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Who succeeded Anwar Sadat as President of Egypt | Presidents of Egypt
Presidents of Egypt
Egypt's new President, Mohammed Morsi
Flag of Egypt
Presidents of Egypt
President Muhammad Naguib (in office June 18,1953 to November 14, 1954)--Assumed office after leading the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, in which King Farouk was overthown by then-Lieutenant General Muhammad Naguib and Gamel Abdel Nasser. Naguib becomes Egypt's first President.
President Gamal Abdel Nasser (in office November 14, 1954 to September 28, 1970)--Nasser became president after forcing President Naguib from office. Nasser served as president until his death. Nasser was succeeded by his vice-president, Anwar Sadat.
President Anwar el-Sadat (in office September 28, 1970 to October 6, 1981 )--Sadat became president upon the death of his predecessor, Gamel Nasser. Sadat waged war against Israel in 1973, and made peace with Israel in 1979. In October, 1981 Sadat was assassinated by Muslim militants who were unhappy with his peace treaty with Israel. He was succeeded by his vice-president, Hosni Mubarak.
President Hosni Mubarak (in office October 6, 1981 to February 11, 2011 )--Mubarak became president upon the assassination of his predecessor, Anwar Sadat. Mubarak imposed Emergency Rule upon the death of Sadat, and maintained his rule as an autocratic dictator until resignining the presidency in February, 2011 in the face of massive unrest .
As of February 11, 2011, the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, led by Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Soliman, became the ruling authority upon the resignation of President Mubarak.
President Mohammed Morsi--(elected in June, 2012)--Morsi, running as the candidate of the once-outlawed Muslim Brotherhood, won Egypt's first free election with nearly 52% of the vote.
| Hosni Mubarak |
Who was P.M. when Elizabeth 11 became Queen of England | Egypt, 30 Years After Anwar Sadat's Death : NPR
Egypt, 30 Years After Anwar Sadat's Death
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Egypt, 30 Years After Anwar Sadat's Death
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Heard on Morning Edition
Lynn Neary talks to Steven Cook, senior follow for Middle Eastern studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, about the 30th anniversary of the assassination of former Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. They discuss how the past is shaping Egypt's future.
RENEE MONTAGNE, HOST:
This is MORNING EDITION from NPR News. I'm Renee Montagne.
LYNN NEARY, HOST:
And I'm Lynn Neary. Thirty years ago today, the world was stunned when Egyptian President Anwar Sadat was gunned down by soldiers during Victory Day celebrations in Cairo.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
(SOUNDBITE OF GUNFIRE)
UNIDENTIFIED MAN: The assassination of Anwar al-Sadat.
NEARY: Fast forward 30 years to the Arab Spring and the fall of Sadat's successor, Hosni Mubarak, and both peace with Israel and the future direction of Egypt itself seem more uncertain than they have since that fateful day.
To learn more about what the future holds for Egypt, we turn now to Steven A. Cook, author of the new book, "The Struggle for Egypt: From Nasser to Tahrir Square."
Thanks so much for joining us today, Steven.
STEVEN A. COOK: Oh, it's my pleasure.
NEARY: Let's go back to that day 30 years ago when Anwar Sadat was assassinated. What was the immediate effect of that in Egypt?
COOK: Well, I think Egyptians were shocked, as everybody around the world were shocked at this assassination. But Egyptians were profoundly ambivalent about Sadat. He had reoriented Egypt's economy, Egypt's foreign policy, Egypt's domestic politics in a way that did not sit well with a lot of Egyptians. And by the time of his assassination, Egypt's political arena was more contested than ever.
NEARY: Of course, Sadat had angered the whole Arab world by signing the Camp David peace accords with Israel. What was the effect of Sadat's death on relations between Egypt and Israel?
STEVE COOK: Well, President Hosni Mubarak, who succeeded Sadat about a week or so after Sadat's assassination, meticulously kept to the peace treaty. And over the course of 30 years, the treaty has never faltered. Peace between the two countries has become institutionalized. Yet to Egyptians the peace treaty has always been a certain source of unease and for some even a source of shame.
NEARY: Since the fall of Mubarak, relations between Israel and Egypt have become increasingly tense. Where do you see Egypt-Israeli relations heading in the future?
COOK: Well, I think it's no secret that in a more open and democratic Egypt, public opinion matters. There was an opinion poll that was conducted early in the summer in which more than half of Egyptians wanted to renegotiate aspects of the peace treaty.
NEARY: Well, parliamentary elections are coming up in Egypt next month and it looks like at this point the Muslim Brotherhood, which of course is seen as having an Islamist agenda, the Muslim Brotherhood is expected to win. What would a victory by the Muslim Brotherhood mean for Egypt?
COOK: Well, I don't think there's going to be an outright Muslim Brotherhood victory. But I think that the Brotherhood is likely to do extraordinarily well in these elections, perhaps 30 or 35 percent of the seats in the People's Assembly. That is going to be more than any other single party and this People's Assembly that will pick a committee of 100 to write Egypt's new constitution.
NEARY: But so much of the strength behind the whole anti-Mubarak movement in what we've called the Arab Spring seemed to come not from Islamists but from young Egyptians embracing these values of democracy and freedom. What's become of those goals? Are they just drifting now?
COOK: Well, there is a certain amount of drift in Cairo these days, and revolutionary groups and the new political parties that have emerged since Mubarak's fall have struggled to gain traction and to organize. But at the same time, Egypt is experiencing a robust debate about Egypt's place in the world and what Egypt stands for. And I think that you have a tremendous amount of political dynamism and creativity in Egypt, even with the kind of drift, the sense that things are taking a long time, suspicions that the military is growing comfortable with the exercise of power.
NEARY: Well, what about that, the danger of the military becoming so comfortable, as you just mentioned? Would it try and hold on to power? Could it?
COOK: I wouldn't rule anything out. After all, in the Arab world over the course of the last eight months, the unthinkable has become reality. But I think this current crop of officers are very well aware of the problems associated with holding on to power. But nevertheless, the timeline that the military has set out suggests that they could be exercising executive power until early 2014.
NEARY: Steven A. Cook is a senior fellow for Middle Eastern studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. He spoke to us from our studio in New York. Thanks for being with us.
COOK: My pleasure.
Copyright © 2011 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc. , an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.
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What was said to be the drink of the Greek Gods | Know Your Beer Gods & Goddesses - Brookston Beer Bulletin
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You are here: Home / Beers / Know Your Beer Gods & Goddesses
Know Your Beer Gods & Goddesses
August 26, 2013
By Jay Brooks 10 Comments
Working on another project, which I can’t yet talk about, I used some research I did for an article a few years ago about some of the gods and goddesses of beer and brewing, and ended up digging a little deeper. In the process, I put together a long list that’s hopefully, but probably in no way, a complete list of beer gods and goddesses, but is at least the biggest list I know of, with just over one hundred of them. To be fair, I made up one of them, and a couple others are bogus, but there’s still at least 100 remaining that are legitimate. Or at least they’re legitimately deities for some group of people, their connection to beer or alcohol you could question, by why bother? It’s just a bit of fun. Drink a toast to them. Because their followers believed in them, we still have beer to drink today. Enjoy.
If you know of one I missed, please send me an e-mail with as much as information as you can. If I screwed up any of the info here (and I’m confident I must have) please let me know but please bear in mind that this exercise is meant to be celebratory and fun, so please keep it civil, and remember that with ancient legends and history, accounts vary widely and I simply had to choose the stories I liked or which worked best for my purposes. I’ll keep updating the page with new gods or goddesses as I find them, and will make relevant changes that make sense, but not to this post. Instead, the most current and up-to-date version of this list will live on a permanent page, Beer Gods & Goddesses .
Long before the catholic church and related christian religions started declaring beer and brewing saints , many different civilizations and peoples had deities dedicated to beer or brewing, or some related endeavor. Below is a list of the beer gods and goddesses that I know of, along with other mythological creatures or people with an association to beer, brewing or a related aspect. Try as I might, I couldn’t find any gods or goddesses associated with either hops or yeast specifically, probably because by the time we were using them in beer, or had a better understanding of them, civilization was well past creating gods. Perhaps we need to make some up? There are also many more deities associated with water, but it’s unclear if any of them can be linked to brewing water, and many are gods of the sea, which also didn’t seem appropriate. So far, I’ve found over 100 different deities to drink a toast to, celebrate or worship with a glass of beer. If you know of one I’m missing, please drop me a line .
Alphabetical List of Beer Gods & Goddesses
Abundantia: Roman Goddess of Abundance; See Habonde.
Acan: Mayan God of Alcohol
Acan is the Mayan God of Alcohol (or intoxicating beverages), whose name means literally “groan.” He’s said to be very boisterous and often makes a fool of himself while intoxicated.
Holiday: Feast of Acan, April 2
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Accla: Incan female keepers of the sacred fires, who also brewed beer
The Accla were female virgins chosen by Inti (The Incan Sun God) to keep the sacred fires burning. In their spare time, they also brewed beer.
Holiday: Inti Raymi (Festival of the Sun), June 24
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Aegir: Norse Brewer to the Gods of Asgard
Aegir (sometimes spelled Oegir) was primarily the Norse God of the Sea, but was also the brewer to the Gods of Asgard. He and his nine daughters (the billow maidens) brewed ale in a large pot given to Aegir by Thor. His association to brewing is most likely due to the foam on the ocean looking similar to the foamy head of an ale. Aegir was also a terrific host. The mugs in his house refilled themselves with more ale when you drained your cup so your never went thirsty.
Holiday: Celtic Sea Festival, March 3
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Aizen Myō’ō: Japanese God of Tavern Keepers
Aizen Myō’ō is the Japanese god of tavern keepers, musicians, singers, prostitutes and love. He’s a Buddhist deity and in Chinese Buddhism he’s known as Rāgarāja
Holiday: Aizen Festival in Osaka, Japan, June 30-July 2
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Albina: Arcadian, British & Irish White Barley Goddess
The White Barley Goddess, Albina was also known as Alphito. One of the earliest names for the British Isles, Albion, is thought to come from her name. The first modern microbrewery in the U.S. was called “New Albion Brewing.”
Holiday: Festival of Albina, a.k.a. Alphito, August 1
Links: Wikipedia
Amaethon: Welsh God of Agriculture
Amaethon was the god of agriculture, and the son of the goddess Dôn. His name means “laborer” or “ploughman.” He apparently was “responsible for the Cad Goddeu , or “Battle of Trees,” between the lord of the otherworld, Arawn, and the Children of Dôn, and the tale is essentially the Welsh version of the Tuatha Dé Danann
Holiday: Alban Elfed, September 22 (Autumnal Equinox)
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Arnemetia: Celtic River Goddess
Arnemetia was a river goddess who was worshiped in Roman times at Aquae Arnemetiae, the present-day Buxton Spa. Her name is connected with nemeton, “sacred grove,” which I want to believe means it’s the best place to find brewing water.
Holiday: Festival of Sacred Groves, April 21
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Ashnan: Mesopotamian/Sumerian Goddess of Grain
Ashnan, or Asnan, was a goddess of grain in Mesopotamia, and a goddess of drunkenness, wine & grains in Sumeria. “She and her brother Lahar, God of cattle, were created by Enlil to provide food for the Gods. One day they had too much to drink and could not serve as they should, so Enlil decided to create humans to serve the Gods instead. Ashnan was often shown with ears of corn sprouting from her shoulders.” Like most grain goddesses, Ashnan was a very old deity; she appeared in the Early Dynastic period (2900-2350 B.C.E.)
Holiday: Mesopotamian/Sumerian Grain Festival, March 20
Bacchus: Roman God of Intoxication; See Dionysus.
Ba-Maguje: Hausa Spirit of Drunkenness
In Hausa mythology, Ba-Maguje is the spirit of drunkenness. There’s no physical description of Ba-Maguje, but he supposedly causes alcoholism by making people increasingly thirsty but insensitive the how much they’ve consumed. The Hausa are Muslims living in northern Nigeria and other parts of West Africa.
Holiday: Ba-Maguje’s Day (on Eid al-Fitr; July 28, 2014)
Links: Mythology Dictionary / Wikipedia
Bes: Proto-Egyptian God, Protector of the Home
This deity originated in the Sudan and is represented as a grotesque, bearded dwarf with a crown and a sword. Bes, was also a primary god of women in labor and a protector of the home, but it was his fondness for beer that established a spiritual association for brewing second only to that of the goddess Hathor. According to Ian Spencer Hornsey’s A History of Beer and Brewing , “Bes was very fond of drinking beer and is often represented on scarabs as sucking beer through a straw from a large vessel.” In addition, “Soldiers were known to drink beer from Bes-shaped mugs as a deterrent to injury in battle.”
Holiday: Festival of the Little Heat, December 16
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Bhairava: Indian God of Soma
Bhairava, or Bharani, was the Hindu god of misfortune, and “is the fierce manifestation of Lord Shiva associated with annihilation.” I’ve listed him here because of a story told by Sherbrooke Liquor Store :
This is an aspect of the Hindu god Shiva, however the one with a nasty temper. Legend has it that Shiva couldn’t handle the idle boasting of Brahma claiming to be the supreme creator, and cut off one of his 5 heads in order to make a point. After, when cooler heads prevailed, Shiva made a remorseful vow of redemption, and was cast out as a beggar under the new guise of Bhairava. He also had the skull of the decapitated head fused to his hand to use as a begging bowl, and a reminder for anger management. Oddly enough the Newar culture of the Kathmandu valley have a unique festival where they set up a large mask of Bhairava to dispense beer from its mouth. This beer is considered sacred, and bestows powerful blessings on whoever manages to get a sip of it.
Holiday: Bhairava Ashtami, 8th lunar day (ashtami) in the fortnight of the waning moon (Krishna paksha) in the Hindu month of Kartik (November 23, in 2013)
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Biersal: Germanic Kobold of the Beer Cellar
Biersal (or sometimes Bierasal or Bieresal) is a kobold of the beer cellar. A kobold (or cobold) “is a sprite stemming from Germanic mythology and surviving into modern times in German folklore. Although usually invisible, a kobold can materialize in the form of an animal, fire, a human being, and a candle. The most common depictions of kobolds show them as humanlike figures the size of small children. Kobolds who live in human homes wear the clothing of peasants.” If he is appeased by a daily jug of beer, this spirit of the cellar will clear all the bottles and jugs.
Domestic kobolds are linked to a specific household. A bieresal, kobolds who live in the beer cellars of inns, bring beer into the house, clean the tables, and wash the bottles and glasses. This association between kobolds and work gave rise to a saying current in 19th-century Germany that a woman who worked quickly “had the kobold.” In return, the family must leave a portion of their supper (or beer, for the bierasal) to the spirit and must treat the kobold with respect, never mocking or laughing at the creature. A kobold expects to be fed in the same place at the same time each day. Kobolds bring good luck and help their hosts as long as the hosts take care of them.
I’m not sure, but it sounds like kobolds are mischievous little creatures, and I wouldn’t be surprised they were related to leprechauns.
Holiday: Kobold Luring Day, December 27
Links: Encyclopedia Mythica / Wikipedia
Byggvir: Norse God of Barley
Byggvir is the Norse God of Barley and his wife Beyla is said to do things with bees and barley, most likely make beer.
Holiday: Byggvir Grain Festival, December 14
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Centzon-Totochtin: The Aztec Four Hundred Drunken Rabbit Gods
The Centzon-Totochtin are the “Four Hundred Drunken Rabbit Gods,” which according to legend were brewed by the married couple deities Mayahuel (Goddess of Alcohol, though more on the other of Tequila) and Petecatl (God of Medicine). The rabbits represented the infinite ways that people can be affected by intoxication. In the early Aztec numbering system, 400 represented infinity. Their King, Ometotchtli was also known as “Two Rabbit.” Macuiltochtli was another Aztec God of Alcoholic Beverages, and he was also known as “Five Rabbit.” Curiously, there was no “One Rabbit.”
Holiday: Centzon-Totochtin Drunken Rabbit Day, Last Saturday in September (28th in 2013); Rabbit Rabbit Day, Last Day of Each Month
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Ceres: Roman Goddess of Agriculture & Grain Crops
Above all, Ceres was a “mother goddess” and one of the most important to the Romans. In Greek, where she was called “Demeter,” her name means “mother earth” or “barley-mother.” As such, she was also the Goddess of Agriculture and of the harvest. The Spanish word for beer, “cerveza” is taken from her name.
Holiday: Sementivae begins (Ancient Roman Festival honoring Ceres and Tellus), January 24; Cerealia, April 19; Festival of Kore and Demeter (Persephone Greek Vegetation Goddess and Barley Mother Goddess), March 21; Festival of Demeter (Greek Barley Mother Goddess), May 21; Ambarvailia (Old Roman No Work Day, Purification Festival to Ceres), May 29; Feast of Ceres, September 18; Thesmophoria (honoring the goddesses Demeter and her daughter Persephone), October 25-27 (originally 11-13 Pyanepsion)
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Cerklicing: Latvian God of Farm Fertility and Crop Abundance
Cerklicing was a Latvian agricultural deity of farm fertility and crop abundance. His job was protecting the fields, taking corn and beer in payment for livestock and shares. Apparently “among Latvian farmers he was more popular than Jesus, at least for a time.” According to the Jesuit Joannis Stribingius, Latvian farmers gave the “first bite of any food, and the first drop of any drink” to Cerklicing when he visited eastern Latvia in 1606. I couldn’t find any image of Cerklicing, so these are a few other Latvian deities.
Holiday: Līgo, June 23
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Cerridwen: Welsh Goddess of Barley
Cerridwen was the Irish and Welsh Barley Goddess. She also owned the “witches” cauldron of inspiration, which presumably she filled with barley to make beer, known as the “Brew of Inspiration and Knowledge.”
Holiday: Festival of Cerridwen, July 3; Day of Cerridwen and Her Cauldron, June 20; Day of Cerridwen, October 21
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Cluricane: Irish Spirit or Elf
An Irish spirit or elf. This being, looking like a very old man, lives in the cellar taking care of the beer, etc. It is said to know the location of hidden treasures. The spirit is known by many different names, including cluricane, cluracan, cluracan, clurican, clurican, Cluricaune, Cluricaune, Cluricane, leprechaun, leprechaun, leprachaun, leprecawn, leprechawn, lepricaune, lubberkin, lubrican, luprachain, leprec(h)awn, luchorpain, cluricaune or cluricaune. Some accounts say they’re the same as leprechauns while many others say instead that they’re cousins, or at least related.
Holiday: Leprechaun Day, May 13
Links: Mystical Myth / Wikipedia
Comus: Greek God of Drunken Revelry
Comus, sometimes Komos, was the “son and a cup-bearer of the god Bacchus.” He was the Greek god of comedy, jokes and drunken revelry, and also is considered the “god of excess.”
Holiday: Feast of Comus, May 27.
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Consus: Roman Protector of Grains and Storage Bins
Consus was a Roman god whose job was as the protector of grains and storage bins. He was apparently “represented by a grain seed.” Consus may also have been a harvest gods, and was “associated with secret conferences,” too.
Holiday: Consualia (or Consuales Ludi), August 21 and December 15 (Consus had two festivals each year)
Links: Godchecker / Goddesses and Gods / Wikipedia
Crom Dubh: Irish Underworld Grain or Corn God
Crom Dubh is the “dark bent” god of the harvest, associated with grain or sometimes corn. He is associated with the god Lugh (as his dark counterpart) and connected to the festival of Lammas; and also is connected to John Barleycorn (see John Barleycorn below), the personification of the grain, who is killed by being harvested at this time. Many people honor St. Patrick’s Fast by making a pilgrimage to Croagh Patrick, where he fasted until he overcame the pagan deity Crom Cruach (Crom of the Reek). Other names he’s known by include Crom Crúaich, Cromm, Cróich, Crooach, Cruach, Cenn Cruach, Kerman Kelstach, and Kerum Kerugher.
Holiday: Domhnach Chrom Dubh (Grain Festival, Last Sunday in July / Dé Domhnaigh Crum-Dubh (a.k.a. Crom Dubh Sunday), 1st Sunday in August
Links: Africa Source / Confessions of a Hedge Witch / Pagan Pages / Wikipedia
The Dagda: Celtic God of the Earth & All-Father
The Dagda was the Irish, and Celtic, God of the Earth and All Father, which is why’s also referred to as Eochaid(h) or Ollathair, which means “all-father.” He’s also the God of Life and Death, War, Banquets and Magic. His name, The Dagda, means “the good god” or “the good one” and he’s one of the most prominent Irish gods and the leader of the Tuatha Dé Danann. Dagda is a son of the goddess Danu, and father of the goddess Brigid and the god Aengus mac Oc. The Morrigan is his wife, with whom he mates on New Years Day. He also owns a huge “cauldron with an inexhaustible supply of food,” “an enormous club, with one end of which he could kill nine men, but with the other restore them to life,” two magic swine — one that’s constantly roasting and one that never stops growing — and fruit tree that alwats has fruit and “a magical harp with which he summons the seasons.”
Links: Godchecker / Tell Me A Story / Wikipedia
Dagon: Phoenician God of Wheat & Grain
Dagon is the Phoenician god of wheat and grain. Confusingly, it’s sometimes spelled Dagan, but there’s also another god by that same name, who is different from Dagon.
Holiday: Festival of Dagon, on April 18, in 2014; Good Friday [Friday before Easter]
Demeter: Greek Goddess of Agriculture & Grain Crops; See Ceres.
Dionysus: Greek God of Intoxication
We think of Dionysus today as the God of Wine, but he was also the God of Intoxication, including beer, and more importantly its social and beneficial aspects. As such, Dionysus is also a promoter of civilization, a lawgiver and lover of peace. But there’s also a story that before Dionysus was the God of Wine, he had been the God of Beer under the name “Sabzios.” As wine become more important in Greek society, he simply changed his name and his affiliation.
Holiday: Anthesteria, January 12; Lenaia (Festival of Drama), February 1; Feast of Bacchus, March 15; Dionysia, March 21; Oschophoria (Autumn Dionysus Festival), October 1; Brumalia begins (Roman feast of Bacchus), November 24
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Dís: Norse Female Ghost, Spirit or Deity Associated with Fate
Dísablót is a holiday honoring the ancient Goddess Dís, or collectively the Dísir. Wikipedia refers to them as a “ghost, spirit or deity associated with fate who can be both benevolent and antagonistic towards mortal people. Dísir may act as protective spirits of Norse clans. Their original function was possibly that of fertility goddesses who were the object of both private and official worship called dísablót, and their veneration may derive from the worship of the spirits of the dead. The dísir, like the valkyries, norns, and vættir, are almost always referred to collectively.” The Disablot is a midwinter ritual of drinking and storytelling.
Holiday: Dísablót, March 20 (Vernal Equinox)
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Dumuzi: Sumerian God of Brewing
In addition to Ninkasi, the Sumerian pantheon of gods included Dumuzi, who was also a brewing god. Dumuzi may also have been related to Tammuz , a god of food and vegetation worshipped by the Hebrews, Arabs and Akkadian, along with the later Mesopotamian states of Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia. He was also sometimes referred to as Dumuzi-Amaushumgalana. He had a famous courtship with Inanna , the Sumerian goddess of sexual love, fertility, and warfare.
Holiday: Celebration of the Marriage of Inanna and Dumuzi, March 30 (Day 10 of Akitu)
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Ebisu: Japanese God of Fortune
Ebisu is the Japanese god of Good Fortune, the Ocean and Fishermen. He is also one of the Seven Gods of Fortune , “and the only one of the seven to originate from Japan.” His name is also transliterated as Yebisu, which is where the beer from Sapporo gets it name.
Holiday: Ebisu Festival, October 20
Links: Godchecker / Who’s Who in Buddhism / Wikipedia
Eight Immortal Drinkers: Chinese Epic Poem
Not to be confused with the Eight Immortals , the Eight Immortal Drinkers were a creation of the Chinese poet Du Fu , who immortalized them in his epic poem Song of Eight Immortal Drinkers. They included He Zhizhang (賀知章，會稽人，自稱秘書外監), Wang Jin (王璡，讓皇帝長子璡，封汝陽王; sometimes called 李璡 Li Jin), Li Shizhi (李適之，天寶元年爲左丞相), Cui Zhongzhi (崔宗之，日用之子，襲封齊國公), Su Jin (蘇晉，珦之子，官至左庶子), (Li Bai 李白), Zhang Xu (張旭，善草書), and Jiao Sui (焦遂，甘澤謠，布衣焦遂，爲陶峴客).
Ode to Eight Immortal Drinkers by Tu Fu showed a joyful and interesting feast, and described the “eight immortal drinkers” with different characters vividly. There is an ancient saying that: “When two scholars are talking, they are surely exchanging marvelous opinions”. What spectacular event was it when “eight immortal drinkers” gathered together? We can only image such a scene through Tu Fu’s poem. “Eight immortal drinkers” included the poet He Zhizhang, Ruyang Prince Li Jin, Left Prime Minister Li Shizhi, the beauty Cui Zongzhi, the vegetarian Su Jin, Immortal Poet Li Po, the calligrapher Zhang Xu and the master-hand in debating Jiao Sui.
The “eight immortal drinkers” were all celebrities at that time. They may be officials at the same Court, make friends with each other due to poetry or literature, or just find each other congenial. Such feast may be at day or night. They may drink together to their hearts’ content at uninterrupted autumn rain or thunder of spring. Tu Fu recorded such scene by poem, which was passed down to later ages.
Holiday: Feast of Eight Immortal Drinkers, 8th Day of the 8th Lunar Month (September 12, in 2013).
Links: Confucius Institute / Du Fu
Enkidu: Mesopotamian Wild Man character in the Epic of Gilgamesh
The epic poem Gilgamesh was written in ancient Mesopotamia as early as 2150 BCE and there are versions in Sumerian, Akkadian and Babylonian languages. It is considered to be one of the very earliest works of literary fiction. The main characters in the story are Gilgamesh, a king, and Enkidu, a half-wild man. The two of them go on several quests and have many dangerous and thrilling adventures. Naturally, in such an epic story, beer figures prominently. Enkidu was part wild, and as such was a savage, more beast than man. But in Tablet II of the Epic of Gilgamesh, Enkidu is confronted by a prostitute named Shamhat.
They placed food in front of him, they placed beer in front of him; Enkidu knew nothing about eating bread for food, and of drinking beer he had not been taught.
The harlot spoke to Enkidu, saying: “Eat the food, Enkidu, it is the way one lives. Drink the beer, as is the custom of the land.”
Enkidu ate the food until he was sated, he drank the beer — seven jugs! — and became expansive and sang with joy! He was elated and his face glowed. He splashed his shaggy body with water, and rubbed himself with oil, and turned into a human. He put on some clothing and became like a warrior!
You read that correctly. Enkidu drank seven jugs of beer and became human. That must have been some pretty spectacular beer. In the image above, Enkidu is on the left, with his friend Gilgamesh on the right.
Holiday: Feast of Fabulous Wild Men, January 12
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Gabjauja: Lithuanian Goddess of Grain
Gabjauja (Sometimes Gabija, Gabieta or Gabeta) was the Lithuanian goddess of grain, fire and the hearth. According to one source, “she was a goddess of stack-yards and grain. Women made beer and bread for Gabjauja’s feast, which only kin would attend. The head of the family would pour a scoop of beer on the ground and say a prayer. According to the Encyclopedia Mythica , “with the advent of Christianity she was, as were so many other heathen deities, reduced to a demon.”
Holiday: Kirvis Harvest Festival, Lithuania, August 23; International Festival of Fire Sculptures, Lithuania, September 22
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Gambrinus: Flemish King of Beer
King Gambrinus was a legendary king of Flanders, which is now part of Belgium, and is considered to be the unofficial patron saint of beer and brewing. His origin, if indeed he was real, is something of a mystery. He may have been Jan Primus, also known as John I, Duke of Brabant, who lived from 1252-1294. Or he may have been John the Fearless, also known as John II, Duke of Burgundy, and he lived from 1371-1419). Jan Primus was his great-grandfather. In addition, records indicate that one of Charlemagne’s cupbearers had the name Gambrinus. The name may also derive from the Latin “ganeae birrinus,” meaning “one who drinks in a tavern.”
Regardless of who the real Gambrinus was, he is believed to be the inventor of hopped malt beer. Burkart Waldis, a German poet, explained in a 1543 poem that Gambrinus had learned the art of brewing from Isis, the Egyptian goddess of motherhood and fertility.
According to legend, Gambrinus began life in poverty as the apprentice to a glassmaker in the kingdom of Flanders. But he fell in love with his master’s daughter, Flandrine, who rejected him. So he ran away to become a poet and musician, finding renown at both. But while performing one day, he saw Flandrine and began to shake, playing so poorly that his audience chased him away. He ran into the forest, bent on ending his life. But the devil appeared to Gambrinus and offered him a deal. The devil offered to make him forget Flandrine in exchange for getting his soul for thirty years.
Gambrinus accepted the bargain and his passion for Flandrine was replaced by gambling, at which he excelled. He grew rich and once more his thoughts turned to Flandrine. Thinking she might now return his love because of his wealth, she again refused him because no matter how much money he had, he still wasn’t of noble birth. Gambrinus returned to the forest, more determined than ever to take his own life, when again the devil appeared. He chastised Satan for not living up to his end of the bargain. Suddenly, in front of him, a field appeared lined with tall poles with flowing green plants hanging from them that gave off a strong, pleasant aroma. The devil told Gambrinus they were hops and beyond the field was a hophouse and a brewery. “Come on,” said the devil. “I will teach you how to make beer, and you will forget all about Flandrine.”
After learning to brew, Gambrinus asked the devil how he could have his revenge on the audience that chased him away when he playing badly. The devil suggested an instrument no one could resist, and taught him to play the chimes. Returning to the town, he planted hops and made more beer. Once it was ready, he returned to the town square and began playing this chimes and offered his new beer for people to try. They found it too bitter initially and also too strong. But after Gambrinus had played the chimes for several hours and they had danced themselves thirsty, they tried his beer again. This time, they decided it was the best dink they had ever tasted, and his success spread far and wide. Everywhere he went, Gambrinus planted hops, brewed beer and entertained people on his chimes. The king of Flanders offered to make him a duke in order to thank him, but Gambrinus preferred the nickname he had already been given by his customers: The King of Beer.
He did indeed forget all about Flandrine, and in fact did not even recognize her when she paid him a visit many years later. Gambrinus’ beery rule lasted for thirty years, when at last the devil came to collect his soul. But he began to play the chimes, and the devil could not stop dancing. Eventually the devil begged Gambrinus to stop playing and he broke their agreement. When he finally passed away, a beer barrel was found at the spot where he normally spent his days, and that’s why Gambrinus has no tombstone.
Holiday: Birthday of Gambrinus, April 11; Gambrinus Night (Ireland), August 18
Links: Beer Advocate / Froth-N-Hops / Wikipedia
Gnomes and Trolls: Belgian Beer Spirits
While trolls are from Norse mythology and gnomes originated during the Renaissance, for some reason they’ve really been embraced by Belgian brewers. One brewer explained to me that they’re part of the Flemish peoples’ sense of playfulness. Whatever the reason, I love seeing them on their beer labels, from the beers of Achouffe , the drawings of Bas van Ostaden on all of the Urthel beers, and the Cuvee de Trolls from Dubuisson . This group should also include brownies, cluricanes, fairies, kobolds, leprechauns, and pixies too. I’m sure there are more, but that’s a good start. It’s always good to have a lucky troll or gnome around your beer.
Holiday: April Fool’s Day, April 1; Holiday of the Happy Gnomes, June 11; Thirsty Troll Brew Fest, Wisconsin, September 14, in 2013 (2nd Saturday)
Links: Fireheart / Wikipedia Gnome / Wikipedia Troll
Goibhniu: Celtic Brewer of the “Beer of Immortality”
Goibhniu was the great blacksmith of Celtic mythology who supplied weaponry to the Gods. He was also the brewer of the “Beer of Immortality,” which granted anyone who drank it eternal life.
Holiday: Fledh Ghoibhnenn (Feast of Goibhniu), July 7.
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
The Green Man: Celtic God or Spirit of Nature
In Celtic mythology, the Green Man, who also sometimes referred to as the Horned Man, represented the masculine, active side of nature; the Earth Father. Animals sacred to him included the bear, bull, goat and the stag. He was the god of growing things, the forest, wild animals, desire, fertility, and beer and ale.
Links: Encyclopedoa Mythica / Wikipedia
Gunnlöð: Norse Giantess
Gunnlöð, or more simply Gunnlod, was a Norse goddess, and a giant, like her father Suttungr, who asked her to guard the mythical “ Mead of poetry ,” which he’d hidden in a cave. Odin , who wanted the mead for its magical properties — hey, who wouldn’t? — snuck in and seduced Gunnlöð. He either (tales vary) “bargained three nights of sex for three sips of the mead and then tricked her, stealing all of it” or “Gunnlöð helped Odin willingly,” as told in the Norse poem Hávamál . If you want the whole story, check out Gunnlod’s Tale .
Holiday: Gunnlöð Festival, August 24.
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Habonde: Welsh Goddess of Abundance
Habonde was the Welsh Goddess of abundance and prosperity, and apparently existed in many other cultures, too, and was also called Habondia, Abondia, Abunciada, Nicneven Diana, Pomona and Fortuna. She may also have been associated with the Roman Goddess Abundantia . In addition to abundance and prosperity, she was also a Goddess of the harvest, joy, health, fertility and magic. Her symbol is the Horn of plenty a cornucopia typically filled with fruit. Her rituals included sacred bonfires in which the participants danced about them for her blessing. Ale was her sacred brew and used in her harvest festivals. According to Journeying to the Goddess , “On the first Monday in July, people in Wales prepare for a lunch of ale brewed eight months ago. This is taken joyfully around town and shared to bring joy, prosperity and longevity to everyone, courtesy of the Goddess and the local brewers’ guild. If you’re a home brewer, this is an excellent day to make ritual beer or wine, both of which have to boil on the hearth, a symbol of Habonde. As you work, stir clockwise to draw positive energy your way.” To drink a toast, and “pour yourself a glass of beer, and lift it to the sky saying, ‘Habonde, bring abundance. Habonde, health and luck bring. When through my lips this liquid passes, let my soul sing!’ Drink expectantly.”
Holiday: Feast of Habondia, 1st Monday in July
Links: Journeying to the Goddess / Wikipedia
Halki: Hittitie God of Grain
Halki was a God of Grain, especially barley, who was worshipped by early Hittitie brewers. The Hittities lived in Anatolia, in what is now northwest Syria.
Holiday: Feast of Agios Ioannis, August 29
Links: Encyclopedia Mythica / Wikipedia
Hanseath: Dwarven God of Alcohol
In the game Dungeons & Dragons , Hanseath is lesser god of war, carousing and alcohol. Also known as “The Bearded One,” he “represents the festive side of Dwarven culture.” According to the rulebook, “Brewers hold him in high regard.”
Holiday: Feast of Hanseath, July 27.
Links: D&D Rulebook / Wikipedia
Hapi: Egyptian Goddess of Barley
Hapi, or Hapantalli, was a goddess of the Nile, fish, barley, grain, herbs, water, dew, & fertility. “He is typically depicted as a man with a large belly wearing a loincloth, having long hair and having pendulous, female-like breasts.”
Holiday: Wafaa El-Nil (Flooding of the Nile), August 25
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Hathor: Egyptian God of Drunkenness
Hathor was the Egyptian Goddess of Drunkenness. The name Hathor is believed to derive from “House of Horus,” one of the oldest and most significant Egyptian deities. Here’s what she looked like: “Generally, Hathor is pictured as a woman with cow’s horns with the sun between them (Eye of Ra, Golden One), or as a beautiful woman with cow’s ears, or a cow wearing the sun disk between her horns, or even as a lioness or a lion-headed woman (destruction and drunkeness). She often is seen carrying a sistrum, an ancient musical instrument (hence a goddess of music). The sycamore was sacred to her (Lady of the Southern Sycamore). She is said to be the mother of the pharaoh, and is often depicted in a nurturing role, suckling the pharaoh when he was a child (hence a goddess of motherhood).” According to the Goddess Guide, “Hathor the Egyptian Goddess also had a darker side, as the Eye of Ra, she took on the persona of the Goddess Sekhmet. In one myth at the request of her father, she turns into Sekhmet so she can to punish humans for transgressing against him. When she nearly wipes out all of humanity, Ra tries to stop her and eventually succeeds by getting her drunk. She instantly forgets about her task and goes back to being Hathor.” See The Eye of Ra for the full story
Holiday: January 23 (Day of Hathor), April 1 (another Day of Hathor), August 29 (Nativity of Hathor); September 17 (Feast of Het-Hert); October 4 (Feast of Hathor); Hathor’s Moon Festival, October 26; December 23 (Festival of the Great Heat (Feast Day of Hathor))
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Hephaestus: Greek Blacksmith God & Brewer
Hephaestus is the Greek god of blacksmiths, craftsmen, artisans, among others. Hephaestus’ Roman equivalent is Vulcan . In Greek mythology, Hephaestus was the son of Zeus and Hera, the king and queen of the gods. Similar to the Celtic Goibhniu, as a blacksmith, some accounts also indicate that he was also a brewer.
Holiday: Feast of Hephaestus, April 23; Vulcanalia (a.k.a. Festival of Vulcan and the Nymphs), August 23
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Hoppiata: Goddess of the Hop
Sadly, as far as I can tell, there is no god or goddess or spirit dedicated to hops. I suspect that’s because the importance of hops to early man was quite limited, and its common use in beer didn’t occur until well after civilization had stopped creating gods to explain the world around them. But it still feels like we should have a god of hops or hop goddess, doesn’t it? The closest I could find was Hoppiata, a creation of the Czech brewery Budejovicky Budvar in 2010, for an ad campaign they did for the British market.
Holiday: Yakima Tribe Root Festival (Native American), April 30; Moxee Hop Festival, Washington, August 2-3 (1st Fri./Sat.); Poperinge Beer & Hop Festival, Belgium, September 19-21, in 2014 (every 3 years, Fri.-Sun., 3rd Weekend); Yakima Fresh Hop Ale Festival, October 5, in 2013 (1st Saturday)
Links: Real Ale Reviews / Wikipedia
Huitaca: Chibcha (Colombian) Goddess of Drinking, Dancing and Merry-Making
To the Chibcha people of present-day Colombia, Huitaca is the Goddess of Drinking, Dancing and Merry-Making, and sometimes referred to as the “Drunken Goddess of Bad Behavior.” The head God Bochia said her partying ways made her unfit to be a Goddess and today she’s considered a bad influence. Some stories even say Bochia turned her into an owl as punishment for having a good time and enjoying herself.
Holiday: Carnaval de Barranquilla a.k.a. Barranquilla’s Carnival, March 1 (in 2014; Saturday before Ash Wednesday)
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Ibeorgan: Panamanian Father of Beer
A culture-hero in Panama. He is said to have taught his people, the Kuna , how to build, fashion gold, make beer from maize and many other useful things.
Holiday: Colon Day (Panama), November 5
Links: Mythology Dictionary
Icovellauna: Ouranian Goddess of Ale Brewing
In occult and magic circles, Ouranian Barbaric is a language and world all its own, and Icovellauna is their Goddess of Ale Brewing. She’s also often thought of a goddess of healing and a spring water deity, and is referred to as the “Divine Pourer of the Waters” or the “Divine Source of the Waters.” One of her temples was found at Le Sablon, in Metz, which is in France. It was “an octagonal structure built above a watersource. A stone staircase leads around the outer walls and down to the watercourse (which is now dried up).”
Holiday: Icovellauna Water Festival, March 2.
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Inanna: Sumerian Goddess and Patroness of Tavern Keepers
Inanna was the Sumerian goddess of sexual love, fertility, and warfare, and was also the patroness of tavern keepers.
Holiday: Birthday of Inanna, January 2; Celebration of the Marriage of Inanna and Dumuzi, March 30 (Day 10 of Akitu); Day of Inanna, August 20
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Jehovah: Hebrew Protector of the Barley
The original Hebrew God was also known as the “Protector of the Barley.” Passover is the oldest Jewish festival, originating more than three thousand years ago. Originally it was two festivals held concurrently in the spring. One was a rite involved unleavened bread and the other the sacrifice of a lamb. “Passover” referred to both of them collectively, and at some point they merged into one celebration. The first of the two, “The Feast of Unleavened Bread” is believed to have its roots as an agricultural festival celebrating the annual spring barley harvest.
Holiday: Barley Harvest Festival, March 27; Passover (begins on sunset the 15th day of Nisan in the Hebrew calendar; or in 2014, April 14)
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
John Barleycorn: English Personification of Barley
Long before the iconic album, John Barleycorn Must Die, by the band Traffic, the English folksong of John Barleycorn was a popular tale. Primarily an allegorical story of death, resurrection and drinking, the main character, the eponymous John Barleycorn, is the personification of barley who is attacked and made to suffer indignities and eventually death. These correspond roughly to the stages of barley growing, like reaping and malting. Some scholars see the story as pagan, representing the ideology of the cycles of nature, spirits and the pagan harvest, and possibly even human sacrifice. After John Barleycorn’s death, he is resurrected as beer, bread and whisky. Some have also compared it to the Christian transubstantiation, since his body is eaten as bread and drank as beer.
There are many, many different versions of the story, which began appearing at least as early as 1568. While they differ slightly, the substance of the song has remained largely the same. The Scottish poet Robert Burns published his own take on the story in 1782.
Here, for example, is the part of the song that takes place after he’s planted in the ground until the beginning of the harvest.
They’ve plowed, they’ve sown, they’ve harrowed him in,
Threw clods upon his head.
And these three men made a solemn vow:
John Barleycorn was dead.
Links: Cottagepedia / Evolution and Folk Song / Omniscrit / Wikipedia
Jurupari: South American Guarani/Tupi God
Jurupari is a “god of the Tupi Indians. Son of Creucy. He was said to have been born when the sun impregnated Creucy with the sap of a tree or as the result of a virgin birth caused by beer or a fish-bite. Until then, women had ruled the world but Jurupari gave all power to men and any woman who saw his image died of poison. He still roams the earth seeking a wife for his father, the sun.” The worship of Jurupari takes place during six celebrations throughout the year, known as the Dabucuri (Initiation Rites of the Young Men), during which all of the young men are painted red and black,, and drink alcoholic beverages brewed with local fruits. They chant and sing, and the priest of the tribe marries them off to women in the tribe, and the pairs are sent into the forest until the ceremonial paziuba horn blows, calling the women back (which sounds like an Amazonian version of post office). Afterwards, a party ensues which one source describes as a Saturnalia, but which sounds more like a wild orgy.
Holiday: Dabucuri assaby, January 1; Dabucuri ucuqui, February 2; Dabucuri mirtis, March 3; Dabucuri pataub, May 4; Dabucuri umari, July 5; Dabucuri uiga, November 6
Links: Godchecker / Mythology Dictionary / Non-Classical Mythology / Wikipedia
The Kalevala: The Finnish Origins of Beer
Though not published until 1835, the Kalevala is known as the “Epic Poem of Finland,” and consists of Finnish and Karelian folklore compiled by Elias Lönnrot from ancient texts of the people of what is now Finland. It consists of 22,795 verses, divided into fifty chapters” of which Chapter 20 is called “The Brewing of Beer.” Twice as many lines of the poem are devoted to the origin of beer than to mankind’s origins!
“Osmotar, the beer-preparer,
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Kamui Fuchi: Japanese Goddess of the Hearth (and Beer)
Kamui Fuchi, or Kamuy Fuchi, was an ancient Japanese goddess — specifically of the Ainu people — who protected the hearth. To worship her, the Ainu people would recite prayers and give offerings while they were cooking rice and brewing beer. You could scare away evil spirits by offering her the first sip of a freshly poured glass of beer. Yet another source gives this account:
The hearth goddess of the Ainu people of Japan is Kamui-fuchi. She presides over the home, is a goddess of female fertility and is also a beer goddess. Fermentation of yeast and brewing of beer are done with prayers and offerings to her. The first brew of the fermented rice or millet is poured out on the hearth as an offering to her, to ask for her protection from negative energies and bad spirits. Mugwort is also placed as offerings and chewed during the brew fermenting process by the tribes people.
Holiday: Festival of Hettsui No Kami of the Hearth, November 8
Links: Hearth Goddesses / Wikipedia
Khuzwane: An African God of Beer
Khuzwane was the god of beer and muddy footprints for the Lovedu and VhaVenda people of Transvaal. While little is known about him, he was also apparently one of their supreme deities, and may also have been known by the name Mwari.
Holiday: Africa Day, May 25
Kirin: Mythical Asian Unicorn; See Qilin.
Kobold: A Germanic sprite; See Biersal.
Kull Gossaih: Indian Goddess of Grain
Kull Gossaih is a Goddess of Grain in India, as described in James Frazer’s Golden Bough. “Among the hill tribes near Rajamahall, in India, when the kosarane grain is being reaped in November or early in December, a festival is held as a thanksgiving before the new grain is eaten. On a day appointed by the chief a goat is sacrificed by two men to a god called Chitariah Gossaih, after which the chief himself sacrifices a fowl. Then the vassals repair to their fields, offer thanksgiving, make an oblation to Kull Gossaih, and then return to their houses to eat of the new kosarane. As soon as the inhabitants have assembled at the chief’s house, a hog, a measure of kosarane, and a pot of spirits are presented to the chief, who in return blesses his vassals, and exhorts them to industry and good behavior; ‘after which, making a libation in the names of all their gods, and of their dead, he drinks, and also throws a little of the kosarane away, repeating the same pious exclamations.’ Drinking and festivity then begin, and are kept up for several days. The same tribes have another festival at reaping the Indian corn in August or September. Every man repairs to his fields with a hog, a goat, or a fowl, which he sacrifices to Kull Gossaih.”
Holiday: Kull Gossaih Corn Festival, August/September; Chitariah Gossaih Thanksgiving; Mid-November/Early December
Kurmilinos or Κυρμιληνός: Balkan Celts God of Beer
Κυρμιληνός (pronounce Kurmilinos) is the God of Beer for Celts in the Balkans Peninsula area.
The Celts also ‘exported’ their beer to Thrace during the eastern expansion of the 4th/3rd c. BCE, and the fact that the liquid nectar was ‘worshipped’ among the Balkan Celts is testified to in the name of the local God (epithet of Apollo) – Κυρμιληνός – in an inscription from Ezerovo, Bulgaria, the Celtic epithet of the Greek God being yet another example of the synthesis of cultures in Thrace during this period. Besides Κυρμιληνός, the element also occurs in many Celtic personal names such as Curmillus, Curmissus etc., indicating that these individuals were probably brewers by profession. The last word on this subject undoubtedly belongs to a Pannonian Celt called Curmi-Sagius, whose name literally means ‘The Beer Seeker’ / ‘He Who Searched For Beer’ – apparently a particularly devoted disciple of the Great Beer God.
Not much else is known about Κυρμιληνός, and I couldn’t find any additional references.
Holiday: Zadoushnitza (Bulgarian All-Souls’ Day), February 14; Makaveyan Days (for 3 days, or more, villages are trimiryat, which is a celebration where hunger and thirst are purified), August 1-3
Links: Balkan Celts / Wikipedia
Lan-Caihe: Chinese Drunken Eight-Immortal
Lan-Caihe was one of the Eight-Immortals of Chinese Mythology. Originally a herb salesman, beggar and a busker (or street musician), he helped a disguised beggar and was rewarded with immortality. He usually portrayed as effeminate (and sometimes as a transvestite) and almost always drunk. He also wears only one boot and a wooden belt and prefers sleeping semi-nude in the snow. Each of the Eight immortals represented an aspect of Taoism and though not being quite gods and allowed into heaven, they were set up on a mountainous island in the east known as Penglai-Shan. They had many adventures together (sort of the original crime-fighting team or Justice League) and were the subject of many Taoist legends and stories.
Holiday: Birthday of Lan-Caihe, 25th Day of the Sixth Lunar Month (August 1, in 2013)
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Macuiltochtli: Aztec God of Alcoholic Beverages; a.k.a. “Five Rabbit”
Macuiltochtli is one of the Four Hundred Drunken Rabbit Gods, known as the Centzon-Totochtin. His name is translated as “Five Rabbit.” Randy Mosher’s beer company, Five Rabbit Cerverceria , is named for Macuiltochtli
Holiday: Centzon-Totochtin Drunken Rabbit Day, Last Saturday in September (28th in 2013); Rabbit Rabbit Day, Last Day of Each Month
Maeve: Irish Queen of Connacht; See Medb.
Mami: Sumerian Goddess of Drunkenness
Mami was a goddess of drunkenness & midwives. She was also known as Mama or Mamitu.
Holiday: Sumerian New Year, October 7
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Mamlambo: Zulu Goddess of Beer-makers
A Zulu river-goddess, goddess of beer-makers. In many instances, she’s depicted as a giant reptile monster, and occasionally as having “the torso of a horse, the lower body of a fish, short legs, and the neck of a snake, and that it shined with a green light at night.”
Holiday: Umhlanga Day (Swaziland), August 23; Umhlanga (Zulu Reed Dance Ceremony ), 8-Day Festival in late August/early September
Links: Unexplained / Wikipedia
Marduk: Babylonian Beer-Brewing God
Marduk was originally a Sun God who eventually became the primary or chief diety in later Babylonian times. He was also associated with brewing and was a Beer-Brewing God who had many symbols and fifty names. One of Marduk’s many symbols is also the one I adapted for my own logo .
Holiday: Feast of Marduk (Mesopotamian), March 12; Marduk’s Festival, March 15; Akitu, a.k.a. Zagmuk (Mesopotamian spring festival, “cutting of the barley,” celebrating Marduk’s victory over Tiamat), March 21
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Mati-Syra-Zemlya: Slavic Goddess of the Earth
Mati-Syra-Zemlya is a middle European goddess of the Earth, and was worshipped in Russia, Poland and the Czech Republic, at least. According to another source she was the “Slavic Goddess of the Earth,” and one of her nicknames was “ Moist Mother Earth .” She’s from prehistory so little is know about her origin, though she’s “a vague personification of the earth (literally, “Damp Mother Earth”)” and “is believed to be the most ancient and powerful of all of the Eastern European deities.” As a goddess of soil and oil, if she takes human form, she’s usually dark-skinned, the color of dirt of even black. According to the Encyclopedia of Russian and Slavic Myth and Legend, each spring bread would be buried in the ground for her to eat, and beer was poured in holes for her to drink. In fact, it was said that she would often appear as a hole in the ground, so if you see one, here’s what’s recommended to honor Mati-Syra-Zemlya.
Speak into it. If you are going on a journey, kiss it. She is very partial to bread, wine and beer. Drop and pour it down. Don’t be stingy. And if you plow a furrow round your house at night you will be plague-free.
Other names she’s been known by include Matka, Mata Syra Zjemlja, Matushka Zemlia, Mokos and Mokosh.
Holiday: Mati-Syra-Zemlya Pregnancy Day (no plowing), May 1; Zemlya’s Night (when she would “take human form and appear as a dark skinned Slavic woman dressed in brightly colored ribbons and ornaments, she would then visit homes bestowing blessings), June 24; Mati-Syra-Zemlya Day, August 1.
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Mayahuel: Goddess of Alcohol, Mother of the 400 Drunken Rabbit Gods; see Centzon-Totochtin
Mayahuel is the goddess of the maguey plant and of fertility. She’s also the protector of mature wombs that turn into life, and she has many breasts to feed her hundreds of children, the Centzon Totochin (the 400 Drunken Rabbits). Patecatl is her husband.
Holiday: Centzon-Totochtin Drunken Rabbit Day, Last Saturday in September (28th in 2013); Rabbit Rabbit Day, Last Day of Each Month
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Mbaba-Mwanna-Waresa: Zulu Goddess of Beer
Mbaba-Mwanna-Waresa is the Zulu Goddess of fertility, the rainbow, agriculture, rain and beer; and the Zulus believed she made the first beer for her people. She’s also been known to create rainbows to signal it’s time to start drinking.
Holiday: Goddess of Fertility Day, March 18; Find A Rainbow Day, April 3
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Medb: Irish Goddess of Intoxication
Medb was the Irish Queen of Connacht, as well as the Goddess of Intoxication. According to Journeying of the Goddess , “Her body was the Earth; Her body processes were the Earth as it created. She was the force of the rushing waters, the windswept mountains, and the fertile plains. And, like many other deities, Medb is also associated with death as well as fertility and inebriation.” It’s also spelled Meḋḃ, Meaḋḃ; Meadhbh, Méabh, Medbh or Maebh; and is sometimes Anglicized as Maeve, Maev or Maive. According to Wikipedia , “in Irish Gaelic, the name “Medbh” or “Méadhbh” means “she who intoxicates.” It is rooted in the Irish legend of Queen Maeve or Medb, one of the main protagonists of the early Irish legend Táin Bó Cúailnge . It is also associated with the fairy queen Queen Mab of Irish and English legend.” Another account claims her name means “‘intoxication’ or ‘drunken woman,’ who ran faster than horses, slept with innumerable kings whom She then discarded, and wore live birds and animals across Her shoulders and arms.”
Holiday: Beltane, April 30-May 1
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Michael Jackson: God of Beer Writers
Okay, so this one, of course, is slightly tongue in cheek. Since his passing in 2007, our friend and colleague Michael Jackson continues to inspire and influence beer writers, beer drinkers and brewers. I considered the possibility that Michael should be canonized, but those of us who knew him understand that he was no saint. And I mean that in the best possible sense. So deifying him made much more sense. He did write the bible for both beer and whiskey lovers.
Holiday: Birthday of Michael Jackson, March 27
Links: The Beer Hunter / Wikipedia
Min: Egyptian God of Fertility
Min was the Egyptian god of fertility and sex, and as such his celebrations also had to do with the harvest, with the Egyptian would “sow their seeds” to honor him. “At the beginning of the harvest season, his image was taken out of the temple and brought to the fields in the festival of the departure of Min, when they blessed the harvest, and played games naked in his honor.” As the “central deity of fertility and possibly orgiastic rites,” I think it’s safe to assume there was much drinking, as well. Min also was “identified by the Greeks with the god Pan .”
Holiday: Feast of Min Harvest & Fertility Festival, July 11
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Min Kyawzwa: Burmese God of Drinking
One of 37 Nats, or spirits, worshipped in Burma, Min Kyawzwa is essentially the Burmese God of Drinking. He was probably #19, and a drunkard, cock fighter, and excellent horseman. Burmese Nats predated Buddhism, but were later incorporated into it.
Holiday: Thingyan Festival (Burmese New Year), April 13-16
Links: Myanmar Nats / Wikipedia
Minne: German Goddess of Love and Fertility
Minne is a German Goddess of love and fertility, whose symbols included the linden tree, cups and beer. Her name (meaning “remembrance”) was applied to a special cup for lovers during Lindenfest. The cup was filled with specially prepared beer and raised between two people wishing to deepen their love, often around a linden tree. According to Journeying to the Goddess, “When making a promise to each other, a couple may drink a wooden goblet of beer today, linking their destinies. Raise the glass to the sky first saying, ‘Minne’s love upon our lips, devotion in each sip.'” She may also have been associated with the Norse goddess Lofn .
Holiday: Lindenfest, 2nd weekend in July
Links: Journeying to the Goddess / Wikipedia
Neper: Egyptian God of Grain
Neper was the God of Grain, primarily barley and wheat, and was thought of as the personification of grain. He was also known as Nepra or Nepri. There was also Nepit, who was also a goddess of grain, and the female counterpart of Neper.
Holiday: Festival of Renenutet, and the Birthday of Neper, April 1
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Nephthys: Egyptian Goddess of Beer
Nephthys was primarily a funerary goddess, and is usually seen with her more famous sister Isis. But “Nephthys was also considered a festive deity whose rites could mandate the liberal consumption of beer. In various reliefs at Edfu, Dendera, and Behbeit, Nephthys is depicted receiving lavish beer-offerings from the Pharaoh, which she would ‘return,’ using her power as a beer-goddess ‘that [the pharaoh] may have joy with no hangover.'”
Holiday: Nebet-Het (Birthday of Nephthys), July 18; Nativity of Nephthys, August 28
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Nin-Anna: Babylonian Goddess of Beer
Nin-Anna was a Babylonian Goddess of Beer. Her names means “ Queen of Heaven ” (from Sumerian NIN “lady”, AN “sky”)” and was a “title used for goddesses central to many religions of antiquity.” Inanna’s name is derived from Nin-anna.
Holiday: Back to Babylon Procession & Banquet, March 29 (10 Nisan, 10th Day of Akitu)
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Ninkasi: Sumerian Goddess of Brewing
Perhaps the earliest goddess associated with beer was Ninkasi, from the Sumerian civilization. Sumer was located in southern Mesopotamia, and was one of the earliest civilizations we know about. Though there are a few older, Sumer was most likely the first to start farming, as early as 5300 BCE, and probably even sooner than that, but because writing wasn’t invented until the start of the Bronze Age—during the latter half of the 4th millennium BCE—that is the earliest definitive record we have. According to Sumerian mythology, Ninkasi was the daughter of Enki, the chief Sumerian god (Enki means “Lord of the Earth”). She was born from “sparkling fresh water” and created to “satisfy the desire” and “sate the heart.” Though references can be found to Ninkasi as long ago as 2800 BCE, the first nearly complete text is a tablet dated to around 1800 BCE and known as “ The Hymn to Ninkasi .” The Hymn essentially contains the first written recipe for Sumerian beer (which they called “sikaru”) and sings he praises of the beer goddess Ninkasi. The finished beer is described in the Hymn’s last lines. “Ninkasi, you are the one who pours out the filtered beer of the collector vat, It is [like] the onrush of Tigris and Euphrates.” The image above is the one most often associated with Ninkasi, but no description or image of Ninkasi has ever been found. Who the woman depicted in the statute really is, I have no idea, nor apparently does anyone else. Jamie Floyd named his Eugene, Oregon brewery Ninkasi Brewery .
Holiday: Festival of the Goddess Ninkasi, September 23
Links: Godchecker / MatriFocus / Wikipedia
Ninlil: Sumerian Goddess of the Grain
Ninlil was the Sumerian Goddess of the Grain. Her original name was “Sud,” but was renamed after she married Enlil, one of the major Sumerian Gods. When I say marry, that seems a bit of a stretch since Enlil raped her, at least twice, so that she gave birth to the god of water and then the god of death and sadness. In some versions, her mother, Nunbarsegunu, encouraged her with Enlil, while in others she warned her against him. Here’s one account:
Her first meeting with Enlil was not as expected, he had raped her because he found her beauty unimaginable and she had conceived water, which had flown down all the rivers and gave new life. She also had a shown that flown down the water stream, he was known as Seun, the soon to be god of the moon and light.
She also gave birth to the god of death and sadness as well as the god of rivers itself. All of these were after she and Enlil have gotten married and ruled the thrones of the highest god chambers themselves. She is also known for winter storms, as many ancient Sumerians thought it was her will when the storms would rock by passed them. Enlil grew to be fond of his wife and basked her onto a meadow of bright flowers and let her roam the woods creating many more trees in the process.
In Assyria, she was known as Mullissu , or Mulliltu, and later in life (Some say after death) was considered the “Lady of the Air” or air goddess.
Holiday: Mesopotamian/Sumerian Grain Festival, March 20; Sumerian New Year, October 7
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Nunbarsegunu: Sumerian Goddess of Barley
Nunbarsegunu was a mother goddess, although not much is known about her. She’s also a “goddess of barley in Mesopotamian (Sumerian, Babylonian, and Akkadian) mythology,” and “mentioned in creation texts as the ‘old woman of Nippur,'” and identified as the mother of Ninlil.
Holiday: Mesopotamian/Sumerian Grain Festival, March 20; Sumerian New Year, October 7
Links: Wikipedia
Ometotchtli: Aztec King of the Centzon-Totochtin; a.k.a. “Two Rabbit”
Ometotchtli is the King of the Four Hundred Drunken Rabbit Gods, known as the Centzon-Totochtin. His name is translated as “Two Rabbit.”
Holiday: Centzon-Totochtin Drunken Rabbit Day, Last Saturday in September (28th in 2013), Rabbit Rabbit Day, Last Day of Each Month
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Onatha: Iroquois Spirit of Wheat
Onatha, sometimes spelled Onatah, is the Iroquois spirit of wheat, and the goddess of the harvest and maize. As a result, she’s also known as the “Corn Goddess,” too. According to An Inner Journey : “Her mother is the Earth Goddess, Eithinoha. Onatha’s tale is remarkably similar to that of the Greek Goddess, Persephone. For example, both are agricultural deities as well as the daughters of a primary Mother Goddess. In addition, both were abducted by the Underworld god.”
The Iroquois legend tells us that one day when Onatha was out gathering dew, She was abducted by evil spirits who carried Her off into the Underworld. Eithinoha pleaded with the sun for help in finding Her missing daughter, and, for weeks on end, the sun radiated warmth upon the land, producing a heat wave to rescue Her; hence, the drying out the soil allowed Onatha to rise from the earth like corn. Unfortunately, the demons come back for her every year when the sun turns his back, and he must search for her again every spring.
Goddess A Day says that she “rose from the earth like wheat,” instead of corn. Yet another account, the Encyclopedia of Goddesses and Heroines offers that “men, attracted by Oniata’s loveliness, fought over Her. When the Iroquois women complained, Oniata explained that She never wished for men’s attentions. To ensure that the men would return to their families, She left the earth, leaving behind only spring wildflowers.”
Holiday: Green Corn Festival (Santa Ana Pueblo, Albuquerque, NM), July 26; Ganondagan’s Spirit Dancers/Iroquois Social Dancing Festival (Victor, NY), July 27-28, in 2013 (Last Weekend); Iroquois Indian Festival (Albany, NY), August 31-September 1, in 2013 (begins on last Saturday)
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Osiris: Egyptian God of Agriculture
Osiris was the God of Agriculture. He was also one of their Gods of Beer, and is said to have taught the people how to brew beer.
Holiday: Festival of Jubilation for Osiris, January 20; Birthday of Osiris, July 14; Feast of Osiris, September 2
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Patecatl: Aztec Lord of the Root of Pulque
Patecatl was the Aztec god of healing and fertility, and the discoverer of peyote as well as the “lord of the root of pulque.” Patecatl is the husband of Mayahuel, and the father of the Four Hundred Drunken Rabbit Gods, known as the Centzon-Totochtin.
Holiday: Centzon-Totochtin Drunken Rabbit Day, Last Saturday in September (28th in 2013); Rabbit Rabbit Day, Last Day of Each Month; Patecatl Day, 12th day of the Tonalpohuall, Day Malinalli (Grass); Patecatl also ruled the Trecena covering the days from 1 Monkey to 13 House.
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Patobkia: Tupari Spirit of the Underworld
A Tupari spirit of the underworld. This shaman greets all souls arriving in the land of the dead, restores their sight and refreshes them with a drink of beer. He then presents them to the giants, Mpokalero and Vaugh’eh, with one or other of whom they are required to have intercourse.
Holiday: Dia de Finados (Day of the Dead; Brazil), November 2
Links: Mythology Dictionary / Tupari Mythology
Pekko: Estonian & Finnish God of Fields and Crops
Pekko is the God of Fields and Crops, especially those that are used to make beer. It’s sometimes spelled Peko, Pekka or Pellon Pekko.
Holiday: Vappu (May Day), April 30; Haku Päällä Rakkausfestivaali, Kutemajarvi Sex Festival & Matchmaking Festival, June 7-8, in 2013 (begins last Friday); Eukonkanto, Finnish Wife Carrying Contest, July 4-5, in 2014 (begins 1st Friday), note: the winner receives the wife’s weight in beer.
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Pereplut: Slavic Goddess of Drinking
Pereplut was the Slavic goddess of drinking, changing fortunes, and also rain. She was honored by drinking from a horn, typically a ram’s horn.
Holiday: Rusalii, June 8, in 2014 (Whitsunday; 7th Sunday after Easter, during Pentecost)
Links: Encyclopedia Mythica / Wikipedia
Perkūnas: European God of Thunder
Perkūnas is the god of thunder throughout Eastern Europe, where the name is similar from culture to culture: Perkūnas (Lithuanian), Perkons (Latvian), Perkūnas (Latvian), Pērkons/Perkonis (Prussian), Perunu (Old Russian), Pyerun (Russian), Piorun (Polish), Perun (Czech), Perkūns (Finnish), and Perkele, Parkuns and Yotvingian. He was the common Baltic god of thunder, one of the most important deities in the Baltic pantheon. Perkūnas is primarily a fertility god, though in times of drought animals are sacrificed to him in the hopes of changing the weather. “When the animals are killed, then, according their custom, the people come together from all the vicinity, to eat and drink there together. They pay homage to Perkons by first pouring him beer, which is then brought around the fire, and at last pour it in this fire, asking Perkons to give them rain.”
Holiday: Jorė, April 23; Day of Perkūnas, September 22 (Autumnal equinox)
Links: Encyclopedia Mythica / Godchecker / Wikipedia
Persephone: Greek Goddess of Vegetation
Persephone was the daughter of Zeus and the harvest-goddess Demeter, and queen of the underworld. Her nickname was Kore, though she apparently preferred Persephone. In Roman mythology, she was known as Proserpina, and her mother was Ceres. “Persephone was abducted by Hades, the god-king of the underworld. The myth of her abduction represents her function as the personification of vegetation which shoots forth in spring and withdraws into the earth after harvest; hence she is also associated with spring and with the seeds of the fruits of the fields.” As such, she’s also considered a vegetation goddess and the goddess of spring growth, and is often depicted carrying a sheaf of grain.
Holiday: Festival of Kore, January 5; Festival of Kore and Demeter (Persephone Greek Vegetation Goddess and Barley Mother Goddess), March 21; Thesmophoria (honoring the goddesses Demeter and her daughter Persephone), October 25-27 (originally 11-13 Pyanepsion); Persephone’s Day, November 25
Links: Godchecker / Mythic Arts / Theoi Greek Mythology / Wikipedia
Qilin or Kirin: Mythical Asian Unicorn
A Qilin is essentially a Chinese unicorn, “a mythical hooved chimerical creature known throughout various East Asian cultures, and is said to appear with the imminent arrival or passing of a wise sage or an illustrious ruler. It is often depicted with what looks like fire all over its body.” In Japan it’s known as a Kirin, which is also their name for giraffe. “Japanese art tends to depict the Qilin as more deer-like than in Chinese art. Alternatively, it is depicted as a dragon shaped like a deer, but with an ox’s tail instead of a lion’s tail. The Kirin Brewery is named after the animal, and uses a picture of one in its labels. They are also often portrayed as partially unicorn-like in appearance, but with a backwards curving horn.”
Holiday: Bon Odori (Festival of the Lanterns; Japan), July 12, in 2014 (2nd Saturday); Culture Day (a.k.a. Bunka no hi; Japan), November 3
Links: Mythical Creatures / Obakemono Project / Wikipedia
Radegast: Slavic God of Hospitality
As the God of Hospitality in Slavic mythology, Radegast was also believed to have first created beer. His name can also be spelled Radigost, Redigast, Riedegost, Radogost or Radhost.
Holiday: Unknown
Rāgarāja: Chinese God of Tavern Keepers; See Aizen Myō’ō.
Ragutiene: Slavic/Baltic Goddess of Beer
Ragutiene is partners with Raugupatis. Ragutiene is the Goddess of beer while Raugupatis is the God of Fermentation. In Lithuanian mythology there was even a third God, Ragutis, the God of Beer. Ragutiene’s consort was Ragutis, god of beer. Who knows which one felt like the third wheel. The three of them together were revered by the pagan Lithuanians, Latvians and even Prussians for the life sustaining gifts of food preservation and intoxication, and celebrated with annual feasts on the Autumnal Equinox.”
Holiday: Festival of Ragutiene and Ragutis, Autumnal Equinox (September 22 in 2013)
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Ragutis: Slavic/Baltic God of Beer
While Ragutiene and Ragutiene are the most prominent beer gods in Lithuanian mythology, there was even a third God, rounding out the brewing trinity. Ragutis was also a god of brewing and was married to Ragutiene, the goddess of beer. The three of them together were revered by the pagan Lithuanians, Latvians and even Prussians for the life sustaining gifts of food preservation and intoxication, and celebrated with annual feasts on the Autumnal Equinox.”
Holiday: Festival of Ragutiene and Ragutis, Autumnal Equinox (September 22 in 2013)
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Raugupatis: Slavic/Baltic God of Fermentation
Unlike Ragutiene and Ragutis, who are considered gods, Raugupatis is “a nature spirit or demi-god that breathed life into grain, turning it into sourdough bread and beer. But they considered Raugupatis to be the God of Fermentation, in a sense — although they didn’t say so — he was in effect a god of yeast. He’s also known by the name Raugo-Zemepatis. He is often depicted kneading bread or carrying a drinking horn. His consort was Ragutiene the goddess of beer, mead and other alcoholic beverages. The three of them together were revered by the pagan Lithuanians, Latvians and even Prussians for the life sustaining gifts of food preservation and intoxication, and celebrated with annual feasts on the Autumnal Equinox.”
Holiday: Festival of Ragutiene and Ragutis, Autumnal Equinox (September 22 in 2013)
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Rekereke: Polynesian God of Pleasure
On the island of Mangareva in French Polynesia, Rekereke is worshipped as the Polynesian God of Pleasure. As far as I know, there are no images of Rekereke, the above being representative of Polynesian mythology.
Holiday: Feast of Rekereke, December 12
Sabzios: Greek God of Beer; See Dionysus.
Sekhmet: Egyptian Warrior Goddess who’s celebrated during a Festival of Intoxication
Sekhmet was an Egyptian warrior goddess with the face of a lioness. She was a fierce protector of the pharaohs and her breath was believed to have created the desert. In her most famous tale, after one particular battle, the Egyptians did not make a sacrifice to her as was usually done to stop her warrior’s bloodlust, and she nearly destroyed all of mankind. But the Egyptian sun god, Ra, tricked her by turning the water of the Nile River red so she would drink it instead. The red Nile, however, was not blood, but Pomegranate beer, which made Sekhmet so drunk that she gave up her killing ways and became a gentler goddess. The Festival of Intoxication, held at the beginning of each year commemorated this myth (when the Nile would turn blood red due to silt coming down from upstream during the annual flooding known as the inundation). The Egyptians would dance, play music and, above all, drink large quantities of red beer to ritualize the extreme drunkenness that saved mankind.
Holiday: End of the World by Sekhmet, March 12; Festival of Intoxication (Day of Sekhmet’s repulsion of Set), August 12; Day of Sekhmet and the Purifying Flame, November 20; Day of Offerings to Sekhmet, November 24; Sekhmet Days, November 28-29; Lucky Day of Sekhmet, December 31
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Semargl: Slavic God of Barley
Semargl was a deity or mythical creature in East Slavic mythology, and was believed to be a griffin with a dog’s body, although some historians think it may have been a seven-headed beast. Originally two separate Gods, Sem and Argl were each Gods of Barley who eventually became one God. Maybe one was a dog and one was a griffin? Semargl was also considered a family god.
Holiday: Badnja Vece (ceremony where oak branches are blessed with barley), December 24
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Seonaidh: Scottish God of Ale
The Seonaidh, or Shoney, “are now thought to be sea faeries living off the coast of Scotland and Northern Ireland, they were once personified as a single God of the North Sea. Documentation exists showing that local fishermen continued to offer libations of ale to him as late as the nineteenth century.” They are found in not only Scotland, but also in Irish and Manx culture. According to “Dwelly’s Gaelic Dictionary:”
[The people of Lewis (Leòdhas) and Harris in the Outer Hebrides honored] Seonaidh by a cup of ale in the following manner. They came to the church of St. Mulway (Mael rubha), each man carrying his own provisions. Every family gave a pock (bag) of malt, and the whole was brewed into ale. One of their number was chosen to wade into the sea up to his waist, carrying in his hand the cup full of ale. When he reached a proper depth, he stood and cried aloud:
“Seonaidh, I give thee this cup of ale, hoping that thou wilt be so good as to send us plenty of seaware [flotsam and jetsam] for enriching our ground during the coming year.”
He then threw the ale into the sea. This ceremony was performed in the night-time. On his coming to land, they all repaired to church, where there was a candle burning on the altar. There they stood still for a time, when, on a signal given, the candle was put out, and straight-away, they adjourned to the fields where the night was spent mirthfully over the ale. Next morning, they returned to their respective homes, in the belief that they had insured a plentiful crop for the next season.
Similarly, the Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore suggests that on “Samhain the fisher folk of the island would carry out a mug of ale and pour it into the ocean, calling out to Shoney to accept the mug in return for filling the boats with fish.”
Holiday: Samhain, October 31-November 1
Links: Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore / Wikipedia
Shadipinyi: Namibian God of Beer
Shadipinyi was credited with inventing beer by the Kavango peoples of Namibia. He’s also known as the “Evil God of Drunken Behavior.”
Holiday: Kuste Karneval (Coast Carnival or KüsKa), August 25-31, in 2013 (Last Week of August)
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Shōjō: (猩々 or 猩猩 heavy drinker or orangutan) Japanese Sea Spirit
A Shōjō is a kind of Japanese sea spirit with red face and hair and a fondness for alcohol. There is a Noh mask for this character, as well as a type of Kabuki stage makeup, that bear the name. The Chinese characters are also a Japanese (and Chinese) word for orangutan, and can also be used in Japanese to refer to someone who is particularly fond of alcohol. In some mythologies the Shōjō can only be seen when the person is drunk. A Shōjō is also featured in an episode of the television Supernatural that takes place in a brewery. They also appear in In Hayao Miyazaki’s animated film Princess Mononoke as talking, ape-like creatures struggling to protect the forest from human destruction by planting trees.
Holiday: Tsushima Tennoo Matsuri (津島天王祭り) Shōjō Festival, 4th Sunday in July (begins Saturday night before); Shojo Festival at Narumi Hachimangu, Nagoya, Japan, 2nd Sunday in October
Shoney: Anglicized version of Seonaidh, Scottish God of Ale; See Seonaidh.
Siduri: Sumerian Goddess of Brewing
An all-purpose minor Goddess of merriment, happiness, wisdom and brewing. In the Epic of Gilgamesh , Siduri “was called the ‘hostess,’ or ‘ale-wife.'”
Holiday: Sumerian New Year, October 7
Links: Mythology Dictionary / Wikipedia
Silenus: Greek God of Beer Buddies and Drinking Companions
Silenus was the Greek God of Beer Buddies and Drinking Companions, who taught Dionysus (the God of Sex, Wine and Intoxication) everything he knew. “When intoxicated, Silenus was said to possess special knowledge and the power of prophecy.” According to Froth-N-Hops. “In Ancient Greek mythology, Silenus is the God of beer and a drinking companion. He is usually associated with his buddy, Dionysus. He is often featured as a bald and fat man, with a big beer belly. He is normally drunk and it is said that he had to be carried either by donkeys or satyrs (in Greek mythology, satyrs are wood-dwelling creatures with the head and body of a man and the ears, horns, and legs of a goat). He was also the god of drunkenness who rode in the train of Dionysos seated on the back of a donkey. He was depicted as a jovial old man, hairy and balding with a pot-belly and snub-nose, and the ears and tail of an ass. The old satyr was the foster-father of the god Dionysos.”
Holiday: Anthesteria, January 12; Lenaia (Festival of Drama), February 1; Feast of Bacchus, March 15; Dionysia, March 21; Oschophoria (Autumn Dionysus Festival), October 1; Satyr’s Day, 1st Saturday of each month
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Siris: Mesopotamian Goddess of Beer
Siris was a Mesopotamian goddess and the patron of beer, or even the spirit of beer. Occasionally it was spelled Sirash. She was conceived of as a demon, though is not necessarily evil, and she’s also the mother of Zu. Siris and Zu are large birds that can breathe fire and water, at least in their earliest incarnation. The “goddess Siris was an ancient deity that preceded the Sumero-Akkadian pantheon and was depicted as a bird that breathes fire and water. Additionally, the goddess Siris was the mother of Anzu or Imdugud. Imdugud is the Sumerian name, which is rendered as Pazuzu in Assyrian.” Some sources say that “in ancient Mesopotamia the brewer’s craft had the protection and sanction of three female Goddesses, Ninkasi, Siris and Siduri,” while others claim that Siris was replaced by Ninkasi, and still others say that Siris and Ninkasi were the same person.
Holiday: Akitu (Mesopotamian spring festival, “cutting of the barley”), March 21
Links: Warlock Asylum / Wikipedia
Sucellus: Gaulish God of Alcohol
Sucellus is from Gaul, and is the God of Agriculture, Forests and Alcohol. He is depicted carrying a beer barrel on a pole. In addition to Gaul, he’s also a part of Lusitanian mythology .
Holiday: Lucaria (Commemorates the day of defeat of the Roman army by the Gauls in 390 BCE), July 19 & 21
Links: Deities Daily / Godchecker / Wikipedia
Taliesin: Celtic God of Barley
A minor Welsh god, who was worshipped through the 16th century. He was a god of fertility and barley.
Holiday: Day of Taliesin, April 29; Domhnach Chrom Dubh, June 28
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Tenenit: Egyptian Goddess of Beer
Though little is known about Tenenit, she was the Egyptian Goddess of Beer, and appears in the Book of the Dead and texts during the Ptolemaic period, which was from 305 to 30 BCE. It’s sometimes spelled Tenenet, Tjenenet, Zenenet or Tanenet. Tenenit was also a goddess of childbirth, and as such is usually associated with Isis, the goddess of motherhood and fertility.
Holiday: Festival of Isis, January 7; Opet Festival (Marriage of Isis and Osiris, with a party thrown afterwards by Tenenit), July 19.
Links: Ancient Egypt Online / Wikipedia
Tequechmecauiani: Aztec God of Drinking
Tequechmecauiani was an Aztec God of Drinking. According to the Popol Vuh , “Tequechmecauiani was a drink-god to whom it was necessary to sacrifice, if one wished to avoid suicide by hanging during intoxication.” He is also believed to be one of the Four Hundred Drunken Rabbit Gods, known as the Centzon-Totochtin.
Holiday: Centzon-Totochtin Drunken Rabbit Day, Last Saturday in September (28th in 2013); Rabbit Rabbit Day, Last Day of Each Month
Links: Godchecker / Mythology Dictionary
Tezcatzontecatl: Aztec Beer God
Tezcatzontecatl was the Aztec Beer God. More properly, he was the God of Pulque, which was a traditional alcoholic beverage that was similar to beer, made by fermenting the juice of the century plant. But more broadly, he was also a god of intoxication or drunkenness and also fertility. He is also believed to be one of the Four Hundred Drunken Rabbit Gods, known as the Centzon-Totochtin.
Holiday: Festival of BBQ & Pulque (Festival de la Barbacoa y el Pulque, Puebla, Mexico), July 23; Centzon-Totochtin Drunken Rabbit Day, Last Saturday in September (28th in 2013); Festival of Tezcatzontecatl, September 29; Rabbit Rabbit Day, Last Day of Each Month
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Thor: Norse God of Thunder
In Norse mythology, Thor is the god of thunder and the second most important after his father, the god Odin. The name Thor means thunder, and he is the ruler of storms and lightning. Thor’s hammer — Mjölnir — which he also used for plowing and crop improvement. Thor is also known for his love of beer. According to one legend, thunder roared when Thor was cleaning a huge boiler after the gods brewed beer, and the sky was overcast and full of clouds. People believed that the powerful suction of beer coming in and going out of the gods’ brewery leads to fluctuations in sea level, which causes the tides.
Holiday: Mjölnir (Old Germany; Celebration of Thor’s Hammer), May 20; Thor’s Day, July 29 and December 6
Vulcan: Roman Blacksmith God & Brewer; See Hephaestus.
The Wave Maidens: Aegir’s Nine Daughters & Assistant Brewers
The Wave Maidens are the nine daughters of Aegir , the Norse God of the Sea, who was also the brewer to the Gods of Asgard. His daughters each have their own aspects, too. They were Himinglæva (That through which one can see the heavens, a reference to the transparency of water), Dúfa (The Pitching One), Blódughadda (Bloody-Hair, a reference to red sea foam), Hefring (Riser), Udr (Frothing Wave), Hrönn (Welling Wave), Bylgja (Billow), Dröfn (Foam-Fleck) and Kólga (Cool Wave). According to Journeying of the Goddess ; “They were portrayed as beautiful maidens dressed in white robes and veils and always helped their father, brew the beer for the gods.”
Holiday: Celtic Sea Festival, March 3
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Water Gods: God & Goddesses of the Ocean, Rivers and Water
The ancient world is filled with gods and goddesses associated with water. The most obvious is probably Poseidon , the greek god of the sea, and his Roman counterpart, Neptune , but there are numerous others . In addition to the sea, there were deities for lakes, rivers, springs, rain, fresh water and simply the god, or goddess, of water. The Greeks alone, had dozens of water gods . Given the importance of water to life, it’s probably not too surprising that this is the case. And as important as water is to the brewing of beer, few deities specify that they rule over specifically brewing water, so I didn’t want to just list every water deity here, especially not the ones associated with saltwater or the oceans. So apart from Aegir, Arnemetia, Enki, Hapi and Icovellauna, whose legends do mention some association with beer, I haven’t listed any others, even though a case could be made that water gods are all beer good, too, since water is such an important component to brewing. There’s a few links below with lists of water deities and a good one about the panoply of water mythology .
Links: Bullfinch’s Mythology / Temple of Sedna / Water Mythology / White Rose Gardens / Wikipedia
Yasigi: Mali Goddess of Beer
To the Dogon people of Mali, Yasigi was the Goddess of Dancing, Beer and Masks. She’s usually depicted as a large-breasted female dancing while holding a beer ladle in one hand. According to one account .
A goddess of the Dogon people residing in Western Africa, Yasigi was born from the Kinder Egg of the supreme creator god Amma and hidden away from her evil twin brother. It’s a good thing, since she managed to grow up to affiliate herself with fun stuff, like beer, dancing and masks. Masks were important to this culture since they represented the gods and ancestors that were used in ceremonial dances that were fueled with beer. Yasigi herself would preside over the most significant ritual, the Sigi ceremony that was held every 60 years and would last 7 years in duration by transferring from one village to another. Affectionately called the sister of the masks, she showed humanity how to brew beer for the first Sigi ritual, and even cultured the red hibiscus plant for the mask dancers to make their skirts out of.
Holiday: Bulo Festival, May 15; Sigi ceremony, held every 60 years, and lasting for 7 weeks, the next will take place in 2027
Links: Godchecker / Wikipedia
Yeast Spirits: Various Cultural Spirits of Yeast
While there’s no specific god or goddess of yeast, several cultures have recognized a spirit at work in their fermentation. Here’s some examples excerpted from The Yeast of the Ancients :
Ancient Norwegian terms for this substance are suggestive of how it was thought of — its meaning: gjar — working, gjester — foaming, berm — boiling, kveik — a brood that renews a race, nore — to kindle a fire, bryggjemann — brewing man, and fro — seed. All the terms are suggestive: there is a boiling, a fire being kindled, a new race being born. The commonness of terms associated with burning, boiling, and kindling a fire, for instance, are interesting. Yeast works through a rapid oxidation of the sugar, a kind of burning. And when they are their most active the brew, the wort, actually bubbles energetically. And this association is clearly a part of older terms for yeast. A term meaning “boiling” is used throughout the world. And when preserved yeast is added to new batches of beer, it is a brood renewing a race that has been dormant (and it is interesting that kveik comes from the same root word as kvaser — the Nordic being from whose blood the original beer, the “mead of inspiration,” was made).
The Charoti of South America view the moment of yeast activity as “the birth of the good spirit” in the wort. But the Charoti say that there are many bad spirits that will try and prevent this birth. So they sing and play musical instruments while exhorting the fermentation to begin. Once the good spirit enters the wort, they say, it is powerful enough to stop any bad spirits from getting into the beer. Throughout the ceremony of encouraging the good spirit to enter and begin fermentation the Charoti singers keep their attention focused on the essence of the good spirit, calling its intelligence into awakening, urging it to hear their call, exhorting it to come to them and settle into the home they have prepared for it. Hearing this without prejudice and comparing it to the perspectives of Western brewers, it is not so very different. We wish only one yeast, the good one, to come and ferment our beer. And we take steps to prevent the bad ones from getting there first. We know, too, that once the good yeast is in the wort, it is very difficult for a bad one to gain entry. We place our emphasis on sterility and using store-bought yeast. But those cultures who depend on wild yeasts use prayer to influence its appearance. Though superstitious to our Western way of thinking what is truly surprising is not only the prevalence of this belief among the world’s peoples but the effectiveness of the brewing based on it.
Similarly, the Ainu/Japanese goddess Kamui Fuchi uses mugwort to frighten away bad spirits. “In making their rice and millet beer, prayers and offerings to Kamui Fuchi, hearth goddess and guardian spirit to protect from bad spirits.”
Links: The Yeast of the Ancients / Wikipedia
Yi-Di: Chinese God of Alcohol
Yi-Di, sometimes Yi-Ti, was the Chinese Goddess of Alcohol. She was originally human, though, and created the perfect brew, made from rice, in the 23rd century BCE. After presenting it to Emperor Yu—who loved the strong brew—it was banned because the Emperor feared future rulers, and society in general, would not be able to hold their liquor like he could and the world might fall apart. Yi-Di continued to make her divine rice beer and later achieved the status of a God.
Holiday: Duanwu Festival 端午節 / 端午节 (or Dragon Boat Festival), 5th Day of the 5th Lunar Month, June 12, in 2013; Mid-Autumn Festival 中秋節 / 中秋节 (or Moon Festival), 15th Day of the 8th Lunar Month, September 19, in 2013
| Nectar |
Which fish is sometimes called a pike-perch | The Serpent People: Food of the Gods
Food of the Gods
Food of the Gods
In many of the ancient legends from around the world the Gods are known for their human qualities. Some Gods of the ancient world would participate in all manner of human activities like lying, cheating, stealing, hunting, warfare, doing drugs, gay pedophile sex, and one night stands. Just like humans the gods often had to eat and drink to stay alive. In these tales the gods are known for having special foods that only they eat and drink. Usually these foods and drinks will bestow great power or eternal life on anyone that eats of this food. Their food is usually forbidden to mortal man for this very reason.
In the legends of Ancient Sumer we see gods that perform all the basic functions of humans and are human like in appearance. Often these gods are drinking milk and the honey beer that the Sumerians were known to make. The Sumerians taught that the Kings of Sumer were “Nourished by Ninhursag’s milk”. Ninhursag (Lady of Heaven) also referred to as Mami (Mother) was the fertility goddess associated with the cow. The Gods and Kings of Sumer grew strong from Mami’s milk.
In the Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh asks Utnapishtim how he can become a god and gain immortality. Since Utnapishtim was once a mortal but was turned into a god as a reward for making an ark and saving humanity from the flood. As a favor Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh a secret of the Gods about a thorny plant that makes one immortal at the bottom of the Ocean. Gilgamesh ties stones to his feet jumps into the ocean and recovers the plant. While bragging about what he would do with the plant a serpent makes off with his treasure and becomes immortal.
In Egypt Thoth the god of Knowledge and Wisdom became immortal after drinking the “White Drops” of an Immortality Potion. The Gods of Egypt would drink the milk of the mother goddess Hathor the Cow. Hathor is depicted as a White Cow and was often seen carrying a cup of her own milk. Hathor was closely associated with Wadjet the Snake Goddess.
In the Hindu religion the story goes that the gods churned the Ocean of Milk (Milky Way) that surrounds the Earth for a thousand years with a serpent. The best part of this milk called Amrita was collected and ate by the Gods to give them immortal life. The Nectar of Immortality that the gods ate of was forbidden to humans, only the gods could eat it. Still to this day the Amrita of the Gods is associated with milk, yoghurt, butter, and honey. A popular Hindu Religious dish is Panchamrita a food associated with Amrita. It is made from milk, yoghurt, sugar, clarified butter, and honey. It is offered up to the statues of their gods on certain festival days. The Milk Cow is revered in India as a mother goddess, because of the nourishment that it provides.
In Greek Mythology the gods eat of Nectar and Ambrosia to stay forever young. People have long associated the Greek Nectar with honey but there has been disagreement to the nature of Ambrosia. Some say it is a drink, others say it is bread. Some claim it is wine, others say blood. I believe the Ambrosia of the Greek Gods to be milk or cream. The word Ambrosia is cognate with the Sanskrit Amrita and both are the drink of the gods. In Hindu tradtion Amrita is associated with milk products so it is probably the same for the Greeks. In the Greek tradition only the gods were meant to partake of the Nectar and Ambrosia. The Half-God Heracles was given Nectar and Ambrosia upon entering Mount Olympus. Tantalus was a mortal who was allowed to drink it and become immortal but he tried to give some to his human friends and the gods punished him severely.
The Myths of Greece say that the gods and men who drank Nectar and Ambrosia did not have the same blood as humans. They had what they called Ichor flowing through their veins, as a result of consuming the Divine Food. The Ichor was extremely dangerous and toxic for humans. It was said that the Ichor that poured from the god’s veins was a different color than mere mortal blood. Perhaps this is all an allusion to the “Blue Blood” of the White Gods and the complications of that come with Rhesus Negative Blood..
In the Jewish tradition we do not see Nectar and Ambrosia but they do speak of a land overflowing with milk and honey in the Book of Exodus. However, we do see trees in the Garden of Eden with fruits forbidden to man that only the Elohim can eat. The man Adam and his Wife Eve are tempted by a serpent to eat the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge. After learning what Adam did God said;
“The man has now become like one of us, knowing good and evil. He must not be allowed to reach out his hand and take also from the Tree of Life and eat, and live forever.”
As a result of the infidelity of Adam and Eve he kicked them out of the Garden of Eden. This was to prevent them from eating of the Tree of Life, becoming gods, and gaining immortality. The god of the Bible likes meat, drinks, and bread to be sacrificed to him and it is said he actually enters the temple to consume them,
In Chinese Mythology we have human like beings called the Immortals that live forever as a result of eating the Peaches of Immortality from a special tree. The Immortals are said to be pale white skinned effeminate people that live in the mountains on islands and do not eat the food of humans. Their food is the Air and Dew when not consuming the Peaches of Immortality. They were also said to be very tall in stature and sometimes called Giants. Their name Xian in Chinese means super-human, pure-ones, or mountain men. They were often symbolized as dragons, White Stags, and Pine Trees. In the Book of Master Zhuang written in the 300’s B.C. the Xian are described in this way;
He said that there is a Holy Man living on faraway Ku-She Mountain, with skin like ice or snow, and gentle and shy like a young girl. He doesn’t eat the five grains, but sucks the wind, drinks the dew, climbs up on the clouds and mist, rides a flying dragon…
Obviously the Immortals are like the humans but they are more advanced and eat different foods than the regular humans do. If they did not eat the Peaches of Immortality gave to them by the Xi Wang Mu (Queen Mother of the West) it is said that they would get old and die.
According to the Book of Master Lie there was a whole race of immortals that lived on islands with high mountains and ate the Peaches of Immortality. These Mountain Islands drifted away from China to the North where some sank beneath the waves similar to Atlantis and to the West where they still presumably exist.
The Chinese also have tales about a drink called the Elixir of Life. This drink could bestow immortality on the individual who drinks it. This Elixir of Life was sought after by many Emperors of China. Many Emperors of China died attempting to make and drink the Elixir of Life. The Elixir has many names in China and one of them is Amrita, the drink of immortality made from the cream of the Milky Way in the Hindu religion.
The Elixir of Life is a common story throughout the rest of the Earth as well. In Iranian Mythology the Cup of Jamshid contains the sacred Elixir of Immortality. This cup could give the drinker eternal life and powers of divination. In Irish Mythology the Cauldron of Rebirth brings the dead back to life. In Britain we see the legendary King Arthur in a quest for the Holy Grail. This was the legendary cup that represented the blood of Jesus Christ used at the Last Supper from which the Christian tradition of Communion is said to come from. In the religion of the Muslims they believe in a fountain that brings eternal life in Paradise.
After reading about all the different foods and drinks of the gods all the stories kind of look like one story that goes like this: The gods eat and drink different foods than the mortals. The Mortals were not worthy or able of partaking of the food of the gods. The food or drink confers immortality on the people who drink it, and something about a snake.
In the earliest tales from Sumer, Egypt, India and Greece one of the two foods of the Gods is consistently seen as Dairy/Ambrosia. The reason milk is seen as the earliest food of the gods is because milk was the actual food of the humans this book calls the White Gods. Caucasians and mixed Caucasians carry a gene that allows Lactose Tolerance into adulthood. At the present moment upwards of 90% of Africans and Asians are Lactose Intolerant. In the distant past these numbers would have been even higher because of less interbreeding between Caucasian and Non-Caucasian peoples. The ancient Caucasian tribes were often seen as dissimilar to other humans because they were lifelong milk drinkers and meat eaters. The tales of mortals being forbidden from drinking and eating the food of the gods may have had its roots with Lactose Intolerant people. They literally could not drink the milk of the White Gods because it would make them sick.
The Milk was often mixed with the drug called Soma. Soma is known in America as Ephedra and it is a controlled substance. This drug was known to the White Gods for thousands of years. It was their stimulant of choice and was often used in their religious rituals. The Bharatas of the Vedas literally worshipped Soma. They believed the Soma drink would make them live for a very long time. It just so happens that Caucasians generally do live longer than most men of the world. Whenever foreigners may have asked the White Gods why they lived so long they probably told them it was the milk. Milk does a body good.
Nectar the other food of the gods has been widely known as honey. Honey Bees gather the nectar from flowers and the animal domesticating White Gods would harvest the honey. They used the honey in many ways. They made honey sweetened cakes and tasty drinks. The most important of all the things they made with honey was their alcohol. They would ferment the honey with water and sometimes malt to make Mead. Mead or Honey Wine is considered the grandfather of all beer. It was known in Sumer, Egypt, India, Greece, China, and all the classical civilizations. In its most ancient Proto-Indo-European form it is called Medu. The word meant both Honey and Mead in this ancient language. The word Mead also means Honey in many other languages. This early beer was referred to as liquid gold. Beer is the Nectar of the gods.
In later myths of other people such as the Hebrews, Persians, Irish, British and Chinese we see fruits, magic vessels, and elixirs that feed the gods and make them immortal. The two foods of the gods became mixed into one alcoholic drink over time. The drink is usually wine from a sacred cup in the rituals of today. Over time things have a way of becoming simpler. This could also be due to lactose intolerant people like the Chinese not identifying with milk drinking because of Lactose Intolerance. Over many years the various cultures made the original teachings of the White Gods their own, with some very distinct elements. Yet, they all draw from one original source, the White Gods. These people had several drinks they ritually partook of from Milk to Alcohol to Blood. Modern religious traditions derived from these ancient divine drinks are usually comprised of one or more of these beverages. In ancient times these drinks of blood, milk, and alcohol were usually involved in religious rituals that were meant to bestow eternal life. Often before spending a life together the Bharatas of India would drink a cup of Milk or Ghee (Clarified Butter) together as couples. This would seal the deal and the marriage would be final. It was said the ancient Scythians made cups from the skulls of their enemies and drank wine and blood from them. It is said that certain fraternities of their descendants still practice this custom today. Right now more than a billion people in the world drink communion wine symbolic of blood in remembrance of their savior Jesus Christ who bestows eternal life on his true believers.
Apparently all the fables of Nectar, Ambrosia, and all the various Elixirs of Life that Kings have died for are all really just hand me down tales about the beer drinking and cow milking White Gods. These are humble origins for such a grand tradition. There is a kernel of truth in every tall tale. The people the ancients knew and revered as gods really did have a different kind of food. Sometimes truth is stranger than fiction.
It is interesting that the White Gods have a different diet than ordinary humans. Dairy was a staple food among them only they could eat. The food of the gods is forbidden and undrinkable to a majority of the world’s population today. About two-thirds of the world’s population cannot drink Milk Products into adolescence and adulthood, but the White Gods can. Why do they do it? How do they do it? Is there any real benefit to eating the food of the Gods?
In the distant past all humans were lactose intolerant past the age of weaning. Lactose the main carbohydrate in milk can be digested in childhood because children’s bodies produce Lactase. Lactase the chemical that breaks down lactose is no longer produced after the mother stops breastfeeding. Lactose or Milk Sugar can be consumed by Caucasians because Lactase is produced their whole life as a result of a single genetic mutation that occurred around 10,000 years ago.
This Lactose Persistence Gene reaches its highest percentages in Northern Europe but it is also may have evolved separately in some African Tribes. The trait has been linked to pastoral people who have spent many generations living with cows. Although it would not surprising if these Black African tribes were descendants of White Gods. The Cameroonians are black Africans and have the R1b DNA of the British Isles. If this trait evolved separately then that proves people can gain lactose tolerance by drinking milk.
Did they gain tolerance and then start drinking milk or did they start drinking milk and gain tolerance? Evidently the first Northern Europeans to mutate Lactose Tolerance didn’t have much in the way of food. After many generations of continuing to feed their children Cow’s Milk after the mother was finished weaning their descendants gained a tolerance to it that lasted their whole lives. In a “what came first, the chicken or the egg” situation, this seems to be the logical answer. They probably did this because of limited food resources in the cold northern parts. If you don’t have anything else to eat you will take what you can get. People in these situations would want their children drinking milk from mother cow as long as they possibly could.
After a long period of these people relying on their herds for milk and the herd relying on the humans for protection they formed a symbiotic relationship. Symbiosis means “living together” in Greek, and it occurs when two different kinds of organisms live together, usually in a mutually beneficial way. The Clown Fish eats the enemies of Anemones and poops to make fertilizer to pay the “rent” for using the Anenome as its housing. The Clown Fish is immune to the Anemones stinging cells so it is well protected. This is a mutually beneficial relationship.
Some Symbiotes are called Obligate Symbiotes which means both parties need the other to live. Some are called Facultative Symbiotes which means that only one party needs the other. It’s that way with humans and cows, the humans need the milk in order to live and the Cows need the humans to live. Without Milk Northern Europeans will be not be healthy. They will have deficiencies in key vitamins and minerals. Without the Milk it is doubtful they could survive the long winters of the north. If the Cows were left to their own in the wild in their domesticated forms they would not survive very long. It is a mutually beneficial relationship that depends on each other for survival.. A true Obligate Symbiosis. Some would say this is a Facultative Symbiosis where only the cows need the humans to survive but I disagree. I believe that humans with Lactose Tolerance do indeed need milk to survive. They won’t die immediately but lack of these key vitamins and minerals will lead to grave health consequences over time.
Some Symbiotes take the form of parasites. Humans drinking the milk of Cows and eating their meat seems to be a parasitic symbiotic relationship. The humans literally drink the Life Force in the form of vitamin, minerals, and fats out of a cow. The Cow depends on humans for protection and to feed them but Humans do not feed cows from their own life force. Perhaps the best description of this Symbiotic Relationship between Humans and Cows is a Parasitic Obligate Symbiotism.
As a result of the endless supply of nutrition that the Milk Cow supplied it became an object of worship and veneration to the ancient White Gods. The cow was worshipped across the ancient world as a divine figure. The logic behind it is easy to understand. Mother’s gave milk to their children. Without the Cows the ancient milk drinkers would probably starve. The Cow is their mother and should be revered and treated in that way.
In the Sumerian myth called “the Debate between Cattle and Grain” the god An creates the Cattle Goddess Lahar and the Grain Goddess Ashnan to feed and clothe the Anunnaki the civilizers of Sumer. This scripture is representative of the fact that the Anunnaki were Lactose Tolerant Caucasians. Before the Anunnaki showed up it was said that the Sumerians were running around naked eating grass like sheep and drinking water from ditches. The gods decided to bestow a favor on man and gave him Cattle and Grain so he could become civilized. The story says;
The Anunnaki gods of the Holy Mound partook of the bounty of Cattle and Grain and were not sated; the Anunnaki Gods of the Holt Mound partook of the sweet milk of their holy cattle but were not sated. For their own well being in the Holy Cattle they gave them to mankind as sustenance.
Generally speaking the Milk Cow was seen as a mother goddess because of the milk she produced. In other Sumerian Myths they worshipped bulls as well. The Bull Gods were generally recognized for their meat. They were generally bearded symbolizing the masculinity of the bull. In Sumerian sculptures they often had blue eyes. Gugulanna the Sumerian “Bull of Heaven’’ was worshipped in the Sumerian pantheon as a god and as a constellation. Many of these images of the Bull of Heaven were made of gold. This is a possible origin for the Golden Calve story of the Hebrew Bible in the Book of Exodus..
Cows were a very important part of Egyptian life and religion as well. Apis the bull god was introduced to Egypt shortly after the Two Lands were united. He is often idenetified with Osiris and Ptah, and is known as the “Renewer of Life”. Apis was the most important of all the Sacred Animals worshipped in Egypt. If a farmer’s cow had the right markings he would be taken away worshipped as a God. He would be given a harem of females to breed and be used as an oracle to predict future events. Hathor was the milk producing mother goddess. In one of her forms called Hesat she is literally a milk cow. Her worship was extended to all Milk Cows. Both of these Cow Deities were often associated with the Kings and Queens of Egypt.
In the earliest myths from India we see the importance of the Cow. The Bharatas the founding tribe of Vedic Civilization revered cows for the sustenance they gave. They were seen as symbols of wealth and power, no gift to a loved one was greater. The cow was considered sacred but was not literally worshipped as a God at this point in Hinduism’s development. Later the Cow was turned into a goddess. This is where the American term “Holy Cow” originally comes from. Kamadhenu was a Hindu Mother Goddess that was said to be the Mother of All Cows and “Mother of All Civilization”. She was created when the Ocean of Milk was churned to create the Food of the Gods, Amrita. Since all cows are seen as earthly manifestations of Kamadhenu all cows are treated as divine. In India, in the modern Hindu Religion the cow is inviolable. It is a serious crime to hurt or kill a cow. Beef is not consumed by the Hindus of India but the milk is used to make yoghurt and Ghee which are very popular there. Mahatma Ghandi said that the “central fact of Hinduism is cow protection”. The Cow is considered divine in Hinduism and they are serious about it.
In Ancient Greece cows were awarded divine status as well. Hera the Queen of the Greek Gods was originally a Cow Godess. She represented motherhood and fertility. Zeus often took the form of a bull representative of his position as father to the gods. The cow was especially important to the forerunners of the Greeks the Minoans. Serapis was a bull god that was worshipped which combined elements of Greek and Egyptian religion. This was done on purpose to help bring about peace and assimilation between the two nations.
Although idols dedicated to cow gods were destroyed in the Hebrew Bible the act of sacrificing cows was of major importance to the Hebrew Religion. Perhaps this was an ancient tradition they themselves inherited from an earlier forgotten time. Just like in Egyptian religion certain cows were considered more holy than others. In the Bible one of the key prophecies will be fulfilled with the slaughtering of a Red Heifer without a blemish. The Third Temple cannot be built until a Red Heifer without a single hair of another color is born in Israel. Red Heifers were also associated with Apollo in the Greek Myths.
Even though the Chinese are generally Lactose Intolerant they have traces of Cow Worship involved in their earliest religions. In the worship of Shang Di once a year the King of China is to slaughter a bull to honor Shang Di their god. In this ritual there are offerings of drinks and food made to this Chinese monotheistic god. This is very similar to Judaism and the original Vedic Religion in that cows are revered but only God is worshipped not any animals.
We have many Cow Gods and Godesses in Western European tradition as well. In the Mythology of the Norsemen the Cow Goddess Audumbla “the wet nurse of the giants” is the nurturing mother of humanity. It is said she nursed Ymir, the first primeval being, with her divine milk. The Irish Goddess Boann or “White Cow” sounds similar to Hathor the White Cow Goddess of Egypt. Boann is also linked to the Celtic Brigid the Mother Goddess associated with Dairy Cows. Brigid was also known to the Brittons as Brigantia and is known today as St. Brigid
MORE COW TRADITIONS
There can be no doubt that the Cow Cults all have their origin with the milk drinking White Gods. It seems at first in the earliest religions Cows were literally worshipped as gods and in later traditions the cow became more of a sacrament without actual worship. It seems after time, long distances, and inter-cultural diffusion traditions lose their original meanings yet retain a semblance of the original practice. Who could guess that Lactose Intolerant China’s ancient Border Sacrifice of a Bull originally comes from a lactose tolerant people that depend on Milk Cows for their sustenance? I wonder if the people of India who are majority Lactose Intolerant wonder why their religion has so much to do with drinking milk. The Theory of the White Gods makes this unintelligible absurdity understandable. Most of the world’s religions and tradition comes from one original Lactose Tolerant source.
In many of these myths and legends the Cow is viewed as a Mother Goddess because she gives man her milk. In the Hindu religion it is claimed that the Cow is the “Mother of all Civilization”. There actually may be something to this. We know that the White God’s who are centered around the Rh- Bloodline were the first people to bring about widespread civilization. Perhaps the Milk is the secret to their success. Perhaps the Hindus have it right and the Cow truly is the Mother of All Civilization.
As the Ancient Europeans moved further into the Northern Hemisphere the colder the environment got. To survive these people would use the body parts of animals they killed for many things. It was very cold so they used the animals fur for clothes to keep warm. There was not much food around so they also used these animals for food. They used their bones and sinews to make tools, weapons, and fire.
To make life easier these ancient people domesticated animals to make them more available. The Dog, Man’s Best Friend to the End, was the first animal to be domesticated by humans. Wolves were in the initial stages of being domesticated around 30,000 years ago. This coincides with the advent of Cro-Magnon Man. Dogs as a distinct species appear around 20,000 years ago in the country of Belgium in North Western Europe. European people have been around dogs so long we have higher levels of immunity to their dander than other peoples. They appear to have helped ancient man hunt other animals which were in turn domesticated too. Pictures of Horses started appearing in caves in Western Europe around 30,000 years ago. These horses were wild then and were hunted for food. The Date is disputed but the Horse was domesticated in between the time when the original horses became extinct about 14,000 years ago and 6,000 years ago when we have archaeological evidence for Horse Domestication. These Ancient Europeans were also the first to domesticate Sheep, Chickens, Oxen Goats. Pigs and Donkeys. However none of these animals seem to have been as important or more revered than the Cow.
Often with these animals that man has domesticated we see a larger number of their kind living with man than in the wild. These relationships are mutually beneficial for both parties. The Ox gets fed for its work pulling things for its human master. The Cow seems to be the only one I can think of that has achieved what I call an Obligate Symbiosis, where the mutual benefits have turned into necessities on both parts.
Man has bred his animal friends for certain characteristics. None of the domesticated animals are identical to their wild cousins. It is important to notice that it’s not so much that man tamed wild animals as it is we bred the wildness out of them. The Dog has been bred for smaller teeth and weaker Jaws for less harmful bites. Their eyes were bred to be considerably larger than wolves which make them adorable. Sheep were bred for their wool, Chickens for their breasts, Horses for their speed, and Donkeys for their strength. Cows were bred to have more meat and larger mammary glands to make more food for the tribe. The more milk and meat they have the larger the tribe can be.
Dairy production is a great way to sustain a large population. Dairy from Cows can make many more times the food per square acre than crops from agriculture can. This can account for the rapid spread of the Indo-Europeans. The food is also very nutritious which made the ancient milk-drinkers very large. Julius Caesar believed the Celts and germans were so large because they ate meat and drank milk.
All of the great conquering tribes of history like the Aryans, Arabs, and Mongols were known for riding around on domesticated horses and camels. The Scythians would drink the milk of their horses earning them the nick name of “the Mare Milkers”. Their nomadic lifestyle and eating habits were probably their greatest strength. They could travel great distances to invade other nations and not run out of food. If the ancient Chinese were to launch an invasion they might have to go home as soon as the rice is gone. The food supply of Lactose Tolerant Peoples are carried right along with them, literally on the horse.
The gene that causes Lactose Tolerance to be present into adulthood is said to have mutated around 12,000 years ago. This is around the same time when the Blue Eye Gene first appears. Lighter skin probably also accompanied the Blue Eye Gene. These mutations were probably caused by a vitamin deficiency caused by low amounts of light in the Northern parts of the world. Most humans get their Vitamin D from the sunlight. In the darker places of the world there might not have been enough light to give people all of the Vitamin D and other nutrients they need. As a result of this deficiency nature did what it had to do to survive and adapted. They then lost melanin in their skin and eyes to allow for more production of this key Vitamin. They also got this Vitamin from drinking milk and eating meat. They adapted to their environment and it made them stronger.
This is also around the same time we see the very first signs of civilization in the form of cities. At this time we start seeing familiar symbols like the cross, swastika, and the serpent. Many of these symbols later became letters in the world’s oldest writing systems like the Vinca Culture Writing System. The Vinca Culture were also among the first humans to practice metallurgy. In this time we begin to see the giant stone megalithic structures and the stone burial mounds. An elaborate Calendar System and Zodiac were created to determine the precession of the equinoxes and the day of the year. The amount of knowledge and technology that was discovered during this period was revolutionary for mankind. We went from Hunters and Gatherers living in caves to shepherding nomads that subsisted on our flocks. We went from ignorant savages to civilized human beings capable of understanding the unexplainable mysteries of the Universe.
All of this was possible because of the extra time in the day man had made for himself by delegating the responsibility of food production to the cow. With his newfound freedom from drudgery and the constant hunt, Man was able to ponder all of creation and create things to make his life even easier. He was able to travel the world because of the swiftness of the Horse. This Freedom allowed the people this book calls the White Gods to establish centers of civilization around the world. The armies of these nations were nearly unbeatable because like the Scythians they could win a war by not fighting. They could just pack it all up and go. Other nations were dependent on their crops and could not traverse the world waging war because they had Work to do.
Perhaps the Hindu Religion is correct in calling the Cow the Mother of all Civilization. Without the Cow we would have no White Gods and with the White Gods we would have much different world. Perhaps the Sumerians would still be drinking water from the streams and eating grass. If not for the civilizer gods the cultures that formed in Sumer, Egypt, India, Mexico, China, Greece, and Oceania among many others what culture would we have? For what culture has ever raised itself to prominence without the influence of one of these nations. All of the great centers of culture from the ancient world have the influence of the White Gods. It is quite probable that Lactose Tolerance did allow for the creation of all civilization. I’m sure the people in the old days that milked the Cow that give his family milk would understand this very well.
In our modern world we tend to be disassociated with the cows. This has allowed for an abuse of the cow. All of the things that have been done for the bottom line in the Beef Industry have put the health of cows at risk and when their health is at risk ours is too. The food they are fed is terrible and most often not their natural food source. This is usually done to fatten them up. This results in less vitamins and minerals for the Cows and the humans that eat them. They are also laced with many hormones and antibiotics that put both species health at risk. Truly, whatever we do to them we do to ourselves. This happens as a result of our Parasitic Obligate Symbiotic Relationship with the Cow Species.
We need to respect cows and give them the attention and care they need. They are the Mothers of Civilization. They helped create the modern world with all of its wonders…and it’s all the result of a single genetic mutation.
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What colour do Chelsea Pensioners wear in the winter | Blues | Royal Hospital Chelsea
1. SHAKO:
In 1843 shako caps were introduced that were of a similar design to the army uniform of the day. The shako caps are embroidered with the letters RH, the initials of the Royal Hospital and are very popular with the Chelsea Pensioners as most find them more comfortable to wear than the tricornes.
2. BLUES JACKET:
Each Pensioner was supplied with a ‘greatcoat’ of dark blue in 1707 as before this time, many of the Chelsea Pensioners would only have owned one set of clothes. This additional garment helped keep the Pensioners warm during winter. It was eventually amended to the double breasted blue jacket, which is now worn all year round.
3. MEDAL BAR:
Chelsea Pensioners do not wear their medals on their blues uniform as it is worn for casual occasions; instead their medal bar indicates their awards.
Royal Hospital Chelsea Newsletter
Stay up to date with what's going on at The Royal Hospital by signing up for our e‑newsletter.
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Who in the Royal Family is married to Serena Stanhope | why are the chelsea pensioners official uniforms crimson in colour - thinkypedia.com
why are the chelsea pensioners official uniforms crimson in colour
tracieboo answers:
I see a lot of Chelsea pensioners about (seeing as i live near Chelsea) they wear navy blue normally, i think red is for special occasions, such as rememberance day.
Supplement from 02/13/2009 10:33pm:
found this...
The Pensioners have two uniforms – their "undress" (navy blue), and the better-known red coats and tricorne hats. These are worn on Oak Apple Day on 29 May, to honour the birthday of the Hospital's founder, when the Pensioners parade and adorn the King's statue with oak leaves. This commemorates his escape after the Battle of Worcester in 1651, when the claimant to the throne hid in the Boscobel Oak.
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What is the name of the Archers farm in the long running radio soap | BBC Radio 4 - The Archers - About the Archers
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About the Archers
Archers fan Stephen Fry gives his instant introduction for new listeners. Learn about the people and places, the laughs and the scandals, so that you can get the most from The Archers.
If you're a complete beginner to The Archers, this instant introduction is for you.
First of all, what exactly is The Archers? Well, it's a radio soap opera set in the fictional English village of Ambridge. It aims to provide essential drama from the heart of the country.
So what does that mean you'll be hearing? Ambridge is a twenty-first century village, with all the pressures of modern rural life. You'll become involved in the characters' personal and business struggles, their love affairs and all sorts of village activities from saving the local shop to the annual fete. There are plenty of lighter moments too.
These characters then... Several of the main families are farmers. At the heart of the programme are David and Ruth Archer at Brookfield Farm. David once had cause to regret employing a handsome cowman, but they're pretty stable nowadays.
Their cousins Pat and Tony Archer farm organically at Bridge Farm. That's a dairy farm as well, but they also keep pigs and grow vegetables. They sell their own yogurt, ice cream and cheese.
At the opposite end of the farming scale are well-off Brian and Jennifer Aldridge at Home Farm, which is the biggest in the village. That little boy who lives there is Brian's son from a torrid affair. When his mistress died, amazing Jennifer agreed to take Ruairi in.
The Archer family is related to the Aldridges, and to several other Ambridge families, including the Hebden Lloyds - she runs a riding school and he's a vet.
If that all sounds a bit posh, there are lots of less well-off characters too. Most of them live and work in and around Ambridge - on the farms, in the local pub The Bull, at the village shop, at Grey Gables hotel or St Stephen's church.
Those sons of the soil the Grundys are particularly good value, both for the scrapes they get in and the fact that Emma Grundy isn't Ed's wife, as you might think, but the ex-wife of Ed's brother Will.
You can look up all the current characters in the Who's Who section of the Archers website.
By now, I expect you're keen to know how you can hear the programme, and it's very easy to start, because the episodes are only thirteen minutes long. They're broadcast on BBC Radio Four every day, Sunday to Friday at seven p.m. And they're repeated the next day at two p.m. - except on Saturdays.
Or if you want to catch a whole week's worth in one go, there's an omnibus edition, on Sunday morning at ten a.m.
BBC Radio Four is on ninety-two to ninety-five FM, one nine eight long wave, and on digital radio and television.
You can also listen online, or get the programme sent to your computer in a podcast.
There's lots more information on the Archers website, just go to bbc.co.uk/archers
Happy listening!
| Brookfield |
Who led the Branch Dravidian sect that was largely destroyed in a fire at Waco in Texas | The Archers: Academics to delve into BBC Radio 4 soap's secrets at university conference | The Independent
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The Archers: Academics to delve into BBC Radio 4 soap's secrets at university conference
'The Archers in fact and fiction: Academic analyses of life in rural Borsetshire' will be held in London next year
Friday 16 October 2015 14:41 BST
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The Independent Culture
The Archers is more than simply 'an everyday story of country folk' for the organisers of the seminar BBC
What does the River Am flood tell us about the hydrology of Borsetshire? Academia will embrace The Archers at a university conference devoted to unlocking the deeper truths within the rural soap.
The long-running Radio 4 drama is more than simply “an everyday story of country folk” for the Ambridge-obsessed organisers of “The Archers in fact and fiction: Academic analyses of life in rural Borsetshire”, a conference held at the University of Liverpool’s London campus next year.
More than 20 submissions have already been accepted for the seminar which promises to take “an academic perspective on life in Ambridge and Borsetshire, with papers from across disciplines.”
Read more
David Blunkett bemoans disappearing characters on The Archers
Topics up for discussion include “a sociological analysis of class dynamics in rural Britain through the lives of Archers’ characters”, the drama’s representation of “elderly care provision in the rural setting” and “rural and village economics, from the village store to agribusiness.”
Particular attention will be given to the great Am Vale flood last Spring, an event which prompted listener complaints when the BBC chose to accompany it with fake flood alerts, weather warnings, police appeals and breaking news of emergency rescues on its website.
The conference will debate the “hydrology of the Am valley following the recent flooding events” amid concerns that a repeat of the “weatherbomb” could wreak further damage on village life.
Cara Courage, a PhD student at the University of Brighton, Centre for Research and Development, said the conference was inspired by social media discussions. “We discovered a huge fan base of academics commenting on the omnibus episodes on Twitter. We began chatting about topics for an academic paper on The Archers could and it grew from there. The response has been overwhelming.”
The conference will take 'an academic perspective on life in Ambridge and Borsetshire'
Geographical questions will be resolved. “There have been lots of rows over the correct map of Ambridge and Borsetshire since the programme began,” said Ms Courage, a lifelong listener, who grew up on a Somerset farm. “One paper has been submitted from cartographer, who suggests it would have been topographically impossible for Borsetshire to have flooded.”
The conference will also debate the “statistical probability of no Ambridge residents listening to Radio 4 at 2:00pm or 7:00pm” and discuss The Archers’ representation of “working class” farm workers and immigration, following the seasonal influx of foreign workers to the countryside.
Dr Peter Matthews, lecturer in Sociology & Criminology at the University of Stirling, said the Archers was a useful prism to debate issues of rural social policy. “We see the impact of huge agribusiness coming in and the village pub going out of business, these are huge rural issues,” he said. “The protests over the Route B bypass (cutting Brookfield in half) squared with our own research into middle-class activism.”
Dr Matthews praised The Archers’ realistic portrayal of poverty. “In Coronation Street when characters fall on hard times they still have enough money to buy a round in the Rovers Return.
“But Ed and Emma Grundy couldn’t pay for the basic things. The reality of poverty in the UK is mothers going hungry to feed their children. The writers do their research.”
The BBC has assisted the appeal for academic papers. But what would The Archers themselves make of all the fuss? Dr Matthews said: “Lynda Snell would think it’s the greatest ever thing to happen to her, she would be over the moon that Ambridge is getting the attention. The Grundys would roll their eyes and wonder what was happening.”
Participants at the seminar have been assured that the debate will be silenced and the radio switched as soon as the Barwick Green theme announces the latest episode.
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On of the titles of the Kings of Siam (Thailand) is the possessor of the four and twenty what | THAILAND: Moon's Brother Wanted - TIME
THAILAND: Moon's Brother Wanted
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Ananada Mahidol, King of Siam, Brother of the Moon, Half-Brother of the Sun, Supreme Arbiter of the Ebb and Flow of Tides, and possessor of the Four & Twenty Golden Umbrellas, was quietly at school in Lausanne, Switzerland. There he has been learning English. Next September, when he comes of kingly age (17), he will formally ascend Thailand's Golden Lotus Throne.
Last week King Ananada was summoned home, ostensibly to learn the language of Thailand's great new puppet-master, Japan. Whether he could get home through the British blockade remained a question.
...
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In which country would you see the emu in its natural habitat | Our Own Baedeker - The New Yorker
Our Own Baedeker
Russell Maloney
Our Own Baedeker The New Yorker, September 15, 1945 P. 17
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This article is available to subscribers only, in our archive viewer. Get immediate access to this article for just $1 a week by subscribing now.
Talk story about Siam. The King of Siam is worshipped as the Lord of life, Descendant of Buddha, Supreme Arbiter of the Ebb and Flow of the Tide, Brother of the Moon, Half brother of the Sun, and Possessor of the Twenty-four Golden Umbrellas. Another of the Siamese King's badges of office is a golden spittoon. Until the liberals got hold of the government, the King was too sacred to be looked at or addressed directoy. His subjects crawled in the dust; & used a golden platter when handing him anything. Punishment for whispering or inattention during a royal ceremony ranged from immediate death to cutting hay for the sacred white elephant. If a member of the royal family was drowning it would be irreverent for a courtier to attempt rescue A Siamese queen drowned in 1910 while her retinue respect fully stood by.
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What type of weather is normally brought on by an anti cyclone | Weather Systems - Metlink Teaching Weather and Climate
Part A – Anticyclones and Depressions
High pressure systems
A high pressure system, also known as an anticyclone occurs when the weather is dominated by stable conditions. Under an anticyclone air is descending, forming an area of higher pressure at the surface. Because of these stable conditions, cloud formation is inhibited, so the weather is usually settled with only small amounts of cloud cover. In the Northern Hemisphere winds blow in a clockwise direction around an anticyclone. As isobars are normally widely spaced around an anticyclone, winds are often quite light.
Anticyclones can be identified on weather charts as an often large area of widely spaced isobars, where pressure is higher than surrounding areas.
Winter anticyclones
In winter the clear, settled conditions and light winds associated with anticyclones can lead to frost and fog. The clear skies allow heat to be lost from the surface of the earth by radiation, allowing temperatures to fall steadily overnight, leading to air or ground frosts. Light winds along with falling temperatures can encourage fog to form; this can linger well into the following morning and be slow to clear. If high pressure becomes established over Northern Europe during winter this can bring a spell of cold easterly winds to the UK.
Summer anticyclones
In summer the clear settled conditions associated with anticyclones can bring long sunny days and warm temperatures. The weather is normally dry, although occasionally, very hot temperatures can trigger thunderstorms. An anticyclone situated over the UK or near continent usually brings warm, fine weather.
Low pressure systems
A low pressure system, also known as a depression occurs when the weather is dominated by unstable conditions. Under a depression air is rising, forming an area of low pressure at the surface. This rising air cools and condenses and helps encourage cloud formation, so the weather is often cloudy and wet. In the Northern Hemisphere winds blow in anticlockwise direction around a depression. Isobars are normally closely spaced around a depressions leading to strong winds.
Depressions can be identified on weather charts as an area of closely spaced isobars, often in a roughly circular shape, where pressure is lower than surrounding areas. They are often accompanied by fronts.
What to do next
Then you can complete extension 1 or worksheet 2 .
Part B
Anticyclones, Depressions and Fronts
Part B – Fronts
A front is a boundary between two different types of air masses, these are normally warm moist air masses from the tropics and cooler drier air masses from polar regions. Fronts move with the wind so over the UK they normally move from west to east. The notes below provide information about the most common types of fronts. The descriptions given apply to active well developed fronts, weaker fronts may not display all the characteristics or they may be less well defined.
Warm fronts
A warm front indicates that warm air is advancing and rising up over the colder air. This is because the warm air is ‘lighter’ or less dense, than the cold air. Therefore warm fronts occur where warmer air is replacing cooler air at the surface. As the warm front approaches there is a gradual deterioration in the weather. Clouds gradually lower from higher cirrus, through altostratus, to stratus and nimbostratus at the front. There is often a prolonged spell of rainfall which is often heavy. Behind the warm front the rain becomes lighter, turns to drizzle or ceases, but it remains cloudy. Temperatures rise behind the warm front and winds turn clockwise, also known as a wind ‘veer’. Pressure falls steadily ahead of and during the passage of the warm front, but then rises slowly after its passage.
The diagram below shows the formation of a warm front in diagrammatic form.
The diagram below shows a cross section through a warm front, with associated cloud, temperature and weather changes.
Cold fronts
A cold front indicates that cold air is advancing and pushing underneath warmer air at the surface. This occurs because the cold air is ‘heavier’ or denser than the warm air. Therefore cold fronts occur where cooler air is replacing warmer air at the surface. The passage of weather associated with a cold front is much shorter lived than that with a warm front. As there is often a lot of cloud in the warmer air ahead of the cold front, there is often little indication of the approaching cold front. As the front passes temperatures fall and there is often a short spell of very heavy rain, sometimes with inbedded thunderstorms and cumulonimbus clouds. Behind the front the weather is much brighter with broken clouds but occasional showers. Winds veer with the passage of the cold front and are often strong and gusty, especially near showers. Pressure rises throughout the approach and passage of the cold front.
The diagram below shows the formation of a cold front in diagrammatic form.
The diagram below shows a cross section through a cold front, with associated cloud, temperature and weather changes.
Occlusions
In a mature depression the warm front normally precedes the cold front. Cold fronts generally travel much quicker than warm fronts, and eventually it will catch up with the warm front. Where the two fronts meet, warm air is lifted from the surface and an occlusion is formed. An occlusion can be thought of as having similar characteristics to both warm and cold fronts. The weather ahead of an occlusion is similar to that ahead of a warm front, whilst the weather behind is similar to that behind a cold front.
The diagrams below depict the formation of an occlusion.
The diagram below shows the occlusion in cross section.
Now you can go on to Part C – Life cycle of a Depression .
Anticyclones, Depressions and Fronts
Part C – Life cycle of a Depression
A Norwegian scientist called Vilhelm Bjerknes devised a simple model which described how depressions developed from the meeting of warm and cold air. The model had four stages which are detailed below.
Origin and infancy
Initially a warm air mass such as one from the tropics, meets a cooler air mass, such as one from the polar regions. Depressions which affect the UK normally originate over the Atlantic Ocean.
Maturity
The warm air rises up over the colder air which is sinking. A warm sector develops between the warm and cold fronts. The mature stage of a depression often occurs over the UK.
Occlusion
The cold front travels at around 40 to 50 miles per hour, compared to the warm front which travels at only 20 to 30 miles per hour. Therefore the cold front eventually catches up with the warm front. When this occurs an occlusion is formed.
Death
Eventually the frontal system dies as all the warm air has been pushed up from the surface and all that remains is cold air. The occlusion dies out as temperatures are similar on both sides. This stage normally occurs over Europe or Scandinavia.
What to do next
Now you can go on to Part D – Depression cross-section and weather sequence .
Anticyclones, Depressions and Fronts
Part D – Depression cross-section and weather sequence
Cross-section through a classic Depression
Most depressions have a warm and cold front, more mature depressions may also have an occluded front. The diagram below shows a cross-section through a depression, showing the warm and cold fronts and an indication of the associated weather.
WEATHER ASSOCIATED WITH THE PASSAGE OF A CLASSIC DEPRESSION
Ahead of the warm front
Passage of the warm front
Warm sector
| fine weather |
What is the cold dry northerly wind called that comes down the Rhone Valley to the Mediterranean | Weather Facts: Anticyclone | weatheronline.co.uk
Weather Facts | Wind of the World | Climate of the World | Weather Lore | Weather Brains | Philip Eden | Oil spill | Fukushima | Volcanic ash | Video
Anticyclone
An anticyclone is a region of high atmospheric pressure relative to the surrounding air, generally thousands of kilometres in diameter and also known as a high or high-pressure system. Anticyclones appear on weather charts as a series of concentric, widely spaced isobars of 1000 mbs and above. The roughly circular closed isobar at its central region indicates the area of highest pressure.
The centre of an anticyclone has a characteristic pattern of air circulation, with subsiding air and horizontal divergence of the air near the surface. The name anticyclone comes from the circulatory flow of air within the system; anticyclonic circulation has a local circulation that is opposed to the Earth's rotation. Winds, generally light, circulate around the high pressure centre in a clockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
The subsiding air compresses as it descends, causing adiabatic warming. The eventually warmer and drier air suppresses cloud formation and thus anticyclones are usually associated with fine weather in the summer and dry, cold, and sometimes foggy weather in the winter. Calm settled weather is usually synonymous with anticyclones in temperate latitudes. Anticyclones are typically relatively slow moving features.
However, mid-latitude anticyclones can be divided into warm and cold anticyclones (continental highs). Subtropical anticyclones are usually warm and quasi permanent features of the Earth's general circulation (e.g. the Azores high). In mid-latitudes anticyclones are often located beneath the leading edge of ridges in the upper-air westerlies, where they may be associated with blocking weather patterns.
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Who was the Carly Simon song Your So Vain supposed to be about | Carly Simon tells USA TODAY who the song 'You're So Vain' was about
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Carly Simon tells USA TODAY who the song 'You're So Vain' was about
Carly Simon tells USA TODAY who the song "You're So Vain" was about, and Warren Beatty is a part!
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Carly Simon tells USA TODAY who the song 'You're So Vain' was about Carly Simon tells USA TODAY who the song "You're So Vain" was about, and Warren Beatty is a part! Check out this story on USATODAY.com: http://usat.ly/1O4rGOu
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Which female singer began her career as lead singer with the Sugarcubes | Carly Simon finally reveals the subject of You're So Vain... record producer David Geffen | Daily Mail Online
Carly Simon finally reveals the subject of You're So Vain... record producer David Geffen
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For years there has been debate about which of Carly Simon's ex-boyfriends could have inspired the hit song You're So Vain.
But while former lovers Mick Jagger, Kris Kristofferson, Cat Stevens and Warren Beatty were left wondering whether 'this song is about you', they have been proved wrong.
For the Seventies singer has finally revealed the real inspiration behind her hit track wasn't a boyfriend at all - it was openly gay record producer David Geffen.
Revelation: After 38 years, Seventies singer Carly Simon has revealed that openly gay record producer David Geffen inspired her hit You're So Vain
YOU'RE SO VAIN... (Here's how it goes, in case you'd forgotten)
You had me several years ago when I was still quite naive
Well you said that we made such a pretty pair
And that you would never leave...
Chorus:
You're so vain, you probably think this song is about you
You're so vain, I'll bet you think this song is about you
Don't you? Don't you? Don't you?
Simon, 64, ended the 38 year guessing game by whispering the name backwards on a reworked version of the song for her new album Never Been Gone, out next week.
Previously Simon had always claimed the song was a 'composite' of people she knew.
In 1972 when she wrote the song billionaire Geffen was the head of her Elektra record label.
It is thought she was inspired to write the damning lyrics after Geffen put all his time and energy into promoting her rival, Joni Mitchell, over her.
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In the hit Simon sings that the man walked into the party like he was walking on to a yacht.
The subject of her wrath jilted her before going to Saratoga to watch his horse naturally win.
Beatty is said to have been convinced he was the inspiration behind the song.
Other suspects included Jagger, who sang backing vocals for the original song, and James Taylor, the American songwriter to whom Simon was married between 1972 and 1983.
This song's not about you....
Not so vain: Rolling Stones singer Mick Jagger and actor Kris Kristofferson
And not about you: Singer Cat Stevens and actor Warren Beatty
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Who was the first footballer to score ten Premier League hat tricks | Top Ten Premier League Hat-Tricks | Football Top Tens
Top Ten Premier League Hat-Tricks
Posted on September 28, 2010 by Ralph Hannah
After Dimitar Berbatov’s treble recently it got me thinking about some of the best hat-tricks ever scored. Of course the list would easily be a Top 100 so to narrow things down I’m concentrating on the Premier League only. Marks go to importance of the game, importance of the hat-trick in respect of the final score and the manner of the goals. According to Wikipedia the Premier League has witnessed 236 hat-tricks since its inception so to narrow things down further only true hat-tricks count, meaning Ole Gunnar Solskjaer’s four-goals-off-the-bench or the five-goal epics of Andy Cole, Alan Shearer and Jermain Defoe don’t make it.
10. Dean Windass – Bradford City vs Derby County – 21 April 2000
Result: 4-4
The win on the last day of the 1999/2000 season against Liverpool kept Bradford up by three points. But in April it was the heroics of Dean Windass that kept them in with a chance. He scored 3 goals against Derby County to earn Bradford City a 4-4 draw and a precious point in their relegation battle. It was the only treble Deano ever scored in the Premier League and it was also the only time a Bradford player has done so in the top flight.
9. Michael Owen – Sheffield Wednesday vs Liverpool – 14 February 1998
Result: 3-3
The youngest hat-trick scorer in the Premier League, Michael Owen was just 18 years 62 days old when he netted three beauties against Sheffield Wednesday at Hillsborough on Valentines Day. Liverpool were 3-1 down before he scored two late goals to add to his first half effort. The goals were a perfect example of his raw pace and dribbling abilities in a season where he finished joint top goalscorer with 18 goals in total, earning him a seat on the plane to France, where he did this against Argentina (pretty irrelevant but just an excuse to show it again) .
8. David Bentley – Blackburn Rovers vs Manchester United – 1st February 2006
Result: 4-3
David Bentley became the first and to this day only player to score a Premier League hat-trick against Manchester United. He was the first Blackburn player to score a hat-trick since Chris Sutton in 1998. Of course it get’s better, it was his first game as a Blackburn Rovers player and the final score was 4-3 to Rovers so there is no doubting the importance of the goals. The pick of the three has to be Bentley’s third and Blackburn’s winner a superb half-volley with the outside of the right boot.
7. Dion Dublin – Coventry City vs Chelsea – 9 August 1997
Result: 3-2
The opening day of the season and a star-studded Chelsea side arrive at Highfield Road, led by Ruud Gullit. The first goal went to the Londoners, Gianfranco Zola putting Chelsea in front. Dion Dublin then pulled one back immediately with his head, but with 8 minutes to go they were heading to defeat as Tore Andre Flo had made it 2-1 to the visitors. However it was to be Coventry City and Dion Dublin’s day. The former Manchester United striker rose above the Chelsea defence to equalise, and six minutes later he capitalised on a Frank LeBouef error to complete his hat trick on his 100th appearance for the Sky Blues, it was also his 2nd Premier League hat trick (he finished his career with 3).
6. Dimitar Berbatov – Manchester United vs Liverpool – 19 September 2010
Result: 3-2
Last weekend’s hat-trick was Berbatov’s first for 3 years marking his excellent start to the season. It will be remembered for his stunning second, an overhead kick that rattled in off the bar . However what is really special about the Bulgarian’s efforts is that he became the first player to score 3 in this fixture in the Premier League. Their have been great performances in this epic rivalry over the years and Dimitar has put himself right up there with one of the very best.
5. Robbie Fowler – Liverpool vs Arsenal – 28 August 1994
Result: 4-3
The fastest hat-trick ever in the Premier League . Just 4 minutes 23 seconds to score the three goals and condemn Arsenal to a 4-3 defeat at Anfield. Fowler scored two with his trusty left foot and all three were indicative of his prowess in and around the 18 yard box. A season later Fowler would haunt the Gunners again with another hat-trick at Anfield this time in a 3-1 walkover.
4. Nwankwo Kanu – Chelsea vs Arsenal – 23 October 1999
Result: 2-3
2-0 down away from home and seemingly doomed for defeat. Then up popped Kanu! His first two goals were scrappy efforts coming in the 75th and 83rd minutes. Then with the clock ticking down he charged the ball down on near the left corner flag, out rushed Ed de Goey and a drop of the shoulder left him sliding helplessly past the languid Nigerian. Kanu just had to pull the ball back for a supporting player, instead he shot from an almost impossible angle to complete the 4th best Premier League hat-trick of all time (according to myself) a 3-2 victory for Arsenal and he is still the only non-Chelsea player to score a hat-trick at Stamford Bridge.
3. Peter Ndlovu – Liverpool vs Coventry City – 14 March 1995
Result: 2-3
Not many players score a hat-trick at Anfield against Liverpool, even less for Coventry City (ok ok I know Dion Dublin is in the list, but come on it is a rarity!). In 1995 Peter Ndlovu became the first player to score a hat-trick against Liverpool at Anfield in the Premier League until Arsenal’s Arshavin bagged 4 in 2009. In fact the ‘Bulawayo Bullet’ was the first opposing player to get three at Anfield since their return to the top flight in 1962. What made it even more critical was that it secured a 3-2 victory for the Midlanders, ending Liverpool’s title hopes but also earning vital points for Coventry (they finished 5 points off the relegation zone that season) .
2. Dennis Bergkamp – Leicester City vs Arsenal – 27 August 1997
Result: 3-3
Three goals of sublime quality from the Dutch Master . His first a curler from outside of the box, the second a burst of pace to put him one-on-one and score, the third won BBC Goal of the Month (all three goals were nominated) and later Goal of the Season. He controlled a long pass from Platt with a right foot kick-up, then left foot kick-up shake off the defender….control…bang…goal! An equaliser in stoppage time to earn a 3-3 draw at Filbert Street against a strong Leicester City side (they finished 1oth that season under Martin O’Neill). Arsenal of course won the double that year, incredibly this was Bergkamp’s first and last Premier League treble.
1. Alan Shearer – Newcastle United vs Leicester – 2 February 1997
Result: 3-2
Alan Shearer holds the record for the most Premier League hat-tricks (11) so it was inevitable he would feature somewhere on this list. Picture the scene a dark and cold Sunday evening on the Tyne in February, the Toon are chasing United at the top of the table despite Keegan’s departure just weeks before. Robbie Elliot puts them 1-0 up inside 3 minutes, but then they capitulate and with 13 minutes to go Leicester find themselves 3-1 up and cruising. Cue, PFA Players Player of the Year for 1996/97 Alan Shearer . A Pile driver of a free kick from inside the ‘D’, six minutes later a controlled right foot shot into the bottom corner, a point has been secured. In the final minute of the game Newcastle string together five passes to unlock the defence, Rob Lee squares the ball across the six yard box – no need to tell you who was awaiting to tuck it home. Ecstasy for new manager Kenny Dalglish and his team and the title hope was kept alive!
That’s it for the hat-tricks – as per usual Friday sees me turn to South America and as it is Champions League week I’ll look at the Top Ten South Americans in this season’s Champions League.
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How many Grand Nationals did Red Rum run in | Hat-trick heroes? The 16 men to hit a Premier League hat-trick and still not end up on the winning side | Football News | Sky Sports
Hat-trick heroes? The 16 men to hit a Premier League hat-trick and still not end up on the winning side
By Adam Bate
Last Updated: 08/04/15 1:17pm
Christian Benteke’s hat-trick for Aston Villa in their 3-3 draw with QPR on Tuesday did salvage a point for his team, but manager Tim Sherwood was still left frustrated not to be leaving with all three. We look at the hat-trick heroes who were denied a victory to go with the match-ball…
Benteke was the 16th player in Premier League history to bag a hat-trick but not win the game. It's the ultimate test of the old cliché for the striker who claims it’s all about the lads getting the right result rather than individual glory.
Four men have even managed to end up on the losing side despite netting a hat-trick for their side. Sky Sports’ own Matt Le Tissier even did it twice. Here’s the list of heroes denied maximum glory…
Christian Benteke, ASTON VILLA 3-3 Queens Park Rangers, April 2015
Benteke struck twice in the first half to give Villa a 2-1 lead at the break but had to add a third late on just to claim a point against fellow strugglers QPR at Villa Park. Benteke claimed afterwards that he was a little disappointed despite the achievement.
Romelu Lukaku, WEST BROM 5-5 Manchester United, May 2013
Sir Alex Ferguson’s final game in charge of Manchester United produced an outrageous 5-5 draw at The Hawthorns. The champions were three goals up with 10 minutes remaining but Lukaku added his second and third of the game to cap a crazy afternoon.
Somen Tchoyi, Newcastle 3-3 WEST BROM, May 2011
There would have been no mixed feelings for Tchoyi when he sparked this stunning comeback for West Brom against Newcastle in 2011. The Magpies were 3-0 up at St James’ Park before the Cameroon international hit a second-half hat-trick for the visitors.
Andrey Arshavin, Liverpool 4-4 ARSENAL, April 2009
Arshavin is the only player in Premier League history to score four goals in a game and still not end up on the winning side. In only his eighth league game since joining Arsenal, the Russian produced a stunning individual performance only to see Yossi Benayoun scramble home in stoppage time to equalise for Liverpool.
Andrey Arshavin: Only man to score four in a Premier League game and not win
Roque Santa Cruz, Wigan 5-3 BLACKBURN, December 2007
The most recent player to lose a Premier League game in which he’d scored a hat-trick, Santa Cruz couldn’t even claim the match-ball for himself in this one as Marcus Bent scored one of his own for Wigan. And that after Santa Cruz had hauled Blackburn level from 3-0 down.
Paul Kitson, Charlton 4-4 WEST HAM, November 2001
Kitson scored the opening goal of the game before twice equalising for West Ham in a remarkable game at The Valley. Although Kitson claimed the match ball, he had to endure the disappointment of seeing Jonatan Johansson score a last-gasp equaliser – after he’d been substituted.
Dean Windass, BRADFORD 4-4 Derby, April 2000
Both clubs were fighting for survival when they met and Bradford must have feared the worst when they were 2-0 down inside six minutes. But a Windass hat-trick helped them into a 4-3 lead by the break only for Derby to equalise with 10 men. Incredibly, Bradford then won three of their remaining four games to stay up anyway.
Darren Huckerby, Leeds 3-3 COVENTRY, April 1998
Huckerby twice equalised goals by Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink in the first half before giving Coventry the lead shortly after the hour mark. Harry Kewell denied the visitors the points at Elland Road but Huckerby’s performance wasn’t forgotten – he signed for Leeds the following year.
Michael Owen, Sheffield Wednesday 3-3 LIVERPOOL, February 1998
Liverpool’s boy wonder had become the youngest England international of the 20th century just three days earlier and celebrated with a hat-trick to salvage a point for Liverpool at Hillsborough. Having already equalised once, he scored twice late on to deny Sheffield Wednesday victory.
Dennis Bergkamp, Leicester 3-3 ARSENAL, August 1997
Bergkamp scored one of the great Premier League hat-tricks in an early season game at Leicester in 1997. Two fine goals set the scene before the Dutchman latched onto a long pass, beat his man and finished superbly to cap a wonderful performance. However, there was still time for a stoppage-time equaliser by Steve Walsh.
Dennis Bergkamp completing his stunning hat-trick at Leicester
Dwight Yorke, Newcastle 4-3 ASTON VILLA, September 1996
Yorke gave Aston Villa the lead early on at St James’ Park but a hat-trick seemed unlikely by early in the second half with his team 3-1 down to Newcastle and down to 10 men. Yorke did manage to get there, albeit in a 4-3 defeat.
Fabrizio Ravanelli, MIDDLESBROUGH 3-3 Liverpool, August 1996
Ravanelli announced his arrival at Middlesbrough with a famous hat-trick in their opening-day draw with Liverpool at the Riverside Stadium. The man known as the White Feather equalised three times for his new club but the season was to end in unique disappointment – two cup final defeats and relegation.
Dion Dublin, Sheffield Wednesday 4-3 COVENTRY, December 1995
When it comes to frustrating hat-tricks, Dublin’s efforts against Sheffield Wednesday in 1995 must be right up there. The Coventry forward had given Coventry the lead on three separate occasions and seen his goals cancelled out each time before Mark Bright scored the winner for the Owls.
Matt Le Tissier, SOUTHAMPTON 3-4 Nottingham Forest, August 1995
Le Tissier started the 1995/1996 season in style with a hat-trick but found himself on the losing side nevertheless. The Southampton hero scored with two trademark penalties before levelling things up at three apiece only for Bryan Roy to come up with a winner for the visitors at The Dell.
Matt Le Tissier: Only man to hit two Premier League hat-tricks in losing causes
Alan Shearer, Leeds 3-3 BLACKBURN, October 1993
Shearer scored 31 times in the 1993/94 Premier League season and three of them came at Elland Road. The England striker looked to have claimed the points when he completed his hat-trick with a quarter of an hour remaining, but the home side pulled one back before Tim Sherwood’s late own goal delivered a blow to Rovers’ title push.
Rod Wallace, Coventry 3-3 LEEDS, May 1993
With both teams safe on the final day of the inaugural Premier League season, there was little to play for at Highfield Road but the home fans would still have been left frustrated by Wallace’s late show. Coventry led 3-1 in the final moments but Wallace scored twice more for 10-man Leeds to complete his hat-trick.
Matt Le Tissier, Oldham 4-3 SOUTHAMPTON, May 1993
Le Tissier is the only man to appear twice on this list and was the first to have the dubious honour of scoring a Premier League hat-trick and still being on the losing side. On the final day of the season, Oldham raced into a 4-1 lead in a game they needed to win to stay up but Le Tissier certainly had them worried when he pulled two back to complete his hat-trick.
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In which country is Francochamps motor racing circuit | Spa-Francorchamps - RacingCircuits.info
Spa-Francorchamps
Grand Prix Circuit (F1 Pits)
4.352 miles / 7.004 km
Grand Prix Circuit (Original Pits)
4.352 miles / 7.004 km
Grand Prix Circuit (Combined Pits)
4.352 miles / 7.004 km
Address: Le Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps, Route du Circuit, 55 - 4970 Francorchamps, Belgium
PH: +32 87 29 37 00
Circuit type: Permanent road course
Website: http://www.spa-francorchamps.be
Circuit History
Spa-Francorchamps is one of the classic race circuits beloved by drivers and spectators alike, where today the true essence of speed can be explored in spectacular style on a safe and modern facility. However, it hasn't always been like this; in its original incarnation, Spa was a circuit truly to be feared as it posed dangers almost like no other. Fast straights, sweeping corners and unpredictable weather could combine to create a lethal combination – and too often did.
Motor racing had become increasingly popular in Belgium after the First World War and the Ardennes region hosted a number of races before the spotlight fell on the roads around the town of Spa-Francorchamps – until then more famous for its healing waters. The combination of long straights and rolling countryside seemed perfect for the new sport, offering the chance to attain high speeds. Attempts were made to organise the first race in 1921, but these foundered when there was only one entered car.
Eventually, the track was inaugurated by the motorcyclists, with the cars following in 1922. Two years later came the first running of the famous 24 Hours of Francorchamps, only one year after Le Mans, while the first real big international race for single-seaters, the European Grand Prix, was run in 1925. Seven cars took part in this event with victory falling to Antonio Ascari and Alfa Romeo.
The first course saw the cars head down the hill from La Source to a left-hand band leading to a hairpin (named after a former customs post which had occupied the site until 1920), before the track rose to Raidillon and headed out on fast, flowing roads to Malmedy, onto Stavelot before sweeping back to Francorchamps in a roughly triangular course.
Over the years there were relatively few modifications to the circuit; a chicane at Malmedy was bypassed in 1930, then reused again four years later before being discarded once more in 1939. It was also in this year that the circuit's signature corner sequences was born when a connecting road, bypassing the Virage de Ancienne Douane, was constructed. The sweeping uphill left-right-left combination (known popularly, but incorrectly, as Eau Rouge; this is actually the first corner at the bottom of the hill, rather than the one at the top, which is Raidillon), became an instant classic.
World War Two intervened before too long, however, and like many other circuits in Europe, Spa-Francorchamps suffered at the hands of heavy artillery, so racing did not resume until repairs were complete in 1947. Several modifications were made at this point; the Malmedy chicane was once again bypassed and, in order to keep the circuit of the town itself, a new sweeping and banked corner was built at Stavelot.
Even then, safety was marginal, as racers did battle on a circuit which was little different from the normal roads used by the public, save for a few strategically placed hay bales. With ever-increasing speeds and no margin for error, death was an inevitable constant. The roll call of fatalities grew frighteningly long: in 1958 Archie Scott-Brown crashed and died at the same corner that pre-war Mercedes-Benz driver Dick Seaman had perished; Chris Bristow and Alan Stacey were killed in the 1960 Grand Prix; Eric de Keyn and Wil Loos in the 1967 Spa 24 Hours; Tony Hegbourne and Leon Dernier followed in short order.
Even the major stars of the day had serious collisions here: in the fateful 1960 race, Stirling Moss was severely injured in a crash at Burnenville during practice and it was after a 1965 crash, when his BRM ended upside-down in the cellar of the farmhouse on the outside of Masta corner, that Jackie Stewart began his calls for safety improvements, not only to circuits, but to cars, medical facilities and marshalling standards.
By 1969, Stewart's fellow Grand Prix drivers were largely in agreement and successfully boycotted the Grand Prix when demanded safety improvements had not been carried out. They relented in 1970 when armo barriers were erected around the circuit, but only after the last minute installation of a temporary chicane at Malmedy. It was to prove the last F1 event on the old course.
Despite the dangers, the famous 24 hour race continued, as did visits from sportscar series and motorcycle races. The grim statistics also remained: two deaths in 1971, one in 1972, three during the 1973 24 Hours and another two in 1975. Some efforts were made to improve safety, although a new chicane installed at the Masta Kink in 1975 was judged to be even more dangerous than the original corner and was never raced.
It was clear that it was only a matter of time before authorities brought an end to proceedings permanently. Racing could only survive if a safer, shorter and more modern course could be created.
The solution came in 1979, when a new section of permanent track was built to create a much shorter 4 mile circuit. This saw the cars turn off the old course before Les Combes, heading down the valley through a fast but technical section before returning to the old course before Blanchimont. The new circuit was a universal hit, retaining its character as one of the most-challenging in the world but with safety margins which had hitherto been unimaginable.
Nevertheless, there was still room for further refinements. In 1981, to slow cars through the old Clubhouse corner, a chicane was installed. A slightly clumsy left-right, right-left double corner, it instantly acquired the nickname of the 'bus stop chicane'. 1983 saw the return of Formula One, utilising brand new F1-only pit facilities on the straight between the bus stop and La Source. There was controversy when the original meeting had to be postponed to later in the year after the track surface broke up.
Changes were forced on the circuit following the 1993 crash of Alex Zanardi at Raidillon during GP practice; the following year saw a slow chicane inserted at Eau Rouge but by the following year the classic layout was back with much improved run-off areas. Revised pit entry and exit lanes debuted in 2000 (with a particularly tortuous route for those using the sportscar pits), before further revisions to the run-off at Eau Rouge and Raidillon necessitated slight track realignments, though without fundamentally altering the natures of the corners.
Further changes came in 2004, when the entry to the Bus Stop chicane was altered; the road diverted in a curving arc to the right, before entering a tight left-hander and continuing as before. The change improved run-off but did have the consequence of requiring heavy braking through the curved right hander and was not universally popular.
Spa's future was in doubt by the end of 2005, when further track improvements demanded by Bernie Ecclestone failed to materialise, following the bankruptcy of the race promoter. The race was dropped from the F1 schedule for 2006. The Government of Wallonia stepped in with the necessary funding, allowing the radical rebuilding of the F1 pit facilities for the 2007 season. Much more spacious than before, the facilities freed up new land to remodel, once again, the bus stop chicane. Now a switchback double hairpin with acres of run-off room, it undoubtedly provides an overtaking point, but is a total disruption to the flow of the rest of the circuit. There may be no compromises in safety these days, but the resulting circuit changes certainly do have compromises...
Other changes included the lengthening of the main straight to La Source and the sealing off of the former public roads to create a permanent, closed racing facility for the first time. Formula One duly returned and the race has once again become an annual highlight of the racing season.
Outside of F1, the circuit has a full calendar of events, including the 24 Hours (now run to the popular GT3 rules), the 1000km World Endurance Event for sportscars, rounds of the WTCC and World Series by Renault and a popular historic meeting, the Spa Six Hours. There's even a 24 hour race for Citroën 2CVs to round off the racing season!
Getting There
The Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps can be found near to the town of Francorchamps in eastern Belgium, close to the borders with Germany and the Netherlands. If you are flying to Spa, there are plenty of choices thanks to the circuit's central European location. The nearest international airport is actually over the border in the Netherlands; Maastricht Aachen Airport is approximately a 50 minutes drive from the circuit. An alternative airport with international flights can be found at Düsseldorf, Germany (a 90 minute drive away. The nearest major airport in Belgium is at Brussels Airport is an 85 mile drive (80 mins) away, but some international and domestic flights can also be found at South Charleroi Airport, which is also about an 80 minute drive.
By rail, you can travel on lines from Brussells, Liège and Charleroi to Verviers station, from where it is a 45 minute bus ride (route 94 or 395) to Francorchamps. Alternatively, buses are laid on from Liège during F1 weekends.
Getting to the circuit is easiest by road. The circuit is close to the A27/E32 highway and final directions will depend upon which car park your ticket has access to. The circuit website has comprehensive details and directions for spectators and competitors, so make sure you check this before heading off.
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If you ordered fromage from a French restaurant menu what would you be served with | Spa-Francorchamps - Circuits of the past
Spa-Francorchamps
Eau Rouge or Raidillon?
Spa-Francorchamps
This page tells the history of the beautiful circuit of Spa-Francorchamps . A classic on the Formula One calendar and beloved for its elevations and blazing fast corners...
The prehistory of Spa-Francorchamps
Together with the old Nürburgring , the Belgian circuit of Spa-Francorchamps is one of the few old style race tracks that still exists. And it belongs to the most beautiful circuits in the world!
Back in 1896 there where races in the Belgian Ardennes and from 1902 they raced at a closed part of the public road. This also was the first time a public road get closed for motor racing!
In this time they drove year by year at different lay outs and the longest was 118,1 km (73.8 Miles)!
In the early twenties the "La Meuse" newspaper owner Jules de Thier and chairman of the Royal Automobile Club Belgium Langlois van Ophem came at the idea to use the triangle Francorchamps - Malmedy - Stavelot for motor racing. The circuit of Spa-Francorchamps was born.
On this satellite photo you see above the current circuit very clear. If you follow the Kemmel Straight you enter the old circuit and you can recognize the classic triangle. Click here for a lap on the old track.
The first ever car race that should take place in 1921 at the 14,982 km (9.31 Miles) long circuit was cancelled because there was a lack of competitors, just one registration! The first race that took place was a motorcycle race in 1922.
In 1924 the first edition of the 24 hours of Francorchamps took place one year after le Mans. And in 1925 the first Grand Prix was held, the GP of Europe, which was won by Antonio Ascari, the father of Alberto.
The layout of Spa-Francorchamps
The layout of the 14 Km. (8.75Miles) long street circuit was characterized by fast sweeping corners and huge elevations. Actually there where only 3 slow corners from which only La Source remained. The others where l'Ancienne Douane and Stavelot.
In 1939 a spectacular new corner cut off l'Ancienne Douane, with the goal to make Francorchamps one of the fastest circuits in Europe. The name of that corner was Raidillon .
This horrendous fast and very steep Raidillon is attached to the remains of the old Eau Rouge corner, the left-hander which was originally the connection to the l'Ancienne Douane hairpin. Today many people call the Raidillon by mistake Eau-Rouge (See the article " Eau Rouge or Raidillon? " for more information).
You can see that the left-hander was original longer. Click on the picture for more details about the Raidillon and the confusion about the name.
During World War Two there where no races at Francorchamps. But from December 1944 to January 1945 the circuit was in the middle of the Ardennes Offensive.
The first post war races have been held in 1947. The lay out was changed a little bit from that year, because the intersection at Stavelot was cut off by a new fast and slightly banked corner.
The pre war trend to make Francorchamps one of the fastest circuits was continued with this modification.
The new banked corner near Stavelot.
Malmedy Chicane
The Malmedy Chicane was mainly used in the pre-war version of the track. First from 1921 to 1929. Than from 1934 to 1939. After World War Two the chicane was initially not used anymore, because of the trend to make the circuit faster.
But at the end of the sixties safety became an issue. Spa-Francorchamps came under criticism for it's lack of safety, which resulted in the reuse of the Malmedy Chicane in 1970 for certain race classes.
About the use of the Malmedy Chicane during the 1970 Formula One Grand Prix are the stories contradictory. Some sources tell the chicane was tested during practise but found too dangerous and not used during the race. But footage of the 1970 Belgian Grand Prix shows that it was also used during the race itself.
They probably mixed up two cases. It seems that the Malmedy Chicane was not used during the 1970 edition of the 1000 Kilometres of Spa-Francorchamps. Moreover, there was another chicane which was tested for the 1000 Kilometres of Spa-Francorchamps but not used...
Masta Chicane
For the 1975 edition of the 1000 Kilometres of Spa-Francorchamps the organizers were looking for a safer alternative for the feared Masta Kink and decided to build a chicane. But when the Masta Chicane was built and tested they came to the conclusion that it was much more dangerous than the original Masta Kink.
So the Masta Chicane was never used for its purpose. Today it is a parking along the public road.
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Formula One at Spa-Francorchamps
Since 1950 the Belgian Grand Prix was counting for the Formula one World Championship which was introduced hat year. Until 1970, except in 1957, it was held at the old Spa-Fracorchamps circuit.
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Like usual, beautiful circuits are mostly dangerous circuits. The most exuberant parties in Formula one where after the Belgian Grand Prix if everyone had survived the race at Spa-Francorchamps!
But after some grave incidents the track was found too dangerous by the drivers and the Belgian Grand Prix was moved to Zolder and Nivelles .
The only way for Spa-Francorchamps to get the Belgian Grand Prix back was to build a new circuit. Different proposal lay outs where designed. The goal was to preserve the old character of the track while the most dangerous sections should disappear.
They opted for a new section between Les Combes and Blanchimont, which reduces the length to almost 7 kilometres. Moreover, the Kemmel section, which originally contained a series of fast kinks, was straightened making it the famous Kemmel Straight. The new circuit opened in 1979 and in 1983 the Formula one came back to Spa-Francorchamps.
One of the most beloved section of the new circuit is the double left-hander Pouhon. Here during the Grand Prix in 1997.
The aim was to alternate the Belgian Grand Prix between the Flemish Zolder and the Walloon Spa-Francorchamps just like between Zolder and Nivelles in the early seventies. But since 1985 the Grand Prix stayed at the new Spa-Francorchamps circuit.
Old Spa-Francorchamps today
Since 2000 the new part is a permanent circuit. To make this possible a new traffic road was constructed around the circuit.
The old part is still accessible and is almost in original state. Only the Masta Straight is now interrupted by a small detour to connect to a roundabout.
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The dead end section from Stavelot to Blanchimont was neglected and in a very bad condition for years. But nowadays it serves as a gateway to the kart track and the infield of the current circuit, and has a brand new surface.
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What is the clarified butter used in Indian cookery called | Clarified Butter and Butter Ghee, Whats Cooking America
Clarified Butter and Butter Ghee
Clarified Butter and Butter Ghee are also known as Liquid Gold. I know that regular butter is fantastic, but believe it or not, butter can be made to taste even better!
The only difference in making both Clarified Butter and Butter Ghee, is the length of the cooking time. Unlike cooking oils, butter is not 100% fat – but only approximately 80% fat and 20% water. When the water is removed, you are left with pure butterfat which is also know as Clarified Butter or Butter Ghee.
Clarified Butter and Butter Ghee are usually used for frying and sauteing. You can use clarified butter the same as you would regular butter, but I tend to reserve clarified butter or butter ghee for dishes where you’re really going to taste the butter in the dish.
Clarified Butter:
Also called drawn butter. Regular butter is made up of butterfat, milk solids, and water. Clarified butter is the translucent golden butterfat left over after the milk solids and water are removed. In short, clarified butter is just butter that contains only pure butterfat. It has a higher smoke point than regular butter, thus allowing you to be able to cook at higher temperatures, and won’t spoil as quickly.
Butter Ghee:
Clarified butter and ghee are not the same. Ghee is clarified butter that has been cooked longer to remove all the moisture, and the milk solids are browned (caramelized) in the fat and then strained out. This gives a rich nutty taste. Ghee has a longer shelf life, both refrigerated and at room temperature. It is traditionally used in Indian cuisine.
Making Clarified Butter and Ghee Tips and Hints:
Type of Butter Used: Always use unsalted butter. Use organic butter or the best butter you can purchase. Cheap butter contains lots of water and chemicals, plus it burns much faster. When making clarified butter always start with at least 25% more unsalted butter than the amount of clarified butter needed, as the volume is reduced during the melting and straining process.
1 pound of butter = about 1 1/2 cups clarified butter or ghee.
Type of Pan Used: Use a heavy bottomed and deep stainless steel pan. Make sure the pan you will be using is clean and dry.
Chef’s Tip – Use a double boiler. This let you safely clarify your butter while busy elsewhere in the kitchen. Never cover the pan during the whole cooking process.
Low Heat: Use low heat so the butter will not burn. Yes, turning up the heat will melt the butter faster, but the milk solids may begin to burn. For fast melting, cut the unsalted butter into pieces and melt slowly in a heavy saucepan for approximately 30 minutes.
Storing clarified butter and ghee: They can both be stored, covered, without refrigeration in a glass or earthen jar for about six (6) months. At room temperature, they become semi-sold. With refrigeration, they both harden and can be stored, covered, for about one 91) year. Do not let any water get into your clarified butter or ghee jar. A drop of water can easily promote bacteria and spoil them.
Using clarified butter and ghee: Clarified butter and ghee is great to saute with because it does not burn as easily as ordinary butter. It is useful in all kinds of sauce making, especially the butter-based sauces like Hollandaise Sauce . It is also a delicious accompaniment for lobster or crab. Use in place of regular butter in your cooking.
How To Make Clarified Butter – How To Make Butter Ghee:
The only difference in making both clarified butter and butter ghee, is the length of the cooking time. The additional Ghee directions are in blue print below.
Making Clarified Butter:
Place one (1) pound of unsalted butter in your pan. Over low heat, melt the butter. When the butter has completely melted, continue to heat it over low heat.
When the melted butter starts boiling, it will begin to foam and sputter a lot at first as the water boils off. Continue boiling the butter, uncovered.
As the butter melts, it will slowly separate into three (3) layers:
The top layer is a thin layer of foam (this is the butter’s water content boiling off.
The middle layer contains the liquid.
The bottom layer is where most of the milk solids are.
Slowly the liquid on top becomes more and more transparent. When the clarified butter has a golden transparent color, there is very little foam left on the surface, and the solids have settled on the bottom, the clarified butter is ready. The cooking time is approximately 30 minutes, depending on the heat source and the kind of pot that you use.
Remove from heat immediately as it can burn easily at this point.
Making Ghee:
Continue to slowly cook over low heat, watching carefully and stirring occasionally, until solids on the bottom of the pan turn light brown and the liquid deepens to golden and turns translucent and fragrant. Also a rich aroma (aroma smells like popcorn) arises in the air. Immediately remove from the heat. Important – If you leave it on the heat too long, you will burn the residue and all of the ghee will have a burnt taste.
Ways to remove the foam and solids:
Skim off the foam after removing from heat. Let the butter cool awhile to let more of the solids settle, and then pour or spoon out the clarified butter, leaving the remain milk solids in the pan.
Pour the hot melted cutter through cheesecloth, fine-mesh skimmer, or tea strainer to filter out the foam and solids that have settled, letting the clarified butter flow into a jar.
My favorite way – Pour the hot melted butter into a container and allow it to separate on its own while cooling, and then refrigerate. After it has solidified, you can easily scrape off the hardened foam on top.
Use a gravy or fat separator to make the skimming easier.
Strain the melted butter through a typical coffee filter.
The advantages of making your own clarified butter and/or ghee:
You can choose the quality of butter used.
Home clarified butter and ghee tastes better.
Making your own is much cheaper than purchasing it.
High smoke point of 375 degrees F.
Long shelf life (refrigerated or room temperature).
Is well tolerated by those with lactose intolerance.
| Ghee |
From which country do we get Graves wine | Clarified Butter Recipes: Clarified Butter Food Recipes
Clarified Butter
Hindi Name: Ghee
Clarified butter is produced by melting butter and allowing milk solid and water to separate from the butter fat. It is called ghee in India and is used extensively as an alternative to butter. Though the preparation of ghee is slightly different in different countries, one could say that clarified butter is in fact ghee.
Usage
It is used in cooking traditional Southeast Asian recipes or served along with dishes like seafood. In some places it is also used to preserve foods like shrimp. Clarified butter is used by chefs because it has a high smoke point, i.e. it does not burn fast during frying.
Nutritional value
1. It lacks hydrogenated oils and is therefore a good option for health conscious people.
2. All the milk proteins are removed during the clarifying process; this makes it a very good option for lactose intolerant people.
3. It stimulates the secretion of stomach acids to help with digestion, while other fats like butter and oils, slow down the digestive process and can sit heavy in the stomach.
4. It has a high concentration of butyric acid that contains anti-viral properties and is said to inhibit the growth of cancerous tumors.
Note: People with high cholesterol are advised not to consume ghee. The combination of saturated fat and cholesterol can increase the risk for heart disease.
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What was the name of the character played by Humphrey Bogart in The African Queen | The African Queen (1951) - IMDb
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In Africa during World War I, a gin-swilling riverboat captain is persuaded by a strait-laced missionary to use his boat to attack an enemy warship.
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Title: The African Queen (1951)
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Won 1 Oscar. Another 2 wins & 9 nominations. See more awards »
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Storyline
September 1914, news reaches the colony German Eastern Africa that Germany is at war, so Reverend Samuel Sayer became a hostile foreigner. German imperial troops burn down his mission; he is beaten and dies of fever. His well-educated, snobbish sister Rose Sayer buries him and leaves by the only available transport, the dilapidated river steamboat 'African Queen' of grumpy Charlie Allnut. As if a long difficult journey without any comfort weren't bad enough for such odd companions, she is determined to find a way to do their bit for the British war effort (and avenge her brother) and aims high, as God is obviously on their side: construct their own equipment, a torpedo and the converted steamboat, to take out a huge German warship, the Louisa, which is hard to find on the giant lake and first of all to reach, in fact as daunting an expedition as anyone attempted since the late adventurous explorer John Speakes, but she presses till Charlie accepts to steam up the Ulana, about to brave... Written by KGF Vissers
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Trivia
Shooting was slow going. Tempers often flared and the cast and crew faced constant dangers and difficulties including torrential rains that would close down shooting, wild animals, poisonous snakes and scorpions, crocodiles, armies of ants, water so contaminated that they couldn't even brush their teeth with it, and food that was less than appetizing. Lauren Bacall recalled, "We decided first night out that it was advisable not to ask what we were eating, we didn't want to know." See more »
Goofs
When arguing about who is going to steer the torpedoes, a cigar suddenly appears in Charlie's mouth. See more »
Quotes
Charlie Allnut : Nothin' a man can't do if he sets his mind to it. Never say die. That's my motto!
| The African Queen (film) |
How many red stripes are there on the U.S.A. flag | Film Notes -The African Queen
The African Queen
(American, 1951, 105 minutes, color, 35mm)
Directed by John Huston
Robert Morley . . . . . . Reverend Samuel Sayer
Peter Bull . . . . . . . . . . Captain of Louisa
The following film notes were prepared for the New York State Writers Institute by Kevin Jack Hagopian, Senior Lecturer in Media Studies at Pennsylvania State University:
The story of Charlie Allnut and Rose Sayer appealed to John Huston instantly. C. S. Forester’s tale of a mismatched couple, the convict and the missionary lady, centered on one of the best colorfully conflicted duos in Huston films. The leads were first to have been played by Charles Laughton and his wife, Elsa Lanchester, and then by Bette Davis and David Niven. But Katherine Hepburn, then finishing a national tour of As You Like It for the Theatre Guild, loved the book, and saw in Rosie a woman much like herself—a prim-seeming product of a starched society with vast, hidden reserves of unorthodoxy and bravery. She’d never met Humphrey Bogart or director John Huston, but she admired both of them. She agreed to do the film on one condition—that the film would actually be shot in its setting, equatorial Africa. Renegade independent producer Sam Spiegel knew that Hepburn was the only Rosie in the world, and he gulped and agreed. No one could have known the agonies that awaited them, agonies that made everyone feel remarkably close to the world of Rosie and Charlie.
Shipping a whole movie company thousands of miles across the world and into the African bush greatly appealed to director Huston, who, after the experience of THE TREASURE OF THE SIERRA MADRE’s Mexican locations, was even more eager to use extensive location work in this film. He flew over 25,000 miles of African terrain before choosing a camp near Biondo, on the Ruiki River in what was then the Belgian Congo. Not only did the realism of the African location for this particular story appeal to Huston, but so did the end-of-the world feel:
"I come from a frontier background. My people were that. And I always feel constrained in the presence of too many rules, severe rules; they distress me. I like the sense of freedom. I don't particularly seek that ultimate freedom of the anarchist, but I'm impatient of rules that result from prejudice."
Throughout his life, Huston took any excuse to light out for the territories. The god-forsaken Congo was the perfect place to make a film about how quickly the cheap paint of civilization can wear off the human psyche. For the rest of THE AFRICAN QUEEN cast and crew, it was a green hell. Spiegel had gone deeply in hock to make the film with the cast he wanted, and there was precious little left over for a huge location crew. For a time, Hepburn doubled as the wardrobe mistress. Missing from the African set were the squadrons of grips, gophers, and hangers-on common to a Hollywood shoot. In their place were bemused natives, lumber camp laborers, and the occasional colonial administrator.
"Nature," says Hepburn’s Rose Sayer in the film, "is what we were put on earth to rise above." But THE AFRICAN QUEEN group kept most intimate company with nature for the long weeks on African location, close by the black water of the Riuki in the rainy season. The cast endured blood flukes, crocodiles, huge army ants, wild boars, elephant stampedes, malaria and dysentery. Poisonous snakes in the outhouses and bugs in the food added even more character to the steaming inferno, and Hepburn lost twenty pounds making the film. Sanitation was nonexistent, a particular horror for Hepburn, fastidious to a fault and a urologist’s daughter.
Bogart and Huston took to consuming Homeric amounts of alcohol, as the jungle closed in about them. Bogart’s own self-reliance and confidence initially made him despise the chinless Charlie Allnut. But the weeks in the jungle worked a change on Bogart, as he sampled the destitute life of Charlie. As Huston said, "All at once he got under the skin of that wretched, sleazy, absurd, brave little man."
Hepburn became angry with Huston and Bogart, and berated them for their endless practical jokes at her expense, including obscenities written in soap on her mirror. "She thought we were rascals, scamps, and rogues," said Huston, with a smile, many years later. Of course, she was right. "But eventually she saw through our antics and learned to trust us as friends." Hepburn developed a respect for Huston as a true ‘actor’s director,’ who gave her the key to Rose Sayer when he advised her to play the role like Eleanor Roosevelt. "That is the goddamnedest best piece of direction I have ever heard," wrote Hepburn, and their friendship was sealed.
For Hepburn, the role of Rose, "the skinny, psalm-singing old maid" who discovers a reservoir of strength and very earthly affection for one completely unlike herself, was art imitating life, complete with tsetse fly bites and leech infestations. She came to regard the shoot as one of the great adventures of her life, immortalizing it in a 1987 book with the absolutely accurate title The Making of The African Queen or How I Went to Africa with Bogart, Bacall and Huston and Almost Lost My Mind.
The AFRICAN QUEEN shoot, like the search for Scarlet O’Hara, or Darryl F. Zanuck chasing starlets around his desk, is now part of Hollywood lore. Clint Eastwood’s 1990 film WHITE HUNTER, BLACK HEART is loosely based on the Huston of THE AFRICAN QUEEN, from a novel by Peter Viertel, one of THE AFRICAN QUEEN’s screenwriters. THE AFRICAN QUEEN shoot turned out to be a truly Hemingwayesque experience for the Bogarts, Huston, and Katherine Hepburn, perhaps "The Short, Happy Life of Francis Macomber" mixed with an equal measure of The Green Hills of Africa. But not really, for THE AFRICAN QUEEN affirms the primacy of romance and trust over the worst obstacles of nature and human nature. Hepburn captured the essential joy of THE AFRICAN QUEEN in a mental snapshot from the film: "Dear Bogie. I'll never forget that close-up of him after he kisses Rosie, then goes around in back of the tank and considers what has happened. His expression—the wonder of it all—life."
— Kevin Hagopian, Penn State University
For additional information, contact the Writers Institute at 518-442-5620 or online at http://www.albany.edu/writers-inst.
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Keepsake, Invictor, Careless and Lancashire Lad are varieties of which fruit | Lancashire Lad Gooseberry Bushes - Chris Bowers
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Which European prime minister was assassinated in 1986 | Serbs' Premier Is Assassinated; Led in Reforms - The New York Times
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World |Serbs' Premier Is Assassinated; Led in Reforms
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Serbs' Premier Is Assassinated; Led in Reforms
By DANIEL SIMPSON
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A sniper today shot and killed the Serbian prime minister, Zoran Djindjic, a reformer who helped overthrow Slobodan Milosevic and send him to face trial on charges of orchestrating genocide in the Balkans.
Within hours, Serbian government officials said they believed the killing was carried out by a notorious Belgrade underworld group accused of dozens of other murders and kidnappings.
The leader of that group is a former special police commander, Milorad Lukovic, whose support helped Mr. Djindjic oust Mr. Milosevic in October 2000.
Officials said Mr. Djindjic had been killed because he had been preparing to arrest Mr. Lukovic and his associates, some of whom are suspected of committing war crimes.
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The intense pressure on Mr. Djindjic by Western governments to arrest war crimes suspects, particularly Gen. Ratko Mladic, had forced him to confront holdovers from the Milosevic era, officials said. Mr. Lukovic had been a backer of the ousted president before switching sides.
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The killing of Mr. Djindjic, 50, who was shot in the parking lot outside his office and had many political enemies, carried echoes in its portent for the Balkans of the June 1914 assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo. Today's death leaves Serbia, a struggling country at the center of a conflict-ridden region ravaged by a decade of war, with neither a prime minister nor an elected president.
''The assassination portends a dark period for Serbia and the region,'' said Brenda Pearson, a specialist on Balkan affairs at the Washington-based Public International Law and Policy Group. ''This period will see a resurgence of nationalism that was never repudiated by much of the Serbian establishment and continues to be allied with the underworld.''
The assassination was the first of a European prime minister since the Swedish prime minister, Olof Palme, was shot walking home from a movie in 1986.
Mr. Djindjic was shot on the very day that his cabinet was to sign warrants for the arrests of Mr. Lukovic, who is known throughout Belgrade by his nickname, Legija, and other leaders of the gang that is believed to be behind today's assassination and other recent killings, according to a statement issued by the Serbian government. That statement listed 20 members of the self-styled ''Zemun clan,'' named after a Belgrade suburb. Among those named was a man arrested two weeks ago after he tried to drive a truck into Mr. Djindjic's motorcade on the highway to the Belgrade airport. Despite this recent attempt on his life, the prime minister was not wearing body armor when he was shot in the chest today as he got out of his car, moving slowly because of a soccer injury.
The police said his assailant used such high-caliber bullets that they would probably have penetrated his chest through a flak jacket.
Television film of the ambush showed Mr. Djindjic's bodyguards bundling his crumpled body into a black Audi sedan that sped off to hospital. Surgeons kept him alive to operate on him for 40 minutes, but he was dead on arrival.
Although his fractious coalition now only retains power thanks to support from Mr. Milosevic's old party in Parliament, Mr. Djindjic had been a favored leader of Western officials since he was in the political opposition. None of the politicians likely to succeed him has the same backing from international officials, or a comparable track record on extraditing people accused of war crimes to the United Nations tribunal in The Hague.
Jailed after protesting against Marshal Tito's Communist in the 1970's, Mr. Djindjic then spent a decade in Germany, gaining a philosophy doctorate before returning to Serbia to campaign against Mr. Milosevic. Sonja Biserko of the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, one of many longtime democracy advocates grieving tonight for Mr. Djindjic, described him as ''a young, modern and dynamic politician, who had been doing his utmost to take out the former regime's mortgage on this country.''
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Tributes to Mr. Djindjic poured in from abroad, where officials also praised his efforts to revive an economy battered by conflict and sanctions. But in Serbia, where few people yet see the benefits of such reforms, the reaction was more muted.
A small crowd of several dozen mourners gathered outside the government building where he was shot, clutching candles and red roses. Some were in tears. But elsewhere in the city, life went on much as normal and other people were almost indifferent after a decade of war and the assassination of many other senior officials. Most of those killings are unsolved, but the murky circle of businessmen and criminals who gained sway in Serbia in the 13 years Mr. Milosevic ruled before he was ousted on Oct. 5, 2000 are widely blamed.
''Sure it's a tragedy, but he's not the only one,'' said a woman who gave her name only as Branka. ''People are dying all the time here and no one seems to do much about it.''
In response to the assassination, the government immediately declared a state of emergency, handing the army powers to search and detain people without a warrant, and appointed the deputy prime minister, Nebojsa Covic, as Mr. Djindjic's temporary replacement.
Like the acting president, Natasa Micic, who took over last year after low voter turnout invalidated two successive presidential elections, he has no popular mandate and represents a fringe party. Moreover, any attempt to form a government of national unity is likely to be undermined by politicians scrambling to fill the vacuum left by Mr. Djindjic, who effectively centralized power around himself.
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''The main consequence of all of this will probably be elections, but it's difficult to see any decisive leadership emerging,'' said Bratislav Grubacic, a political analyst. ''In any case, whoever is in power still has to deal with the mess this country's now in and the relentless pressure to hand over suspected war criminals.''
In a conversation less than an hour before Mr. Djindjic's death, the American ambassador at large for war crimes issue, Pierre-Richard Prosper, who was visiting the war crimes tribunal in The Hague, said that in Belgrade ''the political climate is turning in favor'' of the arrest of General Mladic. The general was indicted for genocide in connection with the 1992-95 siege of Sarajevo, and the massacre of an estimated 7,500 Muslims at Srebrenica in 1995.
The pressure to hand suspects over to the tribunal had forced Mr. Djindjic into a corner. Under stern orders from a variety of Western countries and institutions to extradite General Mladic by June 15, the prime minister had been trying to buy time by first cracking down on underworld criminals, some of whom are suspected of committing war crimes. Chief among these is Mr. Lukovic, who deserted the French Foreign Legion in the early 1990's and returned to the Balkans, becoming a senior officer in the most feared Serbian police unit under Mr. Milosevic. He later switched his loyalties to Mr. Djindjic when street protests forced the former Yugoslavian president from office.
''Many owe their lives to Legija, including me,'' Mr. Djindjic said after a peaceful transfer of power that could not have happened without the support of such senior figures in the security establishment.
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Several commentators had warned in recent weeks of the risks inherent in Mr. Djindjic's efforts to distance himself from Legija and satisfy Western demands that more be done to arrest organized criminals as well as those responsible for wartime atrocities.
''The thing is that the foreigners are not asking the Serbian premier only to deliver some people to The Hague tribunal,'' declared an editorial in this week's edition of the magazine Blic News. ''They are in fact demanding a playoff between Mr. Djindjic and Milosevic-era holdovers in the state security services. The services, the magazine said, had found a new leader in Mr. Djindjic, but ''carried too much baggage from the past to follow him where he was going.'' The government said it would not relent in the fight against Mr. Lukovic and his associates, as well as others who would rather ensure that Serbia remains a gangster's paradise. But many analysts believe it has few chances of succeeding where the most outspoken advocate of reform failed.
Despite the prevailing pessimism, some observers in Belgrade contended that the murder of Mr. Djindjic could unify the quarreling advocates of reform.
''It's crunch time,'' said Dejan Medic, a 37-year-old graphic designer. ''Either people are going to get serious and take on the criminals trying to undermine our country or we're doomed.''
DEATH IN THE BALKANS
Assassins Leave Grisly Trail in Serbia
Some of the more significant attacks against public figures in Serbia:
FEBRUARY 2003 -- Prime Minister Zoran Djindjic of Serbia survives when a truck tries to run into his motorcade near Belgrade's airport.
JUNE 2002 -- Gen. Bosko Buha, the deputy chief of Serbian public security, is shot dead in front of a hotel in Belgrade.
AUGUST 2001 -- Monir Gavrilovic, a former Serbian secret police official, is shot dead in a suburb of Belgrade.
FEBRUARY 2001 -- Interior Minister Dusan Mihajlovic survives when attackers shoot at his car in Belgrade.
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APRIL 2000 -- Zika Petrovic, head of the state-owned Yugoslav Airlines, is shot dead while walking his dog near his home in Belgrade.
FEBRUARY 2000 -- Defense Minister Pavle Bulatovic is shot dead in a Belgrade soccer club.
JANUARY 2000 -- Zeljko Raznatovic, a feared Serbian paramilitary leader under indictment for war crimes and known as Arkan, is shot dead in a hotel lobby in Belgrade.
OCTOBER 1999 -- The opposition leader Vuk Draskovic survives when an armored truck runs into his car in Belgrade. Several others die in the attack.
APRIL 1997 -- Radovan Stojicic Badza, the head of public security for the Serbian police, is shot dead in a Belgrade restaurant.
| Olof Palme |
Which British prime minister resigned over the Suez crisis | BBC ON THIS DAY | 28 | 1986: Swedish prime minister assassinated
Front Page | Years | Themes | Witness
1986: Swedish prime minister assassinated
The Swedish prime minister has died after being shot in a street ambush in central Stockholm. His wife was wounded.
Olof and Lisbeth Palme were attacked as they were leaving a cinema at about 2330 local time. Mr Palme was shot twice in the stomach, his wife was shot in the back.
Police say a taxi-driver used his mobile radio to raise the alarm. Two young girls sitting in a car close to the scene of the shooting tried to help the Prime Minister.
He was rushed to hospital but was dead on arrival. Mrs Palme is being treated for her injury, but it is not thought to be life threatening.
Advocate of peace
Mr Palme, 59, and a social democrat, was serving his second term as leader. He believed in open government and shunned tight security.
He had two bodyguards to protect him on official functions but frequently walked unattended through the Swedish capital and went on holidays unescorted to his summer cottage on the island of Gotland.
His assassination will come as a shock to the Swedes. They have always taken great pride in the fact their prime minister could walk openly in the streets without the security which accompanies other heads of state.
Mr Palme will be remembered as a campaigner for the working classes and Third World causes. He was first elected as prime minister in 1969.
He became a leading advocate of peace and non violence and campaigned for an end to the war in Vietnam.
He saw himself carrying the banner of Social Democracy through Europe at a time when the Right was only temporarily in triumph.
He once said: "I know that the Thatchers and the Reagans will be out in a few years. We have to survive till then."
In Context
Olof Palme's deputy Ingvar Carlsson was chosen to succeed him as Social Democratic party leader.
At the time of his death, Mr Palme had been accused of being pro-Soviet and not safeguarding Sweden's interests. Arrangements had been made for a trip to Moscow to discuss Soviet submarine incursions into Swedish waters.
A drug addict and social outcast, Christer Pettersson, 42, was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder in July 1989.
The verdict immediately became controversial as the court's two judges voted for acquittal but six lay assessors disagreed.
In October 1989, Pettersson was cleared. Although several witnesses thought they could place him at the scene of the crime, no motive was ever found for the killing.
Pettersson died in September 2004. He was reported to have confessed to the killing before his death.
The investigation into Olof Palme's death remains open.
In November 2006 police recovered a Smith and Wesson revolver believed to have been used in the murder. It was found in a lake in central Sweden.
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From which opera does the Toreador Song come | Toreador song (instrumental) by Georges Bizet from his final work, Carmen - HD - YouTube
Toreador song (instrumental) by Georges Bizet from his final work, Carmen - HD
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Published on Jan 23, 2014
Georges Bizet (25 October 1838 -- 3 June 1875), registered at birth as Alexandre César Léopold Bizet, was a French composer of the romantic era. Best known for his operas in a career cut short by his early death, Bizet achieved few successes before his final work, Carmen, which has become one of the most popular and frequently performed works in the entire opera repertory.
The Toreador Song (Votre toast, je peux vous le rendre) is one of the most famous arias from the opera Carmen, composed by Georges Bizet to a libretto by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy. It is sung by the bullfighter Escamillo as he enters in Act 2 (toréador is reference to "bullfighter"; although the actual correct term is torero, Bizet took some poetic license and "invented" a four-syllable word which he needed in order to match the musical motif), and describes various situations in the bullring, the cheering of the crowds and the fame that comes with victory.
Elements of Toréador re-appear later in Carmen: of note Toréador, en garde, which follows shortly after Votre toast... in Act 2.
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| Carmen |
Who duetted on Endless Love with Diana Ross in 1981 | Toreador Song Lyrics and Text Translation
Toreador Song Lyrics and Text Translation
Toreador Song Lyrics and Text Translation
Escamillo's Aria from Bizet's Carmen
By Aaron Green
Updated July 29, 2016.
Georges Bizet was an influential romantic period composer who won many awards for his compositions. One of his most famous operas, Carmen, is a fascinating tale of passion, romance, and betrayal. If you're not familiar with the opera's story, I recommend taking a few minutes to read the Carmen synopsis .
Throughout Carmen, you'll hear fantastic arias , including one of the opera's most famous and instantly recognizable Habanera . (When you've finished reading the lyrics to the Toreador Song, I'm sure you'll enjoy listening to Maria Callas and other sopranos perform the Habanera ). Another famous aria is the Toreador Song, which I've provided the translation and lyrics below. This delightful and catchy aria is first sung during Act 2 by the victorious bullfighter, Escamillo, then again in Act 4. At Lilas Pastia's Inn, the beautiful Carmen and her friends are flirting and socializing with a small group of soldiers when Escamillo and his boisterous entourage burst into the inn after a victorious bullfight.
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After spotting Carmen across the room, Escamillo attempts to win her affection by singing this aria.
French Text
Votre toast, je peux vous le rendre,
Senor, senors car avec les soldats
Oui, les Toreros, peuvent s'entendre;
Pour plaisirs, pour plaisirs,
Pousses jusques a la fureur!
Car c'est la fete du courage!
C'est la fete des gens de co
Allons! en garde! Allons! Allons! ah!
Toreador, en garde! Toreador, Toreador!
Et songe bien, oui, songe en combattant
Qu'un oeil noir te regarde,
Et que l'amour t'attend,
Et songe bien, oui, songe en combattant
Qu'un oeil noir te regarde,
Et que l'amour t'attend,
Tout d'un coup, on fait silence...
Ah! que se passe-t-il?
Plus de cris, c'est l'instant!
Plus de cris, c'est l'instant!
le taureau s'elance
En bondissant hors du Toril!
Il s'elance! Il entre,
Il frappe! un cheval roule,
Entrainant un Picador,
Ah! bravo! Toro! Hurle la foule!
Le taureau va, il vient,
il vient et frappe encore!
En secouant ses banderilles,
Plein de fureur, il court!
Le cirque est plein de sang!
On se sauve, on franchit les grilles!
C'et ton tour maintenant! allons!
En garde! allons! allons! Ah!
Toreador, en garde! Toreador, Toreador!
Et songe bien, oui, songe en combattant
Qu'un oeil noir te regarde,
Et que l'amour t'attend,
Et songe bien, oui, songe en combattant
Qu'un oeil noir te regarde
Et que l'amour t'attend,
Et songe bien, oui, songe en combattant
Qu'un oeil noir te regarde
Et que l'amour t'attend,
it is the feast day!
The arena is full, from top to bottom;
The spectators are losing their minds,
The spectators began a big fracas!
Apostrophes, cries, and uproar grow to a furor!
Because it is a celebration of courage!
It is the celebration of people with heart!
Let’s go, en guard! Let’s go! Let’s go! Ah!
Toreador, en guard! Toreador, Toreador!
And dream away, yes, dream in combat,
That a black eye is watching you,
And that love awaits you,
Toreador, love awaits you!
And dream away, yes dream in combat,
That a black eye is watching you
And may love await you,
Toreador, love await you!
All of a sudden, it is silent...
Ah, what is happening?
More cries! It is the moment!
More cries! It is the moment!
The bull throws himself out
Bounding out of the bullpin!
He throws himself out! He enters.
He strikes! A horse rolls,
Dragging a picador,
Ah, Bravo! Bull! The crowd roars!
The bull goes, he comes,
He comes and strikes again!
Shaking his dart-stabbed neck,
Full of fury, he runs!
The arena is full of blood!
They save themselves, they pass the gates
It is your turn now. Let’s go!
En guard! Let’s go! Let’s go! Ah!
Toreador, en guard! Toreador, Toreador!
And dream away, yes, dream in combat,
That a black eye is watching you,
And that love awaits you,
Toreador, Love awaits you!
And dream away, yes, dream in combat,
That a black eye is looking at you
And that love awaits you
Toreador, love awaits you!
And dream away, yes, dream in combat,
That a black eye is looking at you
And that love awaits you
And that love awaits you.
Toreador, love awaits you!
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In which mountain range is Ben Nevis | Ben-Nevis.com
BEN NEVIS - 'The Ben'
Fàilte!
Ben Nevis (Scottish Gaelic: Beinn Nibheis) is the highest mountain in the British Isles. It is located at the western end of the Grampian Mountains in the Lochaber area of Scotland, close to the town of Fort William and is affectionately known as 'The Ben.'
Ben Nevis attracts an estimated 125,000 complete and a further 100,000 partial ascents per year, most of which are made by walkers using the well-constructed Mountain Track ( Pony Track ) from Glen Nevis on the south side of the mountain. For climbers and mountaineers the main attraction lies in the 600-metre (2,000 ft) high cliffs of the north face. Among the highest cliffs in the United Kingdom, they harbour some of the best scrambles and rock climbs at all levels of difficulty, and are one of the principal locations in the UK for ice climbing.
The summit, at 1,344.527m (4,411ft 2in) (or 1,345m on the new Ordnance Survey maps) above sea level, unusually for a mountain in Scotland, features the ruins of a building, an observatory , which was permanently staffed from 1883 until its closure in 1904.
The Origins of the Name
The name, 'Ben Nevis,' is from the Gaelic, 'Beinn Nibheis.' While 'beinn' is a common Gaelic word for 'mountain' the word 'nibheis' is understood to have several meanings and is commonly translated as 'malicious' or 'venomous' therefore giving the meaning of 'Venomous (or malicious) mountain.'
Another interpretation of the name Ben Nevis, is that it derives from beinn nèamh-bhathais, from the word nèamh meaning 'heavens (or clouds)' and bathais meaning 'top of a man's head.' This would therefore translate literally as, 'the mountain with its head in the clouds' although this is sometimes also given as the more poetic, 'mountain of heaven.'
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In which mountain range in the Americas would you find Pikes Peak | Ben Nevis : Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering : SummitPost
Summit of Ben Nevis (Photo by Barbon )
Ben Nevis (1345 m) is the highest point in Scotland and the United Kingdom. It is located at the western end of the Grampian Mountains in the Lochaber area of Scotland, and is only a short distance from the coastal town of Fort William . The mountain's name is obscure in origin with several different theories surrounding its etymology. Ben is of course is the Anglicised word for 'beinn' which means mountain, the origin of the word Nevis howver, is uncertain. One theory is that it's derived from the Irish word 'neamhaise', which means 'terrible', while another suggests that it comes from the Gaelic words 'neamh' or 'nibheis', the former meaning 'a raw atmosphere'; while the latter is commonly translated as 'malicious' or 'venomous'. Any climber who has experienced the mountain while a cold northerly wind blasts snow and spindrift across the summit plateau will be able to attest that Ben Nevis has all of these qualities. A slightly gentler alternative interpretation is that Beinn Nibheis is derived from beinn-neamh-bhathais. 'Neamh' means 'heavens clouds' and 'bathais' means 'top of a man's head'. A literal translation could therefore be "the mountain with its head in the clouds", though the slightly more poetic "Mountain of Heaven" is equally plausible.
"The Ben" as it is commonly known, marks the western most flank of the aptly named Ben Nevis Range, which is home to some of the country's highest mountains. The views from the summit encompass a considerable part of Scotland's most spectacular scenery, including the mountains of Glen Coe to the south, Sunart Ardgour to the south west, Glen Albyn to the north, Rannoch Moor to the east and faint glimpses of the Isle of Mull in the far south, just beyond the furthest reaches of Loch Linnhe.
Ben Nevis is the central attraction for winter climbing in the UK, and its gullies and buttresses draw climbers from across Europe. The main winter attraction is its mixed climbing, which involves climbing over a combination of rock, ice and snow. Whether its ridges, gullies or slabs, Ben Nevis has routes that will appeal to all. Compared to the rest of the British Isles, the routes on Ben Nevis are longer than anywhere else, and display an Alpine-like seriousness. In summer, when the snow and ice has melted, the mountain's rock routes come into condition, and vary from easy scrambles to extremely challenging multi-pitch technical climbs. Many of the routes are historically important, having either been first ascended during rock climbings embryonic years in the late 19th century, or have been created by some of the UK's most talented climbers who have been responsible for pushing the ever increasing standards of British climbing.
The mountain receives approximately 100,000 ascents a year with 3/4 of these being via the standard tourist route from Glen Nevis. The southern and western sides are characterised by easy walk ups, while the northern and eastern aspects have enough rock and ice to keep technical climbers of all abilities returning for years.
Summits of the Ben Nevis Range
Ben Nevis gives its name to the Ben Nevis Range, a 16km long spine of mountains that run from Loch Linnhe in the west to Lairig Leanach in the east. Dotted along the chain are a number of Britain’s highest mountains including Aonach Beag and Aonach Mor , both popular winter climbing venues. In the far east the mountains of the Grey Corries are much less frequented and offer a quieter more personal experience than their larger neighbours. The mountains of the range are mapped and listed below.
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Geology
Ben Nevis and its neighbours are the last remnants of what was once one of the world's greatest mountain ranges. The geology of the area is characterised by the Dalradian Supergoup which was produced by intensive metamorphism and deformation arising from 'mountain building', caused by continental collision. Formed during the Precambrian and Cambrian periods between 700 and 600 million (and very possibly as recent as 500 million) years ago (ma), the Dalradian sediments and associated volcanics were originally laid down, or in the case of the volcanics erupted onto, the southern margin of a palaeo-continent known as Laurasia, which is represented today largely by the Precambrian basement rocks of North America, Greenland, the north of Ireland and, of course, the Scottish Highlands.
Simplified Geological Map of Scotland
The Caledonian Orogeny
Laurasia sat on the northern margins of a vast sea known as the Iapetus Ocean, which was created in Late Proterozoic time (1.6 Ga to 0.6 Ga) by the rifting and pulling apart of a large supercontinent known as Rodinia. The opening started sometime around 650 Ma ago and by the beginning of Ordovician (490 to 443 ma), at 510 Ma, the ocean was at its widest, with a possible width of up to 5000 km. On the opposite side lay the supercontinent of Gondwana, consisting of the basements of South America, Africa, India, Australia, East Antarctica and Western Europe (including southern Ireland, England and Wales). A separate continent, Baltica (comprising of what is today Scandinavia and parts of Russia), lay to the north east of Gondwana, separated by an arm of the Iapetus Ocean known as the Tornquist Sea.
During the early Ordovician a micro-continent known as Avalonia (comprising of what today is largely England and Wales), broke away from Gondwana and drifted towards Laurentia. By the late Ordovician, the continental plates of Laurentia, Gondwana and Baltica had started to converge initiating a series of new tectonic and magmatic processes that marked the start of the Caledonian Orogeny. The Dalradian Supergroup underwent deformation and metamorphism as the continental landmasses collided, closing the Iapetus. Geological evidence suggests that Scotland lay on the margin of Laurentia, initially opposite Baltica, while England and Wales lay on the margin of Gondwana/Avalonia, opposite the Newfoundland sector of Laurentia. The terranes were then juxtaposed into their present relative positions by large sinistral (left-lateral) movements on the bounding faults during the later stages of the orogeny. The mid-Ordovician saw the climax of the Caledonian Orogeny in the Scottish Highlands. This ‘Grampian’ Event is particularly well defined in the NE of the Grampian Terrane, where the main deformation episodes and the peak of regional metamorphism are dated by major tholeiitic basic intrusions that were emplaced at around the late Llanvrin time(c. 470 Ma), towards the end of the event. In the central Grampian Highlands and the Northern Highlands Terrane, the comparable event may have been a little later (c. 455 Ma). This continental collision deformed and folded the various sedimentary rocks, which were also metamorphosed, with the recrystalisation of sandstones to quartzites and mudstones to slates. There was also the intrusion of granite magama, derived from the actual partial melting of rocks lower within the crust, where the heat and deformation caused by the continental collision was most intense.
During the early and mid-Silurian (443 to 417 ma) the Iapetus Ocean finally closed along most of its length, with a triangular remnant of oceanic crust around the Laurentia–Baltica–Eastern Avalonia triple junction. This finally disappeared completely by the early Devonian, with the continents welded together along the lines of the Iapetus and Tornquist sutures. The newly formed supercontinent was known as Laurussia. Both the Northern Highlands and the Grampian terranes underwent tectonic uplift during this period, with significant magmatic events occurring on the extreme ‘north-western’ edge of the Northern Highlands. Calc-alkaline magmatism, with subduction-zone characteristics became widespread and voluminous throughout the former Laurentian terranes throughout the Early Devonian period (417 to 354 ma) and large, essentially granitic, plutons (an intrusive igneous rock body that crystallized from a magma below the surface of the Earth) were emplaced at all crustal levels in the Scottish Highland and Eastern Shetland terranes from early Ludlow to early Lochkovian time.
Granitic plutons with lower crustal and mantle characteristics were emplaced at high crustal levels in the Midland Valley Terrane and in the NW part of the Southern Uplands Terrane. High-level granitic plutons and dyke-swarms were emplaced slightly later (Lochkovian to Pragian) in a broad zone that spans the projected position of the Iapetus Suture in the SE part of the Southern Uplands Terrane and in the Lakesman Terrane. Of these, the youngest are those immediately NW of the suture, in the zone in which the Southern Uplands thrust belt was underthrust by Avalonian crust.
The late granitic plutons were emplaced during and immediately following the rapid crustal uplift which produced the Caledonian Mountain chain. High-level crustal extension led to local fault-bound intermontane basins in the Grampian Highland and Southern Uplands terranes and the larger basins of the Midland Valley Terrane. Rapid erosion of the newly formed mountains resulted in the deposition of great thicknesses of continental molasse sediments in these basins during the latest Silurian and Early Devonian (the ‘Old Red Sandstone’).
Simplified Geological Map of Scotland
The Ben Nevis igneous complex is dominated by granitic rocks, with volcanic rocks restricted to an elliptical outcrop in the south. Three principal lithologies were identified as early as 1910 by HB Maufe in his publication 'The Geological Structure of Ben Nevis': (1) Outer Granite, (2) Inner Granite, and (3) a down-faulted block dominated by volcanic rocks. The highest ground is occupied by volcanic rocks that sunk hundreds of metres into an underlying body of still-molten magma during the Late Silurian/Early Devonian. This subsidence was accompanied by the eruption of magma to the surface through an encircling ring fracture. Erosion has removed all trace of the volcanic depression (caldera) that would have been created during this major subsidence event (cauldron subsidence), and the deposits of the accompanying eruption (pyroclastic flows).
Since the mountain's creation, it has been continually eroded by the forces of nature, with the most significant recent events manifesting themselves in the form of the Quaternary era (1.8 Ma – present day) ice ages. During the Late Devensian Glaciation (c. 126 Ka – 15 Ka) the mountain was completely covered by an ice sheet which exceeded 2,000m in height, and was centred over Rannoch Moor radiating glaciers in all directions. The ice sheet helped carve the glens and lochs that surround the mountain today, affecting almost every aspect of the visual landscape. The sheer volume of water held as ice during this period meant that global sea levels were some 130 m lower than today's and the Scottish glaciers would have outflowed rapidly out over a vast tundra plain stretching far into what is now the Atlantic Ocean. A brief warm period known as the Windermere Interstadial (c. 15 ka – 13.5ka) saw the disappearance of the glaciers and the return of vegetation to the British Isles. Owing to the lingering effects of glacio-isostatic depression many of the glens around the mountain would have been inundated by the sea, creating a landscape that may be comparable to the fjords of Norway we see today. Evidence for the type of vegetation that existed in northern and central Scotland during this period is slim, as it was not long before the area saw a return to cold conditions with the onset of the Loch Lomond Stadial, known internationally as the Younger Dryas (c. 12.8 to 11.5 ka). An ice sheet re-formed over much of central Scotland, although this time it would not be large enough to cover Ben Nevis in its entirety. Valley glaciers occupied the major glens, and were funnelled around the major landmasses out to sea. Cirque glaciers occupied the higher corries, with glaciers forming in Coire Leis and the depression now home to Lochan Meall an t-Suidhe. The Ben bares the scars of these ice ages in its striated and polished rocks, morainal ridges, perched boulders and weathered cliff faces that are so familiar to climbers today.
History
A Rankin, R T Omond and RC Mossman
Ben Nevis Observatory, 1890s
The observatory provided an excellent location for a field laboratory, and scientists from many different disciplines conducted experiments there. The most famous of these was probably C T R Wilson who is best known for developing the cloud chamber, one of the most important tools used in atomic physics research and for which he received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1927. Wilson was employed as a relief observer for two weeks during the summer of 1894 and was so impressed by the glories and corona that he saw, that he began laboratory experiments on clouds formed by the expansion of moist air. These experiments were the beginning of a highly distinguished scientific career. Among those who worked for longer periods at the observatory were R C Mossman, who was the meteorologist on the Scottish Antarctic Expedition of 1902-1904 and W S Bruce, the expedition's leader. Mossman and Bruce's time at the observatory proved escellent training for their 1902 voyage to the Antarctic in the whaler Scotia. Bruce in particular appeared to have enjoyed his time on Ben Nevis. He not only took observations with the two other observers but plotted bird migrations and made a collection of insects - now in the museum in Edinburgh. During his stay on the mountain he was sent a pair skis by William Burn-Murdoch - probably the first in Scotland. Bruce was one of the first British polar explorers to become proficient at skiing, and in 1907 was honoured with the position of first President of the Scottish Ski Club. On one occasion his love of skiing almost proved fatal when he just managed to save himself from plunging over the North East Face of Ben Nevis.
The opening of the path and observatory made an ascent of Ben Nevis increasingly popular, all the more so after the arrival of the West Highland Railway in Fort William in 1894 which carried tourists and members of the recently formed Scottish Mountaineering Club to the foot of the mountain. Around this time the first of several proposals were made for a rack railway to the summit, luckily for us none of which came to fruition. Some time after the observatory started operating, an enterprising Fort William hotelier opened the diminutive Temperance Hotel near the summit and connected to the main building of the Observatory. The hotel was run by two local ladies on his behalf. It had four bedrooms available at ten shillings per person for dinner, bed and breakfast. This hotel continued receiving guests right until the end of the First World War, long after the observatory itself had ceased operating.
The annual cost of running the observatory was £1000, but government grants only equalled £350. Several times closure was threatened, but generous donations from private individuals temporarily alleviated the problem. Then in 1902 the SMS was told that the grants would be withdrawn at the end of that year. There was a huge public outcry in Scotland and a Treasury Committee of Enquiry was set up to look into the administration of the annual grant of £15,300 to the Meteorological Council. Sufficient funds were obtained to keep the observatories going until the Committee was due to report in 1904, but they only recommended that the annual grant of £350 should continue, ignoring the evidence from the SMS that the sum required was about £950 per annum. The Directors issued a Memorandum which said "It is to the Directors a matter of profound disappointment that in this wealthy country it should have been found impossible to obtain the comparatively small sum required to carry on a work of great scientific value and interest, and that they are now obliged to dispose of the Observatory buildings and dismiss the staff". The Observatory finally closed on October 1st 1904 after operating for only 21 years. W S Bruce (mentioned above) was most upset by the closure and wrote: “It is significant to note how the Argentine government willingly spent money on a scientific object such as this while nearer home we have the deplorable occurrence of an ignorant government closing the most important meteorological observatory in its country”. The site remained partially occupied for a further 12 years with one room of the keepers hostel and a refreshment room remaining open during the summer months. The observatory fell into disrepair, helped along by a fire in 1932 and the actions of both weather and unthinking climbers.
Today the ruins of the observatory are a prominent feature on the summit plateaux. For the benefit of those injured or caught out by bad weather, an emergency shelter has been built on top of the observatory tower. It should be noted however, that it is only a rudimentary shelter and should not be relied upon as a sanctuary if things go wrong. Although the base of the tower is slightly lower than the mountain's true summit , the roof of the shelter overtops the trig point by several feet, making it the highest man-made structure in Britain. A war memorial to the dead of World War II is located next to the ruins.
Ben Nevis Race
The first recorded run to the summit of Ben Nevis and back took place on the 27th of September 1895. The course was originally run from the old post office, and the first person to complete it was a local hairdresser, tobacconist, dog breeder and general 'gad about town' (not my words), called William Swan, who set the record at 2 hours 41 minutes. William Thomas Kilgour described the event in his book Twenty Years on Ben Nevis (1905):
"(On Monday) Mr William Swan, tobacconist here, ascended Ben Nevis with the object of establishing a record. The day was exceedingly hot and unsuitable for mountaineering, but, notwithstanding, Mr Swan managed to reach the summit, and, after drinking a cup of Bovril, returned to Fort William in the incredibly short space of 2 hours 41 minutes. This is believed to be a record."
Swan's record made him something of a celebrity, and over the following years men from far and wide descended on Fort William with the aim of reaching Ben Nevis' summit and beating the hairdressers time.
The first competitive race wasn't held until 3 years later on the 3rd of June 1889, when the race was run by 10 competitors under the rules of the Scottish Amateur Athletic Association. The new race was slightly longer than the one run by Swan, starting at the Lochiel Arms Hotel in Babavie. The winner was 21-year-old Hugh Kennedy, a gamekeeper at Tor Castle, who finished in 2 hours 41 minutes, coincidentally exactly the same time recorded by Swan back in 1895.
Fort William (Photo by visentin )
Meall an t-suidhe (Photo by visentin )
Regular races were held until 1903, when on that year two events were held. The first was a shorter race starting at Achintee, at the foot of the Pony Track, and finished at the summit; it was won in just over an hour by Ewen MacKenzie, an observatory roadman. The second race started at Fort William's new post office, and again the roadman MacKenzie won, lowering the record to 2 hours 10 minutes. He held the record for 34 years, probably helped by the fact that the race wouldn't be held for another 24 years.
Sporadic attempts were made to revive the event, but the modern Ben Nevis Race really began in 1937 with the presentation of the MacFarlane Cup by the late George MacFarlane, former provost of Fort William. Today the race is well established and takes place on the first Saturday in September. Up to 500 entries are accepted from suitably qualified hill runners. Due to the serious nature of mountain running, known in the UK as Fell Running, entry is restricted to those who have completed three fell races, and runners must carry waterproofs, a hat, gloves and a whistle; anyone who has not reached the summit after two hours is turned back. The race starts and finishes at the Claggan Park football ground, is 16km long and has 1,340 m of ascent. The record for men stands at 1 hour, 25 minutes and 34 seconds and is held by Kenneth Stuart of Keswick AC; for ladies the record is 1 hour, 43 minutes and 25 seconds, held by Pauline Haworth, also of Keswick AC. Most people take over six hours. Both records were set in 1984. In 1972 the Connochie Plaque was instituted and is awarded to those runners who complete 21 Ben Nevis Races. The late Eddie Campbell of Fort William holds the record for the most Ben Nevis Races having run an incredible 44 consecutive times and winning it on no less than three occasions.
For information about entering the race click HERE!
The Summit Trig Point
On the summit of Ben Nevis, next to the ruins of the observatory, you will find the Triangulation Pillar. This is more often than not simply called the 'Trig Point.' [Grid reference NN 166(5) 712(8)]. Many experienced climbers and walkers will tell anyone who will listen that the Trig Points are always found at the highest point on a hill or mountain, this, however is a common misconception. Trig points are actually sited so they can be seen from the other trig point positions on the surrounding hills, in many cases this is the highest point, but not always. It is important that these are positioned in this manner as each Trig Point forms a corner' of a triangle, polygon or other geometric shape. This is used to produce an accurate framework which in turn is used to provide very exact fixings to the latitude and longitude, thus allowing the map maker and others to be able to work out their precise location any where in Britain.
Triangulation and heightening information kindly supplied by Ordinance Survey.
Wildlife and Conservation
The wildlife of Ben Nevis Range is protected by the Ben Nevis Special Area of Conservation (SAC), and is therefore recognised by the European Community’s Habitats Directive. Ben Nevis SAC covers an area of 9317.18 hectares (93 square km) and includes within its boundaries many of Scotland’s highest mountains including Ben Nevis itself, Carn Mor Dearg, and Aonach Beag.
Ben Nevis SAC
The area is rich with important habitats, according to the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC), who are the statutory adviser to Government on UK and European nature conservation, with the exception of Beinn Dearg and the Loch Maree Complex in the north, Ben Nevis has the most extensive development of Siliceous alpine and boreal grassland in the western Highlands. On the summit plateau of Aonach Mór Carex bigelowii – Racomitrium lanuginosum moss-heath occurs as the highest extensive stand in the UK. The normal dominant Racomitrium lanuginosum is in part replaced on Aonach Mór by R. canescens (sensu lato) , which provides affinities with the vegetation of Iceland and Jan Mayen. The R. canescens is associated with open, wind-blown sandy areas where there is active erosion and deposition of sand caused by the exceptionally high altitude and exposure. Other wind-eroded areas among Carex – Racomitrium moss-heath may be colonised by three-leaved rush Juncus trifidus, and the national rarity curved wood-rush Luzula arcuata. Frequent arctic-alpines in the Carex – Racomitrium moss-heath include least willow Salix herbacea, spiked wood-rush Luzula spicata, J. trifidus and moss campion Silene acaulis. Nardus stricta – Carex bigelowii grass-heath is extensive and occurs mostly in corries and in hollows on ridges where snow lies late. Carex bigelowii – Polytrichum alpinum sedge-heath occurs on the higher summits where snow lies late in hollows and is more abundant on this site than on any other site in the western Highlands. These communities are associated with some of the most extensive moss-dominated late-lie snow beds (Polytrichum sexangulare – Kiaeria starkei and Salix herbacea – Racomitrium heterostichum snow-beds) outside of the Cairngorms.
With Beinn Dearg, Ben Nevis represents high-altitude sub-types of Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands in the western Scottish Highlands. The site contains moderately extensive areas of both Festuca ovina – Alchemilla alpina – Silene acaulis dwarf-herb community and Dryas octopetala – Silene acaulis ledge community. There is a moderately rich arctic-alpine flora including alpine mouse-ear Cerastium alpinum, arctic mouse-ear Cerastium arcticum, rock sedge Carex rupestris, hair sedge C. capillaris, mossy saxifrage Saxifraga hypnoides and alpine meadow-rue Thalictrum alpinum. There are relatively low grazing levels on the northern slopes of Ben Nevis, enabling the high-altitude Dryas heath community to survive on the open hillside, rather than being restricted to inaccessible ledges.
Ben Nevis is also representative of high altitude siliceous scree in the north-west Scottish Highlands. The site contains extensive screes of quartzite and granite, with the most extensive known development in the UK of snow-bed screes with parsley fern Cryptogramma crispa, alpine lady-fern Athyrium distentifolium and other ferns. The screes found in the site are diverse, with a range of characteristic species. There is an abundance of acid rock-loving species in high-altitude glacial troughs, corries and on summit ridges. These include a number of montane bryophytes and arctic-alpine vascular plants, such as curved wood-rush Luzula arcuata, wavy meadow-grass Poa flexuosa, hare’s-foot sedge Carex lachenalii, alpine tufted hair-grassDeschampsia alpina, starwort mouse-ear Cerastium cerastoides, alpine speedwell Veronica alpina and Highland saxifrage Saxifraga rivularis.
Starry Saxifrage - Saxifraga stellaris (Photo by norm79 )
Within the Ben Nevis site limestone occurs up to high altitude, notably on Aonach Beag, and this is one of the richest areas outside of the Breadalbane range and Caenlochan for arctic-alpines of calcareous rocks. Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation are well-represented and Ben Nevis is notable for populations of a number of very rare species which are associated with calcareous outcrops of rock faces in high gullies. These include tufted saxifrage Saxifraga cespitosa, drooping saxifrage S. cernua and Highland saxifrage S. rivularis. Other national rarities of rock outcrops include glaucous meadow-grass Poa glauca, alpine meadow-grass Poa alpina, arctic mouse-ear Cerastium arcticum and alpine saxifrage Saxifraga nivalis. Other arctic-alpines represented include rose-root Sedum rosea, alpine scurvygrass Cochlearia pyrenaica ssp. alpina, mountain sorrel Oxyria digyna, holly fern Polystichum lonchitis, mossy saxifrage Saxifraga hypnoides and purple saxifrage S. oppositifolia.
The area is representative of high-altitude Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation in north-west Scotland. Crevice communities occur extensively on acidic crags up to a very high altitude and have a diverse flora, with characteristic examples of the commoner arctic-alpine species. The site also supports a number of rare species, including hare’s-foot sedge Carex lachenalii, spiked wood-rush Luzula spicata and alpine speedwell Veronica alpina.
Wildlife in the area is in abundance with some 50 species of flower, 30 species of fern, some 50 species of moss, 5 species of clubmoss, 9 species of Horsetail, around 50 species of lichen, around 50 species of fungus and fungoid, over 50 species of quillwort, stonewort and liverwort, and 16 species of conifer occupying the valleys and mountain sides of the area. Countless insects feed upon and live within this vegetation with some 20 species of butterfly, around 40 species of moth, around 50 species of beetle, around 50 species of spider, 3 species of grasshopper, 8 species of dragonfly,16 species of hymenoptera (bees, wasps and ants), as well as countless other species of insect. There area also around 40 species of molluscs, 1 species of flatworm and 1 annelid.
Snow Bunting - Plectrophenax nivalis (Photo rgg )
Within the sites lakes, streams and marshes live a plethora of amphibians and fish including 1 species of Lamprey, and 7 species of bony fish including Brown Trout, Atlantic Salmon, and European Eel. Of the amphibians living in the area are the Common Frog, Common Toad and Palmate Newt.
Although rarely seen reptiles also live within the area in the form of the Common Lizard and Slow-worm.
Birds include the Common Raven, Eurasian Dotterel, European Golden Plover, Meadow Pipit, Merlin, Red Kite, Ring Ouzel, Rock Ptarmigan and Twite.
Among the species of mammals that can be found there are American Mink, Eurasian Badger, Eurasian Red Squirrel, European Mole, European Otter, Mountain Hare, Pine Marten, Red Fox, Red Deer, Roe Deer, Sika Deer, West European Hedgehog, Wild Car, Wood Mouse, Eurasian Pygmy Shrew, Eurasian Common Shrew, Bat (Chiropetra) and the Brown Long-eared Bat.
General site character
Bogs. Marshes. Water fringed vegetation. Fens (8%) Heath. Scrub. Maquis and garrigue. Phygrana (20%) Dry grassland. Steppes (11%) Humid grassland. Mesophile grassland (7%) Alpine and sub-alpine grassland (20%) Broad-leaved deciduous woodland (4%) Inland rocks. Screes. Sands. Permanent snow and ice (30%)
Information provided by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee
Routes
Coire Na Ciste (Photo by BigLee )
This section summarises some of the most popular routes on Ben Nevis. As The Ben is so well explored only the routes that are directly associated with the mountains itself have been listed here. For example, for legibility's sake the proliferation of quality single and multi-pitch climbs found in Glen Nevis and the numerous winter climbs on the Aonachs have not been included on this page. For details of scrambling, climbing and winter routes that are more closely associated with Ben Nevis' subsidiary peaks and outlying crags take a look at their own pages (providing they exist).
For a more detailed description of the various routes available I recommend the following guidebooks:
Scrambles in Lochaber by Noel Williams Ben Nevis Rock and Ice Climbs by Simon Richardson Winter Climbs Ben Nevis and Glencoe by Alan Kimber Scotland’s Mountain Ridges by Dan Bailey Rock Climbing in Scotland by Kevin Howett
Scrambling
Ben Nevis has many scrambles and low end technical climbs up its numerous faces, only a few of which are listed below. Owing to the mountains extraordinary ability to hold snow and ice for much of the year, some routes are only possible for a couple of months during high summer. On the other hand in when snow and ice abounds, some scrambles become fun winter routes and can be completed regardless. The following section is not intended to be a comprehensive guide to the mountains scrambles, but more of a way of pointing the reader in the right direction. For a full description of most of these routes see Noel Williams' excellent guide, Scrambles in Lochaber .
The Giant's Staircase of Coire Claurigh
2
Rock Climbing
Climbing on Ben Nevis is of a traditional affair with most lines situated on the mountain's precipitous north east face. As with the mountain's scrambles, some routes are only climbable for a short period over the summer, with lingering snow and ice rendering them unscalable for most of the year. The mountain boasts climbs for all abilities, many of which have now become classic routes having been first climbed by iconic characters of British climbing history, such as Robin Smith, Joe Brown and Don Whillans. There is a certain amount of overlap between the harder scrambling and the easier climbing routes, and so in some cases routes have been listed in both sections. Routes and grades are listed with the aid of Simon Richardson's guidebook Ben Nevis Rock and Ice Climbs . Please refer to this or other recommended guidebooks for further descriptions.
Coire Leis
From Alan Kimber's website…
"From the summit shelter a bearing of 134° (grid) GPS NN16897 71017 should be held. Initially the ground will be flat. After 100m the gradient becomes abruptly steeper and some short posts may be seen; keep these to your left (north-east). From the steepening ground after approximately 200m of descent a slight col will be found to the left (east) half a kilometre from the summit. At this point is a metal sign (GR 171710 – GPS NN17099 71005) with information relating to the ‘Abseil Posts’."
Lochan Meall an t-Suidhe (Photo by visentin )
Card Dearg (Photo by Boydie )
The Pony Track (Photo by Outdoorgirl_ca )
The North-Western Slopes
For those looking for a descent from Ben Nevis's North-Western aspect, such as from the top of Castle Ridge, it's easy to descend down the gental North-Western slopes in a bee-line towards the upper car park. Once you're off Ben Nevis's slopes follow a broken metal fence and it'll lead you directly to the car park (although you'll need to cross the Allt a’Mhuilinn stream immediately before.
Descending the NW slopes of Ben Nevis (photo by BigLee )
The Pony Track (photo by Rapparee )
NW slopes of Ben Nevis (photo by BigLee )
UK Grading Systems
As SummitPost is an international site, and Ben Nevis is likely to be an objective for many visiting climbers, I've decided to include a section on the various grading systems used in the UK. The section is deliberately brief, however if you would like a more detailed explanation of how the grades are defined then most guidebooks will have a few paragraphs dedicated to explaining them. Alternatively UKClimbing.com has a helpful page that gives a bit more information on rock climbing grades. A fact sheet by Corax containing a grade comparison table is available here on SummitPost.
UK Scrambling Grading System
UK Scrambles are usually rated using Steve Asherton’s numerical system of either Grade 1, 2, 3 or 3S (S for serious), with the grade being based around technical difficulty and exposure of the scramble. Over the years the way scrambles were graded in southern Britain and Scotland diverged with the English and Welsh guidebooks using Asherton’s system and Scottish guidebooks using their own system of Grades 1 to 5. In most modern guidebooks however, an attempt has been made to resolve this rift by removing the ‘S’ from Asherton’s grading system and removing the ‘5’ from the Scottish system, evening out the grades from 1- 4 for both areas, and thus removing any confusion between the two higher ended grades.
Grade
Ice up to 70 degrees, good ice and gear
5
Ice up to 80 degrees, ice is generally not as good as grade 4 and there may be few opportunities for rest
6
Vertical ice! Ice formations such as overlaps may exist and protection will be limited and difficult to place.
7 onwards
As 6 but longer, harder, poorer ice and less protection!
The lower grades are quite well defined however higher grades are more subjective. The hardest Scottish Route is currently Scottish XI 11, put up by Dave Mcleod , although this was not on Ben Nevis. This climb was done in a completely trad style as is the norm with scottish winter climbing.
Mountain Conditions
Mountain Weather Information Servise (MWIS) - weather forecast (just in case you hadn't guessed)
Metcheck - 7 day weather forecast
When To Climb and Essential Gear
Ledge Route (Photo by AndrewSmyth )
This obviously depends on whether winter or summer climbing is your thing. Winter routes in the west coast of Scotland generally come into condition in the second half of the winter. In the last three years March has been the best month however Ben Nevis is far from predictable. Despite Ben Nevis' comparitivly low altitude it can get very cold with temperatures dropping to near Arctic levels, many inexperienced walkers and climbers have been caught out in these conditions most are rescued safely by mountain rescue teams however occasionally the consequences are more serious, and every year casualties occur. During the summer it can rain a lot. Whatever time of year you need to check weather and conditions beforehand as they are eratic.
In summer always wear a solid pair of boots and carry full waterproofs. In winter conditions extra layers are essential and an ice axe must be carried and if an attempt is to be made on the harder scrambles a helmet, crampons and a rope are also all essential. For true winter routes specialist winter and ice climbing equipment is necessary and owing to the unpredictable conditions of snow and ice these lines should only be attempted by those with experience of winter techniques.
Mountain Rescue
Survival shelters are located in the following places:
250 yards from the summit of Carn Dearg NW
150 yards above Lochan in Coire Leis
Next to the observatory on the summit itself
These shelters have been painted Orange for easy identification.
There are rescue Kits available at the CIC Hut, at the Steall Hut and in Fort William. There is a direct line to the police in the CIC Hut. The nearest telephones are at the Glen Nevis Youth hostel or a public phone near the Fort William Distillery at Lochy Bridge.
Ben Nevis is served by the Lochaber Mountain Rescue Team who cover have responsibility over a relatively large area including Knoydart and the islands of Rum and Eigg. The team should only be called out if you are in extreme difficulty and that your life, or the life of another is under threat. As with all of the UK’s emergency services, to contact mountain rescue, phone 999 and ask for mountain rescue (obviously).
For Mountain Rescue Air lift:
Secure all lose equipment and gear
Clear an area for the helicopter to land or clear bystanders
Signal the helicopter, by raising the arms above the head in a V
Have a belay ready, but do not clip in the winchman until he says so.
Field the winchman until he gets his bearings.
Do not approach the helicopter until the pilot signals.
Be aware of the main and tail rotors.
Getting There
Scotland
Reaching Fort Willaim
Ben Nevis is located close to Fort William in the north west of Scotland an is served by bus and train. Some information about reaching Fort William by public transport, as well as the public transport is available here . Trains can be booked here . If you plan to take the over-night train between Fort William and London (or on route) then make sure you have a birth reserved. As a last resort there is a seated carrage but if this is full then you won't be allowed to ride the train. Citylink operate a bus service between Glasgow and Fort William. Some of these buses also continue to the Isle of Skye. Fort William can also be reached from Oban, Kyle of Lochalsh and Inverness. One bus a day runs to Mallaig and in summer a couple also go to Kingussie and Aviemore.
Fort William is easy to reach by car. I'm not going to list every road route here so consult Google Map or an eqivalent. There is a no good or bad approach but on occassions roads close due to heavy snow fall.
Reaching the North Side of Ben Nevis
Those staying in Fort William need an early rise if you have any plans of completing two routes in the day.
From the North Face car start the 45 minute walk to the CIC Hut on the North side of Ben Nevis. The path initially follows the side of a golf course before climbing through a light wooded area. After rain the path can be a bit of a mess. It soon reaches the upper car park. Those lucky enough to a have a key to the forrestry commision gate can park here. From the upper car park the trail climbs gently to the CIC Hut crossing a couple of streams along the way.
Camping and Accommodation
| i don't know |
Which city is dominated by Sugar Loaf mountain | Sugar Loaf Mountain Half-Day Tour - Rio de Janeiro | Viator
Sugar Loaf Mountain Half-Day Tour
Location: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Duration: 4 hours (approx.)
From USD $ 77.00 View price calendar
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Adult (Age 13+)
Child (Age 2 to 12)
Infant (Age 0 to 1)
Hotel Pickup
Explore Rio and visit Sugar Loaf Mountain during this 4-hour morning tour. Visit some of the city's most important landmarks, including the Metropolitan Cathedral and Cinelandia Square. Then, board a glassed-in cable car for to ascent to the peak, stopping once at a scenic viewpoint. Upon reaching the top of Sugar Loaf at 1,299 feet (396 meters) above sea level, admire the views of Niteroi, Copacabana and Santa Cruz Fortress. Round-trip transportation from Rio hotels is included.
Highlights
4-hour guided tour to Sugar Loaf Mountain including cable car ride
Admire the impressive view below, including Copacabana Beach, Guanabara Bay and Santa Cruz
Drive through downtown Rio including Cinelandia square, Municipal Theater (Teatro Municipal) and Flamengo Park
Roundtrip transport from Rio de Janeiro hotels included
Recent Photos of This Tour
Sugar Loaf Mountain Half-Day Tour
The view
My fraternity brother and me at the top.
Photo by: Gustavo A
On top of Sugarloaf mountain
Photo by: Kevin S
Top view of Sugarloaf mountain
Photo by: marcus570
What You Can Expect
Sugar Loaf Mountain Half-Day Tour
Following morning pickup from your hotel in Rio, embark on a tour of the city with your local guide.
Visit to the traditional Cinelandia Square where you'll tour the various historic buildings such as the Municipal Theater, the National Library and the National Museum of Fine Arts.
Pass the Sambadrome, where Carnival's samba competition takes place, and stop at the Metropolitan Cathedral, famous for its unusual architecture.
When you reach the Urca neighborhood, board a glassed-in cable car for to ascent to the peak, stopping once at a scenic viewpoint. Upon reaching the top of Sugar Loaf at 1,299 feet (396 meters) above sea level, admire the views of Niteroi, Copacabana and Santa Cruz Fortress.
When you descend from Sugar Loaf Mountain, enjoy transportation back to your Rio hotel.
Customer Reviews
| Rio de Janeiro |
What is the highest mountain in the Alps | Sugarloaf Mountain Sightseeing Tour & Cable Car Ride - Rio de Janeiro | Expedia
Sugarloaf Mountain Sightseeing Tour & Cable Car Ride
by Gray Line Brazil Duration 4h Free cancellation
Cancellation Policy
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Amazing! 4.2/5 Expedia Guest Rating
Take in Rio’s historic architecture and breathtaking natural setting on this guided exploration of the city streets, concluding with a cable car ride up to the top of Sugarloaf Mountain for panoramic vistas over "The Marvelous City."
After being picked up from your hotel, pass by the Sambadrome, where samba schools parade during the city’s world-famous Carnival celebration. Gaze up at the pyramidal structure of the Metropolitan Cathedral of Saint Sebastien, and admire the Beaux Arts buildings surrounding the central plaza of Cinelandia—the Biblioteca Nacional, the Theatro Municipal, and the Museu Nacional de Belas Artes are all located here.
Then cruise through the sprawling Attero do Flamengo park to the seaside neighborhood of Urca, where Sugarloaf mountain soars up from the waves. Board a teleférico cable car at Sugarloaf Mountain for a 2-part ride to the top of this monolithic granite peak—named by the Portugese during the area’s sugar trading heyday because the rocky hill resembles the conical molds once used to transport sugar by ship. Your first ascent takes you up 720 feet (220 m) to Morro da Urca, and your second to Pau de Acucar, which rises 1,299 feet (396 m) over the harbor.
From this spectacular vantage point, take in sweeping views out over Rio. Look down on Guanabara Bay, the Rio-Niteroi Bridge, the white swath of Copacabana, the Fortaleza de Santa Cruz, and the towering statue of Christ the Redeemer atop Corcovado Mountain before you descend back into town.
Take in Rio’s historic architecture and breathtaking natural setting on this guided exploration of the city streets, concluding with a cable car ride up to the top of Sugarloaf Mountain for panoramic vistas over "The Marvelous City."
After being picked up from your hotel, pass by the Sambadrome, where samba schools parade during the city’s world-famous Carnival celebration. Gaze up at the pyramidal structure of the Metropolitan Cathedral of Saint Sebastien, and admire the Beaux Arts buildings surrounding the central plaza of Cinelandia—the Biblioteca Nacional, the Theatro Municipal, and the Museu Nacional de Belas Artes are all located here.
Then cruise through the sprawling Attero do Flamengo park to the seaside neighborhood of Urca, where Sugarloaf mountain soars up from the waves. Board a teleférico cable car at Sugarloaf Mountain for a 2-part ride to the top of this monolithic granite peak—named by the Portugese during the area’s sugar trading heyday because the rocky hill resembles the conical molds once used to transport sugar by ship. Your first ascent takes you up 720 feet (220 m) to Morro da Urca, and your second to Pau de Acucar, which rises 1,299 feet (396 m) over the harbor.
From this spectacular vantage point, take in sweeping views out over Rio. Look down on Guanabara Bay, the Rio-Niteroi Bridge, the white swath of Copacabana, the Fortaleza de Santa Cruz, and the towering statue of Christ the Redeemer atop Corcovado Mountain before you descend back into town.
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Which mountains divide Yorkshire from Lancashire | South Lancs & West Yorkshire Mountain Biking
Click to see front and back covers
The South Pennines lies between the Peak District and Yorkshire Dales and contains a huge variety of mountain biking that equals its two more famous neighbors. The combination of easy access, open moors, steep wooded valleys, ancient packhorse routes, trail centres and an abundance of quaint mill towns overflowing with bike friendly cafes and pubs make this a four season mountain bike heaven.
This guide has a modular format, with most routes having two or more options of varying length and difficulty. As a result the 26 named routes provide over 70 ride options from easy 10km rides to 80km grand tours, offering great value. Also included are details of the four main trail centres in the area and a mountain bike dictionary for those not quite sure what “needing flatties to shred some gnarly shore without a serious stack” may mean!
All the routes are drawn up and photographed by Stephen Hall, a mountain bike guide and skills instructor who has lived in the heart of this area for nearly 20 years.
The routes are plotted on Ordnance Survey maps throughout and show all route options along with a common sense set of “at a glance” map symbols to indicate what to expect along the way. Grading uses the trail centre colour grades.
Happy riding!
Published 2010 by Ernest Press.
Author: Stephen Hall
256 Pages. Book Size: A5
The Mountain Bike Routes
Map showing approximate recommended starting points for each route as indicated in the book.
Use the control to zoom about. Click on a marker for route information.
Also use the above map to see how easy the mountain biking routes are to get to from Bolton, Bury, Blackburn, Rochdale, Manchester, Oldham, Preston, Halifax, Bradford, Leeds...
In the guide each route includes a map with the route highlighted and clear text directions.
Summary of the routes:
KIRKLEES AND CALDERDALE
Quaint ex mill towns including Hebden Bridge and Holmfirth, wide open moorlands and steep, rocky wooded valley sides make for some great contrasts and fun riding. These routes are essential reading for those wanting to get the best from the dense network of bridleways found in this area.
Route 1: Marsden and the Holme Valley
4 ride options from Blue (19km) to Red (43km).
Start: Marsden. An entertaining and not too challenging route with some excellent long downs including an almost uninterrupted 5km final descent.
Route 2: The Marsden Circuit
Black grade, 39.5km
Start: Marsden. An epic ride that crosses the Pennine watershed by some challenging moorland riding with great views.
Route 3: Ripponden
3 rides from Blue (17.5km) to Black (31.5km) plus possibilities to do just the extensions from Mytholmroyd (Black, 9.5km)
Start: Ripponden. More great views from the broad ridge that forms the main feature of this ride. A very challenging climb and descent on the hardest option.
Route 4: London Road
3 rides from Blue (13km) to Red (22km).
Start: Hebden Bridge. A classic Calderdale outing with four season surfaces throughout and some technical extensions on the other side of the valley if you are up to it.
Route 5: Tod Skyline
3 rides from Red (19km) to very Black (37.5km)
Start: Todmorden. Lots of route options up to a full high level circuit of the upper Calder Valley. Includes steep climbs, narrow singletrack and awesome descents.
Route 6: Luddenden, Oxenhope and Ogden
3 rides from Blue (11km) to Black (33.5km)
Start: Luddendon, nr Halifax. From the starting point of a quiet wooded valley this route soon heads out over high moorland and maintains its altitude until the final, almost continuous, 7km final descent.
Route 7: A Tour Around Crimsworth Dean
2 rides, Red (17km) and Black (23.5km)
Start: Just north of Hebden Bridge at Hardcastle Crags. Short but challenging, taking in some of the best singletrack and finest descents in the area.
Route 8: The Big Widdop Ride
Red grade, 38km
Start: Just north of Hebden Bridge at Hardcastle Crags. A Calderdale classic taking in just about every type of riding imaginable, all in stunning surroundings.
Route 9: Widdop Lite
Blue grade, 27km
Start: Blackshaw Head west Hebden Bridge. A different starting point shortens the distance, nearly halves the climbing but allows the less energetic/technical rider to enjoy the scenery on this great high level day out.
Route 10: The Grand Tour of Calderdale
5 rides from Blue (20km) to Double Black (79km)
Start: Todmorden. Either a series of smaller circuits, a couple of train linked linear routes or the full monster day out. Whichever way you approach it you will get a taste of the whole valley, from the high moors of the west to the gentle farmland to the east with a bit of everything else in between.
AIREDALE AND WHARFEDALE
Heading north the valleys are slightly less steep and the routes tend to be slightly less technical although most will still pose enough challenges for all abilities- both in technical riding and challenging navigation (though not if you have this guide with you). Picturesque towns such as Haworth and Ilkley provide great starting points and are ideal for post ride sustenance too. The Stainburn Trail centre just north of Otley is considered by many to be the toughest in England.
Route 11: Haworth South
2 rides, Blue 17.5km and Red 27km.
Start: Haworth. All season riding around the head of the Worth Valley with some cracking little descents.
Route 12: Haworth North
2 rides, Blue 10.5km and Red (just) 18km. Can also be done with route 11 as they share the same start point.
Start: Haworth. This route visits some picturesque quiet valleys, mainly by easy farm tracks, but with a couple of sections (climbs and descents) to really get the heart pounding.
Route 13: The Bingley Circuit
2 rides, both Blue, 17km and 23km
Starting options: St Ives, Harden or Bingley. A local classic updated (following recent upgrades to the bridleway network) making this route better than ever. Gives novices a good introduction to ‘real mountain biking’ but has enough tricky bits to challenge ‘experts’ too.
Route 14: Baildon Moor
Blue 16km
Start: Saltaire. A short pleasant ride on generally gentle gradients but with one short sharp climb at the start and two great descents to finish. Also chance to test out your trials skills on the rocks in Shipley Glen.
Route 15: Ilkley North
3 rides, Black (15km), Red (20km) and another Black (34km)
Start: Ilkley. It’s hard to believe how remote this route gets when you set off from the bustling town. Open moorland, narrow singletrack, tricky navigation and awesome views wait.
Route 16: The Washburn Valley
4 plus rides from Blue 7.5km to Black (40km)
Start: Fewston & Swinley Reservoirs, west of Harrogate. Three linked loops that can be done separately or tagged together, you can even incorporate a lap or two of the Stainburn trails if you feel up to it.
LANCASHIRE
A large area appearing in a guidebook for the first time, this covers the whole western side of the South Pennine watershed from the top end of the Peak District up through the ‘West Pennine Moors’ to the Forest of Bowland. Here you will find deep valleys, open moors, forest and farmland. Some rides have a decidedly agricultural feel and others really do have a surprising sense of remoteness considering their accessibility. Lancashire is also home to 3 (and counting) purpose built trail centres
described in the guide – Gisburn Forest, Healey Nab and Lee Quarry.
Route 17: The 4 D’s
3 plus rides from Blue (17km) to Black (36.5km)
Start: Diggle, north east of Odham. The basic route follows the well known Diggle Jiggle but for those after more of a challenge the two additional loops can be added on or done as separate routes in their own right.
Route 18: Rooley Moor
2 rides, Blue (23.5km) and Black (28.5km)
Start: Bacup. The old part cobbled Rooley Moor Road is the main feature of this route, offering fine views and a cracking rough descent to Waterfoot.
Route 19: The Heads of the Valleys
4 rides from Red (16.5km) to Black (38km)
Start: Rawtenstall. Steady climbing accesses a high level route round the hill tops to two choices of final descent, both are good.
Route 20: Rivington Pike and the Western Moors
2 rides, Blue (24km) and Red (45km)
Start: Horwich, north west of Bolton. A shortish spin round Winter Hill or a much bigger circuit that takes in some more great off road and visits the Healey Nab Trails. Both finish with an ascent of Rivington pike.
Route 21:Jubilee Tower
Blue (13.5km)
Start: Ryal Fold, near DarwenA short route with with some attractive woodland riding followed by a sturdy climb to the tower, and finishing with an open moorland crossing and fast descent.
Route 22:Wycoller
Blue (14km)
Start: Wycoller, east of Colne. The main feature of this ride is the bridleway that traverses beneath Bowlesworth Hill, gradually getting trickier as is goes. It finishes with a fast descent to the historic hamlet of Wycoller.
Route 23: Around Foulridge
2 rides, Blue (17km) and Red (24km)
Start: Foulridge , south of Barnoldswick & Earby. A steady climb over White Moor before descending to Earby before choosing between two climbs (small or big) on the other side of the valley to more good views and hearty descents.
Route 24: A Tour of Pendle
Blue (31km)
Start: Whalley, north west of Burnley. Does what it says! Despite the length most of the riding is firm and easy although there are several short sections to challenge most riders. The views are expansive throughout.
Route 25: Around the Ribble
Up to 5 ride combinations from Blue (11.5km) to Black (48km)
Start: Sawley or option to start at Clitheroe train station. An unusual ride in that it is mostly over agricultural land. Plenty of route options, some very faint trails, tricky climbs and descents and an entertaining river crossing all make this an unexpectedly fine collection of rides.
Route 26 :Dunsop Bridge
Up to 5 rides from Blue (11.5km) to very Black (45km)
Start: Dunsop Bridge. Some incredible riding over the eastern side of the Bowland Moors. Numerous options means that families can enjoy the easiest route, yet even the hardcore rider could find themselves bottling a couple of the hard route sections.
1. Great Price
| Pennines |
Who was known as the Elephant Man | South Lancs & West Yorkshire Mountain Biking
Click to see front and back covers
The South Pennines lies between the Peak District and Yorkshire Dales and contains a huge variety of mountain biking that equals its two more famous neighbors. The combination of easy access, open moors, steep wooded valleys, ancient packhorse routes, trail centres and an abundance of quaint mill towns overflowing with bike friendly cafes and pubs make this a four season mountain bike heaven.
This guide has a modular format, with most routes having two or more options of varying length and difficulty. As a result the 26 named routes provide over 70 ride options from easy 10km rides to 80km grand tours, offering great value. Also included are details of the four main trail centres in the area and a mountain bike dictionary for those not quite sure what “needing flatties to shred some gnarly shore without a serious stack” may mean!
All the routes are drawn up and photographed by Stephen Hall, a mountain bike guide and skills instructor who has lived in the heart of this area for nearly 20 years.
The routes are plotted on Ordnance Survey maps throughout and show all route options along with a common sense set of “at a glance” map symbols to indicate what to expect along the way. Grading uses the trail centre colour grades.
Happy riding!
Published 2010 by Ernest Press.
Author: Stephen Hall
256 Pages. Book Size: A5
The Mountain Bike Routes
Map showing approximate recommended starting points for each route as indicated in the book.
Use the control to zoom about. Click on a marker for route information.
Also use the above map to see how easy the mountain biking routes are to get to from Bolton, Bury, Blackburn, Rochdale, Manchester, Oldham, Preston, Halifax, Bradford, Leeds...
In the guide each route includes a map with the route highlighted and clear text directions.
Summary of the routes:
KIRKLEES AND CALDERDALE
Quaint ex mill towns including Hebden Bridge and Holmfirth, wide open moorlands and steep, rocky wooded valley sides make for some great contrasts and fun riding. These routes are essential reading for those wanting to get the best from the dense network of bridleways found in this area.
Route 1: Marsden and the Holme Valley
4 ride options from Blue (19km) to Red (43km).
Start: Marsden. An entertaining and not too challenging route with some excellent long downs including an almost uninterrupted 5km final descent.
Route 2: The Marsden Circuit
Black grade, 39.5km
Start: Marsden. An epic ride that crosses the Pennine watershed by some challenging moorland riding with great views.
Route 3: Ripponden
3 rides from Blue (17.5km) to Black (31.5km) plus possibilities to do just the extensions from Mytholmroyd (Black, 9.5km)
Start: Ripponden. More great views from the broad ridge that forms the main feature of this ride. A very challenging climb and descent on the hardest option.
Route 4: London Road
3 rides from Blue (13km) to Red (22km).
Start: Hebden Bridge. A classic Calderdale outing with four season surfaces throughout and some technical extensions on the other side of the valley if you are up to it.
Route 5: Tod Skyline
3 rides from Red (19km) to very Black (37.5km)
Start: Todmorden. Lots of route options up to a full high level circuit of the upper Calder Valley. Includes steep climbs, narrow singletrack and awesome descents.
Route 6: Luddenden, Oxenhope and Ogden
3 rides from Blue (11km) to Black (33.5km)
Start: Luddendon, nr Halifax. From the starting point of a quiet wooded valley this route soon heads out over high moorland and maintains its altitude until the final, almost continuous, 7km final descent.
Route 7: A Tour Around Crimsworth Dean
2 rides, Red (17km) and Black (23.5km)
Start: Just north of Hebden Bridge at Hardcastle Crags. Short but challenging, taking in some of the best singletrack and finest descents in the area.
Route 8: The Big Widdop Ride
Red grade, 38km
Start: Just north of Hebden Bridge at Hardcastle Crags. A Calderdale classic taking in just about every type of riding imaginable, all in stunning surroundings.
Route 9: Widdop Lite
Blue grade, 27km
Start: Blackshaw Head west Hebden Bridge. A different starting point shortens the distance, nearly halves the climbing but allows the less energetic/technical rider to enjoy the scenery on this great high level day out.
Route 10: The Grand Tour of Calderdale
5 rides from Blue (20km) to Double Black (79km)
Start: Todmorden. Either a series of smaller circuits, a couple of train linked linear routes or the full monster day out. Whichever way you approach it you will get a taste of the whole valley, from the high moors of the west to the gentle farmland to the east with a bit of everything else in between.
AIREDALE AND WHARFEDALE
Heading north the valleys are slightly less steep and the routes tend to be slightly less technical although most will still pose enough challenges for all abilities- both in technical riding and challenging navigation (though not if you have this guide with you). Picturesque towns such as Haworth and Ilkley provide great starting points and are ideal for post ride sustenance too. The Stainburn Trail centre just north of Otley is considered by many to be the toughest in England.
Route 11: Haworth South
2 rides, Blue 17.5km and Red 27km.
Start: Haworth. All season riding around the head of the Worth Valley with some cracking little descents.
Route 12: Haworth North
2 rides, Blue 10.5km and Red (just) 18km. Can also be done with route 11 as they share the same start point.
Start: Haworth. This route visits some picturesque quiet valleys, mainly by easy farm tracks, but with a couple of sections (climbs and descents) to really get the heart pounding.
Route 13: The Bingley Circuit
2 rides, both Blue, 17km and 23km
Starting options: St Ives, Harden or Bingley. A local classic updated (following recent upgrades to the bridleway network) making this route better than ever. Gives novices a good introduction to ‘real mountain biking’ but has enough tricky bits to challenge ‘experts’ too.
Route 14: Baildon Moor
Blue 16km
Start: Saltaire. A short pleasant ride on generally gentle gradients but with one short sharp climb at the start and two great descents to finish. Also chance to test out your trials skills on the rocks in Shipley Glen.
Route 15: Ilkley North
3 rides, Black (15km), Red (20km) and another Black (34km)
Start: Ilkley. It’s hard to believe how remote this route gets when you set off from the bustling town. Open moorland, narrow singletrack, tricky navigation and awesome views wait.
Route 16: The Washburn Valley
4 plus rides from Blue 7.5km to Black (40km)
Start: Fewston & Swinley Reservoirs, west of Harrogate. Three linked loops that can be done separately or tagged together, you can even incorporate a lap or two of the Stainburn trails if you feel up to it.
LANCASHIRE
A large area appearing in a guidebook for the first time, this covers the whole western side of the South Pennine watershed from the top end of the Peak District up through the ‘West Pennine Moors’ to the Forest of Bowland. Here you will find deep valleys, open moors, forest and farmland. Some rides have a decidedly agricultural feel and others really do have a surprising sense of remoteness considering their accessibility. Lancashire is also home to 3 (and counting) purpose built trail centres
described in the guide – Gisburn Forest, Healey Nab and Lee Quarry.
Route 17: The 4 D’s
3 plus rides from Blue (17km) to Black (36.5km)
Start: Diggle, north east of Odham. The basic route follows the well known Diggle Jiggle but for those after more of a challenge the two additional loops can be added on or done as separate routes in their own right.
Route 18: Rooley Moor
2 rides, Blue (23.5km) and Black (28.5km)
Start: Bacup. The old part cobbled Rooley Moor Road is the main feature of this route, offering fine views and a cracking rough descent to Waterfoot.
Route 19: The Heads of the Valleys
4 rides from Red (16.5km) to Black (38km)
Start: Rawtenstall. Steady climbing accesses a high level route round the hill tops to two choices of final descent, both are good.
Route 20: Rivington Pike and the Western Moors
2 rides, Blue (24km) and Red (45km)
Start: Horwich, north west of Bolton. A shortish spin round Winter Hill or a much bigger circuit that takes in some more great off road and visits the Healey Nab Trails. Both finish with an ascent of Rivington pike.
Route 21:Jubilee Tower
Blue (13.5km)
Start: Ryal Fold, near DarwenA short route with with some attractive woodland riding followed by a sturdy climb to the tower, and finishing with an open moorland crossing and fast descent.
Route 22:Wycoller
Blue (14km)
Start: Wycoller, east of Colne. The main feature of this ride is the bridleway that traverses beneath Bowlesworth Hill, gradually getting trickier as is goes. It finishes with a fast descent to the historic hamlet of Wycoller.
Route 23: Around Foulridge
2 rides, Blue (17km) and Red (24km)
Start: Foulridge , south of Barnoldswick & Earby. A steady climb over White Moor before descending to Earby before choosing between two climbs (small or big) on the other side of the valley to more good views and hearty descents.
Route 24: A Tour of Pendle
Blue (31km)
Start: Whalley, north west of Burnley. Does what it says! Despite the length most of the riding is firm and easy although there are several short sections to challenge most riders. The views are expansive throughout.
Route 25: Around the Ribble
Up to 5 ride combinations from Blue (11.5km) to Black (48km)
Start: Sawley or option to start at Clitheroe train station. An unusual ride in that it is mostly over agricultural land. Plenty of route options, some very faint trails, tricky climbs and descents and an entertaining river crossing all make this an unexpectedly fine collection of rides.
Route 26 :Dunsop Bridge
Up to 5 rides from Blue (11.5km) to very Black (45km)
Start: Dunsop Bridge. Some incredible riding over the eastern side of the Bowland Moors. Numerous options means that families can enjoy the easiest route, yet even the hardcore rider could find themselves bottling a couple of the hard route sections.
1. Great Price
| i don't know |
What is the colour of mourning in most Moslem countries | Colors & Types of Attire Worn at Muslim Funerals | Our Everyday Life
Colors & Types of Attire Worn at Muslim Funerals
by Marion Lougheed
Muslim funerals often begin in a mosque courtyard or prayer hall.
Related Articles
Semi-Formal Outfit Ideas
In many belief systems, funerals are a time to say goodbye and show respect to the deceased and to support friends and relatives during their time of loss. Muslim funeral customs draw on interpretations of sacred texts, as well as cultural practices. If you are attending a Muslim funeral, you might not know how to behave, or more specifically, what to wear. Some basic guidelines can help you pick out the proper attire.
Appropriate Colors
Black is an acceptable color for Muslim funeral attire, but it is not required in most branches of the religion. However, dark tones are usually advisable. Lasting Post recommends "conservative clothing and subdued colours" as a rule of thumb. You should reject any outfit with bright patterns or that will stick out in a crowd of quiet hues. Of course, variation exists between different cultural groups and you may find that certain things are acceptable for some Muslims but not for others.
Modesty in Attire
In some cases, Muslim women do not attend funerals. When they do, the Muslim Burial Council suggests that they should cover their heads with a scarf and wear opaque, loose-fitting, ankle-length skirts or dresses. Tops should have long sleeves and high necks. For men, pants and shirts will do the job. Many men cover their heads, as well. If in doubt about your outfit, consider the main principle behind the guidelines, which is modesty. If you feel that most people would view an article of clothing as modest, it is probably acceptable for the funeral.
Socks
Islamic custom requires funeral attendees to take off their footwear before entering the prayer hall. Depending on the climate where you live, it can be a good idea to wear warm, well-padded socks. Out of respect for the solemnity of the occasion, these socks should be free of holes. Funny or flashy socks are not suitable for a Muslim funeral. Your best bet is to wear black, navy, white, or dark gray, so as not to draw unwanted attention to your feet. Stockings or tights are okay for women, as long as they also meet these requirements.
Clothing During the Mourning Period
After the death, 40 days are set aside as a mourning period. During this time, the deceased's family members dress only in black. If the person who has passed away was a married man, his wife continues to wear black clothing for a full year. Non-family members do not have to wear any specific type of clothing throughout the mourning period, but if you are visiting someone closed to the deceased, you should avoid anything too flamboyant or jovial.
References
| White |
Who did author Gore Vidal describe in 1981 as, a triumph of the embalmer's art | The Meaning of Colour in Web Design
The Meaning of Colours
For most of us, a rainbow of colours envelopes our lives. Over 80% of visual information is related to colour.¹ What colours and combinations of colours stimulate people to be interested in different things? What colours make us feel pleasure or disapproval, hot or cold, to be attracted or repelled, our appetite stimulated or suppressed?
Many reactions to colour are instinctual, universal and cross cultural boundaries. "Colors also convey messages that go beyond ethnic, racial, or gender boundaries. According to a 1997 survey by Cooper Marketing Group, Oak Park, IL, power is represented by the color scarlet red for 25% of respondents, black for 17% and bright violet blue for 13%. More than 55% of those surveyed chose one of these three colors out of 100 colors. Fragility was most represented by pale pink (27%), white (9%), and pale lavender (9%)."²
Other associations with colours are specific to a culture or regions. Mixing appropriate amounts of different colours however can neutralise inherent negative cultural connotations.
Web design which achieves successful marketing results is sensitive to the cultural, instinctual and iconic meanings of colour in relation to the product being promoted and considers the cultural backgrounds and gender of the targeted clientele. Avoiding the extremes of sheer garishness and boredom, effective design displays symphonic colour arrangements of shades, tints, tones and complementarities to tantalise and maintain interest. Adding textures too can alter colours - a roughly textured surface makes a colour seem darker, while a smooth surface lightens the same colour.
Colour trends may defy instinctual, cultural and iconic constraints - for example, the recent craze for vivid lime green. As Jill Morton says: "Psychologically, the 'anti-aesthetic' colors may well capture more attention than those on the aesthetically-correct list. History clearly demonstrates that this has been a prevalent trend in art since the turn of the 20th century, when Dada's urinals and snow shovels put an end to the era of Matisse and French Impressionism."³
Red
European : Danger (stop signs), love (hearts), excitement (for sale signs)
China : Traditional bridal colour, good luck, celebration, happiness, joy, vitality, long life, summoning, the direction South. Chinese saying goes "when something is so red, it is purple" - red purple brings luck and fame.
Japan : life
Hinduism : Saffron (peachy orange) is a sacred color
Feng Shui : Yang, Earth, strengthens concentration, purpose, organization
Orange : warmth, energy, balance, enthusiasm, vibrancy, vitality, expansiveness, flamboyance, excitement, business goals, property deals, ambition, career, goals, general success, justice, legal matters, selling, action, attention-grabbing, the sun, friendly, inviting, intense, joy, strength, endurance, steadfastness, tropics, quick movement, wealth of the mind and knowledge, charity, growing things, fascination, friendliness, happiness, beginnings, heat, creativity, autumn, determination, attraction, success, encouragement, courage, earth, mental and appetite stimulatant, emotional lift, assurance, social force, health, warmth, attractiveness, cheerfulness, mood-lightening, uninhibited, independence, amiability, constructiveness, self-assuredness, cheap, low-budget, fun kids colour, youth
In restaurants, as orange is an appetite stimulant, orange decor encourages sales. Less passionate than red, orange still increases oxygen supply to the brain, stimulating mental activity. Popular amongst youth.
Orange backgrounds help images seem closer and larger, but avoid over-use. Useful for highlighting important elements, promoting food products and toys.
"As we turned our sights to orange, substantial research (including the data gathered at The Global Color Survey at www.colormatters.com and the Pantone Consumer Color Preference Study® dated June 1996) documented that orange is one of Americans' least favorite colors. ... In 1991, Forbes called attention to orange's mundane associations in its December 23 article, 'Does orange mean cheap?' Yes, it does."4
Dark orange : autumn, deceit, distrust
Red orange : desire, sexuality, pleasure, domination, aggression, thirst for action
Bright orange : tangy citrus, health
Pale orange : apricot, coral, peach and melon are sophisticated
Buddhism : wisdom
Feng Shui : Yang, Earth, auspicious, sunbeams, warmth, motion
Yellow : sun, intelligence, light, accelerated learning, memory, logical imagination, social energy, cooperation, organisation, breaking mental blocks, sunshine, joy, happiness, intellect, energy, cheerfulness, optimism, purity, enthusiasm, warmth, honour, loyalty, mental force, clarity, perception, understanding, wisdom, dishonesty, betrayal, jealousy, covetousness, deceit, disease, weakness, caution, cowardice, follower, curiosity, mellowness, confidence, humour, dreams, creativity, desire to improve, action, idealism, optimism, imagination, hope, summer, philosophy, uncertainty, restlessness, glory, enlightenment
Yellow stimulates mental activity, generates muscle energy and attracts attention - it is the colour most visible to the human eye. Thus yellow objects move to the forefront. Students who study in yellow rooms do better in exams. Cheerful yellow can be used to promote food especially in combination with other fruit and vegetable tones, children's and leisure products and is best used as a highlight. With overuse, yellow can be disturbing and promote anxiety. Babies cry more in yellow rooms. Yellow against black denotes a warning ... the sting of the bee.
Yellow is not a practical colour to use when selling expensive items to men ... they perceive it as an untrustworthy and childish ... and avoid yellow if you wish to evoke safety and stability. Care is needed with shades of yellow as they can lose their warmth and appear dirty.
Dull yellow : caution, decay, sickness, jealousym aging
Light yellow : intellect, freshness, and joy
Ivory/cream : quiet, pleasantness, calm, understated elegance, purity, softness, more rich and warm than white
Worldwide : 'safe' colour
Feng Shui : Yin, Water, calm, love, healing, relaxation, peace, trust, adventure, exploration
Blue : good fortune, communication, wisdom, protection, spiritual inspiration, calmness, reassurance, gentleness, fluidity, water, sea, creativity, peace, calming, higher thoughts, mystery, sky, formality, travel, devotion, progress, quiet wisdom, freedom. betterment of humanity, love, trust, loyalty, intelligence, reassurance, artistry, compassion, inner strength, devotion, depression, sadness, tranquility, stability, unity, truth, understanding, confidence, acceptance, conservatism, security, cleanliness, order, comfort, cold, technology, devotion, harmony, depth, faith, heaven, piety, sincerity, precision, intellect, sadness, consciousness, speech, messages, ideas, sharing, cooperation, idealism, sincerity, empathy, relaxation, affection, inspiration, friendship, patience, contemplation, infinity, harmony, non-threatening, dependability
Some believe blue slows the metabolism and suppresses the appetite. As it does not require the eye to focus, images and objects recede in blue backgrounds. With overuse, can create feelings of cold. Although also popular with women, blue is the predominant favourite colour of males and is suited to web sites involving and promoting technology, medical products, cleanliness, air, sky, water, sea and automotives. Blue is the favourite colour of more than half of the world's people - it is the colour least disliked by most cultures.
High impact designs can be created with combinations of blue, red and yellow. Combinations of light and dark blues can create feelings of trust. Pale Blue : ethereal, delicate, calming, health, healing, tranquility, understanding, softness
In combination with pinks and pale yellows, creates the image of spring. Aqua : freshness, pristine, vigour, movement, dramatic, confidence, strength, individualism, eccentricity, humour, fearlessness, festivity
Royal Blue : richness, superiority, cold Dark blue : depth, expertise, stability, credibility (especially with gold), intellect, wisdom, corporate colour, warmth, knowledge, power, integrity, seriousness, knowledge, health, decisiveness, law, order, logic, dependability, serenity
Combining dark and lighter shades of blue creates a conservative and sophisticated look.
Eastern : Funerals
Feng Shui : Yang, Metal, death, mourning, ancestal spirits, ghosts, poise, confidence
White : spirituality, goddess, peace, higher self, purity, virginity, reverence, simplicity, cleanliness, humility, precision, innocence, youth, birth, winter, snow, good, sterility, cold, clinical, sterility, clarity, perfection, innocence, virginity, goodness, light, fairness, safety, positivity, faith, coolness, charity, successful innovations, union, self-sacrifice, holiness, feminine divinity, pristine, chastity, positivity
All white rooms can be uncomfortable with a stark atmosphere. White is useful for a background or accent colour as it highlights other colours. White is perceived by the eye as a brilliant colour.
White can indicate simplicity with high-tech products and safety and cleanliness with medical products.
Silver
Feng Shui : Yin, Metal, trustworthiness, romance .
Silver : glamous, distinguishment, high tech, industrial, graceful aging, telepathy, clairvoyance, clairaudience, psychometry, intuition, dreams, astral energies, female power, communication, goddess, ornate riches, sleekness, modernity
To create a high-tech look, use silver with other colours. Silver works well combined with gold and white to promote a feeling of control and power.
Silver and other reflectors are strong eye attractors and are associated with life-giving water.
Grey
Feng Shui : Yin, Metal, dead, dull, indefinite
Grey : security, reliability, intelligence, staid, modesty, dignity, maturity, solid, conservative, practical, old age, sadness, boring, practicality, professional, sophisticated, durability, quality, quiet, conservativeness, gloominess, sadness
European : Funerals, death, mourning, rebellion, cool, restfulness
China : Colour for young boys
Thailand : Bad luck, unhappiness, evil
Judaism : Unhappiness, bad luck, evil
Australian Aboriginals : colour of the people, ceremonial ochre
Feng Shui : Yin, Water, money, income, career success, emotional protection, power, stability, bruises, evil
Black : protection, repelling negativity, binding, shapeshifting, power, sexuality, sophistication, formality, elegance, classy, wealth, power, mystery, fear, evil, anonymity, unhappiness, depth, style, evil, sadness, remorse, anger, underground, modern music, space, high quality, bad luck, formality, reservedness, dignity, elegance, secretiveness, fear of the unknown, night, emptiness, dirtiness, sophistication, strength of character, dramatic, authority, prestige, grief, anger, reliability, strong, classic, strength, anti-establishment, modernism, serious
. Black is an excellent technical colour and it assist targetting a sophisticated high-end market or a youth market to add mystery. Over a large area, black can be depressing. Though black backgrounds can enhance perspective and depth, they diminish readibility of text. Useful for web sites for art and photography to help other colours to vibrate.
To share your thoughts with the author of this article about the meaning of colours, please feel free to register and post on the Sibagraphics blog .
Sylvia Posadas, Sibagraphics © 2004, 2006, 2009.
Bibliography
² Kathy Lamancusa, 2003, http://www.creativelatitude.com/articles/articles_lamacusa_color.html
³ Jill Morton, 2000, http://www.colormatters.com/chatquest.html
4 Ibid.
5 Jacci Howard Bear, http://desktoppub.about.com/cs/colorselection/p/turquoise.htm
Useful Color Links
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In which European city would you be most likely to travel in a vaporetto | Vaporetto (Water Bus) Venice
LAGOON ISLANDS Visit a part of Venice most tourists never see!
If you arrive by car, you must leave your vehicle in one of the parking lots on the outskirts of the city. The parking at Piazzale Roma is the nearest to the city center. Venice's public transportation system uses two types of boats, vaporetti (water busses) and motoscafi (water taxis).
All vaporetti boats are numbered and follow certain routes around the city. Vaporetti boats leave from floating docks which are clearly marked with service numbers and route maps. There is a limited night service on most routes.
The same numbered busses head in two directions, so make sure the boat is heading in your desired direction before boarding. There are normally separate boarding lines for each direction. You can buy tickets at the dock or at shops displaying an ACTV sticker. HINT: You can save money by buying multiple day passes. All tickets must be validated at the machine on the dock before boarding.
Below is a clickable map of Venice showing two of the Vaporetto routes you are most likely to use during your time in Venice. Also click here for a list of stops on the most common lines (Vaporetto line 1, 82, N, 41, 42, 51, and 52).
Click Here for a larger map of Venice
Motoscafi
water taxis are a faster but more expensive means of travel. You can either hail them as you do regular taxis, or you can call 041 523 5775, 041 522 2303 or 041 522 1265.
Traghetti (ferries) can be found at seven points along the Grand Canal. Since there are only three bridges across the Grand Canal, these ferries can be very useful. They are old boats marked by yellow signs. You must pay as you board and it is customary to remain standing during the short trip across the canal.
The final method of transportation is the famous Venetian gondola. Gondolas can travel down even the narrowest canals, but are extremely expensive.
CONTACT INFORMATION:
| Venice |
The Countess of Mornington was the mother of which British general and statesman | Public Transportation in Venice: The Vaporetto
By Martha Bakerjian
Updated January 15, 2017.
Known as the vaporetto, Venice's water bus system is the city's major form of public transportation. These buses (called vaporetti in the plural) take visitors along the main canals, to the islands and around the lagoon. Although often crowded, they are by far the least expensive way to get around (other than walking). If you're visiting Venice, sooner or later you'll find yourself on a vaporetto.
Vaporetto Fares
The cost to take the vaporetto isn't static. Just like bus fare in any other city, it fluctuates with time, but you can check the current prices . The good news is that if you plan to spend much time on the water bus system, you can buy a tourist travel card at any vaporetto ticket office or online through Veniezia Unica . Tourist travel cards are good for both water and land transport in the Venice area (land services on the Lido and in Mestre). They allow for more flexible travel plans, because you can buy a one-, two- or three-day pass, or even a weeklong pass.
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There's also a three-day youth card for young people ages 14 to 29; a Venice city pass , which includes free and reduced admissions and transportation; and a beach ticket for a round trip from Venice to Lido.
The ticket or travel card must be validated (stamped) upon first use at the vaporetto stop entrance. Hours start when the card is validated (not when it's purchased), so it can be paid for ahead of time. Be sure to validate it in the machine before boarding the water bus. The price of a ticket or travel card includes one piece of luggage up to 150 cm (total sum of its three dimensions).
Vaporetto Routes
Venice's Grand Canal is its main thoroughfare. The No. 1 vaporetto route runs up and down the Grand Canal, stopping in each of the six sestiere , or neighborhoods. Since it also stops in the Lido, it's a good way to see Venice. Although it's pretty crowded during the day, an evening on the No. 1 vaporetto can be scenic and romantic. Try taking the No. 1 in the evening when the lights are on (see " Tips for Eating in Venice ").
Other routes most commonly used by tourists are:
No. 2: Also runs on the Grand Canal and connects the Tronchetto with the train station, Piazzale Roma, Lido and Guidecca.
Route N: Night bus; follows the No. 2 route but skips the Giardini stop.
Routes 4.1 and 4.2: Go around the outside of Venice, serving the train station, Piazzale Roma, and Guidecca, and traveling to Murano Island from Fondamente Nove.
Route 12: Goes to Murano and Burano Islands from Fondamente Nove (see " Visiting Venice's Islands ").
Alilaguna lines serve the Venice airport and are not included in the above tickets or travel cards (except the Venice card). For more information about the bus routes, timetables and an interactive map are available on the ACTV website .
Venice Vaporetto Maps
Venice vaporetto maps that can be downloaded and printed are available in three sizes. See Vap Map Pocket Venice Vaporetto Guide on the Living Venice blog.
Gondola Rides in Venice
Taking a gondola ride is a much more upscale way to get around Venice. Use these tips to find out more about gondola services.
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Which cartoon character has the catch phrase what's up doc | List of catch phrases (catchphrases) from Looney Tunes
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| Bugs Bunny |
How many milk bottles are on Fred Flintstone's step when he puts the cat out | 'What's up Doc?' - the meaning and origin of this phrase
Famous Last Words
Browse phrases beginning with:
What's up Doc?
Origin
'Eh, What's up Doc?' joins ' That's All Folks! ' as the best-known lines from Tex Avery's Looney Tunes cartoon series. It was delivered by Bugs Bunny, while nonchalantly chewing on a carrot, in most of the cartoons in which the character appeared, beginning with A Wild Hare, 1940. This was the first Bugs Bunny cartoon, although Bugs wasn't named until the second cartoon - Elmer's Pet Rabbit ('Happy Rabbit', a prototype Bugs Bunny with a somewhat different personality had appeared earlier).
Avery explained how the line became established in the numerous cartoon confrontations between Bugs Bunny and the hapless hunter Elmer Fudd:
"We decided he [Bugs] was going to be a smart-aleck rabbit, but casual about it. That opening line of 'Eh, what's up, Doc?' floored them. They expected the rabbit to scream, or anything but make a casual remark. For here's a guy pointing a gun in his face! It got such a laugh that we said, 'Boy, we'll do that every chance we get.'"
Chuck Jones went on to explain that the demeanour of Bugs when delivering the line was adapted from Clark Gable's performance in It Happened One Night. In that film, Gable's character leans against a fence eating carrots and gives instructions with his mouth full to Claudette Colbert's character. The scene was well-known to audiences at the time who would have been well aware that Bugs was spoofing Clark Gable.
The line has outlived Bugs Bunny and is now commonly used worldwide as a jokey alternative to the straightforward query 'what's up?', that is, 'what's going on?'.
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Who is Dangermouse's arch enemy | "Danger Mouse" Public Enemy No. 1 (TV Episode 1983) - IMDb
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Just when he's infiltrated Baron Greenbacks secret hideout, Dangermouse loses his memory after a crash on the head. GB takes advantage of the situation by making DM believe he is the second... See full summary »
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Title: Public Enemy No. 1 (23 May 1983)
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Storyline
Just when he's infiltrated Baron Greenbacks secret hideout, Dangermouse loses his memory after a crash on the head. GB takes advantage of the situation by making DM believe he is the second greatest criminal mastermind in the world, the White Shadow. In this new guise, DM immediately goes off on a relentless crime spree, stealing from the rich and giving to the poor. Written by The TV Archaeologist
| baron greenback |
What is the name of Olive Oyl's brother | BBC - Danger Mouse - Media Centre
Danger Mouse
The world’s greatest secret agent is back on CBBC in September
Danger Mouse
Category: CBBC
The world’s greatest secret agent is back in all new Danger Mouse on CBBC in September.
Duty has called, and the world’s greatest secret agent, Danger Mouse (Alexander Armstrong), is set to blast back onto our screens. Action and comedy collide in these all-new animated adventures as Danger Mouse is licensed to thrill a whole new generation of fans! His mission is to protect the world, multiple parallel universes and Willesden Green from the villainous machinations of the evil Baron Greenback.
At his side is his ever-faithful but always fearful sidekick Penfold (Kevin Eldon). Together, our two best friends take on all manner of mind-blowing missions aided, abetted and aggravated by a menagerie of old and new allies and adversaries, and all manner of tech-defying gadgets. More breathtaking, more dangerous, more rib-ticklingly hilarious than ever before: Danger Mouse is back!
From deep in their hidden London location, beneath the post box, DM and Penfold take their orders from the unflappable Colonel K (Stephen Fry), the Head of the British Secret Service. Appearing either on screen or in hologram form, Colonel K briefs DM and Penfold about the various secret missions which will take them anywhere from the coldest Arctic tundra to the hottest baked desert and sometime even a baked dessert! Exotic adventures can happen anywhere.
As ever, gadgets and vehicles are at the heart of every mission. In the lab, Professor Squawkencluck (Shauna Macdonald) has worked her feathered fingers to the bone developing the greatest collection of new and exciting gadgets to help Danger Mouse on his next mission. Her gadgets are the envy of the world’s secret services but sadly they usually end up wasted in the hands of Danger Mouse. But one gadget Danger Mouse is never without is his trusty ‘ipatch’ with multiple state-of-the-art functions.
And of course a new era brings a new vehicle for the number-one super hero. The Mark IV is the updated version of the classic Danger Car with a range of ridiculous upgrades to thwart any bad guy. Danger Mouse can also call upon the Space Hopper, The Danger Cycle, The Danger Jet Pack, the Danger Surfboard and Danger Ejector Shoes. In fact, for every danger, Squawkencluck has a technological solution that Danger Mouse and Penfold are bound to use inappropriately and return in a state of disrepair.
Pivotal to every episode is the Narrator! Dave Lamb brings his uniquely sardonic wit to the series in the role of ‘The Narrator’. The Narrator believes he is destined for bigger and better things but has ‘lowered’ himself to work on Danger Mouse because he needs the regular work. His voice bookends the show and underpins the comedy and exposition throughout while ramping up the tension for cliffhanger moments from the safety of his unseen announcer’s studio sound booth. Although The Narrator might prefer to be playing Lear at The National, even he is forced to admit this can be a thrilling show and ultimately he gets just as absorbed in the story as everyone else.
No series of Danger Mouse would be complete without a host of evil enemies and this one is no exception. Heading up the list is amphibious villain Baron Greenback (Ed Gaughan), Danger Mouse’s professional arch enemy, and evil genius. An imposing Marlon Brando-like mountain of a toad, he is ‘the ‘Kingpin’ pivot on which the ‘axis of naughtiness’ turns and who is determined to become ‘king of the world’.
Working for the Baron are a series of underlings including Nero (Marc Silk), the Baron’s pet caterpillar; Stiletto (Dave Lamb), the Baron’s crow lackey; and Pandaminion (Ed Gaughan), an overweight black and white panda bear with a liking for bamboo!
And then there’s the legendary Count Duckula (Rasmus Hardiker), a young, excitable vampire duck, who wants to be the most famous person in the universe. He is aware that he is in a TV show and it eats him up that he is not the star. He can’t stand that Danger Mouse is more famous than him, so plots to bring down our hero. He lives in Castle Duckula, where he has dedicated his life to showbiz, already running the most popular talk show in the whole of South East Transylvania.
Other characters include:
Jeopardy Mouse (Lena Headey), the super-proficient, female, American equivalent of Danger Mouse. She is the unseen stealthy hand of the United States Secret Service, performing her missions professionally and without fuss while wearing a slick black military jumpsuit and black sunglasses.
Professor Strontium P Jellyfishowitz, the leader of all scientists on Earth, is voiced by Pointless creator and presenter Richard Osman. A jellyfish brain in a motorised fish tank, he is incredibly clever and also quite handy when it comes to a fight with his stinging tentacles.
Also joining the cast is John Oliver as mad scientist wolf Dr Augustus P Crumhorn II; Miranda Richardson, who voices Queen of weevils; Richard Ayoade is The Snowman; and Brian Blessed joins the cast as Santa in a wonderful comic Christmas Special.
And the voices of Morwenna Banks and Kayvan Novak will bring to life a host of different characters throughout the series.
Commissioned by Controller of CBBC, Cheryl Taylor, Danger Mouse is a co-production with FremantleMedia Kids & Family. FremantleMedia Kids & Family Entertainment owns the global TV and licensing rights to Danger Mouse and is partnering with the BBC to produce the new series, which forms part of the division’s five-year partnership with BBC Children’s.
Danger Mouse is animated by Boulder Media with Robert Cullen (The Amazing World Of Gumball, Fosters Home For Imaginary Friends) directing and Peter Lewis and Anne Tweedy producing, using a mixed media approach to give the show a distinct look and feel. Ben Ward (Horrible Histories, Tracy Beaker) leads the writing team with Sarah Muller executive producer for CBBC. Bob Higgins and Chapman Maddox are the executive producers for FremantleMedia Kids & Family Entertainment.
To accompany the series will be an exciting new game on the CBBC website:
Danger Mouse is on a mission to save the world, but there is much to do! Can you help DM and Penfold travel across the globe, navigating traps, enemies and security systems to thwart the bad-guys? Use your slap-stealth skills to defeat Baron Greenback, King Kong Brunel and Loocifer over 29 levels on mobile, tablet and desktop. For a sneak a peek, please go to: bbc.co.uk/cbbc/watch/danger-mouse-game-sp
JP2
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Who was the baddy in the Penelope Pitstop's cartoons | The Perils of Penelope Pitstop | The Cartoon Network Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
The Perils of Penelope Pitstop
1,030pages on
The Perils of Penelope Pitstop
Genre
September 13, 1969 – September 4, 1971
Status
Dastardly & Muttley
Wiki
The Perils of Penelope Pitstop is an American animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions that premiered on CBS on September 13, 1969. The series consisted of a total of 17 half-hour episodes, the last first-run episode airing on January 17, 1970, repeats aired until September 4, 1971.
The series is a spin-off of the Wacky Races cartoon, reprising the characters of Penelope Pitstop and the Anthill Mob. The series previously aired in reruns on Cartoon Network and currently airs on Cartoon Network's sister channel Boomerang .
Contents
[ show ]
Overview
The series was patterned on the silent movie era melodrama cliffhanger movie serial The Perils of Pauline using the most successful characters of Wacky Races, namely Penelope Pitstop, the members of Ant Hill Mob and originally Dick Dastardly and Muttley though Dastardly and Muttley were later dropped in pre-production according to this series' DVD release information. Those characters would be later reused in their own series.
Deciding to feature the characters in a different setting, studio heads decided to set the characters into an active adventure format strongly reminiscent of the 1910s. Adding to the cliffhanger serial feel, episodes typically started with a recap such as "Last time we left Penelope, she was in the clutches of the Hooded Claw". Contrary to later editing of the series in rebroadcasts, the original format of the series was to introduce the successive episodes at the end of the just-finished broadcast for the successive week that would present and leave Penelope in the middle of a dangerous situation to overcome. The cliffhanger would end with Penelope being shown placed in direct danger such as being shot out of a circus cannon to land in the wild animal cage. The audience is left there with the indication "Tune in next week for danger in the 'Big Top Trap' ".
The successive episode would include recapping the previous week's end scene introduction and continue onto Penelope's successful avoidance of the danger she encountered. In all rebroadcasts of the series since the original broadcasts as well as on the DVD release of the series, these introduction endings have been removed from the main episodes.
Also from the Wacky Races was the Ant Hill Mob, originally portrayed as a group of crooks but in this incarnation are now either reformed, never had the criminal background of their earlier Wacky Races incarnation, or are engaging in a protection racket. The members also have completely new names, different from the original Wacky Races series (except for their leader Clyde, who was named "Big Clyde" in the Wacky Races), who, with their largely self-aware car, Chugga-Boom, acted as the heroes and were constantly rushing to Penelope's rescue. But their attempts to save her were only half effective. The Mob's reason for being Penelope's friends and guardians is never explained, although the narrator mentions that they were her "benefactors."
The Hooded Claw (voiced by Paul Lynde), aided by his pair of near identical henchmen who always speak in unison, the Bully Brothers (both voiced by Mel Blanc), concocted needlessly Goldbergian plots to kill Penelope (such as a device to drop her from an aircraft, cut her parachute, and then have her drop into a box of wildcats). While the Mob often rescued Penelope, as often as not she needed to rescue the Mob from the unintended effects of their attempts to rescue her. While Penelope was curiously helpless whenever The Hooded Claw grabbed her, once he left her tied up for his fiendish plans to take effect, she usually became resourceful and ingenious, sometimes coming up with spontaneous and creative methodologies to escape her peril.
Penelope was always in a different part of the globe for every peril. Mainly she was in America, but she did go to locations such as Egypt, England, the jungle, Baghdad and the North Pole. These settings were painted by background artist Walter Peregoy.
Just like in other spin-off series, like Dastardly & Muttley in Their Flying Machines , the Wacky Races series is rarely mentioned, not by Penelope, nor by the Ant Hill Mob. Plus the Compact Pussycat from Wacky Races is never seen in the series. Instead of that vehicle, Penelope usually drives a green sports car, or any other vehicle that she finds, or even Chugga-Boom. One reference to the earlier Wacky Races series in this series was in the origin episode "Jungle Jeopardy." In response to Penelope's statement of introducing the character "It's you! My arch enemy, The Hooded Claw!", the Hooded Claw replies "Who did you expect? Dick Dastardly?" The only other suggestion to the Wacky Race version is shown when the Anthill Mob members are all standing behind period convict stripped suit cut-outs in the episode "Carnival Calamity" hackening back to their original criminal versions, opposite to this heroic incarnation. It should be noted this is the only time that the character of Dum Dum is shown in this series with an angry face, same as his Wacky Races version Ring-A-Ding.
Also, in the first sketches of the series, Penelope was supposed to have a younger brother named Johnny Pitstop, who would help the Ant Hill Mob save her from the clutches of the Hooded Claw. In those same sketches, Dick Dastardly and Muttley were supposed to be Johnny Pitstop's personal bodyguards, using once again their car, The Mean Machine. This was all in the first sketches, and never made it to the final work. Unlike other cartoon shows of the era, The Perils of Penelope Pitstop lacks a laugh track.
Characters
Penelope Pitstop
Created by veteran Hanna-Barbera voice actress Janet Waldo, Penelope is a classic "damsel in distress" stock character as in the old serial The Perils of Pauline. Her catchphrase is "Help, help!" (spoken in an affected upper-class U.S. Southern accent). Throughout the series, she displays a curious combination of ingenuity and helplessness. She often figures out clever ways to get out of a jam, and is very athletic; if any sport happens to be mentioned, it is revealed that she was the women's champion in said sport in college. Nonetheless, when her arch-nemesis The Hooded Claw, voiced by Paul Lynde (who, unknown to her, is her guardian Sylvester Sneekly) grabs her, she is somehow incapable of doing anything other than yelling for help. Like the show's villain The Hooded Claw, she often interacted with the narrator of the show.
The Ant Hill Mob
Penelope was often rescued from peril by the Ant Hill Mob, a group of seven diminutive men with exaggerated personality traits, clearly owing quite a bit to the characters of the Seven Dwarfs in the Walt Disney film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs as well as the Keystone Cops which they obviously imitated twice in the series. The seven members usually were portrayed as having unique usable talents such as Zippy's speed, Pocket's technical intellect and gadgetery, and Dum Dum's marksmanship though at times the members were obviously not effective in using their skills as Pitstop's guardians. The seven members are:
Clyde – The leader, a caricature of Edward G. Robinson in Little Caesar and the one in the gray suit; When he gives instructions to the others, they always respond: "Right, Clyde." He gets irritated when the mob screws up or when a certain member of the mob (especially Dum Dum) misinterprets his instructions. His catchphrases are "Oh brother!", "No kiddin'!", and "You Dum-Dum!". He was voiced by Paul Winchell.
Dum Dum – (Ring-A-Ding in Wacky Races) Played stupid and is identified by a plum-colored stripe on his hat; his catch phrases are "Here we come, Penelope!" and "What'll we do now, Clyde?". Like his Wacky Races counterpart, he was normally the cause of a plan's failure. Dum Dum also has trouble remembering his own name, and speaks like a clown. He was voiced by Don Messick.
Pockets – Able to bring out useful objects to get the Mob out of trouble, even ones of ridiculous size. He has a green stripe on his hat, and pockets all over his suit (hence his name). He was voiced by Don Messick.
Snoozy – The dozy one, sleeping through moments of emergency; but despite sleeping on the job, he's always aware of what's going on at the present time and appears able to pilot Chugga-Boom (the mob's car) while asleep. He can dream up a suggestion that Clyde finds very reasonable. Snoozy has the blue stripe on his hat, and leans over when upright, with his head on Dum Dum's shoulder. Snoozy is the only member of the Mob other than Softy who is portrayed reliably without a full head of hair. He is a pun on The Seven Dwarfs's Sleepy. He was voiced by Don Messick.
Softy – Cries at any possible emotional or stressful moment; whether those moments were happy or sad was irrelevant; he often chimes in mother memories. Very seldom does he smile, or even laugh. Viewers can identify him by both his constant blubbering, and his hat's pink stripe. He was voiced by Paul Winchell.
Yak Yak – The talkative one, made a kind of 'yuk yuk' laugh, no matter how disastrous the news he was imparting. The worse the news he imparts, the harder he laughs. Yak Yak would laugh distinctively when The Mob was in peril, recognizing the danger but would still laugh ("We're gonna crash!! Heeheeheehee!"). Yak Yak is identified by his hat's chartreuse stripe, and his blonde hair. He was voiced by Mel Blanc. His laugh is based on Looney Tunes' Bugs Bunny who also voiced by Mel Blanc.
Zippy – A fast runner and a fast talker. If Pockets cannot provide what the mob needs, Clyde will send Zippy somewhere to get it (which is where he tends to mess up). Whenever Zippy screws up, Clyde would sometimes call him Dippy-Zippy. Like Clyde, his hat has a red stripe on it. He was voiced by Don Messick.
The Ant Hill Mob had previously appeared in Wacky Races alongside Penelope Pitstop, although of all seven Mob members, only Clyde kept his Wacky Races name here. The Mob's original Wacky Races car, the Bulletproof Bomb, was replaced by "Chugga-Boom" (voiced by Mel Blanc), which was mostly articulate and seemed to have a mind of its own though at times the Chugga-Boom seemed completely inanimate and was at those times drawn without eyes on the headlights.
The Hooded Claw
The Hooded Claw was the main villain and the alter ego of Sylvester Sneekly, Penelope Pitstop's guardian. Contrary to what his name suggests, he has neither a hood nor a claw, preferring to wear a purple suit, and a green hat and cape. In the event of her death, Sneekly stood to inherit Pitstop's fortune. He was a master of disguise, and often aided by his henchmen, the Bully Brothers, twin brothers who dressed alike and talked like movie directors, as well as speaking as one. Each episode's plot involved Sneekly trying to kill Penelope and claim her fortune for himself. She never suspected his intentions, however, because he performed his nefarious deeds only in his costumed persona, The Hooded Claw. However, there was a running gag where Penelope commented to Sneekly that he looked like the Hooded Claw, but there was no way her kind guardian could be that villain. In "Big Top Trap," Sneekley actually reveals to Penelope that he is the Hooded Claw, but Penelope does not believe this, thinking it is just a circus act. But when the Hooded Claw fails or backfires in killing Penelope from his traps when she was rescued by The Ant Hill Mob or being outsmarted by Penelope who manages to released or getting free from his traps, his catchphrase is "Blast!". He himself also got blown from the dynamite plunger in his own trap at the series finale after blaming his failure to kill Penelope and saying his "Blast!" catchphrase and warns the narrator that the next time he will make more various traps once he recaptures Penelope as he makes his last evil laugh while raising his brow knowing of his motives. Sneekly/Hooded Claw was voiced by Paul Lynde, whose participation was uncredited.
Like Boris Badenov in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, Sneekly/Hooded Claw would break the "fourth wall" by at times directly addressing the narrator as the narrator was revealing the crime to the audience, defeating the surprise the Claw was about to spring. He would then belittle the narrator by calling the narrator "Buster", "Nosy", "Tattle-tale", "busy-body" or "wise guy" for verbally interfering with his crimes. Despite knowing about the narrator and interacting with him, at no time does the Hooded Claw/Sneekly acknowledge that he and all the people of his world are merely characters in a scripted series.
Cast
| The Perils of Penelope Pitstop |
Who wrote For Whom The Bell Tolls | "The Perils of Penelope Pitstop" Reviews & Ratings - IMDb
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Overview
8 out of 8 people found the following review useful:
Saturday Morning Success
Author: hfan77
13 August 2003
As Fred Silverman shed his CBS Saturday morning lineup of violent cartoons in the late 60s, he struck gold with several successes. They were The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Hour, The Archie Show, Scooby Doo, Where Are You? and one of the few network cartoon spinoffs, The Perils of Penelope Pitstop.
The show was a spoof of movie melodramas of the 20s and 30s and emphasized comedy rather than violence. Two things I really enjoyed about Penelope Pitstop were Paul Lynde's portrayal of the evil Hooded Claw and the outstanding narration of Gary Owens. If you watch the closing credits carefully, you'll notice that in the voices section Paul Lynde doesn't receive any screen credit. Let's not overlook The Ant Hill Mob and their car Chugaboom. They were an intrical part of the storylines as they saved Penelope from The Hooded Claw's evil plans.
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4 out of 4 people found the following review useful:
Zany fun
from Virginia, USA
29 June 2005
It's been many years since I saw this show, but as I recall it was a lot of fun with a combination of slapstick humor and clever dialog. I often caught my parents laughing at it. Penelope was a wealthy fashion plate Southern gal and The Hooded Claw (now there's a name!) was always cooking up ingenious ways to destroy her (e.g., explosive pastries called "bombs-bombs") and get his grubby hands, err, claws, on her fortune. He was aided by identical twins, the Bully Brothers, who did everything in unison, even when crying "Oh no!" when a plot backfired on them. But they always failed, often due to the timely intervention of the Ant Hill Gang in a smart car long before KITT came along.
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4 out of 4 people found the following review useful:
This spinoff from "Wacky Races" is pretty good.
from PA
20 July 2002
I've been catching reruns of this old cartoon on Cartoon Network over the last couple of weeks, and frankly I'm probably in the minority. I actually like this show. It stars Penelope Pitstop (a female racer from "Wacky Races") who is being constantly on the run by her laywer Sylvester Sneekly (aka The Hooded Claw who is just Sneekly in disguise) whom wants to elude of her since she inherited a fortune, and would give it to him if something were to happenn to her (you know like death or something like that for an example). But Penelope has protection thanks to my fave characters from "Wacky Races" the Ant Hill Mob (those guys rule!!!!!) who will keep our damsel in distress from being captured by the Hooded Claw.
I really like this cartoon a lot. I know that Hanna Barbera has made some lame spinoffs in the past, but this is great. 10/10
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4 out of 4 people found the following review useful:
Good Fun
from scotland
14 August 2000
I used to enjoy this as a kid but it always puzzled me how the Hooded Claw hoped to bump off Penelope by tying her to a railway track when she inhabited the same world where Dick Dastardly could be run over by a train and although he might feel a bit flat for a while generally he was OK at the end of the day. What's more the Anthill Mob were often blown up by the dynamite the Claw had intended for Penelope and it didn't seem to do them much harm. Penelope has a big following and I upset this girl I know who used to be a fan by saying it was kinky the way the Claw was always tying her up. She said I'd spoiled her illusions! Still, great fun.
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3 out of 3 people found the following review useful:
Simultaneous heroine/victim
from Richmond, Virginia
24 April 2008
One of Hanna-Barbera's better comedies. It was a good parody of cliffhangers that were popular during the early 20th century. Penelope herself had feminist overtones. The Ant Hill Mob were supposed to be her saviors, yet they usually botched their rescue attempts and Penelope would save herself from her predicaments. Last Tuesday, I viewed an episode in which she saved the Ant Hill Mob.// Another highlight is the way she ran. The animators humorously displayed her femininity by having her run like a ballet dancer.// And Paul Lynde was at a peak in his career at this time by doing the voice of The Hooded Claw in this series and that of the prissy suburbanite in another Hanna-Barbera series Where's Huddles? Lynde was almost as much a creative asset to the studio as was Mel Blanc. Art fans should appreciate the mixture of expressionism and impressionism in the cartoon's backgrounds. Adults enjoyed this show as much as kids.
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1 out of 1 people found the following review useful:
I'll get you Penelope Pitstop
from United States
20 February 2015
The Perils of Penelope Pitstop follows Penelope Pitstop (Janet Waldo) a rich woman who travels the world only to be chase and place in danger by The Hooded Claw (Paul Winchell).
This show was a spin off of Wacky Races another cartoon by Hanna- Barbera. HB always makes interesting and classic cartoons and this is one of their more interesting ones.
It has a female protagonist with a villain who laugh always can make you shake.
Now that's rare for villains these days and even in the day.
The Perils of Penelope Pitstop had some good animation as HB is known for along with some good voice acting and music to boot.
The Narrator (Gary Owens) always makes the show interesting as he tells the story of each episode.
Some people may have different opinions on the show but I find it to be interesting if you are a fan of Hannah Barbera cartoons then give this one a try.
I'll get you Penelope Pitstop
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1 out of 1 people found the following review useful:
My Favorite Wacky Races Spin-off
from Canada
8 June 2008
As a fan of Hanna/Barbera, I would watch a few of their TV series, and films like "Charlotte's Web" and "Heidi's Song." I remember watching Wacky Races when it was Teletoon a long time ago, and the lovely Penelope Pitstop and her Compact Pussycat was my favorite racer. Though I didn't know why her car was called The Compact Pussycat, it didn't look like a cat. The series became successful, that they made spin-off series like Dastardly and Muttley in their Flying Machines and The Perils of Penelope Pitstop. Although Wacky Races was set in the then-contemporary 1960s, the characters and settings of The Perils of Penelope Pitstop were strongly reminiscent of the 1920s; well the 1930s that is.
I'd bought the complete series on DVD, and after watching all 17 episodes, I thought it's a very funny show; it has scenes you will remember and laugh your head off. In this series, Penelope is an heiress to a vast fortune and is constantly chased by her sinister guardian (voiced by Paul Lynde) Sylvester Sneekly aka The Hooded Claw; she doesn't even know it. But always to her rescue is her seven friends/protectors The Ant Hill Mob (also from Wacky Races) and their anthropomorphic car Chug-A-Boom (like Herbie from Disney's The Love Bug). But they sometimes screw up the rescue and it's always Penelope who ends up saving them.
They never explain why Penelope is a wealthy woman? or why the Ant Hill Mob are her friends? and so forth, they just jump right through it; but I do have imagination like: Penelope was the beloved daughter of a wealthy family; but when her mama and papa died, it was always her "dear daddy's" secretary Sylvester Sneekly who was with her all her life, because to a girl's daddy (or male guardian) he's her oracle, her guidance and her hero. Maybe that's why she refuses to believe that Sylvester is the Hooded Claw. And as to why the Ant Hill Mob are her friends? well she might have reformed the crooks because of her kind heart; or maybe the seven had reformed years ago. So overall I love this series, and would watch it again and again.
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1 out of 1 people found the following review useful:
Pretty good with an all star voice over cast
9 November 2005
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
This spin off is good not great, but still good. Penelope is in line for an vast fortune but her guardian, Selevester Sneekley aka, the Hooded Claw. For you see, he wants her money. To stop him she teams up with her Wacky Races co stars The Ant Hill Mob. The cast are Gary Owens, Mel Blanc, Janet Waldo, Paul Winchell, Don Messick, and Paul Lynn. The henchmen of the Claw, The Bully Brothers always seem to bungle it. The series was based on an old silent film series featuring an girl named Pauline who always gets herself in trouble as well. Most likely it was set in the early 20th century and still good after all these years and the cast was perfect. Today, Bommerang has the season on the air and it's on DVD so if you want to see it those are your only ways to see the series.
Overall score: an 9 out of 10
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2 out of 3 people found the following review useful:
The Perils of Penelope Pitstop
2 June 2007
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
I like it. I think it is funny. My favorite character is The Hooded Claw. Paul Lynde played The Hooded Claw. Paul Lynde was never seen in the credits. I wish Paul Lyde got more credit. He really is a funny actor. Some times I wish The Hooded Claw's plans worked. I have a question I bet all The Perils of Penelope Pitstop fans would ask. How come when The Hooded Claw and The Ain't Hill Mob get in The Hooded Claw's traps for Penelope Pitstop it does not hurt? Then why does The Hooded Claw think it will hurt Penelope Pitstop. If any of you The perils of Penelope Pitstop fans want to watch it it comes on Boomerang at 7:30 AM central time. I never could stand it when Penelope Pitstop yelled "Help!". Could Penelope Pitstop fight? The Hooded claw always grabbed her. Why didn't she kick him or punch him. She always was a damsel in distress. There's one good thing. She aways could get out of The Hooded Claw's traps.
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2 out of 3 people found the following review useful:
So much fun!
from United Kingdom
2 October 2006
The mark of a good show is always how much the technical staff and actors enjoy doing it. The DVD commentaries for this show prove it, as Janet Waldo (Penelope), Gary Owens (narrator) and Iwao Takamoto (designer) spend the whole time regaling us with wonderful anecdotes about Paul Lynde, Mel Blanc, Joe Barbera, and just how much fun was had during the production - fun they're still having just as much of from watching the episodes again over 35 years later.
The Wacky Races / Dastardly & Muttley / Penelope Pitstop triumvirate were also supremely blessed by the scripting elegance of Micheal Maltese, who years earlier had created the Road Runner and Coyote with Chuck Jones (and it shows in this series in particular with the Hooded Claw's ridiculously over-complicated Rude Goldberg traps).
This is the real joy of 'golden age' Hanna-Barbera (1968-1969 were the very best years, IMO); where the emphasis was in appealing character designs and the quality of the writing and voice-work, rather than what would look most sophisticated on the screen (although by 1960s TV animation standards, this is actually pretty good).
Still a classic so many years later, and a show that could really teach today's more turgid cartoons about giving your animators free reign to enjoy themselves so that everyone benefits in the end.
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What was the nickname of the U.S. basketball team at the Barcelona Olympics | 2012 Olympics -- U.S. women's basketball team living the dream
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This summer, much is being written about the 20th anniversary of the 1992 Dream Team, which represented the United States in men's basketball at the Barcelona Olympics. The descriptions about the team and its place in history have personal significance for me, because I served behind the scenes as one of the NBA's staff liaisons to USA Basketball at that time.
It was a career highlight to be associated with this incredible collection of superstars, witnessing firsthand the way they mesmerized fans in San Diego, Portland, Ore., Monte Carlo and finally Barcelona. Traveling with the team that summer was truly like being on tour with a rock band, maybe even crazier. The Dream Team was -- and remains -- the gold standard of men's sports teams, and it deserves credit for the way it captivated fans the world over and for transforming the game of basketball into a global phenomenon.
Another highly gifted U.S. team is gearing up for these Olympics, although much less is being written about its prospects and storied past. The USA Basketball women's national team is in London with its sights set on a fifth consecutive gold medal in Olympic competition, a feat that has never been accomplished by any U.S. women's traditional team sports program.
Beginning with the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta and continuing over the past three Summer Games, the USAB women's program has won four gold medals without a loss, winning by an average margin of 27 points per game. The dynasty has produced several multiple gold-medal winners. Teresa Edwards and Lisa Leslie each captured four; Sheryl Swoopes, Dawn Staley and Katie Smith won three; and five others brought home two each. Three players on this year's team (Sue Bird, Diana Taurasi and Tamika Catchings) have two golds apiece with a chance to join the triple-gold-medal club in London.
The accomplishments of the USAB women's team are more impressive because of the extraordinary challenges the team faces in getting quality practice time before each Olympics. Beginning with the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, the team has been made up entirely of players from the WNBA, a league that plays its games during the summer months. While the WNBA suspends its season during the Olympic years to allow American and international players to participate in the Games, the league builds in only skeletal time for training and travel. In 2008, the USAB team conducted seven full practices before its first game in Beijing. This year's team will practice about the same amount before its opener Saturday. In contrast, USAB's Olympic opponents typically practice and play exhibitions for months.
The program has several strengths that have allowed it to overcome these limitations. One is continuity. Despite the rigors of their year-round participation (the WNBA in the summer and European leagues in the winter), the top players consistently opt to return to the program, which results in an experienced veteran core and eliminates the need to build a team from scratch every Olympics. With the quality of girls' and women's basketball in the United States, USA Basketball is assured of a solid pipeline of talented young players and can quickly reload when the veterans retire. Playing in the WNBA right before the Games ensures that the players are in top physical condition. The best coaches in the United States -- including this year's head coach, Geno Auriemma -- have gladly and consistently volunteered to be involved with the program, which means the most qualified basketball minds are on the bench as well.
And thanks to the capabilities of USA Basketball's staff in Colorado Springs, Colo., including CEO Jim Tooley and women's national team director Carol Callan, each women's team tour of duty runs smoothly and professionally, making it easier for the players and coaches to do their jobs.
I've been involved with the USAB women's program since 1995, when the NBA and USA Basketball joined forces to support the team that represented the United States in Atlanta. That team's gold-medal win, which redeemed a bronze-medal finish in Barcelona, followed a 10-month, 52-game domestic and world tour. The excitement and momentum that ensued led directly to the launch of the WNBA the following year. Collaborative efforts between the WNBA and USA Basketball, which have continued ever since, have allowed this remarkable streak to continue.
If I have a regret about the program, it's that I don't think it always gets the credit it deserves. Unlike some women's sports, where visibility rides entirely on the Olympic platform, the exposure of women's basketball is more regular. With the WNBA and women's college basketball in the spotlight annually, the national team is sometimes crowded out of the picture. The women's team is also routinely overshadowed by USAB's high-profile Olympic men's program, which has benefited from intense fan and media interest in the NBA and its stars.
But against other teams and certainly other women's sports programs, USA Basketball's domination deserves to be included among the top athletic performances of our time. If the team is undefeated again in London, it will have run its streak of consecutive Olympic game victories to 40. In the 40th anniversary of Title IX, going "40 for 40" would be an auspicious feat.
Five straight gold medals wouldn't be too shabby either.
| Dream Team |
Who was the American who won four successive Olympic golds at the discus | Why Nike Owns U.S. Olympic Basketball
Why Nike Owns U.S. Olympic Basketball
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Team Nike or officially Team USA
Twenty years ago, Michael Jordan found himself in the middle of the basketball shoe war between Nike and Reebok at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. Jordan was the face of Nike, but Reebok was the Olympic medal stand uniform outfitter. The Dream Team, led by Jordan, rolled through the Games and won the gold medal. Come podium time, Jordan draped an American flag over his right shoulder, covering the Reebok logo, as did fellow Nike endorser Charles Barkley and Converse front man Magic Johnson.
There was potential for more conflicts this year as Adidas is the official sponsor of the London Games, but Nike is the official sponsor of the U.S. basketball team and will provide the uniforms and medal stand apparel (click here for a preview).
Team USA is the overwhelming favorite to win basketball gold, but there will will not be a repeat of 1992 on the medal stand as there are no Adidas or Reebok athletes on the U.S. Olympic team. Nike signed No. 1 overall draft pick and newly appointed Team USA member, Anthony Davis, this week to a multi-year contract. Davis represents the 11th member of the U.S. team that is part of the Nike family. The one player not on the Nike payroll, Kevin Love, has a deal with Chinese shoe company 361 Degrees, but Love wears Nikes on the court. Even the coach of the U.S. team, Mike Krzyzewski, has a long-term endorsement deal with Nike. The battle for basketball shoe supremacy is long over with Nike winning by knockout.
Adidas put its basketball marketing resources behind Dwight Howard and Derrick Rose, but both players will miss the Olympics because of injuries resulting in a clean sweep for Nike on the court. Adidas locked up Rose for 13 years in 2012 in a deal worth $185 million that could exceed $200 million, including royalties. The deal kicks off with the 2012-13 season.
Rose and Adidas are fighting an uphill battle against the Swoosh. Nike commands 92% of the U.S. basketball shoe market year-to-date, including the 58% share of Nike subsidiary Jordan, according to research firm SportsOneSource . Adidas is left with 5% of the pie, while Reebok, owned by Adidas, has a 2% share. And1, Under Armour and Fila control less than 1% of the market combined.
Wholesale sales of Rose’s shoe were $25 million in 2011 in the U.S. compared to $40 million for Kobe Bryant’s shoe and $90 million for LeBron James’ signature Nikes says analyst Matt Powell at SportsOneSource. The Jordan Brand remains the top seller with sales of $1 billion last year in the U.S. The Adidas Crazy Light 2 basketball shoe ranked No. 52 and No. 90 among top selling basketball sneakers during a recent July week. Every other style in the top 100 best sellers was a Jordan or Nike model.
Nike uses its top endorsers, James, Bryant and Kevin Durant, to spread the Nike basketball gospel globally, while Carmelo Anthony and Chris Paul have signature shoes with the Jordan brand. Bryant sells twice as many shoes in China as he does in the U.S. Bryant was the biggest and most popular star of the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Nike regularly sends its top basketball stars to Europe and and Asia to promote Nike. The Olympics are another opportunity to push the Nike brand to the world.
The world will be watching the U.S. basketball team, which is expected to be one of the biggest draws of the London Olympics. They will see one Swoosh after another. Just the way Nike likes it.
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Which country hosted the 1998 Winter Olympics | Nagano 1998 Winter Olympics - results & video highlights
Official Reports arrow
New events
Snowboarding debuted as an official discipline. Curling returned to the Olympic Winter programme, this time with a tournament for both men and women.
Ice hockey
For the first time, the men’s ice hockey tournament was opened to all professionals, and women’s ice hockey was introduced to the Olympic programme. The inspired team from the Czech Republic scored a surprise victory.
Memorable champions
Björn Dählie of Norway won three gold medals in Nordic skiing to become the first athlete to earn eight career Winter Olympic gold medals and 12 medals in all. Tara Lipinski of the US won the women’s figure skating title to become, at 15, the youngest champion in an individual event at the Olympic Winter Games.
Spectacular spirit
The spirit of the Games was exemplified by Alpine skier Hermann Maier of Austria. He took a spectacular fall in the downhill, flying off the slope at 120km/h and remaining air-bound for more than 3.5 seconds. He courageously recovered to earn gold medals in both the super-G and the giant slalom.
NOCs: 72
Athletes: 2,176 (787 women, 1,389 men)
Events: 68
Media: 8, 329 (2,586 written press, 5,743 broadcasters)
For the first time
Azerbaijan, Kenya, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Uruguay and Venezuela took part in the Olympic Winter Games.
National Hockey League (NHL)
For the first time, professional players from the National Hockey League (NHL, USA) participated.
A Special Price for the Schoolchildren
A 50% discount on all regular Olympic tickets were offered for all schoolchildren.
Ecological Clothes
Official staff uniforms were made from fully recyclable materials.
Curling is in
Originally included for men at the Olympic Winter Games in 1924, curling made its return to the official sports programme in Nagano, where both a men’s and a women’s event were contested.
Snowboard is in
Snowboard became a new discipline with both men’s and women’s events in giant slalom and halfpipe being contested.
Ice Hockey for Women
Women took part in ice hockey for the first time in Olympic history.
Ceremonies
7 February 1998. Opening Ceremony. Dancers and the planet Earth.
Official opening of the Games by:
His Majesty the Emperor Akihito
Lighting of the Olympic Flame by:
Midori Ito (figure skating)
Officials' Oath by:
Junko Hiramatsu (figure skating)
A flower, with each petal representing an athlete practising a winter sport, and which can also be seen as a snowflake symbolising the Olympic Winter Games. The emblem is also evocative of a mountain flower, emphasising Nagano's commitment to the environment, and was thus named Snowflower. The dynamic nature of this vivid and colourful picture foreshadowed the enthusiastic atmosphere in which the Games took place, and symbolised their brilliance throughout the world.
To convey local characteristics the medals were created in lacquer (Kiso lacquer). The decoration technique adopted was embossed gilding (or Maki-e), with so-called shippoyaki (i.e. cloisonné techniques) and precision metalswork. The obverse represents the rising sun in Maki-e, surrounded by olive branches and accompanied by the emblem in cloisonné. The reverse is mainly in lacquer. It represents the emblem of the Games in Maki-e, with the sun rising over the Shinshu mountains. The lacquered parts were done individually by artists from the Kiso region. The medals had a diameter of 80mm with a thickness of 9,7mm; the gold medal weighed 256g, the sliver 250g and the bronze 230g.
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Sukki, Nokki, Lekki and Tsukki
Owls Sukki, Nokki, Lekki and Tsukki are also known as the Snowlets. “Snow” recalls the winter season, during which the Games take place, and “lets” refers to “let‟s”, and invitation to join in the Games celebrations. In addition, the first two letters of the four names form the word “snowlets”. “Owlets” means young owls.
Number of torchbearers: 6 901 in Japan and 15 in Greece
Total distance: around 1 162 km in Japan and 150 km in Greece
Countries crossed: Greece, Japan
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Five kinds of official posters and seven sport-specific posters were printed for these Games, In addition, for the first time at the Olympic Winter Games, a special poster was created for the Opening Ceremony. The first poster created was designated as the official poster for the XVIII Olympic Winter Games to be preserved for posterity. It shows a thrush perched on a ski pole with mountains in the light of dawn, evoking the concept of harmony with nature. It was designed by Masuteru Aoba.
“The XVIII Olympic Winter Games: official report Nagano 1998” is composed of three volumes (Planning and support; Sixteen days of glory; Competition results and participants) and a CD-ROM containing the electronic versions of the official report and the film “From around the world: to flower as one”. The official report was published by NAOC in 1999 in three editions: French, English and Japanese.
| Japan |
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Main article: Summer Olympic Games
After the initial success, the Olympics struggled. The celebrations in Paris (1900) and St. Louis (1904) were overshadowed by the World's Fair exhibitions in which they were included. The 1906 Intercalated Games (so-called because of their off-year status, as 1906 is not divisible by four) were held in Athens, as the first of an alternating series of Athens-held Olympics. Although originally the IOC recognised and supported these games, they are currently not recognised by the IOC as Olympic Games, which has given rise to the explanation that they were intended to mark the 10th anniversary of the modern Olympics. The 1906 Games again attracted a broad international field of participants—in 1904, 80% had been American—and great public interest, thereby marking the beginning of a rise in popularity and size of the Games.
From the 241 participants from 14 nations in 1896, the Games grew to nearly 11,100 competitors from 202 countries at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens . The number of competitors at the Winter Olympics is much smaller than at the Summer Games; at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin Italy, 2,633 athletes from 80 countries competed in 84 events.
The Olympics are one of the largest media events. In Sydney in 2000, there were over 16,000 broadcasters and journalists, and an estimated 3.8 billion viewers watched the games on television. The growth of the Olympics is one of the largest problems the Olympics face today. Although allowing professional athletes and attracting sponsorships from major international companies solved financial problems in the 1980s, the large number of athletes, media and spectators makes it difficult and expensive for host cities to organize the Olympics. For example, the 2012 Olympics (which were held in London), is based on an updated budget of over £9bn—one of the biggest budgets for an Olympics to date. Even if sponsorships do lighten the load in terms of the debt that these countries take on, one of the biggest problems faced is how their economies will cope with the extra financial burdens put on them.
Despite the Olympics usually being associated with one host city, most of the Olympics have had events held in other cities, especially the football and sailing events. There were two Olympics where some events were held in a different country: during the 1920 Antwerp Olympics two sailing races were held in the Netherlands; and during the Melbourne Olympics equestrian events were held in Sweden. The 2008 Beijing Olympics marked the third time that Olympic events have been held in the territories of two different NOC 's: at the 2008 Olympics, equestrian events were held in Hong Kong (which competes separately from mainland China.)
203 countries currently participate in the Olympics. This is a noticeably higher number than the number of countries belonging to the United Nations, which is only 193. The International Olympic Committee allows nations to compete which do not meet the strict requirements for political sovereignty that many other international organizations demand. As a result, many colonies and dependencies are permitted to host their own Olympic teams and athletes even if such competitors hold the same citizenship as another member nation. Examples of this include territories such as Puerto Rico , Bermuda , and Hong Kong , all of which compete as separate nations despite being legally a part of another country. Also, since 1980, Taiwan has competed under the name " Chinese Taipei ", and under a flag specially prepared by the IOC. Prior to that year the People's Republic of China refused to participate in the Games because Taiwan had been competing under the name "Republic of China". The Republic of the Marshall Islands was recognised as a nation by the IOC on February 9, 2006, and competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . [9]
Youth Olympic Games
Main article: Youth Olympic Games
The Youth Olympic Games (YOG) [10] are planned to be a "junior" version of the Games, complementing the current "senior" Games, [11] and will feature athletes between the ages of 14 and 18. [12] The idea for such an event was envisioned in 2001 by IOC president Jacques Rogge , [13] and at the 119th IOC session in Guatemala City in July 2007, the IOC approved the Games. [14]
The Youth Games versions will be shorter: the summer version will last at most twelve days; the winter version will last a maximum of nine days. [15] [16] The IOC will allow a maximum of 3,500 athletes and 875 officials to participate at the summer games, while 970 athletes and 580 officials are expected at the winter games. [14] Each participating country would send at least four athletes. The sports contested at these games will be the same as those scheduled for the traditional Games, [13] but with a limited number of disciplines and events, and including some with special appeal to youth. Education and culture are also key components for this Youth edition.
Estimated cost for the game are currently $30 million for the summer and $15–$20 million for winter games. [17] It has been stated the IOC will "foot the bill" for the Youth Games.
The first host city will be Singapore in 2010; the first Winter Olympics is in 2012 in Innsbruk .
Olympic problems
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The 1956 Melbourne Olympics were the first Olympics to be boycotted. The Netherlands , Spain , and Switzerland refused to attend because of the repression of the Hungarian Uprising by the Soviet Union ; additionally, Cambodia , Egypt , Iraq , and Lebanon , boycotted the games due to the Suez Crisis. [18]
In 1972 and 1976 , a large number of African countries threatened the IOC with a boycott, to force them to ban South Africa , Rhodesia , and New Zealand . The IOC conceded in the first two cases, but refused in 1976 because the boycott was prompted by a New Zealand rugby union tour of South Africa, and rugby was not an Olympic sport. The countries withdrew their teams after the games had started; some African athletes had already competed. A lot of sympathy was felt for the athletes forced by their governments to leave the Olympic Village; there was little sympathy outside Africa for the governments' attitude. Twenty-two countries ( Guyana was the only non-African nation) boycotted the Montreal Olympics because New Zealand was not banned. [19]
Also in 1976, due to pressure from the People's Republic of China ( PRC ), Canada told the team from the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) that it could not compete at the Montreal Summer Olympics under the name "Republic of China" despite a compromise that would have allowed Taiwan to use the ROC flag and anthem . The Republic of China refused and as a result did not participate again until 1984, when it returned under the name " Chinese Taipei " and used a special flag. [20]
In 1980 and 1984, the Cold War opponents boycotted each other's games. Sixty-five nations refused to compete at the Moscow Olympics in 1980 because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, but 16 nations from Western Europe did compete at the Moscow Olympics. The boycott reduced the number of nations participating to only 81, the lowest number of nations to compete since 1956. The Soviet Union and 14 of its Eastern Bloc partners (except Romania ) countered by skipping the Los Angeles Olympics in 1984 , arguing the safety of their athletes could not be guaranteed there and "chauvinistic sentiments and an anti-Soviet hysteria are being whipped up in the United States". [21] The 1984 boycotters staged their own Friendship Games in July-August. [22] [23]
There have been growing calls for boycotts of the 2008 Olympics in Beijing in protest of China's poor human rights record and response to the recent disturbances in Tibet, Darfur, and Taiwan. There are also campaigns calling for Chinese goods to be boycotted. [24] [25] [26]
Olympic Problems
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One of the main problems facing the Olympics (and international sports in general) is doping , or performance enhancing drugs. In the early 20th century, many Olympic athletes began using drugs to enhance their performance. For example, the winner of the marathon at the 1904 Games , Thomas J. Hicks , was given strychnine and brandy by his coach, even during the race. As these methods became more extreme, gradually the awareness grew that this was no longer a matter of health through sports. In the mid-1960s, sports federations put a ban on doping, and the IOC followed suit in 1967.
The first and so far only Olympic death caused by doping occurred in 1960. At the cycling road race in Rome the Danish rider Knud Enemark Jensen fell from his bicycle and later died. A coroner's inquiry found that he was under the influence of amphetamines.
The first Olympic athlete to test positive for doping use was Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall , a Swedish pentathlete at the 1968 Summer Olympics , who lost his bronze medal for alcohol use. Seventy-three athletes followed him over the next 38 years, several medal winners among them. The most publicised doping-related disqualification was that of Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson , who won the 100m at the 1988 Seoul Olympics , but tested positive for stanozolol.
Despite the testing, many athletes continued to use doping without getting caught. In 1990, documents were revealed that showed many East German female athletes had been unknowingly administered anabolic steroids and other drugs by their coaches and trainers as a government policy.
In the late 1990s, the IOC took initiative in a more organised battle against doping, leading to the formation of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 1999. The recent 2000 Summer Olympics and 2002 Winter Olympics have shown that this battle is not nearly over, as several medalists in weightlifting and cross-country skiing were disqualified due to doping offences. One innocent victim of the anti-doping movement at the Olympics was the Romanian gymnast Andreea Răducan who was stripped of her gold medal-winning performance in the All-Around Competition of the 2000 Sydney games. Test results indicated the presence of the banned-stimulant pseudophedrine which had been prescribed to her by an Olympic doctor. Raducan had been unaware of the presence of the illegal substance in the medicine that had been prescribed to her for a cold she had during the games.
During the 2006 Winter Olympics , only one athlete failed a drug test and had a medal revoked. The only other case involved 12 members with high levels of haemoglobin and their punishment was a five day suspension for health reasons.
The International Olympic Committee introduced blood testing for the first time during these games.
Politics
Main article: Politics in the Olympics
Politics interfered with the Olympics on several occasions, the most well-known of which was the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin , where the games were used as propaganda by the German Nazis. At this Olympics, a true Olympic spirit was shown by Luz Long , who helped Jesse Owens (a black athlete) to win the long jump, at the expense of his own silver medal. [27] The Soviet Union did not participate in the Olympic Games until the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki . Instead, the Soviets organized an international sports event called Spartakiads, from 1928 onward. Many athletes from Communist organizations or close to them chose not to participate or were even barred from participating in Olympic Games, and instead participated in Spartakiads. [28]
A political incident on a smaller scale occurred at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City . Two American track-and-field athletes, Tommie Smith and John Carlos , performed the Black Power salute on the victory stand of the 200-meter track and field race. In response, the IOC's autocratic president Avery Brundage told the USOC to either send the two athletes home, or withdraw the complete track and field team. The USOC opted for the former. [29]
The government of the Islamic Republic of Iran specifically orders its athletes not to compete in any olympic heat, semi-final, or finals that includes athletes from Israel . At the 2004 Olympics, an Iranian judoka who had otherwise earned his place, did not compete in a heat against an Israeli judoka. [30]
Violence
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Despite what Coubertin had hoped for, the Olympics did not bring total peace to the world. In fact, three Olympiads had to pass without Olympics because of war: due to World War I the 1916 Games were cancelled, and the summer and winter games of 1940 and 1944 were cancelled because of World War II.
During the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, a massacre of 11 members from the Israeli Olympic team occurred. The team members were taken hostage and eventually killed, along with a German police officer, by the Palestinian group Black September.
During the Summer Olympics in 1996 in Atlanta , a bombing at the Centennial Olympic Park killed two and injured 111 others. The bomb was set by Eric Robert Rudolph, an conservative American domestic terrorist, who is currently serving a life sentence. [31]
The 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City were the first Olympic Games since the September 11, 2001 attacks. Olympic Games since then have required an extremely high degree of security due to the fear of possible terrorist activities. [32]
There have been pro-Tibet / pro-human rights protests during the Beijing Olympic Games Torch Relay, some of which included violent incidents
Olympic Movement
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A number of organizations are involved in organizing the Olympic Games. Together they form the Olympic Movement. The rules and guidelines by which these organizations operate are outlined in the Olympic Charter .
At the heart of the Olympic Movement is the International Olympic Committee (IOC), currently headed by Jacques Rogge . It can be seen as the government of the Olympics, as it takes care of the daily problems and makes all important decisions, such as choosing the host city of the Games, and the programme of the Olympics.
Three groups of organisations operate on a more specialised level:
International Federations (IFs), the governing bodies of a sport (e.g. FIFA , the IF for football (soccer) , and the FIVB , the international governing body for volleyball .)
National Olympic Committees (NOCs), which regulate the Olympic Movement within each country (eg. USOC , the NOC of the United States )
Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games (OCOGs), which take care of the organisation of a specific celebration of the Olympics.
At present, 202 NOCs and 35 IFs are part of the Olympic Movement. OCOGs are dissolved after the celebration of each Games, once all subsequent paperwork has been completed.
More broadly speaking, the term Olympic Movement is sometimes also meant to include everybody and everything involved in the Olympics, such as national sport governing bodies, athletes, media, and sponsors of the Olympic Games.
Criticism
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Most Olympic Games have been held in European and North American cities; only a few games have been held in other places, and all bids by countries in South America and Africa have failed. Many believe the games should expand to include locations in poorer regions. Economists point out that the massive infrastructure investments could springboard cities into earning higher GDP after the games. However, many host cities regret the high costs associated with hosting the games as a poor investment [33] .
In the past, the IOC has often been criticised for being a monolithic organisation, with several members remaining a member at old age, or even until their deaths. The leadership of IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch especially has been strongly criticised. Under his presidency, the Olympic Movement made great progress, but has been seen as autocratic and corrupt. Samaranch's ties with the Franco's regime in Spain and his long term as a president (21 years, until he was 81 years old) have also been points of critique.
In 1998, it became known that several IOC members had taken bribes from the organising committee for the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Utah , in exchange for a vote on the city at the election of the host city. The IOC started an investigation, which led to four members resigning and six being expelled. The scandal set off further reforms, changing the way in which host cities are elected to avoid further bribes. Also, more active and former athletes were allowed in the IOC, and the membership terms have been limited.
The same year (1998), four European groups organized the International Network Against Olympic Games and Commercial Sports to oppose their cities' bids for future Olympic Games. Also, an Anti-Olympic Alliance had formed in Sydney to protest the hosting of the 2000 Games. Later, a similar movement in Vancouver and Whistler, British Columbia organized to protest the hosting of the 2010 Winter Games. These movements were particularly concerned about adverse local economic impact and dislocation of people to accommodate the hosting of the Olympics.
A BBC documentary aired in August 2004, entitled Panorama: "Buying the Games", investigated the taking of bribes in the bidding process for the 2012 Summer Olympics . The documentary claimed it is possible to bribe IOC members into voting for a particular candidate city. In an airborne television interview on the way home, the Mayor of Paris Bertrand Delanoë , specifically accused the British Prime Minister Tony Blair and the London Bid Committee (headed by former Olympic athlete Sebastian Coe ) of breaking the bid rules with flagrant financial and sexual bribes. He cited French President Jacques Chirac as a witness but President Chirac gave rather more guarded interviews. In particular, Bulgaria 's member Ivan Slavkov, and Muttaleb Ahmad from the Olympic Council of Asia, were implicated. They have denied the allegations. Mayor Delanoë never mentioned the matter again. Others have alleged that the 2006 Winter Olympics were held in Turin because officials bribed the IOC and so Turin got the games and Sion, Switzerland (which was the favorite) did not.
The Olympic Movement has been accused of being overprotective of its symbolism (in particular, it claims an exclusive and monopolistic copyright over any arrangement of five rings and the term "olympics"), and have taken action against things unrelated to sport, such as the role-playing game Legend of the Five Rings. It was accused of homophobia in 1982 when it successfully sued the Gay Olympics, an event now known as the Gay Games, to ban it from using the term "olympics" in its name. [34]
Olympic symbols
Main article: Olympic symbols
The Olympic movement uses many symbols, most of them representing Coubertin's ideas and ideals. The Olympic Rings are the most widely used symbol. The five colored rings on a white field form the Olympic Flag . The colors, white, red, blue, green, yellow, and black, were chosen such that each nation has at least one of these colors in its national flag. The flag was adopted in 1914, but the first Games at which it was flown were Antwerp, 1920 . It is hoisted at each celebration of the Games.
The Olympic Motto is "Citius, Altius, Fortius", a Latin phrase meaning "Swifter, Higher, Stronger". Coubertin's ideals are probably best illustrated by the Olympic Creed :
"The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well."
Prior to each Games, the Olympic Flame is lit in Olympia, Greece and brought to the host city by runners carrying the torch in relay. There it plays an important role in the opening ceremonies. Though the torch fire has been around since 1928 , the relay was introduced in 1936 as part of the then German government's attempt to promote their National Socialist ideology.
The Olympic mascot, an animal or human figure representing the cultural heritage of the host country, was introduced in 1968 . It has played an important part of the games since 1980 with the debut of Misha , a Russian bear.
French and English are the official languages of the Olympic movement.
Olympic ceremonies
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Apart from the traditional elements, the host nation ordinarily presents artistic displays of dance and theatre representative of that country. [35]
Various traditional elements frame the opening ceremonies of a celebration of the Olympic Games. The ceremonies typically start with the hoisting of the host country's flag and the performing of its national anthem.{{ safesubst:ifsubst |{{subst:Unsubst|Citation needed| name|¬|reason|¬| date|October 2007 }}| Template:Fix The traditional part of the ceremonies starts with a "parade of nations" (or of athletes), during which most participating athletes march into the stadium, country by country. One honoured athlete, typically a top competitor, from each country carries the flag of his or her nation, leading the entourage of other athletes from that country.
Traditionally (starting at the 1928 Summer Olympics ) Greece marches first, because of its historical status as the origin of the Olympics, while the host nation marches last. (In 2004, when the Games were held in Athens, Greece marched last as host nation rather than first, although the flag of Greece was carried in first.) Between these two nations, all other participating nations march in alphabetical order of the dominant language of the host country,{{ safesubst:ifsubst |{{subst:Unsubst|Citation needed| name|¬|reason|¬| date|November 2007 }}| Template:Fix or in French or English alphabetical order if the host country does not write its dominant language in an alphabet which has a set order. In the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , both Spanish and Catalan were official languages of the games, but due to politics surrounding the use of Catalan, the nations entered in French alphabetical order. The XVIII Olympic Winter Games in Nagano, Japan saw nations entering in English alphabetical order since the Japanese language grouped both China and Chinese Taipei together in the Parade of Nations.
After all nations have entered, the president of the host country's Olympic Organising Committee makes a speech, followed by the IOC president who, at the end of his speech introduces the representative of the host country who declares the Games open by reciting the formula:
«I declare open the Games of ... (name of the host city) celebrating the ... (number of the Olympiad) Olympiad of the modern era.» [36] (There is a similar recital for the Winter Games.)
Before 1936, the Opener often used to make a short Speech of Welcome before declaring the Games open. However, since 1936 when Adolf Hitler opened both the Garmisch Partenkirchen Winter Olympics and the Berlin Summer Olympics, the Openers have unswervingly stuck to that formula. The only exception was in 1984, when U.S. President Ronald Reagan opened the Summer Olympics that year in Los Angeles when he said:
Celebrating the XXIII Olympiad of the modern era, I declare open the Olympic Games of Los Angeles. [37]
Despite the Games having been awarded to a particular city and not to the country in general, the Olympic Charter presently requires the Opener to be the host country's head of state . [36] However, there have been many cases where someone other than the host country's head of state opened the Games. The first example was at the Games of the II Olympiad in Paris in 1900, when there wasn't even an Opening Ceremony. There are five examples from the United States alone where the Games were not opened by the head of state. [38]
Next, the Olympic Flag is carried horizontally (since the 1960 Summer Olympics ) into the stadium and hoisted as the Olympic Anthem is played. The flag bearers of all countries circle a rostrum , where one athlete (since the 1920 Summer Olympics ) and one judge (since the 1972 Summer Olympics ) speak the Olympic Oath , declaring they will compete and judge according to the rules. [36] Finally, the Torch is brought into the stadium, passed from athlete to athlete, until it reaches the last carrier of the Torch, often a well-known athlete from the host nation, who lights the fire in the stadium's cauldron. [36] The Olympic Flame has been lit since the 1928 Summer Olympics , but the torch relay did not start until the 1936 Summer Olympics . Beginning at the post- World War I 1920 Summer Olympics , the lighting of the Olympic Flame was for 68 years followed by the release of doves , symbolizing peace. [36] This gesture was discontinued after several doves were burned alive in the Olympic Flame during the opening ceremony of the 1988 Summer Olympics . [39] However, some Opening Ceremonies have continued to include doves in other forms; for example, the 2002 Winter Olympics featured skaters holding kite-like cloth dove puppets.
Opening ceremonies have been held outdoors, usually on the main athletics stadium, but those for the 2010 Winter Olympics will be the first to be held indoors, at the BC Place Stadium . [40]
Closing
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After medals are awarded and presented for a particular event, the flags of the nations of the three medalists are raised. The flag of the gold medalist's country is in the center and always raised the highest while the flag of the silver medalist's country is on the left facing the flags and the flag of the bronze medalist's country is on the right, both at lower elevations to the gold medalist's country's flag. The flags are all raised while the national anthem of the gold medalist's country plays.
This format of medal presentation is also seen in other multi-sporting events such as the Southeast Asian Games , the Commonwealth Games and the Asian Games , as well as some motor racing events including Formula 1 and MotoGP
Olympic sports
Main article: Olympic sports
Currently, the Olympic program consists of 35 different sports, 53 disciplines and more than 400 events. The Summer Olympics includes 28 sports with 38 disciplines and the Winter Olympics includes 7 sports with 15 disciplines. [43] Nine sports were on the original Olympic programme in 1896: athletics , cycling , fencing , gymnastics , weightlifting , shooting , swimming , tennis , and wrestling . If the 1896 rowing events had not been cancelled due to bad weather, they would have been included in this list as well. [44]
At the most recent Winter Olympics, 15 disciplines in seven sports were featured. Of these, cross country skiing , figure skating , ice hockey , Nordic combined , ski jumping , and speed skating have been featured on the programme at all Winter Olympics. In addition, figure skating and ice hockey also have been contested as part of the Summer Games before the introduction of separate Winter Olympics.
In recent years, the IOC has added several new sports to the programme to attract attention from young spectators. Examples of such sports include snowboarding and beach volleyball . The growth of the Olympics also means that some less popular ( modern pentathlon ) or expensive (white water canoeing ) sports may lose their place on the Olympic programme. The IOC decided to discontinue baseball and softball beginning in 2012. Cricket and Rugby union used to be in the Olympic Games but were discontinued; a revival is now seen as possible.
Rule 48.1 of the Olympic Charter requires that there be a minimum of 15 Olympic sports at each Summer Games. Following its 114th Session (Mexico 2002), the IOC also decided to limit the programme of the Summer Games to a maximum of 28 sports, 301 events, and 10,500 athletes. The Olympic sports are defined as those governed by the International Federations listed in Rule 46 of the Olympic Charter. A two-thirds vote of the IOC is required to amend the Charter to promote a Recognised Federation to Olympic status and therefore make the sports it governs eligible for inclusion on the Olympic programme. Rule 47 of the Charter requires that only Olympic sports may be included in the programme.
The IOC reviews the Olympic programme at the first Session following each Olympiad. A simple majority is required for an Olympic sport to be included in the Olympic programme. Under the current rules, an Olympic sport not selected for inclusion in a particular Games remains an Olympic sport and may be included again later with a simple majority. At the 117th IOC Session , 26 sports were included in the programme for London 2012.
Until 1992, the Olympics also often featured demonstration sports . The objective was for these sports to reach a larger audience; the winners of these events are not official Olympic champions. These sports were sometimes sports popular only in the host nation, but internationally known sports have also been demonstrated. Some demonstration sports eventually were included as full-medal events.
Amateurism and professionalism
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Template:See The ethos of English public schools greatly influenced Pierre de Coubertin. The public schools had a deep involvement in the development of many team sports including all British codes of football as well as cricket and hockey .
The English public schools of the second half of the 19th century had a major influence on many sports. The schools contributed to the rules and influenced the governing bodies of those sports out of all proportion to their size. They subscribed to the Ancient Greek and Roman belief that sport formed an important part of education, an attitude summed up in the saying: mens sana in corpore sano – a sound mind in a healthy body. In this ethos, taking part has more importance than winning, because society expected gentlemen to become all-rounders and not the best at everything. Class prejudice against "trade" reinforced this attitude. The house of the parents of a typical public schoolboy would have a tradesman 's entrance, because tradesmen did not rank as the social equals of gentlemen. Apart from class considerations there was the typically English concept of "fairness," in which practicing or training was considered as tantamount to cheating; it meant that you considered it more important to win than to take part. Those who practiced a sport professionally were considered to have an unfair advantage over those who practiced it merely as a "hobby."
In Coubertin's vision, athletes should be gentlemen. Initially, only amateurs were considered such; professional athletes were not allowed to compete in the Olympic Games. A short-lived exception was made for professional fencing instructors. [45] This exclusion of professionals has caused several controversies throughout the history of the modern Olympics.
1912 Olympic pentathlon and decathlon champion, Jim Thorpe , was disqualified when it was discovered that he played semi-professional baseball prior to winning his medals. He was restored as champion on compassionate grounds by the IOC in 1983. Swiss and Austrian skiers boycotted the 1936 Winter Olympics in support of their skiing teachers, who were not allowed to compete because they earned money with their sport and were considered professionals.
It gradually became clear to many that the amateurism rules had become outdated, not least because the self-financed amateurs of Western countries often were no match for the state-sponsored "full-time amateurs" of Eastern bloc countries. Nevertheless, the IOC, led by President Avery Brundage , held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism. In the 1970s, after Brundage left, amateurism requirements were dropped from the Olympic Charter, leaving decisions on professional participation to the international federation for each sport. This switch was perhaps best exemplified by the American Dream Team , composed of well-paid NBA stars, which won the Olympic gold medal in basketball in 1992. As of 2004 , the only sport in which no professionals compete is boxing (though even this requires a definition of amateurism based on fight rules rather than on payment, as some boxers receive cash prizes from their National Olympic Committees); in men's football (soccer) , the number of players over 23 years of age is limited to three per team.
Advertisement regulations are still very strict, at least on the actual playing field, although "Official Olympic Sponsors" are common. Athletes are only allowed to have the names of clothing and equipment manufacturers on their outfits. The sizes of these markings are limited.
Olympic champions and medalists
See also: List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
The athletes (or teams) who place first, second, or third in each event receive medals. The winners receive "gold medals". (Though they were solid gold until 1912, they are now made of gilded silver.) The runners-up receive silver medals, and the third-place athletes bronze medals. In some events contested by a single-elimination tournament (most notably boxing ), third place might not be determined, in which case both semi-final losers receive bronze medals. The practice of awarding medals to the top three competitors was introduced in 1904; at the 1896 Olympics only the first two received a medal, silver and bronze, while various prizes were awarded in 1900 . However, the 1904 Olympics also awarded silver trophies for first place, which makes Athens 1906 the first games that awarded the three medals only. In addition, from 1948 onward athletes placing fourth, fifth and sixth have received certificates which became officially known as "victory diplomas;" since 1976 the medal winners have received these also, and in 1984 victory diplomas for seventh- and eighth-place finishers were added, presumably to ensure that all losing quarter-finalists in events using single-elimination formats would receive diplomas, thus obviating the need for consolation (or officially, "classification") matches to determine fifth through eighth places (though interestingly these latter are still contested in many elimination events anyway). Certificates were awarded also at the 1896 Olympics, but there they were awarded in addition to the medals to first and second place. Commemorative medals and diplomas — which differ in design from those referred to above — are also made available to participants finishing lower than third and eighth respectively. At the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, the first three were given wreaths as well as their medals.
Because the Olympics are held only once every four years, the public and athletes often consider them as more important and valuable than world championships and other international tournaments, which are often held annually. Many athletes have become celebrities or heroes in their own country, or even world-wide, after becoming Olympic champions.
The diversity of the sports, and the great differences between the Olympic Games in 1896 and today make it difficult to decide which athlete is the most successful Olympic athlete of all time. This is further complicated since the IOC no longer recognises the Intercalated Games which it originally organised. When measuring by the number of titles won at the Modern Olympic Games, the following athletes may be considered the most successful.
Athlete
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The IOC does not publish lists of medals per country, but the media often does. A comparison between countries would be unfair to countries with fewer inhabitants, so some have made calculations of medals per number of inhabitants, such as [1] for the 2004 Olympics and [2] for a few more. A problem here is that for a very small country, gaining just one medal could mean the difference between the very top and the very bottom of the list (a point illustrated by the Bahamas ' per capita number one position in 2004). On the other hand, a large country may not be able to send a number of athletes that is proportional to its size because a limit is set for the number of participants per country for a specific sport.
A comparison of the total number of medals over time is further complicated by the fact that the number of times that countries have participated is not equal, and that many countries have gained and lost territories where medal-winning athletes come from. A case in point is the USSR , which not only participated relatively rarely (18 times, versus 45 times for the UK ), but also ceased to exist in 1991. The resulting Russian Federation is largely, but not entirely equal to the former USSR. Also, one would have to use population statistics at the time.
The IOC medal tally chart is based on the number of gold medals for country. Where states are equal, the number of silver medals (and then bronze medals) are counted to determine rankings. Since 1996, the only countries that have appeared in the top 10 medal tallies for summer Olympics have been the Russian Federation , United States , China , France , Germany , Australia and Italy . Since 1994, the only countries that have appeared in the top 10 medal tallies for winter Olympics have been Norway , the Russian Federation , the United States , Canada , Germany , Austria , South Korea , Switzerland , France and Italy .
Olympic Games host cities
Main article: List of Olympic host cities
By 2014, the Olympic Games were hosted by 42 cities in 22 countries. The upcoming 2012 Summer Olympic Games will be held in London, and the 2014 Winter Olympic Games will be held in Soshi. The number in parentheses following the city/country denotes how many times that city/country had then hosted the games, with said exclusions.
This table does not include the "Olympic Games" organized by Evangelos Zappas prior to the IOC's creation in 1894. It does list the "Intercalated Games" of 1906 , but it is not included in the counts as the IOC no longer considers them to be official Olympic Games.
Olympic Games host cities
1 Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World's Fair
2 Cancelled due to World War I
3 Cancelled due to World War II
4 Equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening & closing ceremonies, just like the regular Summer Olympics. [46]
5 Equestrian events to be held in China's Hong Kong SAR . Although Hong Kong's separate NOC is conducting the equestrian competition, it is an integral part of the Beijing Games; it is not being conducted under a separate bid, flame, etc., as was the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition. The IOC website lists only Beijing as the host city [47] .
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What was the codename for the allied attack in Arnhem in World War Two | Arnhem - History Learning Site
Arnhem
Citation: C N Trueman "Arnhem"
historylearningsite.co.uk. The History Learning Site, 20 Apr 2015. 16 Aug 2016.
An airborne landing at Arnhem (the attack was code-named Operation Market Garden) was a plan to end World War Two early. The idea for an airborne landing on Arnhem came from Field Marshall Bernard Montgomery. The heroics that occurred at Arnhem and the surrounding areas put it up with such events as Dunkirk, the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic and D-Day in terms of the courage displayed by the men on the ground. However, some also see the attack on Arnhem as an attack that went a ‘bridge too far’.
Montgomery’s plan was relatively simple. He believed that the most obvious crisis the Allies would face attacking into Germany was crossing the Rhine. Intelligence reports had already come in stating that the nearer the Allies got to the River Rhine, the more fierce the Germans defence was getting.
Montgomery reckoned on dropping a large airborne force into Holland which could then serve a number of purposes. It could mop up German resistance in Holland but more important, it could attack outflank the defences put up by the Germans along the Siegfried Line the and then attack German defences behind the River Rhine and assist an Allied crossing of that river. While the American general Patton continued to advance in the south towards Germany, the airborne attack would assist in an attack in the north of Europe. Both armies would then squeeze what was left of German resistance in the middle.
‘Monty’ planned for an airborne assault to capture five bridges in Holland to secure the roads that the Allies needed to convey their armoured divisions and supply vehicles. Two of these bridges were over canals (the Wilhelma and Zuid Willems Vaart canals) while the other three bridges were over rivers. These rivers were the Maas where the bridge crossed at Grave; the Waal where the bridge crossed at Nijmegen and the Neder Rijn at Arnhem. Here, at Arnhem, the capture of the bridge was vital as the Neder Rijn was over 100 metres wide at this point.
The plan had its critics most notably in the American camp who believed that the supplies needed for the attack would be taken away from their drive towards the Rhine. Initially, Eisenhower, supreme commander of Allied forces in the west, called the plan a “pencil-like thrust”. General Bradley, commander of the US 12th Army Group called it a venture “up a side-alley”. However, an event quickly gave Montgomery’s plan more momentum.
V2 rockets had fallen in London. Quite clearly, these posed a far greater problem to the British government than the V1’s which frequently went off target or were shot down. The V2’s were in a different category. The Allied knew they were being fired from the coast of northern Europe so any successful attack into Holland and beyond would greatly ease this problem until all the launch sites were destroyed. The War Office gave ‘Monty’ its backing. Even so, Montgomery found that he could not get the promise of supplies that he needed for Market Garden. On September 11th, 1944, Montgomery told Eisenhower that, despite the support of the War Office, the attack would have to be postponed due to lack of vital supplies. ‘Monty’s’ tactic worked and Eisenhower immediately flew his chief-of-staff to Montgomery’s headquarters to see what supplies he needed.
The Allied Airborne Army comprised of four divisions; two British and two American. Linked to it was the Polish Independent Parachute Brigade lead by Major-General Sosabowski. The two most senior American commanders were Major-General Gavin of the 101st Division and Major-General Maxwell Taylor of the 82nd Division. Both men were knowledgeable in airborne warfare. The British First Airborne Division was lead by Major-General Urquhart. He was an unusual choice to lead the Airborne Division as he had never parachuted before, never participated in a glider landing and got air sick. He, himself, expressed his surprise when he was appointed commander of the division.
The First Airborne Division had not taken part in D-Day. It had been kept in reserve and had remained inactive after June 1944. A number of planned operations had been cancelled at the last minute because they were not needed due to the success of the British armoured columns on the ground. By September 1944, the First Division was “restless, frustrated and ready for anything”. Urquhart said that it was:
“battle-hungry to a degree which only those who have commanded large forces of trained soldiers can fully comprehend.”
The First Division was given the task of capturing the bridge at Arnhem and holding it. The 101st Division was to capture the Zuid Willems Vaart Canal at Veghel and the Wilhelmina Canal at Son. The 82nd Division was to capture the bridges at Grave and at Nijmegen.
The attack had to be planned in just six days. Urquhart’s First Division faced two major problems; the shortage of aircraft and the belief that the bridge at Arnhem was surrounded by anti-aircraft guns that would make a landing by the bridge itself too difficult.
The Americans were given the priority with regards to aircraft. The capture of the bridge at Arnhem would be pointless if the Americans failed to captured their targets. Therefore, the Americans would be carried to their targets in one lift whereas the attack on Arnhem would be done in three separate lifts during the day. Any night time landings were considered too dangerous.
This posed a major problem for Urquhart. His first force would have the element of surprise and, if the German resistance was minimal, would hold the bridge and secure any landing zones for the gliders. However, any subsequent landings would be after the Germans would have had the time to get themselves organised.
Intelligence reports also showed that the flak around the bridge itself was heavy. This was confirmed by RAF bomber crews who encountered the flak on their regular flights into Germany. Urquhart decided to make his landings to the west away from the bridge even though he knew that this was a risk. If the German resistance was stronger than anticipated, there was the chance of the first landing not even getting to Arnhem Bridge and taking out the flak. British Intelligence reports indicated that the German presence in Arnhem was minimal. It was believed that the Germans only had six infantry divisions in the area with 25 artillery guns and only 20 tanks. German troops, in an Intelligence report of September 11th, were said to be “disorderly and dispirited”. A similar report was made on September 17th.
However, reports from the Dutch Resistance indicated otherwise. On September 15th, the Dutch had informed the British that SS units had been seen in the Arnhem area. The First Airborne Division was given this information on September 20th – three days after the attack on the bridge at Arnhem had begun.
Operation Market Garden began on Sunday morning, September 17th, 1944. Luftwaffe fighters bases had been attacked as had German barracks based near the drop zones. 1,000 American and British fighter planes gave cover as the gliders and their ‘tugs’ crossed the North Sea and headed over mainland Europe. The greatest fear was from flak and Intelligence estimated that the loss of gliders and transport craft could be up to 40%. As it was, very few of the 1,545 aircraft and 478 gliders were lost.
The 82nd Division landed without major problems around Grave and Nijmegan. The 101st Division was equally successful and by nightfall, the Americans and British armoured corps had met up in Eindhoven.
However, by the 18th September, fog had played its part. The glider and tug flights that were due to cross on the second day could not do so. This affected the 82nd Division in that Gavin had fewer men to attack the bridges at Waal – especially the road bridge that had held out for three days during the German attack on Holland in 1940. This bridge only fell in the evening of Wednesday 20th after a combined American/British attack. With this bridge captured, the 30th Corps armour could race to Arnhem to relieve Urquhart’s First Airborne Division there.
At Arnhem, the British met much stiffer opposition than they had been lead to believe. The IX and X SS Panzer Divisions had re-grouped at Arnhem – as Dutch resistance had warned. Both groups comprised of 8,500 men lead by General Willi Bittich. These were not the poorly equipped German troops low in morale that British Intelligence had claimed were stationed at Arnhem. Bittich – a highly regarded general in the Waffen SS – sent the IX SS Devision to the British landing zones immediately. The X Division was ordered to Nijmegen to stop the 2nd Army group advancing on Arnhem. Bittich was confident of success:
“We shall soon be able to discount the threat of the British north of the Neder Rijn. We must remember that British soldiers do not act on their own initiative when they are fighting in a town and when it consequently becomes difficult for officers to exercise control they are amazing in defence, but we need not be afraid of their capabilities in attack.” Bittich.
The men from the IX Division quickly created a formidable defensive line to stop the British advancing to Arnhem. The British faced a number of serious problems in the landing zone. Nearly all the vehicles used by the Airborne Reconnaissance Squadron were lost when the gliders carrying them failed to land. Therefore the advance into Arnhem itself was delayed but also had to be done almost entirely on foot. The job of the Reconnaissance Squadron was to move off in jeeps etc. in advance and secure bridges and roads. This they could not do after the loss of their vehicles. The maps issued to officers also proved to be less than accurate.
The British paratroopers came under German fire. Only the 2nd Battalion lead by Lt. Col. Frost moved forward with relative ease but even they were occasionally halted by German fire. Frost’s men were the most southerly of the British units and the Germans had covered their route to Arnhem less well than the other routes the British were to use. When Frost got to the bridge at Arnhem, he only had about 500 men. He secured the northern end of the bridge and the buildings around it but he remained heavily exposed to a German attack across the bridge as the British had failed to secure the southern end of the bridge. Around Arnhem, British troops, engaged in combat with the SS, took heavy casualties. By now, the Germans were being reinforced with Tiger tanks.
Despite being short of ammunition and with no food or water, Frost’s men continued fighting. A German who fought in the final battle for the bridge wrote:
“(The fighting was) an indescribable fanaticism…and the fight raged through ceilings and staircases. hand grenades flew in every direction. Each house had to be taken this way. Some of the British offered resistance to their last breath.”
The 2nd Army failed to reach Arnhem. In the final drive – just 10 miles – from where the 2nd Army was to Arnhem, the SS fought with great skill seriously delaying the forward momentum that the 2nd Army had previously developed. Those British troops who remained in the Arnhem area were caught in land that the SS called ‘The Cauldron’. A decision was made to withdraw. Those soldiers that could be evacuated were but many wounded were left behind. In all, over 1,200 British soldiers had been killed and nearly 3,000 had been taken prisoner. 3,400 German troops had been killed or wounded in the battle.
Why did the plan fail?
The speed with which Bittich organised his men and his tactical awareness were major reasons for the Germans victory. However, British Intelligence had ignored Dutch Resistance reports that the SS were in the region. When the men landed they found that their maps were inaccurate regarding the layout of the roads in the Arnhem area. Another major problem was that the radios issued to the men only had a range of 3 miles and they proved to be useless when the various segments of the British army in the area were spread over 8 miles. Such a lack of communication proved a major handicap to the commanders on the ground who rarely knew what other commanders were doing or planning. The landing was also planned to be spread over three days so the Airborne Division was never up to full strength.
Montgomery’s plan was a sound one. As Churchill commented:
“A great prize was so nearly within our grasp.”
| Operation Market Garden |
Which U.S. fighter was nicknamed Whistling Death by the Japanese | British paratrooper's body found in Holland 68 years after battle of Arnhem - Telegraph
World War Two
British paratrooper's body found in Holland 68 years after battle of Arnhem
The body of a British Second World War paratrooper has been recovered in Holland, almost 68 years to the day after he was killed in action during the battle of Arnhem.
The body was recovered from a field grave on Monday after it was discovered by a local man with a metal detector. Two hand grenades were found near the body. CREDIT: Royal Netherlands Army Photo: Royal Netherlands Army
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The soldier fell at Ginkel Heath on September 18, 1944 as 2,300 paratroopers from the 4th Parachute Brigade of the 1st Airborne Division landed amid fierce fighting between the Germans and the 7th Battalion, King's Own Scottish Borderers.
The body was recovered from a field grave on Monday after it was discovered by a local man with a metal detector. Two hand grenades were found near the body.
Geert Jonkers, the head of the Dutch Army's "recovery and identification" unit, said the soldier was likely to be a member of the 4th Parachute Brigade and could be identified as early as next year by military dental records.
"There is no doubt that it is a British soldier's remains," he said. "The key to identifying him will be his teeth and he has an almost complete set. But sometimes the dental records were binned and not attached to the service records of missing men. We still need luck."
The unit commanded by warrant officer Jonkers works to identify between 30 to 35 bodies discovered in Second World War field graves every year. Two thirds of the bodies are usually identified as German soldiers. Around 140 British soldiers are still missing from the battle of Arnhem, including the bodies of 12 paratroopers killed in action at Ginkel Heath.
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The bridge too far: British schoolchildren meet Arnhem veterans
12 Nov 2011
Next week hundreds of parachutists, watched by dozens of veterans, will relive the Ginkel Heath drop as part of the annual Battle of Arnhem remembrance ceremony.
Niall Cherry, the secretary of the Arnhem 1944 Fellowship, an organisation founded to keep alive the memory of the sacrifice made by Allied soldiers and local members of the Dutch resistance during the battle, said the find was a poignant one as veterans travel to Holland for commemoration ceremonies next week.
"It's wonderful news that he has been found at this time of remembrance. Let us hope he can be identified and his next of kin of notified," he said.
The paratroopers and 1st British Airborne Division had received orders to secure the bridge over the River Rhine near Arnhem as part of Operation Market Garden in September 1944, an attack conceived by Field Marshal Montgomery to bring the war to an early close.
Despite early successes, the British unexpectedly found themselves up against the 9th and 10th SS Panzer Divisions, leading to one of the most devastating and bloody battles of the war, portrayed in the popular 1977 film "A Bridge Too Far".
After nine days of fighting between 17 and 25 September 1944, and running out of food and ammunition, British forces were overwhelmed and forced to withdraw. An estimated 1,700 British soldiers lost their lives.
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In which country was the notorious concentration camp Auschwitz | Auschwitz - World War II - HISTORY.com
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Auschwitz: Genesis of Death Camps
After the start of World War II , Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), the chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, implemented a policy that came to be known as the “Final Solution.” Hitler was determined not just to isolate Jews in Germany and countries annexed by the Nazis, subjecting them to dehumanizing regulations and random acts of violence. Instead, he became convinced that his “Jewish problem” would be solved only with the elimination of every Jew in his domain, along with artists, educators, Gypsies, communists, homosexuals, the mentally and physically handicapped and others deemed unfit for survival in Nazi Germany.
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In October 1944, a group of Auschwitz "Sonderkommando," young Jewish males responsible for removing corpses from crematoriums and gas chambers, staged a revolt. They assaulted their guards, using tools and makeshift explosives, and demolished a crematorium. All were apprehended and killed.
To complete this mission, Hitler ordered the construction of death camps. Unlike concentration camps, which had existed in Germany since 1933 and were detention centers for Jews, political prisoners and other perceived enemies of the Nazi state, death camps existed for the sole purpose of killing Jews and other “undesirables,” in what became known as the Holocaust.
Auschwitz: The Largest of the Death Camps
Auschwitz, the largest and arguably the most notorious of all the Nazi death camps, opened in the spring of 1940. Its first commandant was Rudolf Höss (1900-47), who previously had helped run the Sachsenhausen concentration camp in Oranienburg, Germany. Auschwitz was located on a former military base outside OÅ›wiÄ™cim, a town in southern Poland situated near Krakow, one of the country’s largest cities. During the camp’s construction, nearby factories were appropriated and all those living in the area were forcibly ejected from their homes, which were bulldozed by the Nazis.
Auschwitz originally was conceived as a concentration camp, to be used as a detention center for the many Polish citizens arrested after Germany annexed the country in 1939. These detainees included anti-Nazi activists, politicians, resistance members and luminaries from the cultural and scientific communities. Once Hitler’s Final Solution became official Nazi policy, however, Auschwitz was deemed an ideal death camp locale. For one thing, it was situated near the center of all German-occupied countries on the European continent. For another, it was in close proximity to the string of rail lines used to transport detainees to the network of Nazi camps.
However, not all those arriving at Auschwitz were immediately exterminated. Those deemed fit to work were employed as slave labor in the production of munitions, synthetic rubber and other products considered essential to Germany’s efforts in World War II.
Auschwitz and Its Subdivisions
At its peak of operation, Auschwitz consisted of several divisions. The original camp, known as Auschwitz I, housed between 15,000 and 20,000 political prisoners. Those entering its main gate were greeted with an infamous and ironic inscription: “Arbeit Macht Frei,” or “Work Makes You Free.”
Auschwitz II, located in the village of Birkenau, or Brzezinka, just outside OÅ›wiÄ™cim, was constructed in 1941 on the order of Heinrich Himmler (1900-45), commander of the “Schutzstaffel” (or Select Guard/Protection Squad, more commonly known as the SS), which operated all Nazi concentration camps and death camps. Birkenau, the biggest of the Auschwitz facilities, could hold some 90,000 prisoners. It also housed a group of bathhouses where countless people were gassed to death, and crematory ovens where bodies were burned. The majority of Auschwitz victims died at Birkenau.More than 40 smaller facilities, called subcamps, dotted the landscape and served as slave-labor camps. The largest of these subcamps, Monowitz, also known as Auschwitz III, began operating in 1942 and housed some 10,000 prisoners.
Life and Death in Auschwitz
By mid-1942, the majority of those being sent by the Nazis to Auschwitz were Jews. Upon arriving at the camp, detainees were examined by Nazi doctors. Those detainees considered unfit for work, including young children, the elderly, pregnant women and the infirm, were immediately ordered to take showers. However, the bathhouses to which they marched were disguised gas chambers. Once inside, the prisoners were exposed to Zyklon-B poison gas. Individuals marked as unfit for work were never officially registered as Auschwitz inmates. For this reason, it is impossible to calculate the number of lives lost in the camp.
For those prisoners who initially escaped the gas chambers, an undetermined number died from overwork, disease, insufficient nutrition or the daily struggle for survival in brutal living conditions. Arbitrary executions, torture and retribution happened daily, in front of the other prisoners.
Some Auschwitz prisoners were subjected to inhumane medical experimentation. The chief perpetrator of this barbaric research was Josef Mengele (1911-79), a German physician who began working at Auschwitz in 1943. Mengele, who came to be known as the “Angel of Death,” performed a range of experiments on detainees. For example, in an effort to study eye color, he injected serum into the eyeballs of dozens of children, causing them excruciating pain. He also injected chloroform into the hearts of twins, to determine if both siblings would die at the same time and in the same manner.
Liberation of Auschwitz: 1945
As 1944 came to a close and the defeat of Nazi Germany by the Allied forces seemed certain, the Auschwitz commandants began destroying evidence of the horror that had taken place there. Buildings were torn down, blown up or set on fire, and records were destroyed.
In January 1945, as the Soviet army entered Krakow, the Germans ordered that Auschwitz be abandoned. Before the end of the month, in what came to be known as the Auschwitz death marches, an estimated 60,000 detainees, accompanied by Nazi guards, departed the camp and were forced to march to the Polish towns of Gliwice or Wodzislaw, some 30 miles away. Countless prisoners died during this process; those who made it to the sites were sent on trains to concentration camps in Germany.
When the Soviet army entered Auschwitz on January 27, they found approximately 7,600 sick or emaciated detainees who had been left behind. The liberators also discovered mounds of corpses, hundreds of thousands of pieces of clothing and pairs of shoes and seven tons of human hair that had been shaved from detainees before their liquidation. According to some estimates, between 1.1 million to 1.5 million people, the vast majority of them Jews, died at Auschwitz during its years of operation. An estimated 70,000 to 80,000 Poles perished at the camp, along with 19,000 to 20,000 Gypsies and smaller numbers of Soviet prisoners of war and other individuals.
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What were the short barrelled rifles formerly used by cavalry called | Auschwitz Survivor Gena Turgel Walked Out of Gas Chamber Alive - NBC News
Jan 26 2015, 7:26 am ET
Auschwitz Survivor Gena Turgel Walked Out of Gas Chamber Alive
by Bill Neely
Holocaust Survivor Gena Turgel Recounts Horror of Auschwitz 1:06
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LONDON — Of all the stories of survival from the Auschwitz concentration camp, Gena Turgel's is one of the most astonishing.
"When I think back, I have to pinch myself sometimes to see if I'm really alive," the 90-year-old told NBC News.
Turgel, an elegant woman with more than a hint of mischief in her blue eyes, survived not one or two, but three Nazi concentration camps.
In the most notorious of all, Auschwitz-Birkeanau, she was herded naked into a gas chamber with hundreds of others.
Yet Turgel, who was 21 at the time, walked out alive.
She had no idea the Nazis had tried to kill her until a woman she knew said, "Don't you know what has just happened to you? You were in the gas chamber!"
Turgel still looks amazed to have cheated death.
"I completely lost my voice," she said. "I just never realized I was in the gas chamber ... it must not have worked."
“I wear a lot of perfume. The stench of the camps will always stay with me and I try to block it out”
Turgel's life sounds like a history of the war. She was 16 when her hometown of Krakow, Poland, was bombed by the Nazi Luftwaffe on Sept. 1, 1939, the first day of the war. She had relatives in Chicago but the family was too late in acting on their plan to move there, and Poland was swiftly sealed by the Germans.
In Krakow's Jewish ghetto, she lost two brothers fighting the Nazis. She then was sent to Plaszow concentration camp where she survived for two-and-a-half years until she was marched to Auschwitz. She survived testing by the infamous Nazi Doctor Josef Mengele.
After two months, as the Red Army advanced towards Auschwitz, she was sent on a "death march," first to Buchenwald concentration camp and then to Belsen, where she shared a barracks with the dying Dutch teenager Anne Frank.
When Belsen was liberated by the British, she showed a handsome young army officer, Norman Turgel, around the makeshift hospital where she worked. Within six months they were married.
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Every story of survival at Auschwitz is extraordinary but hers is perhaps unique.
"I wear a lot of perfume," she whispers. "The stench of the camps will always stay with me and I try to block it out." It's not the only physical reaction she has to her ordeal. Her 17-year-old sister Miriam used to sleep with her, on her left side. Miriam was shot by the Germans for smuggling food into Plaszov. She says she still feels a constant chill along her left arm.
The ghosts of the camp and her family — she lost seven siblings and her father — still haunt her. As we talk, tears come to her eyes, but she doesn't let them fall.
"To cry in Auschwitz could have you shot," she said. "We had to be strong, to block out everything."
The killing of four Jews in Paris by Islamist radicals earlier this month sent a shiver through Turgel. It reinforced the message she has tried to teach in the schools she visits regularly, that the hatred of Jews is not consigned to history and is instead kept alive and must be fought against.
She has been back to Auschwitz twice with her grandsons, passing on her memories to new generations and on Tuesday, at home in London, she will be watching the ceremony to mark the 70th anniversary of the camp's liberation.
Turgel is determined to speak today, to try to ensure that Jews never again face the same threats.
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In which TV show did Anneka Rice fly around in a helicopter | Treasure Hunt (TV Series 1982–1989) - IMDb
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Helicopter skyrunner Anneka Rice races against the clock to find directions to treasure at locations worked out by studio guests from cryptic clues.
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Title: Treasure Hunt (1982–1989)
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A C.I.A. agent is assigned to go to Beijing to look for a hidden "treasure," which turns out to be a woman who has supernatural powers, and is the National Treasure of China.
Director: Jeffrey Lau
Comedy series following the lives of sisters Tracey and Sharon who are left to fend for themselves after their husbands are arrested for armed robbery.
Stars: Pauline Quirke, Linda Robson, Lesley Joseph
Mr Gary Sparrow is an ordinary bloke with an extraordinary life. By day, a very bored and uninspired TV repairman but by night, an accidental time traveler.
Stars: Nicholas Lyndhurst, Victor McGuire, Christopher Ettridge
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Helicopter skyrunner Anneka Rice races against the clock to find directions to treasure at locations worked out by studio guests from cryptic clues.
28 December 1982 (UK) See more »
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There was no visual link between the contestants in the studio and the Skyrunner - the only means of communication was via radio. The contestants had no idea what the Skyrunner was seeing (or often doing), or where she was going until the programme was televised. However, even the audio link wasn't always foolproof, and often broke up at inopportune moments, which added an unintentional difficulty factor to proceedings. See more »
Connections
A good all round interesting show
7 October 2006 | by k-ward1
(UK) – See all my reviews
Like all series, there were some better than others but overall, my wife and I both liked watching this show. It really did receive a lot of adverse publicity. It was as though the public were determined to get it off the air by any means possible but despite this Anneka Rice's personality was great and it lasted from 1983-1988 (with Anneka). They do say one man's meat is another man's poison and it certainly was true of Channel Four's Treasure Hunt. My favourite has got to be the one about West Yorkshire since it started in my home town of Todmorden at Stoodley Pike (pronounced Studley), a well known landmark on the hillside that can be seen from most parts of the town, which is quite a feat since the town is surrounded by the millstone grit of the Pennines. Another one that stands out was the one in Israel which I still have on video. I do wish they would include this series on DVD with the rash of other programmes now coming out on DVD.
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| Treasure hunt (disambiguation) |
What was the name of the Munsters pet dragon | Retro Finds - The best of the 70s and 80s 70's and 80's: retrofinds - Treasure Hunt Channel 4 Great Theme tune.
retrofinds - Treasure Hunt Channel 4 Great Theme tune.
Proof that TV theme tunes back in the 80's were the best.
TREASURE HUNT
Tags: treasure hunt , retro , retrofinds , channel 4 , soundtrack , theme tune
When first shown on Channel 4 in December 1982, Treasure Hunt was one of the earliest major series on the then-new channel. The unusual format earned extra publicity for both the programme and the channel, which was striving to justify itself with new and different programming.
The 1982–89 series were later repeated on terrestrial television and the Challenge satellite and cable channel. The first episode was repeated on 30 October 2007 on the digital channel More4 as part of Channel 4's 25th anniversary celebrations. This was an one-off and there are no current plans to repeat the TV show.
The original run of the first series was watched by up to 900,000 viewers; however, by the mid-1980s, ratings were some of the highest for Channel 4 at around seven million.
Two charity editions of the show were produced, one locally in the London area for the Thames Television telethon in 1985 and another broadcast across the UK as part of the ITV network's Telethon '88. The show was also featured in an edition of the BBC children's aspiration show Jim'll Fix It (in which a viewer joined Anneka Rice in the famous Treasure Hunt helicopter over the county of Surrey), in the Paul Daniels Magic Show (BBC) and in The Krypton Factor (Granada for ITV).
Anneka Rice went on to do CHALLENGE ANNEKA
Posted by Rob Wainfur at 07:32
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What is the name of the hotel in Heartburn Hotel | Heartburn Hotel (TV Series 1998–2000) - IMDb
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Title: Heartburn Hotel (1998–2000)
8.1/10
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20 July 1998 (UK) See more »
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There we go, it's funny. In fact at times it's very very funny. Tim Healy looks to be shaped into the new Alf Garnett, through his character Harry Springer.The script is as crisp as the wallpaper in the halls of the Olympic Hotel,that has collected many of societies outcasts in one hotel providing many many laughs.
Potential classic.
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What is botany the study of | Heartburn Hotel - 'Blood' Part 1 - YouTube
Heartburn Hotel - 'Blood' Part 1
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Heartburn Hotel was a British sitcom which ran for two series, with thirteen episodes, on BBC television in 1998 - 2000, each series was 6 episodes long and one special was aired in December 1998. The series was both produced and distributed by the BBC and shown nationwide during its airing. The programme is set in the Olympic Hotel, pre-named on the hope of the successful bid for the UK to host the 1992 Olympic games. The series centres on the owner and the regular occupants to the hotel. The show was written by Steve Glover & John Sullivan (of Only Fools & Horses fame) and starred Tim Healy.
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How many planets in the Solar System are bigger than Earth | What Are The Diameters of the Planets? - Universe Today
Universe Today
What Are The Diameters of the Planets?
Article Updated: 1 Jul , 2016
by Matt Williams
The planets of our Solar System vary considerably in size and shape. Some planets are small enough that they are comparable in diameter to some of our larger moons – i.e. Mercury is smaller than Jupiter’s moon Ganymede and Saturn’s moon Titan . Meanwhile, others like Jupiter are so big that they are larger in diameter than most of the others combined.
In addition, some planets are wider at the equator than they are at the poles. This is due to a combination of the planets composition and their rotational speed. As a result, some planets are almost perfectly spherical while others are oblate spheroids (i.e. experience some flattening at the poles). Let us examine them one by one, shall we?
Mercury:
With a diameter of 4,879 km (3031.67 mi), Mercury is the smallest planet in our Solar System. In fact, Mercury is not much larger than Earth’s own Moon – which has a diameter of 3,474 km (2158.64 mi). At 5,268 km (3,273 mi) in diameter, Jupiter’s moon of Ganymede is also larger, as is Saturn’s moon Titan – which is 5,152 km (3201.34 mi) in diameter.
Mercury, as imaged by the MESSENGER spacecraft, revealing parts of the never seen by human eyes. Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington
As with the other planets in the inner Solar System (Venus, Earth, and Mars), Mercury is a terrestrial planet , which means it is composed primarily of metals and silicate rocks that are differentiated into an iron-rich core and a silicate mantle and crust.
Also, due to the fact that Mercury has a very slow sidereal rotational period, taking 58.646 days to complete a single rotation on its axis, Mercury experiences no flattening at the poles. This means that the planet is almost a perfect sphere and has the same diameter whether it is measured from pole to pole or around its equator.
Venus:
Venus is often referred to as Earth’s “ sister planet “, and not without good reason. At 12,104 km (7521 mi) in diameter, it is almost the same size as Earth. But unlike Earth, Venus experiences no flattening at the poles, which means that it almost perfectly circular. As with Mercury, this is due to Venus’ slow sidereal rotation period, taking 243.025 days to rotate once on its axis.
The planet Venus, as imaged by the Magellan 10 mission. Credit: NASA/JPL
Earth:
With a mean diameter of 12,756 km (7926 mi), Earth is the largest terrestrial planet in the Solar System and the fifth largest planet overall. However, due to flattening at its poles (0.00335), Earth is not a perfect sphere, but an oblate spheroid. As a result, its polar diameter differs from its equatorial diameter, but only by about 41 km (25.5 mi)
In short, Earth measures 12713.6 km (7900 mi) in diameter from pole to pole, and 12756.2 km (7926.3 mi) around its equator. Once again, this is due to Earth’s sidereal rotational period, which takes a relatively short 23 hours, 58 minutes and 4.1 seconds to complete a single rotation on its axis.
Mars:
Mars is often referred to as “Earth’s twin”; and again, for good reason. Like Earth, Mars experiences flattening at its poles (0.00589), which is due to its relatively rapid sidereal rotational period (24 hours, 37 minutes and 22 seconds, or 1.025957 Earth days).
As a result, it experiences a bulge at its equator which leads to a variation of 40 km (25 mi) between its polar radius and equatorial radius. This works out to Mars having a mean diameter of 6779 km (4212.275 mi), varying between 6752.4 km (4195.75 mi) between its poles and 6792.4 km (4220.6 mi) at its equator.
Mosaic of the Valles Marineris hemisphere of Mars, similar to what one would see from orbital distance of 2500 km. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Jupiter:
Jupiter is the largest planet in the Solar System, measuring some 142,984 km (88,846 mi) in diameter. Again, this its mean diameter, since Jupiter experiences some rather significant flattening at the poles (0.06487). This is due to its rapid rotational period, with Jupiter taking just 9 hours 55 minutes and 30 seconds to complete a single rotation on its axis.
Combined with the fact that Jupiter is a gas giant, this means the planet experiences significant bulging at its equator. Basically, it varies in diameter from 133,708 km (83,082.3 mi) when measured from pole to pole, and 142,984 km (88,846 mi) when measured around the equator. This is a difference of 9276 km (5763.8 mi), one of the most pronounced in the Solar System.
Saturn:
With a mean diameter of 120,536 km (74897.6 mi), Saturn is the second largest planet in the Solar System. Like Jupiter, it experiences significant flattening at its poles (0.09796) due to its high rotational velocity (10 hours and 33 minutes) and the fact that it is a gas giant. This means that it varies in diameter from 108,728 km (67560.447 mi) when measured at the poles and 120,536 km (74,897.6 mi) when measured at the equator. This is a difference of almost 12,000 km, the greatest of all planets.
This portrait looking down on Saturn and its rings was created from images obtained by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft on Oct. 10, 2013. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute/G. Ugarkovic
Uranus:
Uranus has a mean diameter of 50,724 km (31,518.43 mi), making it the third largest planet in the Solar System. But due to its rapid rotational velocity – the planet takes 17 hours 14 minutes and 24 seconds to complete a single rotation – and its composition, the planet experiences a significant polar flattening (0.0229). This leads to a variation in diameter of 49,946 km (31,035 mi) at the poles and 51,118 km (31763.25 mi) at the equator – a difference of 1172 km (728.25 mi).
Neptune:
Lastly, there is Neptune , which has a mean diameter of 49,244 km (30598.8 mi). But like all the other gas giants, this varies due to its rapid rotational period (16 hours, 6 minutes and 36 seconds) and composition, and subsequent flattening at the poles (0.0171). As a result, the planet experiences a variation of 846 km (525.68 mi), measuring 48,682 km (30249.59 mi) at the poles and 49,528 km (30775.27 mi) at the equator.
In summary, the planets of our Solar System vary in diameter due to differences in their composition and the speed of their rotation. In short, terrestrial planets tend to be smaller than gas giants, and gas giants tend to spin faster than terrestrial worlds. Between these two factors, the worlds we know range between near-perfect spheres and flattened spheres.
For more information of the planets, here is a look at the eight planets and some fact sheets about the planets from NASA.
Astronomy Cast has episodes on all the planets. Here is Mercury to start out with.
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Not a planet, Laurele. So Neptune is indeed last. Sorry (not sorry)!
laurele
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In which U.S. state was the gas chamber first used | Huge distant planet has rings 200 times larger than Saturn's | Science Wire | EarthSky
Huge distant planet has rings 200 times larger than Saturn’s
By Eleanor Imster in Science Wire | Space | January 29, 2015
It’s a super Saturn, 434 light-years from Earth. It has more than 30 rings, with a total diameter of some 120 million kilometers. If we could replace Saturn’s rings with these rings, they’d be easily visible from Earth and larger in our sky than a full moon.
Artist’s concept of the ring system around the young giant planet or brown dwarf J1407b. Image via Ron Miller
An international team of astronomers have discovered that a ring system around a distant planet – called J1407b – is of enormous proportions, much larger and heavier than the ring system of Saturn.
The planet orbits star J1407, located approximately 434 light-years from Earth. Astronomers first identified the ring system – the first of its kind to be found outside our solar system – in 2012. A new analysis of the data, published in the Astrophysical Journal, shows that the ring system consists of more than 30 rings, each of them tens of millions of kilometers in diameter. Furthermore, the analysis found gaps in the rings, which indicate that satellites (“exomoons”) may have formed.
Erik Mamajek is a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Rochester and a co-author of the ring study. He said:
This planet is much larger than Jupiter or Saturn, and its ring system is roughly 200 times larger than Saturn’s rings are today. You could think of it as kind of a super Saturn.
If the enormous ring system around J1407b’s replaced the rings of Saturn in our solar system, they’d be visible at night to the unaided eye, with many times the diameter of a full moon. Illustration via M. Kenworthy/Leiden.
The disk of rings is so vast that, were it around Saturn, it would dominate our night sky, the astronomers said. According to Matthew Kenworthy of the Leiden Observatory in The Netherlands:
If we could replace Saturn’s rings with the rings around J1407b, they would be easily visible at night and be many times larger than the full moon.
Mamajek put into context how much material is contained in these disks and rings:
If you were to grind up the four large Galilean moons of Jupiter into dust and ice and spread out the material over their orbits in a ring around Jupiter, the ring would be so opaque to light that a distant observer that saw the ring pass in front of the sun would see a very deep, multi-day eclipse.
In the case of J1407, we see the rings blocking as much as 95 percent of the light of this young Sun-like star for days, so there is a lot of material there that could then form satellites.
Astronomers expect that the rings will become thinner in the next several million years and eventually disappear as satellites form from the material in the disks.
Bottom line: First-ever ringed planet beyond our solar system. You could think of it as kind of a super Saturn. Called J1407b, its ring system is 200 times larger than Saturn’s.
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"Which TV series began with the words, ""There is nothing wrong with your television set""" | Outer Limits openings
Outer Limits openings
For a sound file of the opening see the sounds page .
These are based on a posting by stoodin101 in rec.arts.sf.tv
Original Outer Limits opening variations:
OL #1 There is nothing wrong with your television set. Do not attempt to adjust the picture. We are controlling transmission. If we wish to make it louder, we will bring up the volume. If we wish to make it softer, we will tune it to a whisper. We will control the horizontal. We will control the vertical. We can roll the image; make it flutter. We can change the focus to a soft blur or sharpen it to crystal clarity. For the next hour, sit quietly and we will control all that you see and hear. We repeat: there is nothing wrong with your television set. You are about to participate in a great adventure. You are about to experience the awe and mystery which reaches from the inner mind to the outer limits.
OL#2 delete the lines about making it louder and softer.
OL#3 delete "Sit quietly and"
OL#4 There is nothing wrong with your television set. Do not attempt to adjust the picture. We are controlling transmission. For the next hour we will control all that you see and hear. You are about to experience the awe and mystery which reaches from the inner mind to the outer limits.
New Outer Limits opening:
There is nothing wrong with your television. Do not attempt to adjust the picture. We are now controlling the transmission. We control the horizontal and the vertical. We can deluge you with a thousand channels or expand one single image to crystal clarity and beyond. We can shape your vision to anything our imagination can conceive. For the next hour we will control all that you see and hear. You are about to experience the awe and mystery which reaches from the deepest inner mind to the outer limits.
This page last changed December 13, 1998
| The Outer Limits |
Who kept the score on Bullseye | The Outer Limits (TV Series 1963–1965) - IMDb
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Doctor Strange Confirmed to Appear in ‘Thor: Ragnarok’
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An anthology series of insightful science fiction tales.
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Days ago Trent awoke with no memory of his past. Since then, sinister men have pursued him constantly. He manages to stay one step ahead of them by following the advice of... his hand! Made of glass ...
9.0
Four soldiers have been shot in the head by bullets made from the fragment of a meteorite. As a result, they have developed genius level IQs. Three of them have disappeared, one remains in hospital. ...
8.7
Four soldiers have been shot in the head by bullets made from the fragment of a meteorite. As a result, they have developed genius level IQs. Three of them have disappeared, one remains in hospital. ...
8.7
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Title: The Outer Limits (1963–1965)
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Nominated for 1 Primetime Emmy. Another 2 nominations. See more awards »
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A modern revival of the classic sci-fi horror anthology show The Outer Limits (1963). Episodes often have twist-endings and involve aliens. Sometimes, story from one episode continues in a later episode.
Stars: Alex Diakun, Eric Schneider, Garvin Cross
Rod Serling presents tales of horror illustrated in various paintings.
Stars: Rod Serling, Larry Watson, Joanna Pettet
A collection of tales which range from comic to tragic, but often have a wicked sense of humor and an unexpected twist.
Stars: Robin Ward, Charles Aidman, Richard Mulligan
This second revival of The Twilight Zone (1959) presents tales of suspense, fantasy, science fiction and horror.
Stars: Forest Whitaker, Jeremy Piven, Olivia d'Abo
A horror anthology series where the viewer is taken through ghost stories, science fiction adventures and creepy, unexplained events.
Stars: Paul Sparer, Catherine Battistone, John Marzilli
Ordinary people find themselves in extraordinarily astounding situations, which they each try to solve in a remarkable manner.
Stars: Rod Serling, Robert McCord, Jay Overholts
Series of unrelated short stories covering elements of crime, horror, drama and comedy about people of different species committing murders, suicides, thefts and other sorts of crime caused by certain motivations; perceived or not.
Stars: Alfred Hitchcock, Harry Tyler, John Williams
A continuation of the dramatic anthology series Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1955) hosted by the master of suspense and mystery.
Stars: Alfred Hitchcock, Hinton Pope, Jimmy Joyce
Produced at the same time as the more well-known Twilight Zone, this series fed the nation's growing interest in paranormal suspense in a different way. Rather than creating fictional ... See full summary »
Stars: John Newland, Robert Douglas, Olan Soule
Tales of horror based on the gruesome E.C. comic books of the 1950s.
Stars: John Kassir, Roy Brocksmith, Miguel Ferrer
Updated remakes of classic stories from Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1955) originally produced by the Master of Suspense.
Stars: Bernard Behrens, Cynthia Belliveau, David B. Nichols
Truly amazing, fantastical, funny and odd, and sometimes scary, sad and endearing stories are portrayed. Many famous actors, actresses and directors make guest appearances.
Stars: Charles Durning, Douglas Seale, Louis Giambalvo
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Anthology type science fiction program with a different cast each week. Tending toward the hard science, space travel, time travel, and human evolution it tries to examine in each show some form of the question, "What is the nature of man?" Written by John Vogel <[email protected]>
There is nothing wrong with your television. Do not attempt to adjust the picture.
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16 September 1963 (USA) See more »
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Did You Know?
Trivia
The final episode of the first season, "The Forms of Things Unknown" (starring David McCallum , Vera Miles , Sir Cedric Hardwicke and Barbara Rush ), was supposed to be a series pilot that series creator Joseph Stefano presented to network executives. When it was rejected, he used it as an episode of this series. See more »
Quotes
The Control Voice : We now return control of your television set to you. Until next week, at the same time, when the control voice will take you to... The Outer Limits.
(cramlington u.k.) – See all my reviews
From reading the comments many people love this series,and I am another "Outer Limits " fan.The 60's show is far superior to its 90's namesake and the cliched special effects driven SF programs being made today."The Outer Limits" had none of the technological wizardry available to t.v.now, nor even the recources Irwin Allen's productions at Twentieth Century Fox and"Star Trek" at Desilu/Paramount could draw upon in the 1960's.The series was made by Leslie Steven's "Daystar" productions(a small independent),in black and white and on very tight budgets using the Hollywood soundstages of KTTV(and later Paramount Sunset), with some external scenes shot at the MGM backlot at Culver city.The special effects and makeup vary in quality ,some are very good indeed bearing in mind the limitations in budget (examples-the "Sixth finger", "Nightmare","The chameleon", "A feasability study","The galaxy being" "The Bellero shield" and "The keeper of the purple twilight"--what a title!). The show comes from a period when an unusual amount of high quality writing was evident on American t.v.drama (despite what the F.CC. were saying about t.v. being a "vast wasteland").In my view the first season produced by Joseph Stefano is generally superior to the second when Ben Brady of "Perry Mason" took over.Stefano, who had in 1960 scripted "Psycho" for Hitchcock, wrote quite a number of episodes and extensively re-wrote many of the scripts provided by others during the first season. Not just the writing, but the cinematography (often by Conrad Hall),direction and music gives the show a brooding, moody "otherworldly" quality.Gerd Oswald, a minor film director, was used extensively on the show and his episodes are often the most striking. Even the best series will have it's quota of poorer episodes.In my opinion, among "The Outer Limits" worst are "The Probe"(the final episode,with a notably pathetic monster), "The duplicate man"(an interesting idea poorly executed,with another rotten monster), "Behold Eck", "Cold hands, warm heart", "Tourist attraction","The mutant" and "Specimen unknown"(fiendish extra terrestrial plants which sure aint Triffids!--oddly the highest rated episode of the series).Among my favorite shows are "The sixth finger", "A feasability study" ,"Nightmare", "The chameleon"( with Robert Duvall), "Fun and games"(with a great performance by Nick Adams),and "The Inheritors"( a two parter with Duvall again, and featuring a terrific speech at the end, beautifully delivered by Steve Ihnat). A special mention for four outstanding episodes.In "Obit","The Outer Limits" , back in 1963,was warning about that unpleasant instinct in people which leads them to want to spy into the personal lives of others,and which t.v. has sunk to pandering to today with the likes of "Big brother" and "Survivor"."The forms of things unknown",is a stunning piece, an object lesson in what can be achieved by talented people with a limited budget.The car recklessly driven down the road, Andre's poisoning in the lake, and Tone's weird clock machine are all images that you don't easily forget."The man who was never born", a sci -fi variant on "Beauty and the beast", is full of poetic writing and dreamlike scenes.Martin Landau is superb as the soulful mutant from the future, and the poignant final shot where the camera pulls back from a bereft Shirley Knight who is left in a tiny box of light with the dark all around, is the kind of ingenious moment which starkly sets "The Outer Limits" apart from most t.v. productions."The Guests" is a show I often return to.Within the framework of a Sci-Fi horror tale, we find an elegy on the passage of time, love and loss, beautifully filmed with an outstanding musical score. The performances, from Gloria Grahame( cast in type), Luana Anders( cast rather against type),Geoffrey Horne(among others), the direction by Paul Stanley and script by Donald S. Sanford reward re-viewing with further insights and appreciations.A landmark series.
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Which chef is the host of BBC's Meals in Minutes programme | BBC One - Strictly Come Dancing - Ainsley Harriott
Strictly Come Dancing
Natalie Lowe
While his dancing experience may be limited to “dancing around the kitchen with Suzy Salt and Percy Pepper”, Ainsley can’t wait to swap the oven gloves for a pair of dancing shoes, saying: “I’m most looking forward to the discipline and I admire the dedication it takes to be a good dancer.”
I won’t be cooking any breakfast for Craig!
Ainsley Harriott
The 58-year-old celebrity chef has a cupboard stocked full of television credits, including Good Morning with Anne and Nick , Can’t Cook, Won’t Cook , Ainsley’s Barbeque Bible , Ainsley’s Meals in Minutes and, perhaps most famously, Ready Steady Cook . It won’t be long before Ainsley is cooking up a storm on the Strictly dancefloor!
Ainsley trained at Westminster College of Catering, before becoming an apprentice at Verrey’s restaurant in London’s West End. He then became Head Chef at Lord's Cricket Ground before transitioning into the media as the presenter of More Nosh, Less Dosh on BBC Radio 5 . Alongside his television career, Ainsley is also a bestselling author, having sold more than two million books worldwide.
Born and bred in Wandsworth, South London, Ainsley is the son of Jamaican pianist Chester Harriott and nurse Peppy Strudwick, and has two grown-up children, Jimmy (24) and Maddie (21).
Sharing his father’s musical genes, Harriott formed the Calypso Twins with school friend Paul Boross. The pair released a light-hearted hit record in the early 1990s called ‘World Party’ and went on to be regular performers at the Comedy Store and Jongleurs and made appearances on TV and radio.
Clearly a man of many talents, in 1993 Ainsley played the part of a GELF chief in the sci-fi comedy series Red Dwarf . In 1998, for the show's 10th anniversary, Harriott presented a special edition of Can't Cook, Won't Cook with the cast of Red Dwarf cooking a meal while remaining in character.
In 2000, Ainsley made his US debut with The Ainsley Harriott Show which ran for more than 100 episodes. Following this he went on to host the US version of Ready, Steady Cook. Back in the UK, in 2008, Harriott took part in the genealogy documentary series Who Do You Think You Are?
| Ainsley Harriott |
In Dallas in which county do the Ewings live | The 10 most influential British cookery shows - Telegraph
TV and Radio
The 10 most influential British cookery shows
As The Great British Bake Off reaches the final of its fourth series, and last on BBC Two, here are the other influential cookery shows which changed TV
Fanny Cradock, Jamie Oliver, Keith Floyd and Delia Smith. Who is the most influential?
By Alice Vincent, Ben Lawrence, Charlotte Runcie and Rachel Ward
7:30AM BST 22 Oct 2013
Fanny's Kitchen (1955, 1957, 1961)
Fanny Cradock was the first to combine glamour and aspiration with food TV. When she arrived with inch-thick makeup, glitzy ballgowns, Cradock brought a formidable determination to make food exotic fun and easy to straightened postwar kitchens. Whether she was furiously dusting a wonky omelette with icing sugar, or trying something risky with scalloped haddock, Cradock's message was clear: the average housewife could create flashy food at home. Plenty of her meals look exquisitely disgusting these days, but she inspired a generation of home cooks.
Cookery Lesson (1956)
Long before most men would allow themselves to be seen in the kitchen, portly, jovial Philip Harben gently guided viewers of the Fifties into making the most of the goods that Austerity Britain had to offer. The show was a hit and Harben continued to appear on TV for the nexty decade.
Delia Smith's Cookery Course (1978 - 1981)
Related Articles
The Great British Bake Off moves to BBC1
15 Oct 2013
Smith has presented many different cookery shows over the years, but it was this no-nonsense series that made her name. Rather a slow watch to the modern viewer, Smith's monotone presenting skills are compensated by the rigorous methodology on display.
Food and Drink (1982)
The first British show about eating and drinking without cookery demonstrations and with reports from foodie locations around the country, Food and Drink made the likes of wine expert Jilly Goolden into household names. The BBC Two show ran for two decades before returning to the channel in February.
Floyd on Fish (1984)
The late Keith Floyd inspired so many of today’s TV chefs to cook with his first TV series, Floyd on Fish, and his eccentric style of presentation endeared him to viewers worldwide. Rarely seen without a large glass of red wine in his hand, Floyd used unusual locations, such as a fishing boat in rough seas, and was regarded as a pioneer of taking cooking programmes out of the studio. His carefree attitude and chaotic style was matched by a passion that encouraged many to cook with instinct and not with a recipe book.
The 10 most influential TV sitcoms of all time
MasterChef (1990 - 2001, 2005 - )
Before he launched a range of pasta sauces, Loyd Grossman became known in British households for his distinctive Canadian accent and discerning judgement of MasterChef's three amateur cooks who were cooking gourmet food on a budget. MasterChef had a revamp in 2005, making it a bigger competition with greater rewards for its contestants. The show has now been exported to 200 terroritories worldwide.
Ready Steady Cook (1994 - 2010)
Two chefs, two members of the public, an audience vote and a five quid budget. Ready Steady Cook combined keen members of the public with professional and aspiring celebrity chefs to concoct dubious dinners in 20 minutes. As well as inspiring future cookery gameshows such as Bake Off (the winner won £100 in cash), Ready Steady Cook launched the careers of chefs such as James Martin and Ainsley Harriott, who went on to host the show for a decade from 2000.
The Naked Chef (1999 - 2001)
It's easy to forget that before Jamie Oliver became king of the Noughties century cookery show with school dinners and 30-minute meals, he was The Naked Chef. The Naked way of doing things was to whizz to the local market on your scooter, grab a few fresh ingredients, whack them in a pan when you got home and – bish bosh – serve up the result to a selection of your most attractive friends. The cooking was quick, simple and didn't require fancy equipment or fiddly skills. As Oliver ripped herbs apart with his fingers and squeezed lemons straight into the pot, he began the tide of laid-back cooking that would culminate in the infamous "kitchen supper".
The 20 best children's TV shows
Saturday Kitchen (2002 - )
Hangovers became more hungry when Saturday Kitchen first aired on TV screens in the early noughties. Fronted by TV chef Anthony Worrall-Thompson and MasterChef co-host Gregg Wallace, Saturday Kitchen was 90 minutes of gourmet segments, from Michelin-starred chefs to live cook-offs. An unlikely replacement for children's TV in the same slot, its been a success, with nearly 3 million people tuning in every week.
The Great British Bake Off (2010 - )
While ITV was bringing harsher judgement and bigger production budgets to talent contests such as The X Factor and Britain's Got Talent, the BBC's Great British Bake Off launched in a marquee of manners and good sportsmanship. Along with rejeuvenating former TV chef Mary Berry's career, #GBBO was held responsible for a rise in home baking. Several international versions of the show have aired since.
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With which football team did Bobby Moore end his English league playing career | Bobby’s Books | Bobby FC
Bobby’s Books
Published by BBC Books – ISBN 978-1-84990-988-4
Reviewed by Richard DJJ Bowdery
BBC Books have scored again. Following hard on the heels of ‘Match of the Day: 50 Years’, comes this latest trip down football’s memory lane.
‘Match of the Day 365’ is a compilation of iconic moments from the Premier League era, spanning its first 22 seasons. Written by MoTD commentator Steve Wilson, it’s a fascinating reminder of what we watched, read and talked about in the pubs and on the terraces.
Set out in bite-size chunks, there is a story for each day of the year along with a paragraph or two on other notable events.
Although there is some cross-over between the two books, it doesn’t diminish the attraction of this latest offering which provides a wealth of stories that fans of the ‘beautiful game’ will want to revisit again and again – and what memories they are.
Who can forget?
• that cheeky shot from the halfway line which announced to the world a special footballing talent (17 August)
• one keeper’s kick that was even longer but achieved the same result as it bounced into the net over the opposing keeper’s head (2 Nov)
• the emotional Italian who pushed over a referee – the ref seemed to go down in stages (26 September)
• a manager’s rant to the TV cameras as pressure mounted on his team’s push for the League title (29 April)
• a European comeback by a team who were dead and, almost, buried at half-time (25 May)
• the tears of a clown when a penalty shoot-out lost us the chance of glory – if only his legs were two inches longer (26 June)
• a Kung-Fu kicking Frenchman who later talked of sardines and trawlers (25 January and 31 March).
With this type of book there is bound be stories that didn’t make the cut – a debate you can have with your fellow fans. But the book does what it says on the cover. And regardless of whether or not you agree with Steve Wilson’s choice of stories, you’d be hard pushed not to smile and even chuckle as you reminisce on an era that brought a fresh start for the English game.
All in all it’s a book every fan, who lived through this new dawn, should own, and every future fan should be encouraged to buy: so they can read for themselves what makes the Premier League probably the most talked about league in the world.
Published 3 September 2015.
Published by Ebury Press.
ISBN: 978-0-09191787-6
Harry Redknapp is one of those football managers who falls into the Marmite category – you either love him or hate him.
There is one thing that is certain though; life has never been dull at any of the clubs he has managed over the past 30-odd years.
Within the game Redknapp is highly respected and regarded as a far more astute tactician than those who have painted him merely as a wheeler – dealer wide-boy.
Above all though Redknapp believes that even though the role of a football manager has changed since he started at out as Bobby Moore’s assistant at Oxford City in the late Seventies many of the principles remain the same, with man management the key.
Harry’s autobiography “Always Managing” is a jocular journey through his career which started as a young winger at West Ham in the Sixties.
After his playing career fizzled out in the United Sates, Redknapp was jobless for a while and was working as a mini-cab driver.
But after the strange period with Moore at Oxford, Redknapp got a break at Bournemouth, before emerging as a top level boss with West Ham, Portsmouth (twice) Southampton, Tottenham and QPR.
Redknapp parted company with Rangers earlier this year when it was clear that the club lacked the squad to stay in the PL. He had led them back to the top flight having inherited an over bloated, over-paid squad when he succeeded Mark Hughes two years ago.
One of the constant themes in the book is that ultimately, no matter how good a manager is, success can only be achieved when a club has enough quality players in it’s squad for the level they are playing at.
He suggests that had Jose Mourinho taken over QPR when he did then he would have been unlikely to keep them up either.
Inevitably this book is laced with humour and some wonderful anecdotes. Redknapp also addresses the issue of the High Court Case over tax (he was cleared of all charges) and how that affected him getting the England job ahead of Roy Hodsgon.
Redknapp concludes: “Football, like life, isn’t always about winning – the Premiership, the Champions League and the rest of it.”
“For most of us, like life, it’s about staying afloat and doing the best with the hand you have got, looking to build something worthwhile, never giving in, and trying – amidst all this – not to forget to love every minute of it.”
BB Rating: 9.5/10
The Second Half by Roy Keane with Roddy Doyle
Published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson
ISBN-13: 978-0297608882
It might seem an odd choice to have a novelist, dramatist and screenwriter as collaborator for a famous footballer’s memoirs.
It might seem even stranger given that the footballer in question is Roy Keane and his previous autobiography Keane: The Autobiography (published in 2002) was ghosted by ex-Millwall legend turned journalist Eamon Dunphy.
But this different approach – and I’m sure it is completely different, though I must confess I never read Keane – works very well. In fact, as one might expect from a dramatist collaborator, the book reads more like dialogue than prose. It’s as if Keane is regaling his mates in one of Cork’s hostelries with stories of his life since the 2002 autobiography.
The Second Half has much less of a hard edge about it than I had expected. Indeed Keane isn’t afraid to bare his soul as can be seen when he lets on how he’d cried in his car, after Manchester United said they were letting him go.
It left a question hanging in the air: “Had United’s ‘enforcer’ gone soft?” Not a bit of it.
The crunching tackles came thick and fast as he laid bare his views on some of United’s coaching staff and former team mates, his punch up with Peter Schmeichel, and how he didn’t sign Robbie Savage because of a voice mail message.
As you may expect there is quite a bit of swearing; but then you’re in a bar and the Guinness is flowing so what do you expect?
If I have any criticism, it is that the book ends on a whimper, as if Roy just got off his stool, ambled towards the exit and disappeared into the night air without so much as a ‘see you soon lads.’
You’re left with a nagging feeling that more could have been said. The book would have been better for it. Although the legal eagles may well have insisted on sanitizing certain stories. But that is only a minor complaint.
For the most part it doesn’t fail to deliver, it’s a good, illuminating read on the man and the football industry. You come away having viewed Roy Keane in a different light: much more of a human being and much less of an aggressive caricature.
And reading between the lines I’m sure I could detect the reasons why Roy Keane gave up his role at Aston Villa – though at the time the book was published he was still coaching at Villa as well as working with the Irish national team.
I wait eagerly for ‘volume 3’ to see if my assumptions were correct.
BB Rating: 8/10
Published by Yellow Jersey Press
ISBN-13: 978-0224091725
To bastardize a Winston Churchill quote: Bobby Moore was a gentleman, wrapped in a facade inside an enigma. In other words he was a very private man.
Brian Glanville, the doyen of football writers, knew Moore for nearly 40 years, but wasn’t sure he really knew him.
Michael Parkinson, who made a career of getting beneath the surface of his interviewees, has said: “You loved him because he was so friendly but, when you stopped to think, you realized you knew bugger all about him.”
Even in his darkest hour, stricken with terminal cancer at the young age of 51, he kept his illness secret, only making it public shortly before his death.
Credit, therefore, must go to journalist Matt Dickinson who, with this biography, has succeeded in peeling away the layers that surrounded the legend, to reveal a life that was by turns heroic and tragic.
But in dealing with the life story of Bobby Moore, who has been called the ‘patron saint of English football’, the author could have veered towards sycophancy.
Instead we are presented with an honest, even-handed assessment of Moore from what must have been hours and hours of research carried out among family, friends, other journalists and former teammates and colleagues from the world of football.
As you would expect from such a renowned wordsmith the biography he crafts is both engaging and illuminating.
For instance, were you aware that Moore suffered from testicular cancer in 1964? Or that as Southend manager he turned up to one match, drunk? Or that Elton John approached him about managing Watford?
The book highlights Moore’s highs and lows in detail, from his receiving the World Cup from Her Majesty the Queen to his being ejected from Upton Park for not having a valid ticket.
In between we read about West Ham manager Ron Greenwood’s desire to build a team around ‘Mooro’; Moore’s business ventures which involved some shady characters; the arrest in Bogota prior to the 1970 World Cup Finals for allegedly stealing a bracelet; how Moore was snubbed by club and country after his retirement; his attempts at football management; the divorce from his childhood sweetheart; and how cancer finally took the life of this icon.
BB Rating: 9/10
BOBBY’S Roy Dalley Gives His Take on ‘Bobby Moore: The Man in Full’
by Roy Dalley.
One suspects if you dumped a fluffy white cat onto Matt Dickinson’s lap he would pass an audition for the next James Bond movie.
He’s the journalist who emerged from the disgruntled press pack to apply the coup de grace to Glenn Hoddle’s tenure as England manager when his critique of Hoddle’s rather extreme interpretation of Karma was splashed on the front page of The Times.
As if to prove he hasn’t mellowed, Dickinson stuck the boot into Brian Clough on the Times’ sports pages last month while almost everyone else paid nothing but tribute on the 10th anniversary of his passing.
And he as good as admits his forefinger was hovering above a metaphorical big red button as he sat down to research and write Bobby Moore The Man In Full.
Dickinson writes in his Prologue: “He is held up as a man without blemish but could he really be that perfect? Could anyone? To me, the idyll seemed implausible. It wasn’t that I thought the eulogies were untrue; rather I could not believe they represented the whole truth. There is chaos and complexity in every life. Shit happens, even to saints.”
Uh oh.
Certainly it soon becomes apparent that Moore was blessed and cursed in equally monumental measures. Music folklore contains the legend of Robert Johnson, a blues guitarist and singer of modest repute, who only found his chops and success after selling his soul on a crossroads in the Mississippi Delta.
It’s just as preposterous, of course, to suggest Moore found his own crossroads somewhere in the Thames Delta, yet there is no doubt his rise and fall contains all the chief ingredients required of a Hollywood film script.
Moore was born into a world at war in an area a few miles east of London that was heavily bombed by the German Luftwaffe. (Talk about trying to get your retaliation in first.) He was a chubby schoolboy who suffered from taunts of ‘Fatso’ from the back of the class, and the scouting report that earned him an apprenticeship at West Ham was hardly glowing: “Whilst he would not set the world alight, this boy certainly impressed me with his tenacity and industry.”
But the planets seemed to align in Moore’s favour. First he was thrust into the orbit of one of the game’s most progressive and imaginative thinkers in senior pro Malcolm Allison. The random good fortune of geography meant he got lifts home from training from Big Mal, which doubled as confidence boosting exercises as Allison opened Moore’s eyes to new possibilities on the field of play.
That luck was multiplied when Ron Greenwood arrived as manager and effectively changed the way the game was played in England to accommodate Moore in the first-team, parachuting him in as a second central defender in an era commonly deploying only one centre-half between two full-backs.
The rest, as they say, is history… but Dickinson is quick to remind us that the brightest light produces the darkest shadow. Battles with cancer, Greenwood, the bottle, England manager Alf Ramsey, and even the Colombian Police, would follow. Then there were arson attacks on no less than three of Moore’s business premises as he tried to rebuild his life after the game he served so well effectively washed its hands of him.
Moore’s contemporaries queue up to offer their loving reminiscences and anecdotes, yet also speak of a private man seemingly cocooned by his thoughts and fears.
Perhaps Moore really was fully aware of his destiny all along?
He seemed lost in his thoughts on the couple of occasions I encountered the great man. The first time was after a midweek match at Brentford sometime in the very late 70’s or early 80’s, and although his star was inexplicably on the wane it felt incongrous to see him standing alone at the rear of the main stand, staring at nothing in particular.
Coincidentally I was with Rob Shepherd, founder of Bobbyfc, who I had to cajole into going over to introduce ourselves, at that time a couple of teenage football-writing wannabes. Shep, I can reveal, is no shrinking violet (on another occasion we bumped into Little Richard while he was flogging his autobiography and Shep demanded: “Oi Little, Little! Gissa book!”) but such was his awe, as a West Ham fan, he took some persuading.
The last time I saw Moore was in the press room at QPR during the 92-93 season. It was an area about 20 feet square with a bar in the corner pumping out free pints of Guinness (QPR’s shirt sponsors at the time) and populated by about 20 journalists.
Moore, as is the wont of all great footballers, had found space, though now it was in order to stand alone, leaning with his back against a wall, almost hiding under a cap with his collar turned up. His skin was yellow.
I sat quietly and stole glances and wondered if I should ask if he’d like a cup of tea or something, yet his body language suggested, very politely, to Leave Me Alone. He was only weeks from making his final pass though we didn’t know it. But it was obvious something was seriously wrong and it was also heart breaking. Moore, as always, kept his woes to himself, but who can blame him for that having already given everything of himself to his country?
Like that famous image of Moore held aloft by his team-mates with the World Cup in his clutch, he remains the England captain head and shoulders above all other England captains.
As Michael Caine pointed out: “It was the cometh the moment, cometh the man. It’s a bit like a messiah. You know, out of the gloom of the fifties… he just came, like a gleam of light.”
(*Dickinson, thankfully, plays a blinder in what is I daresay a fair representation and portrayal. The book jacket informs of a £20 cover price though I got mine in a supermarket for just nine quid. Yet after reacquainting myself with Moore once again I can think of no good reason not to send the balance to the Bobby Moore Fund .)
@RoyDalley
Published by Taschen
ISBN 978-3-8365-4797-0
For those who lived through the seventies, The Age of Innocence will evoke memories of an era when football seemed simpler, less aloof and less remote from the fans. A time when, for instance, a West Ham fan could pop down to an East End pub and find Bobby Moore at the bar buying drinks for Harry Redknapp and Frank Lampard Snr. In short, a time when you could reach out and touch your heroes.
This book beautifully captures that age and will appeal not only to those who witnessed it first-hand but also to those who love the game, its history and its flamboyance.
It opens with introductory essays from four of football journalism’s top writers:
• Brian Glanville who recalls the European Cup in the 70s • David Goldblatt who considers how the game become truly global during this time • Rob Hughes who looks at the World Cups played in that decade • Barney Ronay who considers this age of innocence.
Then it allows the photographs to do the talking. And at over 300 hundred pages this weighty tome is full of them, reproduced in both colour, and black and white.
What memories they evoke.
Who can forget Pele and Bobby Moore embracing at the end of the Brazil versus England game during the 1970 World Cup? Or Bobby Charlton leading out his Manchester United team mates in his 606th and final league game for the Red Devils, in 1973? Those moments in time are reproduced here in all their glory.
There is even a picture of Jack Charlton having a crafty fag during training – a ritual that Bobby FC covered in its This Was the Week column.
But the book doesn’t restrict itself to the English game. There are plenty of images from around the world of football including (and this is one of my favourites) a shot of Diego Maradona in 1977 with his head under a hair dryer fixing his perm, while reading a soccer magazine.
Other football greats are captured through the lens of a camera including Eusébio, Franz Beckenbauer and Johan Cruyff, as well as great teams such as Holland, Italy and Argentina.
Although many of the pictures feature players in the heat of battle, quite a few show the quieter, less intense side of football.
For instance, there’s a picture of Helmut Schőn, West Germany’s World Cup winning coach, watering his garden a few weeks after his 1974 triumph.
Then there is perhaps the world’s greatest player, Pele, caught on camera during a TV interview with the legendary Johnny Carson on his The Tonight Show.
There is even a very topical shot: the Russian army in the stands at Dynamo Kiev’s stadium during an international against France, held in what is now the Ukraine. It begs the question, what would happen to the players from the USSR if they lost?
If I do take issue with this coffee-table book at all, it is where it’s billed the 70s as ‘footballs most beautiful era’. Yes there was some wonderful moments but it was also a time of cynical aggression on the pitch and violence off it. This ugly side of the game is not really shown in any depth, though, to be fair, it does include one or two representative pictures.
My favourite element in the book is where the words and pictures gel so perfectly. The picture is of George Best and the words sum it up so wonderfully.
Turn to page 79 and you’ll see George standing alongside a sleek sports car, outside his boutique shop. Then flip (well perhaps not, it is a big book) to the back cover and you’ll read his quote: “I spent a lot of money on booze, birds and fast cars. The rest I just squandered.” Magical.
The book closes with a 1970s dream team selected by one of the contributors. I won’t spoil it for you by naming the eleven but I’m sure many may well disagree with the line-up. What I will say is that two British players are included. I defy anyone to question their inclusion.
This is a publication you can turn to again and again and never tire of recalling those wonderful memories of a bygone age when football really did seem so much simpler, less aloof and less remote.
BB rating 8/10
Today is Bobby Robson day.
It is five years since Sir Robert died.
The FA has established an annual tribute day to remember the great man and also support the Bobby Robson cancer trust.
Read below the fine tribute his official biographer Paul Hayward wrote in 2009. And for the whole story we recommend you buy the book (ISBN 978034 082 23477).
Sir Bobby Robson: Brave Player, Great Coach… But Most of All a True Gent.
by Paul Hayward, Sir Bobby Robson’s Official Biographer
One word captures the people’s view of Sir Bobby Robson. He was easily and universally recognised as a gentleman, which was no small feat in a sport with an increasingly wonky moral compass.
The two elder statesmen of our national game have been the two Sir Bobbys: Charlton for his achievements on the field and his ambassadorial aura, and Robson for his endless love of coaching and being around players.
Sir Bobby Robson and his wife Elsie.
Robson’s nirvana was a 7am alarm call and a cup of tea with his beloved wife Elsie followed by a long and intense session on the training pitch. The medical records are unavailable, but many suspect he was born in a tracksuit.
He could be profound, fierce, angry, sad, insightful and entertaining in a single answer. Often he would illustrate his point by turning the kitchen into a training pitch.
With a fine comic sense and an actor’s gift for delivery, Bobby would set off on a tale about how, on foreign trips, he would write the name of the Ipswich team hotel on the shirt cuffs of chairman John Cobbold, who was partial to a wander and a drink.
Then he would recall how the great Corinthian of the boardroom would tell him after a defeat: ‘Bobby, today it wasn’t our turn, but we’ve given the other team the pleasure of winning. That’s something.’
Robson would chuckle at that. The idea of losing charitably was anathema to him, because behind the avuncular exterior he was demonic in pursuit of success. Yet he also understood the value of civility and honour in an industry of careerists and carve-ups.
One morning I arrived at his London home to find him frantically calling a local radio station and failing to get through. He said he had been ringing for almost an hour but had succeeded only in listening to countless bars of Mozart.
‘Why?’ was the obvious question. It turned out that a stranger on a bike had stopped him in the street the day before and told him that if he (Sir Bobby) called the radio station and vouched for the celebrity sighting, a sum of money would go to charity while the cyclist would be eligible for a £1,000 prize draw.
On the back of this chance collision with a stranger, Robson was quite willing to spend the whole morning trying to report the meeting so the charity would get its money and the young man would have a chance of scooping the pot.
Bobby Robson playing for Fulham in 1953.
Walking 100 yards with him would take an hour, because builders would come down from scaffolding and taxi drivers would halt to salute him. Sure, they admired his achievements on the football field, but the deeper attraction was his decency, his consideration for others.
He had an ego like the rest of them. No manager could survive almost 40 years in the dugout without one. There was a hardness about him, too: a product, perhaps, of his early years below ground in the Durham coalfields.
He could be severe with players or journalists who crossed him. He also had a keen sense of his own market value. An initial offer of £400,000 a year in 1999 to manage Newcastle was rejected on the grounds that Alan Shearer was then earning around £3million. As the negotiations opened, Robson would not allow his love for the club to override his professional pride.
Acquisitive though he was, he would never trample on others to reach the top, or forget that manners are one of the simplest and most lasting measures of a man. In one sense, his was a career of nearmisses.
As a player he spent most of his 17 years among the rakes and rogues of Fulham: a fun-loving club where an injured player would be turfed off the treatment table to accommodate a team-mate’s greyhound who needed urgent physio for a race at the weekend.
Robson guided England to the semi-finals of the World Cup
With England, Robson was injured before the 1962 World Cup, which opened the door to a certain Bobby Moore, and looked back with anguish at his narrow failure to make the victorious 1966 squad. His 20 caps were no consolation as Moore lifted the trophy.
Robson said: ‘I confess I gritted my teeth and shook my head. I was in the top division with Fulham. I felt I could handle anyone. I could have played that day in 1966.’
As England manager he survived eight years and was denied a World Cup final appearance by a penalty shootout in the semi-finals of Italia 90.
In 1986 in Mexico, he preferred to ascribe Diego Maradona’s infamous goal to the ‘hand of a rascal’. But after tolerating vicious personal abuse with characteristic grace, he left the England job as the country’s most successful manager since Sir Alf Ramsey, by virtue of that World Cup semi-final.
The pattern was repeated in large parts of his managerial career. At Ipswich, where he worked miracles in a sleepy Suffolk town, he won the UEFA and FA Cups but missed out several times on the English league championship.
At Portman Road, he was the unofficial lord of Suffolk, running the club from top to bottom while the Cobbolds sipped their gins and tonic and upheld sporting values from a vanished age.
He won league titles in Holland and Portugal, but finished second with Barcelona in his only year at the Nou Camp (1996-97). Typically, though, he assembled a Barca side who scored 137 times and won two cups. Another of Robson’s enduring legacies is his devotion to adventurous, attacking football.
Robson lifts the UEFA Cup
For him, football had a duty to excite. His teams expressed his character: energetic, fun, indefatigable. He was too proud to admit it publicly, but his time at Newcastle United scarred him to his bones.
When chairman Freddy Shepherd sacked him four games into the 2004-05 season, it’s no exaggeration to say Robson entered a period of bereavement. Many of us wondered whether he would ever recover from being first undermined and then fired by the club he had queued to watch as a small boy with his father immediately after the war.
‘I’ve been sacked for finishing fifth,’ he would complain. ‘Fifth! In my last three seasons there we finished fourth, third and fifth!’
He left it to others to point out that Newcastle then came home in 14th place in Graeme Souness’s first season in charge.
Robson’s five years on Tyneside cast an unflattering light on the modern footballer and he was frequently bemused by the antics of Kieron Dyer and Craig Bellamy, who got into a fist fight with Sir Bobby’s No 2 in a departure lounge on the way to a European game. He was baffled by the superstar lifestyle, the egocentricity of some modern players.
Robson, after all, had travelled home by train and bus after playing for England in front of 80,000 spectators at Wembley. He vividly remembered having to take his shoes off to ease his blisters as he limped the final few yards from the bus stop after scoring for England against Scotland in 1961.
It was not that he romanticised the era of dubbin and modest wages. More that he always thought the game was more precious than any material gain it might bring. Though the Newcastle experience broke his heart, retirement was unthinkable. It would have separated him from who and what he was.
And yes, he did occasionally struggle with names, however much he objected privately to people thinking he muddled them up. Once or twice he called me Peter. But I didn’t mind. He could have called me anything. To me he represented most of what is great about football. More importantly, he was an inspiration as a man.
ISBN-13: 978-0552157421
The final chapter of Jamie Carragher’s Autobiography begins:
“I stare at my medal collection and there is a gaping lingering hole. It’s a void I fear will never be filled before that dreaded moment when I wear the red shirt for the last time…”
Carra was published in 2008. The opening lines of that the Walk On chapter have proved profound and prophetic.
A year on from Carragher’s decision to hang up his boots Liverpool are on the brink of winning that elusive title for the first time in almost two generations.
As a pundit Carragher has no doubt been kicking every ball when he’s not on camera.
Liverpool’s exciting assault on the title, led by his bosom buddy Steven Gerrard, must make part of Carragher gleam with pride and another part secretly hurt – endure bitter regret even – that he didn’t battle on for just one more season and be part of this team that is now on the brink of ending 24 years of hurt… even a bit part.
After all Carragher continues: “I’m fixated by this goal, consumed by the determination to bring the title back to Anfield… Winning the title has become Liverpool’s obsession… it will sicken me not to achieve it.”
The honesty and colour of the language sums up the book which, ghosted by journalists Henry Winter and Chris Bascombe, is one of the best player/football books to come out in recent years.
Carragher’s raw honesty comes to the fore as he confronts so many issues about his club career; his thoughts on England, Hillsborough, the wider issues of how the game has evolved since the Nineties and one spine-tingling chapter about the miracle of Istanbul.
This is not just a compelling read for Liverpool fans but football fans in general.
BB Rating: 9/10
ISBN-13: 978-0747561798
The English invented the game but soccer’s spiritual home is Brazil. That’s what make this summer’s World Cup finals so exciting.
And the countdown has really started in earnest.
We are now within the final 100 days on the road to Rio. Worryingly much of the stadia and infrastructure is behind schedule. There remain profound worries about security issues too.
But the prospect of a soccer fest played to the rhythm and syncopation of the samba beat in the background is as intoxicating as several large Caipirinha’s.
For once England’s expectations are so low but that doesn’t seem to matter quite as much as it did.
The cosmopolitan nature of the Premier League means that as an audience there is a greater understanding and appreciation of the global game and it’s players in this country.
Even the most one eyed patriot will still be intrigued and probably enthralled with what Ronaldo or Lionel Messi get up to as much as whether Daniel Sturridge can gel with Wayne Rooney.
And of course how the Brazilians will cope with the pressure of winning on home soil, an achievement they failed to do in 1954 when they were defeated in the final by Uruguay, will be fascinating to watch.
Since then Brazil have become the undisputed masters of the Copa Mundial – The World Cup – having won the Jules Rimet trophy three times and the subsequent trophy twice .
The Brazilian skill and style known as the Jogo Bonito (The beautiful game) is revered.
To fully understand it and how it evolved from the days of Garrincha and Pele through to Zico and now Neymar then have a read of Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life by Alex Bellos.
It is a wise way to warm up for this summer’s finals.
As Norman Cook aka Fatboy Slim says on the cover credits: “It vividly captures the romance and passion that we expect from the Brazilians, as well as entertaining us with tales of their occasional absurdity. Immensely enjoyable.”
He might have added: “Go read it; right now!”
BB Rating: 8.5/10
| Fulham |
Who was the first West Indian batsman to score 35.000 first class runs | ALASTAIR BARCLAY
Taken from the 1973 Bonnet Guild Festival Guide
It could not be justifiably said that Stewarton is a famous football town. While certain teams in the past have done exceptionally well by winning various cups etc., it must be admitted that our town cannot compare with other places of similar size up and down the country.
Nevertheless, the Bunnet Toun has, on occasion, produced some excellent soccer talent and although most of our successful teams hung up their boots many years ago we've still had our moments of glory.
You've got to go back a century to the early days of organised football to discover that Stewarton had no fewer than three clubs, which wasn't bad for a population of 3,000. The names of those at that time were: Stewarton, Stewarton Cunninghame and Vale of Annick and all were members of the Ayrshire Football Association. Of all the towns in the County, only Kilmarnock with five clubs and Ayr with four, had a larger representation. And incidentally, one of the Kilmarnock clubs was Killie of Rugby Park fame.
DARLINGTON
Probably the best known local club was Stewarton Cunninghame which was formed in 1876. In this club's early years their headquarters or "club hoose" was situated in Lainshaw Street while their ground was one mile away at High Cross Farm which was quite a distance for the players to run out.
The Vale of Annick, formed in 1879, had their pitch at Causeyhead, Darlington with a club house in the vicinity. Perhaps I had better explain for the benefit of new Stewartonians that Darlington, or Daurlintoun as it was called — and still is by some - is that district of Stewarton now better known as Dean Street and the actual football park was situated where the Merrygreen houses now stand.
The oldest club was Stewarton which came into existence in 1875 with a pitch at Standalane and a club house at the Railway hotel which no doubt was fully utilised for after-the-match refreshment.
Later Stewarton added the term "Juniors" to their title and, with the Cunninghame, played in the Ayrshire Junior League. In 1903, the Juniors opened a new ground at Hillhouse and celebrated the occasion that same year by winning the Ayrshire Junior Cup beating Darvel 2-1 in the final.
The Juniors eventually managed to get a pitch in the town, named Cochrane Park after their benefactor and greatest supporter, Mr. Gabriel Cochrane, who was a well-known celebrity and proprietor of the Railway Hotel, which used to stand at the Cross before "progress" intervened. This park was on the piece of ground behind what is now Carrick Precision Tools building. About the same period (pre-World War 1), the Cunninghame also secured a new ground at Rigghead where the High School now stands.
DONATION
I'm informed by those who were about at the time that there was a tremendous local rivalry between the two teams which was not always confined to the field of play. The story goes that whenever the club funds of, say the Juniors, were getting a bit low, the wily officials used to approach prominent local business men with a view of securing a donation. First of all they might call on Gibby Cochrane and tell him that they had received a donation of£3 from Peter Welsh, the proprietor of a public house further down the street. Not to be outdone by his rival in the trade, Gibby would oblige with a fiver. Later the same approach would be made to the unsuspecting Mr. Welsh staling that Mr. Cochrane had donated £5; and so on ............
After the first world war, only the Juniors were reformed and for a short time they played under the new title of Stewarton Thistle before reverting to the more popular name of Stewarton Juniors and many older Stewartonians still recall some exciting matches at Bumside Park at Kirkford.
DECLINE
However, by the mid-twenties junior football had ceased to exist in the town and it has been said that the reason for this decline in football interest was directly connected with the decision of the majority of the townspeople at that time to vote Stewarton "dry." It seems that this not only discouraged visiting supporters from following their teams to Stewarton but it drove the home fans out of the town on a Saturday afternoon.
In 1930, the local branch of the Y.M.C.A. formed a team to play on the then new Strandhead Park and only three years later won the Scottish Churches Cup, a great feat indeed. Another notable achievement occurred in 1930 when the local school team won the Kilmarnock and District Schools Cup.
Stewarton Armatures - 1948
During and after the war, various teams continued to represent Stewarton including Stewarton and Dunlop Youth Club, Stewarton Amateurs, the British Legion and Strandhead Rovers. But the man who did more to put Stewarton on the football map in recent times was Rabbie Wilson who ran youth teams for twelve years.
Says Rabbie: "It all started when Bill Fleming and I organised a team to represent the United Free Church Youth Fellowship. After this, we were eventually talked into running a youth team which we entered in the local league."
Playing under the name of Stewarton United, Rabbie and Bill at one period had two teams under their control Under 16s and Under 18s, and they won several Ayrshire Cups and reached the semi final of the Scottish Cup and also did well in boys Club football.
"We got a lot of help from different people, " said Rabbie, including Jimmy Brown and Alec Rollo of Killie who took a keen interest."
Many of the Stewarton United players eventually signed for junior clubs and one or two made the grade as seniors including Andrew Porter who went to Watford and Davie Mitchell who signed for Stoke City and was unfortunate to incur a serious injury to his back; After a spell with St. Mirren, Davie is now playing great stuff with Clydebank.
LEGEND
Have any other Stewarton players reached the top in football? Well, although our town cannot match certain other towns and villages in parts of Ayrshire and Lanarkshire, some fine players have emerged from the shadows of Mackie's Lum and the Viaduct and the hum of hosiery machinery.
I suppose that Stewarton's brightest soccer star was the one and only Davie Russell who was one of the top names in English football long before Bobby Moore ever put a curler in his hair. Davie, who became something of a legend in his own time, played for Preston North End in 1888 when they won both the English League and the English (sorry F.A.) Cup in the same season.
In the 1920s, Willie McDonald and my father Tom Barclay played together for St. Mirren and won Scottish Cup medals. About the same period, Willie Maxwell was a Hibernian player. A decade later that flying winger, Willie (Sonny) Sim gained Scottish junior caps and a Scottish Junior Cup medal with the great Arthurlie team of the late thirties.
Wee Bobby Ferguson was a senior with Fulham and Teddy Craig also played in English football for some years. Two local men, Alex. Currie and James Ferguson played at different times for Queens Park and another amateur, Billy Neil was a 'keeper with Kilmamock before joining Rangers and although he never quite made the "big time'., he won two Amateur International caps for Scotland and finished up with Stirling Albion. And Stewart Brown had a good few seasons with Motherwell and then Stranraer. Of course, there's Stewarton's most famous football "import," the one and only Jimmy Brown, formerly of Hearts, then long-time Killie star who finished his career with St. Mirren. Another "import" was Bert Kinnell of Dunfermline and Partick Thistle and Jock "Pints" Smith was a Rangers player in the twenties.
SERIOUS MATTER
But we must not forget the ladies, who, it must be admitted, made Stewarton famous football-wise more than any male section of the community. It all started about twelve years ago when the Broadhurst family, and I include the family names of Bennett, Fleming and Stewart, formed a girls soccer team more or less for laughs. It wasn't long however, before it became a very serious matter indeed and under the names of Stewarton Ladies or Stewarton Thistle and with a few girls from other places, the team got better and better. Later it became Stewarton Lees Ladies and the success continued until the end of last season when it lost its Stewarton connection.
During their great run, the ladies won the Scottish Cup, the European Cup and were runners-up in the British Cup and several of the players, including Rose Reilly and Elsie Cook won representative honours. Just recently, the two girls made a tour of North Africa with a select team.
CONVERTED
After Rabbie Wilson quit due to illness and to become a St. Mirren scout, Davie Moncur was in charge of the young players of the town for a spell and then for si; years until the early 'seventies, John Roy and Willie Gilliespie took over and eventually converted from Youth to Amateur football and changed the name to Stewarton Thistle.
John told me — "For the first few seasons we did quite well, but during the last two years, we had to pull the players oot o' the pubs wi' a long hook before the games - just like the old navy press gangs. It would have been comical if it hadn't been so serious," he laughed.
I must add that Jimmy Brown helped us a lot as he was not only a great coach but he ran raffles, etc. and helped financially."
Today, Rigghead, run by a committee headed by Michael Hughes and Andy Love, is the only official football team in the town and they are in the second division of the Ayrshire Amateur League. There are also teams of various ages representing Stewarton High School and two years ago the Under 15s reached the final of the Ayrshire Schools Cup.
What about the future?
Well, I hate to end on a pessimistic note but there's really not much hope that Stewarton will ever again attain anything in the football world until something is done to improve facilities and provide pitches. It is a sad fact but there were more football parks in the town fifty or a hundred years ago for a population of 3,000 than there are today with around double that number. And Strandhead is not, and never has been a good playing pitch.
The new Centre is providing wonderful INDOOR activities for the community. What is needed now is an outdoor sports complex with two good football fields, plus a few kick-about play areas in different parts of the town.
There is only one ray of hope. If Knockintiber (population 500) can win the Scottish Amateur Cup, maybe it could be Rigghead's turn next year.
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In which Australian city is the Gabba cricket ground | The GABBA, Brisbane QLD – Australia’s Stadiums - Tourism Australia
Brisbane
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The Brisbane Cricket Ground, commonly known as ‘The Gabba’, is one of the city of Brisbane’s major icons.
The Gabba is named after the suburb of Woolloongabba, where it is located, just 1 kilometre from the Brisbane city centre .
Over the years, The Gabba has hosted cricket, athletics, Australian Rules Football, baseball, cycling, Rugby League, Rugby Union, soccer and pony and greyhound races, along with being the stage for many international concerts. The Gabba is home to the Brisbane Lions Australian Football League team; the Queensland Cricket Association; and the Queensland Bulls state cricket team.
The first cricket match was held on the site in 1896 - an historic match between Members of Parliament and the press. Since then, many cricketing legends have been created here. The first Test Cricket match at The Gabba was played between Australia and South Africa in 1931. The Gabba was also the first Australian venue to host an International Twenty20 cricket match in 2006.
Today, the 42,000 seat stadium almost resembles a mini Melbourne Cricket Ground , complete with light towers and a large modern grandstand encircling the ground. Unrestricted views of the oval playing surface from all areas have made it a perfect venue for hosting international sporting and entertainment events. The Gabba usually hosts the first Test Cricket match of the season each November, in addition to a number of international one-day cricket matches, usually held in January. It was also the venue for the opening match of the historic 2013 British and Irish Lions Australia Tour.
Australian Rules football was played at The Gabba from as early as 1905.
During the 1950s and 1960s The Gabba hosted soccer matches for English first division clubs including Blackpool FC, Everton FC and Manchester United. The Chinese and South African national teams have also played at the ground.
The first Rugby League Test match was played at the Gabba in 1909 between Australia and New Zealand. The largest crowd attendance ever at the Gabba was for a Rugby League Test Match between Australia and Great Britain in 1954, when more than 47,000 people packed the arena. The Gabba has also hosted six Rugby Union Test matches.
A team of dedicated volunteers regularly conduct tours of the Gabba. These behind the scenes tours will give you a first-hand look at the areas usually off limits to the general public. Check in advance for tour schedules; and bookings are essential.
One of the best ways to get a local's view of the city is with the Brisbane Greeters service, part of the Global Greeters Network, which began in New York in 1992. These free two-hour tours will help you discover Brisbane with a local.
Public transport is one of the easiest ways to get to the Gabba; or it's an easy walk from the Brisbane city centre. South Bank train station is the closest railway station. There are also regular bus services. On days when major events are held, additional shuttle bus services run from various locations throughout Brisbane.
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Who played George The Third in the film The Madness of King George | Home of the Lions - Review of Gabba Brisbane Cricket Ground, Brisbane, Australia - TripAdvisor
Review of Gabba Brisbane Cricket Ground
411 Vulture St | Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
+61 7 3008 6166
“Home of the Lions”
Reviewed May 23, 2016
Get to the game before the start of the game so you don't miss the entertainment pre game, also the home team enters differently than games in Melbourne. Great viewing options from all areas, lots of food & beer outlets inside, found a couple of outlets that did coffees. Bit of a hike to the ground from the train, down hill there, get a taxi back !
Visited May 2016
Ask Sequia about Gabba Brisbane Cricket Ground
This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC.
169 reviews from our community
Visitor rating
Reviewed May 1, 2016 via mobile
The Gabba is a great sized sporting venue to watch sport, particularly Australian rules football . Most seats are close to the action and afford a great view. A modernised facility with very comfortable seating,
Visited May 2016
Ask Linda C about Gabba Brisbane Cricket Ground
This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC.
Happytraveller604
“A must see!”
Reviewed April 2, 2016
For someone coming from a country where cricket is not played, seeing the cricket pitch and the care that they take with the greens was almost overwhelming. The facility is huge but lots of public transportation allows easy access as there really is very limited parking nearby. With many rooms that can be booked for special events when cricket is not being played, one can readily get to see the facility. The only downside is in the special event rooms the air-conditioning is very poor -- far too cold and drafty on one side of the room while sweltering on the other.
Visited March 2016
Ask Happytraveller604 about Gabba Brisbane Cricket Ground
This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC.
Jeffry B
“Icon of Austrralian sporting culture”
Reviewed March 19, 2016
The Gabba is one of Australia's great sporting arenas. You can feel the tingle in your
spine as you enter the ground. The Gabba has been restructured to allow Australian Rules Football to be played there -- it's the home ground of the Brisbane Lions. It's called the Gabba because the ground is in the suburb of Woollongabba. Cricket is the Gabba's claim to fame. Wherever cricket is played, fans will have heard of the Gabba
Visited March 2016
Ask Jeffry B about Gabba Brisbane Cricket Ground
This review is the subjective opinion of a TripAdvisor member and not of TripAdvisor LLC.
Jeffry B has 1 more review of Gabba Brisbane Cricket Ground
19 attraction reviews
11 helpful votes
“Must have been keen on her, I took my wife to see India! At the Gabba”
Reviewed January 18, 2016
My first trip here and its always been on bucket list to see a ODI game and it did not dissapoint. EXCEPT For the beachballs hitting my head. Iam all for having some fun but was trying to just watch the cricket. The gabba is an initmate stadium but really is relaced and comfortable you are not crammed in like other places. Great view and screens to assist if your peepers are not what they were. Police and local transport operators extremley organised and moving tens of thousands spectators out of the venue very very quickly. Food as you can imagin in these environments very very ordinary and overpriced HOWEVER for events like cricket very family orientated if you want to bring your own food and drink (as long as its sealed) Its fun for all and would love to do the daytime tour of the gabba. Great venue great location fun for all
Visited January 2016
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What city's police force employed Dirty Harry | The Enforcer (1976) - Plot Summary - IMDb
The Enforcer (1976)
Plot Summary
Showing all 6 plot summaries
Picking up three years after the events in Magnum Force, a threatening terrorist group called, The People's Revolutionary Strike Force declare war to the city of San Francisco and demand a ransom to be paid, otherwise they plan to blow the city apart. While Inspector 'Dirty' Harry Callahan is at a limbo following his unorthodox method during a robbery, he's at it to dispatch the terrorist group, by playing their game by being more dirty than ever. But this time, he's got a new partner, which might prove the task to be somewhat more difficult than ever, unless the two can work together.
- Written by Anonymous
San Francisco Police Inspector Harry Callahan returns in the third of the Dirty Harry movies. Teamed with his new partner, Policewoman Inspector Kate Moore, they hunt for a group of terrorists that are blackmailing the City of San Francisco for two million dollars.
- Written by David J. Kiseleski <[email protected]>
Robbers at a liquor store are holding a shopkeeper and three of his patrons hostage. Asked by the robbers for a car with a police radio, Inspector Dirty Harry Callahan volunteers his own car. Dirty Harry drives the car right through the store's plate glass window. Before the robbers know what hit them, Dirty Harry has shot them. $14,379 is how much the San Francisco police department will have to pay to repair the damages caused by Dirty Harry's encounter with the robbers. Rather than getting a medal, which he doesn't want, Harry is relegated to Personnel to help interview patrol officers on the list to make inspector. Dirty Harry is told that of the eight openings, three will be filled by women. A group that calls themselves the People's Revolutionary Strike Force (PRSF), led by Bobby Maxwell, are making plans to go on a rampage throughout San Francisco as some kind of extremist political statement. When Dirty Harry's longtime partner is killed by the PRSF during a major weapons theft, Dirty Harry vows revenge and, surprisingly, is given some support by his superiors. Dirty Harry has bad luck when it comes to partners. Being Dirty Harry's partner is like having your doctor say you only have a few days left to live. Harry gets a new partner named Kate Moore, a woman whose decade long entire police career has been spent in the Human Resources department. With her suit and high heels, Kate has trouble chasing suspects. But she proves to be resilient and resourceful and becomes Harry's friend. The PRSF continues stealing explosive devices and rocket launchers. After they're armed to the teeth, they kidnap the mayor and demand a ransom of two million dollars. The PRSF is prepared to blow up the toilets in the police station itself. Dirty Harry goes undercover, attempting to root out Maxwell and his crew. Kate and Dirty Harry discover that the mayor is being held at Alcatraz Island. This leads Kate and Dirty Harry to a showdown against Maxwell.
- Written by Todd Baldridge
Following a reprimand from his superiors for his somewhat destructive approach to his work, Harry Callahan finds his new partner to be female. Though none too pleased with this, the job has to come first - in this case the City being held to ransom following an arms robbery, by a gang prepared to blow up the toilets in the police station itself.
- Written by Jeremy Perkins <[email protected]>
When SFPD Insp. Harry Callahan ends a liquor store holdup by doing things in his usual hard-boiled manner, his bleeding-heart boss, Capt. Briggs (Bradford Dillman) demotes Harry to the personnel division. But Harry doesn't remain there for long, as a group of terrorists rob an arms warehouse and begin a bloody extortion spree demanding $2 million from the City. Harry is paired with Insp. Kate Moore (Tyne Daly) to shut the terrorists down. Callahan is none too thrilled to be paired with Moore, but she more than proves herself when she and Harry pursue the terrorists to their hideout in the old prison of Alcatraz.
- Written by Derek O'Cain
Dirty Harry must foil a terrorist organization made up of disgruntled Vietnam veterans. But this time, he's teamed with a rookie female partner that he's not too excited to be working with.
| San Francisco |
Which legendary character has been played by Sean Connery and his son Jason | The Enforcer Movie Review & Film Summary (1976) | Roger Ebert
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LOS ANGELES -- The stick-up men are trapped in a liquor store. The cops have the place surrounded. There are innocent hostages inside. One of them will be killed unless the police supply a getaway car. "Hey, Harry - what are you doing?" asks a cop. "Taking them a car," says Harry Callahan . He commandeers a car. spins it 180 degrees, drives it straight through the plate glass front of the liquor store, runs down one robber, leaps out and opens fire on the others. It's amazing this guy is still on the force. Dirty Harry has been taking the law into his own hands in three films now, gunning down the bad guys on the streets of San Francisco, As punishment, he keeps getting transferred to assignments like traffic and personnel, but by the next film he's back on homicide again.
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In " Dirty Harry " and "Magnum Force," some disturbing philosophical questions were raised by Harry's behavior: Were these movies glorifying a cop who was self-appointed judge, jury and executioner? "The Enforcer," Clint Eastwood 's third (and, it's said, his last) film as Dirty Harry, gets off the hook by handling its killings more in terms of self defense and rescue operations, instead of as cold-blooded executions.
It's also a more light-hearted film (although that may be hard to guess on the basis of the opening liquor store scene). All Dirty Harry films have given us a hard-boiled combination of violence and humor, with most of the laughs coming out of Harry's laconic calm in the face of mayhem. This time, though, there's, a genuinely interesting plot development that inspires a good deal more humor: Dirty Harry, of all people, has just been given a woman as his partner. Harry places women in two categories, those to be used and those to be rescued. He has never imagined one as a partner.
And especially not this one. He meets her the first time when she's taking her oral examination, (Harry, it should be explained, has been demoted to personnel again and assigned to the promotion board.) She has been on the force 10 years, he discovers. As a clerk. Now she's going to get promoted, go out onto the street, do real police work, get a larger salary than a lot of the guys who've been on the force longer and deserve it more - because she's a woman and there are quotas to be met. Harry's livid. He gives the woman a hard time during the examination. Asks her rude, personal questions. Grinds his teeth. Rails against this whole business of sending a woman to do a man's job. And then, inevitably, it turns out she's assigned to be his partner, How he got back to homicide so quickly is, thankfully, glossed over; it would take an hour in each of these movies to explain why he's not in jail.
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The woman is played by Tyne Daly , who has done a lot of stage work but never made a name in the movies. She's very well cast, She's not beautiful, but she has a direct, spontaneous attractiveness. She speaks up for herself, has intelligent observations to make, is willing to learn from Harry's experience, and doesn't do dumb female things, except once when she can't find her gun in her purse. (When I say "dumb female things," you understand, I am reflecting Harry's chauvinistic attitude toward these matters.) Eventually she saves Harry's life. "A guy could have a worse partner," he admits.
"The Enforcer" is the best of the Dirty Harry movies at striking a balance between the action and the humor. Sometimes in the previous films we felt uneasy laughing in between the bloodshed, but this time the movie's more thoughtfully constructed and paced. For the first time we really get a sense of the human being behind Harry's facade, some of the scenes with Tyne Daly wouldn't work any other way. And Clint Eastwood, as always, is good at projecting Harry's loyalties and convictions in the fewest words possible.
The plot is cheerfully confusing, having to do with something called the Ecumenical Liberation Army, which may or may not be on the level. At various points explosives are employed and the mayor is kidnapped, and there's a sensational shoot-out at Alcatraz during which Eastwood, who seems to enjoy a larger weapon in every movie, uses a hand held bazooka, But the best things in the movie are the scenes between Eastwood and Tyne Daly. A relationship is explored, and it leads somewhere and makes a statement, and that makes "The Enforcer" more satisfactory than Dirty Harry's previous adventures - unless, of course, you go to see the bazooka.
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In the 1991 film Frankie and Johnny Al Pacino was Johnny, who played Frankie | Frankie and Johnny (7/8) Movie CLIP - Open Your Robe (1991) HD - YouTube
Frankie and Johnny (7/8) Movie CLIP - Open Your Robe (1991) HD
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Published on May 23, 2012
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CLIP DESCRIPTION:
Johnny (Al Pacino) asks Frankie (Michelle Pfeiffer) to open her robe.
FILM DESCRIPTION:
Terrence McNally's stage play Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune was a two-character piece, which starred Kathy Bates and F. Murray Abraham on Broadway. Garry Marshall's film version of the McNally play streamlines the title to Frankie and Johnny, expands the dramatis personae to include at least a dozen fascinating characters, and "glamorizes" the decidedly unglamorous Frankie and Johnny in the forms of Michelle Pfeiffer and Al Pacino (their first co-starring stint since Scarface). Purists carped at the changes, but overall the film is likeable enough to transcend these carps. While serving an 18-month sentence on a forgery charge, Johnny (Al Pacino) discovers the joys of cooking and classical literature. Upon his release, he is hired by gruff but good-hearted New York diner owner Nick (played by Garry Marshall "regular" Hector Elizondo). Also working for Nick is a waitress named Frankie (Michelle Pfeiffer). When Johnny expresses interest in Frankie, she keeps him at arm's length, her mistrust of men stemming from an unmentioned but obviously traumatic experience in her past. Eventually, however, Frankie and Johnny do get together, their curious relationship setting the stage for a dramatic denouement wherein both lovers bare their souls. The bulk of the original McNally play is concentrated in the film's final 20 minutes; the rest of the picture is a kaleidoscope of comic and poignant vignettes and quick-sketch character studies. Of the newly minted characters, the standout is Nathan Lane in the traditional "gay best friend/severest critic" role: he plays the character so effectively that one forgets he's essentially a cliché. As for the stars, Al Pacino is ideally cast as Johnny, but Michelle Pfeiffer, superb though she is, seems a bit ill at ease as the emotionally tattered Frankie; she totally wins the audience's hearts, however, in the film's memorable bowling-alley sequence. Smoothing over the rough spots in Frankie and Johnny is the evocative musical score by Marvin Hamlisch.
CREDITS:
Cast: Al Pacino, Michelle Pfeiffer
Director: Garry Marshall
Producers: Nick Abdo, Garry Marshall, Charles Mulvehill, Michael Lloyd, Alexandra Rose
Screenwriter: Terrence McNally
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What was the previous name of Radio 2 | Frankie and Johnny (8/8) Movie CLIP - When the Bad Comes Again (1991) HD - YouTube
Frankie and Johnny (8/8) Movie CLIP - When the Bad Comes Again (1991) HD
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Published on May 23, 2012
Frankie and Johnny movie clips: http://j.mp/15w4whh
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CLIP DESCRIPTION:
Frankie (Michelle Pfeiffer) exposes her wounds and shares her personal sufferings with Johnny (Al Pacino).
FILM DESCRIPTION:
Terrence McNally's stage play Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune was a two-character piece, which starred Kathy Bates and F. Murray Abraham on Broadway. Garry Marshall's film version of the McNally play streamlines the title to Frankie and Johnny, expands the dramatis personae to include at least a dozen fascinating characters, and "glamorizes" the decidedly unglamorous Frankie and Johnny in the forms of Michelle Pfeiffer and Al Pacino (their first co-starring stint since Scarface). Purists carped at the changes, but overall the film is likeable enough to transcend these carps. While serving an 18-month sentence on a forgery charge, Johnny (Al Pacino) discovers the joys of cooking and classical literature. Upon his release, he is hired by gruff but good-hearted New York diner owner Nick (played by Garry Marshall "regular" Hector Elizondo). Also working for Nick is a waitress named Frankie (Michelle Pfeiffer). When Johnny expresses interest in Frankie, she keeps him at arm's length, her mistrust of men stemming from an unmentioned but obviously traumatic experience in her past. Eventually, however, Frankie and Johnny do get together, their curious relationship setting the stage for a dramatic denouement wherein both lovers bare their souls. The bulk of the original McNally play is concentrated in the film's final 20 minutes; the rest of the picture is a kaleidoscope of comic and poignant vignettes and quick-sketch character studies. Of the newly minted characters, the standout is Nathan Lane in the traditional "gay best friend/severest critic" role: he plays the character so effectively that one forgets he's essentially a cliché. As for the stars, Al Pacino is ideally cast as Johnny, but Michelle Pfeiffer, superb though she is, seems a bit ill at ease as the emotionally tattered Frankie; she totally wins the audience's hearts, however, in the film's memorable bowling-alley sequence. Smoothing over the rough spots in Frankie and Johnny is the evocative musical score by Marvin Hamlisch.
CREDITS:
Cast: Al Pacino, Michelle Pfeiffer
Director: Garry Marshall
Producers: Nick Abdo, Garry Marshall, Charles Mulvehill, Michael Lloyd, Alexandra Rose
Screenwriter: Terrence McNally
WHO ARE WE?
The MOVIECLIPS channel is the largest collection of licensed movie clips on the web. Here you will find unforgettable moments, scenes and lines from all your favorite films. Made by movie fans, for movie fans.
SUBSCRIBE TO OUR MOVIE CHANNELS:
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Who was the first member of the Royal Family to appear on Desert Island Discs | Desert Island Discs racks up a milestone of delights - Telegraph
BBC
Desert Island Discs racks up a milestone of delights
As the popular Radio 4 show prepares for its 3,000th episode, we look back at some of its many highlights
Kirsty Young with war veteran Eric 'Winkle' Brown, who features on the 3,000th episode of Desert Island Discs Photo: BBC
By David Thomas
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THE PRESENTERS
The first presenter, and creator, of Desert Island Discs was Roy Plomley, who came up with the concept one cold wartime night in November 1941. He was getting ready for bed and his coal fire had gone out when inspiration struck, but, undaunted, he sat down at his desk, typed up his idea and sent it to the BBC. On January 27 1942, the first episode was recorded in a bomb-damaged BBC studio in Maida Vale and broadcast two nights later.
Plomley once sat down to interview the thriller writer Alistair MacLean, author of Where Eagles Dare and The Guns of Navarone, only to discover that the man in front of him was an entirely different Alistair MacLean, whose modest claim to fame was being the European director of tourism for the Canadian province of Ontario. Plomley gamely completed the interview, which was then discreetly shelved.
In 1958, Plomley was himself the castaway, interviewed by Eamonn Andrews. He chose Another Op’nin’, Another Show by Annabelle Hill as his favourite song, Who’s Who in the Theatre as his book and a desk with typewriter and paper as his luxury.
In 1985, Plomley was replaced as host by Michael Parkinson, who lasted less than three years. Parkinson had also been a castaway, choosing Singin’ in the Rain by Gene Kelly, Death in the Afternoon by Ernest Hemingway and, again, a typewriter and paper.
Sue Lawley took over in 1988, lasting until 2006. She had been a castaway, interviewed by Parkinson in 1987, choosing Rachmaninoff’s Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini, Provincial French Cooking by Elizabeth David and an iron and ironing board.
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The current presenter, Kirsty Young, has never been a castaway, but she has said her favourite music would include Neil Diamond’s I Am… I Said, “because it reminds me of my mother coming to kiss me goodnight smelling of Chanel No 5, wearing a fringe dress and looking beyond glamorous”.
THE GUESTS
The first guest to appear on Desert Island Discs was the actor and radio comedian Vic Oliver, who stepped in when Plomley’s first choice, the academic and radio personality CEM Joad, said he was too busy to appear.
The most senior member of the Royal family to have appeared on the show was Princess Margaret (1984), who chose Histories by Herodotus as her book and an oriental cat as her luxury. The most glamorous royal was surely Princess Grace of Monaco, who chose a book of plays by her uncle George Kelly and a pillow. The Duchess of Kent (1989) is the only castaway ever to choose the Beatles’ song Maxwell’s Silver Hammer, along with a DIY manual and a lamp with solar batteries.
A total of 236 people have appeared twice on Desert Island Discs, 12 have appeared three times, but only two men – the comedian Arthur Askey and Sir David Attenborough – have made four appearances.
The only prospective castaway to have begun an interview and not finished it was the journalist and author Martha Gellhorn, whose appearance was abruptly cut short in mid-recording when it became apparent that she would not discuss her late husband Ernest Hemingway.
When the newsreader Sir Trevor McDonald appeared in 1994, the Commission for Racial Equality pointed out that he was only the 10th non-white castaway, following five other black guests (Shirley Bassey, Joan Armatrading, Dizzie Gillespie, Jessye Norman and Frank Bruno), and four Asians (Ravi Shankar, Salman Rushdie, Imran Khan and photographer Mohamed Amin).
THE MUSIC
Every week the castaway selects eight pieces of music, or recorded speech, to take with them to their island. More than 22,000 tracks have been selected, of which the most commonly requested is Beethoven’s Ode to Joy, from his Symphony No 9.
The most beloved pop group or singer over the years has been the Beatles, whose songs have been chosen 262 times, ahead of Frank Sinatra (249) and Bing Crosby (166).
In 2011, the BBC asked listeners to nominate the music they would take, whether classical or popular. The eight most popular choices were:
1 The Lark Ascending, Ralph Vaughan Williams.
2 Enigma Variations, Sir Edward Elgar.
3 Symphony No 9, Beethoven.
4 Bohemian Rhapsody, Queen.
5 Comfortably Numb, Pink Floyd.
6 Cello Concerto in E minor, Elgar.
7 Messiah, Handel.
8 The Planets, Gustav Holst.
Gordon Brown, Noel Edmonds, Sir Rocco Forte, Katharine Hamnett, Mike Harding, Graham Hill, Nicole Kidman, Ed Miliband, Wendy Richard and Barbara Taylor Bradford were among the 43 castaways who chose Jerusalem as one of their pieces of music, making it the most popular hymn on the island.
Some of the most charming choices have been made by guests selecting music by their family members. Tony Benn selected a recording of his son Stephen singing a madrigal, Martin Clunes went for his daughter, Emily, singing Elton John’s Your Song with “her friend Daisy”. Spouses Brian May and Anita Dobson each separately chose recordings featuring the other. And Yoko Ono (whose favourite record was by the Cheeky Girls) chose Beautiful Boy by her late husband John Lennon and Magic by their son, Sean – the boy about whom Lennon’s song had been written.
The pianist Dame Moura Lympany selected eight recordings of classical piano pieces, all performed by her.
THE BOOKS
On October 9 1951, the actor Henry Kendall chose the first book to be taken to the island, Who’s Who in the Theatre (later to be Plomley’s choice). The first novel to be selected, by the actress Kathleen Harrison, was The Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens.
In 2003, George Clooney chose Tolstoy’s War and Peace as his book “as there may not be toilet paper, and that’s a huge book”. Tolstoy is the current runner-up to Dickens as the most popular author on the show, followed by Marcel Proust, Jane Austen, PG Wodehouse, Dante Alighieri, Kenneth Grahame (18 guests have selected The Wind in the Willows), and – equal eighth – Lewis Carroll and JRR Tolkien.
A dozen guests, including Louis Armstrong, Lady Diana Cooper, Engelbert Humperdinck and Dame Thora Hird, have chosen their own autobiographies and a further 15 selected a book they had written. The travel writer John Hillaby went one better, selecting two of his own books, the second being taken as his luxury. Three castaways (Peter Barkworth, Stubby Kaye and Peter Nichols) have chosen their diary, while Sir Robert Mayer preferred his visitors’ book, and the cricketer Colin Cowdrey picked the Wisden recording of his first England tour of Australia.
The showjumper Harvey Smith is the only guest to have refused to take a book, telling Plomley: “I’ve never read a book in my life and I don’t intend to start for you, sir.”
THE LUXURIES
According to Plomley’s rules, the luxury must be “an inanimate object purely for the senses, which is not going to help you live”. Dame Edna Everage, the only fictional character to appear on the show, was also unique in choosing a person, albeit equally imaginary, as her luxury: her long-suffering sidekick Madge Allsop. The presenter, Lawley, says: “I reminded her that the luxury had to be an inanimate object. She assured me that Madge was exactly that. So I allowed it.”
The first castaway to choose a luxury was the actress Sally Ann Howes. On September 11 1951, she chose garlic, which really was a luxury in a Britain still suffering food rationing.
The golfer Colin Montgomerie is the only castaway to decline a luxury, arguing that “I’ve had enough luxury to last a lifetime”.
Golf clubs, meanwhile, have been chosen by Jimmy Tarbuck, Sir Bobby Robson and Sir Clive Woodward, among many other male castaways (Alice Cooper preferred an indoor golf driving range). The jazz singer Sarah Vaughan was the only woman ever to select golf equipment, and Lady Soames was the only female guest to choose cigars. On the other hand, four women (Nicole Kidman, Annie Lennox, Joan Collins and Sue MacGregor), but no men have chosen one item that really would come in handy on a desert island: sunblock.
Many female guests have wanted to take clothes, shoes or toiletries with them, but men can be just as vain. Simon Cowell and Graham Norton both chose mirrors as their luxury.
One imagines that desert islands have neither roads nor garages, yet male guests have been known to take cars with them on their journey, including a Ferrari, chosen by jazz drummer Buddy Rich, an Aston Martin DB9 (George Michael) and a fully restored Morris Minor Traveller with wooden details (Steve Coogan).
When asked what luxury she would take to her desert island, the actress and Sixties sex symbol Brigitte Bardot replied, in a thick French accent: “A peeniss.” Her host, Plomley, displaying commendable sang-froid replied: “Most interesting. Why, may I ask?” Bardot shrugged prettily and replied: “Because that is what ze world needs most – ’appiness.”
THE HEADLINES
Desert Island Discs is hardly Newsnight – the purpose of the programme is not to embarrass, shame or force confessions out of its guests. Yet the very fact that its inquisitors are always polite, if not necessarily benign, has lulled some castaways into a false sense of security, causing them to say things that they might have reason to regret.
In 2010, journalist Lynn Barber’s confession that she had slept with “probably 50 men” during two terms at Oxford – terms which, Young pointed out, are very short – had Fleet Street columnists slavering over their keyboards. Pamela Stephenson was spared a similar fate in 1982, when her recollections of taking LSD were cut from the final broadcast.
In 1989, Lawley interviewed Lady Diana Mosley. The widow of the fascist leader Sir Oswald Mosley was reminiscing about her friend Hitler, whom she described as “fascinating”, when Lawley asked: “What about the six million Jews murdered by the Nazis?”
“Oh no, I don’t think it was as many as that. I know it was much, much less,” protested Lady Mosley.
After a long, chilly silence, Lawley said crisply: “Tell us about your fifth record, Lady Mosley.”
On the other hand, when Gok Wan appeared in 2010, it was the absence of any substance that provoked 10 formal complaints to the BBC and widespread media accusations of dumbing down, an allegation given some substance when Young asked Wan: “Take me through what you are wearing.”
The tone of the programme has been somewhat raised again since then.
| Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon |
Where are the headquarters of the BBC World Service | Desert Island Discs: 70 Years of Castaways by Sean Magee – review | Books | The Guardian
Desert Island Discs: 70 Years of Castaways by Sean Magee – review
Stephen Moss on radio's winning combination of pop and posh
Roy Plomley … the Wodehousian public-school figure who devised DID in 1941. Photograph: John Downing/Getty Images
Thursday 13 September 2012 05.46 EDT
First published on Thursday 13 September 2012 05.46 EDT
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As the recent handing out of honours to sacked ministers shows, we are addicted to gong-giving. But only one honour in British life really matters – appearing on Desert Island Discs . This celebration of the programme's 70th anniversary acknowledges that fact, pointing out that while 2,500 people a year get honours, just 42 are cast away. Sir George Young CH is unlikely to make it – DID tries to maintain standards, even if politics doesn't.
This lavishly produced but questionably organised book combines a history of the Radio 4 programme with 87 interviews broken down by decade. There is also a comprehensive list of the 3,000 or so interviewees, and I'm still looking up ones I've never heard of – Dora Labbette, Binnie Hale, TEB Clarke, GO Nickalls … Not enough men with initials appear on DID these days, and music-hall stars – a Roy Plomley speciality – are also in short supply.
Plomley, one of those Wodehousian public-school figures common in broadcasting in the 1930s and 40s, devised the programme in November 1941 . He was a 27-year-old would-be actor, and his brainwave defined the rest of his life. He realised from the outset that success would depend on a varied cast list. "Dance-band leaders, actors, members of the Brains Trust, film stars, writers, child prodigies, ballet dancers and all sorts of people could be included," he wrote in his initial submission to the BBC. DID is a world of happy juxtapositions – Tony and Lionel Blair, Michael and Leslie Howard, Roger and Patrick Moore. It is fitting that the original choice for inaugural interviewee, philosopher CEM Joad , was indisposed and replaced by comedian Vic Oliver , who was starring in Get a Load of This at the London Hippodrome. An interleaving of pop and posh has remained the key. The early programmes were scripted, with guests doing no more than introduce their favourite discs. "It began life as a record programme," Sean Magee writes in his introduction, "not as some early incarnation of In the Psychiatrist's Chair."
The scripts were dropped in the early 50s – the programme had been shelved in 1946 but revived in 1951 – and a more conversational tone adopted. Sometimes the interviews could enter serious territory, as when Spike Milligan discussed his loneliness in 1956 in the first of his two appearances on the programme. But Plomley was certainly no Anthony Clare, and by the end of his 43-year stint – as Michael Palin realised when he appeared on the programme in 1979 – he was very out of touch. "He has seen only two Python shows and no Ripping Yarns," complained Palin in his diary.
I recently replayed Plomley's interview with Jan Morris from 1983 and he is feeble (his fawning interview with Princess Margaret, included in the 87 here, is even worse). By contrast, when Morris came back 20 years later, Sue Lawley was relentless and surgical. Lawley, who presented the programme from 1988 to 2006, is the best of the four interviewers so far. Michael Parkinson (1986-88) is generally recognised to have been the least effective, with Kirsty Young somewhere in between. Her recent interview with Peter Ackroyd, an intriguing figure crying out for someone to take him on, was disappointing. Lawley would have made a better fist of it.
Plomley's strong suit was his sense of the absurd, and his encounter with theatrical manager Sir Harry Whitlohn is especially memorable. Whitlohn as a child had met Brahms and played him a simple melody of his own devising, which became the cello theme in the composer's third symphony. Whitlohn chose street sounds from Liechtenstein as one of his discs and a mountain as his luxury.
Give or take the ridiculous chunks of stock social analysis ("politically it was a topsy-turvy decade"), the potted history in the book is more interesting than the workmanlike summaries of the interviews, the selection of which seems largely random. One could easily come up with another 87 to replace these, though some – with the magnificently testy Marlene Dietrich, for instance – would have to appear on any all-time list.
Part of the problem is that we are given only short extracts, padded out with descriptions of the subject. The book does, though, offer many incidental pleasures. When Plomley tells Gracie Fields the desert island is "quite deserted, nobody about, no warmth, no comfort", she says that it "sounds like some of the places I used to play on tour". Harry Secombe requests as his luxury a collapsible concrete model of Broadcasting House, with a cast-iron commissionaire and plastic announcers, so he could imagine "all the lads working their nuts off" while he was lying on the beach sunbathing. We learn that soprano Elisabeth Schwarzkopf has been unfairly traduced: she only chose seven discs on which she was the soloist; it was pianist Moura Lympany who wanted all eight records to be her own. And it is delightful to find that campaigner Shami Chakrabarti and Jeremy Clarkson are as one – at least in their choice of David Bowie's "Heroes".
Herbert Morrison always carried a list of eight records in his wallet in case he was asked to appear on the programme. Naturally, I do the same, and sympathise with the man from Lincoln who wrote to the producer, Monica Chapman, in 1962: "I listen regularly to Desert Island Discs, and although I feel fairly sure you would not think me sufficiently illustrious to appear on your programme, I am sending you a rough autobiography just in case the idea might be thought worth while." "I have added your name to our long list of possible castaways," replied Chapman. Perhaps he is still waiting for the call.
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In the Chuck Berry song Memphis Tennessee how old was Marie | Chuck Berry - Memphis Lyrics | MetroLyrics
Memphis Lyrics
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Long distance information, give me Memphis Tennessee
Help me find the party trying to get in touch with me
She could not leave her number, but I know who placed the call
'Cause my uncle took the message and he wrote it on the wall
meaning
Help me, information, get in touch with my Marie
She's the only one who'd phone me here from Memphis Tennessee
Her home is on the south side, high up on a ridge
Just a half a mile from the Mississippi Bridge
Help me, information, more than that I cannot add
Only that I miss her and all the fun we had
But we were pulled apart because her mom did not agree
And tore apart our happy home in Memphis Tennessee
Last time I saw Marie she's waving me good bye
With hurry home drops on her cheek that trickled from her eye
Marie is only six years old, information please
Try to put me through to her in Memphis Tennessee
Songwriters
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According to popular songs which bird flew over the rainbow and the white cliffs of Dover | Chuck Berry & (John Lennon and Yoko Ono) - Memphis Tennessee - YouTube
Chuck Berry & (John Lennon and Yoko Ono) - Memphis Tennessee
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(Mike Douglas Show '72)
Long distance information give me Memphis, Tennessee
Help me find the party trying to get in touch with me
She could not leave her number but I know who placed the call
My uncle took the message and he wrote it on the wall
Help me information to get in touch with my Marie
She's the only one who'd phone me here from Memphis, Tennessee
Her home is on the southside, high upon a ridge
Just a half a mile from the Mississippi bridge
Help me information more than that I cannot add
Only that I miss her and all the fun we had
But we were pulled apart because her mom did not agree
Tore apart our happy home in Memphis, Tennessee
The last time I saw Marie she was waving me goodbye
With hurry home drops on her cheek that trickled from her eye
Marie is only six years old, Information please
Try to put me through to her in Memphis, Tennessee
Category
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Joan Collins married for the fifth time, who is her latest husband | Dame Joan Collins gushes about 'soulmate' husband Percy Gibson | Daily Mail Online
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Veteran star Joan Collins says her most recent marriage - her fifth - is her 'happiest and last'.
The actress, made a Dame in the New Year's Honours, is about to celebrate her 13th wedding anniversary with her husband Percy Gibson, who is 32 years younger than her.
She told Hello! Magazine : 'It is my fifth marriage, and my happiest, and last. Percy is wonderful, he's my soulmate. That doesn't mean we don't bicker but we are very understanding of each other.'
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Fifth time's the charm: Dame Joan Collins has insisted her fifth marriage to toyboy Percy Gibson will be her last
Glamorous: She may be 81 but Joan could pass for a woman years younger
Percy, who shares several homes around the world with the 81-year-old actress including houses in Los Angeles and London, said he enjoyed proving people 'wrong' who thought the couple would not last.
He said: 'I've certainly never been happier and I hope that I make Joan happy because she definitely deserves that.'
The former Dynasty star, who played Alexis in the US soap, also revealed she had thought about having plastic surgery but was 'too scared' to go under the knife.
Stunning: The 81-year-old has ruled out plastic surgery and insisted she is proud of her laugh lines
Look of love: The Dynasty star is head over heels for her husband Percy and says they will be together forever
The one: The theatre executive wed the actress in 2002 and the couple are happier than ever
Veteran: The star has been a fixture of the big and small screens for 60 years
She said: 'I like my laugh lines - it would be crazy not to have any at my age - and luckily I have good cheekbones.'
Meanwhile, after 60 enduring years in showbusiness, Joan revealed she was 'thrilled and truly grateful' to be made a Dame.
It comes after she was received an OBE in 1997.
Reports first emerged she was in line for the honour in December.
Her friend, businessman Ivan Massow, told The Daily Mail's Sebastian Shakespeare: 'There has always been talk about it, there are pressure groups out there who are desperate for this to happen. She's one of our biggest stars.'
Meanwhile, another longtime pal, Christopher Biggins, added: 'I would be absolutely thrilled, there's no one more deserving.'
Joan has been in the public eye since her first film role in 1951, and has enjoyed a lengthy career, thanks in part for her colourful private life.
| Joan Collins |
In which city did George Bush begin his Asian tour | Joan Collins marries Percy from Peru - Telegraph
Joan Collins marries Percy from Peru
By Hugh Davies, Entertainment Correspondent
12:01AM GMT 18 Feb 2002
JOAN COLLINS was married for the fifth time yesterday and, as a celebrity magazine was footing the bill, no expense was spared.
Having sold the exclusive rights to OK!, the 68-year-old actress used much of the reported £375,000 fee to splash out on the finest of receptions at Claridge's in Mayfair, London.
Guest Shirley Bassey arrived from her home in Monaco in a dazzling scarlet outfit, joking that she had gone to a lot of trouble to look her glitziest. "Why do you think I am all dressed up like Little Red Riding Hood? This is a big night."
The singer threw her arms wide to photographers. Then she swept in to the ballroom, just behind Roger Moore.
The former James Bond star, who arrived with Christina "Kiki" Tholstrup, was asked whether he thought this would finally be the actress's luckiest marriage. He smiled. "Every time's a lucky one."
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Joan Collins to marry again
19 Dec 2001
The actor said that he had met the groom. "They'll make a splendid couple - and I trust he's wearing a kilt."
In fact Percy Gibson - he is, at 36, some 32 years younger than his wife - was wearing a tartan of the Monaghan clan after his mother, Bridget Monaghan, the daughter of a Glasgow railway worker. Mr Gibson was born in Peru.
Collins, who has married in every decade but one since the 1950s, was determined that as many of her guests as possible wear kilts. In addition she hired the Queen's pipe major, Jim Motherwell, who has played for the Pope and President Bush.
Under the terms of her magazine contract, the bride stayed out of sight. Also among the guests were Bryan Forbes, the film director and his actress wife Nanette Newman. With them was the actor John Standing, along with Sir Tim Rice and the photographer Terry O'Neil, Ruby Wax, and Lord Black of Crossharbour.
Cilla Black arrived in a long black dress, slit to the thigh on the left side. She said: "I haven't been to a wedding for ages. Percy is quite gorgeous - even delicious." Among the relatives attending were Collins's three children, Tara Newley, 38, Sacha Newley, 36, and 29-year-old Katy Kass.
At first, Tara and Sacha were said to have disapproved of their mother marrying such a young man. However, Collins has said: "Quite frankly, I really like being married. I know there are no guarantees in life. But Percy and I both feel so strongly about each other that we are making this ultimate commitment."
According to reports from New York, Collins insisted on an "iron-clad" prenuptial contract with Mr Gibson, in which he would only be entitled to a smallish sum if the relationship broke down.
After her marriage to the matinee idol Maxwell Reid in 1952 when she was 18, Collins went on to marry Anthony Newley (1963), Ron Kass (1972) and Peter Holm (1985).
The bride was given away by a Californian businessman, Maximilian Bryer. His wife Judy, who was the actress's personal assistant while she was making Dynasty, was matron of honour. Mr Gibson chose a friend from New York, Chris Pennington, as his best man.
They were married in a civil ceremony with Collins wearing a pink silk gown by Hollywood designer Nolan Miller, who created the costumes for Dynasty.
Collins is said to have had long discussions with John Williams, the head chef, insisting on her favourite smoked salmon along with foie gras with green beans in vinaigrette, followed by noisette of lamb.
The couple, who first met in San Francisco where Mr Gibson stage-managed a production of Love Letters starring Collins, are planning to spend part of their honeymoon in Auckland, New Zealand, at the bride's favourite bed and breakfast, the £75 a night Stafford Villa.
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Which American city is the setting for Frasier | Frasier Crane | Frasier Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
"You don't understand. It's not the same as Dad being wrong, or your being wrong. I have a degree from Harvard. Whenever I'm wrong, the world makes a little less sense"
―Frasier to Daphne at Cafe Nervosa [src]
Frasier Crane, the eccentric Seattle radio psychiatrist, is a pedantic, finicky, overscrupulous and sometimes pontifical man. Growing up with a cultured mother and yet "Average Joe" father, Frasier is sometimes a convolution of upper-class sophistication yet is still capable of working-class enjoyments. During his time at Cheers, he began acting like "one of the boys", ignoring his cultural roots to fit in better but nevertheless attempted to bring a degree of class to the bar and his friends even if he was shot down constantly. After returning to Seattle, he began embracing his more cultured background but developed a more snobbish and haughty self, which could be because of him rekindling his relationship and frequently spending more time with Niles if not retaining a good heart in spite of this pretentious demeanour.
Described as a "pop psychiatrist", Frasier entered the fields of psychiatry to help people due to having his mother, who was also a psychiatrist as a role model. Frasier has done genuine good but but he can go from being a genuine healer to a shameless self-promoter. As displayed on his talk show, Frasier genuinely wishes to help people but his celebrity status that came with his radio show has allowed his ego to expand and almost abandon his original reasons to why he sought out psychiatry in favour to gain more fame instead. Indeed, Frasier is an "applause junkie" according to Niles as shown when he came very close to abandoning his radio job so he could instead co-star on a morning talk show (which he initially entered vowing bring a degree of sophistication opposed to the usual media ravel the show is based upon) but was fortunately persuaded by Niles in time. On his radio show, Frasier gives the best advice he can but those who ignore him altogether, rebuff his advice and occasionally insult him, he will respond with sharp sarcasm. Due to the nature of his profession, Frasier finds it justifiable when he peers into his friends and families personal problems, even at their unwilling consent as he is ultimately driven for their best interests but this tends to always have negative affects for them rather than himself.
As explained through the show and his backstory, Frasier is a victim of many unfortunate incidents from being bullied into childhood and finding himself into a multitude of embarrassing and farcical situations into adulthood, however most of these are unwillingly self-inflicted due to his own behaviour and neuroses. Both Niles and Frasier believe that the reason they were picked on was jealousy but Martin elaborates that the two of them came off as pompous and better than their childhood peers which is apparently the true reason behind the bullying. Many of his coworkers at KACL also concur that he comes off as a pretentious snob towards most of them, being the main reason why he was picked on by the KACL jokers like Bulldog and Carlos & The Chicken due to his serious demeanour. Also, as mentioned by a multitude of characters in Frasier's personal life, he is incapable of being happy. Although he does admit to being contented with his new life in Seattle near the end of Season 1, his perfectionism and belief that things, from a new home, city, girlfriend and even a door behind a spa might possibly be better, even be a slight have also caused him confusion and trouble in his life. Whilst his intelligence and dedication to psychiatry is commonly a gift, it also makes him impractical on seeing things simply and how they usually are. This and his tendency to overthink situations caused him to believe that finding a skull in his summer house was that the house-owner had murdered his wife whereas the easier solution would be that it was a prop form Niles and his childhood rendition of Macbeth.
Frasier's lifestyle genuinely revolves around the enjoyment of the opera, symphony, gourmet dining and general luxury. Although he was affected by the people of Cheers and is not completely intolerable of mundane things such as his father's favourite beer, Ballantine, opposed to Niles who can barely drink half a can without switching to wine, at the same time Frasier utterly loathes most of Martin's possessions that are not to the highest standard such as his BarcaLounger and dog, Eddie but he is not as heartless to throw away the chair or the dog, especially since discovering the emotional connection his father has for the two of them. He also has a high degree for disdain towards people who have PhD's yet are not official doctors such as a dog psychiatrist, psychic doctor and upon discovering a respected counsellor received his doctorate from Vegas, both he and Niles mock him over this realisation.
He has a tendency to deliver long-drafted speeches, occasionally without even realising he is doing, like when he lectured the incompetent KACL assistant to do his job correctly, finishes with "I am this close to giving you a lecture". He speaks eloquently with a sophisticated vocabulary that he believes is cultured whereas others view him as pompous. Whenever he does give a speech, despite delivering with bravado and genuine emotion, is commonly ignored, especially by his family which tends to take him a comical amount of time before realising he is talking to himself. He requires constant affirmation of his intelligence and popularity, and will go to great lengths to provoke other to provide 'spontaneous' praise. Frasier believes that his mannerisms is a testaments to the sophistication of his own upbringing but he usually tends to come off as flamboyant and effeminate. In addition, the newly-rekindled relationship between Niles and Frasier has been misinterpreted as gay and even unusual due to the closeness between the two although this tends to remain unaffected by both of them except for the occasion they discovered they were similar to the brothers who, after one died and kept the corpse in the apartment, agreed to stop going out with each other so much.
A poetic irony of the show is that, even though he is a psychiatrist, Frasier suffers from a degree of mental health issues himself. Being left by Lilith caused severe depression, to the point of feigning suicide in an attempt to win her back. His Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder can be displayed by the he fussily organises his apartment to match the diagram he created to exactly how it should look like and measuring most of his memorabilia and items, even if they are a hairline off the way they should be positioned. On one episode, after seeing who empty and unfulfilling his life has become, develops kleptomania to the point where he steals from an old woman. Frasier discovered the disturbing way that he harbours an Oedipus complex leftover from childhood but he was blinded to the fact that Mia was strikingly similar to his mother after seeing a video of Hester.
As a man of high ethical standards, Frasier has a psychosomatic response to whenever he breaches his morals. While Niles has a bloody nose, he gets a queasy stomach. On principle he refuses to do advertisements on his show unlike most on-air personalities.
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| Seattle |
In Fawlty Towers what was Polly the maid's surname | Frasier - Series 1-11 - Complete DVD | Zavvi.com
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Region 2 DVD (may not be viewable outside Europe).
Description
With its witty dialogue, sophisticated character development, and classic slapstick situations, Frasier is perhaps best described as the thinking man's Friends. Taking centre stage is pompous radio psychiatrist Dr Frasier Crane (Kelsey Grammer), whose phone-in show serves as much an outlet for his neuroses, as it does a public service for the people of Seattle. Clever intersecting storylines feature a brilliant ensemble cast, including his prim and proper brother Niles (David Hyde Pierce), their gruff retired-cop father Martin (John Mahoney), live-in home care worker Daphne (Jane Leeves), brassy radio producer Roz (Teri Gilpin), and a charismatic Jack Russell terrier named Eddie, with whom Frasier has regular staring contests but never wins. This collection includes the show's pilot episode through to its eleventh series finale, and every episode in between.
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Brett Anderson and Bernard Butler formed which group in 1990 | The London Suede | New Music And Songs |
The London Suede
About The London Suede
Suede kick-started the Brit pop revolution of the '90s, bringing English indie pop/rock music away from the swirling layers of shoegazing and dance-pop fusions of Madchester, and reinstating such conventions of British pop as mystique and the three-minute single. Before the band had even released a single, the U.K. weekly music press was proclaiming them the "Best New Band in Britain," but Suede managed to survive their heavy hype due to the songwriting team of vocalist Brett Anderson and guitarist Bernard Butler. Equally inspired by the glam crunch of David Bowie and the romantic bedsit pop of the Smiths, Anderson and Butler developed a sweeping, guitar-heavy sound that was darkly sensual, sexually ambiguous, melodic, and unabashedly ambitious. At the time of the release of their first single, "The Drowners," in 1992, few of their contemporaries -- whether it was British shoegazers or American grunge rockers -- had any ambitions to be old-fashioned, self-consciously controversial pop stars, and the British press and public fell hard for Suede, making their 1993 debut the fastest-selling first album in U.K. history. Though they had rocketed to the top in the U.K., Suede were plagued with problems, the least of which was an inability to get themselves heard in America. Anderson and Butler's relationship became antagonistic during the recording of their second album, Dog Man Star, and the guitarist left the band before its fall release, which inevitably hurt its sales. Instead of breaking up, the band soldiered on, adding new guitarist Richard Oakes and a keyboardist before returning in 1996 with Coming Up, an album that returned them to the top of the British charts.
Through all of Suede's incarnations, vocalist/lyricist Brett Anderson and bassist Mat Osman remained at the band's core. The son of a cabdriver, Anderson formed the Smiths-inspired Geoff in 1985 with his schoolmate Osman and drummer Danny Wilder. Anderson was the group's guitarist; Gareth Perry was the band's vocalist. Geoff recorded two demos before splitting up in 1986, as Anderson and Osman left to attend university in London. A few years later, the pair formed Suave & Elegant, which lasted only a few months. By the end of 1989, the pair had placed an advertisement in New Musical Express, asking for a "non-muso" guitarist. Bernard Butler responded, and the trio began recording songs, primarily written by Anderson and Butler, with the support of a drum machine. Taking the name Suede after Morrissey's "Suedehead" single, the trio sent a demo tape, Specially Suede, to compete in Demo Clash, a radio show on GLR run by DJ Gary Crowley. "Wonderful Sometimes" won Demo Clash for five Sundays in a row in 1990, leading to a record contract with the Brighton-based indie label RML. By the time the band signed with RML, Anderson's girlfriend, Justine Frischmann, had joined as a second guitarist.
Suede placed an advertisement for a drummer, and former Smiths member Mike Joyce responded. Joyce appeared on the group's debut single for RML, "Be My God"/"Art." Scheduled to be released on a 12" in the fall of 1990, the single was scrapped shortly before its release due to a fight between the band and the label. Throughout 1991, the group rehearsed and recorded demos, eventually adding drummer Simon Gilbert. Frischmann left Suede in early 1992 to form Elastica; she was not replaced. A few months later, Suede signed a two-single deal with the indie label Nude Records. Shortly afterward, the band appeared on the cover of Melody Maker, without having released any material. The weekly newspaper declared them the Best New Band in Britain.
"The Drowners," the band's first single, appeared shortly after the Melody Maker cover, and it became a moderate hit, debuting at number 49 to strong reviews and word of mouth. "Metal Mickey," released in the fall, became their breakthrough hit, reaching number 17 on the U.K. charts after a suggestive, controversial performance on Top of the Pops. Anderson soon became notorious for causing controversy, and his infamous comment that he was "a bisexual man who never had a homosexual experience" was indicative of how the group both courted controversy and a sexually ambiguous, alienated audience.
A short tour before the spring release of their eponymous debut album was very successful, setting the stage for "Animal Nitrate" debuting at number seven. Shortly afterward, Suede entered the charts at number one, registering the biggest initial sales of a debut since Frankie Goes to Hollywood's Welcome to the Pleasuredome. By the summer, Suede had become the most popular band in Britain -- winning the prestigious Mercury Music Prize for Best Album that fall -- and they attempted to make headway into the United States. Their progress was halted when Butler's father died that fall, forcing the cancellation of their second tour; they had already begun to be upstaged by their opening act, the Cranberries, who received the support from MTV that Suede lacked. Shortly afterward, the band was forced to change its name to the London Suede in America, due to a lawsuit from an obscure lounge singer performing under the name Suede.
Tensions had begun to develop between Bernard Butler and the rest of the band during the group's 1993 tours, and they peaked when they reentered the studio to record a new single in late 1993. Butler conceived the song "Stay Together" as a sweeping epic partially in tribute to his father, and while it was a success upon its February 1994 release, debuting at number three, the recording was not easy. As they were working on Suede's second album, Anderson and Butler began to fight frequently, with the guitarist claiming in a rare interview that the singer worked too slowly and that his partner was too concerned with rock stardom, often at the expense of the music. Butler left the band toward the end of the sessions for the second album, and the group finished the record with Anderson playing guitar. Bernard's departure launched a flurry of speculation about Suede's future, and Dog Man Star didn't answer any of those questions. The grandiose, ambitious, and heavily orchestrated Dog Man Star was greeted with enthusiastic reviews but muted commercial response. As Suede were working on their second album, their remarkable commercial success was eclipsed by that of Blur and Oasis, whose lighter, more accessible music brought both groups blockbuster success in the wake of Suede.
While Dog Man Star sold nearly as much as Suede, the impression in the press was that the group was rapidly falling apart, and the band didn't help matters when Butler was replaced by Richard Oakes, a 17-year-old amateur guitarist, in September. Suede embarked on a long, grueling international tour in late 1994 and the spring of 1995, before disappearing to work on their third album. During the interim, Butler had a Top Ten single with vocalist David McAlmont, and Gilbert, the only gay member of Suede, was attacked in a hate crime in the fall. At a fan club gig in January of 1996, Suede debuted several new songs, as well as their new keyboardist, Neil Codling, the cousin of Gilbert. The group returned as a five-piece in September of 1996 with Coming Up. A lighter, more band-oriented affair than either of Suede's two previous albums, Coming Up was an unexpected hit, entering the charts at number one and generating a remarkable string of five Top Ten hits -- "Trash," "Beautiful Ones," "Saturday Night," "Lazy," and "Filmstar." Coming Up was a hit throughout Europe, Canada, and Asia, but it wasn't released in the U.S. until the spring of 1997.
Coming Up never did win an audience in America, partially because it appeared nearly a year after its initial release and partially because Suede only supported it with a three-city tour. Nevertheless, the record was their most successful release to date, setting expectations high for the follow-up. Upon their return to the studio in the fall of 1998, Suede decided to ditch their longtime producer, Ed Buller, choosing to work with Steve Osborne, who had previously produced New Order and Happy Mondays. The resulting album, Head Music, was released in May of 1999; an American release followed in June. Featuring heavy use of analog synthesizers and drum machines, Head Music divided opinion among hardcore Suede fans, who preferred the band's more guitar-centric approach. However, the production changes were largely aesthetic, and the band still delivered plenty of anthemic glitter rock glitz with songs like "Electricity," "Can't Get Enough," and "She's in Fashion."
Around 2001, Suede found themselves at a career crossroads. Keyboardist Codling, who had contributed greatly to the writing on Head Music, left the band and was replaced by Strangelove's Alex Lee. Adding to the sense of change, the band's label, Nude Records, went bankrupt and Suede were left at the mercy of their parent label, Sony. Also around this time, Anderson, having struggled with drug addiction (he later admitted to being a crack addict), finally decided to go clean. Despite these upheavals, by 2003 Suede had finished their fifth studio album, the Stephen Street-produced A New Morning. Unfortunately, public interest in Suede, not to mention the Brit pop sound, had faded by the early 2000s and the album sold poorly. Several concerts followed in support of the band's 2003 compilation, Singles, but by October, Suede had announced they would not be releasing any new music for the foreseeable future. They played their final concert at the London Astoria on December 13, 2003, before going on indefinite hiatus. Following the hiatus, Anderson did the previously unthinkable and reunited with original Suede guitarist Bernard Butler under the name the Tears. The duo released a well-received 2005 album, Here Come the Tears. Also during the hiatus, Anderson recorded four low-key solo albums with 2007's Brett Anderson, 2008's Wilderness, 2009's Slow Attack, and 2011's Black Rainbows.
Finally, in 2010, with Codling back on board, Suede reunited for several live shows beginning with a performance at the Teenage Cancer Trust show at Royal Albert Hall on March 24. This led to more shows, including a tour promoting the compilation album The Best of Suede. By 2011, the band had begun performing new songs live, and in 2012, Suede announced they were in the studio working on a new album with producer Ed Buller, who had produced the band's first three albums. In 2013, Suede released their sixth studio album and first album of all-original material since 2003, Blood Sports. Suede debuted several of the Blood Sports tracks online, including "Barriers" and "It Starts and Ends with You." The release featured a more mature perspective from Anderson, and a sound that harked back to the grand guitar pop of Suede's early work. After playing anniversary concerts celebrating Dog Man Star in 2014, Suede returned to the studio to make their seventh studio album. In September 2015, they announced the impending release of Night Thoughts. A dark, majestic album that recalled Dog Man Star, Night Thoughts saw release in late January 2016, debuting at six on the U.K. charts. Later that year, the band released a super deluxe 20th anniversary edition of Coming Up. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Rovi
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Biography
Suede kick-started the Brit pop revolution of the '90s, bringing English indie pop/rock music away from the swirling layers of shoegazing and dance-pop fusions of Madchester, and reinstating such conventions of British pop as mystique and the three-minute single. Before the band had even released a single, the U.K. weekly music press was proclaiming them the "Best New Band in Britain," but Suede managed to survive their heavy hype due to the songwriting team of vocalist Brett Anderson and guitarist Bernard Butler. Equally inspired by the glam crunch of David Bowie and the romantic bedsit pop of the Smiths, Anderson and Butler developed a sweeping, guitar-heavy sound that was darkly sensual, sexually ambiguous, melodic, and unabashedly ambitious. At the time of the release of their first single, "The Drowners," in 1992, few of their contemporaries -- whether it was British shoegazers or American grunge rockers -- had any ambitions to be old-fashioned, self-consciously controversial pop stars, and the British press and public fell hard for Suede, making their 1993 debut the fastest-selling first album in U.K. history. Though they had rocketed to the top in the U.K., Suede were plagued with problems, the least of which was an inability to get themselves heard in America. Anderson and Butler's relationship became antagonistic during the recording of their second album, Dog Man Star, and the guitarist left the band before its fall release, which inevitably hurt its sales. Instead of breaking up, the band soldiered on, adding new guitarist Richard Oakes and a keyboardist before returning in 1996 with Coming Up, an album that returned them to the top of the British charts. Through all of Suede's incarnations, vocalist/lyricist Brett Anderson and bassist Mat Osman remained at the band's core. The son of a cabdriver, Anderson formed the Smiths-inspired Geoff in 1985 with his schoolmate Osman and drummer Danny Wilder. Anderson was the group's guitarist; Gareth Perry was the band's vocalist. Geoff recorded two demos before splitting up in 1986, as Anderson and Osman left to attend university in London. A few years later, the pair formed Suave & Elegant, which lasted only a few months. By the end of 1989, the pair had placed an advertisement in New Musical Express, asking for a "non-muso" guitarist. Bernard Butler responded, and the trio began recording songs, primarily written by Anderson and Butler, with the support of a drum machine. Taking the name Suede after Morrissey's "Suedehead" single, the trio sent a demo tape, Specially Suede, to compete in Demo Clash, a radio show on GLR run by DJ Gary Crowley. "Wonderful Sometimes" won Demo Clash for five Sundays in a row in 1990, leading to a record contract with the Brighton-based indie label RML. By the time the band signed with RML, Anderson's girlfriend, Justine Frischmann, had joined as a second guitarist. Suede placed an advertisement for a drummer, and former Smiths member Mike Joyce responded. Joyce appeared on the group's debut single for RML, "Be My God"/"Art." Scheduled to be released on a 12" in the fall of 1990, the single was scrapped shortly before its release due to a fight between the band and the label. Throughout 1991, the group rehearsed and recorded demos, eventually adding drummer Simon Gilbert. Frischmann left Suede in early 1992 to form Elastica; she was not replaced. A few months later, Suede signed a two-single deal with the indie label Nude Records. Shortly afterward, the band appeared on the cover of Melody Maker, without having released any material. The weekly newspaper declared them the Best New Band in Britain. "The Drowners," the band's first single, appeared shortly after the Melody Maker cover, and it became a moderate hit, debuting at number 49 to strong reviews and word of mouth. "Metal Mickey," released in the fall, became their breakthrough hit, reaching number 17 on the U.K. charts after a suggestive, controversial performance on Top of the Pops. Anderson soon became notorious for causing controversy, and his infamous comment that he was "a bisexual man who never had a homosexual experience" was indicative of how the group both courted controversy and a sexually ambiguous, alienated audience. A short tour before the spring release of their eponymous debut album was very successful, setting the stage for "Animal Nitrate" debuting at number seven. Shortly afterward, Suede entered the charts at number one, registering the biggest initial sales of a debut since Frankie Goes to Hollywood's Welcome to the Pleasuredome. By the summer, Suede had become the most popular band in Britain -- winning the prestigious Mercury Music Prize for Best Album that fall -- and they attempted to make headway into the United States. Their progress was halted when Butler's father died that fall, forcing the cancellation of their second tour; they had already begun to be upstaged by their opening act, the Cranberries, who received the support from MTV that Suede lacked. Shortly afterward, the band was forced to change its name to the London Suede in America, due to a lawsuit from an obscure lounge singer performing under the name Suede. Tensions had begun to develop between Bernard Butler and the rest of the band during the group's 1993 tours, and they peaked when they reentered the studio to record a new single in late 1993. Butler conceived the song "Stay Together" as a sweeping epic partially in tribute to his father, and while it was a success upon its February 1994 release, debuting at number three, the recording was not easy. As they were working on Suede's second album, Anderson and Butler began to fight frequently, with the guitarist claiming in a rare interview that the singer worked too slowly and that his partner was too concerned with rock stardom, often at the expense of the music. Butler left the band toward the end of the sessions for the second album, and the group finished the record with Anderson playing guitar. Bernard's departure launched a flurry of speculation about Suede's future, and Dog Man Star didn't answer any of those questions. The grandiose, ambitious, and heavily orchestrated Dog Man Star was greeted with enthusiastic reviews but muted commercial response. As Suede were working on their second album, their remarkable commercial success was eclipsed by that of Blur and Oasis, whose lighter, more accessible music brought both groups blockbuster success in the wake of Suede. While Dog Man Star sold nearly as much as Suede, the impression in the press was that the group was rapidly falling apart, and the band didn't help matters when Butler was replaced by Richard Oakes, a 17-year-old amateur guitarist, in September. Suede embarked on a long, grueling international tour in late 1994 and the spring of 1995, before disappearing to work on their third album. During the interim, Butler had a Top Ten single with vocalist David McAlmont, and Gilbert, the only gay member of Suede, was attacked in a hate crime in the fall. At a fan club gig in January of 1996, Suede debuted several new songs, as well as their new keyboardist, Neil Codling, the cousin of Gilbert. The group returned as a five-piece in September of 1996 with Coming Up. A lighter, more band-oriented affair than either of Suede's two previous albums, Coming Up was an unexpected hit, entering the charts at number one and generating a remarkable string of five Top Ten hits -- "Trash," "Beautiful Ones," "Saturday Night," "Lazy," and "Filmstar." Coming Up was a hit throughout Europe, Canada, and Asia, but it wasn't released in the U.S. until the spring of 1997. Coming Up never did win an audience in America, partially because it appeared nearly a year after its initial release and partially because Suede only supported it with a three-city tour. Nevertheless, the record was their most successful release to date, setting expectations high for the follow-up. Upon their return to the studio in the fall of 1998, Suede decided to ditch their longtime producer, Ed Buller, choosing to work with Steve Osborne, who had previously produced New Order and Happy Mondays. The resulting album, Head Music, was released in May of 1999; an American release followed in June. Featuring heavy use of analog synthesizers and drum machines, Head Music divided opinion among hardcore Suede fans, who preferred the band's more guitar-centric approach. However, the production changes were largely aesthetic, and the band still delivered plenty of anthemic glitter rock glitz with songs like "Electricity," "Can't Get Enough," and "She's in Fashion." Around 2001, Suede found themselves at a career crossroads. Keyboardist Codling, who had contributed greatly to the writing on Head Music, left the band and was replaced by Strangelove's Alex Lee. Adding to the sense of change, the band's label, Nude Records, went bankrupt and Suede were left at the mercy of their parent label, Sony. Also around this time, Anderson, having struggled with drug addiction (he later admitted to being a crack addict), finally decided to go clean. Despite these upheavals, by 2003 Suede had finished their fifth studio album, the Stephen Street-produced A New Morning. Unfortunately, public interest in Suede, not to mention the Brit pop sound, had faded by the early 2000s and the album sold poorly. Several concerts followed in support of the band's 2003 compilation, Singles, but by October, Suede had announced they would not be releasing any new music for the foreseeable future. They played their final concert at the London Astoria on December 13, 2003, before going on indefinite hiatus. Following the hiatus, Anderson did the previously unthinkable and reunited with original Suede guitarist Bernard Butler under the name the Tears. The duo released a well-received 2005 album, Here Come the Tears. Also during the hiatus, Anderson recorded four low-key solo albums with 2007's Brett Anderson, 2008's Wilderness, 2009's Slow Attack, and 2011's Black Rainbows. Finally, in 2010, with Codling back on board, Suede reunited for several live shows beginning with a performance at the Teenage Cancer Trust show at Royal Albert Hall on March 24. This led to more shows, including a tour promoting the compilation album The Best of Suede. By 2011, the band had begun performing new songs live, and in 2012, Suede announced they were in the studio working on a new album with producer Ed Buller, who had produced the band's first three albums. In 2013, Suede released their sixth studio album and first album of all-original material since 2003, Blood Sports. Suede debuted several of the Blood Sports tracks online, including "Barriers" and "It Starts and Ends with You." The release featured a more mature perspective from Anderson, and a sound that harked back to the grand guitar pop of Suede's early work. After playing anniversary concerts celebrating Dog Man Star in 2014, Suede returned to the studio to make their seventh studio album. In September 2015, they announced the impending release of Night Thoughts. A dark, majestic album that recalled Dog Man Star, Night Thoughts saw release in late January 2016, debuting at six on the U.K. charts. Later that year, the band released a super deluxe 20th anniversary edition of Coming Up. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine
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Eastleigh Airport serves which English town | Southampton Taxi - West Quay Cars
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What is the nickname of Walsall F.C. | Walsall FC - The Saddlers « Express & Star
Click here for a map and directions to the Banks's stadium.
Walsall FC's Banks's stadium is at the Bescot retail Park, just off Junction 9 of the M6. Head off the M6 and follow the A461 to Walsall, turning right at the lights after you have passed the Morrison's on your left into A4148 Wallows Lane/Broadway West - sign-posted Banks's Stadium.
At the next set of traffic lights (1/3 mile) turn right onto Bescot Crescent, the stadium is 1/4 mile along the road on the left hand side.
Parking is available at the stadium at £3 per vehicle. Click here for information from the official club's website.
The nearest railway station is Bescot Stadium station, situated across the road and a two minute walk from the ground.
Division Two Runner-Up : 1998–99
Division Two Play-Off Winners : 2000–01
League Two Champions, Division Three Runners-Up, Division Three Runners-Up(old): 2006–07, 1994–95, 1960–61
Division Three Play-Off Winners (old) : 1987–88
Old Division Four Champions : 1959–60
Old Division Four Runners-Up : 1979–80
Saddlers Heroes
Alan Buckley
Career appearances: 419
Buckley, who signed from Birmingham City in 1979 for still a club transfer record sum of £175,000, remains Walsall's all-time record goal scorer with 202 goals.
Buckley cemented himself in a Walsall side that had a reputation of cup giant killings in the 70s.
The all-time Saddlers top scorer grabbed a goal against Manchester United in an FA Cup upset in 1975 and lead the Saddlers as a manager to defeats of Arsenal and a valiant draw at Anfield in the League Cup. They lost the return leg 2-0 and missed out on their chance to get a maiden voyage in Europe.
Famous Saddlers Fans
Pete Waterman, the music mogul and former Pop Idol judge is a Saddler. Waterman, also a keen train enthusiast was born in Coventry but is a life-long Walsall fan.
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In which sport would you compete for the Camanachd Cup | walsall f c : definition of walsall f c and synonyms of walsall f c (English)
Current season
Walsall Football Club are an English association football club based in Walsall , West Midlands . They currently play in League One . The club was founded in 1888 as Walsall Town Swifts, an amalgamation of Walsall Town F.C. and Walsall Swifts F.C. The club was one of the founder members of the Second Division in 1892, but have spent their entire existence outside of English football's top division; their highest league finish was sixth in Division Two in 1898–99.
Walsall moved into their Bescot Stadium in 1990, having previously played at nearby Fellows Park . Their opening game was a friendly fixture against local rivals Aston Villa , with Villa winning 4–0. The ground is now known as Banks's Stadium for sponsorship purposes. [1] The team play in a red and white kit and their club crest features a swift . They have rivalries with neighbouring Black Country teams, West Bromwich Albion and Wolverhampton Wanderers (though these teams are often more concerned with their rivalry against each other, rather than against Walsall), with more 'reciprocal' rivalries against Shrewsbury Town , Wrexham , Crewe and Port Vale . The club's nickname, The Saddlers, reflects Walsall's status as a traditional centre for saddle manufacture.
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History
This article or section may be slanted towards recent events . Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective.
(August 2009)
Formation and early years
The Walsall team pictured in 1893
Walsall were formed as Walsall Town Swifts in 1888 when Walsall Town F.C. and Walsall Swifts F.C. amalgamated. [2] Walsall Town had been founded in 1877 and Walsall Swifts in 1879. [2] Walsall Town Swifts' first match was a draw against Aston Villa . Two players from this early era received international caps; they remain the only Walsall players to be so honoured. In 1882, Alf Jones won the first two of his three caps (against Scotland and Wales ) while with Walsall Swifts, and in 1889 Albert Aldridge received the second of his two caps while playing for Walsall Town Swifts. The club were first admitted to the Football League in 1892, as founder members of the new Second Division , but in 1894–95 finished 14th out of 16 teams and failed to be re-elected to the Football League. In 1896 they changed their name to Walsall F.C. [2] and joined the Midland League. A year later, they returned to the Second Division, three teams having failed re-election in 1896. The team finished in sixth place in 1898–99, but once again failed re-election two years later, dropping back into the Midland League. A move to the Birmingham League followed in 1903, and in 1910, the club were elected to the Southern League . With the expansion of the Football League after World War I , Walsall became a founding member of the Third Division North in 1921.
Walsall's highest "home" attendance was set in 1930, when they played in of front of 74,600 fans against Aston Villa in the FA Cup Fourth Round. Although a home match for Walsall, the tie was played at their opponents' Villa Park ground, and it remains the highest attendance that Walsall have ever played in front of.
The football used in Walsall's victory over Arsenal in the third round of the 1933 FA Cup.
In 1933, Walsall won 2–0 in the FA Cup against Arsenal at Fellows Park . Arsenal went on to win the First Division that season, and the cup defeat to Third Division North side Walsall is still regarded as one of the greatest upsets in FA Cup history.
Post-war era
In 1958, following a reorganisation of the Football League, Walsall became founder members of the Fourth Division. Under the management of Bill Moore, the club achieved successive promotions, scoring 102 goals on their way to winning Division Four in 1959–60 and finishing as Division Three runners-up in 1960–61 to reach the second tier of English football for the first time since the early 1900s. Players such as Bill 'Chopper' Guttridge, Tony Richards and Colin Taylor were intrinsically important to the success of the side. After just two seasons in the Second Division, the club were relegated back to Division Three in 1962–63, and remained there until a further demotion to the Fourth Division, in 1978–79.
The club has always had a rich history of producing players who go on to play at the top level. Allan Clarke went on to win the League Championship under Don Revie at Leeds United after beginning life at Fellows Park. Bert Williams and Phil Parkes both became England goalkeepers in the years after they progressed from their roots in Walsall. David Kelly had a long career at the top level after leaving Walsall in 1988, representing the Republic of Ireland at the very highest level of international football. More recently, Michael Ricketts represented England after blossoming at Bolton Wanderers . In recent years, Matty Fryatt and Ishmel Demontagnac have both represented England age-groups.
1980s
The 1980s were a period of considerable activity for Walsall. In 1983–84 they defeated First Division club Arsenal in the League Cup at Highbury, and advanced to the semi-final, where they gained a 2–2 draw against Liverpool at Anfield , but lost the second leg 2–0 and the tie 4–2 on aggregate. This cup run saw Walsall famously only 90 minutes away from playing in Europe. Walsall narrowly missed out on promotion to the Second Division in the same season.
In 1986 plans were announced to move Walsall to Birmingham , to groundshare with Birmingham City . The town rallied behind Barrie Blower, who led a campaign to save the club. Walsall were subsequently bought by millionaire entrepreneur and racehorse owner Terry Ramsden and with his money came high profile signings and the attention of the national media. In 1986–87, under new manager Tommy Coakley, Walsall narrowly missed the play-offs, but made considerable progress in the FA Cup as they defeated First Division Charlton Athletic and Birmingham City and took Watford to two replays in the fifth round.
Walsall earned promotion through the old Division Three play-offs in 1988, beating Bristol City in a replayed final. 1988–89 saw the club relegated from Division Two and Ramsden's business empire collapsed alongside the Tokyo Stock Exchange . Walsall were minutes from being taken over by Japanese administrators and folded, but survived, again through the actions of Barrie Blower and local businessmen.
Further relegation followed at the end of 1989–90 as Walsall were consigned to Division Four.
1990–2000
Logo used from 1995 to 2007
The club moved to the Bescot Stadium in 1990. At the time it was a state-of-the-art arena, and was only the second new Football League ground since the 1950s. A Morrisons supermarket was built on the site of the old Fellows Park ground. The arrival at Bescot Stadium saw some stability brought back to the club after two successive relegations. Ex- Wolves star Kenny Hibbitt managed the club for four years, setting the groundwork for a golden era for the club that would follow soon after his dismissal in September 1994.
New manager Chris Nicholl led the club to promotion in his first season, building the nucleus of a strong and under-rated team. Two seasons of stability followed, before Nicholl resigned in 1997, citing family reasons and the fact that he felt the club had progressed as far as he could take it on the limited funds available to a lower-league football club.
Ex- Ajax and Danish international Jan Sorensen took the helm after departure. Whilst 'The Saddlers' finished 19th in Division Two that season, the club reached the 4th Round of the League Cup (beating Nottingham Forest and Sheffield United along the way), as well as rampaging through the early rounds of the FA Cup. Lincoln United were dispatched in the first round, whilst league newcomers Macclesfield Town (who until then had been unbeaten at home in all competitions) were beaten 7–0. Peterborough United , who themselves have a rich cup pedigree, were beaten on a bitterly cold Tuesday evening to set up a tie away at Manchester United . Walsall lost 5–1. Sorensen's tenure was marked by the signing of two of the finest players ever to pull on a Walsall shirt. Ivory Coast born striker Roger Boli started the season in superb form, becoming a marked man for much of the season which dampened his predatory instincts. However, Boli's fellow Frenchman, Jean Francois 'Jeff' Peron was a shining light in an otherwise poor league. Despite being 32 when arriving in England, Peron's reputation grew, and Bescot increasingly became the home for scouts from the Premiership and Division One. Though he only scored one goal in his solitary season for the Saddlers, he is best remembered for his mesmerising ability with the ball at his feet and the exceptional performance which tore Macclesfield Town to pieces in the aforementioned FA Cup tie.
In 1998–99, ex- Aston Villa winger Ray Graydon took over as manager and led the club to a runners-up spot in Division Two. [3] They were relegated on the final day of the following season, despite derby wins over local rivals Wolverhampton Wanderers , Birmingham City and West Bromwich Albion earlier in the campaign.
2000–2010
However, the Saddlers returned to the second-tier of English Football at the first attempt, defeating Reading 3–2, after extra time, in a thrilling play-off final at Cardiff's Millennium Stadium . [4] After a promising start to the season, the form began to slip away over the winter period. However, the signings of Fitzroy Simpson and Don Goodman added much needed steel to the side and spurred them on to reach Division One once again.
Despite all the success he had delivered, it soon became clear that Ray Graydon had reached the end of the road at the club. In a controversial decision that brought with it the wrath of fans and the national media, owner Jeff Bonser dismissed Graydon after an abject performance live on Sky TV against local rivals, West Bromwich Albion. His replacement, ex-Wolves manager Colin Lee polarised supporters, but ultimately proved to be a success. The style of football improved, and Lee's signings improved the team dramatically. Relegation was avoided thanks to vital away wins against Nottingham Forest and Sheffield United, and the new spirit in the squad was typified by a vital last-gasp equaliser away at fellow strugglers Grimsby Town (who also beat the drop).
The next two seasons were a mixed bag. Lee improved the club immeasurably off the field, allowing it to fulfil part of the huge potential it has. On the pitch some rather dull performances were dotted in between some inspiring football. Again, relegation was avoided in the 2002–03 season because of the signing of key players, such as ex- Tottenham Hotspur midfielder Vinny Samways who returned from a six-year spell in Spain to help the Walsall cause. Samways slotted into a side which many believe was the most talented Walsall team since the clubs golden era under Bill Moore in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
2003–04 proved to be one of the most remarkable seasons in the club's history. Up until the New Year Walsall were flying. West Bromwich Albion and Nottingham Forest were both destroyed 4–1, as new-signing, the ex-England and Arsenal star, Paul Merson seemed to be repeating some of the magic that had led Portsmouth to promotion the previous season. Following a Boxing Day victory at Cardiff City , the club sat just four points off a place in the play-offs. It wasn't to last though.
2004 saw a spectacular slump in form. The New Year began with a disappointing FA Cup Third Round defeat away at Millwall , which saw Jimmy Walker dismissed for throwing a punch at Dennis Wise . Walker's replacement Andy Petterson slotted in for a home debut against fellow-strugglers Coventry City . The Saddlers capitulated, losing 6–1. The following weeks saw costly defeats, and it took until 13 March for the club to win their first league game of 2004. The cause was not helped by a recurrence in Paul Merson's well publicised addiction to alcohol and gambling, and though he travelled to a clinic in the United States with the best will of the club and its fans, it is indubitable that his absence took away the talismanic influence of one of the most influential players in recent footballing history.
Colin Lee was sacked after a shambolic display at Gillingham , though the reason given for his dismissal was his decision to speak to Plymouth Argyle about their vacant manager's position. Lee had been disillusioned by club owner Jeff Bonser, who had blocked the funds needed for the signing of players who proceeded to be a success at other clubs in the League.
Lee was replaced on a temporary basis by Merson, who was assisted by Simon Osborn . Despite the rallying cries of the ex-England international Merson, and the backing of the town, Walsall won only one more game that season, and were relegated, agonisingly by a single goal. On the final day of the season, Rotherham United were visitors at the Bescot Stadium. If Walsall won and Stoke City beat Gillingham in their home tie, Walsall would have stayed up. The Saddlers beat Rotherham United 3–2, and many fans invaded the pitch upon the final whistle, believing that they had avoided relegation, but as news of a 0–0 draw at Stoke City filtered into the ground, the worst was confirmed. Walsall's relegation left many Saddlers' fans asking themselves just what had gone wrong.[ citation needed ]
Merson was immediately appointed as full-time manager of the club in May 2004. Almost as soon as he arrived, rumours started to circulate that he would soon be sacked, polarising Walsall fans who were either behind him or against him. However, despite the question mark which hung over his tactical astuteness, he brought on and developed a number of young players who look set to have a big future in the game. Among those introduced to regular first-team football by Merson, the brightest light is Matty Fryatt , who was the top scorer at the 2005 European Under-19 Championship where he represented England. His strike rate at Walsall was better than the majority of Strikers in both the Championship and League One. Paul Merson vowed not to stand in his way should a 'big club' come in for him, and it came as no surprise when in January 2006 Fryatt left the club, signing for Leicester City in a deal worth £350,000.
Merson's reign as Walsall manager came to an end on 6 February 2006, sacked by Chief Executive Roy Whalley after refusing to resign. Two days earlier Walsall had lost 5–0 for the third time in Merson's reign, providing an interesting[ says who? ] symmetry to his spell in charge, his first game was a 5–0 defeat away at Norwich City , whilst his final game resulted in a 5 goal reverse at Brentford .
Long-serving Youth Team manager Mick Halsall was put in caretaker control of the club, but ruled himself out of any long-term ambitions for the job. Former Walsall player David Kelly was the bookies' favourite for the job, but ex-manager Chris Nicholl put his name into the running hours after news broke of Merson's dismissal.
On 17 February, whilst speaking to a local news broadcast, Jeff Bonser seemed to suggest that he would be keen to see Merson return to Bescot Stadium as a player, stating "a fit Paul Merson is an asset to any side". However, Merson would seem to be keener on following personal business interests at this time, taking a break from football until the summer. The practicalities of a former manager returning of a player have been tested before, most notably when Andy Hessenthaler resigned as manager of Gillingham in 2004, but remained as a player. However, Merson holds a much higher profile in football than Hessenthaler, and some speculated that it would have undermined caretaker manager Mick Halsall, and any future manager that would be appointed.
Despite all the speculation, there was general shock[ citation needed ] when, on 22 February 2006, former Birmingham City captain Kevan Broadhurst was appointed as Paul Merson's replacement. Broadhurst had been occasionally linked to the job during the vacancy, but was not considered by bookmakers nor fans to have a serious chance for the job. Broadhurst had a brief loan spell at Fellows Park in Walsall's 1979–80 promotion season. His initial contract was until May 2006 – with the brief to secure Walsall's League One position. Mick Halsall, a former team mate of Broadhurst's, remained with the first team with a view to assisting Broadhurst until the end of the season, when he would return to his original post as Head of Youth.
Walsall were relegated on 22 April 2006 after losing 3–1 to Huddersfield Town . Rotherham United 's 1–1 draw with Scunthorpe United saw an unassailable gap of seven points formed. Broadhurst was sacked the next day. Player coach Mark Kinsella was put in charge for the final two matches of the season, with Halsall reverting to duties with the reserve and youth teams. On 3 May, the team appointed their fifth manager of the season in former Scunthorpe manager Richard Money . Money stated his ambition to get Walsall back into the Coca-Cola Championship .
Richard Money's reign started with a bang. The signings of Martin Butler and Michael Dobson along with other signings gave the club potency to get promoted out of League Two. Walsall lost just once in the first 20 league games, including maximum points from their first seven home ties. An impressive start to the season was maintained throughout, and despite a mini-blip in February (including defeats to promotion rivals Hartlepool United and Lincoln City ), Walsall remained in the top three for almost the entire season. Walsall were promoted into League One on 14 April after beating Notts County 2–1 away from home. On the final day of the season, Walsall drew 1–1 with Swindon Town at the County Ground thanks to a last-minute goal by Dean Keates in front of 3,419 travelling fans. With Hartlepool United losing their match against play-off chasing Bristol Rovers , Walsall were awarded the League Two title. [5] [6]
On 24 April 2007 Walsall announced a 'new change' with major alterations: a new kit sponsor revealing that Banks's would no longer be Walsall F.C.'s official sponsor for the 2007–08 season, and that Easy Fit Conservatories would be the new kit sponsor, a new kit manufacturer which is to be Mann Brothers (previously Nike ), and the biggest change, the club badge which was reformed back to the original round design and club swift which has been designed to look more modern. These changes marked an exciting time for Walsall F.C. as they got ready for League One Football in 2007–08.
Walsall (in red shirts) playing Gillingham in 2009
High expectations were met as the club performed strongly in 2007–08, a season that included a run of 17 league matches without defeat. However, a January transfer window that culminated in the sales of important first team players Daniel Fox and Scott Dann (both to Coventry City ) caused a drop in form throughout 2008. The club's play-off challenge was ended after a run of poor results in March leading to Richard Money resigning as manager in April. Jimmy Mullen took over as caretaker manager before being given the job on a permanent basis after the club finished in 12th place.
Walsall officially opened their new training ground in Essington in July 2008, following two years of development. This gave the club its own training base for the first time in its history. [1] Walsall endured an inconsistent start to their League One campaign in 2008–09, with a number of home defeats leading to the sacking of manager Jimmy Mullen in January 2009. Mullen was replaced by former Walsall player Chris Hutchings . Hutchings started his reign with a 1–1 home draw with Hereford United . His first win as Walsall manager came against Leeds United on 31 January at Bescot Stadium , with Troy Deeney 's first half goal proving enough in a 1–0 win.
2009–10, Hutchings's first full season as Walsall manager, started with a 1–0 win at Brighton & Hove Albion . The season was again inconsistent. At the start of December, Walsall were 7th and only a point outside the play-offs. This was followed by four consecutive match postponements due to the Big Freeze of winter 2009. On 16 January 2010, Walsall played their first match since 19 December. The start of 2010 brought a slump in form. Walsall didn't win until 9 February, a 1–0 away win at Bristol Rovers . The highlight of the season came later in February when Walsall won 2–1 away at Elland Road inflicting Leeds United 's first home defeat for 13 months. By the beginning of April, Walsall were 13th with only one win in seven league games. The last eight games brought a striking change in form. Walsall's only defeat came away at Huddersfield Town after conceding two goals in added time. Walsall won their final game 2–1 at home to MK Dons to seal at top 10 finish – their highest since being relegated in 2003. Clayton Ince announced his retirement at the end of the season, while Troy Deeney top scored with 14 goals.
2010 – Present day
The 2010–11 season started with a 2–1 defeat to Milton Keynes Dons , however, Walsall recorded their first win the next weekend by winning 2–1 at Brentford . The next weekend saw Walsall gain back-to-back wins for the first time since February by beating Plymouth Argyle 2–1 – the winner coming from on-loan striker Reuben Reid . A run of 6 league defeats in 7 games followed, placing Walsall rock-bottom of the table and setting themselves up for a relegation battle.
Poor form continued into the New Year, but manager Chris Hutchings vowed to fight on. However, on 3 January 2011, after a 4–1 defeat against Peterborough United , Hutchings was sacked. Head of Youth, and ex-Walsall player, Dean Smith was placed in temporary charge. On January 21 he was announced as permanent manager of the club until the end of the season. [7]
On 29 January 2011, Walsall recorded their best league result since 1986 by beating Bristol Rovers 6–1. This was Smith's first win in charge, and sparked an upturn in form seeing Walsall gain ground on their relegation rivals. A 1–0 win over promotion chasing Southampton on the 1st March saw Walsall climb out of the relegation zone for the first time since October. A points haul of 8 in April was enough to ensure Walsall were one point clear of the drop zone going into the final set of fixtures. Despite losing 3–1 to Southampton, and accumulating only 48 points, Walsall survived relegation by 1 point ahead of Dagenham & Redbridge . Had it not been for Plymouth Argyle entering administration and being docked ten points as a result, however, Walsall would have occupied the last relegation place.
The 2011-2012 season once again saw Walsall flirt with relegation from League 1. However, a 1-1 draw at home to Huddersfield Town on April 28, 2012 guaranteed Walsall's survival in League 1 at the expense of Wycombe, Chesterfield, Exeter and Rochdale, who were all relegated.
A timeline of Walsall's history
1888 – Founded as Walsall Town Swifts
1896 – Beat Wolverhampton Wanderers to win the Birmingham Senior Cup, and also Aston Villa in the Birmingham Charity Cup final.
1896 – Move into the new Hillary Street Ground, which will later become known as Fellows Park , Walsall's home, on and off, until 1990.
1933 – Beat Arsenal in the FA Cup – a result still regarded as one of the greatest FA Cup upsets of all-time.
1972 – Club rescued from financial oblivion by new owner Ken Wheldon.
1975 – Defeat Manchester United and Newcastle United in the FA Cup on the way to the fifth round. The winning goal against Newcastle is scored by striker George Andrews .
1978 – Defeat Leicester City in the FA Cup on the way to the fifth round.
1979 – Sign striker Alan Buckley back from Birmingham City for a club record £175,000. He becomes player-manager soon after.
1984 – Walsall reach the League Cup semi-finals, defeating Arsenal in the fourth round, but manager Alan Buckley is sacked for failing to guide the club into the Second Division.
1986 – Racecourse owner Terry Ramsden buys the club.
1988 – Promotion to the Second Division is achieved.
1989 – Relegation to Third Division after just one season in the Second.
1990 – A second successive relegation sees Walsall relegated to the Fourth Division, and they moved into their new Bescot Stadium a few hundred yards from Fellows Park.
1992 – Jeff Bonser buys the club, which again was minutes away from entering receivership – players were told to find new clubs, and staff to clear their desks before Bonser's last-minute save. He appoints ex-Wolves boss Kenny Hibbitt as manager. They remain members of the Fourth Division which is rebranded Division Three on the creation of the Premier League .
1994 – Chris Nicholl is appointed manager.
1995 – Walsall take Premier League club Leeds United to a replay in the third round of the FA Cup. They also win promotion to Division Two.
2011 – Chris Hutchings is sacked as Walsall manager along with assistant Martin O'Connor and chief scout David Hamilton .
2011 – Walsall appoint head of youth Dean Smith as caretaker manager.
2011 – In March, Walsall announce its landlords, Suffolk Life, have decided to sell the Banks's Stadium. [8] Owner Jeff Bonser is then criticised for misleading fans regarding the lease that Walsall hold on the Banks's Stadium. [9]
2011 – Relegation to League Two avoided by one point.
2012 - Relegation to League Two avoid on penultimate day of the season.
2010 supporter protests
During April and May 2010, a number of fans began protesting against club owner Jeff Bonser. The protest group, named 'Unity', staged themed peaceful protests during the last four home games of the 2009–10 season aimed at raising awareness of the financial situation Walsall F.C. finds itself in. Themes used included the use of Cyprus flags and the colour yellow. The protests centred around the ownership of the Bescot Stadium site, on which the club pay a yearly rent circa £360,000. The rent is paid to a Self Invested Personal Pension (Source: Yearly accounts), of which one of the trustees is club owner Jeff Bonser, a situation which some fans [10] [11] feel damages the club.
In April 2010 season ticket holders Neil Ravenscroft and Darren Rhodes were given indefinite bans from Bescot Stadium for their involvement, or perceived involvement in the Unity protests. Another fan, Wayne Swift, was also banned for his part in the protest.
At the final game of the 2009–10 season, against MK Dons on 8 May, a large banner which read 'FREEDOM OF SPEECH' was unfurled during the half time interval as an ironic protest against the club's harsh and unfair treatment[ says who? ] of protesting fans. The owner of the banner was then forcefully ejected by stewards. [12] The banner was removed by stewards after a few minutes, and the person who unfurled the banner was ejected from the ground and banned. On 19 May 2010, When Saturday Comes , the popular football magazine and website, published an article written by the owner of the 'freedom of speech' banner, explaining the events which surrounded the unfurling of the banner. [13]
Football supporters' websites the Football Supporters' Federation and TwoHundredPercent have heavily criticised the club for their stance on the protests and the treatment of those taking part. [14] [15]
A crowd of 1,793 watched the Saddlers lose 2–1 in the Johnstone’s Paint Trophy to Chesterfield on the 31 August 2010, the lowest gate in 20 years at the Bescot Stadium as Walsall fans boycott games in protest to Jeff Bonser.
Ownership of Bescot (Banks's) Stadium & 2011 criticism of Jeff Bonser
For many years since Walsall F.C moved to the Bescot Stadium (now known as the Banks's Stadium), there has been a bone of contention between fans and majority shareholder Jeff Bonser over who is the beneficiary of the rent that Walsall F.C pay to use Bescot Stadium, a ground they paid to build. [10] [11]
In December 2009, Jeff Bonser gave an interview to the Birmingham Mail in which he is quoted as saying "I can say quite categorically that Walsall FC has never paid a penny into my pension fund". [16]
In March 2011, the official Walsall F.C website announced that it had been "informed by its landlord Suffolk Life Annuities Limited of their intention to sell their freehold interest in the Banks's Stadium site". [8] However, following an article in the Express & Star by Nick Mashiter, [17] Matt Scott, an investigative football journalist at the Guardian picked up the story and began to investigate. On March 18, Scott questioned the accuracy of the statement made by Walsall F.C [18] and then confirmed the misleading nature of the club's statement on March 22, saying "Walsall do indeed pay rent to Bonser's pension, as is consistent with the arrangements for self-invested personal pensions. So in fact, the landlord in all but title is none other than Bonser himself. One mystery solved, then (if a mystery it ever was).". [19]
On March 30, leading football finance journalist David Conn of the Guardian Newspaper investigated the story still further after he was granted an interview by Bonser. [20] In the article, Bonser contradicts his previous December 2009 statement in which he claimed "Walsall FC has never paid a penny into my pension fund" [16] by admitting that Walsall F.C does indeed pay rent to a Self Invested Pension Fund owned by him and his brother Robert Bonser. Bonser claims that the Pension Fund invested large amounts of money in Bescot Stadium, however some, if not all, of this investment was in the form of interest free loans which the club have been paying back as well as the annual rent.
Between 2008 and 2011, there were murmurings of Council ownership of the Bescot Stadium site. It was reported in the Express and Star Newspaper on 6 June 2008, that Walsall were attempting to sell the stadium to Walsall Council , and renting it back off them to secure the club's financial future. The Council, however, stated they did not have the funds to purchase the ground.
During the Spring of 2011, former Britney Spears record producer, Steve Jenkins, tried to drum up support for the council to buy the land [21] [22]
On July 11, 2011, at a full Council meeting, the motion to investigate the possibility of Council ownership of Bescot Stadium was defeated by 28 votes to 24. Mike Bird spoke against the proposal, stating that the cost of simply investigating the purchase would run to "£50,000 or £60,000", and that repayments would be greater than the rent Walsall F.C currently pay, and thus wasn't a viable proposition. This formally ended the Council's interest in buying the Stadium from Jeff Bonser.
Walsall in film and television
In the film Fever Pitch , the day Arsenal were beaten by Walsall in the League Cup Fourth Round in 1984 is mentioned by Mark Strong as Steve during a game of pool with Colin Firth as Paul.
1970s BBC comedy television series Ripping Yarns : "I didn't come here on a free transfer from Walsall ...."
Sky Sports Soccer AM have given Walsall F.C the nickname "Warsaw" due to the similarity when pronouncing Walsall and Warsaw. The presenters of Soccer AM often refer to Walsall F.C as "our friends from Poland".
April 25, 2012: During the 2012 Champions League semi-final between Barcelona and Chelsea at the Camp Nou, the Sky Sports commentators mentioned Walsall F.C to highlight the contrasting highs and lows of then Chelsea caretaker manager Robert Di Matteo. It was mentioned that 3 years ago to the very day, on April 25, 2009, Di Matteo was in charge of an MK Dons side that lost 1-0 to Walsall, contrasting with his Chelsea team's 3-2 aggregate win over the then European Champions.
Grounds
Main article: Fellows Park
Fellows Park was a former football stadium in Walsall, England. It was the home ground of Walsall F.C. from 1896 until 1990, when the team moved to the Bescot Stadium .
Bescot Stadium
Main article: Bescot Stadium
The Bescot Stadium (currently known as Banks's Stadium for sponsorship purposes), situated in Bescot , Walsall, England, is the home ground of Walsall Football Club. It was built in 1990 at a cost of £4.5m, replacing the club's previous ground, Fellows Park , which was located a quarter of a mile away. The ground was opened by Sir Stanley Matthews .
Players
Current squad
As of 27 January 2012.
Note: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
For details on former players, see Category:Walsall F.C. players .
Players of the season
Anthony Gerrard (Player of the season 2005–06 & 2007–08)
Over the past few years it has become traditional that professional football clubs have a player of the season award, and Walsall Football Club is no different, for a number of years they have allowed supporters to vote for the player who they think deserves the award. The votes are then counted and the award is normally given out at the final home game of the season.
From the 2007–08 season however this is no longer the case. The club instead has a rewards evening for the where all the trophies were given out to the winners meaning it is no longer going to be done at the final home game of the season, which came as a disappointment for those who aren't able to make the awards evening.
There has been no less than 14 winners since the rewards have been introduced to Walsall Football Club and for as far back as the Wikipedia records go there has only been 4 players who have won the award twice, Adrian Viveash , James Walker , Anthony Gerrard and Andy Butler .
Ian Roper (Player of the season 2002–03)
Name
| i don't know |
What fits round your waist and round the rim of the cockpit of a canoe | Dagger Tandem Sprayskirt
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Ballet leg double, knight, and back pike are terms in which Olympic sport | Kayak Clothing
Kayak Clothing
There are several different approaches to kayak clothing and different people have different preferences but in the main they all try to consider 2 different and often opposite requirements. The first requirement is to keep you at a comfortable temperate whilst you are actually in the kayak and paddling away. This might be in calm inland conditions on a hot summer’s day when you’d possibly be too hot in even shorts and t-shirt. On the other hand you might be paddling in the open ocean in January at -5 deg c with a 20 knot wind blowing….. Now that's cold!!.
The second requirement to consider is that your clothing should be able to let you survive when it all goes wrong, the boat capsizes and you end up in the water , struggling to get back into your kayak, or you get separated from your kayak and you have to bob around in the water until someone hopefully rescues you. There are also several different types of kayaking with different considerations. River kayaking in white water could consist of several short bursts of activity in between which you return to the bank. The chances of capsize are significant and frequent and if kayaking in the winter months in the UK the water is usually not very much above freezing point.
Sea Kayaking on the other hand could last all day and, on a good day, you might not end up in the water at all. There can be long periods of relaxed paddling with the occasional frantic moment when a wave hits you unexpectedly. If the weather picks up you might be in for a hard time battling waves and against the wind and tide. Knowing the weather forecast is a must in both planning your journey and planning your attire! If you capsize and you can't recover then you might end up in the water for an awful long time!
Kayak Clothing Types
Wetsuits Shorts:
Wetsuit Shorts are often worn in combination with a cag top. They can be ‘straight cut’ or ‘prebent’. Prebent shorts are specially shaped with a lower front and higher back so that they sit better when in the seated position. Sometimes they are called ‘seated shorts’. During immersion in cold water they will offer a degree of warmth around the area covered by virtue of the ‘wetsuit effect’ of trapping a thin layer of water around your body (For more on this see our ‘How wetsuits work’ article).
Wetsuit Trousers:
Wetsuit Trousers are essentially longer versions of wetsuit shorts and provide a bit more warmth in colder waters.
Drysuits
Kayak Drysuits are full length, boiler suit shaped garments that keep the wearer completely dry when immersed. Tight latex rubber seals fit tightly round the neck and wrists whilst watertight socks cover the feet. A watertight ‘dryzip’ allows the user to don the suit and seal themselves inside.
Drysuits are normally ‘shell garments’ that require the wearer to wear additional warmth layers underneath in order to regulate temperature in line with the weather conditions. The drysuit itself keeps out the water and provides a significant level of wind chill protection.
Drysuit Variations:
Some Drysuits feature other ways to close the neck. Neoprene neck seals or neck systems that can vent open are sometimes seen. These systems are rarely as effective as a latex seal in terms of being watertight however some users trade this performance feature in order to have a suit that can be opened at the neck in warm weather.
Socks are normally made from either latex rubber (like the neck and wrist seals) or fabric material (Like the rest of the suit). In our experience latex socks are more reliable, are less likely to leak, and are easier to repair than fabric socks. Fabric socks are normally made from breathable materials, however, this benefit is normally last as wetsuit boots, that are normally worm on top of the socks, are not breathable, so almost all of this benefit is usually lost. Normal socks are worn inside the drysuit socks to provide warmth and comfort to the wearer. Neither latex nor fabric socks are very comfortable if not worn with a normal sock inside.
Materials:
Kayak Drysuits are broadly separated into 2 types; breathable and non breathable. Breathable drysuits are made from materials that allow an amount of water vapour, but not liquid water, to pass through the material. The idea is that when you sweat, the warmth inside the suit turns the sweat to vapour which can then escape though the breathable material.
Non breathable drysuits tend to be made of a rubber material that is sandwiched between 2 layers of fabric. The construction of these suits is normally similar to drysuits used in diving.
Drysuit Undersuit:
These are often made from fleece material and are normally one piece jumpsuits. A one piece garment is preferable to separate top and bottoms as it keeps the number of crossing layers at the waist to a minimum. Multiple layers at the waist can become restrictive and cumbersome with a tight spraydeck over the top so a single piece garment is significantly more comfortable. The single piece design also avoids cold spots where a gap may appear between the back of the trousers and the bottom of the jumper.
Drysuit Undersuits should be warm enough to offer protection should prolonged immersion occur but not so warm as overheating will occur during normal paddling. A 2 way zip on the front of the suit allows the relief zip in many drysuits to be used more easily.
Dry Cag/Dry Top:
Drycags are essentially the top half of a drysuit. They are jumper shaped and normally pull on over the head. When worn in a kayak the theory is that as long as you stay in the boat you will not get wet inside. The waist of the drycag overlaps the waist tube of the spraydeck and the spraydeck fits tightly over the cockpit rim of the kayak. If all these joins are watertight then no water should get into the kayak nor into the top itself thus you and the boat remain dry inside.
Drycags are normally sealed at the neck and wrists in the same way as a drysuit. At the waist there is normally a way of tightening the waist so it marries up with a spraydeck. The effectiveness of the meeting of the waist and the spraydeck waist tube will effect how well the garment will keep water out at the waist. Some drycags have a double waist system where the cag has 2 layers of material and the spraydeck tube is sandwiched in between these 2 layers. Sometimes smoothskin neoprene is used on the inside of these layers to improve the ‘seal’ between the cag and the spraydeck.
A well performing cag / spraydeck combination may even keep you completely dry if you perform a manoeuvre such as an Eskimo roll.
If the paddler has to exit the boat in an emergency and swims then normally the spraydeck will still be attached at the waist. The spraydeck and cag waist will be quite tight against the body but will not be sufficient to give a totally watertight seal in these conditions. Water will make its way up the waist and ultimately wet the wearer.
So the name ‘drycag’ really only applies whilst the wearer remains in the boat.
Spray Top:
Spraytops are designed to reduce the chilling effect of cold wind, rain and sea spray whilst kayaking. They do not keep you totally dry and if you immerse then water will enter the garment by the neck and probably other entry points (wrists, waist, seams etc). Regardless of this , even when wet inside, these garments significantly reduce the effect of wind chill.
Spraytops are often made from lower cost fabrics such as PU (Poly Urethane) coated nylon. Some spraytops are made from breathable materials, but in the main, simple waterproof fabrics are used.
Neoprene Tops:
Ultra thin neoprene tops are a relatively new thing to kayaking and are similar in appearance to a rash vest. They are very stretchy and form almost a second skin round the paddler. They are gaining popularity with river kayakers in the warmer months. They are worm in place of a cag.
Kayak Wetsuits:
Full length wetsuits, whilst being warm, are relatively unpopular in kayaking. The tight rubber around the arms and shoulders can be restrictive for the repeated motion experienced in paddling. They are sometimes worn during surf kayaking though where the possibility of being repeatedly ‘thrashed’ by the waves can make a full suit more appropriate.
Farmer john style wetsuits , so called due to their appearance similar to a farmer wearing dungarees, are more popular as they combine the benefits of a wetsuit on the bottom 2/3 of the body with unrestricted arm movement. Some of the warmth of a full wetsuit is sacrificed in order to free up the arms.
The combination of a farmer john style wetsuit and a spraytop is a common starting point for people taking up kayaking in milder months. Beginners tend to be in the water more often that experienced paddles so the wetsuit is a practical garment in these circumstances. If you go to a club or outdoor centre to learn kayaking you are likely to be issued with this combination for your early training.
Many kayakers progress from this type of outfit onto drysuits / drycags etc and develop their own preferences for the type of garments they prefer.
Spray Deck/Spray Skirts:
Spraydecks (UK) or Sprayskirts (US) are garments made to keep water from entering a kayak. When kayaking a person sits in the middle of a large hole in the top of the kayak through which their legs enter the forward section of the boat. In the event of a capsize, rough weather or a simple wave lapping over the top of the boat, water will flood into this hole and enter the boat.
As more water enters the boat the stability and buoyancy of the craft are affected. As more water enters the boat it will sink lower in the water until eventually it may sink, or at least be completely swamped with water. It is much easier to keep water our, than to let it get in and try to remove it later and so spraydecks were invented to achieve this end.
A spraydeck should be tight round the waist of the wearer and also tight round the rim of the kayak cockpit. A well fitted spraydeck will keep water out in all but the most demanding of conditions.
A spraydeck should have a strong release handle that makes it quick and easy to detach it from the boat in an emergency.
Licence to use this document. We often receive requests to use excerpts from our guides on other websites. We are happy for you to do this as long as you abide by the following condition. You must attribute the article to Lomo Watersport and include a link to our website www.ewetsuits.com at the bottom of every page containing the excerpt. The copyright of this document remains the property of Lomo Watersport
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Serigraphy is the art of printing onto which fabric | 3D Print Your Own Kit for Screen Printing Designs onto Fabric or Paper | 3DPrint.com
3D Print Your Own Kit for Screen Printing Designs onto Fabric or Paper
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In the 1980’s screen printing was all the rage, in large part due to the punk rock movement’s
demand for original band t-shirts. That’s when I was first exposed to the concept of silk screen printing, whereby a mesh is used to transfer ink onto a substrate, like fabric, except where a blocking stencil is used to make the ink impermeable. While for me it was the 80’s punk scene that introduced silk screen printing, the practice is traced as far back as China’s Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD). As the technique became more popular in the West, it was the artist Andy Warhol who popularized silk screening in the U.S. art scene of the 1960’s. Ever seen this picture of Marilyn Monroe’s face printed in garish colors over and over again? That is an example of a Warhol silk screen print. Now you may have a better idea of what I am talking about!
Screen printing seems to have withstood the test of time when it comes to mass producing images inexpensively in a low-maintenance and enjoyable process. And now, you can 3D print your very own screen printing kit . The kit is designed by Media, Art, and Design teacher Cam Watt , who claims screen printing as one of his creative interests along with drawing, photography, CAD, and 3D printing. His kit includes a squeegee, frames, and a script to convert png files to stl for 3D printing. Sometimes it can be a problem converting a 2D image into a 3D model, but Watt includes a link to help you do just this. That way, the image you want to print is not limited. There’s also a tutorial on the same conversion process here .
The kit is also fairly compact and durable. It can be printed on any printer that is 6 x 6″ or larger, and it can be used with paper of fabric to make numerous prints. The kit’s total print area is about 120 x 20 mm. In addition to the STL files for the print job, you’ll also need the following items to complete a successful print: 10″X 10″ polyester (screen printing) fabric; screen printing ink; palette knife or popsicle stick; double sided tape; painters tape; a 3D printer that can print 6 X 6″; 3D printing filament (PLA and flexable filament like Ninjaflex); 1X Bolt and Nut #6 1″ long.
After you’ve prepared your design that you’d like to screen print, you can proceed with 3D printing it. Watt did this using Ninjaflex at 220 degrees C and a bed temperature of 30 degrees C. For the rest of the kit, Watt printed the kit frames, standoff leg, and squeegee in PLA at 30% infill. Once printed, the kit should be assembled and then, of course, used.
This is a great project with a very thorough set of instructions and guidelines. With this, you are basically 3D printing another kind of printer. And this printer can be used over and over again, as needed, for all of the projects you are likely to think of once you get your kit 3D printed. Let us know if you decide to take this project on. Discuss in the 3D Printed Screen Printing Kit forum thread on 3DPB.com
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Which part of a garment can be describes as leg of mutton or batwing | What is Serigraphy? (with pictures)
What is Serigraphy?
Last Modified Date: 21 December 2016
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Serigraphy, also known as silkscreening or screen-printing, is the process of producing an image, or serigraph, by pressing color though a fabric stencil comprised of porous and non-porous sections. The image may be produced onto a fabric, such as a t-shirt, or other material, such as ceramic, paper, or wood.
This form of printing is said to be based on the Japanese art of katazome, a form of stenciling with waterproof papers that was used in ancient Japan to copy an image. Some say, however, that the art originated in the Fiji Islands where banana leaves were used as stencils . The art as it is known today was patented in England in the early 1900s. The first commercial use of it in the United States occurred in 1914 when John Pilsworth developed a process to produce multiple multi-color prints from a single fabric screen, which was used to make multicolored signs and posters.
During World War I, serigraphy became the preferred method for printing flags and other patriotic banners because of its ability to create relatively identical and multi-layered images. More recently, it has been used by artists and manufacturers alike. In fact, most people probably own a serigraphed t-shirt and many have seen Andy Warhol 's use of this technique in conjunction with photographic headshots of famous people, such as Marilyn Monroe.
Serigraphy is a relatively straightforward process. A piece of porous fabric is used as the screen. Originally, that porous fabric was silk , leading to the name silkscreen, but today, the more inexpensive alternatives of polyester or nylon are more commonly used. That porous fabric is tautly stretched across a wood or metal frame. Then, the negative areas of the image to be produced are blocked off on the screen with a non-porous material that can be paper, fabric, or plastic. This creates the stencil.
The screen, with the stencil in place, is then placed over the final product, such as paper or fabric. Ink, whether water- or oil-based, is spread evenly over the screen. A rubber squeegee is then used to press the ink through the porous areas and onto the paper or fabric below. If the design calls for multiple layers or colors, the ink from the first press is given time to dry, and the process is repeated with a different stencil or different ink color.
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With which item of clothing are Turnbull and Assers particularly associated with | THE TWEED PIG: The Turnbull & Asser Collar
The Turnbull & Asser Collar
Enough Said?
Turnbull & Asser , the gents' outfitters, were founded by Reginald Turnbull and Ernest Asser in 1885, and have been a presence in St. James's, London, ever since. The business moved to its current shop location in Jermyn Street in 1903.
Turnbull & Asser began to specialise in shirts from the 1920s and, to this day, their names are probably most closely associated with this item of clothing.
Turnbull & Asser shirts still have much to recommend them: they're made in England; they always use the best shirting material; they have steadfast (cross-lock stitched) mother-of-pearl buttons; and the experienced seamstresses at their Gloucester factory ensure that their 33 constituent parts are expertly put together (undoubtedly with love) as they hand-work their sewing machines to ensure that each shirt will iron like a dream, with nary a pucker to steam out of existence.
The shirting material Turnbull & Asser use in their shirts is either extra-long 2-fold Egyptian cotton — using two fine strands to make a single thread — or West Indian Sea Island cotton in Oxford, herringbone or poplin weaves. Sea Island cotton is a favourite of T&A customer James Bond when in the tropics. Turnbull & Asser can tell you much more about the weaves here .
As well as Bond, Ian Fleming, Prince Charles, Churchill, Steed and Gatsby have worn theTurnbull & Asser shirt. Essentially, this means that little more need be said on the matter. Quod erat demonstrandum.
Not Quite
However, we do need to mention the classic T&A collar, which has a relatively wide spread and a collar shape that flares out to the point of the collar — instantly recognisable. I think this shape sits very well under suits and works in harmony with ties, but we may need a structural engineer to explain the science behind this.
The collar is not fused (glued) to the interlining, as T&A prefer a more 'organic' construction they feel makes the collar more comfortable.
The classic T&A collar is not the only collar shape that Turnbull & Asser make. If you go bespoke you can have whatever collar you want. For ready-made, they stray into tiny collar territory with the Informalist range. Being a dyed-in-the wool traditionalist, I stick with the classic collar as shown on the striped shirts (top). Actually, the angle of the red and pink shirt doesn't show it well. I'm sure it is a classic collar, but it looks like a cutaway collar there. If you're desperate, I'll check, otherwise concentrate on the blue one.
And Another Thing
Actually, I'm thinking of something else we should mention too. We should look at Turnbull & Asser's famous turned-back 'cocktail' cuffs (below)— as seen on James Bond.
I'd go into more detail now, but the sun has actually put in an appearance this week and I have a date with a beer garden and a rare glass of Cwtch from Tiny Rebel Brewery , Newport, Gwent — a Welsh red ale and CAMRA's champion beer of last year. How could I say no to that? We'll come back to these cuffs...
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What is the name of the dress traditionally worn by Hindu women | Factory visit: Turnbull & Asser shirts | Permanent Style
Factory visit: Turnbull & Asser shirts
Monday, December 21st 2009
Monday, December 21st 2009
Comments : 33
There are so many facts, figures and geeky points about the construction of Turnbull & Asser shirts that I could be writing about them for days. And you’d be reading for hours. I’ll try to keep the description of my visit brief and chronological.
When a new customer’s measurements arrive at the Gloucester factory they are entered into CAD (computer-aided design) system. David Gale’s team at Bury Street in London sends in old-fashioned paper patterns. New York sends measurements by email. There isn’t much advantage to either, but those from America certainly get to Gloucester quicker (particularly given Britain’s striking postal service).
The paper pattern is pressed to a large plastic work table, which has copper wires running beneath the surface. A member of the CAD team then runs a “very expensive mouse” over the surface (above), clicking on every turn or corner in the edge of the pattern, completing the circuit each time and so sending a picture to the printer. This prints off a paper pattern that can be taken to cutters on the factory floor below.
Turnbull & Asser customers used to have their shirts cut from the same cardboard pattern each time. This was fine for the first two or three orders. But by the fourth and fifth time, with the cardboard taking a little nick here and a little slice there, it got ragged. This way the cutters get a fresh pattern each time.
On to the cutting. This is mostly done with a small hand saw. The paper is slightly glued on one side, so it can be laid on the cloth and ironed on. This again is more reliable than cardboard, and the cutter can run the saw around the edge in big, long sweeps. The edges are then often finished off by hand with a pair of shears – particularly on an edge where pencil marks have been used.
[Why would there be pencil marks, I here you ask? Because one of my sleeves was half an inch shorter than the other – otherwise they were identical. So it was simpler to cut one sleeve pattern and measure off the half inch and mark it on the cloth by pencil. End of digression.]
A big band knife (above) is used for some parts of the cutting, usually for those where there is more than one identical piece of cotton to be cut. So my cuffs and sleeve gauntlets, for example, were cut on the band knife.
[Quick additional fact: there are two band knives, one for bespoke and one for ready-to-wear. You pull the cloth through the first and push through the second. That’s because it’s easier to cut bulk when you push – and up to 50 layers of cloth are cut at a time for the ready-to-wear in the band knife. Last digression, I promise.]
Next, the sewing. This is all done by hand-worked sewing machine. Some parts, such as the buttonholes, used to be sewn by hand. But T&A says the machine produces a stronger seam – and it’s still a far cry from mass production machinery. Having trained women (they nearly all are, women that is) working a sewing machine means clean lines and the ability to slow down and do difficult points with the pedal. The rounded end of the tie gap, for example.
The care and attention involved in sewing the shirt is encapsulated by the side seam. Here both front and back are folded over and the concave pushed against the convex, creating a clean French seam. That seam is then folded down and sewn onto the cloth itself. So there are four layers of cotton and three lines of sewing, all within 3/16 of an inch. It’s no wonder the women will swear by its durability.
The French seam around each part of the body does mean that there is no single seam running between the front and the tail of the shirt. So to reinforce this point, Turnbull & Asser adds a signature white octagon of cotton to create a gusset. All ready-to-wear shirts have white gussets; bespoke shirts have self-gussets.
Finally, the buttons. While again sewn by machine, these benefit from a nifty reinforcement technique. Elasticated cotton is wound around the stalk and then fused to the thread with heat. This stands the button away from the placket and binds it together, adding greater durability.
[One definitely final digression: a strip of cotton canvas is fused to the back of the placket, meaning it stays crisp. The collar and collar band, on the other hand, have a floating strip of the same canvas inside.]
That’s it. A quick press, paper wrapping and the shirt is bagged up and ready to go. All Turnbull & Asser shirts go through this process, whether bespoke or ready-to-wear. That makes the construction of off-the-rack shirts a country mile better than most others. Gloucester produces around 500 of each type of shirt a month at the moment – how many factories could claim that ratio?
It should be emphasised though that Turnbull & Asser’s bespoke shirts are truly bespoke. You can change anything. One regular client has his right sleeve a little looser because he does a lot of hand-shaking. Another has different numbers of buttons on his pyjamas depending on whether they are going to his English house or the holiday home. I changed my buttons from white to black halfway round the factory. Nobody batted an eyelid.
Thank you very much to Bette, Kath and all the others in Gloucester for taking the time to walk me through this. And for putting up with my questions.
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Where in the U.S.A were the witch trials of 1692 held | Salem Witch Trials - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com
Salem Witch Trials
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Introduction
The infamous Salem witch trials began during the spring of 1692, after a group of young girls in Salem Village, Massachusetts, claimed to be possessed by the devil and accused several local women of witchcraft. As a wave of hysteria spread throughout colonial Massachusetts, a special court convened in Salem to hear the cases; the first convicted witch, Bridget Bishop, was hanged that June. Eighteen others followed Bishop to Salem’s Gallows Hill, while some 150 more men, women and children were accused over the next several months. By September 1692, the hysteria had begun to abate and public opinion turned against the trials. Though the Massachusetts General Court later annulled guilty verdicts against accused witches and granted indemnities to their families, bitterness lingered in the community, and the painful legacy of the Salem witch trials would endure for centuries.
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Context & Origins of the Salem Witch Trials
Belief in the supernatural–and specifically in the devil’s practice of giving certain humans (witches) the power to harm others in return for their loyalty–had emerged in Europe as early as the 14th century, and was widespread in colonial New England. In addition, the harsh realities of life in the rural Puritan community of Salem Village (present-day Danvers, Massachusetts ) at the time included the after-effects of a British war with France in the American colonies in 1689, a recent smallpox epidemic, fears of attacks from neighboring Native American tribes and a longstanding rivalry with the more affluent community of Salem Town (present-day Salem). Amid these simmering tensions, the Salem witch trials would be fueled by residents’ suspicions of and resentment toward their neighbors, as well as their fear of outsiders.
Did You Know?
In an effort to explain by scientific means the strange afflictions suffered by those "bewitched" Salem residents in 1692, a study published in Science magazine in 1976 cited the fungus ergot (found in rye, wheat and other cereals), which toxicologists say can cause symptoms such as delusions, vomiting and muscle spasms.
In January 1692, 9-year-old Elizabeth (Betty) Parris and 11-year-old Abigail Williams (the daughter and niece of Samuel Parris, minister of Salem Village) began having fits, including violent contortions and uncontrollable outbursts of screaming. After a local doctor, William Griggs, diagnosed bewitchment, other young girls in the community began to exhibit similar symptoms, including Ann Putnam Jr., Mercy Lewis, Elizabeth Hubbard, Mary Walcott and Mary Warren. In late February, arrest warrants were issued for the Parris’ Caribbean slave, Tituba, along with two other women–the homeless beggar Sarah Good and the poor, elderly Sarah Osborn–whom the girls accused of bewitching them.
Salem Witch Trials: The Hysteria Spreads
The three accused witches were brought before the magistrates Jonathan Corwin and John Hathorne and questioned, even as their accusers appeared in the courtroom in a grand display of spasms, contortions, screaming and writhing. Though Good and Osborn denied their guilt, Tituba confessed. Likely seeking to save herself from certain conviction by acting as an informer, she claimed there were other witches acting alongside her in service of the devil against the Puritans. As hysteria spread through the community and beyond into the rest of Massachusetts, a number of others were accused, including Martha Corey and Rebecca Nurse–both regarded as upstanding members of church and community–and the four-year-old daughter of Sarah Good.
Like Tituba, several accused “witches” confessed and named still others, and the trials soon began to overwhelm the local justice system. In May 1692, the newly appointed governor of Massachusetts, William Phips, ordered the establishment of a special Court of Oyer (to hear) and Terminer (to decide) on witchcraft cases for Suffolk, Essex and Middlesex counties. Presided over by judges including Hathorne, Samuel Sewall and William Stoughton, the court handed down its first conviction, against Bridget Bishop, on June 2; she was hanged eight days later on what would become known as Gallows Hill in Salem Town. Five more people were hanged that July; five in August and eight more in September. In addition, seven other accused witches died in jail, while the elderly Giles Corey (Martha’s husband) was pressed to death by stones after he refused to enter a plea at his arraignment
Salem Witch Trials: Conclusion and Legacy
Though the respected minister Cotton Mather had warned of the dubious value of spectral evidence (or testimony about dreams and visions), his concerns went largely unheeded during the Salem witch trials. Increase Mather, president of Harvard College (and Cotton’s father) later joined his son in urging that the standards of evidence for witchcraft must be equal to those for any other crime, concluding that “It would better that ten suspected witches may escape than one innocent person be condemned.” Amid waning public support for the trials, Governor Phips dissolved the Court of Oyer and Terminer in October and mandated that its successor disregard spectral evidence. Trials continued with dwindling intensity until early 1693, and by that May Phips had pardoned and released all those in prison on witchcraft charges.
In January 1697, the Massachusetts General Court declared a day of fasting for the tragedy of the Salem witch trials; the court later deemed the trials unlawful, and the leading justice Samuel Sewall publicly apologized for his role in the process. The damage to the community lingered, however, even after Massachusetts Colony passed legislation restoring the good names of the condemned and providing financial restitution to their heirs in 1711. Indeed, the vivid and painful legacy of the Salem witch trials endured well into the 20th century, when Arthur Miller dramatized the events of 1692 in his play “The Crucible” (1953), using them as an allegory for the anti-Communist “witch hunts” led by Senator Joseph McCarthy in the 1950s.
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What is the capital of El Salvador | Salem Witch Trials Facts – Witchcraft Accusations from 1692-1693
World History
Salem Witch Trials
The Salem witch trials took place between February of 1692 and May of 1693. By the end of the trials, hundreds were accused of witchcraft, nineteen were executed and several more died in prison awaiting either trial or execution. While these events are referred to as the Salem witch trials, several counties in Massachusetts were involved, including Salem Village, Ipswich, Salem Town and Andover. While these were not the first examples of executions for witchcraft in New England, the volume of accusations and convictions generated one of the most infamous examples of mass hysteria in American history.
Puritan Superstitions
One of the primary contributing factors to the Salem witch trials was the superstitions prevalent in Puritan society. The belief that Satan was present and active was widely held in Europe and eventually spread to Colonial America. A common precept of this belief revolved around the necessity of believing in demons and evil spirits in order to confirm the belief of the existence of God and angels. This, combined with daily superstitions where all misfortunes were blamed on the supernatural, created a perfect environment for the mass hysteria leading to the Salem witch trials.
Village Relationships
Another factor likely contributing to the volume of witchcraft accusations revolved around the relationships within and between the various villages and towns. Numerous disputes occurred in Salem Village around items such as grazing rights, church privileges, and property lines. Many of the neighboring towns viewed Salem Village as problematic as evidenced by decisions such as hiring independent ministers to serve the village instead of supporting the larger Salem Town.
The Influence of the Church
In Puritan society, life revolved around the church. Most of the colonists in New England immigrated to the colonies due to religious strife in England and disagreement with the Protestant Church of England. Seeking a new home where they could build a society based on common religious beliefs, the Puritan settlers formed somewhat closed societies built around the church and related activities.
In the New England Puritan villages and settlements, all aspects of life revolved around the church. Residents were expected to adhere to the teachings of the church, such as attending lengthy sermons twice per week and avoiding activities deemed sinful, such as dancing, non-religious music, and celebrations of events or holidays rooted in Paganism, including traditionally religious holidays such as Christmas and Easter. Even children were affected by the restrictions of the church. Toys such as dolls were forbidden and all education revolved around the Bible and religious doctrine.
Evidence of Witchcraft
When it came to proving allegations of witchcraft, several types of evidence were considered during the trials. One type of evidence consisted of spectral evidence which encompassed the testimony of those who claimed to see an apparition or shape of the person afflicting them. While some argued that Satan could afflict anyone, others argued that Satan needed the permission of the person whose shape was assumed. Based on precedence in other cases, the courts ruled spectral evidence admissible in witchcraft trials.
Effluvia also provided a significant source of evidence in witchcraft trials. The basis of this theory revolved around the concept that a witch would be affected by tests conducted on their victims. One common test was the witch cake where a cake was produced using specific ingredients including the urine of suspected victims. When the cake was fed to a dog, the person guilty of afflicting someone would cry out in pain, indicating guilt. Another common test based on effluvia was the touch test where a victim in the throes of a witchcraft induced fit would cease suffering when touched by the witch causing the affliction.
Other types of evidence included confessions of those accused and the direct testimony of an accused naming others as guilty of witchcraft. The presence of poppits, ointments or books on palm reading or astrology was also considered evidence of guilt. Finally, physical traits such as a mole or blemish, known as a “witch’s teat,” on the body also factored into decisions of guilt.
Early Accusations
The combination of superstition, religious doctrine and subjective evidence all combined to produce an environment where accusations of witchcraft were easy to make and prove. In 1692, two young girls living in Salem Village began to experience fits where they screamed, threw things, contorted themselves into unusual physical positions and made strange sounds. They also complained of feeling pinches and pin pricks. Medical examinations found no evidence of physical illness or ailment. Soon after the first two girls showed symptoms, additional young women began showing similar signs.
As more young women exhibited signs of affliction, the first three accusations of witchcraft emerged. Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne, and Tituba were accused of performing witchcraft by those afflicted. Good was a homeless beggar likely accused because of her reputation. Osborne did not adhere to expected religious expectations such as regularly attending church meetings and sermons. Tituba was a slave of differing ethnicity. All three of the accused had significant differences from the rest of the villagers, making them easy targets for accusations.
Beginning March 1, 1692, the three accused were brought before local magistrates and questioned for several days before being jailed. After the initial accusations, additional ones flooded in, including accusations against upstanding church members who spoke out against the original accusations. This led to further worry and upheaval among the citizenry who had viewed their adherence to religious tenants as protection against evil. Membership and participation in church did not offer protection against accusations of witchcraft.
Once the accusations started, they quickly gained momentum. Over the course of a few months, the numbers continued to rise and more examinations began. At this point, accusations led to investigations and incarceration but no trial. It was not until May 27, 1692 when William Phips ordered the establishment of a Special Court charged with prosecution of the cases that further legal activity took place.
The Trials
On June 2, 1692, the Court of Oyer and Terminer convened in Salem Town to begin hearing the cases of those accused of witchcraft. William Stoughton, Lieutenant Governor, served as Chief Magistrate. Thomas Newton served as the Crown’s Attorney charged with prosecuting the cases. Stephen Sewall served as the clerk for the proceedings. Beginning immediately, the court issued indictments and began trial proceedings.
The first case brought before the court was that of Bridget Bishop. She was accused of witchcraft for not living the Puritan lifestyle and wearing appropriate clothing. Bishop was found guilty and executed by hanging on June 10, 1692.
Following Bishop’s trial, other proceedings followed quickly. Over the course of five months, 22 additional guilty verdicts were returned. Of the 22, 18 were executed following their trial and conviction. Several more perished in prison either awaiting trial or execution. In October 1692, this court was dismissed by Governor Phips although many of the accused or indicted remained in prison.
In January 1693, the Superior Court of Judicature convened and began hearing the remaining cases. Between January and May of 1693, many were found innocent and released or had charges dropped. Of those found guilty by jury trial, the majority was pardoned and no more executions took place.
The Salem witch trials continue to be a subject of interest in many different ways. Influences affecting the trials are numerous, including the political climate, religious beliefs, and commonly held superstitions. Causes continue to be debated such as mass hysteria or biological explanations. Regardless of the cause of individual accusations, the Salem witch trials serve as an example of the impact of extremism, isolationism, and lapses in due process.
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What is tahini paste which is used in Middle Eastern cookery made from | How To Make Tahini — Cooking Lessons from The Kitchn | The Kitchn
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Tahini, or sesame seed paste, is a staple of Middle Eastern and Mediterranean cooking. It's perhaps most notable for its essential role in making hummus , although its uses go far beyond that iconic dip.
But tahini can get pricey at the grocery store, and it's sometimes bitter or rancid after its long wait on the shelf. The good news is you can make this pantry staple at home for a fraction of the cost — and chances are it will taste better, too! You only need two ingredients: sesame seeds and oil.
(Image credit: Emily Han )
The Sesame Seeds
You can make homemade tahini from any sesame seeds : unhulled or natural, hulled, raw, sprouted, or toasted. Each variety lends a different flavor, color, and texture to the tahini.
Commercial tahini is typically made from white hulled sesame seeds, or seeds where the hull has been removed. This gives the tahini a lighter color and smoother texture. Tahini made from unhulled or natural sesame seeds is not quite as smooth, but it has a richer (albeit sometimes more bitter) flavor and potentially more nutrients.
Using raw, sprouted, or toasted sesame seeds is up to personal preference. Toasting the sesame seeds enhances the nutty flavor and can also reduce bitterness.
Tahini can even be made from black sesame seeds, creating an Asian-style black sesame paste .
→ Shopping Tip: Look for sesame seeds in bulk bins or at Asian and Middle Eastern markets for the best deals.
(Image credit: Emily Han )
The Oil
Like other nut and seed butters, tahini can be made without any added oils. However, it takes longer to grind and the result is not as creamy as it is when using oil. Start with a couple of tablespoons of oil and increase as desired for a thinner consistency.
For the best flavor use a mild olive oil, a neutral oil such as grapeseed oil, and/or a small amount of sesame oil.
The Method
Many tahini recipes call for grinding the sesame seeds and oil together all at once. I have found that grinding the seeds before adding the oil produces a smoother result.
Tahini made with 2 tablespoons of oil (left) and 1/4 cup of oil (right)
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What are native Israeli born Jews called | Tahini 101: How to Buy, Store, and Eat Tahini - Allrecipes Dish
Tahini 101: How to Buy, Store, and Eat Tahini
By Amy Pennington
Certain flavors are so distinctive, they never fail to evoke a region or cuisine. The southern United States use smoked ham hocks to flavor everything from beans to soups to greens. Italians are known for their love of basil – Caprese salad and thick pestos are immediately identifiable as coming from Italy. And in the Middle East, we find tahini.
Tahini has been made around the Mediterranean, Middle East, and North Africa for centuries, and many cultures and countries in the Middle East use it as we do salt and pepper – it is a flavoring agent found on the table for every meal.
Tahini is a thick paste made from sesame seeds. Yum! Photo by Meredith
What is Tahini?
Tahini is a thick paste made from sesame seeds. Sesame seeds are very high in oil – it makes up about half their weight. A primary ingredient in traditional Middle Eastern hummus , tahini is used as a flavoring agent and thickener for sauces and dressings. It can even be baked into desserts. Basically, it’s the Middle Eastern answer to peanut butter.
Tahini ranges in color from lightly sandy to deep brown. The lighter styles are made from hullless sesame seeds that are crushed and may be roasted or raw. Roasted versions are a bit darker and stronger in flavor than those made with unroasted seeds. Very dark varieties, often found sold in blocks, incorporates sesame seeds with the hull on. These can be quite textured and gritty, and have a strong, toasted flavor that some people find a bit bitter.
How to Buy and Store Tahini
Yottam Ottolenghi, the popular UK Chef and advocate for Israeli cuisine, prefers Lebanese, Palestinian, or Israeli brands of tahini, which he feels are lighter and flavorsome, and avoids pastes that are made from more northern regions like Greece and Cyrus. Once opened, you may have to vigorously stir the oil back into the sesame paste. Store the can in your fridge to prevent spoiling. Tahini keeps for many months, but the oils will go rancid over time. As with all food, the nose knows – taste and see if it’s to your liking before incorporating it into a recipe.
How to Use Tahini
Tahini is most widely used as the main ingredient (behind chickpeas) in traditional hummus, giving a notable and appealing nutty flavor to this Middle Eastern staple. You can also add a spoonful to pureed carrots or beets for a vegetable hummus that is lovely to look at and tastes great – an excellent option for a party appetizer.
You may also use tahini as a savory sauce by thinning with water and adding lemon juice and chopped garlic for flavor. This condiment can be used on anything from roasted vegetables to grilled meats.
Chef John’s Tahini
Tahini also makes an excellent vinaigrette ingredient – its thick texture gives the illusion of a cream-based dressing for salads and dipping vegetables. Try adding some to your favorite dressing recipe, or add some soy sauce or vinegar to tahini as a vinaigrette base. You can even use it to make barbecue sauce .
Photo by Crikkitt
Tahini makes a delicious dip. Photo by Meredith
For a healthy sweet ending to meals, sweetened tahini can also be drizzled over a fresh fruit platter. Blend it with a spoonful of honey or maple syrup and thin with water until the consistency is to your liking. In cakes and cookies, it can also be used in place of peanut butter or any other nut butter. Swirl some into your brownies or try making cookies.
Photo by Pamela Taylor
Tahini Nutrition
Tahini has many of sesame’s nutritional values intact. Because it’s made from a seed that is high in oil, it offers essential fatty acids and is high in calcium, making it an excellent nutritional source for anyone avoiding dairy. Tahini also contains protein, which is both good for you and satiating.
Tahini Substitute
Have a recipe that calls for tahini, but none in the fridge? No worry. Since it is essentially a paste made from seeds, most nut butters can be used in a pinch – just make sure you are opting for an unsweetened jar. Try a spoon of smooth peanut butter, cashew butter, or my favorite, sunflower seed butter, which closely mimics the flavor found in tahini. You can also add a few drops of sesame oil, which will add a similar flavor but won’t help with consistency and texture, so it’s best when used in conjunction with a mild nut butter such as cashew butter.
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What type of creature is a hellbender | The Creature Feature: 10 Fun Facts About Hellbenders | WIRED
The Creature Feature: 10 Fun Facts About Hellbenders
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Slide: 1 / of 4. Caption: Caption: Photo: Brian Gratwicke, via Flickr. Distributed under a CC BY 2.0 license.
Slide: 2 / of 4. Caption: Caption: Photo: Brian Gratwicke, via Flickr. Distributed under a CC BY 2.0 license.
Slide: 3 / of 4. Caption: Caption: Photo: Brian Gratwicke, via Wikimedia Commons. Distributed under a CC BY 2.0 license.
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Author: Mary Bates. Mary Bates Science
Date of Publication: 02.02.15.
Time of Publication: 11:25 am.
11:25 am
The Creature Feature: 10 Fun Facts About Hellbenders
Photo: Brian Gratwicke, via Flickr . Distributed under a CC BY 2.0 license.
Hellbenders are large, aquatic salamanders found on the east coast of the United States from southern New York to northern Alabama. There are two subspecies, the Eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) and the Ozark hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi). The Ozark hellbender is smaller with larger black blotches on its back and a darkly mottled chin.
Read on to meet this reclusive amphibious giant.
1. They’re North America’s largest salamander. Hellbenders can grow to over two feet long and weigh more than four pounds. They’re the third largest salamander in the world after the Chinese and Japanese giant salamanders.
2. They have a lot of weird aliases. Vernacular names for hellbenders include snot otter, devil dog, mud-devil, mud dog, grampus, and Allegheny alligator.
Photo: Brian Gratwicke, via Flickr . Distributed under a CC BY 2.0 license.
3. Hellbenders breathe through their wrinkly skin. Hellbenders have numerous fleshy folds along the sides of their bodies, which provide extra surface area from which to extract oxygen from the water. They have lungs, but they are mostly used for buoyancy control and not for breathing.
4. They’re slow-growing and long-lived. It takes five to eight years for a hellbender to reach sexual maturity, and they may live 25 to 30 years in the wild.
5. They are crayfish-eating specialists. Almost 90 percent of the hellbender’s diet consists of crayfish, but they also eat small fish, insects, worms, and even other, smaller hellbenders.
6. Hellbenders can see with their whole bodies. Hellbenders have tiny eyes located on the tops of their heads that can detect light but are not very good at forming images. They also have light-sensitive cells located all over their bodies, especially on their tails. This might help them keep their whole bodies hidden under rocks and logs. When hunting, they likely use their keen sense of smell and their lateral line, which detects vibrations in the water.
7. They keep to themselves. Hellbenders are solitary animals. Outside of the breeding season, encounters between two individuals can be violent. Adults are territorial and will aggressively chase off any intruders. Equally matched combatants may fight or just go their separate ways, but if one is bigger than the other the smaller hellbender risks being eaten.
Photo: Brian Gratwicke, via Wikimedia Commons . Distributed under a CC BY 2.0 license.
8. They walk underwater. Hellbenders can swim, but usually walk along the stream bottom using their sturdy limbs. Their toes have rough pads that give them extra traction on the slippery underwater surface.
9. They spend most of their time under rocks. Hellbenders mostly hunt at night, and spend their days hiding under flat rocks in fast-moving streams. Their flattened bodies help them slide into their hiding places and move about in fast-flowing waters.
10. Hellbenders have an unusual mating system. Unlike most salamanders, hellbenders mate by external fertilization. At the beginning of the breeding season, the male excavates a nest site that he will defend from other males. When a female approaches, he guides her into his burrow. As she lays her eggs, the male positions himself alongside or slightly above the eggs and disperses his sperm over them. Then he drives the female out of his nest, where he remains to guard the developing eggs.
| Salamander |
In archery how many points is the blue worth | U.S. Giant Salamanders Slipping Away: Inside the Fight to Save the Hellbender
U.S. Giant Salamanders Slipping Away: Inside the Fight to Save the Hellbender
Two-foot-long amphibian declining due to unhealthy streams, disease.
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A scientist displays a hellbender in Pennsylvania's Casselman River in an undated photo.
PHOTOGRAPH BY GEORGE GRALL, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC
Snot otters. Lasagna lizards. Allegheny alligators. With nicknames like these, you'd think the actual animal, a salamander more commonly known as a hellbender , would be a natural poster child for endangered wildlife.
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Instead, hellbenders live quiet lives tucked away under large rocks in the mountain streams of eastern North America, from Arkansas to New York. Ranging in color from mottled olive-gray to chocolate brown with rust-colored splotches, the nocturnal amphibians can easily be mistaken for rocks, if they're seen at all.
But that rarity is what concerns researchers. There are two varieties or subspecies of hellbenders—the Ozark hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishop) and the eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis)—and both have been quietly slipping away since about the 1980s.
The U.S. government currently considers the eastern hellbender a species of concern , while the Ozark subspecies was federally listed as endangered in 2011. The International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species classifies the hellbender as near threatened , although their total number is unknown. (See "'Snot Otter' Sperm to Save Giant Salamander?" )
In New York State, researchers began to see small declines in their eastern hellbender population starting in the 1980s, said Ken Roblee, senior wildlife biologist with the New York Department of Environmental Conservation .
But it wasn't until a 2005 survey that scientists saw a 40 percent reduction in the number of adults at monitoring sites, perhaps due to predation or disease—researchers are still trying to figure out the causes. "That got us really concerned," Roblee said.
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Declining populations have prompted conservation efforts in New York, as well as in states across the hellbender range, including Ohio and Missouri.
These programs aim to study the biology of North America's largest salamander—which can reach a length of 2 feet (0.6 meter)—as well as to try and reintroduce the animals to the wild.
Murky Future
Salamanders are vulnerable for a few reasons. First, "they are really closely tied to their environment," said Kim Terrell , a conservation biologist with the Smithsonian's National Zoo in Washington, D.C., who studies hellbender immune systems.
"Unlike a lot of other salamanders, [hellbenders] breathe entirely through their skin," she explained. That means the fully aquatic amphibians need clean, cold, oxygen-rich freshwater to live.
Because of that, hellbenders thrive only in areas with good water quality, Terrell said.
"Imagine if you're in a river, and you're dragging your lungs around behind you—things are not going to go well if that river is polluted or muddy or murky," the conservation biologist explained.
And declining hellbender numbers are mirroring the declining health of their habitats. ( Read about vanishing amphibians in National Geographic magazine .)
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Changing land use, such as an increase in agriculture, is causing greater loads of dirt and sediment to pile up in streams throughout the hellbenders' range, reducing water quality. What's more, many of these streams also contain harmful toxins and chemicals. Both developments are driving this unassuming amphibian into the ground.
Mysterious Disease
Unknown diseases may also be afflicting hellbenders, and researchers are ramping up monitoring efforts to try to understand why the animals are getting hit with chronic skin conditions. For example, several biologists are swabbing hellbenders and cataloguing any potential disease-causing organisms they find.
"We know that hellbenders are really sensitive to disease," Terrell said. "And we find animals that have evidence of skin disease quite often in the wild. But we don't know what's causing it."
One particularly nasty infection can cause some hellbenders to lose one or more of their feet. "Something is eating that foot tissue, and you'll find animals with exposed bone, missing feet," explained Terrell. "That's pretty serious for a group of animals that tend to have incredible healing abilities."
Experts thought at first that the chytrid fungus —responsible for demolishing frog populations around the world—was causing the hellbender skin disease. (See "African Clawed Frog Spreads Deadly Amphibian Fungus." )
The fungus is found in hellbender habitats, and on the animals themselves, said Thomas Floyd, a wildlife biologist with the Georgia Department of Natural Resources .
Previous research has found that chytrid can also hide out in crayfish—hellbenders' favorite food—showing that the fungus can persist in other species before it jumps to an amphibian.
But based on skin swabs from hellbenders, "there's no indication it's a problem yet," Floyd said.
Healthy Hellbenders
Floyd and his colleagues are working hard to ensure their hellbender populations remain safe.
The state has perhaps some of the healthiest populations of hellbenders in the country, Floyd explained, and they regularly monitor the wild animals to make sure they stay that way.
That often involves donning a mask and snorkel and rooting under rocks in water as chilly as 60°F (16°C) to look for the animals.
"[In Georgia], if you look at areas where they're doing really well, they're on public land," which tends to have more intact forests, he explained. "There's a direct correlation between forest cover and habitat quality."
That's because forests are natural barriers against erosion, preventing sediments from washing into mountain streams and clogging up the waterways.
Hellbenders in the Empire State
Unfortunately, hellbenders in New York aren't doing as well.
"We have them in only two watersheds in New York State—the Allegheny River watershed and the Susquehanna watershed," said New York State's Roblee.
"The hellbenders in Susquehanna have nearly disappeared, and we don't know the reasons for the decline," he said. Researchers have seen only two hellbenders in this watershed over the past three years.
A team of biologists and students tried searching for the wrinkly creatures again this year, with no luck. "The situation there is quite dire," said Roblee.
The wildlife biologist and his colleagues are instead concentrating their efforts on the Allegheny, "where the hellbenders are doing better, thankfully," Roblee said.
Population numbers in the Allegheny River seem to have stabilized in the past two years: Surveys in 2012 found between 60 and 100 hellbenders at various monitoring sites, and those numbers seem to be holding.
Luckily, "no severe health problem has shown up," he added.
Even so, the Allegheny populations have declined 40 percent since the 1980s. (See more pictures of amphibians declining worldwide .)
The problem could be due to the fact that not enough young hellbenders are making it to adulthood, Roblee said. "Many of the monitored sites only had large adults."
So the biologist and his colleagues decided to give young hellbenders a leg up.
A Head Start
By hatching and raising hellbenders in captivity, Roblee and colleagues hoped to give the amphibians a refuge to grow to a size—around 9 inches (23 centimeters)—that makes them less vulnerable to predators.
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Who was boxer Audley Harrison's first professional opponent | Audley Harrison is a talented boxer, but he is not a fighter | Kevin Mitchell | Sport | The Guardian
Audley Harrison is a talented boxer, but he is not a fighter
Kevin Mitchell
The British heavyweight takes on Michael Sprott for the European title, but the suspicion is he's in the wrong business
Audley Harrison, left, and Michael Sprott face off for the European heavyweight title tonight. Photograph: Steven Paston/Action Images
Friday 9 April 2010 04.54 EDT
First published on Friday 9 April 2010 04.54 EDT
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Audley Harrison has been to more crossroads than Dick Whittington. In 10 years, he has gone from national hero at the Sydney Olympics to an object of almost universal derision, a failed pro who still promises the world and delivers Neasden.
The journey has become tiresome for the fight public and traumatic for Harrison, whose self-belief rarely matches his ambition once he gets in the ring, a workplace as foreign to him as the Bodleian Library would be to Mike Tyson.
He is more than capable of blowing away inadequate fodder, as he has done 26 times in 30 contests. But, if there is a live opponent coming at him – as when he fought Danny Williams, Dominic Guinn, Michael Sprott and Martin Rogan – Harrison's default position is instant caution, and that is when he has been exposed.
This week, before his rematch tonight with Sprott, he was at his eloquent best, telling Paul Foley of Boxrec.com: "I have turned my life around and I know what reality is. The perception people create is not reality. What you read in the papers, it's 10% truth and 90% perception."
He argued that he has thrived in adversity. He overcame what he calls his ghetto upbringing to get a university degree, win an Olympic gold medal and set up a 10-fight deal with the BBC. He points out he reversed the result against Williams, and went through the trauma of losing his brother in a car crash.
All of this is true. But it cannot disguise his shortcomings in the ring, because that is a place where what happens before always matters less than what happens while you're there.
Harrison is an articulate 38-year-old man, a convincing preacher of his own faith. You want him to be right, because, away from the heat of battle, what he says often makes sense and he is a likeable character. There is much to admire in his determination; he has, after all, been through some tough times, personally, and in trying to survive in the snakepit of the fight game.
But he is in the wrong business. He was not born to fight, a suspicion I have held since I bumped into his father, a small and nervous man, in the corridors of Wembley Arena the night in May 2001 Harrison made his professional debut against a man almost equally as small and nervous, a private detective from Miami called Mike Middleton .
Mr Harrison, a dapper man in suit and fedora, was carrying a large white cloth, which he told me he would throw into the ring the moment his boy got into trouble. I told him there was as much chance of that happening as Middleton working out who Jack the Ripper was. Harrison outweighed Middleton by two-and-a-half stone and stopped him in the first round, the first of many wins that led him to believe he could conquer the world.
Tonight, at the Alexandra Palace, Harrison has yet another chance, probably his last (but how many times have we said that?) when he fights Sprott for the vacant European heavyweight title.
He restored his confidence by winning Prizefighter recently, and that gave him the oxygen to carry on up the mountain. He will probably win tonight. But he is like the man looking to rediscover Shangri-La, who doesn't realise that you can't go back to some warm fantasyland, living forever on the buzz of youth.
What Audley has, paradoxically, is a talent to box without the instincts to fight – and that is a dangerous mix in the professional business. You can just about get away with it in the amateurs, which is where Audley should have stayed. Who knows? If they'd changed the rules and allowed boxers to go on beyond the age of 35, he might be going for a fourth gold medal in London.
The really bad deal
More potentially hazardous dreaming across the water tomorrow night, when Evander Holyfield, 47, fights Frans Botha, 41, in Las Vegas. Holyfield, such a force in his prime, shares Harrison's delusion that he can be world champion again. He can. In his mind.
Like Harrison, he calls on God to get him to the top of the mountain. There have been worse crimes committed in God's name, but this is one He surely won't sign up for. Believe it or not, it's on Primetime. I could not care less who wins.
Heavy times
Another heavyweight collision next month featuring a fighter heading for the exit at least is invested with reality. Danny Williams says that, regardless of the result against Sam Sexton, whom he fights on the undercard of Mitchell-Katsidis at Upton Park on 15 May, he will retire. I can't remember a fighter promising to quit, even if he wins, and doing it. We will see.
Danny has been the other great enigma of the British heavyweight scene, a fighter with real talent who struggled with the sort of inner doubts a lot of boxers have. The one night he really believed in himself, he knocked out what was left of Mike Tyson. He then gave as brave a performance as any sadist could want against Vitali Klitschko near his best.
Danny, who is 36, says he is going into the security business, looking after celebrities. He might even end up being Tyson's bodyguard on Mike's occasional trips to the UK. It's hard not to smile at the odd way life turns out some times.
Making Haye
No word yet on David Haye's next fight. But bet on this: it won't be against Nikolai Valuev. Hayemaker Boxing's German partners, Sauerland Event, hold the option on a rematch but know the bigger fight for the WBA world champion is against Wladimir Klitschko, self-managed and who fights for a rival TV network in Germany.
So, there are a lot of competing interests there. But the will exists in the Sauerland company to make Haye-Klitschko, and what is encouraging for the Londoner is that they are keen to do the fight at Wembley.
In any other business, what Haye's trainer and negotiator, Adam Booth, calls "the logical position" would make the fight a lay-down misere . But this is boxing, so expect weeks and maybe months of playground posturing.
It is one of the inbuilt ironies of the fight game that it is populated by hard men who act like kids. Bob Arum and Richard Schaefer pride themselves on being ace deal-makers, yet blew (for the time being) the biggest fight in the history of boxing, Pacquiao-Mayweather, largely because they let their egos get in the way.
Let's hope that's not the case with Haye and Klitschko. The signs are encouraging.
| Mike Middleton |
Which Louisiana port is regarded as the birthplace of jazz | Audley Harrison is a talented boxer, but he is not a fighter | Kevin Mitchell | Sport | The Guardian
Audley Harrison is a talented boxer, but he is not a fighter
Kevin Mitchell
The British heavyweight takes on Michael Sprott for the European title, but the suspicion is he's in the wrong business
Audley Harrison, left, and Michael Sprott face off for the European heavyweight title tonight. Photograph: Steven Paston/Action Images
Friday 9 April 2010 04.54 EDT
First published on Friday 9 April 2010 04.54 EDT
Share on Messenger
Close
Audley Harrison has been to more crossroads than Dick Whittington. In 10 years, he has gone from national hero at the Sydney Olympics to an object of almost universal derision, a failed pro who still promises the world and delivers Neasden.
The journey has become tiresome for the fight public and traumatic for Harrison, whose self-belief rarely matches his ambition once he gets in the ring, a workplace as foreign to him as the Bodleian Library would be to Mike Tyson.
He is more than capable of blowing away inadequate fodder, as he has done 26 times in 30 contests. But, if there is a live opponent coming at him – as when he fought Danny Williams, Dominic Guinn, Michael Sprott and Martin Rogan – Harrison's default position is instant caution, and that is when he has been exposed.
This week, before his rematch tonight with Sprott, he was at his eloquent best, telling Paul Foley of Boxrec.com: "I have turned my life around and I know what reality is. The perception people create is not reality. What you read in the papers, it's 10% truth and 90% perception."
He argued that he has thrived in adversity. He overcame what he calls his ghetto upbringing to get a university degree, win an Olympic gold medal and set up a 10-fight deal with the BBC. He points out he reversed the result against Williams, and went through the trauma of losing his brother in a car crash.
All of this is true. But it cannot disguise his shortcomings in the ring, because that is a place where what happens before always matters less than what happens while you're there.
Harrison is an articulate 38-year-old man, a convincing preacher of his own faith. You want him to be right, because, away from the heat of battle, what he says often makes sense and he is a likeable character. There is much to admire in his determination; he has, after all, been through some tough times, personally, and in trying to survive in the snakepit of the fight game.
But he is in the wrong business. He was not born to fight, a suspicion I have held since I bumped into his father, a small and nervous man, in the corridors of Wembley Arena the night in May 2001 Harrison made his professional debut against a man almost equally as small and nervous, a private detective from Miami called Mike Middleton .
Mr Harrison, a dapper man in suit and fedora, was carrying a large white cloth, which he told me he would throw into the ring the moment his boy got into trouble. I told him there was as much chance of that happening as Middleton working out who Jack the Ripper was. Harrison outweighed Middleton by two-and-a-half stone and stopped him in the first round, the first of many wins that led him to believe he could conquer the world.
Tonight, at the Alexandra Palace, Harrison has yet another chance, probably his last (but how many times have we said that?) when he fights Sprott for the vacant European heavyweight title.
He restored his confidence by winning Prizefighter recently, and that gave him the oxygen to carry on up the mountain. He will probably win tonight. But he is like the man looking to rediscover Shangri-La, who doesn't realise that you can't go back to some warm fantasyland, living forever on the buzz of youth.
What Audley has, paradoxically, is a talent to box without the instincts to fight – and that is a dangerous mix in the professional business. You can just about get away with it in the amateurs, which is where Audley should have stayed. Who knows? If they'd changed the rules and allowed boxers to go on beyond the age of 35, he might be going for a fourth gold medal in London.
The really bad deal
More potentially hazardous dreaming across the water tomorrow night, when Evander Holyfield, 47, fights Frans Botha, 41, in Las Vegas. Holyfield, such a force in his prime, shares Harrison's delusion that he can be world champion again. He can. In his mind.
Like Harrison, he calls on God to get him to the top of the mountain. There have been worse crimes committed in God's name, but this is one He surely won't sign up for. Believe it or not, it's on Primetime. I could not care less who wins.
Heavy times
Another heavyweight collision next month featuring a fighter heading for the exit at least is invested with reality. Danny Williams says that, regardless of the result against Sam Sexton, whom he fights on the undercard of Mitchell-Katsidis at Upton Park on 15 May, he will retire. I can't remember a fighter promising to quit, even if he wins, and doing it. We will see.
Danny has been the other great enigma of the British heavyweight scene, a fighter with real talent who struggled with the sort of inner doubts a lot of boxers have. The one night he really believed in himself, he knocked out what was left of Mike Tyson. He then gave as brave a performance as any sadist could want against Vitali Klitschko near his best.
Danny, who is 36, says he is going into the security business, looking after celebrities. He might even end up being Tyson's bodyguard on Mike's occasional trips to the UK. It's hard not to smile at the odd way life turns out some times.
Making Haye
No word yet on David Haye's next fight. But bet on this: it won't be against Nikolai Valuev. Hayemaker Boxing's German partners, Sauerland Event, hold the option on a rematch but know the bigger fight for the WBA world champion is against Wladimir Klitschko, self-managed and who fights for a rival TV network in Germany.
So, there are a lot of competing interests there. But the will exists in the Sauerland company to make Haye-Klitschko, and what is encouraging for the Londoner is that they are keen to do the fight at Wembley.
In any other business, what Haye's trainer and negotiator, Adam Booth, calls "the logical position" would make the fight a lay-down misere . But this is boxing, so expect weeks and maybe months of playground posturing.
It is one of the inbuilt ironies of the fight game that it is populated by hard men who act like kids. Bob Arum and Richard Schaefer pride themselves on being ace deal-makers, yet blew (for the time being) the biggest fight in the history of boxing, Pacquiao-Mayweather, largely because they let their egos get in the way.
Let's hope that's not the case with Haye and Klitschko. The signs are encouraging.
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Which song begins, Sitting in a sleazy snack bar sucking sickly sausage rolls | Bruce Dickinson - 13.Fog On The Tyne / Winds Of Change (Dive Dive Live 1990) - YouTube
Bruce Dickinson - 13.Fog On The Tyne / Winds Of Change (Dive Dive Live 1990)
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Published on Jul 23, 2010
Dive Dive Live - Recorded at the Town & Country Club in Los Angeles, US, August 14, 1990, during the Tattooed Millionaire Tour 1990.
Bruce Dickinson: Vocals
Fog on the Tyne (a song by Lindisfarne)
[Lyrics]
Sitting in a sleazy snack-bar sucking sickly sausage rolls
Slipping down slowly, slipping down sideways,
Think i'll sign off the dole - 'cause
The fog on the tyne is all mine, all mine,
The fog on the tyne is all mine
The fog on the tyne is all mine, all mine,
The fog on the tyne is all mine.
Could a copper catch a crooked coffin-maker,
Could a copper comprehend
That a crooked coffin-maker's just an undertaker
Who undertakes to be your friend, and
The fog on the tyne is all mine, all mine,
The fog on the tyne is all mine
The fog on the tyne is all mine, all mine,
The fog on the tyne is all mine.
Tell it to tomorrow, today will take its time,
To tell you what tonight will bring.
Presently we'll have a pint or two together
Everybody do their thing.
We can have a wee-wee,
We can have a wet on the wall
If someone slips a whisper
That it's simple, sister,
Slap them down and slap it on their smalls, 'cause
The fog on the tyne is all mine, all mine,
The fog on the tyne is all mine
The fog on the tyne is all mine, all mine,
The fog on the tyne is all mine.
........................................
Fog On The Tyne is a song by an English rock band Lindisfarne and can be found on their second studio album ''Fog On The Tyne'' released in 1971.
.........................................
When you think that it's all over
And you want your ragged mile
And the winds of change
Are blowing all around all around
Stop and look you're not the only one
On the road out in the night
Take some time to find your brother
It does take time to get it right
Winds of change blow over us
Winds of change blow over us
Winds of change blow over us
Winds of change don't change us...at all
In a world of desperation
Women struggle to be free
Their last truth and inspiration
To break the chains of you and me
Look around and have your visions
Of what is and what could be
Letting loose imagination
Winds of change blow over us
Winds of change blow over us
Winds of change blow over us
Winds of change don't change us...at all
We all stand together
All of us as one
You hold on to somebody
As the road whines on and on
You fierce into the rising sun
Even a blind man knows the way
You're children of a new age and
You can blaze your own way
Winds of change blow over us
Winds of change blow over us
Winds of change blow over us
Winds of change don't change us...at all
................................
Winds of Change is a bonus track and can be found on Bruce Dickinson's debut solo album, Tattooed Millionaire 2005 extended version.
Dive Dive Live video can be found on ''Anthology'' DVD (Disc 1) by Bruce Dickinson, released on June 19, 2006.
''Anthology'' is a 3 disc compilation DVD by Bruce Dickinson, the lead singer of Iron Maiden. The DVD features three live performances as well every single promotional video made during Bruce's solo career. The DVD also includes over an hour of extras and unreleased footage.
Disc 1 features two live performances, the first is from the Tattooed Millionaire tour entitled Dive Dive Live, Bruce's first tour as a solo artist,and the second live performance is from the Skunkworks tour 1996 - Recorded in Pamplona and Gerona, Spain on May 30th and 31st 1996.
Dive Dive Live was filmed at the Town & Country Club in LA, August 14,at the end of the "Tattooed millionaire" US club tour in 1990. The video was directed by Jim Yukich (known for his work with Iron Maidens "Live After Death") and the personel were the same as on "Tattooed Millionaire", except that Dickie Fliszar handled the drum duties.
The material consists of practically all material from the Tattooed Millionaire-sessions (except Darkness Be My Friend from the All The Young Dudes single) including Bring Your Daughter...). The set also included some cover songs the band did on the tour, Deep Purple's "Black Night", AC/DC's "Sin City". They had previously done Free's "Wishing Well" on the European leg of the tour and in the US this one was replaced by Bring Your Daughter To The Slaughter.
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| Fog on the Tyne |
Who was the first female solo singer to enter the UK charts at number one | Lindisfarne - Fog On The Tyne Chords - AZ Chords
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Lindisfarne - Fog On The Tyne Chords
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WWW.AZCHORDS.COM | Lindisfarne - Fog On The Tyne Chords - AZ Chords
Fog On The Tyne by Lindisfarne Tuning: Standard, EADGBE. Intro (play twice): G G e|------3------------------|------3------------------| B|------3-------3-----3----|------3-------3-----3----| G|------0---------------0--|------0------------------| D|------0---------0h2------|------0---------0h2---0--| A|------2---0h2------------|------2---0h2------------| E|--3---3------------------|--3---3------------------| Verse: G C G Sitting in a sleazy snack-bar sucking C D G (1st bar of intro) Sickly sausage rolls, G C G Slipping down slowly, slipping down sideways, C D7 Em (rest) Think I'll sign off the dole. Chorus: G C G 'Cause the fog on the Tyne is all mine, all mine, C D G The fog on the Tyne is all mine, G C G The fog on the Tyne is all mine, all mine, C D7 Em The fog on the Tyne is all mine. Intro (once): Verse: Could a copper catch a crooked coffin maker, Could a copper comprehend, That a crooked coffin maker is just an undertaker Who undertakes to be your friend. Chorus: 'Cause the fog on the Tyne is all mine, all mine, The fog on the Tyne is all mine, The fog on the Tyne is all mine, all mine, The fog on the Tyne is all mine. Intro (once): Verse: Tell the truth tomorrow, today will take it's time To tell you what tonight will bring, Presently we'll have a pint or two together, C G7 Em (rest) C (rest) Everybody do their thing. Instrumental section (play twice): D / Am / D / D / D / Am / D / D / G / Em / G / Em / G / Em / A / / / (2nd time finish with) D / / (rest) Intro: Verse: We can swing together, we can have a wee wee, We can have a wet on the wall, If someone slips a whisper that it's simple sister, Slap them down and slobber on their smalls. Chorus: 'Cause the fog on the Tyne is all mine, all mine, The fog on the Tyne is all mine, The fog on the Tyne is all mine, all mine, The fog on the Tyne is all mine... Repeat chorus to fade.
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