)
Known in Hungarian as Luxemburgi Erzs�bet kir�lyn�, she was daughter of Sigismund of Luxembourg, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, who was joint regent and successor of his first wife, Queen Maria d'Anjou of Hungary. Her mother was Barbara Cilli. After his death in 1437, the Hungarian Estates recognized her as sovereign or Lady of the Land (Landesherrin), which pawed the way for her first husband, Albert von Habsburg's election as king of Hungary. After his death in 1439, she wanted to secure the throne for the unborn child. This would have meant that the reins of government would have been in her hands, but this the estates would not accept, and they offered the crown to Wladislas II Jagiello of Poland. In February, her son L�szlo was born and on 15 May, she had him crowned. However, the Estates declared that this had happened against the will of the people and in June, they invalidated her son's coronation. Elisabeth had secured the holy Stephan-Crown and Wladislas had to be crowned with another crown. A civil war followed among her supporters and those of the Polish king. L�szlo V the Posthumous was recognised as king in 1446 with Hunyadi Janos (John Corvinius) as regent until 1453. She lived (1409-42).
1437-39 Regent Dowager Queen Joan Beaufort of Scotland (United Kingdom of Great Britain)
After her husband, James I, was murdered, she reigned on behalf of their seven year old son son James II. Despite her efforts he became the pawn of two unscrupulous Scottish lords, Sir William Crichton and Lord Livingstone. The Black Douglas entered the fray and succeeded in defeating and executing Livingstone. Crichton, in turn, manipulated James into killing the Black Douglas. Eventually, James II defeated the Douglas family at the battle of Arkinholm. Daughter of John Beaufort and Margaret Holland, she had eight children by James I of Scotland and one with her second husband, James Stewart, the Black Knight of Lorn (circa 1383-circa 1451) John Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl. (d. 1445).
1438-40 Regent Dowager Queen Leonor de Arag�n-Urgell of Portugal and The Agaves
Also Countess de Urgell and Duchess de Goimbra. Her husband, Duarte (1391-1433-38) had appointed her as regent of in his will for their son, Afonso V (1432-38-81). However, she was inexperienced and, as an Aragonese, unpopular with the people who preferred the late king's brother Pedro, Duke of Coimbra. Negotiations for a compromise arrangement were drawn out over several months, but were complicated by the interference of the Count of Barcelos and the Archbishop of Lisbon, as also by her giving birth to a posthumous daughter in March 1439, and by the death of her eldest daughter, Philippa. Eventually the Cortes appointed Pedro the sole Regent, but Eleonore continued conspiring, but was forced to go into exile in Castile in December 1440. (1409-45).
1442-58 (�) De Facto Co-Regent Queen Helena Paleologina of Cyprus
The most important event in the reign of Jean II was his marriage to Helena of Byzantine-Morea. She was stronger in character than her husband, took over the running of the kingdom and brought Greek culture out of the oblivion in which it had languished for three centuries. Her actions in favour of the Orthodox faith and Greek culture naturally disturbed the Franks, who came to consider her a dangerous enemy, but she had become too powerful to attack. Greek Cypriots have always revered Queen Helena as a great heroine because of her boldness. Their daughter and heir, Charlotte, was married to Jo�o, duke of Coimbra, grandson of the king of Portugal, who used his influence in support of the Catholic party, and so incurred the enmity of the Queen that Helena persuaded King Jean II to exclude him from any share in the government, on the grounds that he might grow too powerful and attempt to seize the crown. Jo�o left the court with his wife and died within a year under circumstances which led to the belief that he had been poisoned at the instigation of Helena. In 1458 Helena died and the king, now entirely under the influence of his illegitimate son, Jacques, thought to make him his heir. But a few months later Jean himself died and Charlotte succeeded him as Queen at the age of twenty-two. Helena lived (1432-58).
1445-54 De-facto in charge of the Government Queen Margaret d'Anjou of England
1455-82 Leader of the Lancastrian Party
1460-61 Acting Regent of England
She dominated her husband, Henry VI, and was very determined to keep him on throne during the War of the Roses. She headed the Lancastrian forces, and also controlled the government during her husbands fits of insanity (1445-53). When he became incapable of reigning in 1453 shortly after the birth of their frst child, Edward of Lancaster, she presented a bill to the parliament which would have named her regent, but it was defeated and the following year she appointed Richard of York as Protector. Her husband was deposed by the Yorkists in 1461, and she and her son fled to Scotland and then to France. The following year she invaded Northumbria, but it did not achieve anything, so she once again returned to France. Gathering her forces, she again landed in England in 1470, and this time her army prevailed and Henry was replaced on the throne of England. But soon after the Lancastrian forces were defeated by Yorkists at Tewkesbury, in the battle in which her son was killed. When Edward IV regained the throne, her husband was soon put to death. Margaret herself was captured and imprisoned in Tower. Edward IV eventually ransomed her to King Louis XI and she was allowed to return to France, where she spent rest of her life in seclusion. She lived (1429-82).
1448 "Holder of the Royal Authority" Dowager Queen Dorothea zu Brandenburg of Denmark
1448-52 Mistress of �rebro, N�rke and V�rmland (Sweden)
1481-90 Regent of Slesvig-Holsten (Schleswig-Holstein)
The "royal authority" was vested in her after the death of her first husband, Christoffer 3 of Bayern. She contrasigned and authorized the decisions made by the Council of State which reigned the country. Later same year she married the new king Christian I of Oldenborg and often acted as regent during his many warfares. She also had Abrahamstrup, Kalundborg, Lolland-Falster Slesvig and Holsten, N�rke and V�rmland (Sweden) as security for lones she granted her husband. A month before his death, Christian granted her Slesvig-Holsten as a personal fief, and after his death she acted as regent for son, Frederik, (later king) in the Dukedoms. She lived (1430-90).
1451-61 Governor Queen Juana Enriquez de Mendoza of Navarra
1461-62 Governor of Catalu�a (Spain)
Very influential during the reign of her husband, Juan II of Arag�n, who took over the crown of Navarra after the death of his first wife Queen Blanca I (1391-41). After he tortured Don Carlos, his son by Blanca to death in 1461 the nobles of Cataluny offered the crown to various neighbouring kings and princes who held to e principality for brief periods until 1479 when Juan won the battle. She was daughter of Fadrique Enr�quez de Mendoza and Marina de Ayala, mother of one son and three daughters, and lived (1425-68).
1458-64 Queen Regnant Charlotte of Cyprus and Titular Queen of Jerusalem and Armenia
As she succeeded her father, Jean II, the Grand Caraman, the Turkish ruler of Caramania, seized the opportunity afforded by a weak government in Cypern to capture Courico, the last Latin outpost in Armenia, which had been in the possession of the Lusignans since the reign of Pierre I. In 1453 the Ottoman Turks had expanded to the shores of the Bosphorus and invested Constantinople by sea and land. While she had the support of the nobility, her half-brother Jacques the Bastard, had the sympathy of the Cypriot population, and had been led to believe that his father wished him to succeed to the throne. But the barons were too strong for him, and Jacques, although archbishop, was not allowed to take part in the coronation. In 1459 Charlotte married her cousin, count Louis of Savoy, and Jacques broke into open rebellion and took refuge in Cairo. Presenting himself to the sultan, who was suzerain of Cyprus, Jacques complained that, though next male heir to the throne, he had been driven from the island, and appealed successfully for help to recover his inheritance.
In 1460, with a fleet of eighty Egyptian galleys, Jacques landed at Larnaca. The Cypriots, hating the Savoyards whom Charlotte's husband had brought to the island, received him gladly, and he was soon master of the island. Charlotte and her husband took refuge in the castle of Kyrenia, where they were blockaded for three years. The castle, which was not actively attacked, was finally surrendered by the treachery of its commandant. Queen Charlotte with her husband fled to Rome, where she died in 1487 after bequeathing her sovereignty to the house of Savoy. Her half-brother was renowned for his political amorality. She lived (1436-87).
1458-59 Regent Dowager Despotess Jelena Paleologina of Serbia
She was the widow of Lazar II Brankovic (1456-58) and regent for son Stefan Brankovic. In 1459 Stefan Tomasevic was despot, but the same year the Ottoman Turks finally conquered Serbia. Died as nun in 1473.
1460-63 (�) Regent Dowager Queen Mary of Guelders of Scotland (United Kingdom)
After the death of her husband, of James II, she was regent for her son, James III, and her adviser, James Kennedy, bishop of St. Andrews. After their deaths, James was seized (1466) by the Boyd family, who ruled Scotland until 1469. In that year James married Margaret, daughter of the Danish king, and began to rule personally. Maria de Gelders was daughter of Duke Arnold Gelders and Catherine of Cleves and lived (1432-63).
1461-64 Titular Queen Blanca II of Navarra (Spain)
She was proclaimed Queen on the death of her brother, Carlo, but was imprisoned by her father Juan II, King of Aragon since 1458, who then became King of Navarra, and was succeeded by her younger sister, Leonor in 1479. Blanca II was married to Enrico IV of Castilla and L�on, until their mariage was annulled in 1454. She lived (1424-64).
1463-78 Dowager Queen Katarina Vukic Kosaca of Bosnia-Serbia
When the kingdom was occupied by the Ottomans in 1461, her husband Stjepan Tomasevic (1461-63) was killed and her son and daughter brought up in the Islamic faith. She escaped and lived in exile in Rome where she died. As the legal representative of the Bosnian Kingdom, she left it to the Holy See. She lived (1424-78).
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What type of animal is a bongo | European Queens, Empresses and Regents
from the year BCE 1200
Female rulers of principalities, duchies, counties, baronies are not included
Around 1200 Legendary Queen Camilla of Lathium (United Kingdom)
Ruled of one of the British tribes.
590-59 Legendary Ruler Adela of Friesland (The Netherlands and Germany)
After the murder of Frana in 586 BCE, the people wanted the "borugh maid" Adela to be their new Earth Mother, but she refused because she wished to resign from her citadel and marry, which she did. For the next thirty years no Mother could be elected because each state supported the its own Maiden. More land was lost to the Magy of the Finns and Magyars but not by conquest of arms. He used propaganda on children and bribes on the nobles, promising them permanent hereditary offices with special privileges. These were long term plans that undermined the very foundation of Friesland society. During Adela�s unofficial reign, nobles were then being mentioned but the meaning of such offices was changing. A count took the public inventory; he counted, initially the market sales which were taxed and the profits of the ships which were shared and later on, the military levy of armed men. It eventually became a position of privilege, even an hereditary one. A duke was a hearer of disputes like a local judge and it has already been mentioned that a king was an elected short-term commander.
Before 512 Queen Hypsipyle of Lemnos (Greece)
In the ancient realm of myth there is the account that in prehistoric times the island Lemnos was only inhabited by women. This island was called gynaikokratumene, which means reigned by women. In the Greek myth about the Argonauts
, a group of men comes to this island on their way to the land of Colchis (in the East of the Black Sea), which was ruled by Hypsipyle. These women of Lemnos lived as self-confident Amazons on this island, their aim of life was not focused on fighting against men. It is likely that this myth reflects former matriarchal life on this island.
Circa 480 Queen and Admiral Artemisia I of Caria-Harlikarnassos and Kos (Turkey)
As a vassal of Persia, Artemisia was obliged to recruit her own small force when Xerxes invaded Greece - in fact, Artemisia commanded five ships in her own right. Artemisia alone of his commanders advised Xerxes against a naval battle with the Greeks but Xerxes, however, chose to follow the advice of his male advisors, and met the Greeks on the sea in the channel of Salamis on 20th September 480 BCE. Artemisia was aboard one of her ships, commanding their movements. After the initial confusion, the Persians took the offensive. Though she only had one ship left, Artemisia herself disabled the ship of King Damasithymus of Calynda. At a council, Artmesia spoke her mind - she had opposed the war from the beginning and opposed its continuation. She advised Xerxes to leave his trusted commander Mardonus to pursue the Greeks whilst Xerxes himself return home, and would still maintained his dignity whether in victory or defeat. For her wisdom, Xerxes entrusted Artemisia with the care on his sons, and returned home to a kingdom racked by rebellion and conspiracy, to which he ultimately became a victim. Her kingdom prospering from her good relations with Persia.
Around 401 Joint Ruler Queen Epyaxa of Cilicia (Turkey)
She is known from references to her in Xenophon's Persian Expedition, where she gives considerable aid to the rebel Cyrus. The comments about her do not explicitly state that she was a co-ruler with Syennesis III, simply that she was "Queen" - but she acted in a very independent fashion.
Years 400 Military Leader Telessilla, of Argos (Greece)
A warrior poet, she rallied the women of the besieged city of Argos with war hymns and chants and led them in defending the city against the invading forces.
Circa 353-50 Queen Artemisia II of Caria, Rodhos and Harlikarnassos (Turkey)
Also Satrap of Asia Minor or Vice-Reine of the Persian King. Circa 377-53 she had been co-ruler with her husband and brother, King Mausolos of Caria and Rodhos, who died 353. After Mausolos' death in 353, she became ruler in her own right, and constructed the 49 meters high monumental tomb "Mausoleum" at the center of the city which is a magnificent piece of art in the Hellenistic world and one of the Seven Wonders of the antique era.
344-30 Regent Queen Cleopatra of Macedonia of Epirus (Greece)
Sister of Alexander the Great, Married to Alexander of Epirus. In 309 she was murdered.
340-35 and 334-20 Queen Ada I of Caria (Turkey)
Co-ruler with her brother and husband Idrieus in succession to their sister, Artemissa II. After his death she ruled alone for three years until her younger brother, Pixadarus (341-335), deposed her. She moved to her fortress Alinda, where she held out for several years. His daughter, Ada II, married a persian nobleman, Orontobates, who became satrap of Caria. Even after the death of Pixodarus, her son-in-law kept her a prisoner in Alinda. Seizing the opportunity afforded by Alexander�s invasion, Ada I opened negotiations with him offering the surrender of all of Caria if she were placed upon her rightful throne. She further offered to adopt him as her son making him at once the legal heir to the throne of Caria by Carian law. Alexander turned inland to face the armies of Orontobates and Memnon who stood ready to defend Halicarnassus. The siege was a short one as Alexander�s army was joined by the Carian forces loyal to their Queen and with Ada at the head of her armies given the honor of taking the acropolis. Though Orontobates and Memnon escaped by sea, Ada sat again on the throne of Halicarnassus and stayed there until her death sometime after the death of Alexander.
334-circa 323 Regent Princess Barsine of Persia of Pergamon (Turkey)
Ruled in the name of her and Alexander the Great's son Herakles. She was the daughter of king Artabazos IV of Syria. Barsine was married to Mentor, her second husband was her brother Dariusz Memnon, since 333 she was the wife of Alexander the Great.
334-330 Co-Regent Queen Olympias of Epiros (Greece)
330-323 Regent of Epiros
323-16 Regent Dowager Queen of Macedonia (Greece)
Since around 357 she was married to king Philip II of Macedonia, and she later acted as regent for him during his military campaigns. Since 331 she was in exile in Epiros. After her brother's death in 330, with her daughter Cleopatra, she was regent of Epirus for her grandson Neoptolemos. Since 323 she was regent of Macedonia for her second grandson Alexander IV. Murdered during a rebellion and lived (375-316).
Until early the 300's Queen Regnant Tirghetau of Circassia (Russia)
She was head of the region in the foothills north of the Caucasus. Its inhabitants, a sturdy, handsome folk with many often rapacious neighbors, have developed a warrior culture as a response to repeated invasions and slaving raids.
322-317 Politically influential Queen Eurydice II of Macedonia
319-317 Co-Ruler of Macedonia (Greece)
Daughter of Kynane and Amyntas IV of Macedonia, and influential during the reign of her husband, king Philippos III Arrhidaeus of Macedonia. 319-317 de facto co-ruler of Macedonia with Nicanor. She fought for the power with Olympias. Killed in 317. She lived (337-317).
322-287 Politically influential Queen Phila of Macedonia
294-287 Co-Ruler of Macedonia (Greece)
The daughter of Antipater I, regent of Macedonia. She was influential during the reigns of her husbands Crateros ( 322-319) and Demetrius I (319-287), and was active in diplomacy until she killed herself in 287.
314-13 Ruler Kratesipolis of Korinthos and Siyon (Greece)
In 308 she handed over Korinthos to Ptolomy I of Egypt.
306-285 Regent Dowager Queen Amastris of Herakleia, Pontica and Pontos (Turkey)
Pontos is also known as or Pontoiraklaia. She was a niece of Dariusz III Kodoman, she was married to tyrant Dionizos, Krateros and since 300 to Lysimachus, king of Thrace and Macedonia, whom she divorced in 298 and returned Herakleia. After her death Lysimachus give Herakleia to Arsinoe II. Amastris lived (?-285).
Around 3
00 Celtic Chiefess in Reinheim (Germany) Known from her very elaborate grave.
298/97-95 Regent Dowager Queen Thessalonica of Macedonia (Greece)
Regent for her son Philippos IV
285-281 Ruler Arsinoe II Piladelphos of Herakleia, Pontica, Kassandria and Ephesos (Turkey)
281-279 Resided in Kassandreia
277-70 Co-Regent Queen of Egypt
The daughter of Ptolemy I Soter, she was married to King Lisymachus of Tracia 299-281. He gave her Herakleia, Pontica, Kassandria and Ephesos. After his death in 281 she resided in Kassandreia. She had been married to her half brother Ptolomy Keraunos of Macedonia, but after he murdered one of her sons in 279 she escaped to Egypt. Before 274 she was wife of and co-ruler of her, brother Ptolomy II Piladelphos. She lived (around 316-270).
Circa 262-35 Regent Dowager Queen Olympiada of Epiros (Greece)
After the death of Pyrrhus II, she was reigned in the name of Ptolemy (circa 262-235).
253 Sovereign Lady Laodike III of Egypt of Propontis (Turkey)
247-246 Regent of Syria
Politically active during the reign of her husband-brother (or cousin, King Antiochiaos II of Syria (267/66), and after their divorce, she became Lady of Propontis. Later regent for Seleukos II Kallinikos and after he came of age she remained politically active until she was murdered. She lived (287/84-237/36).
250 Regent Dowager Queen Etazeta of Bithynia (Tyrkey)
After the death of her husban, king Nicomedes I, she continued to rule on behalf of their infant sons. Zialas, a grown-up son by an earlier wife, Ditizele, had previously fled to Armenia. Now Ziaelas returned, at the head of some Galatians. Although she was supported by neighbouring cities and Antigonus, Ziaelas conquered first part, then all of Bithynia. Etazeta and her sons, including another Ziboetes, fled to Antigonus� court in Macedonia.
248-233 Queen Deidamia of Epiros (Greece)
Ptolemy was king (circa 262-235). Pyrrhus III succeeded as king in 235.
245 Dowager Tyrant Nikaia of Korinthos and Euboia (Greece)
Married to the uncle of Alexander the Great, Antigonos Gonatas, Governor of Macedonia etc., and was his co-ruler until he was deposed in 250. She then married his son Demetrios II.
231-28 Regent Dowager Queen Teuta of Arcliano (Illyrian State) (Albania)
She had practically been co-ruler with her husband Agron, and after his death in 230 BCE, she was regent for son Pinnes. The state covered Northern Albania and part of Montenegro.
Circa 215-175/76 Co-Reigning Queen Kamasayre Philoteknos of the Bosporanian Realm (Crimean) (Georgia)
Ruled jointly with husband, Pairisades II, who died around 190.
200's Queen Martia Proba of a Celtic Tribe (United Kingdom)
Her seat of power was in London, and she was holding the reins of government so wisely as to receive the surname of Proba, the Just. She especially devoted herself to the enactment of just laws for her subjects, the first principles of the common law tracing back to her; the celebrated laws of Alfred, and of Edward the Confessor, being in great degree restorations and compilations from the laws of Martia, which were known as the "Martian Statutes".
Late 200s-early 100s Legendary Queen Amage of the Roxolanoia (Russia)
The Roxolanoia tribe was probably deriving their name from the proto-Iranian Raokhshna, or �shining�. The name may also derive from a term meaning, essentially, �The Western Alans�. They were among the most powerful of the Sarmatian tribes, inhabiting much of the region north of the Black Sea. The ruling dynasty of the Bosporan Kingdom (see Crimea) from the end of the 1st century BCE on was Sarmatian in origin, and probably belonged to the Roxolanoi originally.
138-before 127 Regent Dowager Queen Ri-'nu of Parthia (Turkey)
Other versions of her name is Riinu or Rihinu, and she was regent for son Phraates II.
130 De Facto Ruler Queen Laodike of Cappadocia (Greece)
The widow of Ararathes V of Cappadocia, she poisoned 5 (step)sons and ruled in the name of the 6th.
130-126 Regent Dowager Queen Nysa of Cappadocia (Turkey)
Widow of Ariarathes V Epiphanes Philipator and regent for their son Ariarathes V (130-116). In 190 her husband had secured that the state became an independent kingdom. Formerly it was a satrapy under the Persian Achaemenid Empire. It was incorporated by Alexander the Great into the Macedonian Empire, and on Alexander's death became a client state of the Selecucid Empire.
125/24 Regent Dowager Queen Ghadani of Iberia (Georgia)
After the death of her son Rhadamiste I (or Ghadam)
, she assumed the regency
a Parthian King of Armenia. She was (b. circa 100).
120-115 Regent Dowager Queen Laodice of Pontus (Turkey)
Following the death of her husband, king Mithradates V, she ruled in the place of her 11 years old son, Mithradates VI. Eupator Dionysos. About 115 BCE, she was deposed and thrown into prison by her son. She was daughter of king Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Syria and Queen Laodice.
100s Queen Larthia Seianti of the City State of Caere in Etruria (Italy)
Her splendid sarcophauge has lead historians to speculate that she might have been Queen of the City State of Chiuisi or Caere. Even if Caere did not have kings and Queens at this time (as did Rome, or as Caere certainly did in the 5th century), it is clear that society had become sharply differentiated, not only in regard to wealth but also in division of labour. Many scholars hypothesize the existence of a powerful aristocratic class, and craftsmen, merchants, and seamen would have formed a middle class; it was probably at this time that the Etruscans began to maintain the elegant slaves for which they were famous.
Around 100 Ruler Aba of Olbe (Turkey)
The daughter of Zenofantes, tyrant of Cilicia, and Olbe was a city in this principality.
62-47 Princess Musa Orsobaris of Prusias (Albania)
Until BCE 13 and BCE 8-7/8 CE Reigning Queen Dynamis of the Bosporanian Realm (Georgia)
A grandchild of King Mithridatis of Persia, she inherited the country from her father. In 17/16 her first husband, Asander, died. Her second husband was deposed by the third, the king of Pontus. They divorced and she was in exile until his death. Died circa 70 years old. and was succeeded by fourth husband, Spurges, who had not previously been co-ruler.
BCE 10-5, 4-2 and BCE 6-12 CE Queen Regnant Erato of Greater Armenia
Her father, Tigran III had been force to accept the supremacy of Rome, but the dynasty still used the title of "King of Kings." She first married her half-brother Tigran IV, who was disposesed by Augustus because of suspected treachery, and Tiberius came again to Armenia to replace him with their cousin Artavazd. This led to discontent and finally to civil war, partly instigated by Tigran, whom Phraates, King of Parthia, was secretly backing. Augustus sent his godson, Caius Caesar, to bring about an appeasement, but before his arrival, Tigran IV was killed in a riot, while she took to flight. The revolt was supressed, and in the year 1 CE, the Armenian throne was bestowed upon Ariobarzan, a Mede by origin, who was accepted because of his eminent qualities. But he very shortly was killed by accident, and Augustus nominated Artavazd, his son, as his successor. But the opposition to foreign rule soon found expression in the assassination of the King. Augustus thereupon abandoned his ill-conceived policy and sent Tigran V, a descendant of the national dynasty, to occupy the throne. But the nation's tranquility, apparently restored by this concession, was soon disturbed. The nobles recalled Queen Erato, but also her second reign was short, and her overthrow marked the end of the dynasty of Artashes and Tigran.
BCE 8-23 CE Queen Regnant Pythodorida of Pontus (Turkey)
She succeeded Polemon I, and in 23 the kingdom was reincorporated into the Roman Empire.
BCE 3- 6 CE Regent Dowager Queen Thea Ourania of Parthei (Turkey)
Took over the regency for son Pharaateces after the death of her husband, Phraates IV.
Around year 1 Queen Medb of Connaught (Ireland)
Also known as Maeve, she was daughter of the high king of Ireland, Ouchu Feidlich, and married King Ailill mac Mata of Connaught. It seems that she was once married to Conchobor mac Nessa, the king of Ulster. She was powerful enough to be euhemorized in myth as a triune goddess of fertility and nature.
3-40 Regent Queen Antonia Thryphaena of Pontus (Turkey)
38-40 Regent of Thrace
Ruled in the name of son King Polemos who succeeded her mother in Pontus in Asia Minor. He succeeded a brother, Rhoemetaces, who had become king after the murder of her husband, Kytos.
7/8-23 Queen Pythodoris I Philometer of Pontus (Turkey)
Also known as Pantos Pythodorida, she succeeded husband, Polemon I, and married King Archelaos of Cappadocia. Succeeded by daughter and her son.
14-29 De-facto Co-Regent Augusta Livia of the Roman Empire
Livia Drusilia Augusta was a member of the ancient, wealthy and powerful patrician gens claudia, the Claudian family. Octavian divorced his first wife Scribonia and forced Livia to divorce Tiberius so they could marry in 38 BCE. It was a political marriage in the tradition of the Republic, intended to bring together the wealth and might of the gens claudia and the gens julia, the Julian family, into which Octavian had been adopted by Julius C�sar. The marriage thus formed an important part of Octavian's strategy in the intense power struggles of the late Republic. The dynasty they founded is known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Though their union was political in nature, there were warm feelings between the two, at the very least a profound sense of mutual loyalty. Their marriage lasted 52 years, until the death of Augustus in 14 CE. Livia never bore him any children, but Augustus Adopted Tiberius after a number of other possible heirs all died. Livia's son Drusus died in an accident in 9 CE. Livia was quite influential, through her personal wealth, through her intelligence and political sense, and through her marriage. She played a central role in the establisment of the Principate, along with Augustus and M. Agrippa. Livia's influence continued when her son Tiberius became emperor, until her death in 29 CE at the age of 85. She was deified by her grandson Claudius in CE 41, and lived (BCE 58-CE 29).
Circa 40-60 Queen Regnant Cartimandra of The Brigants (Brigantia) (United Kingdom)
Brigantia was a British tribe in Yorkshire. She signed a treaty with the Romans, placing herself under their protection. Her tribe was opposed to this treaty and there were several revolt. In 48, she asked for and received Roman help in fighting the rebellion. Cartimandua's consort, Venutius attempted to have her overthrown but he was unsuccessful after the Romans came to her aid. For a while Cartimandua ruled jointly with Venutius, but when he made another attempt to overthrow her, she took Vellocatus, a royal armor-bearer, as her consort. She sent Vellocatus to fight Venutius and, again, asked for Roman help. Ca.69, Cartimandua "retired" and in 71, Rome annexed Brigantia after they easily defeated Venutius, Vellocatus and the Brigantes in battle.
54-56 Regent Augusta Iulia Agrippina of the Roman Empire
She was the younger of three daughters of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder. She was 34 years old when she married emperor Claudius, who was nearing the end of his life. During the last five years of Claudius� reign, she grew more and more powerful. Her son Nero succeeded her husband at the age of 17 and could not legally rule in his own name. Agrippina acted as his regent and was a powerful controlling influence on him even after he came of age. After about a year, Nero moved her out of the imperial palace. She began to denounce her son more and more in public. After the tension between mother and son grew to a critical level, Nero determined to be rid of her, and had her killed. She lived (16-59).
Around 60 Queen Regnant Phytodoris of Colchis (Georgia)
Colchis was an ancient country on the eastern shore of the Black Sea and in the Caucasus region. Centered about the fertile valley of the Phasis River (the modern Rion), Colchis corresponds to the present-day region of Mingrelia in Georgia. She was a vassal of the Roman Empire.
60-61 Queen Regnant Boudicca of the Iceni-Tribe in Norfolk (United Kingdom)
The Iceni was a people who lived in the present-day counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. She led a rebellion against the Roman authorities as a result of their mistreatment of her family and people after the death of her husband, Prasutagus, who may have been a Roman client-ruler, in 60 AD. She and other disaffected tribes, sacked the cities of Colchester, St. Albans and London and, it is estimated, massacred approximately 70.000 Roman soldiers and civilians in the course of the glorious, but ill-fated rebellion. The rebels were finally defeated in battle by a force led by the Roman governor of Britain, Suetonius Paulinus, after which she took her own life by ingesting poison together with her two daughters, Camorra and Tasca or, according to legend, Voada and Voadicia. She lived (15-61).
112-? Regent Dowager Queen Gespaepyris of Pontus (Turkey)
Gespaepyris was born as Princess of Thrace and ruled on behalf of her son Mithridates VI. in the kingdom in Asia Minor.
130-? Reigning Dowager Queen Laodike II Nysa of Cappadocia (Turkey)
After the death of her husband, Ariarathes V, she poisoned 5 stepsons and ruled in the name of her own son.
135-49 Regent Dowager Queen Ghadana of Iberia (Georgia)
The widow of King Pharasmenes II Kveli (circa 116-32), she reigned for grandson Pharasmenes III (135-185) after the death of her son Rhadamiste I (or Ghadam). She was daughter of King Sanatroukes of Armenia (b. circa 100).
193-217 Joint Ruler Iulia Domna of the Roman Empire
She was one of the most powerful people in the Roman Empire. While her emperor husband, Septimius Severus, was fighting rivals, pursuing rebels, and subduing revolts in the far corners of the empire, she was left to administer the vast Roman Empire. She played one powerful general or senator against another, while keeping herself from falling into the many traps set by political enemies at court. Caracalla had murdered his brother Geta in her private apartments even as the younger son sought protection in her arms. After Macrinus had murdered Caracalla and seized the throne in 217, he sent her away from Antiochia after it was reported that Julia was inciting troops to rebel against him. At this time, she was believed to be about fifty years old and was suffering from a painful illness, probably cancer of the breast. Rather than face exile and the humiliation of being reduced to the status of a private citizen, she decided to commit suicide by starving herself.
218-222 (�) Joint De-facto Ruler Iulia Soaemias Bassiana of the Roman Empire
She plotted together with her mother, Julia Maesa, to substitute the ursurpor, Macrinus, by her son Varius Avitus Bassianus (Heliogabalus) (203-218-222). As the emperor's mother, with the title Iulia Soaemias Augusta, she played a great role in government and administration and was infact the de facto ruler of Rome, since her son was concerned mainly with religious matters. Their rule was not popular and soon discontent arose. Julia Soaemias and Heliogabalus were killed by the Praetorian Guard in 222, and she was declared public enemy and her name erased from all records. She lived (circa 180-222).
218-222 Joint De-facto Ruler Iulia Maesa of the Roman Empire
222-225/26 (�) Joint Regent of the Roman Empire
First she plotted together with her daughter, Julia Soaemias Bassiana to have her grandson Elagabaleus placed on the throne and later she was joint regent with her other daughter, Julia Masaea and her son, Alexander Servus. She was sister of Julia Domna and closely related to the Imperial family and grew up in Syria.
222-228 (�) Regent Dowager Empress Iulia Mamaea of the Roman Empire
She was behind the plot that ousted her sister, Julia Soaemias Bassiana, and her son and had her infant son, son Alexander Servus, placed on the throne. She ruled together her mother, Julia Mamesa and 16 senatorsm but as they were unable to defend the empire from the attacking Germans, the Army killed both her and her son.
238-41 Regent N.N. of the Roman Empire
Her name is not known, but she was the daugter of Emperor Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus (Gordian I) and married to a senator, whose name is also not known. After Emperor Maximus I Thrax was murdered, her 13 year old son, Emperorr Gordianus III (225-38-44) was placed on the throne with her in charge of the regency.
275 Sole Regent Dowager Empress Ulipia Serverina of The Roman Empire (March-September)
Reigned alone after her husband, Aurelianus' death until Tacitus was named emperor.
350 Augusta Constantina of East Roman Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
She roclaimed Vetranio as C�sar during a riot - acting in her own right with the authority of the daughter of the Emperor with the title of Augusta in the Byzantine or East Roman Empire.
375-83 Joint Ruler Dowager Empress Iustiana of the Roman Empire
383-? Regent
Joint ruler with son Gratianus and regent for Valentianus II (383-92), who ruled the Western division of the Empire, encompassing Rome itself together with Italy, Gaul, Britain, Iberia, and northwestern Africa, though the state was already disintegrating faced with the babaric invasions.
378 Queen Regnant Zarmandukht of Greater Armenia
Her name is also spelled Zarmandux, she was widow of King Pap, who was known to have been gay and was killed on the orders of the Byzantine general Terent. In the first instance his cousin, Varazdat was king until 378. She took power, but from 378 until his death in 385, Manuel Mamikonean, was the real ruler of Armenia. He ruled as a "trustee" of the monarchy in the name of her son, and kept both of them in the king's place and causing them to circulate around in honor. He nourished her two sons Arshak and Vagharsha as his foster-children and honoured her.
378 De-facto Regent Dowager Empress Domnica of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
She held the City of Byzanz after the death of her husband, Valens and defended the city against the attacks of the Goths, before the arrival of the successor, Theodosios.
449/50 Augusta Justa Grata Honoria of the Roman Empire (in the West)
The sister of Valentin III, she acted in her capacity as Augusta.
400-04 De-facto Ruler Empress Eudoxia of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
She was a significant figure in the government because she had the ear of her husband Emperor Arcadius of the East Roman Empire until her own death in 404. She was strong and strident, dominating her weak and passive husband.
414-55 De-facto Ruler Augusta Pulchera of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
At the age of 15 Princess Aelia Pulcheria was crowned Augusta and assumed a dominant role in guiding the affairs of state. In 420/22 she may have organized the Byzantine campaign against Persia, she replaced the emperor as director of power, but the ultimate power resided with her brother. In the mid-420s she engaged in a power struggle with her sister-in-law, Eudokia, and Pulchera was forced into semi-retirement. She established herself as a holy virgin dedicated to God, and this gave her access into the altar to receive the communion with priests and deacons, something normally barred to women. When her brother died in 450 she took control of the government of the Eastern Empire, and married Marcian, Army Chief of Staff, and named him co-Emperor. She spoke Greek and Latin and had a deep interest in medicine and natural science lived (399-453).
423-50 Regent Dowager Empress Galla Placidia of the Roman Empire (Covering Italy, Spain, France and Northern Africa)
She was in Rome at the time of its sack by Alaric and the Visigoths, and after Alaric�s death in 414, she married his brother and successor as king of the Visigoths, Athaulf. After his death, Placidia returned home in 416 to marry Constantius, who was made co-augustus in the West in 421 and became the Roman emperor Constantius III. He died of pleurisy after a reign of only seven months. In 423 her brother Emperor Honorius died and Galla Placidia was made Augusta and regent for her six year old son Valentinian III. Placidia proved to be a hard-nosed ruler who knew how to manage a declining economy and rebellious subjects. Even after her son's death, she managed the Roman government in the West for twenty years during one of the most perilous periods of its existence. She lived (388-450).
491 Regent Dowager Empress Ariane of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
Also known as Aelia Ariadane, she was the daughter of Leo I (447-74). She was married to Tarasicodissa who became Emperor Zeno, and after his death in 491 the Senate officially requested her to choose another candidate to rule and she married Anastasios I, who became emperor.
518-65 Co-Ruler Empress Theodora of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
Before becoming Empress, she was an actress. During this time in history the theatre was looked down upon and in fact banned by the church. She later became a devote Christian and married Emperor Justinian, who viewed her as an equal and accepted her many ideas. She was influential in changing the administrative and legislative sectors. She was an advocate of women�s rights. The Empress, along with her husband changed laws on guardianship to include women, and created a law that allowed women to own property. The two also rebuilt cities that were ruined during earthquakes, and built the church Hagia Sophia. In 532, mobs attempted to overthrow Justinian, causing the Emperor the desire to flee his city. But it was his wife who convinced him to stay.
526-34 Regent Princess Amalasuentha of the Ostrotoths (Italy)
534-35 Joint Reigning Queen
She was the daughter of King Theodoric and Audofleda, a sister of King Clovis. Exceptionally well educated, she studied both Greek and Latin and took a keen interest in art and literature. Married to Eutharic at the age of 17, she found herself Queen in 522, following the deaths of both her father and her husband. She served as regent for her 10-year-old son, Athalric. Like her father, she maintained a pro-Byzantine policy, which was not popular with the Ostrogothic nobles. She suppressed a rebellion and executed three of its leaders. She also purged her lands of dishonest office holders and limited the power of grasping landowners. After her son died, in 534, she shared the throne with her cousin, Theodahad who later led a palace revolution and caused her to be exiled to an island, where she was strangled in her bath as an act of vengeance by relatives of the nobles she had executed.
565-572 and 574-578 Co-ruler Empress Sophia of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
572-574 Sole Regent
The niece of Empress Theodora and married to emperor Iustinus II (565-578), and sole regent during her husband's mental illness. She nominated his two successors without marrying either, and continued exercise a high degree of influence on the government and is believed to have played a major role in various financial measures and took an active part in foreign politics, mainly in her dealings with Persia.
584-94 Regent Dowager Queen Fredegundis of France
Fredgunde or Fredegunda was a slave-girl at the court of Neustria when she came to the attention of Chilperic I, Merovingian King of Soissons (Neustria). She became his mistress and then eventually third wife. She persuaded Chilperic to repudiate his first wife Audovera and was said to be the driving force behind the murder in 568 of Chilperic's second wife Galswintha. Fredegunda also engineered the murders of Audovera's three sons and Sigibert of Austrasia, Chilperic's brother. Finally her husband was murdered or assassinated, shortly after the birth of their son Lothair in 584. Fredegunda seized her late husband's wealth and fled to Paris with her remaining son Lothair (Clotaire II), and persuaded the Neustrian nobles to recognize her son as the legitimate heir to the throne and she took over the regency and continued her longtime power struggle with Guntrum of Burgundy (d.593) and Brunhilda, Queen-Mother of Austrasia (d.614), whom she defeated around 597. Fredegunda (d. 598).
590 Reigning Dowager Queen Theodolina of the Lombards (Italy)
615-25 Regent of the Kingdom
Co-ruler with husbands, king Autharis (584-90) and Agilulf (591-615) and regent for son King Adololdo of the Lombards or Langobards, who was deposed by her son-in-law. She was instrumental in restoring Athanasian Christianity - the ancestor of modern Roman Catholicism - to a position of primacy in Italy against it's rival, Arian Christianity. With a stable base in Italy thereafter, the Papacy could begin subduing those it regarded as heretics elsewhere.
639-42 Regent Dowager Queen Nanthildis of Neustrasia and Burgundy (France)
Also known as Nanthilde, Nanthechilde or Nantechildis, she was a former servant and married the Merovingian king Dagobert I (604-29-35) after he had divorced his childless consort, Gomatrud. After Dagobert's death her son, Chlodwig II was appointed king of Neutrasia and Burgundy and his older half-brother, Sigibert III king of Austrasia. She received 1/3 of the royal treasure. She acted as regent together with the Major Domus Aega. As he attacked the Burgundfarons she protected them and 642 she reformed the office of Major Domus of Burgundy and appointed the Frankish Flaochad to the office. She lived (circa 610-642).
641 Regent Dowager Empress Martina of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
After the death of her husband, Herakleios, she was first co-ruler with stepson, Constantinos III , whom she was accused of poisoning. She took power but was deposed together with son Heraklonas, who was still a minor. They were both mutilated and sent into exile.
642-49 Member of Regency Council Dowager Empress Gregorina of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
She was the widow of Herakleios-Constantinos and her son, Constans, was chosen as Emperor after Martina and Heraklonas, and though the sources does not mention the members of the Regency Council it can be assumed that she was one of the members. She was a niece of Emperor Herakleios II.
657-64/65 Regent Dowager Queen Bathildis of Neustrie, Bourgogne and Austrasie (France)
Also known as Bathilde or Baldechildis, she was born in England, and taken to Gaul as a slave and about 641, she was bought by Erchinoald, mayor of the palace of Neustria. She married Clovis II in 648. The future Lothair III was born in 649, and she had two more sons, Theoderic and Childeric, who also eventually became rulers. Balthildis' influence during her husband's reign was considerable, since she controlled the court and the allocation of charity money, and had strong connections with Church leaders. After Clovis' death in 657 she took over the regency for her son Lothair III and embarked on a policy of unifying the Frankish territory by controlling Austrasia through imposing her son Childeric as Prince and absorbing Burgundy. She lost her political power when Lothair came of age and was forced to retire to the convent of Chelles, which she had founded and endowed with much of her personal wealth in 664. She died in 680 in Chelles, and was later declared a saint.
662 Regent Dowager Queen Himnechilde of Austrasia (France)
After the death of her husband, Sigebert III, she was joint regent for her son, Child�ric II together with the Major Domus (Major of the Palace) Wulfoald.
664-66 Regent Dowager Queen Sexburga of Kent (United Kingdom)
The eldest daughter of King Anna of East Anglia and his second wife, Saewara. She married King Erconbert of Kent, and after he died of the "yellow plague", she reigned on behalf off her son, Egbert I. After he came of age, she became abbess of Minister-in-Sheppey and later of Ely, where her sister, St. Etheldreda of Ely had been Abbess. Another sister and both of her daughters; Ermengilda and Ercongota were Saint and the sam was the case of her grandchildren; St. Werburga of Chester, St. Wulfade and St. Rufinus. She lived (circa 636-around 700).
Circa 669-74 Regent Empress Aelia Sofia of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
Handled the affairs of state for her insane husband Justinos II (58-95 and 705-11), who was killed.
672-74 Queen Regnant Seaxburh of Wessex (United Kingdom)
She succeeded her husband, Cenwealh, who was king (642-72), and was followed by Centwine, son of former king Cynegils.
692 Regent Queen Dowager Clothilde of Neustria and Bourgogne (France)
Regent for a few months for son Child�ric. She is also known as Rothilde, Chroth�childis or Doda (d. 694/9).
685-99 Regent Dowager Princess Spram of Girdyaman (Azerbaijan)
Ruled in the name of Varaz-Tiridat I of the Mihranid Dynasty, who ruled (680-699). She was succceded by Sheraye.
714 Acting Major Domina Plectrudis von Ecternach of Neustraia, Austria, Aquitania and Burgundy (France)
Also known as Plectrud or Plectrude, she engaged in a power-struggle with her stepson, Carles Martel after the death of her husband, Pipin II d'Heristal. She favoured the succession of one of her grandsons to the office of Major Domus. Her forces were finally defeated in 719. She was daughter of Count Palantine Hugobert von Ecternach (d. 697/698) and inherited "The Lands between the Rhine, Moselle and Meuse" after her mother Irmina von Oeren, and was later declared a Saint. She lived (Before 665-ca.725).
Circa 750 Legendary Queen Wanda of Poland
According to legend her father, king Krak was succeeded by one brother, but was killed by another. The Councillors broke with tradition in asking Wanda to rule over her people. Peace and prosperity prevailed over Krakow, but in the west, the Germans grew in strength and began attacking Polish hamlets and cities. The German commander, Rytygier, wanted to make Wanda his wife, and to avoid this and save her people, she wandered to the top of a cliff over the Wisla river, she threw herself into the river.
Circa 772-98 Joint Reigning Queen Cynethryth of Mercia (United Kingdom)
She was the wife of Offa II, the Saxon King of Mercia (757-96), and acquired notoriety as a tyrannical Queen. She was the only Queen consort ever allowed to issue coins in her own name, and they carry vivid portraits, the earliest portrait of an Englishwoman. Her daughter, Eadburgh, acquired a still worse reputation.
780-90 Regent Dowager Empress Eirene of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
787 Presiding over the 7th Ecomenical Synod (Council)
792 Joint Ruler of the Empire
797-802 Reigning Empress
Also known as Irene, she dominated her husband Emperor Leo IV (775-780), and after his death she took over the regency for son, Constantine VI. Irene generally undermined Constantine's authority when he tried to push her aside, she deposed him in 797 - he was seized, flogged and blinded. Irene began her reign as the first Byzantine Empress, and did not recognize Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor in 800. After the death of his wife, Liutgard, the same year, Charlemagne sought her hand in marriage - but nothing came out of this proposal. Soon revolts against Irene rule broke out and she was deposed by the leading Patricians. Irene was then exiled to island of Lesbos, where she supported herself by spinning. Irene died the following year and her former finance minister succeeded as Emperor Nicephorus I. She lived (752-803).
Before 825 Regent Dowager Queen Angharad Ferch Maredudd Llewelyn of Powys, Holderness, Skipton and Cockermouth (Wales and England in the United Kingdom)
Reigned in the name of her son.
829-30 Member of Regency Council Dowager Empress Euphrosyne of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
She was daughter of Emperor Constantinos VI who divorced her mother, Maria of Amnia (circa 770-circa 830) and send both of them to a monestary, where they stayed until 820 when Michael II of Amorion ursurped the throne and married Euphrosyne in order to legitimize his reign. After his death, she was probably member of the regency council for his son, Theophilos, though the sources are not clear about this. After she helped select his wife, Theodora, she retired to a convent, though she did not stay totally out of politics. She (circa 790-after 840).
842-56 Head of the Regency Council Dowager Empress Theodora of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
The widow of Theophilos (829-42), she was leader of the regency for her son Michael III (838-42-67). She restored the veneration of icons, br
ought back the deposed holy Patriarch Meletios and convened a Council, at which the Iconoclasts were anathematized. When Michael came of age, she spent 8 years in the monastery of Saint Euphrosynia, in ascetic deeds and the reading of Divine books (a copy of the Gospels is known of, copied by her hand). She died peacefully in about the year 867. Later declared a saint.
842 Member of the Regency Council Princess Tekla of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
The sister of Michael III, she was in theory co-regent with Theodora
914-919 Regent Dowager Empress Zo� Karbonopsina of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
The fourth wife of Leon IV, who died 912. After his death the guardian of her son, but Constantinos VII (b. 905) sent her to a convent. She later managed to become regent for son, but was deposed in 919.
927-30 Regent Dowager Queen Oneca de Navarra of Le�n (Spain)
Ruled in the name of her son, Alfonso IV (926-31) who abdicated.
Until 931 Co-Regent Margravine Ermengard di Lucca of Ivrea (Italy)
She was daughter of Adalbert II of Tuszia and Berta, illegitimate daughter of king Lothar II. As co-regent she secured the Italian throne for her brother, Hugo d�Arle, against the claims of Raoul II de Haute-Bourgogne.
945-59 Co-ruler Empress Helena Lecapena of the Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
Married to Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitu (913-59), who raised her father, Romanus Lecapenus, to the rank of c�sar and the status of co-emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire and actual ruler of the state. In 944 two sons deposed him, but they were executed, and finally Constantine took over the reigns himself - though with heavy guidance from Helena. She retired to a convent after her husband's death, to please his son, Romanus, who was under the spell of his wife, Theophano.
961-62 De-facto in charge of the Government Dowager Empress Mathilde von Sachsen of Germany
She had withdrawn to the convent of Quedlinburg which she founded after the death of her husband, King Heinrich I in 936, but took over the reigns in Germany when her son, Otto I, went to Italy after having appointed his infant son, the later Otto II as regent. She had devoted her time to charity and founder of numerous convents and she was later declared a saint (Mathilde die Heilige). She was mother of 3 sons and 2 daughters (among whom Geberga was regent in the West-Frankish kingdom from 954), and lived (circa 895-968).
963-69 Regent Dowager Empress Theophano of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
Very powerful during the reign of her husband, Emperor Romanos II (959-63) and regent for sons Basileios II and Constantinos VIII. Married to the FieldMarshall Nikephoros Phokas, who was emperor 963-69. He was deposed by Jean Tzimikskes who married Theodora, daughter of Theophano
.
966-75 Regent Do�a Elvira Ram�rez of Le�n and Asturias (Spain)
The daughter of Ramiro II, she left the convent take over the regency for her nephew, Ramiro III, after the death of her brother, Sancho I. She made treaties with Caliph Al-Hahen II and orgaised the defence against the Normans In 968-69. In 975 she was replaced as regent by her sister-in-law, the Dowager Queen Teresa.
966-99 Princess-Abbess Mathilde I von Sachsen of Quedlinburg (Germany)
997-99 Guardian of the Realm of the Holy Roman Empire
Daughter of Emperor Otto I, she was appointed the first Princess-Abbess - Reichs�btissin - of Quedlinburg. She also acted as "domina imperialis", and followed her brother Otto II on journey to Italy and acted regent with the title of Matica (Reichsverweser) for her nephew, Otto III during his stay in Italy. She was also named as his representative in Sachsen with the additional titles of Metropolitana of Quedlinburg and Matrixcia of Sachsen (Substitute and Representive of the Emperor). She lived (955-999).
973-75 Joint Ruler Queen �lfthryth of England
978-84 Regent Dowager Queen
Sources indicated that after her consecration she was considered to been sharing the royal lordship with her husband, King Edgar, who was first succeeded by his son of the first marriage, Edward, then by a brother, and finally by his son by �lfthryth, Edmund II Ironside (968-78-1016), and was in charge of the government during his minority, and continued to be a dominant force after he came of age.
975-80 Regent Dowager Queen Teresa Ans�rez of Le�n and Asturia (Spain)
The widow of Sanchos I, she replaced her sister in law, Princess Elvira as regent for son, Ramiros II, after his troops was beaten by the Arab forces by Gormaz in 975. From 977 the kingdom was systematically attacked by al Mansur, and in 981 Ramiros was deposed after a riot, and replaced by Vermundo II in Asturia, and was now only king in Leon until he was deposed here too, and killed.
978-94 Queen Gurandukht of Abkhazia (Georgia)
She succeeded Theodosius III the Blind and reigned jointly with king
Bagrat III Bagrationi the Unifier (King of Georgia 1008-14) of the mountainous district along the east coast of the Black Sea.
1042-66 Joint Ruler Queen Edith of Wesex of England (United Kingdom)
1066 De facto Regent
She was married to king Edward. In 1051 her father, Earl Goodwin of Wessex revolted against the Norman influence, but failed, and was banished. Edward started divorce-proceedings, but they remained married until his death, and during the vacancy at the throne she seems to have been de-facto caretaker. They had no surviving children and there was a succession of rulers, resulting in William the Conqueror of Normandy becoming king and it was her who was obliged to hand over the keys to Winchester, the county town of Wessex. She remained in charge of vast lands, but did no longer participate in politics. She lived (circa 1020-75).
1055-61 Hereditary Duchess Agnes de Pointou of Bavaria (Germany)
1056-62 Regent Dowager Empress of the Holy Roman Empire
1057 and 1059 and 106? Presiding over the Hearings at the Royal Court (K�nigsgericht)
She was descended from the royal houses of Burgundy and Italy, the daughter of William V of Aquitaine and Poitou, she became the second wife of the German king Henry III in 1043. They were crowned Holy Roman Emperor and Empress by Clement II in 1046. After her husband's death she acted as Regent for her son, Heinrich IV (1050-?) She was not an experienced politician and was influenced by the nobility to part with the duchies of Bavaria and Carinthia, and entered into unwise alliances against the dominant reforming party in the Papacy. By 1062 discontent led to an uprising in which Anno, Archbishop of K�ln, took over the regency. Agnes retired to a convent where she remained until her death. She lived (1024-77).
1060-? Regent Dowager Queen Anne de Kiev of France
After the death of her husband, Henri I, she reigned jointly with Baudouin V of Flanders in the name of her son, Philippe I. Her subsequent marriage to Raoul, Comte de Valois caused a scandal, since he was already married. He was excommunicated, and she died in a convent. She was daughter of Jarosla Vladimirovich of Kiev and Indegard of Norway, and lived (1051-89).
1066-69 and 1069-83 Regent Queen Mathilda van Flanders of England in the Normandie (France)
She was married to William I the Conqueror of England (1066-87) and duke of Normandy. He depended heavily on her and she acted as regent whenever he was absent after their marriage in 1051. With him in England 1067-69 until she went back to Normandy, where she remained in charge until her death. In 1077 the oldest son, Robert Curthose, suggested that he should become the ruler of Normandy and Maine. When William the Conqueror refused, Robert rebelled and attempted to seize Rouen. The rebellion failed and Robert was forced to flee and established himself at Gerberoi. William besieged him there in 1080 but Matilda managed to persuade the two men to end their feud. Mother of around 10 children, one of the last being king Henry I. She lived (circa 1031-83).
1067 Reigning Dowager Empress Eudoxia Makrembolitissa of The Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
1068 and 1071 Regent
Regent for Michael VIII Dukas and Konstantinos after the death of her husband Constantine X Dukas. In 1068 married to Romanos IV Diogenes, who took title of emperor. In 1071 co-ruler with son, Michael, but was deposed and ended her life in a convent.
1088-91 Joint Ruler Queen Jelena Illona Lijepa of Croatia and Dalmatia
Also known as Elena or Helena. She was considered a joint ruler during the reign of her husband Dmitar Zvonimir (1075-1089), who had previously been a ban in Dalmatia and gained the title of king with the support of Pope Gregory VII, after which he aided the Normans in their struggle against the Eastern Empire and Venice between 1081 and 1085. Due to this, in 1085 the Byzantines transferred their rights to Dalmatia to Venice. A rebellion against Zvonimir broke out at the sabor of Knin in 1089 because of discontent with warring in the interest of the Pope, and he was killed. She continued rule parts of the country in opposition to the new king, Stjepan II of the Trpimirović dynasty, who nominally ruled Croatia for 2 years. The army of her brother, Ladislaus of Hungary, penetrated Croatian territory in 1091 and quickly occupied all of Pannonian Croatia, after which they were met with some unorganized resistance in Dalmatian Croatia. The Eastern Roman Emperor Alexius reacted by making the Cumans attack the Magyars, which made Ladislaus retreat from Croatia, but he did leave Prince �lmos to rule over Slavonia. (d. after 1091)
1095-1103 Joint Reigning Queen Bodil of Denmark
Contemporary sources depict her as the co-ruler of her husband, King Erik I Ejegod. She was daughter of the Thurgot, Earl in Jutland, and her nephew, Asser, became the first Archbishop Denmark. In 1103 they went on a prilgimmage to Jerusalem. Erik died on the way and she did in Jerusalem in 1103 or 1104.
1101-12 Regent Dowager Queen Adelisa di Savona of Sicilia (Sicily) (Italy)
1101-1118 Sovereign Countess of Salona
Widow of Roger I, she was a very efficient and successful regent for the sons Simon and Roger II. After having handed over the government to Roger, she travelled to Jerusalem and married Bodouin I, but it was not a success and they divorced in 1117 where after she returned to Sicilia. She lived (1072-1118).
1104-30 Joint Reigning Queen Margrethe Fredkulla of Denmark
Contemporary sources depict her as the co-ruler of her husband, Niels, and considered to be the strongest of the two. She is described her as vise, clever, devote and peace loving. Daughter of King Inge of Sweden, she was first married to the Norwegian king Magnus, who died 1103. (d. 1130).
1109-29 Queen Regnant Urraca I Alfonsez of Castilla and L�on (Spain)
In 1107 she reigned over her Dowry Galicia and Zamora after the death of her first husband Count Raimond de Bourgogne. The following year she inherited the throne from her father Alfonso VI Fernandez of Castile and Leon (1040-1109). Her second marriage in the year 1109 to Alfonso I Perez de Aragon (d. 1134) ended in divorce in 1114. Her reign was disturbed by strife among the powerful nobles and especially by constant warfare with her husband, who had seized her lands. She never remarried, though she took several lovers. Another thorn in her side was her half-sister, Tarasa of Portugal and her husband, Enrique, who allied with her estranged husband, then betrayed him when a better offer came from Urraca's court. After her brother-in-law's death in 1112, her sister still contested ownership of lands. With the aid of her son, Alfonso Raim�ndez, Urraca was able to win back much of her domain and ruled successfully until her death. According to the Chronicon Compostellanum, she died in childbirth in 1126. The father was her lover, Count Pedro Gonz�lez of Lara. She was succeeded by her legitimate son, Alfonso VII Raymundez of Castile and Leon "Imperator totus Hispaniae" (d. 1157), She lived (1082-1128/29).
1117-18 Presiding over the Hearings of the Royal Court Mathilda of England of the Holy Roman Empire
1119 Stadtholder in Italy and Superme Commander of the Army and Presiding over Courts
1125 Holder of the Imperial Insignia of the Holy Roman Empire
1135-50 De-facto Sovereign Duchess of Normandie (France)
1141 Queen Regnant (Lady Domina) of England (United Kingdom) (02.02-01.11)
Also known as Maud, she was married the Holy Roman emperor Henry V in 1114, and acted as his co-ruler until his death 11 years later, when she became the holder of the Royal Insignia until a new Emperor was elected. As her only legitimate brother had been killed in the disastrous Wreck her father, King Henry I, had the barons swere allegiance to her and promised her the throne after her father's death. She then married Count Geoffrey V of Anjou and Maine. He was thirteen, she twenty-three. It is thought that the two never got on. Newer the less they had had three sons in four years. Being absent in Anjou at the time of her father's death on 1st December 1135, possibly due to pregnancy, she was not in a position to take up the throne and she quickly lost out to her cousin, Stephen de Blois. With her husband, she attempted to take Normandy. With encouragement from supporters in England though, it was not long before she invaded her rightful English domain and so began a long-standing Civil War from the powerbase of her half-brother, Robert of Gloucester, in the West Country. After three years of armed struggle, she gained the upper hand at the Battle of Lincoln, in February 1141, where King Stephen was captured. However, despite being declared Queen or "Lady of the English" at Winchester, she alienated the citizens of London with her arrogant manner. She failed to secure her coronation and the Londoners joined a renewed push from Stephen's Queen and laid siege to the Empress in Winchester. She managed to escape to the West, but while commanding her rearguard, her brother was captured by the enemy. She then exchanged Robert for Stephen who soon reimposed his Royal authority. In 1148, after the death of her half-brother, Matilda finally returned to Normandy, leaving her son, who, in 1154, would become Henry II, to fight on in England. She lived (1101-67).
1131-41 De-facto Ruler Queen Helene of Serbia of Hungary
1141-... Regent of the Kingdom
Influential during the reign of her husband Beta II the Blind, and after his death she assumed the regency for son, Geza II (1130-41-61).
1137-63 Queen Regnant Petronilla I of Arag�n (Spain)
1163-69 Regent of Ar�gon and Barcelona
Succeeded father, Ramiro II the Monk. She married Count Berenguer IV of Barcelona, who did not become joint-regent. In 1163 she abdicated in favour of her son, Alfonso II. and continued as his regent, and even after he came of age she continued to control the state affairs. Alfonso later named himself king of Aragon and Catalu�a. She lived (1136-73/74).
1154-65 Co-Reigning Countess Consort Constance of France of Toulouse (France)
Her first husband, Count Eustache IV.of Boulogne, Duke of Normandie and Heir to the English Throne died in 1153 and the following year she married Raimondo V of Toulouse. She was the first Countess of Toulouse to use the title of Duke, she often signed official documents with the title Regina or Dux Narbonn�, but at her seal she used the title Ducissa. The couple was divorced 1165. She was daughter of king Louis VI in his second marriage to Adelaide de Savoie, the mother of four children, and lived (circa 1124-circa 80).
1156-66 Joint Ruler Queen Margarita de Navarra of Sicilia (Sicily) (Italy)
1166-72 Regent Dowager Queen of Sicily and Malta
Daughter of King Garcia VI and married to Guillermo I, Prince of Capua, before becoming co-king in 1151. Regent for son Guillermo II (b. 1154-). Since 1167 the sources name her as co-regent and in 1168 a regency council consisting of 10 people was formed, with her has head. She lived (1128/35-82)
.
1157-ca.58 Regent Dowager Queen Berengela Raimondo de Barcelona of Castilla, Leon and Galicia (Spain)
The widow of king Alfonso II (1105-57), she was in charge of the government in the name of her son, King Fernando II (1137-57-88). She lived (1105-57).
1178-84 Joint Ruler Queen Tamar of Georgia
1184-1213 The Most High Queen, by the will of our Lord, King and Queen of Queens of the Abkhazis, Kartvelians, Ranians, Kakhetians and the Armenians, Shirvanshah and Shahanshah and Master of all the East and West, Glory of the World and Faith, Champion of the Messiah
Member of the royal house of Bagrationi, she was 19 years old when her father Grigori III had her crowned co-ruler, and when he died she became the sole ruler of Georgia. Despite the fact that she was 25 on her accession, Tamar was placed under the official guardianship of her father's sister Rusudani. She dealt with the various factions within the nobility by giving commands of provinces to important generals and prominent nobles. During her reign the kingdom reached the apex of its political, economic and cultural might. A unique Georgian Christian Culture flourished in this multinational state, exalted by great building projects. After the conquest of Byzantium by the Fourth Crusaders in 1204, Tamar sent troops to Trebizond and Kerasund in support of her relative, Alexios Comnenus, who would become Byzantine Emperor 1205. She personally led the Georgian forces and routed the Turks at the battle of Basiani. From here on, she pursued a policy of military aggression - Kars surrendered in 1205 and her son Grigori was made Governor; she exerted her hold over the local Muslim semi-protectorates; received tribute from some of the southern Russians provinces. In 1209 The Emir of Ardabil attacked Georgia, slaughtering 12.000 Georgians and enslaving thousands more. Tamar took her revenge the following year - she took the Emir of Ardabil by surprise, killing him, and as warnings to others who might threaten Georgi, Tamar's troops began raiding deep into North Persia and other surrounding regions. Married 1185 and divorced two years later to Prince Giorgi of Novgorod and then in 1189 she married King Davit-Soslani of Ossetia (d. 1207). Succeded frist by son, Giorgi IV Lasha, and then by daughter Rusudan in 1223. Tamar lived (1159-1213).
1180-82 (�) Regent Dowager Empress Xenia-Maria de Antiochia of Constantinople (Cowering what is now Greece and Turkey)
She was daughter of Constance of Antiochia (d.1162) and Raymond de Poitiers, and took over the regency for her son Alexius II (1180-82). Maria took a lover, her advisor Alexius Comnenus. But Maria's regency was opposed by her stepdaughter Maria Komnena (daughter of Manuel by a former wife) and her husband Ranier de Monferrato. Andronicus Comnenus was sent for by popular acclaim and was crowned co-Emperor. He eventually assumed total control of Constantinople. Maria was condemned to be strangled, and her son forced to sign the warrant by new Emperor Andronicus. Her son was murdered two months later. She lived (1145-82).
1184-? Regent Princess Rusudani of Georgia
She acted as regent after the accession to the throne of her niece, Queen Tamar, and as her advisor for the first years of her reign.
1190-91 Regent Dowager Queen Alix de Blois-Champagne of France
The third wife of Louis VII (1120-37-80), she was in charge of the government during her son, Philippe II August's participation in the crusades at the time. Louis' first wife was Duchess Eleanore d'Aquitaine, the second Constance of Canstile. Alix lived (1140-1206).
1191-94 Queen Regnant Berenguela of Navarra (Spain)
Also known as Berengaria or Berengere, she succeeded her father King Sancho VI and was succeeded by brother, Sancho VII, and married to Richard I Lionhart of England and became known as Queen Berengere or Berengaria. Her sister later Blanca was regent of Champagne from 1201 and later of Navarrawhen their brother went into "retirement". Berenguela did not have any children, and lived (1163-1230).
1194 Regent Dowager Queen Sibylla di Medina of Sicilia (Sicily) (Italy)
Daughter of Count Ruggerio di Accera and Caecile de Madania. Married to Tankredo di Lecce, King of Sicilia (1190-94) and regent for son Guillermo III, who succeeded his brother Roger III in 1193. But the supporters of Queen Constanza gained ground and Constanza�s husband, Emperor Heinrich VI, offered her son the position as Count of Lecce in exchange of the royal insignia. But it seems that she got involved in a conspiracy against Heinrich, and therefore she, Guillaume and her three daughters were imprisoned and deported to Germany, where she and the daughters were placed in a convent. After Heinrich's death, they managed to escape to France.
1194-98 Queen Regnant Constanza of Sicily (Italy)
1195-97 Regent of Sicily
1197-98 (28.98-17.05) Sole Ruer of Sicily
Also known as Constance, she was married to Holy Roman Emperor Heinrich VI and daughter of King Roger II of Sicily. In 1185 she was named possible heiress of Sicily by her nephew King Guillermo II. On his death in 1189, however, the Sicilian nobles, wishing to prevent German rule in Sicily, chose Constance's nephew Tancredo of Lecce as William's successor. Emperor Heinrich VI conducted an unsuccessful campaign in 1191 against Tancred during which Constance was captured but was released because she was pregnant. After Tancred's death in 1194 they were crowned King and Quee of Sicily and she gave birth to her only child, Friedrich. She was named regent in the absence of her husband in 1195 but clearly considered herself to be the rightful heiress and continued the forceful rule of her predecessor. When he died in 1197 she ruled alone for a year. In order to save the throne of Sicily for her infant son, Federico (later Holy Roman emperor as Friedrich II), Constance renounced the German kingship for Frederick and the following year he was crowned as king of Sicily, continuing to act as regent until her death. In her will she had named Pope Inocenz II as guardian for her son. As queen she used the titulature;Constancia dei gracia Romanorum imperatrix semper augusta et regina Sicilie and as regent for her son she added the term; una cum carissimo filio suo Frederico eadem gracia rege Sicilie, ducatus Apulie et Principatus Capue. She lived (1154-1198).
1195-1203 De facto Ruler Empress Euphrosyne of the Byzantine Empire (Covering what is today Greece and Turkey)
She was married to Alexus III Angelus, a weakling with a lust for power, who mainly busied himself with diplomatic affairs and left the interior with home affairs to her. She proved to be both extravagant and corrupt.
1201-22 Regent Dowager Countess Blanca de Navarra of Champagne (France)
Until 1229 Regent of Navarra (Spain)
Also known as Blanche de Navarre, she was pregnant when her husband Thibaut III died, and she became regent for her posthumously born son Thibaut IV (1201-53). Her regency was plagued by a number of difficulties. Her brother-in-law, count Henry II had left behind a great deal of debt, which was far from paid off when Thibaut III died. Further, their son Thibaut's legitimacy was not unquestioned, and his right to the succession was challenged by Henry's daughter Philippa and her husband, Erard I of Brienne, count of Ramerupt and one of the more powerful Champagne nobles. The conflict broke into open warfare in 1215, and was not resolved until after Thibaut came of age in 1222. At that time Thibaut and Blanca bought out their rights for a substantial monetary payment. Her brother Sancho VII of Navarre was the last male-line descendant of the first dynasty of kings of Navarre, the Pamplona dynasty, and was childless and when he went into retirement ("el Encerrado") she took administration of the kingdom, though he remained king until her son succeeded him in 1234. She was the youngest daughter of Sancho VI of Navarre (who died 1194) and Sancha of Castile. She lived (1170's-1229).
1212-22 Regent Dowager Queen Constance de Arag�n of Sicilia (Italy)
She held the reins in the absence of her husband. She was the second wife of Friedrich III, who was Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 1198-1251, and successor of his first wife was Queen Constanza of Sicily. She was the mother of Konrad IV, who also became Emperor and King of Sicily. She (d. 1222).
1212-17 Sovereign Margravine Yolanda de Flanders of Namur (Belgium)
1216-19 Empress of Constantinople
Also known as Violante or Jolanta. After her brother, Emperor Henri's death in June 1216 the Barons of the Empire offered her and her husband Pierre, the crown, and they both accepted. In 1217 they left for Constantinople, and she seeded the marquisate to her oldest son. They were crowned in Rome by Pope Honrius III, and continued their journey, Pierre over land and was taken prisoner, she was pregant and travelled by sea. In Morea she married her daughter Anges off to Gottfried II, the future Prince of Achaia. In Constantinopel she gave birth to the heir to the throne, Baudouin II. (1228-1261), and took ver the regency. Just before her dath she married her daughter Maria to Emperor Theodor I. Laskaris of Nik�a. She was mother of 9 children and daughter of Count Baudouin V of Flanders and Hainault and lived (circa 1175-1219).
1214 (�) Regent Dowager Queen Leonor de Plantagenet of Castilla (Spain)
Co-Regent for Enrique I (1214-17) and her daughter, Princess Bergengula became regent after her death. She was daughter of Duchess Leonora of Aquitanie and King Henry II of England. (d. 1214).
1214-15 Regent Princess Bergenguela of Castilla (Spain)
1215-19 Queen Regnant of Asturias-Le�n and Castilla
1219 Regent
1230 Regent in Le�n
First she governed in the name of her brother Enrique I (1204-14-15-17). Later she divorced - under Pope Innocent III's orders - from her second degree cousin King Alfonso IX de Leon (King of Leon 1188 -1230). Her first son, became King Fernando II of Castile by succession and transmission of her rights to the Castilian Crown in 1219. Eleven years later, when his biological father, Alfonso IX de Le�n, died in 1230, he became, too, King Fernando III of Leon. She lived (1180-1246).
1218-28 Regent Dowager Queen Alice de Champagne of Cyprus
1243-46 (�) Regent of Jerusalem
The daughter of Queen Isabella of Jerusalem and her second husband Henri de Champagne, she married Hugues of Cyprus in 1208. He took over the reigns in Cyprus in 1210/11 from his sister Burgundia. After his sudden death at Tripoli in 1218, Alice acted as regent for her 8 month old son Henri in Cyprus. In 1223 she married Bohemond V of Antiochia. In Jerusalem, Friedrich II, Holy Roman Emperor was recognized as suzerain but not regent of Cyprus in 1228, because of his marriage to Queen Yolanda. When she died, Alice traveled to Acre to put forward her claim to Crown of Jerusalem - without success. After she and Bohemond divorced because they were too closely related (third cousins), she married Ralph, Count of Soissons. As she was the great-aunt of King Conrad of Germany - who had failed to come East to accept throne - Alice was entrusted with regency of Jerusalem in 1243. After her death the regency passed to her son and heir, Henri, King of Cyprus. She lived (circa 1193-1246)
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1219-52 Queen Regnant Zabel I of Lesser Armenia (Cilicia) (Turkey/Syria)
Also known as Isabella, her father, Leo II had promished his nephew Raimond-Ruben de Antiochiaia, the succession to the throne, but at his death-bed he her, as his heir. Her older sister, Stephanie, or her husband, Jean de Brienne, claimed the title for her and their young son, but they died shortly after. And the Armenian nobles followed the wish of Leo II, and paid homage to her as their Queen, under various male regents. She later ruled together with her two husbands; Phillip 1222-25 (he was poisoned) and Heton I (1226-1269). Armenia Minor established very close ties with the Crusader States. It was still threatened by Byzantium, however, and appears to have come under Byzantine overlordship for short periods. Her mother was Sibylla de Lusignan of Cyprus-Jerusalem, she was mother of two sons and two daughters, and lived (circa 1212-52).
1223-47 Queen Regnant Rusudani of Georgia, by the will of our Lord, Queen of Queen of Kings and Queens of the Abkhazis, Kartvelians, Ranians, Kakhetians and the Armenians, Shirvanshah and Shahanshah and Master of all the East and West, Glory of the World, Kingdom and Faith, Champion of the Messiah
The daughter of Queen Tamar (1178-1213) she succeded her brother, Giorgi IV Lasha. She was leader of the nation in a period when it was attacked by Mongol tribes and disintegrated into numerous petty principalities. Retreated to Kutaisi when Tiflis was besieged by Jalal ud-din Shah of Khwarazmia, and captured by the latter, 9th March 1226. Forced to accept the sovereignty of the Mongol Khan in 1242, an annual tribute of 50,000 gold pieces. In 1224 she married Muhammad Mughis ud-din Turkan Shah of Erzerum, who embraced Christianity on his marriage. Her son, Davit VI Narin, succeded her as King of Georgia - Imerati. Her daughter, Princess Thamar married Sultan Muhammad Ghias ud-din Kaikhushru II of Konia. She lived (1195-1247).
1226-36 Regent Dowager Queen Blanche de Castilla of France
1240-52 Sovereign Countess of Valois
1248-52 (�) Regent of France
When her hunsband Louis invaded England after the death of her cousin John to claim the crown in her right, only to find a united nation against him, she established herself at Calais and organized two fleets, one of which was commanded by Eustace the Monk, and an army under Robert of Courtenay; but all her resolution and energy were in vain. Although it would seem that her masterful temper exercised a sensible influence upon her husband's gentler character, her role during his reign (1223-1226) is not well known. He left her as regent and guardian of his children. Of her twelve or thirteen children, six had died, and King Louis IX was only 12 years old. The situation was critical, for the hard-won domains of the house of Capet seemed likely to fall to pieces during a minority. She had to bear the whole burden of affairs alone, to break up a league of the barons (1226), and to repel the attack of the king of England (1230). But her energy and firmness overcame all dangers. She remained influential after her son took over the government in 1236. In 1248 she again became regent, during Louis IX's absence on the crusade, a project which she had strongly opposed. In the disasters which followed she maintained peace, while draining the land of men and money to aid her son in the East. She was the third daughter of Alfonso VIII, king of Castile, and of Eleanor of England, daughter of Henry II, and lived (1187-1252).
1228-(37) Regent Dowager Empress Maria de Courtenay of Constantinople (Turkey)
Regent for Baudouin II de Courtenay, who succeeded his brother, Robert. She reigned together with co-regents.
The Empire of Constantinople was mainly based around the ancient city of Byzantine and parts of Greece, but the City of Constantinople is now known as Istanbul.
1253-61 (�) Regent Dowager Queen Plaisance de Antiochia of Cyprus
1257-61 (�) Regent of the Kingdom of Jerusalem in Acre (Israel)
At the death of her husband, Henri of Lusignan, her son Hugh II was only a few months old ans she claimed the regency. The High Court of Cyprus confirmed her in this position, but the Barons in the mainland, in Akkon (what remained of the former Kingdom of Jerusalem) demanded that she showed up herself before they would confirm her as regent. Lord Jean d'Ibelin of Arsuf was bailliff in Jerusalem and she contemplated marrying his son. In 1258 she tried to strenghten her pssition and arrived in Tripoli with her son. The High Court of the Kingdom assembled, and her brother, Boemond tried to be accepted as heir to the throne of Cyprus in the abcense of, grandson of Emperor Frederik II and Queen Maria of Jerusalem, but this was rejected and the royal family was drawn into the civil war between the Genoese, Venetians, Hospitallers and the Templars. A majority was in favour of Plaisance's regency, and she returned to Cyprus after haveing reappointed Jean d'Ilbelin as bailliff. She was daughter of Boemond V of Antiochiaia and Lucienne de Cacammo-Segni, and lived (1236-61)
1253-54 Keeper and Governor Queen Eleanor de Provence of England (06.08-29.05)
She was appointed to "keep and govern the realm of England and the lands of Wales and Ireland", with the counsel of Richard, earl of Cornwall, when her husband since 1236, Henry III, was away in France to defend his territories in Gascogne. She was adviced by a Council, but she was in charge of the government, even when giving birth to a daughter in November. Eleanor was very influential during her husband's reign. Her determined resistance to baronial reform and her key part in bringing about the fall of Simon de Montfort's government invite new appraisal. After her husband's death in 1271 she was the only person in the realm anointed to the royal estate, she gave her consent to the breaking of the old seal and making of the new and the declaration of the new king, Edward I's peace, but she did not act as regent in the period until Edward returned to England. As a widow she was in control of her wast dowry in Amesbury. In 1286 she entered a convent, but was still consulted by her son, Edward I, from time to time. She was daughter of Raymond Bergengar, count of Provence and Beatrice of Province. Her sister Marguerite was married to Louis IX of France, Sanchia to Richard, Earl of Cornwall and the youngest Beatrice to Charles, Count d'Anjou. The youngest sister inherited Province. Eleanor was mother of nine children of whom four survived to adulthood. She lived (1217/23-91).
1259-66 Regent Dowager Queen Margrethe Sambiria Spr�nghest of Denmark
1266-81 Lady of Estonia and Virland
Born as a Pommerian Princess, she was regent for her son Erik 5. Klipping after the death of her husband, Kristoffer I. She fought against the powerful Archbishop Jakob Erlandsen. In 1261 she and her son were taken prisoner in Germany. The next year she returned together with Albrecht of Braunshweig and Erlandsen left the country. She managed to persuade Pope to accept the idea of female succession to the Danish throne, though not to her daughters having succession-rights before male relatives in other lines. Estonia was her dowry which she controlled from Lolland-Falster another Dowry in the South of Denmark. She lived circa (1230-81).
1261-67 De Facto Ruler Queen Maria Laskarina of Hungary in Croatia and Dalmatia
Married to King Bela IV of Hungary (1235-70), sho used much of his reign trying to curtail the power of the magnates and set out to recover the crown lands his father had given to supporters. Confronted by the menace of the Mongol invasion, he sent unheeded appeals to Pope Gregory IX and Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich II, but he was defeated in 1241. Returning after the withdrawal of the invaders, he repopulated the country by inviting foreign colonization. Bela's long struggle with Ottocar II, king of Bohemia, for Austria and Styria ended in defeat in 1260. His last years were disturbed by the rebellion of his son, King Stephen V (1270-72), who forced him to share the kingdom. Maria was involved in the struggle and was de-facto ruler of parts of the kingdom. She was born as Princess of Nicaea and (d. 1270).
1263-64 (�) Regent Princess Isabella of Cyprus
When Queen Plaisance of Cypern died in 1261 her son Hugo II was eight years old, at first Isabella's son was appointed regent because the Supreme Court thought a man would be a better regent than a woman, but in 1263 Isabella and her husband, Henri de Poitou of Antiochiaia (d. 1276 ), came to Cyprus and the nobles paid homage to her as regent, but she died the following year. As the younger daughter of King Hugo I Lusignan of Cypern and Alice de Champagne-Blois she was Heriess Presumptive of Jerusalem, since her mother was the daughter and Heriess Presumptive of King Henri I of Jerusalem and Princess Isabella d'Anjou of Jerusalem. Isabella's oldest son, Hugo III, was king of Cyprus (1235-84) and her daughter ,Marguerite Titular-Princess of Antiochiaia and Lady of Tyros and lived (before 1244-1308) and married to Jean de Montfort, Lord of Tyros (d. 1289). Isabella lived (circa 1215-64).
1272-77 Regent Dowager Queen Elisabet Kumanac of Hungary
After the death of her husband King Istv�n V (Stephen) of Hungary (1270-72) she was regent for their son, L�szl� IV of Hungary (1272-90), who was murdered. He had been kidnapped at age ten from his father's court by rebellious vassals. His minority was an alternation of palace revolutions and civil wars, in which she barely contrived to keep the upper hand. In this milieu Ladislaus matured precociously and was poorly educated, which greatly confined his personalities as rough and reckless. Her daughters Katalin (Ca 1256-after 1314) was married to king Stepan IV Dragutin of Serbia (d. 1316), M�ria (ca 1257-1323) was married to King Charles II of Naples and Sicily - recognized as Queen in parts of the country 1290-92, the third daughter was married to the Tsar of Bulgaria, Erzs�bet (1255-1326) first married Zavis von Rosenberg zu Falkenstein and secondly King Stepan Uros II Milutin of Serbia and the youngst daughter �gnes (ca 1260-ca 1281) was married to Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos of Byzantium. Queen Elizabeth was daughter of Zayhan, a prince of the Turkish Nomadic Cuman tribe, which had been pushed into Hungary by the invasions of Chinghis-Khan, and lived (1240-after 1290).
1274-1305 Queen Regnant Juana I of Navarra, Countess of Champagne and Brie (Spain and France)
Also known as Jeanne, and at the age of 13 she was married to king Philippe V of France (1268-1314), who became king of Navarra by the right of his wife. She left him to reign in Navarra and stayed in Champagne. Mother of 7 children. Her three surviving sons; Louis X of France, Philip V and Charles IV all became kings of France and Navarra, and her only surviving daughter, Isabelle, married king Edward II of England. She died under mysterious circumstances; one chronicler even accused her husband of having killed her. She lived (circa 1271-1305).
1274-76 Regent Dowager Queen Blance d'Artois of Navarra and the Counties Troyes and Meaux
1274-84 Regent of the Counties of Champagne and Brie (Spain and France)
After the death of her husband Henri I (1270-74), she was regent for daughter Juana I, and various powers, both foreign and Navarrese, sought to take advantage of the minority of the heiress and the weakness of the female regent. She left the administration of Navarra to King Philippe III of England after her marriage to Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster (1245-1296), brother of Edward I of England, and they administered Champagne until Juana came of age in 1284. She was the daughter of count Robert I of Artois, and the granddaughter of Louis VIII of France, mother of four children with her second husband, and lived (circa 1248 -1300).
1276-1309 Sub-Queen Helena d'Anjou of Dioclea (Montenegro)
Succeeded Stephen and followed by Stephen Uros III of Decani
1280-84 Regent Dowager Queen Ingeborg Eriksdatter of Norway
After the death of her husband, Magnus the Lawmaker (1238-63-80) she acted as regent for her son, Erik II (1268-99). She was the first Norwegian Queen to be crowned and was daughter of King Erik IV Plogpenning of Denmark and Jutta of Sachsen, and lived (1244-87).
1283-1308 Titular Empress Catherina I de Courtenay of Constantinople (Turkey), Dame of Courtenay (France)
Also Sovereign Princess of Achaia (Albaina) and Dame de Courtenay (France)
Daughter of Philippe, the son of Emperor Boudewijn of the Latin Empire in the ancient city of Byzanz and parts of Greece. He was deposed 1261. Plans were made to marry her to Freiderich of Sicilia, but nothing came of it. The Pope interfered, there were also attempts to have her marry the heir to the Byzantine throne, Michael IX, but she declined because the contract was not lucrative enough for her, and in 1302 she married Count Charles I de Valois (1270-1325), who was planning a cruzade against Byzantine when she died. Mother of three daughters and a son, who died just before herself, and she was therefore succeeded by the oldest, Catherine II, as heir to the Latin Empire of the East. Catharine I lived (1274-1308).
1283-85 Governor Queen Constance Hohenstaufen of Sicily (Italy)
In 1262 her father, Manfredo Hohenstaufen, arranged her marriage to Infant Pedro of Aragon. Manfredo lost his crown and life in 1266, and she was his heir - though the throne remained in the hands of Charles of Anjou, a brother of King Louis IX of France. Her husband gave her in her own right the title of Queen, before succeeding to the throne in 1276. In 1282 her husband - now Pedro III made a triumphant entry into Messina, and in the following year she left for Sicilia, and it was announced that the Infant Jaime would be heir to Sicily as the elder son, Alfonso, would remain heir of Aragon. In the case of Jaime's minority, she would act as regent. Pedro III had to depart Sicily, leaving her in charge. In November 1285 Constance's husband died at Villafranca de Penadres where he was buried, and the following year Jaime was crowned - though both she and her son were excommunicated by the pope. When in 1291 her eldest son, Alfonso III, died childless Jaime succeeded him, remaining king of both countries until 1296 when Fadrique, Constance's third son, became King of Sicilia. She returned to Spain and lived (1249-1301).
1284-85 Empress Regnant Theodora Comnenus of Trebizond (Turkey)
Trabzon is a city and coastal region in northeastern Turkey, by the Black Sea; west-southwest of Georgia. At the Sack of Byzantium in 1204, and subsequent establishment of the Latin Empire by marauding Crusaders, a few members of the Imperial family escaped and established this state. Owing to a combination of the typical Byzantine policy of extensive marriage alliances together with notable difficulty of access by potential invaders, Trapezoid was generally ignored or bypassed by the great conquerors of the era; Seljuqs and Mongols mainly. Theodora was daughter of Manuel I (1238-63) and came on the throne after 3 of her brothers, before she was deposed
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1284 Titular Queen Irene Palailologina de Monferrato of Thessalonica (Greece)
Her father, Guglielmo VIII of Monferrato in Italy gave up the title of titular king upon her marriage to Emperor Andronikos II. Palailogos of Byzantine. Her father was Marchese di Montferrato (1253-92), titular King of Saloniki (1262-84), Signore d'Ivrea (1266-67) and (1278-92), Signore di Milano (1278-82), and died in prison Alexandria in 1292. Her mother was his third wife, Beatriz of Castilla. She lived (1274-1317).
1286-90 Queen Regnant Margaret of Scotland
and The Orkney Islands (United Kingdom)
With the sudden death of Alexander III, Scotland was left without an obvious heir to the throne. At first, Margaret's step-grandmother Yolande declared that she was pregnant with a legitimate heir, countering the claims of two powerful nobles, Robert Bruce (grandfather of the future Robert I of Scotland) and John Balliol, each of whom wanted the throne for himself. When it was discovered that Yolande was not really pregnant, it was decided that Alexander's only surviving descendant, his three-year-old granddaughter Margaret, would ascend to the throne under a regency of six nobles. She was the daughter of Eric II of Norway and his wife Margaret, daughter of Alexander III, who died in childbirth. Fearing that a young and powerless queen would invite civil war between the rival claimants to the throne, the Scottish nobles appealed to Edward I of England to intervene. Eager to extend his own influence in Scotland, Edward arranged the Treaty of Birgham in 1290, by which Margaret was betrothed to his son the Prince of Wales (later Edward II of England), in return for an assurance of Scottish independence though he would serve as ward for the young queen. She set sail from Norway to her new realm in the autumn of 1290, but took ill during the stormy voyage and died soon after reaching the Orkney Islands around September 26. With her death, the House of Dunkeld came to an end. Her corpse was taken to Bergen and buried beside her mother in the stone wall, on the north side of the choir, in Christ's Kirk at Bergen. In the two years that followed, Scotland was left with 14 claimants to the throne. Once again, Edward was asked to intercede. His efforts to exert his own authority over the country eventually led to the First Scottish War of Independence. Also known as "The Maid of Norway", she lived (1283-90).
1286-92 Regent Dowager Queen Agnes af Brandenburg of Denmark
1286 Royal County Sheriff of Lolland-Falster
Regent for son Erik IV Menved after her husband, Erik V was assassinated. Her rule was challenged by several magnates who had been found guilty - probably unjustly- of killing her husband and had been outlawed in 1287. These outlaws, who were aided by the Norwegian king and soon joined by Duke Valdemar of Schleswig and the new archbishop, Jens Grand, raided the Danish coasts. Erik defeated Valdemar and reached an agreement with Norway in 1295, but he continued to feud with Grand, whose imprisonment led to a papal interdict of the king in 1297. Erik's settlement with Pope Boniface VIII (1303) enabled him to resume Danish conquests along the northern border of the Holy Roman Empire, and in 1304 the emperor Albert I ceded to Denmark all lands north of the Elbe River. Lolland-Falster was her dowry which she administered as a royal fief, being in charge of aspects of the local administration. She later married Count Gerhard II of Holsten and became mother of another son, Johann, she lived (1258-1304).
1290-1300 Co-Regent Queen Catherina Tomasina Morosini of Hungary
Her husband Istv�n the Posthumous of Hungary, Duke of Slavonia (1236-71) who died as a Patrician in Venezia, was son of King Endre II of Hungary and Croatia (1205-35). She became co-ruler when her son, Endre III (1265-90-1301), came to the throne after the son of his third cousin, L�zsl� IV was murdered during the civil wars in the country. She was daughter Micaele Sbarra Morosini, and Patrician of Venice of lived (1240-1300).
1290-92 Reigning in Dissidence Queen M�ria of Hungary
She reigned in dissidence to King Endre III, after the her brother L�zsl� IV was murdered,when she was acknowledged as kiralyno (female king) by the Dalmatian regions, with the provison that her son Carlo Martello (Martell K�roly) was to be elected king in her place. She was daughter of King V. Istv�n and Elisabeth, who was regent of the kingdom 1272-77, and married to the future King Carlo II of Napoli and Sicily. She lived (circa 1257-1323).
1295-1301 and 1312-21 (�) Regent Dowager Queen Mar�a de Alfonso de Molina of Castilla (Spain)
Lady de Molina in her own right, she was widow of Sancho IV. As regent for her son, Ferdinando IV, she defended his throne against several pretenders, who were at various times supported by France, Arag�n, Portugal, Navarre, and Granada. 11 years later, after Ferdinando�s death, she acted as a guardian to her grandson Alfonso XI, while the regency was contested among his other relatives.
1303-17 De facto Reigning Empress Violante Aleramo of Thessalonica (Greece)
1305-06 Sovereign Margravine of Monferrato (Italy)
She married Emperor Andronikos II Palailogos, later Emperor of Constantinople, as his second wife in 1284 and became known as Yolanda, and was given Thessalonica as her dowry. She was in disupte with her husband over the future of their sons, as his sons by the first marriage were named as heirs. She wanted to have the Empire carved out in seperate principalities for each of the thre sons. They grew further apart when her husband married their five year old daughter to King Simonis Milutin of Serbia who were in his 50s and forced their oldest son to marry the daughter of his closest advisor even though she was of low nobility. In 1303 she packed her backs and took up residence in Thessalonica, which considered her own property. 1309 an attempt of reconciliation failed and she died in her territory in 1317. 1305 she had inherited Monferrato from her brother and the folowing year she passed the title to her second son, Theodore, who spend the rest of his life in Italy. She was mother of seven chldren.
1306 Regent Dowager Queen Ryksa Elzbieta of Bohemia (Czech Republic)
1306-35 Lady of K�nigsgr�tz
Elisabeth-Richsa had been politically influential 1303-05 during the reign of her husband, Wencelas II of Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, and regent from August till October, when she married Rudolf III of Austria, who was titular king of Bohemia, Hungary and Poland until his death one year later, but in reality Hungary and Bohemia was in an interregnum. Elzbieta married her third husband, Heinrich zur Lippe in 1315 and they continued as leaders of the Bohemian nobility against Queen Elisabeth. After his death in 1329, she withdrew to the Convent of Aula Sankt Mari� in Br�nn. She was daughter of King Przemyl II of Poland and Richeza, daughter of King Valdemar of Denmark, and lived (1288-1335).
1352-54 Regent Princess Constanza of Sicily (Italy)
The unmarried daughter of Pietro II of Sicily (1337-42) and Elisabeth of Carinthia of Tirol, she was regent during the reign of her brother Luigi, who was king 1342-55. Her sister Eufemia was regent for their other brother, Federico from 1355. Constanza lived (1324-55).
1355-57 Regent Princess Eufemia of Sicilia (Sicily) (Italy)
The unmarried daughter of Pietro II (1337-42) she was regent for brother, Federico III, Duke of Athens and Neopatras (1341-55-77), who was succeeded by daughter Maria in 1377. Their sister, Constanza had acted as regent 1552-54 for their older brother King Luigi. Eufemia lived (1330-59).
1365-68 In Charge of the Government Queen Leonor de Gandia de Arag�n of Cyprus, Titular Queen Consort of Jerusalem (Israel)
1369 Co-Regent of Cyrus
Her husband, Pierre I de Lusignan, who had been away on various expeditions since 1365, returned to Cypern in 1368, he retaliated on the nobles who had been her favourites during his absence, and behaved with such haughtiness and tyranny that he alienated the sympathy of his barons and even of his brothers. In January 1369 he was assassinated by a body of nobles with the concurrence of his brothers. His son Pierre, a boy of thirteen, succeeded to the throne under the regency of his uncles, Jean, prince of Antiochia, and Jacques, constable of Cyprus. She quarreled with both of them, who had both been concerned in the assassination of her husband. She first welcomed the invaders as a means of avenging the murder of her husband, but when she saw that the Genoese were bent on destroying her son's kingdom, she joined the other royalists and took refuge with Jacques, the constable of Cyprus, in the Kyrenia castle. It was not until 1374 the her son was reinstated on the throne. She lived (1333-1416)
1370-75, 1376-77 and 1378-79 Regent Dowager Queen Elżbieta Łokietk�wna of Poland and Dalmatia
As regent Queen Elisabeth or Ersz�bet had the official title Regina Senioris Poloniae and 1370-80, she was in fact joint ruler with her son, Louis d'Anjou of Hungary, and officially appointed regent during his stays in Hungary after he inherited the kingdom after her brother, Kazimierz III of Poland (1309-33-70). She had already been very influential since he succeeded her husband, Karol Robert, as king of Hungary in 1342. She had gained the upper hand at court and for several decades she acted as a sort of co-regent, and even the Hungarian barons were afraid of her. She was a fanatical catholic and founded countless religious churches and convents. Of her 7 children, the second son, Andreas married his cousin, Joanna I of Napoli and was Duke of Calabria until he was murdered by his wife in 1345. She lived (1305-80).
1375-1403 Titular Queen Isabel of Mallorca and Ibiza (Spain)
The daughter of King Jaime III of Mallorca etc. (1315-24-49), who was killed fighting against the king of Aragon who had retaken Majorca during the 1340s, labeling him as "a contumacious vassal". She succeeded her brother, Jaime VI (husband of Queen Joanna I of Napoli (1326-82)) to the titular dignity and lived in her family's possessions in Southern France at Chateau de Gallargues. Her first husband was Margrave Giovanni II of Montferrato (1313-72) and the second Konrad von Reischach zu Jungnau. She was mother of four sons (three of whom became Margraves of Monferrato) and a daughter, and lived (1337-after 1403).
1376-87 Regent Dowager Queen Margrethe I Valdemarsdatter of Denmark and Norway
1387-1412 Reigning Queen (Master and Mistress) of Denmark, Sweden and Norway
She was the youngest daughter of King Valdemar IV of Denmark. At the age of ten she was married to King H�kon VI of Norway, son of Magnus II of Sweden and Norway. Their son Olaf, born in 1370, was elected King Olaf II of Denmark in 1375 at the death of Margrethe's father, with her as regent. After her husband's death shortly after her son also became Olaf IV of Norway. After Olaf's death in 1387 the Estates in Denmark elected her as "Full-mighty Master and Mistress of All the Real" for life. The following year she became regent of Norway. In 1388 the Swedish nobility dethroned their king Albrecht of Mecklenburg, and elected Margrethe as their reigning Queen instead. She chose her sister's daughter's son Erik of Pommerania as her successor, who beacme king in 1389, but Margrethe remained the real ruler. She founded the union of Kalmer which in the case of Sweden would last until 1523, and with Norway until 1814. In 1410, Margrethe tried to reinstate Danish overlordship over Schleswig, which caused a war with the Counts in Holstein. She traveled to the conflict area, and died there in 1412. She lived (1353-1412).
1377-1402 Queen Regnant Maria of Sicilia (Sicily) (Italy)
1377-79 Duchess of Athens and Neopatria and Titular Queen of Jerusalem
At the age of 15 she succeeded her father, King Federico with Artale of Alagona as regent. 1379-88 she was in-exile in Sardegna because of civil war in Sicily. In 1390 she married Martin the Younger of Aragon and two years later they returned together with his father, Martin the Old, King of Aragon, and Maria received the crown by the Sicilian Barons. As king and Queen they used the titluatures; Nos, D.Martin, e duenya Marya, per la gracia di Dios, roy e reyna de Ssicilia, e de los ducados de Athenes e de Neopatria duque e duquessa, e nos infante don Martin, del mult alto D. Pedro, de buena memoria, roy d'Aragon fillo, e per la gracia di Dios duque de Monblanc, Conte de Luna e senyor del marquesado e de la ciutat de Sagorbe, governador general per lo mult alt senior D.Jean, rey d'Aragon, ermano e senyor nostro muyt car, en tut sus regnos e terras, coadjutor de la dicha reyna en lo regimento del regno e ducados sopredichos, e padre e legitimo administrador del dicho rey. She died without a heir, and lived (1361-1402).
1381-86 Politically Influential Queen Margherita d'Angi�-Durazzo of Napoli (Italy)
1386-1400 Regent Dowager Queen
She was very influential during her husband and nephew Carlo III Durazzo's reign. He succeeded her father, Andreas of Hungary, as king and was also king of Hungary 1386. He was killed same year and she took over the government in the name of her son Ladislao di Durazzo (1386-1414) who was later succeeded by his daughter, Giovanna II. Margherita was daughter of Duke Carlo di Durazzo and the former heir to the throne of Napels, Princess Maria of Napoli (1328-66) and her sister Giovanna, was Duchess of Durazzo 1348-87. She ived (1347-1412).
1382-85 and 1386-95 Queen Regnant Maria of Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia, Rama, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria and Cumania, Bulgaria
M�ria was crowned as rex Hungari�, and was the second of three daughters of Louis I the Great of Hungary from the House of Angevin (Anjou). Mary became Queen of Hungary after her father's death in 1382 (her elder sister Catherine died four years earlier). The country was ruled by her mother and the Palatine Mikl�s Garai. Many noblemen of Hungary were opposed to them and they helped Charles of Durazzo (Charles III of Naples, Charles II of Hungary) to become King of Hungary in 1385. Sigismund to whom she was betrothed rescued her from captivity. Sigismund took revenge on the murderers of her mother. From 1387 officially Maria and her husband were joint rulers of Hungary but in fact he ruled alone. In 1410 Sigismund was elected Holy Roman Emperor, two years after she married Barbara Cilli, and their daughter, Elisabeth and her husband became Queen of King of Bohemia and Croatia-Dalmatia in 1437. She lived circa 1372-95).
1382-86 Regent Dowager Queen Elisabeth of Bosnia of Hungary
She assumed the regency without difficulty after her husband's death, but the political elite was divided over who Maria should marry, She worked for a marriage between her daughter and Louis d'Orl�ans of France. The Polish nobles insisted that their ruler should reside permanently in their kingdom. At first Elisabeth considered taking up arms, but in March 1383 she accepted the accession of her younger daughter, Hedwig (Jadwiga) as Queen of Poland. In August 1384 some of the Hungarian nobles renounced their allegiance to her. She was under threat from both Sigismund of Luxembourg - whom her husband had designated as Maria's husband - and Carlos d'Anjou of Durazzo-Napoli, who was offered the Hungarian throne. Elisabeth was forced to abandon the idea of the French marriage and accepted that Maria married Sigismund, but it was too late in December 1385 Maria abdicated and Carlos became king, but in February the following year he was deposed, he was wounded and died. Elisabeth again seized the reigns of power and immediately rewarded those who had been loyal to her daughter. In April 1386, king Wenceslas of Bohemia brought Sigimund to Hungary, and by the Treaty of Gy�r the queens were forced to accept him as prince consort. A riot had broken out in Slavonia and Elisabeth thought that the presence of Maria would calm the situation. She was wrong, her small army was slaughtered, and the queens were imprisoned at the bishop of Zagreb's castle, and this marked her fall from power, and in January 1387 Elisabeth was strangled in her prison. Elisabeth was daughter of Stefan Kotromanić, Ban of Bosnia and Elżbieta of Poland, and lived (ca.1340-87).
1383-85 Queen Beatriz of Portugal
Also known as Brites, she was married to king Juan of Castilla, and after her father, Fernando I's death, she claimed the throne of Portugal, but was almost immediately deposed by the C�rtes, who chose her uncle as king. Her son Fernando I of Aragon and Sicily, who were married to Leonor Urraca de Castilla, Countess de Albuquerque. Beatriz lived (1372-circa 1410).
1383 Regent Dowager Queen Leonor Tellez de Menezes of Portugal
First married to Jo�o Louren�o da Cunha, Lord of Pombeiro and in 1371 she married king Fernando I, which caused a war with Castilla as her husband broke an engagement with Enrique II's daughter. During the later years of their marriage, her husband was very ill and had to withdraw from the government, which was left in her hands. After his death, she was appointed regent for their daughter, Beatriz, who was married to Juan I of Castilla. She was very unpopular because of her pro-Castilian politics, and people did not trust the promises of autonomy, and as she gave her lover, Juan Fern�ndez Andeiro, Count von Our�m, much power, she was deposed after only six weeks by a riot of the artisans of Lisbon in favour of her husband's illegitimate half-brother, Jo�o de Avis. Mother of one son by her first husband and two by her second, who both died as infants. She was daughter of Martim Afonso Telo de Menezes and Aldon�a Anes de Vasconcelos, and lived (circa 1350-86).
1384-99 Queen Jadwiga of Poland and of the Lands of Crakow, Sandomierz, Sieradz, Leczyca, Kujawia, and
Hereditary Lady of Pomerania
Her official title was �Hedvig Rex Poloni�, and she was the youngest daughter of king Louis of Hungary and Poland and Elizabeth of Bosnia. She was brought up at the royal court in Buda. In 1378 she was betrothed to Wilhelm von Habsburg and spent about a year at the imperial court in Vienna. She was well educated and polyglot, interested in arts, music, science and court life, and was also known for her piety.When her father died in 1382, the Hungarian throne was inherited by her older sister, Maria. The lords of Lesser Poland did not want to continue the personal union with Hungary and therefore chose her as their new monarch. After two years of negotiations with Jadwiga's mother and a civil war in Greater Poland (1383), she finally came to Krak�w and was crowned King of Poland.. As a monarch, she probably had little actual power, but she was actively engaged in her kingdom's political, diplomatic and cultural life. In 1387 she led a military expedition to reconquer the Duchy of Halych and in 1390 she began to correspond with the Teutonic Knights. She gave much of her wealth to charity, including foundation of hospitals, she founded the bishopric in Vilnius and resored the Academy of Krak�w, since called Jagiellonian University in honor of her and her husband. Her engagement to Wilhelm of Habsburg was broken off, and instead she married Jagiello, Gand Duke of Lithuania, in order to unite Poland and Lithuania and to convert the Lithuanians to Christianity. She was said to be a blonde, blue-eyed beauty, and an exhumation performed in 1976 showed that she was unusually tall for a medieval woman (180 cm). Her only daughter, Elizabeth Bonifacia, died one month after her birth, and Jadwiga died soon after. She lived (1374�99).
1392-1419 Regent Queen Isabeau Baverie of France
1403-04 President of the Council of State
In 1392 her husband, Charles IV had the first of 44 fits of insanity, which were to last until his death in 1422, and would make him unable to reign. Isabeau was given large lands in Normandie, around Paris and in Champagne as a security, and officially declared regent during the "absence" of her husband. From 1395 she actively engaged in politics, and arranged the marriage of her children in very young age. Her advisors, the brother's of her husband, Philippe de Burgundy and d'Orl�ans, engaged in a fierce power struggle, which almost resulted in a civil war. In 1402 she took over the control of the taxation and at 26.4.1403 she became President of the Council of State and took over the management of the Government. One year later Louis died, and she reigned jointly with Philippe. After the birth of the last child, she removed totally from Charles, who became more and more violent and dangerous. In 1407 her position was reaffirmed in an official act, but her husband's cousin, Jean placed his followers in all the central positions. 1411-12 a civil war broke out between the Burundians and Orleans. In 1415 her 18 year old son, Louis, took over the government, and soon after the English attacked France. After Louis' death, his brother, Jean (Married to Jakob�a of Hainault, Holland and Zeeland) was regent until his death two years later. She then was in charge again, and appointed Jean without Fear as Governor of the French Kingdom. In 1419 and 1420 she met the English king, Henry V and negotiated a peace-treaty. After the death of her husband, she lived alone, plagued by rheumatism and immobile because of her heavy weight. Originally named Elisabeth von Bayern, she was mother of 12 children, and lived (1370-1435).
1395-98 Reigning Dowager Queen Jelena Gruba of Rama (Bosnia)
Also known as Helena the Cruel, she was the widow of Stjepan Dasiba (1391-95) and was succeeded by Stjepan Ostoja (1398-1404 and 1418-21).
1395-97 and 1398-99 Regent-Governor Queen Maria L�pez de Luna of Arag�n (Spain)
Her husband, King Martin I was king of Aragon (1395-1410) and in 1409 he succeeded his son as King of Sicily, where he reigned one year. Their son, Martin the Younger's wife Maria of Sicily inherited the kingdom in 1377 but 1379-88 she was in-exile in Sardegna because of civil war in Sicily. In 1390 they married and two years later they returned together with Martin I. After her death in 1402 Martin the Younger married the later Queen Blanca II of Navarre (1391-1425-42). Maria succeeded her father Lope de Luna as Countess of Luna. (d. 1406).
1313 and 1316-31 Sovereign Princess Mathilde d' Avesnes-Hainault of Achaia and Morea, Queen of Thessalonica (Greece)
Also known as Mahaut, she was daughter of Florence d'Avernes-Hainault, who had succeeded her mother, Isabelle de Villehardouin as titular-prince. First married to Guido II de la Roche, Duke of Athens, Lord de Theben (d. 1308). In 1313 she was deposed by her second husband, Louis de Bourgogne, titular King of Thessaloniki until his death in 1316. Two years later she married Jean d'Anjou-Gravina (Prince Giovanni of Naploli (1294-1336)) until their divorce in 1321. Her fourth husband was Hugo de La Palice, who was also Co-Prince of Achaia and Morea. Her sister, Marguerite, was Lady of Karytena from 1311. Mathildee lived (1293-1331).
1316 Regent Dowager Queen Clemence d'Anjou-Napoli of France
When her husband Louis X (1289-1314-16) died she was pregnant, making it impossible to know Louis's successor until the time his child was born. If the child were a son, he would succeed Louis as king: had the child been a daughter, Louis would have been succeeded by his brother Philip V. (John I's half-sister Jeanne, as a female, could not succeed to the throne of France; she did, however, retain rights in the succession of Navarre). She was joint regent with her brother-in-law Philip for the five months remaining until the birth her child, who turned out to be male. But Jean I, only lived five days was succeeded by his uncle Philippe V.
1320-54 Politically Influential Empress Eirene Palaiologina Asenina Cantacuzene of the Byzantine Empire (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
1348 In charge of the Administration and Defence of Constantinople
1318 she married Jean Cantacuzene, Lord of Kalliopolis in Thrace. In 1320 he left her behind in the city of Didymoteichou while he took part in Andronikos III Palaiologos's rebellion against his grandfather, Andronikos II. She held the ford throuhout the whole civil war wich lasted until 1238, when Andronikos II abdicated. Also in charge of the defence of the city during the civil war against Anna of Savoia over the regency over Anna's infant son from 1341-43. Jean was problaimed Emperor and crowned in 1346 by the Patriarch of Jerusalem, who had taken side against Anna and the Patriarch of Constantinople, and the following year the new patriarch crowned Jean and Eirene. 1348 she was left in charge of Constantinople while her husband went on campagn against the Bulgarians. Six years later he abdicated and they both joined a convent. She was granddaughter of Tsar Jean II Asen of Bulgaria and (d. 1361/79).
1320-39 Politically Influential Queen Jadwiga Kaliska of Poland
She was influential during the reign of her husband king Władysław I Łokietek and her son Kazimierz III the Great. Her daughters were Elżbieta Łokietk�wna, Queen of Hungary and Regent of Poland and Kunegunda, Princess regent of Świdnica. Jadwiga was daughter of Prince Bolesław the Devout of Małopolska (Poland Minor) and the Hungarian Princess Jolenta-Helena, and lived (1266-1339).
1326-27 Regent Dowager Queen Isabella de France of England
When her brother, King Charles IV of France, seized the French possessions of her husband, Edward II in 1325, she returned to France and gathered an army to oppose her estranged husband, who was probably homosexual and neglected her in favour of his male favourites. In 1326 she landed with her lover Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, at Suffolk with their mercenary army. King Edward's few allies deserted him were killed, and himself was captured and abdicated in favour of his eldest son, Edward III of England. She and Roger Mortimer became regents for him. After he came of age Mortimer was executed and she was allowed to retire to Castle Rising in Norfolk where she enjoyed a comfortable retirement and made many visits to her son's court. After her brother King Charles IV of France's death, Edward III claimed throne of France - and thus began what is known as the Hundred Years' War. Isabella was mother of four children, and lived (1292-1358).
1328-49 Queen Regnant Juana II Capet of Navarra and Pamplona (Spain)
Also Countess d'Angoul�me, she signed her laws with the title: Nos, donna Johana, por la gracia de Dius reyna de Francia et de Navarra, et de Jampayne et de Bria condesa palaziana . Succeeded uncle, Charles IV, who had succeeded her father in 1316. Married to Philippe d'�vreux (1301-43), and daughter of king Louis X the Hunchback of France and Marguerite de Bourgogne, and lived (1312-49).
1330 Regent Queen Philippa de Hainault of England
Her husband Edward III appointed her regent on many occasions when he was absent on the Continent. When the Scots invaded England as far south as Durham in1346, she raised an army, winning the battle of Neville's Cross, and taking the Scottish King David II Bruce (d.1371) prisoner. She was responsible for the introduction of weaving into England and the patron of poets and musicians. She survived the Black Death (1348) - but her daughter Joanna, en route to marry the Castilian Prince Pedro the Cruel, was struck down and died. She was daughter of Count Guillaume III de d'Avesnes of Hainault and Holland (d.1337) and Jeanne de Valois (d.1352). She had 11 children and lived (1311-69).
1330 Regent Dowager Tsarina Theodora Palailologina of Bulgaria
After her husband, Tsar Michael Shishman,was defeated and killed by the Serbians, under Stephen Uros III, at the battle of Velbflzhd (Kiustendil) she assumed the regency for step-son, Ivan Stepan Shishman, who died in exile in Napoli. She was soon deposed by her husband's ex-wife Princess Ana Nead of Serbia. Theodora was daughter of Micah�l IX Palaeologos, co-emperor of Byzantium and Rita of Armenia.
1330-31 Regent Ex-Tsarina Ana Neda of Bulgaria
After her brother had deposed her ex-husband, Michael III, she i
nitially reigned in the name of her son, czar Ivan Stephan, until she was removed herself. Her brother, Stephen Uros III,
ruled Serbia and Bulgaria until 1355. Ana Neda was first engaged to Count
Charles de Valois, but never married him. (d. after 1346).
1340-47 Regent Dowager Empress Anna de Savoie of Constantinople (Covering what is now Greece and Turkey)
1350-65/66 De Facto Ruler of Thessalonica (Greece)
She was widow of Andronikos III (1296-1328-41) and governed for son Jean V (1332-41�47-91) jointly with the Patriarch of the Orthodox war. A civil war followed with the pretender Jean VI Kantakuzenos (1347-54) who became emperor in 1347 when her son was deposed. She lived in Constantinople until 1350 when she moved to Thessalonica which she ruled as her own portion of the empire until her death. She lived (1306-65/66).
1340-41 Empress Regnant Eirene Palailologina of Trebizond (Turkey)
Also known as Irene Palaeologina, she was the illegitimate daughter of Andronikos III Palailogos and married Emperor Basileios II Komnenos of Trapezunt. They divorced in 1339 and when he died the following year she succeeded him as ruler of the Empire wich was established after the conquest of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade. Greek authority was maintained in three major locations, at Nicaea, in Epirus and at Trebizond. The latter started as heir to the Comneni and a reasonable ambition of moving on to Constantinople, but spent much of its existence in vassalage to the Mongols and Turks who ruled the plateau behind it. The city is known as Trabzon today. (d. 1341).
1341 and 1341-42 Empress Regnant Anna Anachutu of Trebizond (Turkey)
She was daughter of Alexius II Comnenus who ruled (1297-1330), followed by her brother Andronicus III of Trebizond until 1332, his son Manuel II in 1332 and the seond brother, Basileios II Komnenos 1332-40, who was married to Eirene Palailologina, who reigned as Empress 1341-42.
1343-82 Queen Regnant Giovanna I d'Angi� of Napoli and Sicilia and Sardegna, Sovereign Duchess of Pouilles and Calabre, Princess of Capua, Sovereign Countess of Province, Forcalquier and Pi�mont (Italy and France)
1374-76 Princess of Achaia and Baroness of Vostitsa (Greece) and Titular Queen of Jerusalem
Also known as Joan or Johanna of Napels, Jeanne d'Anjou or Juanna. At the age of 17 she was crowned by her Grandfather, Roberto d�Anjou, and inherited a flourishing kingdom, however tormented by dynastic troubles. In 1342 Giovanna married Andrea of Hungary, who died two years later in consequence of a conspiracy, to which perhaps the Queen herself participated in. Her brother-in-law took his revenge invading Naples. In 1346 she had married her cousin Luigi d�Anjou of Taranto. Because of the invasion she flew to Avignon in Province, in 1347 she sold it to Pope Clemente VI who supported her as an exchange to hold back the Hungarian expansion in Italy. After the death of her second husband, Giovanna got married with Juan of Aragon, who died very soon in consequence of an illness. Then in the same year she married a skilful captain, Otto of Braunschweig, to better defend her reign. She didn�t have any heir and this caused succession problems. Pope Urbano VI excommunicated her because she had backed up the Anti-Pope Clemente VII. Her cousin, Carlo of Durazzo of Taranto, invaded her reign also because she had appointed as her successor Louis I d�Anjou, brother of the King of France. Giovanna fell prisoner and Carlo imprisoned her in Muro Lucano, a small town in Southern Italy, and had her strangled in 1383. She lived (1343-83).
1344 Regent Dowager Queen Maria of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (Lesser Armenia) (Syria and Turkey)
1363-73 Politically Active
After Constantine IV of Armenia, the first Latin king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was killed in an uprising in 1344 after two years in office, she took over the regency. The new king was a distant cousin, Constantine V of Armenia, who died of natural causes in 1362. She then married Constantine VI another distant cousin, who formed an alliance with Peter I of Cyprus, offering him the port and castle of Corycus. On Peter's death in 1369, Constantine looked for a treaty with the Sultan of Cairo. The barons were unhappy with this policy, fearing annexation by the Sultan, and in 1373 Constantine was murdered. The year before she had sent a letter to Pope Gregory XI requesting military help against the Moslems. After her husband's death, the Pope urged her to marry Otto of Braunschweig. She was daughter of Jeanne of Anjou, Princess of Tarent and Oshin Korikos (or Corycos), who was regent of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia from 1320-1329 during king Leo V's minority. He was rumoured to have poisoned King Oshin and was probably responsible for the deaths of Leo's father, Oshin's sister Isabella of Armenia and two of her sons. He and his daughter, Alice was assassinated in 1329 at the behest of her husband Leo V.
Around 1400-42 Titular Queen Yolande de Arag�n of Sicily, Napoli, Jerusalem, and Arag�n (Italy)
1417 Regent Dowager Duchess of Anjou and Province (France)
1424-27 Presiding over the Estates General of Anjou and Province
Daughter of Juan I, king of Arag�n, she was initially called Violenta. Her father was succeeded by Martin as king of Arag�n. Her marriage to Louis II of Anjou in 1400, who spent much of his life fighting in Italy for his claim to the kingdom of Napoli. She was appointed guardian of her son-in-law the Dauphin Charles who became Charles VII in 1422, but his title was still challenged by the English and their Burgundian allies. In this struggle, Yolande maneuvered to have the duke of Bretagne break from an alliance with the English, and was responsible for the Breton soldier, Arthur de Richemont, becoming the constable of France in 1425. Yolande's early and strong support of Jeanne d'Arc, when others had reasonable doubts, suggests the Duchess' possible larger role in the orchestrating the Maid's appearance on the scene. Her younger daughter, Yolanda, was married to the heir of Bretagne, her youngest son Ren� inherited Lorraine in 1431 and after her older son's Louis III's death, and three years later he also became duke of Anjou and heir of Sicily. She lived (1379-1442).
1406-18 Regent Dowager Queen Catalina de Lancaster of Castilla (Spain)
Widow of Enrique III (1379-90-1406) she was joint regent with Fernando de Antequera for son, Juan II (1405-06-54). She was an active regent, involved in financial matters, using her influence in negotiation about matrimonies and peace-treaties in the most important European nations. She was daughter of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and Aquitaine (1340-99) and his second wife, Constance, titular Queen of Castile (1354-94) whose father, Pedro I of Castile and Leon (1350-69), was succeeded by a brother. Catalina was considered heiress of Castilla and married her half-cousin, King Enrique, and became the mother of 1 son and 2 daughters, and lived (1374-1418).
1409-15 Vice-Reine Blanca de Navarra of Sicilia (Italy)
1425-41 Queen Regnant Blanca I Navarra, Countess de Nemours and Everux (Spain and France)
She was widow of Martin I de Arag�n (1392-1409). His first wife was Maria of Sicilia, Duchess of Athens and he was succeeded by his father, Martin II (1409-10). 1410-12 the throne of Aragon was vacant, until Federico I de Aragon became king. He was King Consort of Navarre in her right, and after her death kept the government of Navarre in his own hands, from the hands of their own son Carlos de Viana, the rightful heir of the line of Navarrese kings. after his death in 1479 her daughter, Leonor became Queen. Blanca was daughter of Charles II of Navarra, Comte d'�vreux and Duc de Nemours, and lived (1385-1441).
1412-14, 1416-19 and 1431-33 "Stadtholder" Queen Barbara von Cilli in Hungary and Croatia
1437 "Stadtholder" of Bohemia (Czech Republic)
Her husband, Sigmund of Luxemburg, king of Hungary and King of Germany from 1410, king of Bohemia from 1419 and Holy Roman Emperor since 1433. In Hungary she took over the "regni curia" when he went to Italy, first supported by her brother-in-law the Palatine Garai Mikl�s and two bishops. 1414-16 she went to Aachen for the coronation and participated in the Council of Konstanz before she returned and took over the government in Hungary. In the 1420's she followed her husband on his journeys during the Empire and he included her in the decision-making. During her second regency in Hungary she managed to maintain peace after a settlement was reached with the Hussites. After her coronation as Queen of Bohemia in 1437 she also acted as regent here for a few moths. After her husband's death the same year she was arrested by his successor, Albrecht II, but was able to flee to Poland. After Albrecht's death in 1439 she returned and settled at her dowry at Menik near Prague for the rest of her life. She was daughter of Herman II, Count von Cilli and Countess Anna von Schaunberg, mother of one daughter, Elisabeth who inherited Hungary and Bohemia,
and lived (1390/95-1451).
1414-35 Queen Regnant Giovanna II d'Angi� of Napoli (Italy) and Titular Queen of Jerusalem Cyprus and Armenia, Sicily, Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia, Ramia, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Cumania and Bulgaria
Also known as Jeanne d'Anjou, she succeeded her brother, and two years later, her second husband, Jean de Bourbon, was imprisoned after trying to seize power. She adopted Alfonso V of Aragon as her heir in 1421. After he tried to take over power in 1423, she transferred the adoption to another relative; Louis III d'Anjou, who she had expelled in 1420 for trying to seize power. After Louis' death in 1434, his brother, Rene was appointed heir, but Alfonso took power after her death. She lived (1373-1435).
1416-56 Governor Queen Maria of Arag�n and Catalunya (Spain)
She was regent in Arag�n and Catalu�a during her cousin and husband, Alfonso V's warfare in Italy, conquering Napoli from Giovanna II in 1442. He was king of Aragon (1416-58), Napoli (1435-58) and Sicily (1442-58) and spend most of the time in Italy from around 1435. She was daughter of king Enrique III of Aragon and Catherine of Lancastre, had no children and lived (1401-58).
1420 De-facto Regent Queen Philippa of England of Sweden
1423-25 Regent of Denmark (August-May)
She had big parts of Sweden as her dowry and she acted as her husband, Erik VII of Pmerrania's representative in the country, and she spend much of her time here. During his stay abroad from 1423 she was Guardian of the Realm in Denmark and among others made a treaty with some members of the North-German Confederation of socalled Hanse-States about the walidity of the coin-system. In 1428 she successfully organized the defence of Copenhagen against the attacking Hanse-Cities. No children She lived (1394-1430).
1422-28 Guardian Dowager Queen Catherine de Valois of England
Her husband, Henry VI died suddenly in 1422 and she was effectively exiled from court, suspicion falling on her nationality, and passed over as regent for her son Henry V by her brothers-in-law and kept away from her son. She entered a relationship and later married Owen Tudor, a Welsh courtier, who would become the founding father of the Tudor dynasty. Of their five children, two sons, Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond and Jasper Tudor, 1st Duke of Bedford, were to play an important role in the future of the English monarchy. She was daughter of King Charles VI of France and Isabeau de Bavi�re, and lived (1401-37).
1437-40 Queen Elisabeth von Luxemburg of Bohemia and of Croatia-Dalmatia, Soverign Duchess of Luxembourg
1439-1440 De-facto Regent of Hungary (27.10-29.07)
Known in Hungarian as Luxemburgi Erzs�bet kir�lyn�, she was daughter of Sigismund of Luxembourg, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, who was joint regent and successor of his first wife, Queen Maria d'Anjou of Hungary. Her mother was Barbara Cilli. After his death in 1437, the Hungarian Estates recognized her as sovereign or Lady of the Land (Landesherrin), which pawed the way for her first husband, Albert von Habsburg's election as king of Hungary. After his death in 1439, she wanted to secure the throne for the unborn child. This would have meant that the reins of government would have been in her hands, but this the estates would not accept, and they offered the crown to Wladislas II Jagiello of Poland. In February, her son L�szlo was born and on 15 May, she had him crowned. However, the Estates declared that this had happened against the will of the people and in June, they invalidated her son's coronation. Elisabeth had secured the holy Stephan-Crown and Wladislas had to be crowned with another crown. A civil war followed among her supporters and those of the Polish king. L�szlo V the Posthumous was recognised as king in 1446 with Hunyadi Janos (John Corvinius) as regent until 1453. She lived (1409-42).
1437-39 Regent Dowager Queen Joan Beaufort of Scotland (United Kingdom of Great Britain)
After her husband, James I, was murdered, she reigned on behalf of their seven year old son son James II. Despite her efforts he became the pawn of two unscrupulous Scottish lords, Sir William Crichton and Lord Livingstone. The Black Douglas entered the fray and succeeded in defeating and executing Livingstone. Crichton, in turn, manipulated James into killing the Black Douglas. Eventually, James II defeated the Douglas family at the battle of Arkinholm. Daughter of John Beaufort and Margaret Holland, she had eight children by James I of Scotland and one with her second husband, James Stewart, the Black Knight of Lorn (circa 1383-circa 1451) John Stewart, 1st Earl of Atholl. (d. 1445).
1438-40 Regent Dowager Queen Leonor de Arag�n-Urgell of Portugal and The Agaves
Also Countess de Urgell and Duchess de Goimbra. Her husband, Duarte (1391-1433-38) had appointed her as regent of in his will for their son, Afonso V (1432-38-81). However, she was inexperienced and, as an Aragonese, unpopular with the people who preferred the late king's brother Pedro, Duke of Coimbra. Negotiations for a compromise arrangement were drawn out over several months, but were complicated by the interference of the Count of Barcelos and the Archbishop of Lisbon, as also by her giving birth to a posthumous daughter in March 1439, and by the death of her eldest daughter, Philippa. Eventually the Cortes appointed Pedro the sole Regent, but Eleonore continued conspiring, but was forced to go into exile in Castile in December 1440. (1409-45).
1442-58 (�) De Facto Co-Regent Queen Helena Paleologina of Cyprus
The most important event in the reign of Jean II was his marriage to Helena of Byzantine-Morea. She was stronger in character than her husband, took over the running of the kingdom and brought Greek culture out of the oblivion in which it had languished for three centuries. Her actions in favour of the Orthodox faith and Greek culture naturally disturbed the Franks, who came to consider her a dangerous enemy, but she had become too powerful to attack. Greek Cypriots have always revered Queen Helena as a great heroine because of her boldness. Their daughter and heir, Charlotte, was married to Jo�o, duke of Coimbra, grandson of the king of Portugal, who used his influence in support of the Catholic party, and so incurred the enmity of the Queen that Helena persuaded King Jean II to exclude him from any share in the government, on the grounds that he might grow too powerful and attempt to seize the crown. Jo�o left the court with his wife and died within a year under circumstances which led to the belief that he had been poisoned at the instigation of Helena. In 1458 Helena died and the king, now entirely under the influence of his illegitimate son, Jacques, thought to make him his heir. But a few months later Jean himself died and Charlotte succeeded him as Queen at the age of twenty-two. Helena lived (1432-58).
1445-54 De-facto in charge of the Government Queen Margaret d'Anjou of England
1455-82 Leader of the Lancastrian Party
1460-61 Acting Regent of England
She dominated her husband, Henry VI, and was very determined to keep him on throne during the War of the Roses. She headed the Lancastrian forces, and also controlled the government during her husbands fits of insanity (1445-53). When he became incapable of reigning in 1453 shortly after the birth of their frst child, Edward of Lancaster, she presented a bill to the parliament which would have named her regent, but it was defeated and the following year she appointed Richard of York as Protector. Her husband was deposed by the Yorkists in 1461, and she and her son fled to Scotland and then to France. The following year she invaded Northumbria, but it did not achieve anything, so she once again returned to France. Gathering her forces, she again landed in England in 1470, and this time her army prevailed and Henry was replaced on the throne of England. But soon after the Lancastrian forces were defeated by Yorkists at Tewkesbury, in the battle in which her son was killed. When Edward IV regained the throne, her husband was soon put to death. Margaret herself was captured and imprisoned in Tower. Edward IV eventually ransomed her to King Louis XI and she was allowed to return to France, where she spent rest of her life in seclusion. She lived (1429-82).
1448 "Holder of the Royal Authority" Dowager Queen Dorothea zu Brandenburg of Denmark
1448-52 Mistress of �rebro, N�rke and V�rmland (Sweden)
1481-90 Regent of Slesvig-Holsten (Schleswig-Holstein)
The "royal authority" was vested in her after the death of her first husband, Christoffer 3 of Bayern. She contrasigned and authorized the decisions made by the Council of State which reigned the country. Later same year she married the new king Christian I of Oldenborg and often acted as regent during his many warfares. She also had Abrahamstrup, Kalundborg, Lolland-Falster Slesvig and Holsten, N�rke and V�rmland (Sweden) as security for lones she granted her husband. A month before his death, Christian granted her Slesvig-Holsten as a personal fief, and after his death she acted as regent for son, Frederik, (later king) in the Dukedoms. She lived (1430-90).
1451-61 Governor Queen Juana Enriquez de Mendoza of Navarra
1461-62 Governor of Catalu�a (Spain)
Very influential during the reign of her husband, Juan II of Arag�n, who took over the crown of Navarra after the death of his first wife Queen Blanca I (1391-41). After he tortured Don Carlos, his son by Blanca to death in 1461 the nobles of Cataluny offered the crown to various neighbouring kings and princes who held to e principality for brief periods until 1479 when Juan won the battle. She was daughter of Fadrique Enr�quez de Mendoza and Marina de Ayala, mother of one son and three daughters, and lived (1425-68).
1458-64 Queen Regnant Charlotte of Cyprus and Titular Queen of Jerusalem and Armenia
As she succeeded her father, Jean II, the Grand Caraman, the Turkish ruler of Caramania, seized the opportunity afforded by a weak government in Cypern to capture Courico, the last Latin outpost in Armenia, which had been in the possession of the Lusignans since the reign of Pierre I. In 1453 the Ottoman Turks had expanded to the shores of the Bosphorus and invested Constantinople by sea and land. While she had the support of the nobility, her half-brother Jacques the Bastard, had the sympathy of the Cypriot population, and had been led to believe that his father wished him to succeed to the throne. But the barons were too strong for him, and Jacques, although archbishop, was not allowed to take part in the coronation. In 1459 Charlotte married her cousin, count Louis of Savoy, and Jacques broke into open rebellion and took refuge in Cairo. Presenting himself to the sultan, who was suzerain of Cyprus, Jacques complained that, though next male heir to the throne, he had been driven from the island, and appealed successfully for help to recover his inheritance.
In 1460, with a fleet of eighty Egyptian galleys, Jacques landed at Larnaca. The Cypriots, hating the Savoyards whom Charlotte's husband had brought to the island, received him gladly, and he was soon master of the island. Charlotte and her husband took refuge in the castle of Kyrenia, where they were blockaded for three years. The castle, which was not actively attacked, was finally surrendered by the treachery of its commandant. Queen Charlotte with her husband fled to Rome, where she died in 1487 after bequeathing her sovereignty to the house of Savoy. Her half-brother was renowned for his political amorality. She lived (1436-87).
1458-59 Regent Dowager Despotess Jelena Paleologina of Serbia
She was the widow of Lazar II Brankovic (1456-58) and regent for son Stefan Brankovic. In 1459 Stefan Tomasevic was despot, but the same year the Ottoman Turks finally conquered Serbia. Died as nun in 1473.
1460-63 (�) Regent Dowager Queen Mary of Guelders of Scotland (United Kingdom)
After the death of her husband, of James II, she was regent for her son, James III, and her adviser, James Kennedy, bishop of St. Andrews. After their deaths, James was seized (1466) by the Boyd family, who ruled Scotland until 1469. In that year James married Margaret, daughter of the Danish king, and began to rule personally. Maria de Gelders was daughter of Duke Arnold Gelders and Catherine of Cleves and lived (1432-63).
1461-64 Titular Queen Blanca II of Navarra (Spain)
She was proclaimed Queen on the death of her brother, Carlo, but was imprisoned by her father Juan II, King of Aragon since 1458, who then became King of Navarra, and was succeeded by her younger sister, Leonor in 1479. Blanca II was married to Enrico IV of Castilla and L�on, until their mariage was annulled in 1454. She lived (1424-64).
1463-78 Dowager Queen Katarina Vukic Kosaca of Bosnia-Serbia
When the kingdom was occupied by the Ottomans in 1461, her husband Stjepan Tomasevic (1461-63) was killed and her son and daughter brought up in the Islamic faith. She escaped and lived in exile in Rome where she died. As the legal representative of the Bosnian Kingdom, she left it to the Holy See. She lived (1424-78).
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Which animal has the longest pregnancy | What Animal Has the Longest Pregnancy?
What Animal Has the Longest Pregnancy?
By Remy Melina |
March 2, 2011 04:47pm ET
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Credit: Los Angeles Zoo
Elephants have the longest gestation period of all mammals. These gentle giants' pregnancies last for more than a year and a half.
The average gestation period of an elephant is about 640 to 660 days, or roughly 95 weeks. By comparison, a human pregnancy lasts an average of 280 days, or 40 weeks. Female elephants live for 60 to 70 years, but only have about four offspring throughout their lifetime.
Although elephants usually only carry one baby at a time, one to two percent of elephant births produce twins. When an elephant gives birth, the other elephants in the herd form a protective circle around the mother during the delivery .
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What would a bicorrate animal have two of | Pregnant for Years?! 20 Animals with Very Long Pregnancies | Babble
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Pregnant for Years?! 20 Animals with Very Long Pregnancies
Serge Bielanko
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Pregnancy is a special place that women go to, a land where most men (okay all men) are not allowed.
Oh yeah, we can stand at the gates and peek inside, but that doesn’t really add up to much. Men are — for all intents and purposes — totally excluded from the trials and tribulations of pregnancy. We hardly get a taste of the magic, and likewise, we never feel sick, bloated, congested, achy, exhausted, or lightly homicidal because of the baby that will never ever grow down in our beer bellies.
I mean: how the hell do they do it? How do females create and carry a tiny human inside of them until it ain’t really so tiny at all? It is one of the great mysteries of our world, this baby thing, and I will probably always admire every single woman who spends about nine months doing all of the hard work when it comes to making a kid.
That said there are some other critters out there in the animal kingdom who take things up a notch when it comes to pregnancy. I guess I hadn’t really ever thought about it before, but there are quite a few animals whose gestation period goes longer, in a lot of cases MUCH LONGER, than a human’s does.
I’ve compiled a bunch of them for you to check out. It’s pretty remarkable, actually.
Unless you’re a pregnant giraffe.
Then, it probably just sucks really, really bad.
1. Cow
Cows aren’t typically pregnant for too much longer than a human, yet with calves usually born at 10 months, they still have us beat.
2. Horse
Mares are typically pregnant for 11-12 months. Imagine carrying a baby horse around inside of you? It must feel like you housed an eighty-pound meatloaf.
3. Sea Lion
Sea lions usually give birth to their pups after 11 or 12 months of pregnancy. And then they have the cutest baby on Earth.
4. Llama
Llama mamas carry their young for 11-12 months. Compared to us humans, that’s an extra bunch of weeks for them to waddle around and stare at the sun and wish they were a darn chipmunk (31 day pregnancy) instead.
5. Sperm Whale
Female sperm whales carry their young for 14-16 months . Oh man, mom must feel like a small trout when that big baby finally pops out.
6. Black Rhino
The irresistible baby Black Rhinoceros comes into this world after his mother has hauled him around in her belly for 15 -17 months . That’s like two entire pro baseball seasons and then some. But I guess rhinos don’t care about baseball, huh?
7. Java Rhino
Okay, so I’m a real sucker for rhinos. Who isn’t? They are pure awesomeness and they remind me of dinosaurs. The very endangered Javan rhino stays pregnant even longer than their Black Rhino cousin. How does being knocked up for 16-19 months sound? Hey, good things take time to make.
8. Dolphin
Dolphins give birth after being pregnant for 11-12 months . That’s not much compared to some animals, but it’s still quite a bit longer than us humans.
9. Tapir
Pregnant tapir moms-to-be have to wait 13 months to meet their little tapirs. Judging by how cute this guy is though, it almost seems worth the really long slog.
10. Walrus
If you are a baby walrus waiting your turn to see the light of the world, you have to wait for 15 months before you can get born. Poor pregnant Mrs Walrus. She must feel like she swallowed a baby rhino.
11. Zebra
It takes 12-13 months for a baby zebra to grow inside his or her mama before they are ready to be born. I’d say mom really earns her stripes (no pun intended!) with each pregnancy then, wouldn’t you?
12. Killer Whale
Killer whales are pregnant with their babies for 17-18 months . That’s like a year and a half. My wife would eat me alive. Killer wife.
13. Camel
Camels stay pregnant for 13-14 months . And then, finally, they get rid of the bump… but not the hump.
14. Manatee
Manatees are such gentle, beautiful creatures. They even seem to live in slow motion. That might be because they are so tired from BEING PREGNANT FOR AN ENTIRE YEAR !!! Yep, mama manatees keep their babies in their wombs for 12 months before they give birth to their not-so-little amazing creature.
15. Donkey
Baby donkeys are born after their mother endures a 12-14 month pregnancy . I wonder if a donkey ever just up and forgot she was even pregnant since the whole process takes so long.
16. Giraffe
The average giraffe pregnancy takes 15 months . Humans can get pregnant, have a baby, and then get pregnant again in that same amount of time. Whoa.
17. Alpaca
It takes about 11-13 months for an alpaca baby to be all set to pop on out into this world. Useless Trivia: I like to think that every alpaca mom gives her sons the cool gangster name, Al Paca.
18. Harp Seal
Harp seals have quite a rough life if you think about it. They live in some of the harshest climates on Earth and are constantly trying to avoid being killed by a variety of predators, one of which is human beings. So, I suspect that mama harps really enjoy the 11-12 months they are pregnant with their babies, since it’s the one time they can feel like the kids are safe.
19. African Elephant
If you are an African Elephant mama and you’re pregnant, you will be walking around with a ‘little elephant’ inside of you for 22 months . That’s almost two whole years! I know good things come to those who wait and all, but wow.
20. Sharks
I love sharks and find them fascinating, so I was surprised to learn that many of them have very long pregnancies. In fact, 2 years is not at all uncommon in the shark kingdom. However, one shark in particular takes the award for the most insane pregnancy span in all the world. The Frilled Shark, once pregnant, will remain so for about 3-AND-A-HALF YEARS ! I am speechless. I am blown away. Thanks for joining me!
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Which animal has species called Plainss, Mountain and Grevy's | 1000+ images about Zebra, Zebras, plains zebra, the Grévy's zebra, mountain zebra on Pinterest | Unique, Habitats and Stripes
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Zebra, Zebras, plains zebra, the Grévy's zebra, mountain zebra
Zebra, Zebras are several species of African equids (horse family) united by their distinctive black and white stripes. Their stripes come in different patterns, unique to each individual. There are three species of zebras: the plains zebra, the Grévy's zebra and the mountain zebra. various anthropogenic factors have had a severe impact on zebra populations, in particular hunting for skins and habitat destruction. Grévy's zebra and the mountain zebra are endangered.
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After which engineer was the university at Uxbridge named | Zebra Facts for Kids
Zebra Facts for Kids
Click here for more animal facts
Zebras are herbivores. Herbivores are animals that eat plants.
Zebras are ungulates. Ungulates are a hoofed animals.
They are part of the horse family
Zebras have excellent eyesight and hearing.
There are 3 main species: Plains Zebra, Mountain Zebra and Grevy’s Zebra.
Scientific name for a Plains Zebra is Equu Quagga.
The plains zebra is the most common type of zebra.
The plains zebra live in the plains and grasslands of southern and eastern Africa.
The plains zebra have V shaped striped pattern.
A plains zebra can be 4.6 ft tall and weight 700 pounds.
The average lifespan for a plains zebra is 25 years in the wild and 40 years in captivity.
The scientific name for a Mountain Zebra is Equus Zebra.
There are two types of mountain zebras: The hartmann and the cape.
The mountain zebras have narrow stripes in the front the stripes get wider as they move toward the back.
Mountain zebras live in mountainous country of southwest Africa.
Mountain zebras are endangered.
Mountain zebras are between 4 ft and 4.5 ft tall and weigh between 570-800 pounds.
Mountain zebras are good rock climbers.
The scientific name for a Grevy’s Zebra is Equus Grevyi
Grevy’s zebras are the oldest type of zebra.
Grevy’s zebras live in the grasslands of Ethiopia and northern Kenya.
Grevy’s zebras are endangered.
Grevys zebras have a short thick neck.
Grevy’s zebras has narrow stripes with one long strip that goes down it’s back. They have a white belly.
Grevy’s zebras are the biggest.
Grevy’s zebra’s are 4 ft to 5.3 ft tall and weigh between 770-990 pounds.
Zebras live in herds of up to 1,000.
They can run 40 miles per hour.
A baby zebra can run one hour after they are born.
Like a human’s fingerprints not two zebra’s have the exact same stripes.
A male zebra is called a stallion.
A female zebra is called a mare.
a baby zebra is called a calf or foals.
Zebras eat mostly grasses but sometimes they will eat shrubs, herbs, twigs and leaves.
A zebra will run from side to side if it is being chased by a predator.
Predators to zebras are lions , cheetahs , hyenas and leopards .
When a zebra is attacked other members of it’s herd will not run away, instead they will form a circle and face the predator to help the attacked zebra.
Zebras sleep while standing up.
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Who was President of The U.S.A. during the American Civil War | Ulysses S. Grant - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com
Ulysses S. Grant
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Introduction
Ulysses Grant (1822-1885) commanded the victorious Union army during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and served as the 18th U.S. president from 1869 to 1877. An Ohio native, Grant graduated from West Point and fought in the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). During the Civil War, Grant, an aggressive and determined leader, was given command of all the U.S. armies. After the war he became a national hero, and the Republicans nominated him for president in 1868. A primary focus of Grant’s administration was Reconstruction, and he worked to reconcile the North and South while also attempting to protect the civil rights of newly freed black slaves. While Grant was personally honest, some of his associates were corrupt and his administration was tarnished by various scandals. After retiring, Grant invested in a brokerage firm that went bankrupt, costing him his life savings. He spent his final days penning his memoirs, which were published the year he died and proved a critical and financial success.
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Ulysses Grant’s Early Years
Hiram Ulysses Grant was born on April 27, 1822, in Point Pleasant, Ohio . The following year, he moved with his parents, Jesse Grant (1794-1873) and Hannah Simpson Grant (1798-1883), to Georgetown, Ohio, where his father ran a tannery.
Did You Know?
Thousands of people worldwide donated at total of $600,000 for the construction of Grant's tomb in New York City. Known officially as the General Grant National Memorial, it is America's largest mausoleum and was dedicated on April 27, 1897, the 75th anniversary of Grant's birth.
In 1839, Jesse Grant arranged for his son’s admission to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. The congressman who appointed Grant mistakenly believed his first name was Ulysses and his middle name was Simpson (his mother’s maiden name). Grant never amended the error and went on to accept Ulysses S. Grant as his real name, although he maintained that the “S” did not stand for anything.
In 1843, Grant graduated from West Point, where he was known as a skilled horseman but an otherwise undistinguished student. He was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the 4th U.S. Infantry, which was stationed at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri , near St. Louis. The following year, he met Julia Dent (1826-1902), the sister of one of his West Point classmates and the daughter of a merchant and planter.
After seeing action in the Mexican-American War , Grant returned to Missouri and married Julia in August 1848. The couple eventually had four children. In the early years of his marriage, Grant was assigned to a series of remote army posts, some of them on the West Coast, which kept him separated from his family. In 1854, he resigned from the military.
Ulysses Grant and the Civil War
Now a civilian, Ulysses Grant was reunited with his family at White Haven, the Missouri plantation where Julia had grown up. There he made an unsuccessful attempt at farming, followed by a failed stint in a St. Louis real estate office. In 1860, the Grants moved to Galena, Illinois , where Ulysses worked in his father’s leather goods business.
After the Civil War began in April 1861, Grant became a colonel of the 21st Illinois Volunteers. Later that summer, President Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) made Grant a brigadier general. Grant’s first major victory came in February 1862, when his troops captured Fort Donelson in Tennessee . When the Confederate general in charge of the fort asked about terms of surrender, Grant famously replied, “No terms except an unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted.”
In July 1863, Grant’s forces captured Vicksburg, Mississippi , a Confederate stronghold. Grant, who was earning a reputation as a tenacious and determined leader, was appointed lieutenant general by Lincoln in March 1864 and given command of all U.S. armies. He led a series of campaigns that ultimately wore down the Confederate army and helped bring the deadliest conflict in U.S. history to a close. On April 9, 1865, Confederate General Robert Lee (1807-1870) surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia , effectively ending the Civil War.
Five days later, on April 14, Lincoln was assassinated by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth (1838-1865) while attending a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington , D.C. Grant and his wife had been invited to accompany the president that night but declined in order to visit family.
From War Hero to President
Following the war, Ulysses Grant became a national hero, and in 1866 was appointed America’s first four-star general at the recommendation of President Andrew Johnson (1808-1875). By the summer of 1867, tensions were running high between Johnson and the Radical Republicans in Congress, who favored a more aggressive approach to Reconstruction in the South. The president removed a vocal critic of his policies, Secretary of War Edwin Stanton (1814-1869), from the Cabinet and replaced him with Grant. Congress charged that Johnson was in violation of the Tenure of Office Act and demanded Stanton’s reinstatement. In January 1868, Grant resigned the war post, thereby breaking with Johnson, who was later impeached but acquitted by a single vote in May 1868.
That same month, the Republicans nominated Grant as their presidential candidate, selecting Schuyler Colfax (1823-1885), a U.S. congressman from Indiana , as his running mate. The Democrats chose former New York governor Horatio Seymour (1810-1886) as their presidential nominee, paired with Francis Blair (1821-1875), a U.S. congressman from Missouri. In the general election, Grant won by an electoral margin of 214-80 and received more than 52 percent of the popular vote. At age 46, he became the youngest president-elect in U.S. history up to that time.
Ulysses Grant in the White House
Ulysses Grant entered the White House in the middle of the Reconstruction era, a tumultuous period in which the 11 Southern states that seceded before or at the start of the Civil War were brought back into the Union. As president, Grant tried to foster a peaceful reconciliation between the North and South. He supported pardons for former Confederate leaders while also attempting to protect the civil rights of freed slaves. In 1870, the 15th Amendment, which gave black men the right to vote, was ratified. Grant signed legislation aimed at limiting the activities of white terrorist groups like the Ku Klux Klan that used violence to intimidate blacks and prevent them from voting. At various times, the president stationed federal troops throughout the South to maintain law and order. Critics charged that Grant’s actions violated states’ rights, while others contended that the president did not do enough to protect freedmen.
In addition to focusing on Reconstruction, Grant signed legislation establishing the Department of Justice, the Weather Bureau (now known as the National Weather Service) and Yellowstone National Park, America’s first national park. He also tried, with limited success, to improve conditions for Native Americans. Grant’s administration made strides in foreign policy by negotiating the 1871 Treaty of Washington, which settled U.S. claims against England stemming from the activities of British-built Confederate warships that disrupted Northern shipping during the Civil War. The treaty resulted in improved relations between the United Kingdom and the United States. Less successful was Grant’s failed attempt to annex the Caribbean nation of Santo Domingo (present-day Dominican Republic).
In 1872, a group of Republicans who opposed Grant’s policies and believed he was corrupt formed the Liberal Republican Party. The group nominated New York newspaper editor Horace Greeley (1811-1872) as their presidential candidate. The Democrats also nominated Greeley, hoping the combined support would defeat Grant. Instead, the president and his running mate Henry Wilson (1812-1875), a U.S. senator from Massachusetts , won the general election by an electoral margin of 286-66 and received close to 56 percent of the popular vote.
During Grant’s second term, he had to contend with a lengthy and severe depression that struck the nation in 1873 as well as various scandals that plagued his administration. He also continued to grapple with issues related to Reconstruction. Grant did not seek a third term, and Republican Rutherford Hayes (1822-1893), the governor of Ohio, won the presidency in 1876.
Scandals
Ulysses Grant’s time in office was marked by scandal and corruption, although he himself did not participate in or profit from the misdeeds perpetrated by some of his associates and appointees. During his first term, a group of speculators led by James Fisk (1835-1872) and Jay Gould (1836-1892) attempted to influence the government and manipulate the gold market. The failed plot resulted in a financial panic on September 24, 1869, known as Black Friday. Even though Grant was not directly involved in the scheme, his reputation suffered because he had become personally associated with Fisk and Gould prior to the scandal.
Another major scandal was the Whiskey Ring, which was exposed in 1875 and involved a network of distillers, distributors and public officials who conspired to defraud the federal government of millions in liquor tax revenue. Grant’s private secretary, Orville Babcock (1835-1884), was indicted in the scandal; however, the president defended him and he was acquitted.
Grant’s presidency occurred during an era dominated by machine politics and the patronage system of political appointments, in which politicians rewarded their supporters with government jobs and the employees, in turn, kicked back part of their salaries to the political party. In order to combat the corruption and inefficiency that resulted from this system, Grant established a civil service commission to develop more equitable methods for hiring and promoting government workers. However, civil service reform faced opposition from Congress and members of Grant’s administration, and by 1876 the commission’s funding was cut off and reform rules such as standardized exams were discontinued. Lasting reform did not take hold until 1883, when President Chester Arthur (1829-1886) signed the Pendleton Civil Service Act.
Ulysses Grant’s Later Years
After leaving the White House in March 1877, Ulysses Grant and his family embarked on a two-year trip around the world, during which they met with dignitaries and cheering crowds in many of the countries they visited. At the 1880 Republican National Convention, a group of delegates voted to nominate Grant for president again; however, James Garfield (1831-1881), a U.S. congressman from Ohio, ultimately earned the nomination. He would go on to win the general election and become the 20th U.S. president.
In 1881, Grant bought a brownstone on New York City’s Upper East Side. He invested his savings in a financial firm in which his son was a partner; however, the firm’s other partner swindled its investors in 1884, causing the business to collapse and bankrupting Grant. To provide for his family, the former president decided to write his memoirs. In late 1884, he was diagnosed with throat cancer.
Grant died at age 63 on July 23, 1885, in Mount McGregor, New York, in the Adirondack Mountains, where he and his family were spending the summer. His memoirs, published that same year by his friend Mark Twain (1835-1910), became a major financial success.
More than a million people gathered in New York City to witness Grant’s funeral procession. The former president was laid to rest in a tomb in New York City’s Riverside Park. When Julia Grant died in 1902, she was buried beside her husband.
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In the sixteenth century what was a Scavenger's Daughter | Jefferson Davis Elected President of the Confederate States of America
Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America
Jefferson Davis Elected President of the Confederate States of America
November 6, 1861
Who was president during the Civil War? If you were from a Northern state, you answered Abraham Lincoln. If you were from a Southern state, you may have answered Jefferson Davis.
On November 6, 1861, Jefferson Davis was elected president, not of the United States of America but of the Confederate States of America. He ran unopposed and was elected to serve for a six-year term. Davis had already been serving as the temporary president for almost a year.
How do you think President Lincoln, who had earlier been elected president of the United States, reacted to the Southern election?
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According to the Bible how old was Noah when he entered the Ark | Noah's Ark
Noah's Ark
Genesis 6-8
The descendants of Adam and Eve had become evil and wicked, and God was sorry He had ever created mankind. He decided the only thing to do was destroy them all and start over! But there was one man, Noah, who was obedient to God and found God's favor.
Noah Builds an Ark
God told Noah to bring a pair of every living animal into the ark to keep them alive during the flood.
God told Noah to build a big boat, called an ark, and He told Noah exactly how to do it. The ark was to be 450 ft. (137 m) long, 75 ft. (23 m) wide and 45 ft. (14 m) high. It was to have three decks, be divided into rooms and have a door in the side.
Noah was to find one male and one female of every kind of animal and bird and take them into the ark. He also had to take food for all those animals. It took Noah 120 years to build the ark and find all the animals to put in it, but Noah obeyed God and did just as he was told.
The Great Flood
Noah was 600 years old by the time everything was ready. God told Noah to go into the ark with his wife, his three sons, Shem, Ham, and Japheth, and their wives. Then it started to rain. It rained without stop for forty days and nights! The water got so deep that even the mountains were covered. Every living creature on earth died in the flood. But the ark floated on top of the flood waters and the people and animals in the ark were safe.
Noah knew the dove had found dry land when it returned to him carrying an olive branch.
Eventually, the water started to go down again, and the ark came to rest in the mountains of Ararat. After being on the ark about 11 months, Noah sent out a dove to see if it would find land, but it found no place to rest and returned to the ark. Seven days later, Noah sent the dove out again. This time it flew back carrying an olive leaf, and Noah knew it had found land. After a full year on the ark, God said to Noah,
Come out of the ark, you and your wife and your sons and their wives. Bring out every kind of living creature that is with you – the birds, the animals, and all the creatures that move along the ground – so they can multiply on the earth and be fruitful and increase in number upon it. (NIV, Genesis 8:16-17)
God Makes a Promise to Noah
After leaving the ark, Noah built an altar and worshipped God. God was pleased with Noah, and He promised never again to destroy the earth with a flood. Then God placed a rainbow in the sky as a sign of that promise. The descendants of Noah and his sons filled the whole earth with people again.
Lessons
Except for Noah and his family, all the people of the world were going about their evil and wicked ways. The earth was filled with violence. Mankind had lost sight of God and the way He wanted them to live together in harmony. God rewarded Noah for his righteousness, but He decided there was no choice but to destroy the wicked people of the earth.
Similarly, those of us who love God and obey His commandments will be rewarded with eternal life, but God will not let that life be corrupted by evil people. Those people who have shown themselves to be evil will be destroyed in hell ( Matthew 5:22 , 5:29-30 ).
Jesus said His second coming will be very similar to the Great Flood. Referring to himself as "Son of Man," as he often did, Jesus said,
When the Son of Man returns, it will be like it was in Noah's day. In those days before the Flood, the people were enjoying banquets and parties and weddings right up to the time Noah entered his boat. People didn't realize what was going to happen until the Flood came and swept them all away. That is the way it will be when the Son of Man comes. Two men will be working together in the field; one will be taken, the other left. Two women will be grinding flour at the mill; one will be taken, the other left. So be prepared, because you don't know what day your Lord is coming. (NLT, Matthew 24:37-42)
Questions
Did the Great Flood Really Happen, or Is it Just a Story with a Lesson?
There are many ancient stories of a flood that are remarkably similar to the story of Noah and the ark as told in Genesis. The names and places are different, but the story is similar. There are different opinions, but many people believe all these stories are based on some event that actually did happen sometime in the distant past.
What Became of Noah's Ark?
Mt. Ararat.
The mountains of Ararat, where the ark came to a rest, are in the region of eastern Turkey, southern Armenia and western Iran. At 16,946 feet, Mt. Ararat, in eastern Turkey, is the tallest of these. Some people think Noah's ark landed there. A number of explorers have gone up this huge mountain looking for remains of the ark, but they have not found anything definite.
Why Is Everything in the Bible Story of Noah Repeated Twice?
Bible scholars believe the book of Genesis was made up of several different ancient versions of its stories. The two main versions are called the "Priestly" and "Yahwist" accounts. These two versions can be easily spotted in the original Hebrew language because of the different names used for God and the different styles of writing. (The differences are lost when the story is translated into English.)
The two sources are obvious in the story of Noah, where they are woven together and almost every detail is told twice. Sometimes there are differences between the two accounts as in Genesis 6:19 and Genesis 7:2 .
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Who played the Cornish based detective, Wycliffe | The true Bible story of Noah's Ark
The Search for Noah's Ark
The true Bible story of Noah's Ark
The Bible is God's key that unlocks world history.
Introduction
1. The sacred inspired text tells us Noah lived 350 years after the flood and did not die until 42 years after the birth of Abraham. Shem lived 502 years after the flood and died when Jacob was 50 years old!
2. The flood is a historical event known to all ancient men because the four couples who were on the ark populated the entire earth.
3. This is why the oldest archeology on earth records several different flood stories that have spectacular parallels with the true Genesis account. These include the Sumerian Eridu Genesis : (2150 BC) the Akkadian Epic of Atra-Hasis (1635 BC) and the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh (1150 BC) These and the 500 other "flood stories/myths" that are found in every corner of the earth, are what you would expect given the fact of Noah's Ark and the global flood. The best candidate from the one who was on the ark in these flood stories would be Ham, the grandfather of Nimrod who build the tower of Babel.
4. There is evidence from both archeology in China and word pictures embedded in the Chinese language , that Noah moved to China and may have been the first emperor. Noah died when Abraham was 58.
5. Jewish tradition has long viewed Shem as Melchizedek, who died when Jacob was 50. Shem was one of the oldest men on earth and was one of four couples who repopulated the earth. If Noah had gone to China as we suspect, then he would appear to be "without father and mother" until Moses came along in 1446 BC and God revealed the creation story in the book Genesis.
A. The Bible is a direct revelation from God through man: "Inspired"
1. When 2 Tim 3:16 says, "All scripture is inspired by God" the word inspired means literally in the Greek: "God Breathed". The 66 books of the Bible were written by God, revealed by the Holy Spirit through the hands of men.
2. The Bible is the only book on earth that is inspired by God. There are two classes of books on earth: 1. Books that contain the word of man and 2. Books that contain the word of God. The 66 books of the Bible therefore are in a distinct and unique category from any other book on earth.
"For this reason we also constantly thank God that when you received the word of God which you heard from us, you accepted it not as the word of men, but for what it really is, the word of God, which also performs its work in you who believe. " (1 Thessalonians 2:13)
3. To understand the process of inspiration, think of man as being a pen in the hand of God in a kind of dictation process like a court recorder. A court recorder writes down exactly what is said by another and no changes can be made. A pen has no say over what will be written on paper, but God holding the man in His hand as a pen. The personal writing style, vocabulary and sentence structure of each of the 40 authors of the Bible are unique in same way a person can pick up different types of pens with their own unique scripts. It is important to understand that God chose each and every word that the authors wrote in a style that was natural to themselves. However the final result was exactly what God wanted written, with no direct input from the man doing the writing. Therefore, man was not like a news reporter who witnesses a divine event, then sits down and from his own personal creativity, writes a report. Instead, man often had no personal knowledge of the divine event and the Holy Spirit revealed it through them.
"So we have the prophetic word made more sure, to which you do well to pay attention as to a lamp shining in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star arises in your hearts. But know this first of all, that no prophecy of Scripture is a matter of the prophet's own interpretation, for no prophecy was ever made by an act of human will, but men moved by the Holy Spirit spoke from God. " (2 Peter 1:19-21)
4. When you read the Bible, it is God speaking to you through the pages that were written by men:
"Then the LORD stretched out His hand and touched my mouth, and the LORD said to me, "Behold, I have put My words in your mouth. " (Jeremiah 1:9)
5. All the Bible Stories are true and real history like: six literal 24 hour day creation, Adam and Eve, Noah's Ark, the Tower of Babel as the origin of languages, the exodus from Egypt, the crossing of the Red Sea, Jonah spending three days in the belly of a whale, Daniel surviving a furnace of fire, the resurrection of Jesus and the miracles of the apostles.
6. Here you reading this right now and you must make a decision: Will I believe the Bible and find the secret to eternal life or will you reject the Bible to your eternal doom? We won't make your decision for you, we merely provide information so you can make the decision yourself.
B. Chronology and timeline of creation, the flood and the Tower of Babel:
1. Noah lived long enough that he could be personally acquainted with everyone after Seth down to Abraham.
2. In 2457 BC, it took Noah less than 100 years to build the ark, with the assistance of his three sons Shem, Ham and Japheth.
3. About 2275 BC, Ham's grandson Nimrod, built the founded Babylon and built the Tower of Babel.
4. Angered that God stopped them from building the pyramid shaped Tower of Babel, men to Egypt and South America and built more pyramids in defiance to God in 2200 BC.
5. We find 500 flood stories all over the world and the earliest archeologically verified tablet is the Sumerian flood story, dated to 2150 BC, shortly after God created Cuneiform as a language at the Tower of Babel.
C. Chiastic structure of the Genesis flood story:
1. Chiastic structure is a kind of literary feature where the text is structured like a mirror. It is similar to a Palindrome which reads the same way frontwards are backwards in words like, "civic" or "level" or phrases like "'Madam I'm Adam" or "Cain a maniac ".
2. There are countless examples of Chiasm in the Bible and it is one of the evidences of inspiration of scripture by the Holy Spirit, because some are stunning and remarkable themes that fun for chapters and are not immediately evident.
3. The simple Chiastic structure of Jn 1:1 "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God. "
a. In the beginning was the Word
i. and the Word was with God
ii. and the Word was God
b. He was in the beginning with God
4. The stunning Chiastic structure of the flood story that is an evidence of inspiration that runs for two whole chapters: Genesis 7 -8
a. 7 Days of waiting for flood (7:4)
i. 7 Days of waiting for flood (7:10)
1. 40 Days of flood rain (7:17a)
a. 150 Days of water triumphing (7:24)
b. 150 Days of water receding (8:3)
2. 40 Days of waiting (8:6)
ii. 7 Days of waiting (8:10)
b. 7 Days of waiting (8:12)
D. Parallels between Noah and Abraham: Genesis 8:15-20 and Genesis 12:1-7
Then God said to Noah (8:15)
The Lord said to Abram (12:1)
Come out from the ark (8:16)
Leave your country (12:1)
So Noah came out (8:18)
So Abram left (12:4)
Then Noah built an altar to the Lord (8:20)
So Abram built an altar there to the Lord (12:7)
Then God blessed Noah (9:1)
And I [God] will bless you (12:2)
Be fruitful and increase (9:1)
I will make you into a great nation (12:2)
I now establish my covenant with you and with your descendants (9:9)
To your offspring, I will give this land (12:7)
E. The Chiastic reverse parallel: Genesis 1-11 and Jonah
Notice that the general order of events in Jonah reflects a reverse order of Genesis 1-11.
Genesis
Coming out of Mesopotamia according to God's will Babel/Shinar:11:1-32
Not going to Mesopotamia despite God's will: 1:1-3
Abram, the Hebrew: 14:13
Flood mabb�l: 6-9
Flood, nāhār:1:4-15
Ship of salvation: Dove: :10-12
Ship of tribulation:1:5
Wind passed over earth: 8:1
Waves passed over Jonah: 2:4
Tĕh�m bursts forth: 7:11
Tĕh�m surrounds: 2:6
Tops of the mountains: 8:5
Bottoms of the mountains: 2:7
God remembered Noah: 8:1
Jonah remembered the Lord: 2:8
End of 40 days ... 8:6
In 40 days ... 3:4
Cain's anger and T�b in causative stem: 4:7, 94
Jonah's anger and T�b in causative stem:4:4
Driven out of God's face: 4:1
Driven out before God: 2:5
Abel = hebel: 4:2
Cain wants to live: 4:13-14
Jonah wants to die: 4:4
Cain y�b east of Eden: 4:16
Jonah y�b east of city: 4:5
Tree and Snake: 2:5-3:24
Glad because of gourd: 4:6
Snake entices to eat of tree: 3:4-5
Worm causes gourd to wither: 4:7
Tree given = test: 2:17
Gourd taken away = test: 4:7
Eat of tree and surely die: 2:17
Jonah wants to die because of gourd: 4:9
God the Creator of Beasts and men: 1:1-2:3
God who care for both Men and beasts: 4:11
seven days of creation
Seven narrative days. Cf. "God of heaven, who made the sea and the dry land": 1:9
Jonah and Genesis 11-1, Eric W. Hesse & Isaac M. Kikawada, Annual of the Japanese Biblical Institute (AJBI), Volume X (1984)
F. The Flood story from the Holy Bible: Genesis 6-9
Genesis Chapter 6: The Corruption of Mankind
1. Now it came about, when men began to multiply on the face of the land, and daughters were born to them,
2. that the sons of God saw that the daughters of men were beautiful; and they took wives for themselves, whomever they chose.
3. Then the Lord said, "My Spirit shall not strive with man forever, because he also is flesh; nevertheless his days shall be one hundred and twenty years."
4. The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and also afterward, when the sons of God came in to the daughters of men, and they bore children to them. Those were the mighty men who were of old, men of renown.
5. Then the Lord saw that the wickedness of man was great on the earth, and that every intent of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually.
6. The Lord was sorry that He had made man on the earth, and He was grieved in His heart.
7. The Lord said, "I will blot out man whom I have created from the face of the land, from man to animals to creeping things and to birds of the sky; for I am sorry that I have made them."
8. But Noah found favor in the eyes of the Lord.
9. These are the records of the generations of Noah. Noah was a righteous man, blameless in his time; Noah walked with God.
10. Noah became the father of three sons: Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
11. Now the earth was corrupt in the sight of God, and the earth was filled with violence.
12. God looked on the earth, and behold, it was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted their way upon the earth.
13. Then God said to Noah, "The end of all flesh has come before Me; for the earth is filled with violence because of them; and behold, I am about to destroy them with the earth.
14. "Make for yourself an ark of gopher wood; you shall make the ark with rooms, and shall cover it inside and out with pitch.
15. "This is how you shall make it: the length of the ark three hundred cubits, its breadth fifty cubits, and its height thirty cubits.
16. "You shall make a window for the ark, and finish it to a cubit from the top; and set the door of the ark in the side of it; you shall make it with lower, second, and third decks.
17. "Behold, I, even I am bringing the flood of water upon the earth, to destroy all flesh in which is the breath of life, from under heaven; everything that is on the earth shall perish.
18. "But I will establish My covenant with you; and you shall enter the ark�you and your sons and your wife, and your sons' wives with you.
19. "And of every living thing of all flesh, you shall bring two of every kind into the ark, to keep them alive with you; they shall be male and female.
20. "Of the birds after their kind, and of the animals after their kind, of every creeping thing of the ground after its kind, two of every kind will come to you to keep them alive.
21. "As for you, take for yourself some of all food which is edible, and gather it to yourself; and it shall be for food for you and for them."
22. Thus Noah did; according to all that God had commanded him, so he did.
Genesis Chapter 7: The Flood
1. Then the Lord said to Noah, "Enter the ark, you and all your household, for you alone I have seen to be righteous before Me in this time.
2. "You shall take with you of every clean animal by sevens, a male and his female; and of the animals that are not clean two, a male and his female;
3. also of the birds of the sky, by sevens, male and female, to keep offspring alive on the face of all the earth.
4. "For after seven more days, I will send rain on the earth forty days and forty nights; and I will blot out from the face of the land every living thing that I have made."
5. Noah did according to all that the Lord had commanded him.
6. Now Noah was six hundred years old when the flood of water came upon the earth.
7. Then Noah and his sons and his wife and his sons' wives with him entered the ark because of the water of the flood.
8. Of clean animals and animals that are not clean and birds and everything that creeps on the ground,
9. there went into the ark to Noah by twos, male and female, as God had commanded Noah.
10. It came about after the seven days, that the water of the flood came upon the earth.
11. In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month, on the same day all the fountains of the great deep burst open, and the floodgates of the sky were opened.
12. The rain fell upon the earth for forty days and forty nights.
13. On the very same day Noah and Shem and Ham and Japheth, the sons of Noah, and Noah's wife and the three wives of his sons with them, entered the ark,
14. they and every beast after its kind, and all the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that creeps on the earth after its kind, and every bird after its kind, all sorts of birds.
15. So they went into the ark to Noah, by twos of all flesh in which was the breath of life.
16. Those that entered, male and female of all flesh, entered as God had commanded him; and the Lord closed it behind him.
17. Then the flood came upon the earth for forty days, and the water increased and lifted up the ark, so that it rose above the earth.
18. The water prevailed and increased greatly upon the earth, and the ark floated on the surface of the water.
19. The water prevailed more and more upon the earth, so that all the high mountains everywhere under the heavens were covered.
20. The water prevailed fifteen cubits higher, and the mountains were covered.
21. All flesh that moved on the earth perished, birds and cattle and beasts and every swarming thing that swarms upon the earth, and all mankind;
22. of all that was on the dry land, all in whose nostrils was the breath of the spirit of life, died.
23. Thus He blotted out every living thing that was upon the face of the land, from man to animals to creeping things and to birds of the sky, and they were blotted out from the earth; and only Noah was left, together with those that were with him in the ark.
24. The water prevailed upon the earth one hundred and fifty days.
Genesis Chapter 8: The Flood Subsides
1. But God remembered Noah and all the beasts and all the cattle that were with him in the ark; and God caused a wind to pass over the earth, and the water subsided.
2. Also the fountains of the deep and the floodgates of the sky were closed, and the rain from the sky was restrained;
3. and the water receded steadily from the earth, and at the end of one hundred and fifty days the water decreased.
4. In the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of the month, the ark rested upon the mountains of Ararat.
5. The water decreased steadily until the tenth month; in the tenth month, on the first day of the month, the tops of the mountains became visible.
6. Then it came about at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made;
7. and he sent out a raven, and it flew here and there until the water was dried up from the earth.
8. Then he sent out a dove from him, to see if the water was abated from the face of the land;
9. but the dove found no resting place for the sole of her foot, so she returned to him into the ark, for the water was on the surface of all the earth. Then he put out his hand and took her, and brought her into the ark to himself.
10. So he waited yet another seven days; and again he sent out the dove from the ark.
11. The dove came to him toward evening, and behold, in her beak was a freshly picked olive leaf. So Noah knew that the water was abated from the earth.
12. Then he waited yet another seven days, and sent out the dove; but she did not return to him again.
13. Now it came about in the six hundred and first year, in the first month, on the first of the month, the water was dried up from the earth. Then Noah removed the covering of the ark, and looked, and behold, the surface of the ground was dried up.
14. In the second month, on the twenty-seventh day of the month, the earth was dry.
15. Then God spoke to Noah, saying,
16. "Go out of the ark, you and your wife and your sons and your sons' wives with you.
17. "Bring out with you every living thing of all flesh that is with you, birds and animals and every creeping thing that creeps on the earth, that they may breed abundantly on the earth, and be fruitful and multiply on the earth."
18. So Noah went out, and his sons and his wife and his sons' wives with him.
19. Every beast, every creeping thing, and every bird, everything that moves on the earth, went out by their families from the ark.
20. Then Noah built an altar to the Lord, and took of every clean animal and of every clean bird and offered burnt offerings on the altar.
21. The Lord smelled the soothing aroma; and the Lord said to Himself, "I will never again curse the ground on account of man, for the intent of man's heart is evil from his youth; and I will never again destroy every living thing, as I have done.
22. "While the earth remains,
Seedtime and harvest,
Shall not cease."
Genesis Chapter 9: Covenant of the Rainbow
1. And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, "Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth.
2. "The fear of you and the terror of you will be on every beast of the earth and on every bird of the sky; with everything that creeps on the ground, and all the fish of the sea, into your hand they are given.
3. "Every moving thing that is alive shall be food for you; I give all to you, as I gave the green plant.
4. "Only you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is, its blood.
5. "Surely I will require your lifeblood; from every beast I will require it. And from every man, from every man's brother I will require the life of man.
6. "Whoever sheds man's blood,
By man his blood shall be shed,
For in the image of God
He made man.
7. "As for you, be fruitful and multiply;
8. Populate the earth abundantly and multiply in it."
9. Then God spoke to Noah and to his sons with him, saying,
10. "Now behold, I Myself do establish My covenant with you, and with your descendants after you;
11. and with every living creature that is with you, the birds, the cattle, and every beast of the earth with you; of all that comes out of the ark, even every beast of the earth.
12. "I establish My covenant with you; and all flesh shall never again be cut off by the water of the flood, neither shall there again be a flood to destroy the earth."
13. God said, "This is the sign of the covenant which I am making between Me and you and every living creature that is with you, for all successive generations;
14. I set My bow in the cloud, and it shall be for a sign of a covenant between Me and the earth.
15. "It shall come about, when I bring a cloud over the earth, that the bow will be seen in the cloud,
16. and I will remember My covenant, which is between Me and you and every living creature of all flesh; and never again shall the water become a flood to destroy all flesh.
17. "When the bow is in the cloud, then I will look upon it, to remember the everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is on the earth."
18. And God said to Noah, "This is the sign of the covenant which I have established between Me and all flesh that is on the earth."
19. Now the sons of Noah who came out of the ark were Shem and Ham and Japheth; and Ham was the father of Canaan.
20. These three were the sons of Noah, and from these the whole earth was populated.
21. Then Noah began farming and planted a vineyard.
22. He drank of the wine and became drunk, and uncovered himself inside his tent.
23. Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father, and told his two brothers outside.
24. But Shem and Japheth took a garment and laid it upon both their shoulders and walked backward and covered the nakedness of their father; and their faces were turned away, so that they did not see their father's nakedness.
25. When Noah awoke from his wine, he knew what his youngest son had done to him.
26. So he said, "Cursed be Canaan; A servant of servants; He shall be to his brothers."
27. He also said, "Blessed be the Lord, The God of Shem; And let Canaan be his servant.
28. "May God enlarge Japheth, And let him dwell in the tents of Shem; And let Canaan be his servant."
29. Noah lived three hundred and fifty years after the flood.
30. So all the days of Noah were nine hundred and fifty years, and he died.
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Post by iandromiskin » Tue Nov 18, 2008 8:54 am
Just wondering if anyone has any information on the Nurse Glandys Emmanuels White Morris Minor from Open All Hours ? ie. what year was it, what the registraion was, any other trivia ?
Gertie, 1962 Saloon, Milly, 1969 Traveller (ex APL 971H) and now KAS 1958 4 Door Saloon.
Joined: Sun Jul 24, 2005 10:39 pm
Location: Reading
Post by mike.perry » Tue Nov 18, 2008 10:42 am
I thought someone in the club owned it
Joined: Fri Jun 30, 2006 7:51 am
Location: Dromiskin, Co. Louth, Ireland
Contact:
Post by iandromiskin » Tue Nov 18, 2008 10:49 am
Really
I'll tell you why I'am asking, I'am the editor of the Irish Morris Minors Club Magazine and I'am running a series of articles on the Morris Minor on TV and Movies and obviously the first place you start is the most famous - Open All Hours (well that and Lovejoy), so I'am trying to find out any information I can on the White Minor from the show, so if someone from the club owns it that would be fantastic
... Maybe they would allow me to run a story on their car ? Or maybe someone has some information on it generally ?
Gertie, 1962 Saloon, Milly, 1969 Traveller (ex APL 971H) and now KAS 1958 4 Door Saloon.
Joined: Tue Jul 24, 2007 7:35 pm
Location: Northampton
Quote
Post by Sidney'61 » Tue Nov 18, 2008 4:10 pm
She actually had few different ones, all white saloons, presumably all supposed to be acting as the same one, but they were slightly different to each other.
I'll see if I can find a previous thread on it.
Andy W____________1961 2-door 948cc (Sidney)_____________1963 2-door 1275cc (Emily)_______
Joined: Tue Jul 24, 2007 7:35 pm
Location: Northampton
Post by Sidney'61 » Tue Nov 18, 2008 4:15 pm
Just checked, she had 2,
Here's the the details of one of them
JOJ117E
not been taxed for 20 years
Date of Liability 01 06 1986
Date of First Registration 03 03 1967
Year of Manufacture Not Available
Cylinder Capacity (cc) 1098CC
Joined: Fri Jun 30, 2006 7:51 am
Location: Dromiskin, Co. Louth, Ireland
Contact:
Post by iandromiskin » Tue Nov 18, 2008 4:59 pm
Wow... Thats brilliant information, thanks.
Gertie, 1962 Saloon, Milly, 1969 Traveller (ex APL 971H) and now KAS 1958 4 Door Saloon.
Joined: Thu Jul 03, 2008 4:49 pm
Location: Nuneaton
Quote
Post by PSL184 » Tue Nov 18, 2008 5:16 pm
Here;s 2 more pics - both different cars and not JOJ 117E. Can't clearly make out the reg numbers though...
<br>
This one is *JY 102D
Compare the Minors - Simples !! http://mog.myfreeforum.org/index.php
Joined: Thu Jul 03, 2008 4:49 pm
Location: Nuneaton
Post by PSL184 » Tue Nov 18, 2008 5:21 pm
Here's JOJ 117E
Joined: Thu Apr 15, 2004 8:43 am
Location: Essex.
Quote
Post by simmitc » Tue Nov 18, 2008 8:40 pm
Can't tell you anything about NGE but I used to live opposite the farmhouse that was used by Lovejoy, and saw quite a bit of filming. Went on set to see the car. It had wide wheels and a big bore tail pipe, but was otherwise a bog standard 1098. They had a resident "mechanic" who spotted a tiny drop of condensation on the dipstick. He then proclaimed that the head gasket must be about to fail, so the Director told him to get it fixed damn quickly, no matter what the cost. Nice bit of overtime for a local garage. I sold them a couple of parts from my stock, but can't now remember what.
| Morris Minor |
Everybody's Talkin’ was the theme song from which film | Nurse Gladys Emmanuel - Morris Minor Owners Club
Nurse Gladys Emmanuel
Joined: Fri Jun 30, 2006 7:51 am
Location: Dromiskin, Co. Louth, Ireland
Contact:
Quote
Post by iandromiskin » Tue Nov 18, 2008 8:54 am
Just wondering if anyone has any information on the Nurse Glandys Emmanuels White Morris Minor from Open All Hours ? ie. what year was it, what the registraion was, any other trivia ?
Gertie, 1962 Saloon, Milly, 1969 Traveller (ex APL 971H) and now KAS 1958 4 Door Saloon.
Joined: Sun Jul 24, 2005 10:39 pm
Location: Reading
Post by mike.perry » Tue Nov 18, 2008 10:42 am
I thought someone in the club owned it
Joined: Fri Jun 30, 2006 7:51 am
Location: Dromiskin, Co. Louth, Ireland
Contact:
Post by iandromiskin » Tue Nov 18, 2008 10:49 am
Really
I'll tell you why I'am asking, I'am the editor of the Irish Morris Minors Club Magazine and I'am running a series of articles on the Morris Minor on TV and Movies and obviously the first place you start is the most famous - Open All Hours (well that and Lovejoy), so I'am trying to find out any information I can on the White Minor from the show, so if someone from the club owns it that would be fantastic
... Maybe they would allow me to run a story on their car ? Or maybe someone has some information on it generally ?
Gertie, 1962 Saloon, Milly, 1969 Traveller (ex APL 971H) and now KAS 1958 4 Door Saloon.
Joined: Tue Jul 24, 2007 7:35 pm
Location: Northampton
Quote
Post by Sidney'61 » Tue Nov 18, 2008 4:10 pm
She actually had few different ones, all white saloons, presumably all supposed to be acting as the same one, but they were slightly different to each other.
I'll see if I can find a previous thread on it.
Andy W____________1961 2-door 948cc (Sidney)_____________1963 2-door 1275cc (Emily)_______
Joined: Tue Jul 24, 2007 7:35 pm
Location: Northampton
Post by Sidney'61 » Tue Nov 18, 2008 4:15 pm
Just checked, she had 2,
Here's the the details of one of them
JOJ117E
not been taxed for 20 years
Date of Liability 01 06 1986
Date of First Registration 03 03 1967
Year of Manufacture Not Available
Cylinder Capacity (cc) 1098CC
Joined: Fri Jun 30, 2006 7:51 am
Location: Dromiskin, Co. Louth, Ireland
Contact:
Post by iandromiskin » Tue Nov 18, 2008 4:59 pm
Wow... Thats brilliant information, thanks.
Gertie, 1962 Saloon, Milly, 1969 Traveller (ex APL 971H) and now KAS 1958 4 Door Saloon.
Joined: Thu Jul 03, 2008 4:49 pm
Location: Nuneaton
Quote
Post by PSL184 » Tue Nov 18, 2008 5:16 pm
Here;s 2 more pics - both different cars and not JOJ 117E. Can't clearly make out the reg numbers though...
<br>
This one is *JY 102D
Compare the Minors - Simples !! http://mog.myfreeforum.org/index.php
Joined: Thu Jul 03, 2008 4:49 pm
Location: Nuneaton
Post by PSL184 » Tue Nov 18, 2008 5:21 pm
Here's JOJ 117E
Joined: Thu Apr 15, 2004 8:43 am
Location: Essex.
Quote
Post by simmitc » Tue Nov 18, 2008 8:40 pm
Can't tell you anything about NGE but I used to live opposite the farmhouse that was used by Lovejoy, and saw quite a bit of filming. Went on set to see the car. It had wide wheels and a big bore tail pipe, but was otherwise a bog standard 1098. They had a resident "mechanic" who spotted a tiny drop of condensation on the dipstick. He then proclaimed that the head gasket must be about to fail, so the Director told him to get it fixed damn quickly, no matter what the cost. Nice bit of overtime for a local garage. I sold them a couple of parts from my stock, but can't now remember what.
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What was the love theme from the film Titanic with Leonardo di Caprio called | Titanic Theme Song • My Heart Will Go On • Celine Dion - YouTube
Titanic Theme Song • My Heart Will Go On • Celine Dion
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Published on Oct 23, 2013
The theme song from the 1997 James Cameron film "Titanic" with Leonardo DiCaprio & Kate Winslet. "My Heart Will Go On" was written by James Horner & performed by Celine Dion.
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| My Heart Will Go On |
Who performed the themes for the Ghostbusters series of films | 'Titanic' Theme Song - YouTube
'Titanic' Theme Song
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Uploaded on May 13, 2007
'Titanic' Theme Song
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What was the theme song for the film Trainspotting | Trainspotting [Original Soundtrack] - Original Soundtrack | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Trainspotting [Original Soundtrack]
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AllMusic Review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine
Trainspotting concerns the adventures of a group of young, nearly criminal, drug-addicted Scottish friends. The novel, written by Irvine Welsh, became one of the most popular books in the British indie scene in the early '90s and was adapted to film in 1996 by the makers of Shallow Grave. Appropriately, an all-star collection of British pop and techno stars -- everyone from Blur , Pulp , and Elastica to Leftfield , Primal Scream , and Underworld -- contributed to the soundtrack, which also features a couple of oldies by veteran punk godfathers like Lou Reed ("Perfect Day") and Iggy Pop ("Lust for Life," "Nightclubbing"). The entire soundtrack holds together surprisingly well, as the techno tracks balance with the pop singles. Every song, whether it's Pulp 's deceptively bouncy "Mile End" or Brian Eno 's lush "Deep Blue Day," is quite melancholy, creating an effectively bleak, but oddly romantic, atmosphere for the entire record. With the exception of the oldies, every song is rare or especially recorded for the soundtrack, and nearly every one is superb. Primal Scream 's title track sees them returning to the dub/dance experiments of Screamadelica with grace, while Damon Albarn 's first solo song, "Closet Romantic," is as good as any of Blur 's waltzes. But the finest new song is Pulp 's "Mile End," with its jaunty, neo-dancehall melody and rhythms and Jarvis Cocker 's evocative, haunting lyrics. That song, more than anything else on the soundtrack, captures the feeling of the film.
Track Listing
| Lust for Life |
The song We May Never Love Again came from which 1974 disaster film | Trainspotting Soundtrack - Lyrics (Description)
Trainspotting Lyrics
Music blog
August, 01st 2016
Trainspotting album description:
The budget was covered 32 times in this movie, where the biggest star is Ewan McGregor, who in 1996 was almost unknown person. Sometimes there are films that make actors rise the next morning after the premiere to know they became stars. It was the thing with Danny Boyle after this work. Actually, it was one of many his great works, after which followed fabulous horror movies ‘28 Days Later’, ‘28 Weeks Later’, and inimitable social drama revealing the dark Mumbai’s side ‘Slumdog Millionaire’, which raised several stars and USD 377 millions vs. USD 15 budget, ‘Steve Jobs’, which barely overcame its budget in the box office and he also plans Trainspotting 2 in 2017.
This film is about drug addiction and poverty that are occurring at the background of economic recession in 1980s in the UK. We see here many people suffering from their morphinism and, of course, the beholder will see some deaths connected with abuse of the forbidden substances. Don’t wait too colorful themes from this film.
Iggy Pop & David Bowie made a collaborative song ( Night Clubbing , telling of the place of time spending of the main characters) and Iggy Pop did a separate single ( Lust for Life ), which tells in aggressive lyrics of desire to life in the rock way, and should suit the main hero, but it doesn’t fit him on a 100%.
Underworld is pretty tranquil, as rock only can be. It even may be of a new wave era, but the same could be the garage indie rock, as its sound and lyrics are slightly immature. The opposition in style is Mile End of 4.5 minutes long. It is British-style pop, carefree and denying dying out of all things, somewhat similar to The Beatles. Well, you know, every British band looks 40% like The Beatles, it is obvious from any side.
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At which sport did Richard Corsie compete | The centre of controversy SATURDAY INTERVIEW RICHARD CORSIE tells how he became public enemy number one after closing a bowling centre, writes Mark Williamson (From HeraldScotland)
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The centre of controversy SATURDAY INTERVIEW RICHARD CORSIE tells how he became public enemy number one after closing a bowling centre, writes Mark Williamson
TWO years after he had to admit defeat in his attempt to drag bowls clubs into the modern world with a GBP3.75m centre in east Edinburgh, Richard Corsie is still rueful about the experience.
But then Corsie, a former postman who won the world indoor bowls championship three times, has more reason than most to be sore about his brush with business failure.
For within weeks of deciding to close the centre in April 2004, Corsie went from being the poster boy of that most sedate of sports to being public enemy number one, and found himself on the receiving end of a stream of vitriolic attacks.
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Critics said the decision would result in the 800-member Edinburgh Indoor Bowling Club becoming homeless, depriving legions of elderly Edinburgh bowlers of a vital social lifeline as a result. As Corsie proposed to sell the centre to a housing developer he was accused of being an asset stripper with an eye on a fast buck.
Sitting in the nerve centre of his recently-listed leisure empire in Musselburgh, close to the ill-fated centre, Corsie makes it clear that these are suggestions that still rankle.
"There is a little scar on my body and I want to get the record straight, " he says recounting the history of a bold attempt to reinvent the indoor bowling experience that he says only foundered because conservativesounding assumptions about the spending habits of bowlers proved to be hopelessly over-optimistic.
Corsie part-funded his centre with the proceeds of the sale of a shed-like club which had been used for years by the EIBC, whose members, including himself, said they wanted much better facilities.
In place of a tired bowling venue with a bar with 10 seats, he gave them a state-of-the art rink with plush facilities for drinking and fine dining that he reckons was the best seen in the UK.
The centre should have formed a model for a series of similar places across the country, only the numbers did not add up.
"It was disappointing, quite hurtful really. All we were asking people to do was spend a bit of cash, just GBP3 per day.
"I would have thought that was prudent, " says Corsie. In an ultra cautious moment, the GBP3 estimate was cut to GBP2.50. "But average spending was well below even that."
Corsie says the GBP3.75m he got for the building from housebuilder Sovereign House allowed him to recover what he had invested on it, but not the three years of trading losses that averaged GBP200,000 annually.
"If I had not done what I did it's possible that the bank would have done something for me."
The experience put Corsie off the idea of running bowls clubs, although he reckons there is a crying need for consolidation in the UK. He believes hundreds of clubs that rely on hours of unpaid labour from volunteer cooks and the like could be in for a rude awakening when they find members of the younger generation are too busy working long hours to be prepared to replace them. But the chances of needful changes being pushed through are remote.
"You have all these blazers and dinosaurs and there are too many governing bodies, " complains Corsie, who only tried bowling for a laugh as a 12-year-old when he and some football-mad pals were locked out of their local park in Edinburgh.
"We thought 'let's pay our 5p and go and have a shot against the old boys', " chuckles Corsie, recalling that there was quite a stigma attached to bowls in the eyes of the young in those days.
Stereotypes notwithstanding, he took to the game like a duck to water and by the age of 16 had become the youngest player to win a senior cap for Scotland.
In the next 20 years, Corsie became one of the best players the indoor game had seen. Helped by the fact that his work as a postman allowed him plenty of time to practise, Corsie won a string of international titles including gold in the Commonwealth Games in 1994.
While the winnings of a player of his eminence in a game like snooker or golf would have earned them millionaire status, Corsie's rewards were much more modest. Nonetheless, he travelled the globe and, with titles like the world crown earning him GBP28,000, the prizes represented a very good return on the investment of a week or so's unpaid leave that he took to participate.
As events like the world championship at Preston Guildhall were watched by more than two million TV viewers, Corsie became a celebrity. He was unable to complete one round after a world title win because so many people wanted to wish him well.
However, Corsie did not want to be a bowler at the age of 65. Hoping to develop a new career to help support his wife and two children, he took the offer of a job selling bowls for a West Sussex firm, Douglas King, in 1995.
In true Victor Kiam style, he found he enjoyed the work so much that when the chance to buy the firm came up in 1999, he took it. Three years of spending weekdays in Sussex and weekends in Edinburgh followed, which were hard for the family. But the firm's subsequent success has confirmed that there is still plenty of money to be made supplying bowling gear to people who play the game, whatever frustrations Corsie may have about the business of bowls venues.
There are around two million players, of a variety of ages, in the UK alone, adding up to a significant market but one which is too small for giants to bother with.
Corsie Group is one of four firms that have a big share of a market which is growing steadily and in which there are significant barriers to entry.
However, he has been careful since the early days in charge to diversify into other related areas so that the group is not overly reliant on supplying bowls gear to individuals.
Through acquisitions and organic growth, Corsie has built a group that supplies products ranging from bowls to artificial grass surfaces and spa and leisure club products.
In the long months after he decided to close the Edinburgh club, which took up 90per cent of management time, Corsie and senior colleagues mapped out plans to grow these businesses by adding products and services which could be offered using the existing overhead base.
Corsie was pleased that plans to raise expansion funding won a warm welcome from investors on the Alternative Investment Market in June.
The group raised GBP1.5m through a placing, reducing Corsie's 91per cent stake to 61per cent, which was valued at more than GBP3m.
Paradoxically, Corsie believes the unfashionable nature of the group's business helped it win support among London investors.
"We are an old-fashioned business compared to oil and IT, but you can come in here and feel GBP900,000 of stock and feel the cash running through the business."
Last month, the group reported a 19per cent rise in gross profit to GBP785,000 in its maiden interim results. Turnover was up 7.8per cent at GBP1.93m and gross margins improved from 37per cent to 41per cent.
Corsie, who turns 40 in November, thinks the group can get much bigger and says it is in talks about acquiring complementary firms in England, without giving details.
Expansion plans are so well advanced that Corsie is looking for new premises in the Lothians, and has not bothered to hang pictures on the walls of his compact office in the firm's existing base.
Four years after quitting bowling while still in the world's top four, he is enjoying the business world so much that he makes little time for relaxation, besides squeezing in a game of golf on Saturday mornings and the annual family holiday in St Andrews, Fife.
Thanks to thoroughly modern telecommunications tools he can keep in touch with clients on the other side of the world at all hours and does. Early morning calls to Australasia are a Corsie speciality.
"I enjoy what I'm doing. It's not about money, I love spinning plates and doing lots of things at the same time, being under pressure. When I played bowls I used to like being 15-0 down because it was a challenge."
Scotland's green giant
Born: November 1966, Edinburgh Educated: Abbeyhill Primary and Drummond Community High schools.
1983-1993: Worked as a postman. Bowling career highlights: Scottish junior champion (outdoor) 1983; World indoor champion 1989, 1991, 1993; Commonwealth Games singles gold medallist; 1994 49 caps for Scotland; Awarded MBE in 1999.
1995: Joined Douglas King as sales manager. 1999: Bought the company
June 2006: Corsie Group floats on Alternative Investment Market What was your childhood ambition? - I didn't have any in particular.
What was your best moment in business? - Growing our overseas business from zero to GBP500,000 annually - that's satisfying.
What was your worst moment in business? - Approving the integration of all Corsie Group's operating subsidiaries into one location. Apart from a one-off charge of GBP800,000, this set the scene for what was bound to be a grim 14 months.
What drives you? - Winning, I love having my back to the wall.
What car do you drive? - BMW
| Bowls |
Karen Briggs and Nicola Fairbrother were involved in which sport | My Sport: Alex Marshall - Telegraph
My Sport: Alex Marshall
Interview: Gareth A Davies
12:01AM GMT 11 Jan 2005
Earliest sporting memory: Watching bowls on TV, and seeing Hearts lose 7-0 to Hibs when I was about five. I've always been a keen Hearts fan, and that result seems to be brought up over and over again. As a bowls player, I was 10 years old when I won the City of Edinburgh Schoolboys title against Richard Corsie. We're now very good friends.
Sports watched: I like to watch Hearts play above all as a sports fan, but I also watch darts. Formula One I keep an eye on, because of David Coulthard. I also watch the world snooker championships. A cousin of mine is married to Stephen Hendry's dad, though I don't know Stephen personally.
Sports played: I used to play football before I took up bowls. I was a goalkeeper, and played in the junior team for Edinburgh. I was 13 at the time we used to play every day, league matches on a Saturday. I'll never know how far I could have gone in football. I also played darts at the bowls club, and when I was 17, I beat Cliff Lazarenko at an open darts evening. I found darts quite easy, and regularly hit 140 and 180. Who knows how I could have done? These days, on the odd weekend I play a bit of golf.
Why a life in sport, and if not, what would you have done? My father plays bowls, my brother represented Scotland at indoor and outdoor bowls, my mother and sister play club bowls, so it was a family thing. Football would have been my target if I had not been involved in bowls, because I would have loved to have played in goal for Scotland. As it was, I left school at 16 – I hated school – for a job in a supermarket. Now I work for Greengage sports, based in East Lothian, who make indoor bowls carpets, saunas and Jacuzzis.
Toughest part of your sporting life: Maintaining my position as No 1 ranked player in the world. It's getting more and more difficult every year. As world No 1, and world champion, everyone is out to beat you. You just have to make sure your focus gets stronger and stronger: you have to forget all the people sitting about, the absolute silence in the auditorium, and forget about the TV cameras in those moments when one wood can decide the match.
How much pressure do you feel this time, going for an unprecedented fourth world title, outstripping legends of the game like David Bryant, who won three world titles? I'm not putting any added pressure on myself, that's all at the back of my mind.
To feel that I could be considered the greatest player of all time is one of my targets. At the moment I'm quietly confident that I can win another world title.
Most memorable sporting moment: When I was first picked to represent Scotland at the outdoor world championships in 1992 and won all three events – the pairs, with Richard Corsie, the fours, and the team event. Three gold medals at my first world championships is something I'll never forget.
Worst sporting moment: It has to be that horrible memory from childhood – seeing Hearts getting beaten 7-0 by Hibs. You lose a lot of games at bowls, but you've just got to get on with it. The Hibs fans, unfortunately, still sing their song of beating us.
Sporting heroes: David Bryant, Willie Wood, Stephen Hendry and Jim Jefferies, who managed the Hearts team, but is now with Kilmarnock. Jim was a big hero of mine when I was younger.
Favourite sporting location: Potters Leisure Resort in Norfolk, because I've won three world championships and two pairs titles there in the last five years. It's a venue with a great atmosphere, a place where bowls players get great support with the crowd of 2,000 spectators. I also like the fact that you can do other things while a tournament is on, such as go swimming.
Sporting event you would pay the most to see: I'd like to be at Silverstone to watch the British Grand Prix and see David Coulthard winning there. It's a place where he has been very successful. I'd like to have been at the world championships eight or nine years ago when David Gourlay first qualified, and played Tony Allcock, who was the top-notch player at the time. David met Tony in the first round and beat him with his last bowl, which was inch perfect. He then went on to win the world title.
… and to miss: Ten-pin bowling on television. Green bowling is much more skilful than ten-pin bowling, and is a much greater sport.
Question asked most often by the public: What bowls do you play with?
… and the answer: I use the 'Henselite tiger'. A size four heavyweight, ideal for both indoor and outdoor play. Because of where I work, I get them supplied to me.
Toughest opponent: Richard Corsie. I have had so many great games against him, and it has always been on an even-stevens basis. His was the best delivery of a wood in the world, smooth and relaxed in everything he did. I tried to take my game off him. He had won everything in the game, and was a fantastic sportsman.
Greatest change you would like to see in the running of your sport: A return to playing 'best of five sets' in the world championships to make matches more exciting. Due to the fact that the BBC is screening the world championships, for the last few years we have played 'best of two sets', with a three-end tie-break decider.
How is your sport covered in the media? Pretty well. When there is a major championship on, the coverage is good for two or three weeks before and the event tends to be covered well in both news-papers and on television.
Sporting motto: Be easy- going, sporting, clap your opponent, speak to the crowd, get the crowd behind you, but find your greatest control on the green.
Who would you invite to dinner and why? Jordan, because she seems like a fantastic person, bubbly and a really good laugh; Sean Connery, because he's a great star and I've enjoyed his films; Nick Faldo, just to ask him about the great golf he has played and his attitude to his sport; David Coulthard, because of the success he has found in a highly-pressurised sporting environment. I think we'd skip sport and celebrity and just talk about the world in general.
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In which sport was Nancy Lopez one of the leading female contenders | Nancy Lopez - Best female athletes of all time - Pictures - CBS News
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Jackie Joyner-Kersee
Despite the fact that Title IX ensures female athletes receive the same opportunities as their male counterparts, there are still major discrepancies in pay, facilities and exposure. What’s more, female athletes often come of age discouraged by the prevalence of sexist phrases like “play like a girl,” and the awareness that most people in the sports world somehow expect less of them. So, when female athletes arise who not only challenge, but shatter stereotypes of what women can do, they captivate the entire world. This is a list of those extraordinary women.
Jackie Joyner-Kersee is often referred to as the First Lady of American athletics. She competed in four Olympic Games for the United States from 1984 to 1996, earning medals in both the women’s heptathlon and the women’s long jump. When all was said and done, Joyner-Kersee earned an astounding three gold, one silver, and two bronze medals.
Here, she jumps to her second gold medal in the Seoul Olympic women’s long jump final, September 19, 1988, setting a new Olympic record at 7.40.
By CBS News Staff Writer Christina Capatides
Credit: Ron Kuntz/AFP/Getty Images
Serena Williams
Serena Williams is considered by many to be the best tennis player of all time. Ranked No. 1 by the Women’s Tennis Association for the first time on July 8, 2002, she has since achieved this ranking six times. On Feb 18, 2013, she became the oldest No. 1 player in WTA history. As of July 2016, she maintains that top spot at the age of 34.
Williams holds an incredible 94 WTA career titles. With 22 Grand Slam titles, she is also the only tennis player of either gender to have ever won singles titles at least six times in three of the four Grand Slam tournaments. In 2016, those 22 Grand Slam titles ties her with Steffi Graff for second place for most Grand Slam titles.
Adding to a long list of incredible achievements, the tennis superstar now owns more victories in Grand Slam matches than anyone in tennis’ Open era with her 308th win at the U.S. Open on September 5, 2016. She surpassed Roger Federer with her 308th win.
Credit: Julian Finney/Getty Images
Mia Hamm
Legendary U.S. striker Mia Hamm is responsible in large part for the surge in popularity women's soccer experienced in America in the 1990's. She led Team USA to its historic win at the 1999 Women's World Cup and was named the Women's FIFA World Player of the Year the first two years the award was given.
Until 2013, Hamm held the record for most international goals scored by any player, male or female, in the history of soccer with 159. She has been inducted into the National Soccer Hall of Fame.
ESPN commentator and former sportswriter for the Washington Post Michael Wilbon called her, "Perhaps the most important athlete of the last 15 years."
Credit: A. Messerschmidt/Getty Images
Lindsey Vonn
American alpine skier Lindsey Vonn has represented the United States at three Olympic Games (2002, 2006 and 2010), and earned two Olympic medals (gold and bronze). She is already the most successful ski racer in American history with 67 World Cup racing victories.
Vonn is one of only two female skiers to win four World Cup championships. And she is one of only six women to have won World Cup races in all five disciplines of alpine skiing (downhill, super-G, giant slalom, slalom, and super combined).
Credit: Alain Grosclaude/Agence Zoom/Getty Images
Babe Didrikson Zaharias
Mildred Babe Didrikson Zaharias was one of the most versatile female athletes the sports world has ever known. Thrust into the national consciousness at the 1932 Olympic Games, Didrikson took both the 80 meter hurdles and javelin titles, finishing second in the high jump event as well.
Didrikson was also an All-American basketball player, but her more lasting fame came when she took up golf and won the Women's Amateur title once and the US Open thrice, the third time in 1953 after battling the cancer from which she ultimately died in 1956.
Here, Didrikson throws the javelin to win a gold medal in Women's Track and Field at the 1932 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles.
Credit: Getty Images
Danica Patrick
American race driver Danica Patrick is the most successful woman in the history of Indy Car racing. In fact, she is seen as a sort of pioneer for women in the sport.
In 2005, she became the fourth woman to compete in the Indianapolis 500 and the first woman to ever lead it. She is also one of only two women to ever complete both the Indianapolis 500 and the Daytona 500. Her win at the 2008 Indy Japan 300 marked the first time a woman had ever won an IndyCar Series Race. In 2013, she became the first female NASCAR driver to ever win a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series pole.
She was voted Rookie of the Year in 2005 for her inaugural IndyCar Series season, driving the No. 10 car for Stewart-Haas Racing ever since.
Credit: Jonathan Ferrey/Getty Images
Bille Jean King
American tennis player Billie Jean King competed professionally from 1959 to 1983. During that time, she won 39 Grand Slam titles (12 singles, 16 women's doubles, and 11 mixed doubles). For a number of years in the 1970's, King was the No. 1 ranked female tennis player in the world. She was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1987.
A prominent advocate for gay and women's rights, King has also been named Time magazine's Person of the Year and received the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In 1990, Life magazine even named her to its list of the "100 Most Important Americans of the 20th Century." She was one of only four athletes and the only female athlete to make the list.
King is perhaps most famous, however, for defeating Bobby Riggs in the " Battle of the Sexes " on September 20, 1973. In fact, not only did she win the match, she won every set decisively (6-4, 6-3, 6-3); leading the London Sunday Times to call her victory "the drop shot and volley heard around the world." An estimated 50 million people tuned in to watch worldwide, as King obliterated the stereotypes of women as athletically inferior to men and less able to handle high-pressure situations.
Credit: Bob Martin/Allsport/Getty Images
Lisa Leslie
Clocking in at six feet, five inches, Lisa Leslie was the most dominant player in the Women's National Basketball Association for years. A three-time league MVP, the ambidextrous center led the United States to four Olympic gold medals in 1996, 2001, 2004 and 2008.
Leslie, who played college ball at USC and professional ball with the Los Angeles Sparks, is the WNBA's all-time leader in rebounds. She was also a first-team all-league selection a record eight times.
Lisa Leslie was able to dunk the ball by her sophomore year in high school and once scored 101 points in a single high school game. She was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2015.
Here, she records the first ever slam dunk in women's professional basketball during a game against the Miami Sol on July 30, 2002.
Credit: Lisa Blumenfeld/NBAE/Getty Images
Michelle Akers
Michelle Akers played on the U.S. Women's National Team from 1985 to 2000, leading Team USA to its first two Women's World Cup victories in 1991 and 1999. She also won the Golden Boot at the 1991 Women's World Cup for scoring a whopping 10 goals.
Akers played as both a midfielder and a forward during her storied career. She has since been both inducted into the National Soccer Hall of Fame and been named FIFA Female Player of the Century.
Credit: Rick Stewart /Allsport/Getty Images
Bonnie Blair
American speedskater Bonnie Blair competed in four Olympics; winning six medals, five of which were gold. As such, she is one of the top female skaters of all time and one of the most decorated athletes in Olympic history.
Here, Blair skates to a first place finish during the 500 meter speedskating competition at the Olympic Games in Lillehammer, Norway, February 19, 1994.
Credit: Bob Martin/Allsport/Getty Images
Nancy Lopez
American golfer Nancy Lopez competed professionally from 1977 to 2003, and she is credited with singlehandedly saving the Ladies Professional Golf Association from the identity crisis it was suffering in the late 1970's. She burst onto the scene at the age of 21 and won five consecutive tournaments that year. Fellow players, the press, fans and sponsors recognized the star in their mist and hitched a ride on her coattails.
During her epic career, Lopez won a staggering 48 LPGA Tour events, including three Women's PGA Championships. She was the LPGA Tour Rookie of the Year in 1978, a four-time LPGA Tour Player of the Year, and a two-time Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year.
Lopez was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame in 1987. She was also the youngest woman to ever qualify for the LPGA Hall of Fame and had to wait six months for her induction to be finalized, so that she could meet the qualification for admission of having been on tour for 10 years.
Credit: Doug Collier/AFP/Getty Images
Sonja Henie
Born in Norway in 1912, Sonja Henie is widely considered the greatest female figure skater of all time. She won three Olympic titles in Ladies' Singles (1928, 1932, 1936), 10 consecutive world championships (1927-1936), and was a six-time European Champion (1931-1936). In fact, she has more titles to her name than any other female figure skater in history.
After turning professional, Henie starred in 10 movies, became a U.S. citizen, and divorced twice before marrying her childhood sweetheart, Norwegian shipowner Niels Onstad. She died of leukemia at the age of 57, while flying from Paris to Oslo for treatment.
Credit: Staff/AFP/Getty Images
Tracy Caulkins
American Tracy Caulkins is widely considered one of the best competitive swimmers of all time.
A three-time Olympic gold medalist and five-time world champion, Caulkins has won 48 national championships and set American records in all four major competitive swimming strokes (butterfly, breaststroke, backstroke and freestyle). Over the course of her career, Caulkins set five world records and 63 American ones; more than any other American swimmer of either gender.
Credit: Tony Duffy/Getty Images
Nadia Comăneci
Legendary Romanian gymnast Nadia Comăneci captured four Olympic gold medals during her professional career. In 1976, she won the gold in three separate events: balance beam, uneven bars and general competition. In 1980, she added two more gold medals to her collection for the balance beam and floor exercise. Comăneci was also the first female athlete to ever score a perfect 10 in an Olympic gymnastics events.
In 2000, the Laureus World Sports Academy named her one of the Athletes of the Century.
Here, a 14-year-old Comăneci competes on the uneven bars at the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal. This is the performance that earned her that historic perfect score.
Credit: Staff/AFP/Getty Images
Misty May & Kerri Walsh
Misty May-Treanor and Kerri Walsh Jennings are widely considered the best female beach volleyball team of all time. They won three consecutive gold medals at the 2004, 2008 and 2012 Olympics.
Incredibly, they won 21 consecutive Olympic matches, during their 11-year run together, only losing a single set to Austria in 2012.
Here, the dominant American pair celebrate their victory against April Ross and Jennifer Kessy in the finals at the 2012 Olympic Games in London.
Credit: Daniel Garcia/AFP/GettyImages
Steffi Graf
Germany's Steffi Graf is the first and only tennis player (male or female) to ever complete a Golden Slam. That means, she won all four Grand Slam titles, as well as the gold medal in singles at the Olympic Games, in the same calendar year.
That year was 1988 and Graf lost just one match on her march to the historic title. In fact, dominating the competition with her signature forehand, Graf dropped only two sets on her path through the Australian, French, Wimbledon and US Open that year.
She was ranked the No. 1 female singles player in the world for a record 377 total weeks. That is the longest period any player of either gender has held the top rank since the WTA began handing it out.
Credit: Bob Martin/Allsport/Getty Images
Peggy Fleming
American figure skater Peggy Fleming earned five U.S. titles and three World titles, but she is most famous for winning the gold medal at the 1968 Winter Olympic Games... and not just because it was the only gold medal the U.S. Olympic Team won that year.
In 1961, the entire U.S. figure skating team was killed when Sabena Flight 548 crashed en route to the World Figure Skating Championships. It was an unthinkable tragedy that rendered Peggy Fleming's gold medal in the 1968 Olympics all the more important. It marked the Unites States' return to dominance in the sport, and it was a much needed symbol of resilience for the country as a whole.
Credit: Staff/AFP/Getty Images
Wilma Rudolph
In the 1960's, Wilma Rudolph was considered the fastest woman in the world. Her story is one of beating impossible odds. Born premature at just four-and-a-half pounds, she spent most of her childhood in bed after contracting polio, scarlet fever and pneumonia twice. Rudolph then lost the use of her left leg due to polio and was fitted for a metal brace at age six. Her siblings took turns massaging Rudolph's crippled leg every week, until she was miraculously able to shed her brace at age 9.
After that, she became one of the best athletes the world had ever seen and went on to represent the United States in the 1956 and 1960 Olympic Games. Rudolph earned four medals (three gold and one bronze) in the 200m, 100m and 4x100m races at her two Olympics.
Here, she crosses the finish line of the Olympic 100m event in first place, establishing a new world record, September 2, 1960. A literal trailblazer, she was the first woman to ever run the 200m event in less than 23 seconds.
Credit: Staff/AFP/Getty Images
Ronda Rousey
Mixed martial artist and judoka Ronda Rousey is the current and first ever UFC Women's Bantamweight Champion. In 2008, she also became the first ever U.S. woman to earn an Olympic medal in Judo.
As of March 2015, Rousey is undefeated in mixed martial arts with an 11-0 record and she doesn't seem to have any significant competition among female MMA fighters. In fact, there has been much debate about whether she should be allowed to fight men. In July 2015, she won both the Best Female Athlete and Best Fighter Awards at the ESPYs, beating out a group of all-male contemporaries for the honor of the year's best fighter.
Credit: Harry How/Getty Images
Chris Evert
American Chris Evert was one of the most dominant women in tennis, during the 1970's and 80's. She won 18 Grand Slam singles championships and three doubles titles, earning the year-end ranking of No. 1 female singles player worldwide in 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, and 1981.
Evert still holds a number of impressive world records, as well. She reached 34 Grand Slam singles finals, which is more than any other player, male or female, in professional tennis. Evert's career winning percentage in singles matches is 89.96 percent. Her career winning percentage in singles matches on clay courts is an even more staggering 94.55 percent. Both of these percentages are the highest recorded by any player, male or female, in the history of professional tennis.
Credit: Getty Images
Joan Benoit Samuelson
Like several of the other stars on the list, Joan Benoit Samuelson discovered her sport of dominance in a roundabout way. She took up long-distance running to combat a leg injury she suffered while skiing, and never looked back.
Samuelson won the gold medal in the Women's Marathon event at the 1984 Summer Olympics, the year the event was introduced. As such, she is the first woman to ever do so. Samuelson also holds the records for fastest times ever recorded by an American woman at the Chicago Marathon and the Olympic Marathon. She held the record for fastest time by an American woman at the Boston Marathon, as well, for 28 years. In 1985, she was given the James E. Sullivan Award for top amateur athlete in the United States.
Credit: Matthew Sto/Getty Images
Abby Wambach
American striker Abby Wambach has scored more goals than any other player ever on the U.S. Women's National Soccer Team. In fact, at 184 goals, she holds the world record for most international goals scored by any soccer player in history, male or female.
A member of Team USA from 2001 to 2015, Wambach has led the United States to two Olympic gold medals in 2004 and 2012, and a Women's World Cup victory in 2015.
In 2012, Wambach was named the FIFA World Player of the Year; the first American woman to win the award since Mia Hamm ten years earlier. In May 2015, she was then honored as part of Time magazine'slist of the 100 most influential people in the world. It would be difficult to overstate her contributions to the game.
Credit: Al Bello/Getty Images
Mary Lou Retton
Mary Lou Retton was the first American to ever win the all-around gold medal in gymnastics at the Olympic Games.
Inspired by watching Nadia Comăneci on television as a child, Retton took up gymnastics and sought out Comaneci's coaches, Béla and Márta Károlyi, to train her. A knee injury forced her to undergo surgery just five weeks prior to the 1984 Summer Olympics. Retton, however, battled back and stunned the world with her performance at the Games.
She won the gold medal in the individual all-around competition, two silver medals in vault and the team competition, and two bronze medals in the uneven bars and the floor exercise. Consequently, Retton became one of the most popular athletes in the United States, male or female.
Here, she performs her floor routine at the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, August 5, 1984.
Credit: Getty Images
Martina Navratilova
Born in Czechoslovakia, Martina Navratilova is the only tennis player of either gender in the history of the sport to have been ranked No. 1 in both singles and doubles for over 200 weeks in a row. She was ranked the top year-end female player seven times, including a world record five consecutive years. She won 18 singles Grand Slam titles and holds the record for major women's doubles titles at 31.
Navratilova has won the Wimbledon singles title nine times, which is more than any other female player in history. She also shares the record for most total Wimbledon titles with Billie Jean King at 20.
Navratilova is one of only three players, male or female, to have ever completed a Career Boxed Set. That means, she has won all four Grand Slam titles in singles, doubles and mixed doubles... an absolutely astounding feat.
Credit: Allsport UK/Getty Images
| Golf |
Liz Hobbs was well known in which sport | Articles about Nancy Lopez - tribunedigital-chicagotribune
On the back 9
By Ed Sherman, Tribune golf reporter | May 31, 2002
There are many reasons Nancy Lopez decided this would be her final full season on the LPGA Tour. Few, though, were more poignant than her agonizing over the death of her daughter Torri's puppy Wednesday. Torri, 10, took the dog, named Bear, out for a ride in a golf cart. Bear somehow fell out and was killed. When Lopez got the news, all she wanted to do was throw her arms around Torri. She couldn't. Instead of being at home in Albany, Ga., she was at Stonebridge Country Club in Aurora, preparing for the...
NEWS
Small Is Beautiful For Ram
By Teddy Greenstein, Tribune Staff Writer | July 23, 1997
Jim Hansberger learned the essence of running a family business early in life. In 1947, Hansberger's three older brothers started a golf club manufacturing company in Chicago. Hansberger sold the clubs to pay his way through school at the University of Minnesota. When he returned home for the summer, young Jim was given a more onerous task. The company was experiencing a postwar boom, producing as many as 10,000 clubs a day. The staff of 20 had no trouble making the clubs, but there was no space...
NEWS
1975: Sandra Palmer wins the U.S. Women's Open by four...
July 20, 2000
1975: Sandra Palmer wins the U.S. Women's Open by four strokes over Nancy Lopez, Joanne Carner and Sandra Post. 1997: Justin Leonard closes with a 65 to win the British Open at 12-under-par 272 at Royal Troon. Leonard, whose closing round is one of the best in major championship history, takes the lead from Jesper Parnevik with a birdie on No. 17.
SPORTS
On the back 9
By Ed Sherman, Tribune golf reporter | May 31, 2002
There are many reasons Nancy Lopez decided this would be her final full season on the LPGA Tour. Few, though, were more poignant than her agonizing over the death of her daughter Torri's puppy Wednesday. Torri, 10, took the dog, named Bear, out for a ride in a golf cart. Bear somehow fell out and was killed. When Lopez got the news, all she wanted to do was throw her arms around Torri. She couldn't. Instead of being at home in Albany, Ga., she was at Stonebridge Country Club in Aurora, preparing for the...
SPORTS
TV--3:30 p.m., Saturday
February 27, 1987
TV--3:30 p.m., Saturday; 3 p.m., Sunday; WMAQ-Ch. 5 (NBC) Event--$300,000 Kemper Open Outlook--The ninth annual Kemper for women is at the Princeville Makai Golf Club on Kauai, Hawaii. Wonder how many husbands will accompany their wives to this event? One won`t be Baltimore third baseman Ray Knight, who will be working out with the Orioles in spring training while wife Nancy Lopez tries to bolster the struggling, young couples` bankbook. Lopez recently won the Sarasota Open to secure a spot in...
SPORTS
1975: Sandra Palmer wins the U.S. Women's Open by four...
July 20, 2000
1975: Sandra Palmer wins the U.S. Women's Open by four strokes over Nancy Lopez, Joanne Carner and Sandra Post. 1997: Justin Leonard closes with a 65 to win the British Open at 12-under-par 272 at Royal Troon. Leonard, whose closing round is one of the best in major championship history, takes the lead from Jesper Parnevik with a birdie on No. 17.
NEWS
Death Notice: JOSEPH RAMON LOPEZ-EGAN
June 2, 2008
Joseph Ramon Lopez-Egan, age 5, of Elmhurst, beloved son of Ellwood C. Egan Jr. and Kelly Suzanne Lopez; loving brother to Daniel and Rebecca; cherished grandson of Nancy Lopez, nee Moore, and Ellwood and Katharine Egan, nee Culhane; dearest nephew of William and Nora Renner, nee Egan, Edward and Mary Lopez, nee O'Connor, Terry Egan and Katharine Mary Egan; dear cousin to Andrew, Mary Kate, Brideen, Jack, Madeline, Mary and Michael. Visitation Tuesday atSteuerle Funeral Home, 350 S. Ardmore...
SPORTS
2000 Open A Long Shot For Lopez
By Ed Sherman, Tribune Golf Writer | June 6, 1999
There's a chance Nancy Lopez won't be in the field for next year's U.S. Women's Open at the Merit Club in Libertyville. Lopez missed the cut for the second straight year, shooting 76-73. She played in the tournament on a special exemption from the United States Golf Association. To qualify automatically for next year's tournament, Lopez would need to win an LPGA Tour event or be among the leading money-winners. An ailing knee could prevent Lopez from meeting either criteria because she isn't...
NEWS
Hall of Fame makes major changes to induction process
Reuters | March 23, 2014
(Reuters) - The World Golf Hall of Fame is changing its induction process to be more equitable to male and female players. Until now, the eligibility process for LPGA players has been more stringent, based on a points system that has kept out multiple major champions such as Laura Davies and Dottie Pepper. Meanwhile, several male players without any major titles, including Colin Montgomerie of Scotland and Masashi "Jumbo" Ozaki of Japan, have been inducted. Male and...
SPORTS
The Next Nancy Lopez Has Many Obstacles To Overcome First.
By Ed Sherman, Tribune Golf Writer | July 21, 1998
The top women golfers don't come this way often, so it's a bonus that many of them will be in town Tuesday to participate in the Field's Classic in Libertyville. Annika Sorenstam will play in the one-day event in which six younger players will be paired in teams with six older players. The field also includes Karrie Webb, long-hitting Laura Davies and legends such as Patty Sheehan and Hollis Stacy. Then, of course, there's Nancy Lopez, the LPGA Tour's equivalent...
SPORTS
Another Win For Ammaccapane
June 22, 1992
Danielle Ammaccapane became this year's first three-time champion Sunday and the tour's leading money winner by taking the 54-hole Lady Keystone Open Sunday. She fought off repeated challenges from Nancy Lopez, Lori West and Muffin Spencer-Devlin to take the $60,000 winner's check in the $400,000 event at the West Course of Hershey Country Club. Ammaccapane recorded a 3-under-par 69 for a 54-hole total of 8-under-par 208 on the 6,348-yard course. The win gave Ammaccapane a season total of...
SPORTS
Lopez Throws In The Towel
By Ed Sherman, Tribune Staff Writer | July 4, 1998
The U.S. Women's Open brought Nancy Lopez to tears again, but this time for a different reason. Last year, Lopez cried after finishing second to Alison Nicholas by a stroke. This year, her game made her cry. Lopez didn't survive Blackwolf Run, playing perhaps the worst string of holes since junior high. She shot an embarrassing 83, featuring an eight-hole stretch beginning at the fifth where she was 11 over par with five bogeys and three double-bogeys. Lopez tried to make light of the awful...
SPORTS
Lopez Challenged To Hold Off Lpga Field Here
By Reid Hanley | August 12, 1993
Nancy Lopez has been the biggest name in women's golf for more than 15 years. This week, she gets a chance to prove it again. To say Lopez heads the field at this week's LPGA Chicago Challenge is to understate her importance to the tournament, which is in the final year of its three-year contract with the LPGA. Lopez could insure the tournament's future with a strong showing that would attract good crowds Thursday through Sunday at White Eagle Golf Club in Naperville. "I...
SPORTS
Lopez Leads Lpga Keystone
June 21, 1992
Nancy Lopez took the second-round lead at the LPGA's $400,000 Lady Keystone Open with a 5-under-par 67 Saturday on the West Course of the Hershey Country Club. With a two-day total of 137, Lopez held a one-shot lead on another tour veteran, Hollis Stacy. Danielle Ammaccapane stood another shot back. "I want to win this tournament," said Lopez, who hasn`t won this year. "I finally feel comfortable with my new putter." Lopez had an eagle, four birdies and one bogey.
SPORTS
Lopez: Lpga's Working Legend
By Ed Sherman, Tribune Golf Writer | May 26, 1998
Twenty years ago this month, Nancy Lopez began a run of five LPGA tournament victories in a row, dominating in a way that would make Tiger Woods' feats a footnote by comparison. Twenty years later, Lopez is one of the tour's elder stateswomen, still holding her own against players half her age. Twenty years ago, Lopez was a rookie who grew up playing with a set of Patty Berg women's clubs. Twenty years later, Lopez is coming out with her own line of signature clubs for women.
SPORTS
Lopez Grabs Lpga Lead
By From Tribune News Services | May 12, 1996
To hear Nancy Lopez tell it, her rebirth on the golf course was merely the result of a common midlife crisis. "Every woman goes through this right before they turn 40," Lopez said Saturday after rain and lightning stopped play at the McDonald's LPGA Championship in Wilmington, Del. "They freak out and decide to go on a diet." Lopez, who turned 39 in January, did just that. She lost 33 pounds, but found the game that won 47 LPGA titles, including this major tournament three times.
SPORTS
Small Is Beautiful For Ram
By Teddy Greenstein, Tribune Staff Writer | July 23, 1997
Jim Hansberger learned the essence of running a family business early in life. In 1947, Hansberger's three older brothers started a golf club manufacturing company in Chicago. Hansberger sold the clubs to pay his way through school at the University of Minnesota. When he returned home for the summer, young Jim was given a more onerous task. The company was experiencing a postwar boom, producing as many as 10,000 clubs a day. The staff of 20 had no trouble making the clubs, but there was no space...
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If you are swimming off the west coast of Australia what sea or ocean will you be swimming in | Marine Life Encounters - Tourism Western Australia
Find out more
Experience a magical marine life encounter
The magical marine life encounters you find on Western Australia’s coast will stay with you forever. Witness the greatest whale migration on Earth. Meet eye-to-eye with little penguins, friendly dolphins, turtles, seals, sea lions, manta rays and dugongs. Or how about a swim with the biggest fish the ocean – the gentle whale shark – and a snorkel over the world’s largest fringing reef?
Friendly dolphins
WA is one of the world’s top spots for regular encounters with dolphins, and you don’t even have to get wet to enjoy the experience. All along the State’s 12,500 kilometre coastline, pods of friendly wild dolphins regularly fish and frolic close to shore.
However, for your best chance of sharing a magical moment with these amazing mammals, head for the interaction zone at Monkey Mia , join a dolphin watching or swim tour at Rockingham , visit the Bunbury Dolphin Discovery Centre or take a cruise on the waterways of Mandurah . Check out the swimming with dolphins page and dolphin watching itineraries .
Gentle whale sharks
World Heritage listed Ningaloo Reef is one of the few places on Earth where you can swim with the world's biggest fish – the whale shark. These gentle giants of the ocean can grow up to 16 metres long and migrate here every year to feed from April to July. Those who have taken the plunge with a whale shark tour are often left speechless. Find out more about swimming with whale sharks .
The greatest whale migration
WA’s whale watching season stretches from May to December and from Albany to Broome – making it one of the longest on Earth. Head for coastal lookouts, or take a whale watching tour to witness the epic annual migration of humpbacks, southern right whales and the rare blue whale. Join them at the feeding grounds in Albany or Augusta , watch them pass by Dunsborough , Perth and Exmouth , or meet them at their breeding grounds off the coast of Broome. Get more details about whale watching .
PLAYFUL SEALS AND SEA LIONS
Colonies of rare Australian sea lions and playful New Zealand fur seals have found a number of coastal havens along WA’s diverse coastline to feed, breed and frolic. You’ll spot them lazing on the beaches and rocks or cavorting among the waves at Rottnest Island and in Rockingham’s Shoalwater Islands Marine Park just a short journey from Perth.
To the south, New Zealand fur seal colonies have made their homes in the untouched Archipelago of the Recherche near Esperance , and Emu Point near Albany. But for a closer encounter with Australian’s own aquatic clowns, head north to Jurien Bay Marine Park and join a seal lion swim tour in the shallow coastal waters protected by Jurien Bay’s islands and reefs.
LITTLE PENGUINS
WA’s largest colony of cute fairy penguins invites you to their island home in Shoalwater Island Marine Park near Rockingham. A short ferry journey brings you to Penguin Island where you can watch orphaned penguin chicks getting fed and learn more about the world’s smallest penguin with commentary from wildlife carers. Enjoy a walk on this picturesque 12.5 hectare island, and look out for wild penguins and seabirds nestled in the sand and limestone caverns.
FIVE FAMILIES OF TURTLES
While snorkelling or diving one of the largest and most accessible fringing reefs on Earth – World Heritage Listed Ningaloo Reef – you may meet the graceful green, loggerhead, Hawksbill, leatherback or flatback turtles. There are also a number of nesting sites along the coast where these turtles amble ashore to lay their eggs between October and February, including Port Hedland , Eighty Mile Beach , the Dampier Archipelago and Reddell Beach in Broome. Join the volunteers at the Jurabi Turtle Centre , near Exmouth, and you can even play a part in helping to re-establish breeding colonies and releasing hatchlings into the Indian Ocean.
MAJESTIC MANTA RAYS
The coastal waters of World Heritage listed Ningaloo Reef are also an aquatic playground for acrobatic manta rays. These harmless filter feeders have a wingspan measuring several metres, enabling them to glide, jump and barrel effortlessly and gracefully. You can watch them at play all year round on a snorkelling tour from Coral Bay , or between the months of June and November from Exmouth.
DOCILE DUGONGS
On the vast seagrass meadows of World Heritage Shark Bay area, you’ll find the world’s largest population of dugongs (also known as sea cows) grazing happily. They represent ten percent of the world’s dugong population, making it a top spot for watching these gentle marine creatures. You may also find them cruising the emerald lagoons of Ningaloo Reef to the north.
TURQUOISE WATERS TEEMING WITH FISH
The biodiversity of WA’s marine environments is mind-blowing. Its coral reefs, limestone caves, sea grass meadows, atolls, islands and shipwrecks are home to more than 1,600 species of fish. World-class diving and snorkelling hot spots include the Class A reserve of Rottnest Island, the reefs of the Abrolhos Islands , World Heritage Listed Ningaloo Marine Park and Shark Bay, the Dampier Archipelago and remote Rowley Shoals .
SEABIRDS
A huge variety of seabirds flock to the coast of WA to feed and breed. Up to 16 different species make their love nest on Penguin Island, near Rockingham. Beyond Perth, keen bird watchers will be mesmerised by the sheer numbers and variety found in the Archipelago of the Recherche, on the vast sands of Eighty Mile Beach and at the Broome Bird Observatory .
AQWA
The Aquarium of Western Australia (AQWA) , just 15 minutes north of Perth, takes you along the entire length of the State’s coastline in just a few hours, from the wild waters of the Southern Ocean to the tropical coral reefs of the far north. Gaze through the glass at giants of the deep, get hands-on with starfish, stingrays and itty-bitty sharks in the touch pool, or brave a dive with the sharks.
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| Indian Ocean |
In which country is Baja California | Marine Life Encounters - Tourism Western Australia
Find out more
Experience a magical marine life encounter
The magical marine life encounters you find on Western Australia’s coast will stay with you forever. Witness the greatest whale migration on Earth. Meet eye-to-eye with little penguins, friendly dolphins, turtles, seals, sea lions, manta rays and dugongs. Or how about a swim with the biggest fish the ocean – the gentle whale shark – and a snorkel over the world’s largest fringing reef?
Friendly dolphins
WA is one of the world’s top spots for regular encounters with dolphins, and you don’t even have to get wet to enjoy the experience. All along the State’s 12,500 kilometre coastline, pods of friendly wild dolphins regularly fish and frolic close to shore.
However, for your best chance of sharing a magical moment with these amazing mammals, head for the interaction zone at Monkey Mia , join a dolphin watching or swim tour at Rockingham , visit the Bunbury Dolphin Discovery Centre or take a cruise on the waterways of Mandurah . Check out the swimming with dolphins page and dolphin watching itineraries .
Gentle whale sharks
World Heritage listed Ningaloo Reef is one of the few places on Earth where you can swim with the world's biggest fish – the whale shark. These gentle giants of the ocean can grow up to 16 metres long and migrate here every year to feed from April to July. Those who have taken the plunge with a whale shark tour are often left speechless. Find out more about swimming with whale sharks .
The greatest whale migration
WA’s whale watching season stretches from May to December and from Albany to Broome – making it one of the longest on Earth. Head for coastal lookouts, or take a whale watching tour to witness the epic annual migration of humpbacks, southern right whales and the rare blue whale. Join them at the feeding grounds in Albany or Augusta , watch them pass by Dunsborough , Perth and Exmouth , or meet them at their breeding grounds off the coast of Broome. Get more details about whale watching .
PLAYFUL SEALS AND SEA LIONS
Colonies of rare Australian sea lions and playful New Zealand fur seals have found a number of coastal havens along WA’s diverse coastline to feed, breed and frolic. You’ll spot them lazing on the beaches and rocks or cavorting among the waves at Rottnest Island and in Rockingham’s Shoalwater Islands Marine Park just a short journey from Perth.
To the south, New Zealand fur seal colonies have made their homes in the untouched Archipelago of the Recherche near Esperance , and Emu Point near Albany. But for a closer encounter with Australian’s own aquatic clowns, head north to Jurien Bay Marine Park and join a seal lion swim tour in the shallow coastal waters protected by Jurien Bay’s islands and reefs.
LITTLE PENGUINS
WA’s largest colony of cute fairy penguins invites you to their island home in Shoalwater Island Marine Park near Rockingham. A short ferry journey brings you to Penguin Island where you can watch orphaned penguin chicks getting fed and learn more about the world’s smallest penguin with commentary from wildlife carers. Enjoy a walk on this picturesque 12.5 hectare island, and look out for wild penguins and seabirds nestled in the sand and limestone caverns.
FIVE FAMILIES OF TURTLES
While snorkelling or diving one of the largest and most accessible fringing reefs on Earth – World Heritage Listed Ningaloo Reef – you may meet the graceful green, loggerhead, Hawksbill, leatherback or flatback turtles. There are also a number of nesting sites along the coast where these turtles amble ashore to lay their eggs between October and February, including Port Hedland , Eighty Mile Beach , the Dampier Archipelago and Reddell Beach in Broome. Join the volunteers at the Jurabi Turtle Centre , near Exmouth, and you can even play a part in helping to re-establish breeding colonies and releasing hatchlings into the Indian Ocean.
MAJESTIC MANTA RAYS
The coastal waters of World Heritage listed Ningaloo Reef are also an aquatic playground for acrobatic manta rays. These harmless filter feeders have a wingspan measuring several metres, enabling them to glide, jump and barrel effortlessly and gracefully. You can watch them at play all year round on a snorkelling tour from Coral Bay , or between the months of June and November from Exmouth.
DOCILE DUGONGS
On the vast seagrass meadows of World Heritage Shark Bay area, you’ll find the world’s largest population of dugongs (also known as sea cows) grazing happily. They represent ten percent of the world’s dugong population, making it a top spot for watching these gentle marine creatures. You may also find them cruising the emerald lagoons of Ningaloo Reef to the north.
TURQUOISE WATERS TEEMING WITH FISH
The biodiversity of WA’s marine environments is mind-blowing. Its coral reefs, limestone caves, sea grass meadows, atolls, islands and shipwrecks are home to more than 1,600 species of fish. World-class diving and snorkelling hot spots include the Class A reserve of Rottnest Island, the reefs of the Abrolhos Islands , World Heritage Listed Ningaloo Marine Park and Shark Bay, the Dampier Archipelago and remote Rowley Shoals .
SEABIRDS
A huge variety of seabirds flock to the coast of WA to feed and breed. Up to 16 different species make their love nest on Penguin Island, near Rockingham. Beyond Perth, keen bird watchers will be mesmerised by the sheer numbers and variety found in the Archipelago of the Recherche, on the vast sands of Eighty Mile Beach and at the Broome Bird Observatory .
AQWA
The Aquarium of Western Australia (AQWA) , just 15 minutes north of Perth, takes you along the entire length of the State’s coastline in just a few hours, from the wild waters of the Southern Ocean to the tropical coral reefs of the far north. Gaze through the glass at giants of the deep, get hands-on with starfish, stingrays and itty-bitty sharks in the touch pool, or brave a dive with the sharks.
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What is the largest of the Balearic islands | The Balearic Islands Guide | Spain Travel | Rough Guides
Europe » Spain » The Balearic Islands
East of the Spanish mainland, the four chief Balearic Islands – Ibiza, Formentera, Mallorca and Menorca – maintain a character distinct from the rest of Spain and from each other. Ibiza is wholly unique, its capital Ibiza Town is loaded with historic interest and a draw for thousands of clubbers and gay visitors, while the north of the island has a distinctly bohemian character. Tiny Formentera has even better beaches than its neighbour and makes up in rustic charm what it lacks in cultural interest. Mallorca , the largest and best-known Balearic, battles with its image as an island of little more than sun, booze and high-rise hotels. In reality, you’ll find all the clichés, most of them crammed into the mega-resorts of the Bay of Palma and the east coast, but there’s lots more besides: mountains, lovely old towns, some beautiful coves, and the Balearics’ one real city, Palma . Mallorca is, in fact, the one island in the group you might come to other than for beaches and nightlife, with scope for plenty of hiking. And finally, to the east, there’s Menorca – more subdued in its clientele, and here, at least, the modern resorts are kept at a safe distance from the two main towns, the capital Maó , which boasts the deepest harbour in the Med, and the charming, pocket-sized port of Ciutadella .
Access to the islands is easy from Britain and mainland Spain, with plenty of bargain-priced flights in summer, though in winter only Mallorca is really well connected. In addition, ferries and catamarans link Barcelona, Valencia and Denia with the islands, and there are plenty of inter-island ferries, too, though these can be pricey and fully booked in summer.
The main fly in the ointment is cost: as prime “holiday islands”, the Balearics charge considerably above mainland prices for rooms and eating out can be expensive. Rental cars can also be hard to come by at this time. Travelling around by bus, moped, scooter and bicycle are all perfectly feasible, but note that car-rental companies do not allow their vehicles to be taken from one island to another.
Catalan is spoken throughout the Balearics, and each of the three main islands has a different dialect, though locals all speak Castilian (Spanish). For the visitor, confusion arises from the difference between the islands’ road signs and street names – which are almost exclusively in Catalan – and many of the maps on sale, which are in Castilian. In particular, note that Menorca now calls its capital Maó rather than Mahón, while both the island and town of Ibiza are usually referred to as Eivissa. In this chapter we give the Catalan name for towns, beaches and streets, except for Ibiza and Ibiza Town which are not widely known by their Catalan names outside Spain.
The Balearic Islands
| Majorca |
Which famous landmark stands in the Champs de Mars | Balearic Islands travel guide - Wikitravel
Talk[ edit ]
The two official languages of the Balearic Islands are Catalan and Spanish. They are both used in schools, the media, and the government, and all locals who were raised in the islands are fluent in both. Due to heavy immigration from mainland Spain however, Spanish has begun to dominate in the more densely populated areas.
In addition to the two official languages, each island has its own local dialect of Catalan: mallorquí (Mallorcan), menorquí (Minorcan), and eivissenc (Ibizan, also spoken on Formentera). They are mutually intelligible among themselves but people from Catalonia often have difficulty understanding them. Local people use these dialects in most situations of everyday life, but comfortably switch to standard Catalan or Spanish when speaking with someone who does not understand their dialect.
Spanish-speaking visitors will thus have no problems at all in the Balearic Islands. English will be understood in tourist areas, as will to a lesser extent German, French, and Italian. There is also a large number of northern European expatriates living on the islands.
Get in[ edit ]
The Balearic Islands have the airports of Palma de Majorca, Ibiza and Mahón, making any journey extremely easy.
It is also possible to reach them by ship, since Barcelona is only a night-crossing away aboard the most modern vessels. The journey takes just eight hours. By air the flight from Barcelona, Valencia, and Madrid takes less than an hour, while from París and London it takes under two. It is also possible to take vehicles to the islands aboard ferries specially designed for the purpose. Both air and sea services have extra flights and crossing during the "high season" (July 1st-September 30th),
Get around[ edit ]
If you are visiting the centre of Palma your best bet is to go on foot. You can also hire scooters and bicycles if you prefer. If you decide to drive into the city from another part of the island, leave your car in one of the municipal car parks. You will be offered a bicycle (free of charge) to use to explore the city until you return to pick up your car. There is one railway line in Majorca, departing from Palma which will take the traveller to a number of villages on the island. A quaint and antique wooden electric train departing from the main station in the Plaza de España will take you on a beautiful journey through the mountain range to the quaint village of Soller. If you prefer, you can hire a car. Schedules for bus train and ferries for all islands can be found on [2] .
Eat[ edit ][ add listing ]
The local cooking of the islands is exotic, exquisite and at the same time imaginatively presented.
The official Majorcan foodstuff should be a type of red pork pate called sobrasada in Majorcan, sobrasada in Spanish. Highly popular in parts of the mainland too. The red colour comes from hefty amounts of sweet paprika. It is good. There is also an official Majorcan cake, called ensaimada. It contains pumpkin jam and lard (obviously the Majorcans do keep some pigs) and it is delicious. The locals are very proud of their centuries-old olive trees, so while visiting the island it would be worth trying Majorcan extra virgin olive oil, which is otherwise hard to find.
Drink[ edit ][ add listing ]
Palo and Hierbas are two of the most popular local liquors among local residents. Palo is made from the fruit of the carob tree. It is often drunk mixed with soda water and sometimes even taken for medicinal purposes. Sweet, mixed and dry "Hierbas" are available. The ingredients include assorted herbs.
Stay safe[ edit ]
Remember Palma de Mallorca (as well as the other Balearic islands) is full of club drugs. Ecstasy, cocaine, marijuana and more can be found especially in the club scene. Be cautious of drugs like GHB, ketamine and others which can be slipped into drinks (especially in Sangria found in restaurants). Personal drug possession in Spain is legal (considered to be less than 500 doses), but trafficking is illegal.
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What is the Spanish parliament called | Spain: Government
Government
Spain
Government
Spain is a constitutional monarchy governed under the constitution of 1978. The hereditary monarch, who is the head of state, may ratify laws, dissolve the legislature, and propose candidates for the office of prime minister; he is also head of the armed forces. The prime minister ( presidente ) is the head of government. The king proposes the prime minister, who must be approved by the legislature. Spain has a bicameral legislature, the Cortes ( Las Cortes Generales ), or National Assembly. Members of the 350-seat Congress of Deputies are elected by popular vote. Of the 259 members of the Senate, 208 are directly elected, while 51 are appointed by regional legislatures. All legislators serve four-year terms. Administratively, the country is divided into 17 regions (autonomous communities) and 2 autonomous cities (Ceuta and Melilla). Each of the autonomous communities has its own parliament and regional government.
Sections in this article:
| Cortes |
Which state was Bill Clinton governor of before he became President of the U.S.A. | Spain: Spanish government, The political system of Spain, Following the death of General Franco in 1975, the
Guide
Following the death of General Franco in 1975, the Spanish constitution of 31st October 1978, arguably the most liberal in western Europe, heralded a radical transformation from a dictatorship to a democratic government.
The most important task of the constitution was to devolve power to the regions, which were given their own governments, regional assemblies and supreme legal authorities. The central government retains exclusive responsibility for foreign affairs, external trade, defence, justice, law (criminal, commercial and labour), merchant shipping and civil aviation. Spain has been a member of the United Nations (UN) since 1955, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) since 1982 and the European Union (EU) since 1986, and is also a permanent observer member of the Organisation of American States (OAS).
Parliament
The national parliament ( las Cortes Generales) has two chambers, the lower of which is the Congress of Deputies ( Congreso de los Diputados) and the upper the Senate ( senado). The Congress consists of 350 members representing Spain’s 50 provinces and the North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla. Each province is an electoral constituency, with the number of deputies depending on its population. Members of Congress are elected by a system of proportional representation for four years.
The Senate has 259 members, directly elected by a first-past-the-post system. Each province provides four members plus additional members in the Balearic and Canary islands, where extra members represent the various islands, making a total of 208 members. The 17 autonomous regions also elect one senator each and an additional member for every million inhabitants, totalling a further 51 members. The Senate has the power to amend or veto legislation initiated by Congress.
Under Spanish law, the official result of a general election is made public five days after the vote, in order to allow sufficient time for recounts and disputed results. After the members have been sworn in, the King of Spain meets with the party leaders and asks one of them to form a government, which must then be ratified by parliament. The leader of the party of government becomes the president ( presidente) of Spain and has his official residence in the Moncloa Palace in Madrid.
The Constitutional Court ( el tribunal constitucional) is responsible for ensuring that laws passed by parliament comply with the constitution and international agreements to which Spain is party.
The Judiciary is independent of the government, with the highest legal body being the General Council of Judicial Power ( Consejo general del Poder Judicial), which has 20 independent members and is headed by the president of the supreme court ( tribunal supremo).
Autonomous Regions
Spain has 17 autonomous regions ( comunidades autónomas), each with its own president, government ( gobierno or junta), administration and supreme court (plus its own flag and capital city). The regions are funded by the central government and the regions of the Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia and Andalusia are responsible for matters such as economic development, education, health, environment, police, public works, tourism, culture, local language and social security. The other regions have less autonomy and fewer responsibilities. The people of the Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia have also been recognised as separate ethnic groups and have the right to use their own languages in education and administration.
With the increasing influence of the Basque and Catalan regional parties in national politics, the whole question of regional power and autonomy has taken on a new significance. All regions are currently revising their Autonomy Statutes. The Catalan Statute was approved in referendum in June 2006, after months of political wrangling. Many Spaniards outside Catalonia disapprove of the new Statute, which awards more autonomy to Catalonia, mainly because the Statute’s introductory paragraphs describe Catalonia as a ‘nation’.
Provinces
Each province has its own administration ( diputación) that is responsible for a range of services, including health (hospitals, nursing homes), public works (including roads), sports facilities (such as public swimming pools) and social clubs (e.g. for youths and the elderly). The civil governors ( gobernadores civiles), who were head of the provincial governments, have been replaced by sub-delegates ( subdelegados del gobierno), who co-ordinate the work of the different government offices in the provinces.
Municipalities
A municipality is run by a council consisting of a number of councillors ( concejales), each of whom is responsible for a different area of local services. The council is headed by the mayor ( alcalde), and has its offices in the local town hall ( ayuntamiento). The official population of a municipality includes everyone who’s registered in the list of inhabitants ( padrón municipal). Entry in the padrón municipal is a requirement for inclusion on the electoral roll ( censo electoral) and the right to vote in local elections every four years. Although it isn’t mandatory for foreigners to register in their community, it’s important to register, as the funds that municipalities receive from central and regional governments are based on the official number of inhabitants. Theoretically the more government funds a municipality receives, the lower the local taxes.
The responsibilities of municipalities include rubbish collection, street cleaning, street lighting, drinking water, sewage disposal/treatment, road access and maintenance, public health controls, cemeteries, schools, urban planning, traffic control, consumer protection and policing. Municipalities with over 5,000 inhabitants must also provide public parks, a public library and markets, and those with over 20,000 must also provide civil protection, social services, fire prevention, public sports facilities and a municipal slaughterhouse.
Many town halls have a chronic liquidity problem, due to a combination of inefficiency (many Spanish communities are among the worst run in the EU), over-manning and a failure to collect taxes. It’s ironic that while municipalities are quick to fine residents for late payments, they are themselves the worst payers of bills in Spain and have run up debts of many millions of euros. Some are so bad at paying their bills that they have great difficulty in finding companies willing to supply or work for them, and municipal workers often have to strike to get paid (some towns cannot even afford to insure their police cars).
The financial situation of many councils is critical, many of which are paying thousands of euros a day in interest charges on their debts, and has been described as a financial time-bomb. As a result of town halls debts, property taxes have risen sharply in recent years and are expected to go even higher.
Corruption
One of the most topical issues in Spain during the last few years has been corruption among public officials, including illegal financing of political parties, tax avoidance, fraud, bribery, institutionalised sleaze, nepotism, misappropriation of public funds, illegal patronage, influence-peddling and kickbacks. Spain has been described (in the Spanish press) as the most corrupt society among the original 15 members of the EU and corruption permeates political and public life at every level.
Marbella council has been affected by corruption on a massive scale, involving tens of millions of euros pocketed by council officials. The scandal was finally officially uncovered in early 2006 (although many people on the Costa del Sol claimed they had known for years what was going on) and by July 63 people were in prison, including most former council members. Further arrests are expected but the city’s crippling debts have left it in the hands of an administrative body, which has the colossal task of getting Marbella back on its feet before the next local elections (in early 2007). The scandals involving Marbella are almost daily news items, both in Spain and abroad, but numerous other councils, mainly on the Costas, are affected by planning scandals and many experts believe that Marbella is merely the tip of the corruption iceberg.
Foreign Voting Rights
The voting rights of non-EU residents depend on whether a bilateral agreement exists between Spain and their home countries. Foreigners must be registered on the electoral roll to vote in local elections. Foreign nationals of EU countries resident in Spain have been able to vote and stand as councillors in local elections since 1999. Candidates must be able to express themselves in a dignified manner in Spanish and have a good knowledge of their municipality and the local government laws in Spain. The non-political organisation Ciudadanos Europeos has long promoted voting rights for European Union citizens resident in Spain and other European countries and fielded candidates in local elections in 1999.
Despite the new voting rights for foreigners, few town halls take their foreign residents seriously (except just prior to elections!). However, many town halls make provision for foreign residents and have employees who speak English and other foreign languages, and in municipalities where there are a large number of foreign residents there are often special foreigners’ departments ( departamentos de extranjeros).
However, foreigners usually pay a disproportionate amount of taxes for what they receive in return, particularly non-resident homeowners. Local councils in resort areas often ignore the needs of certain communities and urbanisations, particularly those mainly populated by non-resident foreigners, and spend (waste) the vast bulk of their revenue beautifying their main town centre.
EU Residents of Spain are allowed to vote in European elections for Members of the European Parliament (MEPs), but cannot vote in Spanish general elections.
Gibraltar
The ownership of Gibraltar (a British colony) has long been a thorn in the side of Spain’s rulers and on occasion it flares up. Although relations have improved, they remain strained and in recent years Spain has increased its diplomatic efforts (and obstruction) in its efforts to regain sovereignty over Gibraltar. Both the British and Spanish governments make concerted efforts to resolve the problem of Gibraltar sovereignty, although proposals are generally met with opposition from the Gibraltarians, who are unwilling to give up their status.
Spain also has concerns over the high level of crime associated with Gibraltar, including tobacco smuggling, drug-running and money-laundering. The smuggling of cigarettes and hashish is carried out openly in Gibraltar under the eyes of the local police, although there have been crackdowns in recent years
The most important task of the constitution was to devolve power to the regions, which were given their own governments, regional assemblies and supreme legal authorities. The central government retains exclusive responsibility for foreign affairs, external trade, defence, justice, law (criminal, commercial and labour), merchant shipping and civil aviation. Spain has been a member of the United Nations (UN) since 1955, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) since 1982 and the European Union (EU) since 1986, and is also a permanent observer member of the Organisation of American States (OAS).
Parliament
The national parliament ( las Cortes Generales) has two chambers, the lower of which is the Congress of Deputies ( Congreso de los Diputados) and the upper the Senate ( senado). The Congress consists of 350 members representing Spain’s 50 provinces and the North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla. Each province is an electoral constituency, with the number of deputies depending on its population. Members of Congress are elected by a system of proportional representation for four years.
The Senate has 259 members, directly elected by a first-past-the-post system. Each province provides four members plus additional members in the Balearic and Canary islands, where extra members represent the various islands, making a total of 208 members. The 17 autonomous regions also elect one senator each and an additional member for every million inhabitants, totalling a further 51 members. The Senate has the power to amend or veto legislation initiated by Congress.
Under Spanish law, the official result of a general election is made public five days after the vote, in order to allow sufficient time for recounts and disputed results. After the members have been sworn in, the King of Spain meets with the party leaders and asks one of them to form a government, which must then be ratified by parliament. The leader of the party of government becomes the president ( presidente) of Spain and has his official residence in the Moncloa Palace in Madrid.
The Constitutional Court ( el tribunal constitucional) is responsible for ensuring that laws passed by parliament comply with the constitution and international agreements to which Spain is party.
The Judiciary is independent of the government, with the highest legal body being the General Council of Judicial Power ( Consejo general del Poder Judicial), which has 20 independent members and is headed by the president of the supreme court ( tribunal supremo).
Autonomous Regions
Spain has 17 autonomous regions ( comunidades autónomas), each with its own president, government ( gobierno or junta), administration and supreme court (plus its own flag and capital city). The regions are funded by the central government and the regions of the Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia and Andalusia are responsible for matters such as economic development, education, health, environment, police, public works, tourism, culture, local language and social security. The other regions have less autonomy and fewer responsibilities. The people of the Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia have also been recognised as separate ethnic groups and have the right to use their own languages in education and administration.
With the increasing influence of the Basque and Catalan regional parties in national politics, the whole question of regional power and autonomy has taken on a new significance. All regions are currently revising their Autonomy Statutes. The Catalan Statute was approved in referendum in June 2006, after months of political wrangling. Many Spaniards outside Catalonia disapprove of the new Statute, which awards more autonomy to Catalonia, mainly because the Statute’s introductory paragraphs describe Catalonia as a ‘nation’.
Provinces
Each province has its own administration ( diputación) that is responsible for a range of services, including health (hospitals, nursing homes), public works (including roads), sports facilities (such as public swimming pools) and social clubs (e.g. for youths and the elderly). The civil governors ( gobernadores civiles), who were head of the provincial governments, have been replaced by sub-delegates ( subdelegados del gobierno), who co-ordinate the work of the different government offices in the provinces.
Municipalities
A municipality is run by a council consisting of a number of councillors ( concejales), each of whom is responsible for a different area of local services. The council is headed by the mayor ( alcalde), and has its offices in the local town hall ( ayuntamiento). The official population of a municipality includes everyone who’s registered in the list of inhabitants ( padrón municipal). Entry in the padrón municipal is a requirement for inclusion on the electoral roll ( censo electoral) and the right to vote in local elections every four years. Although it isn’t mandatory for foreigners to register in their community, it’s important to register, as the funds that municipalities receive from central and regional governments are based on the official number of inhabitants. Theoretically the more government funds a municipality receives, the lower the local taxes.
The responsibilities of municipalities include rubbish collection, street cleaning, street lighting, drinking water, sewage disposal/treatment, road access and maintenance, public health controls, cemeteries, schools, urban planning, traffic control, consumer protection and policing. Municipalities with over 5,000 inhabitants must also provide public parks, a public library and markets, and those with over 20,000 must also provide civil protection, social services, fire prevention, public sports facilities and a municipal slaughterhouse.
Many town halls have a chronic liquidity problem, due to a combination of inefficiency (many Spanish communities are among the worst run in the EU), over-manning and a failure to collect taxes. It’s ironic that while municipalities are quick to fine residents for late payments, they are themselves the worst payers of bills in Spain and have run up debts of many millions of euros. Some are so bad at paying their bills that they have great difficulty in finding companies willing to supply or work for them, and municipal workers often have to strike to get paid (some towns cannot even afford to insure their police cars).
The financial situation of many councils is critical, many of which are paying thousands of euros a day in interest charges on their debts, and has been described as a financial time-bomb. As a result of town halls debts, property taxes have risen sharply in recent years and are expected to go even higher.
Corruption
One of the most topical issues in Spain during the last few years has been corruption among public officials, including illegal financing of political parties, tax avoidance, fraud, bribery, institutionalised sleaze, nepotism, misappropriation of public funds, illegal patronage, influence-peddling and kickbacks. Spain has been described (in the Spanish press) as the most corrupt society among the original 15 members of the EU and corruption permeates political and public life at every level.
Marbella council has been affected by corruption on a massive scale, involving tens of millions of euros pocketed by council officials. The scandal was finally officially uncovered in early 2006 (although many people on the Costa del Sol claimed they had known for years what was going on) and by July 63 people were in prison, including most former council members. Further arrests are expected but the city’s crippling debts have left it in the hands of an administrative body, which has the colossal task of getting Marbella back on its feet before the next local elections (in early 2007). The scandals involving Marbella are almost daily news items, both in Spain and abroad, but numerous other councils, mainly on the Costas, are affected by planning scandals and many experts believe that Marbella is merely the tip of the corruption iceberg.
Foreign Voting Rights
The voting rights of non-EU residents depend on whether a bilateral agreement exists between Spain and their home countries. Foreigners must be registered on the electoral roll to vote in local elections. Foreign nationals of EU countries resident in Spain have been able to vote and stand as councillors in local elections since 1999. Candidates must be able to express themselves in a dignified manner in Spanish and have a good knowledge of their municipality and the local government laws in Spain. The non-political organisation Ciudadanos Europeos has long promoted voting rights for European Union citizens resident in Spain and other European countries and fielded candidates in local elections in 1999.
Despite the new voting rights for foreigners, few town halls take their foreign residents seriously (except just prior to elections!). However, many town halls make provision for foreign residents and have employees who speak English and other foreign languages, and in municipalities where there are a large number of foreign residents there are often special foreigners’ departments ( departamentos de extranjeros).
However, foreigners usually pay a disproportionate amount of taxes for what they receive in return, particularly non-resident homeowners. Local councils in resort areas often ignore the needs of certain communities and urbanisations, particularly those mainly populated by non-resident foreigners, and spend (waste) the vast bulk of their revenue beautifying their main town centre.
EU Residents of Spain are allowed to vote in European elections for Members of the European Parliament (MEPs), but cannot vote in Spanish general elections.
Gibraltar
The ownership of Gibraltar (a British colony) has long been a thorn in the side of Spain’s rulers and on occasion it flares up. Although relations have improved, they remain strained and in recent years Spain has increased its diplomatic efforts (and obstruction) in its efforts to regain sovereignty over Gibraltar. Both the British and Spanish governments make concerted efforts to resolve the problem of Gibraltar sovereignty, although proposals are generally met with opposition from the Gibraltarians, who are unwilling to give up their status.
Spain also has concerns over the high level of crime associated with Gibraltar, including tobacco smuggling, drug-running and money-laundering. The smuggling of cigarettes and hashish is carried out openly in Gibraltar under the eyes of the local police, although there have been crackdowns in recent years
This article is an extract from Living and Working in Spain.
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