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In which country is the Shell Trophy played for at cricket	Report on the 'Shell Trophy' Schoolboys Cricket Competition \| Cricket \| ESPN Cricinfo East Asia-Pacific News Archive October 29, 2002 Report on the 'Shell Trophy' Schoolboys Cricket Competition Paul Meyer Share on Facebook Share on Twitter The President and Executive of SECA (Samoa English Cricket Association) are thrilled to announce the commencement of the schoolboys cricket competition in Samoa. After a series of meetings with school representatives it was agreed that the competition would cover 6 weeks and games would be for 20 overs with 5 teams playing in a round-robin and play-offs at the end for 1st and 2nd and for 3rd and 4th placings. We decided that the involvement of SECA should be as instigators at the start and then as advisory and guidance only, once the competition was underway. To this effect the schools represented, selected among themselves a President / Chairperson and Secretary to run the Committee meetings. SECA is a member of the Committee in the advisory and guiding roles mentioned. We are excited by the high profile given to the competition by government and the media. The opening itself was broadcast on television and reported in the local papers and radio. The Minister for Sports Youth and Culture officially opened the games and stated the government's continuing support of English cricket in Samoa and relayed how pleased they were that it is now being developed in the schools through this inaugural competition. Weekly results are published in the various media. A huge boost has been the sponsorship by Shell. At the opening, Mr Klaus Stunzner Jr - Manager for the local branch - announced that Shell was excited to be able to promote the schoolboy cricket competition not only through Player of the Day Awards and Shell T-shirts for all players but also by providing one full playing kit for each school. Their sponsorship culminating in the Shell Trophy for the winning school. SECA's assistance to the schools has been by way of the provision of literature - rule books, coaching tips and umpires' signals ; training manuals and videos ; training and playing gear ; coaching through SECA and national team members and by providing umpires and scorers for each game every week. The level of improvement in all schools from week to week has been inspiring to see. Some impressive youngsters have already shown their potential to develop into very skilled and competitive players. The spin bowling by one youngster in particular has left us as administrators and players, with visions of only great things to come from him as well as from several others with strengths in different areas. In order to build on this 'ground-breaking' competition, our plans for next year include expanding the competition to all secondary schools and the possibility of taking a representative side on tour whether to New Zealand or another Pacific island nation and inviting our neighbours to send a touring side also. The success of the competition to date has largely been due to giving a greater management role to the schools themselves. Our role as the mother-body giving practical assistance is one that we hope will ensure that this 'partnership' will be a long one and that together we will be able to organise more exciting events by way of training the coaches, workshops and future competitions and friendly games. The challenges have been few and the rewards plentiful and the rejuvenation we are now feeling as an organisation and as individuals has remotivated some of us who had lost some of the momentum and intensity after the Pacifica Cup to keep up our own games. Finally, where the older or more established players may have left their better or even their best years of playing behind them, it will be the youngsters who will continue to keep us going down to the cricket grounds to build on the legacy which the cricket greats of Samoa - and none greater than our own President, Mr Seb Kohlhase, began so many years ago. May cricket continue to be "a hit all around the world". SECA President Mr Seb Kohlhase has spent many years developing junior cricket in Samoa. S.E.C.A. launches School Boy's Competition [ More Details ]	New Zealand
In which city are the headquarters of the European Central Bank	Test Championship to replace Champions Trophy \| Cricket \| ESPN Cricinfo ICC news June 29, 2013 Test Championship to replace Champions Trophy ESPNcricinfo staff 155 Lord's will host the final of the inaugural World Test Championship © PA Photos The Champions Trophy is now officially history with the ICC confirming a World Test Championship from 2017 onwards in line with its goal of having one pinnacle tournament for each of the three formats over a four-year period. This also means that the men's World Twenty20 will be held once every four years starting 2016 instead of the current two-year interval. The women's event will remain a biennial affair, played with the men's event in 2016 and 2020 and as a standalone tournament in the West Indies and South Africa in 2018 and 2022. The women's 2014 tournament has been expanded to ten teams, with the top three teams from the qualifiers to join the current seven. ICC Tournaments 2016-2023 2017 - England, 2021 - New Zealand Women's World Twenty20 2018 - West Indies, 2022 - South Africa U19 World Cup 2016 - Bangladesh, 2018 - New Zealand, 2020 - South Africa, 2022 - West Indies World Twenty20 Qualifier World Cup Qualifier 2018 - Bangladesh, 2022 - Zimbabwe In another decision taken to "ensure an optimum balance between the three formats of the game", teams will now have to play a minimum of 16 Tests in each four-year cycle with the ICC board accepting the recommendation of its cricket committee. There have been a number of recent examples of Test series being postponed due to conflicting demands, either from one-day cricket or the proliferation of Twenty20 leagues. Countries might still be able to give preference to limited-overs cricket, though, with the requirement being set as low as 16 Tests. The success of the recent edition of the Champions Trophy had given rise to talk that the tournament might live on after all but the ICC has stuck to its stated intent of moving on. "The ICC Champions Trophy in England and Wales was highly acclaimed and appreciated by all," David Richardson, the ICC chief executive, said. "However, the principle of one pinnacle global event for each of the three formats over a four-year cycle is a good one and, as such, the ICC Board has agreed to replace the Champions Trophy with the ICC World Test Championship. Now that the ICC World Test Championship has been confirmed, we'll work on the playing conditions and qualification criteria, and will submit these to the ICC Board for approval in due course." England and India were announced as venues for the first two editions of the World Test Championship in June-July 2017 and February-March 2021 as also for the 2019 and 2023 World Cups respectively. India will also host the 2016 World Twenty20 with the 2020 one going to Australia. © ESPN Sports Media Ltd.	i don't know
How many of Shakespeare's signatures are known to exist	The six signatures \| politicworm Sympathy for the Devil The six signatures We have six examples of William Shakspere’s handwriting. All six are signatures on legal documents where some sort of mark had to be made to make the document legal. Here are the six signatures: a) From the 1612 Mountjoy suit deposition: Willm Shackper b) From the 1612 Blackfriars Gatehouse deed: (William) Shakspear c) From the 1612 Blackfriars mortgage: Wm Shakspea d) From the 1615 will, page 1: William Shackspere e) From the will, page 2: Wllm. Shakspere f) From the will, page 3: (by me William) Shakspear The spellings on all six differ. On a) and c) he didn’t complete the word, as though perhaps, he couldn’t recall how it ended. Note that in b) the clerk has written the “William,” and that in the final signature on page 3 of his will, the first three words, “By me William,” were also written by the clerk. Also note that despite spelling his own name six different ways, not once does he spell it as it was spelled on play titles and elsewhere in London, the way we spell it today. On similar documents William’s father showed that he was illiterate by using his “mark,” a drawing of a glover’s tool, instead of a signature. William’s daughter also used a mark, showing that she too was illiterate. Share this: 14 responses to “The six signatures” Kalev Pank \| June 10, 2010 at 7:32 am \| Reply Were signatures in Shakespeare’s time written as we do today, often just a unique scrawl originally based on the name? They do not have to represent every letter of a name. And usually they change over time and on occasion are written differently, but with the same general characteristics. Shakespeares examples above seem to follow this model. Writing instruments of the time would also have had a marked effect on the quality of the signature. To me they seem to be by the same man. hopkinshughes \| June 10, 2010 at 8:38 am \| Reply Because all six signatures occur on legal documents, there’s no argument that all (the surnames that is) were written by William himself since a person’s signature (or mark, if illiterate) was required to make documents legally binding. No one has ever questioned whether or not he wrote these versions of his surname himself. Certainly no lettered person would have made such a bad job of it. As for the nature of his signatures, yes, idiosyncratic scrawls were used then as now, but where these are obviously signatures, William’s suggest the kind of labored effort shown by the signature of a six-year-old, a drawn image, taught by his parents, that as yet has no meaning for him in terms of a sequence of known letters. Although this copy can’t reproduce the shades of ink that give greater clarity to the signatures, there’s no doubt that the man who wrote these versions of Shakspeare did not know how to write anything but his last name, and that not well. He seems to have remembered it up to the k, at which point his memory would fail him. In (e) and possibly (d) it seems he actually attempted the William. Orthodox scholars tend to agree that the other Williams were written by the scribe who penned the rest of the document. Sonny Chiba \| January 8, 2013 at 3:23 am \| Reply As with all of the evidence against William as author, how he spelled his name is only one small item. If that’s all there was there would be no argument. It’s when it’s added to the fact that his name is less a signature than a scrawl, that no letters from him to anyone else have ever turned up, that no one has ever been able successfully to tie these scrawls to the handwriting on any manuscript (such as Hand D on “The Play of Sir Thomas More,” that no one in his hometown including his educated son-in-law, Dr. Hall,showed awareness of his status as the author of the most popular plays of the time, and so forth, that it becomes evidence. ken kaplan \| February 2, 2013 at 8:22 am \| Reply Actually, even the surnames as written by William are called into question. I roomed with Robert Detobel at Concordia one year and helped him present the extremely intriguing “stay” on MOV and a ban on any printing by any other printer stipulated by “order of the Lord Chamberlain”. This was close to a smoking gun because only the author at the time had rights to put in such a stipulation. We argued for months on HLAS about the signatures. Robert’s argument that they are fully scribal is here \| February 2, 2013 at 11:33 am \| Reply Robert Detobel wrote a compelling argument for Oxford as the Lord Chamberlain of the Stationers’ registration of Merchant of Venice in two parts for The Oxfordian, “Authorial Rights in Shakespeare’s Time”: Part I for Vol IV 2001; Part II for Vol V, 2002. Jim Adamson \| February 13, 2013 at 3:49 pm \| Reply It’s perfectly obvious that Shaksper was either illiterate and didn’t write ‘Shakespeare’s’ works for the many reasons alluded to above or he was very ill in 1612 – 15 (dementia?) as has been suggested before and therefore unable to write properly or even remember his name. The story goes that on occasion ‘when asked to, (eg attend an event) writ he could not’ – also written as ‘when asked to writ, he could not’. Note the different sense the comma in the second version makes of the answer altho it has to be said that commas weren’t in use in those days or at least not in that sentence to help clarify the sense! Having read a great deal of literature about ‘did he?’ didn’t he?’ I’m convinced it had to be a nobleman close to the throne to have all that kingly knowledge that;s in the plays to have written them and not a hick from a backwoods village – and that’s not snobbery, just common sense. David Randall \| February 25, 2013 at 1:48 pm \| Reply These are NOT signatures. They are merely the result of someone writing Shakespeare’s name on documents. On the deposition in Bellott vs. Montjoy, Shakespeare’s name was written by the person transcribing the testimony to identify it as Shakespeare’s. Deponents did NOT sign their testimony in order to validate it. On the Blackfriars deed, his name was written on the tabs attached to the buyer’s and seller’s copies by the law clerks involved in order to identify his seal. The name was written by two different people (i.e., the two law clerks involved), which is why they are so dissimilar, despite being written on the same day at the same time. If the signature had been used to attest the document, it would have been signed in the body of the document, not on the tabs holding the seals. The first two “signatures” on his will were undoubtedly written by the person drawing up the will, again in order to identify it as Shakespeare’s. Why would Shakespeare sign on the first two pages. Only the final signature on the third page belongs to Shakespeare, and even here it is obvious that the words “by me, William” are written in a different hand than the “Shakespeare.” So we do not have six signatures; we have half a signature. By the way, there’s nothing wrong with the handwriting in any of these; they were just written quickly and carelessly by the law clerks involved. This also accounts for the various spelllings of the surname. hopkinshughes \| February 26, 2013 at 5:26 am \| Reply David, Anyone who has ever signed a contract drawn up by a lawyer knows that you sign every sheet and initial every change, otherwise the contract isn’t legal. Because I have only my own experience of this in today’s world, I forwarded your response to an expert in the handwriting on 16th-century documents, Alan H. Nelson, professor of English from UCal Berkeley, a paleographer by training. This is his response: “The comment is entirely wrong. It was very common to sign every sheet of a will; many wills even say “signed on every sheet”. I looked once at about 1000 original wills in the Public Record Office, now The National Archives, and most are signed on every sheet. There is a “villain” in this story. Jane Cox of the Public Record Office wrote that lawyers often signed documents for their clients. She is simply wrong. Signatures had the same role then that they have now. They signify that the person who signed his own name or mark had read and approved the text. Wills written on many sheets of paper are signed on every sheet to prevent someone substituting an unauthorized sheet.” He cites Playhouse Wills, 1558-1642, An Edition of Wills by Shakespeare and his Contemporaries in the London Theatre, ed. E.A.J. Honigman and Susan Brock, Manchester University Press, 1993, pp 77-79. Of course the same would be true for all legally documented agreements then as now, which is what the Playhouse document is. ken kaplan	6
Who led Czechoslovakia before the 1968 Soviet invasion	Sir Francis Bacon AKA William Shakespeare Red Ice Membership Sir Francis Bacon AKA William Shakespeare The lost history of the ages written down by Sir Bacon revealed by Manly P. Hall 2005 04 21 By Henrik Palmgren \| redicecreations.com This paper is not intended to prove that William Shakespeare never existed; only that the Stratford actors name and identity was used as a screen for a different man. It sounds preposterous when you first here it, after all, who wouldn't want to take credit for such brilliant work and gifted writing, right? I will only explore some of the many claims and theories regarding the Shakespeare identity controversy, and point towards a few facts which seem to indicate that Sir Francis Bacon was the real author behind Shakespeare's work. More than twenty thousand books and articles have been written about the "identity problem" regarding William Shakespeare. The more I read about it, the more suspicious about Shakespeare, as the true source of origin, I become. Much of the information I have collected come from Manly Palmer Hall, an initiate freemason, who in 1928 wrote the book " The secret Teachings of All Ages " where he on only four pages of his book browse this subject. So lets start by looking at the actor from Stratford All the known autographs of the Stratford actor read "William Shakspere" not "William Shakespeare" There is no record that Shakspere ever owned a library. (It is argued that even a small library wouldn't be enough for an author who demonstrate the kind of literary knowledge that span the ages like Shakespeare's work do.) There is no mention of any books in his will. His parents were illiterate. Shakspere's daughter Judith was an illiterate. (It is argued that Shakspere wouldn't permit his own daughter to reach the age of twenty-seven and marry without being able to read one line of the writings that made her father wealthy and locally famous) From where did William Shakspere secure his knowledge of modern French, Italian, Spanish, and Danish? Not to mention classical Latin and Greek? (Ben Jonson, who knew Shakspere intimately, stated that the Stratford actor understood "small Latin and less Greek") No record exists of William Shakspere as having ever played a leading role in the famous dramas he is supposed to have written or in others produced by the company of which he was a member. None of his heirs were involved in the printing of the First Folio after his death, nor did they benefit financially from it. Shakspere's manuscripts and unpublished plays would have been his most valued possessions, yet his will mentions no literary productions whatsoever. (It does however mention his second-best bed and his "broad silver gilt bowl") Manly Palmer Hall writes: "There are in existence but six known examples of Shakspere's handwriting. All are signatures, and three of them are in his will. The scrawling, uncertain method of their execution stamps Shakspere as unfamiliar with the use of a pen, and it is obvious either that he copied a signature prepared for him or that his hand was guided while he wrote. No autograph manuscripts of the "Shakespearian" plays or sonnets have been discovered" Manly Hall states that it is quite evident that William Shakespeare couldn't unaided, have produced the writings. For one he didn't possess the necessary literary knowledge. He states that the town of Stratford didn't have a school capable of passing on the "higher forms of learning" that are reflected in the writings ascribed to him. His parents were illiterate, in his early life he had a total disregard for study and he never travelled outside of England. To understand why Sir Francis Bacon is mentioned as the source of Shakespeare's work, one must understand the order of the Rosy Cross or the Rosicrucian's. According to the material I have read, most evidence seems to point to hints within the work itself. Hints only an initiate of the Rosicrucian's would have knowledge about, such as cryptographic symbolism, numerology, hidden watermarks and recurring miss-paginations thru the Shakespearian folios. Evidently there are also supposed to be hints in other seventeen century volumes that emphasize these claims. Manly Hall writes: "The philosophic ideals promulgated throughout the Shakespearian plays distinctly demonstrate their author to have been thoroughly familiar with certain doctrines and tenets peculiar to Rosicrucianism; in fact the profundity of the Shakespearian productions stamps their creator as one of the illuminati of the ages." Apparently scores of volumes have been written just to establish Sir Francis Bacon as the real author of the work of William Shakespeare. Hall states that an impartial consideration of these documents cannot but convince anyone who has an open-mind regarding the authenticity of the "Baconian theory". He says that all those enthusiasts who for years struggled to identify Sir Francis Bacon as the true "Bard of Avon" could have won their case only if they had emphasized its most important angle, namely, that Sir Francis Bacon, the Rosicrucian initiate, wrote into the Shakespearian plays both the secret teachings of the Fraternity of the Rosy Cross and the "true rituals of the Freemasonic Order". Manly Hall writes: "A sentimental world, however, dislikes to give up a traditional hero, either to solve a controversy or to right a wrong." Let's look at Sir Francis Bacon The content in the Shakespearian dramas are politically recognized viewpoints of Sir Francis Bacon (His "enemies" are frequently caricatured in the plays.) The religious, philosophic, and educational messages all reflect his personal opinions. Similarities in style and terminology exist in Bacon's writings and the Shakespearian plays. Certain historical and philosophical inaccuracies are common to both (such as identical misquotations from Aristotle.) Sir Francis Bacon possessed the range of general and philosophical knowledge necessary to write the Shakespearian plays. Sir Francis Bacon was a linguist and a composer. (Necessary to write the sonnets.) He was a lawyer, an able barrister and a polished courtier and possessed the intimate knowledge of parliamentary law and the etiquette of the royal court revealed in the Shakespearian plays. Bacon furthermore visited many of the foreign countries forming the background for the plays (Necessary to create the authentic local atmosphere. There is no record of William Shakspere's ever having travelled outside of England) Why the secrecy? Manly Palmer Hall writes: "Sir Francis Bacon knew the true secret of Masonic origin and there is reason to suspect that he concealed this knowledge in cipher and cryptogram. Bacon is not to be regarded solely as a man but rather as the focal point between an invisible institution and a world which was never able to distinguish between the messenger and the message which he promulgated. This secret society, having rediscovered the lost wisdom of the ages and fearing that the knowledge might be lost again, perpetuated it in two ways: (1) by an organization (Freemasonry) to the initiates of which it revealed its wisdom in the form of symbols; (2) by embodying its arcana in the literature of the day by means of cunningly contrived ciphers and enigmas." To emphasize this Manly Hall return to the claim that there is evidence that points to the existence of a group of wise and illustrious Fratres (brothers) who took it upon themselves to publish and preserve, for future generations, secret books of the ancients, together with documents. So that future members of their fraternity not only can identify the volumes but also "immediately note the significant passages, words, chapters, or sections therein". He states that they created a symbolic alphabet of hieroglyphic designs. "By means of a certain key and order, the discerning few were thus enabled to find that wisdom by which a man is "raised" to an illumined life." In the beginning of the chapter Hall writes: "The present consideration of the Bacon--Shakspere--Rosicrucian controversy is undertaken not for the vain purpose of digging up dead men's bones but rather in the hope that a critical analysis will aid in the rediscovery of that knowledge lost to the world since the oracles were silenced." William Shakespeare died 1616 - Sir Francis Bacon died 1626 ..."Lord Bacon was born in 1561 and history records his death in 1626. There are records in existence, however, which would indicate the probability that his funeral was a mock funeral and that, leaving England, he lived for many years under another name in Germany, there faithfully serving the secret society to the promulgation of whose doctrines he had consecrate his life. Little doubt seems to exist in the minds of impartial investigators that Lord Bacon was the legitimate son of Queen Elizabeth and the Earl of Leicester" You decide!	i don't know
Tynwald Day is celebrated on which island in July	Tynwald Day - Facts of the Day Calendar Back to Facts of the Day Calendar UK Calendar dates british festivals .... folklore ... anniversaries .... on this day Tynwald Day Tynwald Day is the National Day of the Isle of Man, an island in in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland. The island is not part of the United Kingdom or European Union, but is a possession of the British Crown with an independent administration. Its inhabitants (known as Manx) are British citizens. Flag: The Three Legs of Man Each year on 5th July, the Members of Tynwald - the Manx parliament - meet on Tynwald Hill in St Johns, for a ceremony, a legal requirement established by the Island's ninth century rulers. The hill is said to have been built by the Vikings and to contain soil from each of the 17 island parishes. The July ceremony declares in Manx Gaelic and English, laws passed during the year and hears petitions from Manx citizens. The Tynwald, the Isle of Man's parliament, is of Norse (Viking) origin and has existed on the island for more than 1,000 years, making it the oldest parliament in the world with an unbroken existence. (Iceland’s Althing was founded earlier but its existence was interrupted.) Facts about the Isle of Man Population: 80,058 Capital: Douglas Area: 572 sq km (221 sq miles) Approximately 48 km (32 miles) long and between 13 and 24 km (8 and 15 miles) in breadth Major languages: English, Manx The Manx Electric Railway, formed in 1893, was one of the first in the world. The island’s name is believed to come from its ruler and protector, Celtic Sea God Manannan. The native Manx Cat from the Isle of Man is tailless and its origins are subject to folklore. Legend has it a pair of cats were the last to enter Noah’s Ark. The door was slammed, severing their tails.	Isle of Man
A modern version of the ancient Roman festival of Hilaria still occurs in Britain and other countries today, what is it known as	Isle of Man's national day, Tynwald Day, celebrated - BBC News BBC News Media playback is unsupported on your device Isle of Man's national day, Tynwald Day, celebrated 7 July 2014 Last updated at 17:49 BST Tynwald Day, the only day of the year when parliament is held in the open air, has been celebrated on the Isle of Man. The ceremony has been held in St John's for more than 1,000 years. Tynwald Day was first codified by the Manx parliament on the hill in 1417. New laws are promulgated in both English and Gaelic. The public get the chance to lobby the law-makers by presenting petitions. Millie Blenkinsop-French, 71, is petitioning for euthanasia to be legalised. She has suffered two mini strokes and told the BBC: "I'm not afraid of dying, but it's how I die that worries me. It should be my choice."	i don't know
How many lives does each contestant start with in The Cube	The Cube Episode Guide and Episode List - TV Guide UK TV Listings Season 1 Episode 1 Dean and Rhian Another chance to see the very first episode of the game show in which contestants try to complete a series of increasingly difficult challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials, under pressure to hold their nerve as friends, family and the studio audience watch their every move. The further they go in the competition, the more money they win, up to a jackpot of £250,000. Phillip Schofield hosts Season 1 Episode 2 Nicky and Fay Fitness instructor Nicky Sanford from London and support manager Fay Greaves from Ipswich compete on the game show in which contestants must complete tasks within the confines of a large transparent cube, hoping to walk away with the jackpot of £250,000. Each player has nine lives and must complete up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Hosted by Phillip Schofield Season 1 Episode 3 Boxer JJ Bird from Peterborough and minibus driver Norman Bennett from Hove, East Sussex, compete on the game show in which contestants must complete tasks within the confines of a large transparent cube, hoping to win the jackpot of £250,000. Each player has nine lives and must accomplish up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Hosted by Phillip Schofield Season 1 Episode 4 Richard A Royal Marine takes on a series of fiendishly difficult tasks within the confines of the transparent cube, hoping to win a jackpot of £250,000. He has nine lives at the start and must complete up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Game show, presented by Phillip Schofield Season 1 Episode 5 Jonny Electrical engineer Jonny Lowery tackles a series of fiendishly difficult tasks within the confines of the transparent cube in an attempt to win up to £250,000. Given nine lives at the start, he must accomplish up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials, with one opportunity to simplify a game he believes is too difficult. Presented by Phillip Schofield Season 1 Episode 6 Dale Firefighter Dale Critchley from Gloucester and student Mel Smith from Lancashire compete in the game show in which contestants must complete tasks within the confines of a large transparent cube, hoping to walk away with the jackpot of £250,000. Both players have nine lives and must finish up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Hosted by Phillip Schofield Season 1 Episode 7 Maria and Faisal Retired Northamptonshire theatre worker Maria Grimmiet and Hampton sales assistant Faisal Abdalla take part in a series of challenges within the confines of a large transparent cube in a bid to win the jackpot of £250,000. The contestants have nine lives and face up to seven tasks, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Hosted by Phillip Schofield Season 2 Episode 1 Kevin New series. Hurling instructor Kevin takes on a series of increasingly difficult tasks within the confines of a large transparent cube, hoping to win a jackpot of £250,000. Given nine lives at the start, he must complete up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Game show, presented by Phillip Schofield Season 2 Episode 2 Phillip Schofield invites a lorry driver and a PE teacher to test their skills in the transparent cube. Given nine lives at the start, the contestants aim to complete up to seven increasingly difficult physical and mental challenges in the hope of winning a £250,000 jackpot Season 2 Episode 3 A sports assistant takes on a series of increasingly difficult tasks within the confines of the transparent cube, hoping to win a jackpot of £250,000. Given nine lives at the start, he must complete up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Game show, presented by Phillip Schofield Season 2 Episode 4 Paul A 31-year-old Scotsman takes on a series of increasingly difficult tasks within the confines of a large transparent cube, hoping to win a jackpot of £250,000. Given nine lives at the start, he must complete up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Game show, presented by Phillip Schofield Season 2 Episode 5 A single mother tries to complete a series of increasingly difficult challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials, under pressure to hold her nerve as friends, family and the studio audience watch her every move. The further she goes in the competition, the more money she will win, up to a jackpot of £250,000. Phillip Schofield hosts Season 2 Episode 6 A bravery award winner takes on a series of increasingly difficult tasks within the confines of the transparent cube, hoping to win a jackpot of £250,000. He has nine lives at the start and must complete up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Game show, presented by Phillip Schofield Season 2 Episode 7 Paul A student takes on a series of tasks within the confines of a large transparent cube, with a jackpot of £250,000 up for grabs. Given nine lives at the start, she must complete up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Game show, presented by Phillip Schofield Season 2 Episode 8 A woman puts her knowledge of the show to the test as she tries to complete a series of increasingly difficult challenges, under pressure to hold her nerve as friends, family and the studio audience watch her every move. The further she goes in the competition, the more money she wins, up to a jackpot of £250,000. Phillip Schofield hosts Season 2 Episode 9 One contestant looks set to make a big impact on the show, while another discovers how tough the simplest of games can become. Given nine lives at the start, they must complete up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials, competing to win a jackpot of £250,000. Phillip Schofield presents Season 2 Episode 10 The Cube: Celebrity Special: Kelly Holmes and Jenni Falconer Double Olympic gold medallist Kelly Holmes and TV presenter Jenni Falconer compete in the game show, hoping to win up to £250,000 for their chosen charities. Given nine lives at the start, they must each complete up to seven challenges inside The Cube, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Phillip Schofield presents Season 3 Episode 1 Hayley and Paul Firefighter Hayley and dustman Paul face up to seven trials of skill, dexterity, reaction, wit and wisdom inside The Cube. With a jackpot of £250,000 to play for, the contestants are under intense pressure to hold their nerve as friends, relatives and the studio audience watch their every move. Phillip Schofield hosts Season 3 Episode 2 Les PE teacher Les, 53, has some big decisions to make, but can he risk it all with his wife and three daughters watching? Facing up to seven trials of skill, dexterity, reaction, wit and wisdom inside The Cube, he's under intense pressure to hold his nerve and progress toward the £250,000 jackpot. Phillip Schofield hosts Season 3 Episode 3 A fitness instructor tries to complete tasks inside a large transparent cube to win a jackpot of £250,000. Given nine lives at the start, he must overcome up to seven increasingly difficult challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Hosted by Phillip Schofield Season 3 Episode 4 Contestants try to complete a series of increasingly difficult challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials, under pressure to hold their nerve as friends, family and the studio audience watch their every move. The further they go in the competition, the more money they win, up to a jackpot of £250,000. Game show, hosted by Phillip Schofield Season 3 Episode 5 Yolanda and Will A dance teacher and a skateboarding coach strive to complete a series of increasingly difficult tasks inside the cube to win a jackpot of £250,000. Given nine lives at the start, the contestants must overcome up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Hosted by Phillip Schofield Season 3 Episode 6 Dan and Richard Penguin-keeper Dan and 31-year-old Richard aim to complete a series of increasingly difficult tasks inside the cube to win a jackpot of £250,000. Given nine lives at the start, the contestants must overcome up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Hosted by Phillip Schofield Season 3 Episode 7 Rob and Merrick Hairdresser Rob and youth worker Merrick face up to seven trials of skill, dexterity, reaction, wit and wisdom inside The Cube. With a jackpot of £250,000 to play for, the contestants are under intense pressure to hold their nerve as friends, relatives and the studio audience watch their every move. Phillip Schofield hosts Season 3 Episode 8 Jake and Raymond A chef, the show's tallest-ever contestant, takes up the challenge - but it remains to be seen whether his height will be a help or a hindrance. Also competing is a man from Cornwall, who gives the Cube a run for its money as he aims to win the £250,000 jackpot. Hosted by Phillip Schofield Season 4 Episode 1 A childminder and a Londoner take part in the game show, aiming to complete tasks within the confines of the cube to win a jackpot of £250,000. Each player has nine lives and must complete up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Hosted by Phillip Schofield Season 4 Episode 2 Paul from Derby and paramedic Debbie feel the pressure as they aim to complete tasks within the confines of the cube to win a jackpot of £250,000. Each player has nine lives and must complete up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Hosted by Phillip Schofield Season 4 Episode 3 A primary school teacher and a marketing manager take part in the game show, aiming to complete tasks within the confines of the cube to win a jackpot of £250,000. Each player has nine lives and must complete up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Hosted by Phillip Schofield Season 4 Episode 4 A builder and a 24-year-old mother take part in the game show, aiming to complete tasks within the confines of the cube to win a jackpot of £250,000. Each player has nine lives and must complete up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Hosted by Phillip Schofield Season 4 Episode 5 A student and a Geordie mother take part in the game show, aiming to complete tasks within the confines of the cube to win a jackpot of £250,000. Each player has nine lives and must complete up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Hosted by Phillip Schofield Season 4 Episode 6 A Tottenham woman and a retired man take part in the game show, aiming to complete tasks within the confines of the cube to win a jackpot of £250,000. Each player has nine lives and must complete up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Hosted by Phillip Schofield Season 4 Episode 7 A martial arts expert and a forklift truck driver take part in the game show, aiming to complete tasks within the confines of the cube to win a jackpot of £250,000. Each player has nine lives and must complete up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Hosted by Phillip Schofield Season 4 Episode 8 Phillip Schofield presents as two more contestants - 22-year-old call centre manager Jamie from Edinburgh, and project engineer Dean from Cardiff - are asked to complete tasks within the confines of a large transparent cube in a bid to win a £250,000 jackpot. Each player has nine lives and must complete up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Last in the series Season 4 Episode 9 Phillip Schofield presents as two more contestants - 22-year-old call centre manager Jamie from Edinburgh, and project engineer Dean from Cardiff - are asked to complete tasks within the confines of a large transparent cube in a bid to win a £250,000 jackpot. Each player has nine lives and must complete up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Last in the series Season 5 Episode 1 New series. Paramedic Alan and fitness expert Jodie take part in the game show, aiming to complete tasks within the confines of the cube to win a jackpot of £250,000. Each player has nine lives and must complete up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Phillip Schofield presents Season 5 Episode 2 Flight attendant Danielle and sports fan Matthew take part in the game show, aiming to complete tasks within the confines of the cube to win a jackpot of £250,000. Each player has nine lives and must complete up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Phillip Schofield presents Season 5 Episode 3 Builder Wes and PE teacher Catrin take part in the game show, aiming to complete tasks within the confines of the cube to win a jackpot of £250,000. Each player has nine lives and must complete up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Phillip Schofield presents Season 5 Episode 4 Athlete Ash and rugby enthusiast Graham take part in the game show, aiming to complete tasks within the confines of the cube to win a jackpot of £250,000. Each player has nine lives and must take on up to seven challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Phillip Schofield presents Season 5 Episode 5 A celebrity edition in which Olympic gold medallists Denise Lewis (heptathlon) and Sally Gunnell (400m hurdles) try to win money for charity. The former champions each face up to seven challenges within the confines of the transparent cube, and have nine lives to play with as they take on a range of increasingly difficult agility tests and skill trials. Phillip Schofield presents Season 5 Episode 6 Bubbly Teresa and family man Alan take part in the game show, each tackling a series of tasks within the confines of the cube in an attempt to win up a cash prize of up to £250,000. Given nine lives at the start, they must complete up to seven increasingly difficult challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials. Hosted by Phillip Schofield Season 5 Episode 7 Gold Medallist Special Another chance to see Mo Farah take part in the game show, before he went on to win two gold medals in the London Olympic Games. Given nine lives at the start, he aims to complete up to seven fiendishly difficult challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials, in the hope of winning up to £250,000 for his charity, the Mo Farah Foundation. Could this remarkable athlete be the first person to take away the jackpot? Phillip Schofield hosts Season 5 Episode 8 Phillip Schofield invites world champion hurdler Dai Greene and former Olympic javelin thrower Fatima Whitbread to take on a series of fiendishly difficult challenges in the cube. Each given nine lives at the start, they face up to seven tasks, ranging from agility tests to skill trials, and the more they complete, the greater their chances of winning £250,000 for charity Season 5 Episode 9 Celebrity Special TV presenter Melanie Sykes tackles up to seven seemingly simple challenges inside the giant transparent box, aiming to win £250,000 for good causes. Diversity star Ashley Banjo also takes a shot at scooping the charity jackpot - but will his 6ft 5 frame come in handy as the cube presents him with a series of fiendishly difficult tasks? The contestants both receive nine lives at the start, but with each one they lose, the pressure mounts. Phillip Schofield hosts Season 6 Episode 1 New series. Firefighter Jason and competitive swimmer Michelle try to complete a series of increasingly difficult challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials, within the confines of the cube, under pressure to hold their nerve as friends, family and the studio audience watch their every move. The further they go in the competition, the more money they win, up to a jackpot of £250,000. Phillip Schofield hosts Season 6 Episode 2 Personal trainer Daniel and occupational therapist Nikki try to complete a series of increasingly difficult challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials, within the confines of the cube, under pressure to hold their nerve as friends, family and the studio audience watch their every move. The further they go in the competition, the more money they win, up to a jackpot of £250,000. Phillip Schofield hosts Season 6 Episode 3 A sales assistant and a police officer try to complete a series of increasingly difficult challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials, within the confines of the cube, under pressure to hold their nerve as friends, family and the studio audience watch their every move. The further they go in the competition, the more money they win, up to a jackpot of £250,000. Phillip Schofield hosts Season 6 Episode 4 Police officer Kevin continues his challenge from last week, and health club manager Julie also competes. Within the confines of the cube, the contestants tackle a range of increasingly demanding tests, under pressure to hold their nerve as friends, family and the studio audience watch their every move. The further they go in the competition, the more money they win, up to a jackpot of £250,000. Phillip Schofield hosts Season 6 Episode 5 A legal secretary from Essex and a young Welsh father try to complete a series of increasingly difficult challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials, within the confines of the cube, under pressure to hold their nerve as friends, family and the studio audience watch their every move. The further they go in the competition, the more money they win, up to a jackpot of £250,000. Phillip Schofield hosts Season 6 Episode 6 Former Butlins Redcoat Lauren and estate agent David try to complete a series of increasingly difficult challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials, under pressure to hold their nerve as friends, family and the studio audience watch their every move. The further they go in the competition, the more money they win, up to a jackpot of £250,000. Phillip Schofield hosts Season 6 Episode 7 Welshman Chris and Scott from Essex try to complete a series of increasingly difficult challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials, under pressure to hold their nerve as friends, family and the studio audience watch their every move. The further they go in the competition, the more money they win, up to a jackpot of £250,000. Phillip Schofield hosts Season 6 Episode 8 Physiotherapist Farah and secondary school teacher Steve try to complete a series of increasingly difficult challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials, under pressure to hold their nerve as friends, family and the studio audience watch their every move. The further they go in the competition, the more money they win, up to a jackpot of £250,000. Phillip Schofield hosts Season 6 Episode 9 A ballet dancer and a support worker try to complete a series of increasingly difficult challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials, under pressure to hold their nerve as friends, family and the studio audience watch their every move. The further they go in the competition, the more money they win, up to a jackpot of £250,000. Game show, hosted by Phillip Schofield Season 6 Episode 10 Mum Anita and her opposite number Corinne try to complete a series of increasingly difficult challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials, under pressure to hold their nerve as friends, family and the studio audience watch their every move. The further they go in the competition, the more money they win, up to a jackpot of £250,000. Game show, hosted by Phillip Schofield Season 6 Episode 11 Liverpudlian June is confident she can do well in the contest, having practised at home with her sister, while IT project manager Chris, from Edinburgh, aims to win enough money to put down a deposit on a house. Phillip Schofield provides support as they tackle a range of challenges, from agility tests to skill trials, under pressure to hold their nerve as friends, family and the studio audience watch their every move Season 6 Episode 12 Carl from Doncaster, South Yorkshire, wants to win enough money to take his family to Jamaica, while campaign manager Claire hopes to take home enough cash for a deposit on a house. Phillip Schofield provides support as they tackle a range of challenges, from agility tests to skill trials, under pressure to hold their nerve as relatives and the studio audience watch their every move Season 7 Episode 3 The Cube: Celebrity Special: David Haye and Kian Egan Boxer David Haye and I'm a Celebrity 2013 winner Kian Egan set out to complete a series of fiendishly difficult challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials, with the aim of winning a jackpot of £250,000 for charity. The more money they stand to win, the harder the task in front of them, but having both experienced the horrors of Bushtucker Trials, will they find it easier than most to hold their nerve? Phillip Schofield presents Season 8 Episode 1 Chris and Sophie New series. The return of the game show, hosted by Phillip Schofield. Gym instructor Chris thinks he can use his fitness skills to win big, while student Sophie hopes she can outsmart the Cube. Both contestants try to complete a series of increasingly difficult challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials, under pressure to hold their nerve as friends, family and the studio audience watch their every move. The further they go in the competition, the more money they win, up to a jackpot of £250,000 Season 8 Episode 2 Sarah and Tony Teacher Sarah dreams of climbing Mount Kilimanjaro, but first she must take on the mighty Cube, while pizza delivery man Tony reckons he's got what it takes to beat it. Tackling a series of increasingly difficult challenges, the contestants are under pressure to hold their nerve as friends, family and the studio audience watch their every move. The further they go in the competition, the more money they win, up to a jackpot of £250,000. Phillip Schofield hosts Season 8 Episode 3 George and Octavia Windsurfing instructor George wants to win enough money to buy a dream campervan and travel around Australia, while seamstress Octavia has her sights set on an internship in New York. Tackling a series of increasingly difficult challenges, the contestants are under pressure to hold their nerve as friends, family and the studio audience watch their every move. The further they go in the competition, the more cash they take home, up to a jackpot of £250,000. Phillip Schofield hosts Season 8 Episode 4 Fred and Annette Personal trainer Annette discovers whether youth is a better asset than experience as she and 64-year-old Fred take on the mighty Cube. Tackling a series of increasingly difficult challenges, both contestants are under intense pressure to hold their nerve as friends, family and the studio audience watch their every move. The further they go in the competition, the more cash they take home, up to a jackpot of £250,000. Phillip Schofield hosts Season 8 Episode 5 James and Kelly Londoner James hopes to win enough money to take his family to Australia, while police officer Kelly from the West Midlands thinks she's tough enough to walk away with the £250,000 jackpot. The contestants face up to seven trials of skill, dexterity, reaction, wit and wisdom, under intense pressure to hold their nerve as friends, relatives and the studio audience watch their every move. Phillip Schofield hosts Season 8 Episode 6 Lorraine and Louise Telecoms trainer Lorraine hopes to win enough money to fund the trip of a lifetime for her family, while student nurse Louise wants to be able to buy a horse for her daughter. With a jackpot of £250,000 to play for, the contestants face up to seven trials of skill, dexterity, reaction, wit and wisdom, under intense pressure to hold their nerve as friends, relatives and the studio audience watch their every move. Phillip Schofield hosts Season 8 Episode 7 The Cube: Celebrity Special: Joey Essex and Kym Marsh Reality star Joey Essex and Coronation Street's Kym Marsh (Michelle Connor) try to beat the Cube and win £250,000 for their chosen charities. The contestants face up to seven trials of skill, dexterity, reaction, wit and wisdom, under intense pressure to hold their nerve as the studio audience watches their every move. Phillip Schofield is on hand to provide words of encouragement Season 8 Episode 8 The Cube: Celebrity Special: Mollie King Mollie King from the Saturdays tackles a series of fiendishly difficult challenges as she tries to win up to £250,000 for her chosen charity. Cheered by on bandmates Una Foden, Frankie Sandford, Rochelle Humes and Vanessa White in the studio, the singer is under intense pressure to hold her nerve and avoid slip-ups inside The Cube. Back in 2012, Mo Farah became the first contestant to walk away with the jackpot - a feat nobody else has managed since. How will Mollie compare to the Olympic gold medallist? Phillip Schofield is on hand to provide words of encouragement Season 8 Episode 9 The Cube: Celebrity Special: Charlie Brooks and Ben Cohen Former EastEnders bad girl Charlie Brooks (Janine) and retired England rugby union player Ben Cohen (Strictly Come Dancing) tackle a series of fiendishly difficult challenges testing skill, dexterity, reaction, wit and wisdom. Cheered by on friends and family in the studio, they're under intense pressure to hold their nerve and avoid slip-ups inside The Cube as they aim for the £250,000 charity jackpot. Each given nine lives at the start, the contestants can also use `simplify' and 'trial run' lifelines to make the job a little easier. Phillip Schofield is the host Season 9 Episode 1 Lindsey and Keith New series. The game show returns in a midweek slot, with a host of fresh games designed to test contestants' skill, nerve and determination. First up is Derry-Londonderry radiographer Lindsey, who believes that working in the trauma department of Southampton Hospital will help her stay calm under pressure. She is followed by retired Yorkshireman Keith, who at 70 is the oldest person to have appeared on the show. Will his extra years give him an advantage in defeating the Cube? Phillip Schofield hosts Season 9 Episode 2 Rhodri and Zoe The high-pressure contest continues as Phillip Schofield invites more members of the public to step into the Cube for another selection of agility tests and skill trials that could see them score a jackpot of £250,000. This time, Welsh farmer Rhodri Jones hopes to win the cash prize to buy a prized bull, and barista Zoe Webster has her sights set on taking her family on a dream holiday Season 9 Episode 3 Nathalie and Adam Phillip Schofield invites two more competitors to put their skills to the test in the high-pressure contest. Adam Bedford hopes that winning will give him a chance to offer his wife a honeymoon to remember, while rival Nathalie Hannath has a much more practical motive for seeking the jackpot - she plans to buy double-glazing for her entire family. However, both must prove their abilities in a series of increasingly difficult challenges, ranging from agility tests to skill trials, before they can claim the top prize of £250,000 Season 9 Episode 4 Natasha and Ben `Hair coach' Natasha and fire-fighter Ben set their sights on the £250,000 jackpot, as Phillip Schofield challenges them to complete a series of increasingly difficult feats, ranging from agility tests to skill trials, under pressure to hold their nerve as friends, family and the studio audience watch their every move Season 9 Episode 5 Phillip Schofield invites another two contestants to test their skill, agility and co-ordination in the show's fiendishly difficult challenges. This time, research midwife Claire hopes winning the £250,000 jackpot will provide the funds she needs to buy an expensive motorhome for a planned trip around Europe, while her fellow competitor Kevin has his sights set on a new kitchen for his home Season 9 Episode 6 Toby and Jamie Londoner Toby and doctor Jamie set their sights on the £250,000 jackpot, as Phillip Schofield challenges them to complete a series of increasingly difficult feats, ranging from agility tests to skill trials, under pressure to hold their nerve as friends, family and the studio audience watch their every move	9
What is the name of the Hotel Inspector in the Channel 5 TV series	What do ‘Big Brother’ contestants get paid? - TODAY.com Today.com What do ‘Big Brother’ contestants get paid? 2007-09-24T17:51:41.000Z By Gael Fashingbauer Cooper and Andy Dehnart msnbc.com comment () Wondering about how a certain reality show pulled something off? Have a question about a certain contestant? Whether it's "Survivor," "American Idol," "The Apprentice," "Real World" or another show, send in your questions . Gael Fashingbauer Cooper, MSNBC.com's Television Editor, and Andy Dehnart, creator of Reality Blurred ,will try to answer them. Before you send in your question, check our archives — you may be able to get your answer right away. Q: How much do the contestants get for being on Big Brother? —Sue, Oregon A: The houseguests receive a stipend for each week they’re in the house, and also for the time they spend sequestered as part of the jury. Thus, the houseguests tend to be anxious to make it least to sequester; there, they get paid to just relax, not play a game or eat oatmeal “slop.” If they’re evicted earlier, they don’t get that additional jury-duty pay. This season, Jen confirmed that the stipend was $750 per week when she was considering refusing to go to the sequester house, and that’s been the standard stipend for nearly every season (for last year’s all-star season, the stipend was reported to have increased to $4,000 per week). A jury member for “Big Brother 8” would be in the house for 81 days as of Tuesday, the live finale. That’s 11.5 weeks, not including the time they spent sequestered before the series began. So, jury members would receive somewhere around $9,000 for their work, plus any prizes. America’s Player, Eric, earned $40,000 performing his tasks, for example, while Dustin took $5,000 during a competition. And, of course, there are the prizes: $500,000 for the winner, Dick, and $50,000 for the runner-up, Daniele. —A.D. Q: After being evicted from the Big Brother house, how do (contestants) receive their clothing? They always just have the one black bag upon eviction. —Hillary, Massachusetts A: When the houseguests are evicted and go to meet Julie Chen, they take with them a single duffel bag, one that looks good on television. But it’s not enough space to pack all of their clothing for the summer. After Eric was evicted during the surprise fast-forward episode, live feed viewers watched as Zach and Jameka packed Eric’s belongings. Zach was asked to do that by the producers while he was in the Diary Room because Eric didn’t pack before the live show, as nominees usually do. Nominated houseguests’ luggage is placed in the storage room, the room where deliveries are made to the house; there, producers can remove it and give it to the evicted houseguest. —A.D. falsefalseRELATED LINKS Discuss reality TV online Q: How can I audition my kid for "Kid Nation"? We are both really interested. I think she's really good drama for the show (if you know what I mean). Please help. —Camber A: Of course, the brand-new show has not yet even been renewed for a second season, so there may not be another chance. There is an application on the front page of the "Kid Nation" official Web site (.PDF), but it says that finalists will be allowed to interview in late August-September 2007, so you may just have missed your chance. If so, and if your child will still be under 15 in another year, keep an eye on the site and look for a new deadline. —G.F.C.	i don't know
Seen on the credits of TV and films what is the function of a Foley Artist	Jack Foley and the Art of Sound \| Irish America Jack Foley and the Art of Sound Jack Foley. Photo courtesy of Catherine Clark. By Daphne Wolf, Contributor February / March 2012 Jack Donovan Foley, the American grandson of Irish immigrants, invented “foley art,” a sound-effects technique still used in films today – so subtle and perfect that viewers don’t notice anything has been added. Something was not quite right on the stage of Alice Tully Hall at New York City’s Lincoln Center one night last September. It was the U.S. premiere of the recently restored Irish silent film, Guests of the Nation, and the RTE Concert Orchestra, on stage to accompany the film, was getting into place in front of the movie screen. Woodwinds, percussion, brass, all ready to tune up. But who were those strange people in long white coats, and what were the bizarre mechanical contraptions they were assembling right next to the violins? Emcee Gabriel Byrne, the actor and Cultural Ambassador of Ireland, cleared up the mystery. They were “foley artists,” he explained, the veritable magicians who create the sound effects we hear in films and television. They got that name because in the 1920s an enterprising Irish-American named Jack Donovan Foley figured out that the most efficient and effective way to enhance the audio in films was to make the sounds himself. The crew at Alice Tully Hall that night used their peculiar instruments to deliver a delightful live soundtrack of squeaks, crashes and squeals to The Lactating Automaton, a 2011 silent short by Irish filmmaker Andrew Legge, which the Irish Film Institute screened before the main feature, Guests of the Nation. The foley artists on stage waved, banged and twirled their noisemakers while the main character in Legge’s whimsical film, a mechanical woman raising a human child, creaked and clanged across the screen. But as the film progressed, their frenetic activity gradually evaporated into the totality of the film, and even though they were still making their noises on the stage right below the screen, they effectively disappeared. That is just as it should be. When done correctly, foley is undetectable. Although Jack Foley worked in cinema for 40 years, his name never appeared in any film’s credits. Audiences were not supposed to notice his handiwork or realize that the sounds they heard in movies of clinking glasses, swishing skirts or flapping bird wings were anything but real. We still accept the added sounds in film and television as implicitly authentic, even if we really know they are not, just as we pretend that the beeps and whirrs from our technological gadgets are actually connected to their functions. We live in a world of created sound, and we are glad to play along with the illusion, especially at the movies, allowing ourselves to be fooled for the sake of the narrative. “Even sophisticated audiences rarely notice the soundtrack,” said film sound expert Elisabeth Weis in Cineaste, “Therefore it can speak to us emotionally and almost subconsciously put us in touch with a screen character.” Raised by a mother well known for her yarns, Jack Foley understood the power of feelings in telling a story. In the beginning, foley art was all about footsteps and the sounds of clothing. Jack and his crew “walked” thousands of miles in place on small patches of dirt or gravel in a post-production studio, eyes glued to the screen in front of them as they imitated the film characters’ gaits and used the pieces of cloth in their pockets to simulate the rustle of a pair of pants or the crinkle of a shirtsleeve. It wasn’t enough just to match the footfalls and movement of clothing, Jack wanted to reproduce the personalities of characters, to become them, and let the sound of their tread augment the story. He created footsteps and body movement sounds for stars like Laurence Olivier, Charles Laughton, Kim Novak, and Sandra Dee. He said Rock Hudson had “deliberate” footsteps, James Cagney’s were “clipped” and Marlon Brando’s were “soft.” As with other sound effects, like slamming doors, broken glass, or falling bodies, Jack and his crew would strive to create the perfect sound that fit the character’s personality and the nuances of the scene. The foley crew were not just noise makers, they were actual performers. “Foley artist,” if it appears at all, is one of those job titles in movie credits like “gaffer” or “key grip” or “best boy” that few people understand, but like those other jobs, it is essential to the completed artistry of the film. Today, foley artists work closely with new technology like ProTools software, but their real skills lie in physical agility and perfect timing (many are former dancers), as well as in a kind of glee in the bounteous joys of making noise. According to his granddaughter, Catherine Clark, Jack Foley was full of fun and loved the challenge of thinking up new ways to reproduce sound. “On Sundays after Mass, our kitchen became a sound stage,” she recalled. “My grandfather and the kids would be playing around with all sorts of things from the house trying out different effects on the table.” While some silent films had sound before Foley’s time, from live performers and recorded effects, he was the godfather of the post-production method that allowed a crew to physically create spot effects, match them to the action on screen, and record it all on one reel. He didn’t invent sound effects in film, but he did develop the best way to make them work. Foley art has always been vital because microphones on a movie set are primed to pick up actor’s voices, and therefore do not adequately record incidental sounds like the pages turning in a book, or silverware tapping on china. Also, location shooting can involve unwanted background noise, so the sounds of wagon wheels and fallen garbage cans need to be added after the shoot is completed. Pre-recorded sound effects can be useful, but they do not always match the particular ambience of a given scene. Caoimhe Doyle, the Irish foley artist who led the white-coated crew at Alice Tully Hall, explained in the journal Irish Film why foley is best for many sounds “like the kisses and the punches.” She said that, while those effects can be found in CD libraries, pre-recordings “don’t always work because we as humans act so, well, randomly.” Foley effects can be so lifelike that no one would ever suspect how they are actually created. Doyle claimed “every car chase you have ever seen” gets its squealing tire sounds from a hot water bottle being dragged across damp kitchen floor tiles. Like today’s professionals in the field that bears his name, Jack Donovan Foley knew how to work hard and, even more importantly, how to improvise and be flexible. Over his lifetime, he was an accountant, a cartoonist, a stunt man and movie double, a semipro baseball player, a film director, a writer and an oil painter – in addition to pioneering the field of sound effects in film. Bred with the resourcefulness of immigrant stock, he was not afraid to quit his job at the Bell Telephone Company in his early twenties, pack up his family and move from New York City to the California desert to find a new home. In 1927 his employer, Universal Pictures, was facing stiff competition from Warner Bros.’ The Jazz Singer, which featured characters speaking dialogue and singing. Not to be outdone, Universal scrambled to retrofit its already completed version of the stage musical Show Boat with sound. Using borrowed audio recording equipment, an orchestra was set to play the score as the musicians watched the movie on a screen. It was Foley, then an assistant director, who assembled a team to add incidental sounds like clapping or cheering to be recorded at the same time. The “direct to picture” technique was born, and other studios brought their films to Universal for similar post-production treatment. No one had planned or “workshopped” this technique; it was forged out of necessity, almost on the spot. In its early years, the motion picture business was not organized in the way it is now. There were few job titles with specific responsibilities, so everyone did whatever was needed to get a film made. Foley wrote in the Universal Studio Club News that a call had gone out for employees with “any knowledge of radio” to help with the recording work on Show Boat. Claiming his “short stint with the telephone company” as radio experience, Jack dived into the unknown. According to Vanessa Theme Ament in The Foley Grail: The Art of Performing Sound for Film, Games and Animation, the industry was “being reinvented on a daily basis,” and was perfect for people “with ‘gumption’ and ingenuity” like Jack. Foley was born in 1891 in the Yorkville section of New York City to the children of Irish immigrants. His father, Michael, whose family came from the Dingle peninsula in County Kerry, worked on the docks and as a volunteer fireman, and wrote songs that he sang at a local pub. Soaked to the skin while fighting a warehouse fire, Michael died of pneumonia when Jack was a baby. His mother, born Margaret Donovan, lived with her widowed father and four sisters on East 82nd Street, until she married Michael Gilmartin, the son of Sligo immigrants, when Jack was 16. Foley worked as a clerk on the docks before joining the phone company, but he lived for baseball. Thinking that the weather in California would be more suitable to the pursuit of his favorite sport, he moved there in 1914 with his wife, Beatrice Rehm, a championship ocean swimmer, who shared his love of athletics. Because Foley was a Catholic and she was a Protestant, they married in secret, but by 1920 he was the sole support for both their families. All 11 of them, including both sets of in-laws, lived with Jack and Bea in California. They settled in Bishop, 300 miles north of Hollywood, where Jack had a job during World War I guarding natural resources from possible foreign sabotage. He also worked for a hardware store, wrote and drew cartoons for the local paper, and was active in the Bishop theater group, where he wrote some plays. When farmers near Bishop sold their land to supply the rapidly expanding city of Los Angeles with water, revenue began disappearing in the town. Foley contacted friends in the film industry to persuade studios to use the area around Bishop to shoot westerns. The town received needed income and he got a job as a location scout. In 1923, an advertisement for a movie he co-wrote and co-directed, How to Handle Women, claimed that Foley had “successfully crashed the gates of Hollywood without any ‘pull’ other than his own ability, inclination and perseverance.” He scripted other films, but after Show Boat, put all of his efforts into the new horizons of sound, even enrolling at the University of Southern California to learn more about it. In 1929, he voiced the first “Tarzan yell” on film in Tarzan the Tiger, with Frank Merrill. It was a hearty “EEE-Yawh” which he said was modeled on the coaching style of Detroit Tigers’ baseball manager Hughey Jennings. In 1959, according to TV and movie soundman Jim Troutman in an RTE radio documentary about Foley, Stanley Kubrick was ready to send the cast and crew of Spartacus back to Spain to re-shoot a battle scene because he didn’t like the sound of the soldiers’ footsteps. Jack got the job done by shaking a few handfuls of keys on rings in front of the microphone. Voila! There were the Roman legions with their armor and spears tramping into battle. Cathi Clark said the film industry began using her grandfather’s name to designate the art of adding sound effects to film after people he had worked with at Universal spread out to jobs at other studios. Foley had a deep affection for the people he worked with, and Clark said his former crews honored him by referring to the process he developed as “making foley.” Before long, they became known as “foley walkers.” “Foley” stages now appear on movie lots everywhere, like the new one at Skywalker Sound, George Lucas’s facility north of San Francisco. Even though he was never an editor, the Motion Picture Sound Editors named Jack Foley an honorary member at a dinner in 1962. (“The Irish Washerwoman” played as he walked to the podium, and he stopped everything to dance a little jig.) In 1997, a Lifetime Achievement Award was presented posthumously to Clark by the MPSE at its Golden Reel Awards Dinner. In 2000, a National Public Radio production, Jack Foley: Feet to the Stars, won a George Foster Peabody Award and RTE recorded another radio documentary on Foley in Ireland. An Irish film about him and his family connections in Dingle had been in the works, but was shelved in 2008 by the economic downturn and the sudden death of one its developers, Chips Chipperfield – a 1996 Grammy winner for The Beatles’ Anthology documentary. A longtime friend, actress Mae Clarke – who got a grapefruit shoved into her face by James Cagney in 1931’s Public Enemy – believed that Jack never got the recognition he deserved. Still, his favorite spot was not on the dais at a fancy awards dinner. He much preferred to sit on a bench outside the Universal commissary, talking to people as they came and went, harvesting material for his column and cartoons in the Universal Studio Club News, which he wrote under the name of Joe Hyde, a studio janitor. Foley, who died in 1967, was a shy, unassuming man who, his granddaughter says, would be embarrassed by any adulation, but pleased to know that his namesake field is flourishing. “Foley is far from a dying craft,” said Caoimhe Doyle, whose lengthy résumé of film and TV assignments backs up that claim. In addition to feature films and television, demand has mushroomed from computer generated animation projects and films dubbed for foreign markets, which require lots of post-production sound. Nominated for an Emmy as part of the sound team on the 2011 HBO series Game of Thrones from Ireland’s Ardmore Studios, Doyle has created sound on films like The Guard (2011), The Men Who Stare at Goats (2009) and Knocked Up (2007). She echoed Jack Foley’s philosophy that a character’s feelings have to be “transcended into the sound of footsteps.” “The picture will tell you what is going on,” she said in an interview about Game of Thrones on The Irish Film and Television Network website, “but sound tells you how to feel about what is going on. It’s a subtle but very persuasive tool for the director.” Doyle, who learned her craft from Andy Malcolm and his team at Footsteps Post-Production Sound Inc. in Ontario, praised the foley facilities at Ardmore, near Dublin in Bray, County Wicklow, which were purpose-built to accommodate sounds in scenes from wide-open plains to intimate interiors. “The room is designed to record really minute, detailed sounds – skin touches, and very subtle stuff as well as explosions and big stuff like that – we can do the full range.” Doyle was an assistant film editor before she became a foley artist, and she said the only way to learn how to do it is on the job working with an experienced foley practitioner, almost like a medieval craft passed down through generations. Every foley artist becomes a garbage-picker, constantly on the lookout for stray objects that might produce just the perfect sound for a character or scene, and a foley prop room looks like a junkyard. Foley artists all have their own “bag of tricks,” filled with their favorite noisemakers. Doyle said her constant companion is a piece of chamois cloth, the kind you use to wash your car. “We’ve delivered babies, amputated legs, heads and all sorts with the chamois. It is also good for cooking and even wet fish. I would say that we have used it once on every film I have ever worked on.” As she told Film Ireland, technology has given foley editors great flexibility to manipulate sound effects, but foley is still done “in the same way it has been performed since the 1930s when Jack Foley first did it: we stand in front of the microphone and watch the screen and do it when the actor does it.” Foley’s work, his meticulous synchronization of sound to action and emotion, has seeped into our communal consciousness, and those made-up sounds can be as real to us as physical objects. When actor Ewan McGregor first picked up a Jedi weapon on the Star Wars set, he couldn’t stop himself from making vocal sounds as he waved it about – the same sounds made by a foley artist in the earlier films in the series that McGregor had internalized as a boy. Director Lucas approached him, “Ewan, don’t worry about making that sound, we have enough money to create it in post-production.” Now, that’s a story Jack would have loved. The art of foley presented live: Links to more information:	Sound effect
Who directed the film Hannah and her Sisters	Film Production Film Production Terence St. John Marner. Directing Motion Pictures. London: Tantivy Press. 1972. Paula Parisi. Titanic and the Making of James Cameron. New York: Newmarket Press. 1997. John Quick and Tom LaBau. Handbook of Film Production. New York: Macmillan. 1972. Bob Thomas, editor. Directors in Action. New York: The Bobbs Merrill Company, Inc. 1973. Internet... Drew's Script-O-Rama . One of the most complete film script archive on the Internet. Objectives of Unit II, Lecture 5: Film Production To identify the techniques used in the making of a film. Film production is a three step process: (1) PreProduction (Developing the script), (2) Production (Shooting the script) and (3) PostProduction (Editing the film and adding the sound tracks). Today, most movies are not shot on film, but on a digital media such as video tape, or flash memory card, with a high definition digital video camera. but we still refer to the process as film production. 1. How does the format of a screen play differ from that of a stage play? A screen play (or shooting script) is a cross between a novel and a play. It contains.... A description of the scene (INT. EXT.), time of day (NIGHT, DAY) and the action, A description of the composition (LONG SHOT, CLOSE-UP, POV), The dialogue spoken by the characters, and An indication of how the scenes are joined (DISSOLVE, FADE OUT). Read an exerpt (Scene 11) from Lawrence Kasdan's 1979 screen play for Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981). The script is based on a "story" developed by producer George Lucas and Philip Kaufman. Following the cutting from the script is the same scene as it appeared in Campbell Black's 1981 tie-in book. 2. Who owns the rights to a screen play, the writer or the producer/studio? The studio or production company. 3. Briefly outline how a screen play may evolve from an idea to a shooting script. A film script usually evolves in a three step process. (1) The writer begins with an idea or concept. It is (2) fleshed out in an adaption (or story), a narrative describing how the concept will be adapted to the screen. The final step is (3) the actual development of the screen play or shooting script. Each step my be developed by a different writer. 4. Why are many films based on adaption of well known plays or novels? Film production is an extremely expensive operation. Most producers would prefer investing their money in a property with a proven track record: a book: The Client (1994), Clear and Present Danger (1994), Gone with the Wind (1939) -- a play : A Few Good Men (1992), Inherit the Wind (1960) -- a television series: Maverick (1994), The Fugitive (1993) -- the remake of a movie: King Kong (2005), Manchurian Candidate (2004), The Flight of the Pheonix (2004) -- for example. All films are linked to their Internet Movie Database entry. 5. Why are few screen plays published? Most publishers do not believe the general public can read and understand a film script. Crown Publishers in New York have printed two collections, edited by Sam Thomas, of the Best American ScreenPlays. Some scripts are also available on the Web. Drew's Script-O-Rama is probably the most complete archive on the Internet. 6. What is a tie-in book? A novel based on the screen play. What is its function? To create excitement about the movie. Normally the tie- in book hits the market about the same time the film opens in "a theatre near you." The idea is, after you have seen the film, you will go out and buy the book. Because the tie-in book is being written at the approximately the same time as the film is being shot, scenes which have been left on the cutting room floor are often still in the novel. 7. What are the major production responsibilities of the director, Set up the visual composition of each scene, as well as stage the action of the film... The director of photography, The Director of Photography or Cinematographer puts the director's compositions on film... The film editor? Piece the numerous shots together to create scenes. The editor is guided by the screen play and the director's notes. 8. What is a storyboard? How is it used in the film making process? The storyboard is a series of drawings illustrating the shots outlined by the writer in the screen play. It is a communication link between the writer, director and cinematographer. Bones (2001) Storyboards by Marc Vena In the images on the left, the COP enters the building (top), the camera PANs with him as he moves to the stairs (middle) and climbs to the second floor (bottom). Note the shape of the drawings -- Bones was a "scoped" film. (This film is not related to the FOX-TV series: Bones) 9. What type of camera is used to shoot a Hollywood film? Up until the late 1990s, all Hollywood movies were literally shot on 35mm film stock, usually with a Panavision camera. In 1987, Italian film director Peter Del Monte shot Giulia e Giulia , an Italian film which had limited disbribution in the US, using a Sony high definition video camera. The video tape was then printed on 35mm film stock, a process known as "film-out" for distribution to the theatres. In the spring of 2002, George Lucas shot Star Wars: Episode II � Attack of the Clones not on film, but digitally using a high definition Sony video camera: The HDW-F900 CineAlta.The CineAlta was developed jointly by Sony video and Panavision. The major problem was to maintain the "classic film look" desired by the director, with the newly devolped digital technology. Today, virtually all movies are shot not on film, but on digital video media: tape, a flash memory card or directly to the computer's hard drive. The Sony digital camera (left) look very much like it's Panavision film brother (right). Why are films not shot in chronological order? All films are shot out of sequence because it is more efficient (cheaper). Normally, all scenes set in one location are shot before the production company moves to the next location. The first scenes filmed for James Cameron's Titanic (1997) were those staged in the North Atlantic: the underwater shots of the decaying bow of the actual RMS Titanic, and the scenes with Brock Lovett (Bill Paxton) and Old Rose (Gloria Stuart) on the Russian research ship: Keldysh. The next month, September 1996, the company began principle photgraphy at the Fox Baja Studios . The first scenes shot [at Fox Baja] were in Rose and Cal's suite -- Rose unpacking her French impressionist paintings. Two days later. DiCaprio arrived on the set and for his first day of filming was charged with the formidable task of sketching Winslet's voluptuous form. She disrobed and posed -- impudent, like Manet's Olympia -- on an Empire devan. "Like Cleopatra" reads Cameron's script. (Paula Parisi. Titanic and the Making of James Cameron. pg. 117-118) Note: The sketch of Young Rose was actually drawn by director James Cameron who began his Hollywood career as a "story board artist." 10. What is an establishing shot? Establishing shot from Vertigo A long shot, usually an exterior, which establishs a scene's location. Where is Vertigo (1958) set? A master shot? Master shot from Emma (1996) A non-committal (no center-of-interest) medium shot of the entire scene. An over-the-shoulder shot? Over-the-shoulder shot from Vertigo A form of close up where character A (Kim Novak) is seen over character B's (Jimmy Stewart) shoulder. A close-up? Close-up What's the movie? Who's the actress? Where is she? What's about to happen? Hint: It's a 1960 classic directed by Alfred Hitchcock. 11. How many setups could be used to shoot a short two character dialogue scene? Five Setups for a Short Scene Five. A master shot of the entire scene, two over-the-shoulder shots (OS), and two individual close-ups (CU). There will probably be multiple takes of each setup. A simple two page dialogue scene, which will probably run two minutes on screen, may produce 3000 feet (33 minutes) of exposed film. Sixteen takes should produce adequate coverage for the editor. Often the master shot never appears on the screen but it helps the editor know exactly what's happening in the shot. 12. What is coverage? Coverage refers to the number of different setups used to film a scene. The more coverage, the more film exposed, the more choices the editor has in assembling the final cut. What is a continuity error? Because the same scene is filmed more than once, there are often subtle (and sometimes not so subtle) differences between shots. A wine glass may be full in one take, and half empty when the scene is reshot from a different angle. When the editor cuts between these two takes, the level of the wine in the glass will magically rise and fall. This difference between these shots is a continuity error. Continuity error from the filmed NBC tv series: Frasier (1993-2004). Notice how the distribution of cards on the table changes from the top shot to the bottom shot.The position and gestures of the two actors indicates to me that these two shots are from one continous scene. The cards on the table is a detail the "script girl" missed. (Image from moviemistakes.com ). The "script girl," or script supervisor (also called the continuity supervisor) is a member of production crew who oversees the continuity of the film including wardrobe, props, set dressing, hair, makeup and the actions of the actors during a scene. (Source: Wikipedia.com). 13. What is a process shot? Both a process and a matt shot are forms of special visual effects (SFX). In a process shot, the actor performs in front of a blue (or green) screen. The scene's location is added during post production. Most scenes set in a moving vehicle (such as a cab) are process shots. Below is an establishing shot created by Matte World Digital for Soldier (1998). The film takes place on a planetary junkyard, "Arcadia 234," that features a landscape littered with huge objects of used technology. MWD created scenes for the film using digital matte paintings and 3D environment creation to establish the planet's mountains of twisted metal, blowing dust and multiple suns. The scene as shot on the sound stage. Note the blue screen back drop. The scene as it appeared on screen after the background was added in post production. The digital matte painting replaces the blue screen in the original shot. Probably the most common use of green sheet technology is in the TV studio. The Weather Girl (or boy) in the local Eye Witness News stands in front of a green sheet pointing at a virtual weather map which is inserted into the broadcast electronically in the control room. Why two different colors, blue or green? The process literally replaces any blue (or green) in the original shot with the digital matte painting. If the Weather Girl is wearing a green dress and standing in-front-of a green sheet, the weather map will appear on both her and the back wall. Two different colors gives the costume designer a little bit of freedom. A matt shot? A matt shot combines, through the magic of photography, a live actor and a painted enviornment to create a scene which does not exist. Today, the painting is usually done on a computer screen. Below is a composite long shot created by Matte World Digital for The Truman Show (1998). The original scene as shot on the "back lot" of the Flordia studio. The scene as it appeared on the screen. The matte artist has added the upper stories to the buildings in Truman's home town of Seahaven. Also note the difference in the shape of the frame between Soldier and The Truman Show. Soldier was "scoped" and The Truman Show was shot flat. Watch "Stargate Studios Virtual Backlot Reel, 2012" on YouTube for the use of blue screen and green screen technology in today's feature film, broadcast television, and commercial industries. The next time you watch your favorite TV show, ask yourself: "How much of this is real?" If you want to see more, go to Stargate Studio's Web Page at www.StargateStudios.net . For more information on the development and history of visual special effects, watch Hollywood's History of Faking It: The Evolution of Greenscreen Compositing. Why are they used? Because they are less expensive. 14. How many weeks is a "typical" feature film in production? Eight weeks. 48 days. The more time spent in shooting a film, the more it's going to cost. Time is money. Roger Corman (1926- ), the king of the low budget B-movie, shot the original The Little Shop of Horrors (1960) on a borrowed set in one weekend (2 1/2 days -- Friday night to Monday morning). The production budget of an "average" film in 2006 was $ 100 million (about $ 114 million in 2012). This included $65.8 million in negative (film) costs and $34.5 million for marketing. The production budget for John Cameron's Titanic (1997), which had a 6 month (163 day) shoot, was reported to have been 200 million dollars, making it in 1997, Hollywood's most expensive movie. (The cost in 2012 dollars would be nearly $ 287 million.) Cameron exposed 1.3 million feet of film (240 hours and 45 minutes) which was edited down to 3 hours, 14 minutes. It is possible to produce a feature length film today for less than a million dollars. Dust of War , an independent post-apocalyptic film currently (2012) in production in South Dakota cost a little less than $ 200,000 to shoot. During the 27 days of filming, the company produced 70 hours of "film" which the director hopes to edit into an 80 to 90 minute movie. The producer plans to release the film on the "Festival Circuit." Is it possible to create -- write, film, edit, score, and burn to disc -- a short 4 to 7 minute film, in only two days, in 48 hours? The answer is yes! In May 2001, Washington DC film makers Mark Ruppert and Liz Langston held the first 48 Hour Film Project . Ten years later 60,000 film makers produced 4,000 short films, in 96 cities on 6 continents, The Fischgaard Short Film Project , held in the spring at the Capitol Theatre in Aberdeen, is South Dakota's 48 hour film festival. 15. How long does it take to shoot an hour long television action-adventure show? Six to 8 days. A day normally begins at 6am and runs 11 to 13 hour. It takes between 60 and 96 hours to produce 44 minutes of program content (for a 60 minute television show). To stay on budget, a movie company must complete approximately 2 1/2 minutes of film per day and a television production company must shoot between 5 and 7 minutes of film per day. 16. What does the film editor do? The film editor takes the individual shots and assembles them into the scenes which will make up the final cut of the film. Up until the 1990's the film editor, often working with the director, usually cut and assembled the work print on a Moviola flatbed editing desk. Cutting a film on a 16mm Moviola flatbed. Today the images are typically not recorded on film, but rather on video tape, or a flash memory card and are then loaded (or transfered) onto the hard drive of a computer. The editor, using a software program such as Avid Media Composer , instead of physically cutting the film, electronically cuts and assembles the film on the screen of the computer monitor. Cutting a film on a computer. Once the final cut has been assembled, it can be output to video tape or DVD for distribution to the electronic media: television, cable, direct-to-video and Digital Cinemas. If the film is going to be released in a third world nation, where movies are still distributed on film, the final edit will be transfered from video to film, a process called "film-out." That film-print can then be used to create a negative master which can then be copied for lab for distribution to the movie theatres. Michael Chaskes, a Los Angeles-based freelance film and television editor, believes that the editor is more than a "craftsman." The actual acts of operating a flatbed and cutting and splicing a workprint can be mastered by anyone in very little time. Even non-linear cutting on a computer requires fairly minimal training. It's the actual decision-making of cutting that's hard: for instance, how to turn 1,000' (or more) of raw coverage into a 100' scene that delivers the maximum emotional and storytelling impact that the material is capable of. It's not just cutting by numbers--"the long shot, then the over-the-shoulders, then the close-ups." It's a creative process. Maybe you play the whole thing in the master shot. Or the whole thing in a series of close-ups. Or maybe you cut together any number of angles in any number of ways. It's a process requiring intense creativity, and the editor is the first person to tackle it. (Copyright © 1996 by Michael Chaskes) 17. How long does it normally take him to cut a film? Six months. Although editing is considered part of Post Production, the film editor traditionally begins work at the beginning of the Production phase. Footage shot on Monday, will be developed and printed that night, and delivered to the editor on Tuesday. A rough cut of that sequence may be available for the director's screening on Wednesday. Usually the rough cut of the entire film will be available six weeks after principle photography wraps. It may take an additional 6 to 8 weeks for the producer, director and editor to create the final cut. Typically it takes two to three weeks to edit a one hour, action-adventure TV show such as CSI. 18. How many individual tracks are included in a film's final sound track? Five. 3. Cued sound effects: Car crash, gun shot, tires squeel, waves breaking on shore... 4. Ambiant (background) sound: Crickets, birds chirping, traffic noise, wind... 5. Foley: Foot steps, clincking glasses... 19. Which sound tracks are recorded during the filming, and which are created in post-production? The only sound track recorded during the shooting is the dialogue track. If there is no dialogue in a scene, that scene is shot silent. Music and sound effects will be added later in post-production. 20. Why is the music composed after the film has been shot and edited? Recording the Music Track The music is composed to fit the final cut of the film. Often the director and editor will create a temp score with music from various albums, both classical and pop (or rock, or country), and cuts from pre-existing film soundtracks. This score is designed to give a sense of the film's musical possibilities. Most composers ignore this temp score when they begin writing. 21. What is the Foley track? A Foley Walker The Foley track is the "sound effect" track which contains the sound of foot steps, clinking glasses, pouring drinks, etc. A short Los Angeles Times video feature on the Foley Artist -- 22. What is ADR (or looping)? ADR stands for "Automated Dialogue Replacement." It is a technique used to replace the dialogue on the dialogue track without having to re-shoot the scene. Why is it used? Because the dialogue in the scene has been re-written or because the original dialogue track was "garbled" or masked This video answers a number of questions about ADR. There is a demonstration that starts at 5:50. 23. How many prints are normally produced for a major film release? Between 250 and 3500 prints. The cost of producing one print, a little over 2 miles of film, is about $ 1,200 (in 2007, about $ 1,350 in 2012). The cost of producing 3500 prints for a nation wide release is approximately 4.7 million in 2012 dollars. How does this effect distribution? A film can only play in as many theatres (or screens) as there are prints. An "art film" which has limited distribution has fewer prints. On the other hand Hollywood released 3,500 copies of 50 First Dates in 2004 and over 7,000 prints of Godzilla in 1998. Most movie theatres today have become part of the Digital Cinema revolution. The 35mm projector, lens and film platter is replaced with a high definition (2048x1080 or 4096x2160 pixel) video projector and computer. In Aberdeen, the "film" arrives at the theatre (Carmike9 or Capitol Cinema) on an external hard drive which is plugged into the theatre's master computer. This computer, the server, then distributes the signal to the computer-projector combo in the assigned theatre. The savings on the media alone is huge. A single film print costs approximately $ 1,350. A digital copy of the same film can comfortably fit on a 300 GB hard drive which costs about $70. During the summer of 2013, the major American film studios announced that, starting in 2014, they would no longer provide film prints for the US market. Paramount Pictures' The Wolf of Wall Street, which opened on Christmas 2013 was the first film from a major studio to be distributed only in a digital format. The cost to the local independent theatre of installing a digital projector is at about $70,000. Because of the high cost, it is estimated that perhaps as many as 10% of the small independent theatres will be forced to close. The Capitol Cinema made the transition from film to digital during the spring of 2013.	i don't know
What colour are the houses in a game of Monopoly	House colors? \| Monopoly \| BoardGameGeek Spain Madrid I had an argument today and you are the only ones who can help me. A friend of mine stated that original Monopoly (Parker Brothers') had brown houses. I've always thought they were green, although I can't tell for sure because I'm colorblind. Are the houses brown? Are they green? Were they, at some point, painted in a different color?	Green
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What score are the players in baccarat trying to get	Online Baccarat - Play Free Baccarat at The Virtual Casino Live Chat: 24/7 Support · Call Toll Free: 1-866-968-7946 Online Baccarat Baccarat is a classy and elegant game offering glamorous payouts and a very low house edge. Baccarat in all its elegancy is still very easy to learn and master. The goal of Baccarat, whether you bet on the Player's or Banker's hand, is to predict which hand will get closest to nine points. If you are indecisive as to which hand will get closer, you have the option to bet the two hands will tie. Join the glamour and enjoy all the luxury of being a part of the elite! How to Play: In Online Baccarat, you are neither the Player nor the Banker, you simply bet on the hand you think is going to score closer to nine. You can also bet both hands will tie. The bets are placed before the dealing of every new hand. A game is automatically won if the bet was placed on a natural, which is a hand of eight or nine points. If both hands have the same point value, then the bet gets pushed back to you. These are the point values: Cards 2-9= face value. 10's and Face Cards= 0 points. Aces= 1 point Game Controls: Once you enter the Baccarat game from The Virtual Casino lobby, you will see the empty table in front of you along with 5 casino chips laid out on the table's border. The value of each of the chips you will see is $1, $5, $25, $100, and $500. You will be able to select the amount you would like to bet on each hand by clicking on those chips, depending on the size of your playable bankroll. If you would like to bet $40 on your next hand, you would simply click the $25 chip once, and then click the $5 chip 3 times to bring the total chip count placed in the betting box to $40. To remove chips from your bet, you simply click on the chips already placed in the betting box and they will be removed and placed back in your bankroll. (NOTE: you can only remove chips from your bankroll before you have dealt the hand. Once the deal starts, all bets are final.) Below is a brief description of each of the buttons found at the game of Baccarat. Deal: The deal button is used to initiate each game of Baccarat. Once the deal button is pressed, the game has started and all bets are on. History Tab: The history button is displayed on the left-hand side of the table. This tab will display the hand history for the game. Cashier Button: The cashier button will take you to the casino cashier where you can make deposits, request withdrawals, redeem bonus coupons and view your account history. Rules Tab: The rules button is displayed on the left-hand side of the table. This tab gives you the general rules of the game. Menu Button: The menu button allows you to choose your preferences for the game in regards to view, sound and card speed, and also allows you to view your account history directly from the game screen. Help: The help button will take you to the RTG Baccarat page where you will be able to find the basic rules of the game along with Payouts and Point Values. Back: The back button will send you back to the casino lobby and allow you to choose another game to play. Game Tips: Blackjack Tip 1: Baccarat is a game of chance, so don't get too distracted trying to keep score of who won the hands and with what cards. The History tab is useful to see have an overview of what has happened but you should stay focused on the game itself. Blackjack Tip 2: Don’t bet on a tie. Even though the payouts for betting on tie are high, your chances of getting a tie are as low as 10%. Blackjack Tip 3: If you want to play with lowest house edge, then you should bet on the Banker. The Banker’s house edge is only 1.06%. Game Rules	nine
In what country did snakes and ladders originate	Mobile Baccarat - Mobile Casino Baccarat Online US Players and Credit Card Deposits Accepted! Apple/Mac/iPhone Compatible! Mobile Baccarat Home Mobile Baccarat Baccarat is one of the more exotic games and it is not as popular and main stream as the other games but it is a very fun game to play. It is a type of card game but not poker. Mobile baccarat has all the same rules as the online casino version and the land-based game. Many people may remember this game from the James bond movies as his favorite casino game. The game is also popular in other parts of the world as well. The rules of this game can seem a little complicated, but it becomes easy once you learn them. Players quickly find that baccarat really isn't a game of skill, but more of a game of chance like roulette. First, the player can play as either the player or banker. The "player" doesn't necessarily mean you as a player or customer and the "banker" doesn't exactly mean the dealer or house. These are just two sides that you can bet on. There is actually a third option to bet on, which is a tie. Mobile Baccarat Rules The objective of the game is to bet on what hand will have a higher score. Two sets of card will be dealt to the banker and player spots on the table. The card values from 2 to 9 are face value. The 10 card and all the face cards are worth 0 points and the ace is worth 1 point. The highest score in baccarat is a 9 and the lowest is 0. These rules are always the same while playing online baccarat on a mobile device. A very important thing to remember is if any point totals go above 9 points, then the double digit or ten's digit is dropped. For example, if you get a total of 16 points, the first digit "1" is dropped and score becomes 6 points. Now when a player bets on the "player's" baccarat hand and wins, the house pays even odds. If the player bets on the banker's baccarat hand, the player wins even odds but must pay a 5% commission. The objective of the game is trying to guess what hand will have a higher score. Also, when the bet is on either of the two hands and a tie in the score happens, the wager is pushed and you get your money back. The mobile baccarat game is powered by Microgaming software so you can expect very nice graphics and a smooth game. You can also expect very secure payment methods and great customer support. Not only is baccarat mobile, but there are lots of other mobile games to play at High Noon or a few of the other mobile casinos listed here. I would highly recommend the Classy Coin casino for cell phone gaming because of its ease of use, quick install, compatibility with many mobile devices and reputable brand. Close Site Menu:	i don't know
Which famous building was once rudely nicknamed The Kensington Gas Works	100 Facts about the V&A Early History Official programme for the laying of the Foundation Stone of The Victoria & Albert Museum, 1899. Museum no. E.1458-1984 CIS. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London. 1. When it was established in 1857 the Museum was called the South Kensington Museum. It was renamed the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1899 when Queen Victoria laid the foundation stone of new buildings along Exhibition Road and Cromwell Road. 2. Queen Victoria really wanted to call the V&A the 'Albert Museum'. 3. The Museum was built in part of Brompton, in the western outskirts of London, but the Museum authorities re-christened the area South Kensington, which sounded more fashionable. 4. The Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 owns the site of the V&A, and of the nearby Science and Natural History Museums, Imperial College, the Royal Colleges of Art and Music and Royal Albert Hall. The area, dubbed 'Albertopolis', was bought partly out of the profits of the Great Exhibition. 5. The first Director, Sir Henry Cole, described the Museum in 1857 as 'a refuge for destitute collections'. More than a century later Sir Roy Strong called it 'an extremely capacious handbag'. 6. Part of the Museum was built initially for the use of the National Gallery, which had run out of space at Trafalgar Square. The National Gallery insisted on having a separate entrance for its visitors. 7. The V&A's South and South-East Asian collections began life as the East India Company's India Museum, founded in 1801. The India Museum was transferred to the control of the South Kensington Museum in 1879. 8. The South Kensington Museum was the first museum in the world to provide a public restaurant. 9. The restaurant had different first and second class menus, and a third class service for 'mechanics and all workmen employed at the Museum Buildings and even for the humble working class visitors'. 10. The South Kensington Museum was the first in the world to use gas lighting in the galleries, to allow evening opening. Sir Henry Cole, photograph, unknown photographer, about 1858 - 1873. Museum no. E.207-2005. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London 11. The first Director, Henry Cole, intended that the South Kensington Museum should attract the widest possible audience, and hoped that 'the evening opening of public museums may furnish a powerful antidote to the gin palace'. 12. During the 19th century the Museum had free admission three days a week and charged 6d for entry on the other three days. The purpose of the charging days was to keep the Museum quiet for students. 13. The Science Museum was originally part of the South Kensington Museum, then the V&A; it did not become a separate institution until 1909. 14. In 1873, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Robert Lowe, plotted unsuccessfully to have the South Kensington Museum taken over by the British Museum. 15. The Museum's first (temporary) buildings were made of iron, and clad in corrugated iron; they were so ugly that they were nicknamed the 'Brompton Boilers' by the Builder magazine. 16. The 'Brompton Boilers' were largely dismantled in 1867 and re-erected with new brick walls and a slate roof at Bethnal Green, where they now house the V&A Museum of Childhood. 17. The V&A's buildings occupy 12 acres of land in South Kensington, and are over a third of a mile in circumference. Some of the mosaic floors in the Museum were made by 'lady convicts' in Woking Prison. Museum staff jokingly gave the mosaic a Latin name, 'opus criminale'. 18. The Henry Cole Wing of the V&A was originally designed as a School of Naval Architecture and subsequently became a School of Science. 19. The statue on top of the central tower of the V&A represents Fame. Her nose is missing. 20. In 1872 a pneumatic railway was planned to carry visitors from the South Kensington underground station to the Museum and the Royal Albert Hall. It was never built. 22. A new underground station was opened very close to the Museum in 1904 called Brompton Road. It was judged to be uneconomical and was closed in 1934. 23. When deliveries were made to the Museum by horse and cart there was not enough room for drivers to manoeuvre; there was a large turn-table on which both horse and cart could be turned round. 24. The small vacant triangle of land opposite the main entrance was bought by the Museum in 1863 to ensure that the view from Thurloe Square could never be obscured by new buildings. 25. The inscription over the main entrance of the Museum reads 'The excellence of every art must consist in the complete accomplishment of its purpose', and is a quotation from the artist Sir Joshua Reynolds. 26. 35 portraits of European artists and designers were made in mosaic to decorate the South Court of the Museum in the 1860s. They were known as the Kensington Valhalla. The Collections Tippoo's Tiger, mechanical organ, unknown maker, about 1793. Museum no. 2545(IS). © Victoria and Albert Museum, London. 27. Many of the V&A's collections have national status. National collections at the V&A include the art of photography, British watercolours and drawings, ceramics, fashion, furniture and woodwork, glass, jewellery, metalwork including sliver, portrait miniatures, sculpture to 1914 and textiles. 28. Tippoo's Tiger has long been one of the V&A's most popular exhibits. The wooden model of a tiger attacking a European was made for Tipu Sultan, ruler of Mysore in India, in the 1790s. A mechanical organ inside the figure imitates the growling of the tiger and the man's moans. 29. The Luck of Edenhall is a 13th-century Syrian glass beaker which belonged to the Musgrave family of Edenhall in Cumbria. A story connected with it relates 'If this cup should break or fall, farewell the luck of Edenhall'. 30. The iron screen from Hereford Cathedral contains 14,000 pieces. Its conservation and reconstruction employed 38 people and took a year. 31. The strangest sculpture in the collection is an ox's head , made in Italy in the late 17th century of marble and wood. The cavity in the head contains an osteoma or morbid growth at one time wrongly thought to be the fossilized brain of an ox. The Gloucester Candlestick, unknown maker, 1107 - 1113. Museum no. 7649:1 to 3-1861. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London. 32. The famous 12th-century Gloucester candlestick is made from nine different metals and could have been made from a hoard of coins. 33. An unusual portrait (and John Ruskin's most hated work of art) is the sculpture of 'Bashaw, the faithful friend of Man' by Matthew Cotes Wyatt. Bashaw, Lord Dudley's Newfoundland dog, had about 50 sittings for the portrait, which was not finished until after Lord Dudley's death in 1833. The Executors would not pay the £5000 price and so it remained in Wyatt's studio until his death. 34. The tallest object in the collections is a plaster cast of Trajan's Column , reproduced from the marble original in Rome. It is 35.6 metres high and, being too tall to fit in the galleries, is displayed as two separate towers. 35. Some of the smallest objects on display are glass weights for testing coins dating from the 8th to 10th centuries. They have Arabic inscriptions, were found in Egypt, and some of them are less than 1 cm in diameter. 36. One of the smallest sculpted objects is a cameo portrait of Elizabeth I , dated about 1575-80, which is 5.5 cm high. It is one of around 30 cameos of Elizabeth I that survive. She is depicted holding a sieve, perhaps symbolising chastity, or her powers of discernment. 37. The V&A owns a copy of the first commercially produced Christmas card , which was invented in 1843 by the Museum's first Director, Henry Cole. 38. The V&A was the first museum in the world to collect photographs as art, beginning in 1856	Royal Albert Hall
What is the popular nickname of the Yeomen of the Guard	Royal Albert Hall, London \| OpenBuildings Royal Albert Hall, London Our community will learn because of you. References Wikipedia , licensed under the GFDL Suggestions View original size Report The Royal Albert Hall is a concert hall situated in the South Kensington area of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London, England, best known for holding the annual summer Proms concerts since 1941. The Royal Albert Hall is one of the UK's most treasured and distinctive buildings, recognisable all over the world. Since its opening by Queen Victoria in 1871, the world's leading artists from every kind of performance genre have appeared on its stage. It also hosts the annual graduation ceremony of the renowned Imperial College London. Each year it hosts more than 350 performances including classical concerts, rock and pop, ballet and opera, tennis, award ceremonies, community events, charity performances and lavish banquets. The hall was originally supposed to have been called The Central Hall of Arts and Sciences, but the name was changed by Queen Victoria to Royal Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences when laying the foundation stone as a dedication to her deceased husband and consort Prince Albert. It forms the practical part of a national memorial to the Prince Consort – the decorative part is the Albert Memorial directly to the north in Kensington Gardens, now separated from the Hall by the heavy traffic along Kensington Gore. History In 1851, the Great Exhibition was held in Hyde Park, London, for which the so-called Crystal Palace was built. The exhibition was a great success and led Prince Albert, the Prince Consort, to propose that a permanent series of facilities be built in the area for the enlightenment of the public. Progress on the scheme was slow and in 1861 Prince Albert died, without having seen his ideas come to fruition. However, a memorial was proposed for Hyde Park, with a Great Hall opposite. The proposal was approved and the site was purchased with some of the profits from the Exhibition. Once the remaining funds had been raised, in April 1867 Queen Victoria signed the Royal Charter of the Corporation of the Hall of Arts and Sciences which was to operate the Hall and on 20 May, laid the foundation stone. The hall was designed by civil engineers Captain Francis Fowke and Major-General Henry Y.D. Scott of the Royal Engineers and built by Lucas Brothers. The designers were heavily influenced by ancient amphitheatres, but had also been exposed to the ideas of Gottfried Semper while he was working at the South Kensington Museum. The recently opened Cirque d'Hiver in Paris was seen in the contemporary press as the design to outdo. The hall was constructed mainly of Fareham Red brick, with terra cotta block decoration made by Gibbs and Canning Limited of Tamworth. The dome (designed by Rowland Mason Ordish) on top was made of wrought iron and glazed. There was a trial assembly made of the iron framework of the dome in Manchester, then it was taken apart again and transported to London via horse and cart. When the time came for the supporting structure to be removed from the dome after re-assembly in situ, only volunteers remained on site in case the structure dropped. It did drop – but only by five-eighths of an inch. The hall was scheduled to be completed by Christmas Day 1870 and the Queen visited a few days beforehand to inspect. She was reported as saying "It looks like the British Constitution". The official opening ceremony of the Royal Albert Hall was on 29 March 1871. After a welcoming speech by Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Victoria was too overcome to speak, so the Prince had to announce that "The Queen declares this Hall is now open". A concert followed, when the Hall's acoustic problems became immediately apparent. Engineers first attempted to solve the acoustical problem by suspending a canvas awning below the dome. This helped and also provided relief to concertgoers from the sun. A 1949 attempt removed the awning and replaced the glass dome with aluminium panels; however, the acoustics were not properly tackled until 1969 when a series of large fibreglass acoustic diffusing discs (commonly referred to as "mushrooms" or "flying saucers") were installed below the ceiling to reduce the notorious echo. It used to be said that the hall was the only place where a British composer could be sure of hearing his work twice. Initially lit by gas, the hall contained a special system where its thousands of gas jets were lit within ten seconds. Though it was demonstrated as early as 1873 in the Hall, full electric lighting was not installed until 1888. During an early trial when a partial installation was made, one disgruntled patron wrote to The Times newspaper declaring it to be "a very ghastly and unpleasant innovation". In 1936, the Hall was the scene of a giant rally celebrating the British Empire, the occasion being the centenary of Joseph Chamberlain's birth. In October 1942, the Hall suffered minor damage during World War II bombing but was left mostly untouched as German pilots used the distinctive structure as a landmark. Renovation and redevelopment Between 1996 and 2004 the Royal Albert Hall underwent a programme of renovation and development supported by a £20 million (roughly $32 million US) grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund to enable it to meet the demands of the next century of events and performances. Thirty "discrete projects" were designed and supervised by BDP without disrupting events. These projects included improving ventilation to the auditorium, more bars and restaurants, new improved seating, better technical facilities and more modern backstage areas. The largest project was the building of a new south porch – door 12, accommodating a restaurant, new box office and below a new delivery area. Although the exterior of the building was largely unchanged, the south steps leading down to Prince Consort Road were demolished to allow construction of an underground vehicle access and accommodation for 3 HGVs carrying all the equipment brought by shows. The steps were then reconstructed around a new south porch on the same scale and in the same style as the three pre-existing porches: these works were undertaken by Taylor Woodrow Construction. The original steps featured in early scenes of 1965 film The Ipcress File. On 4 June 2004, the project received the Europa Nostra Award for remarkable achievement. The East and West porches were glazed and new bars opened along with ramps to improve disabled access. Internally the Circle was rebuilt in four weeks in June 1996 providing more leg room, better access and improved sight lines. The Stalls were rebuilt in a four week period in 2000 using steel supports allowing more space underneath for two new bars. 1534 unique pivoting seats were laid – with an addition of 180 prime seats. The Choirs were rebuilt at the same time. The whole building was redecorated in a style that reinforces the buildings Victorian identity. New carpets were laid in the corridors – specially woven with a border that follows the elliptic curve of the building in the largest single woven design in the world. The works included a major rebuilding of the great organ, originally built by "Father" Henry Willis in 1871 and rebuilt by Harrison & Harrison in 1924 and 1933. The current work was performed by Mander Organs between 2002 and 2004 and the organ is now again the second largest pipe organ in the British Isles with 9,999 pipes in 147 stops. Liverpool Cathedral has 10,268 pipes. Design The hall, a Grade I listed building, is an ellipse in plan, with major and minor axes of 83 m (272 ft) and 72 m (236 ft). The great glass and wrought-iron dome roofing the hall is 41 m (135 ft) high. It was originally designed with a capacity for 8,000 people and has accommodated as many as 9,000 (although modern safety restrictions mean that the maximum permitted capacity is now 5,544 including standing in the Gallery). Around the outside of the hall is a great mosaic frieze, depicting "The Triumph of Arts and Sciences", in reference to the Hall's dedication. Proceeding anti-clockwise from the north side the sixteen subjects of the frieze are: (1) Various Countries of the World bringing in their Offerings to the Exhibition of 1851; (2) Music; (3) Sculpture; (4) Painting; (5) Princes, Art Patrons and Artists; (6) Workers in Stone; (7) Workers in Wood and Brick; (8) Architecture; (9) The Infancy of the Arts and Sciences; (10) Agriculture; (11) Horticulture and Land Surveying; (12) Astronomy and Navigation; (13) A Group of Philosophers, Sages and Students; (14) Engineering; (15) The Mechanical Powers; and (16) Pottery and Glassmaking. Above the frieze is an inscription in 12 in (300 mm) terracotta letters that combine historical fact and Biblical quotations: "This hall was erected for the advancement of the arts and sciences and works of industry of all nations in fulfilment of the intention of Albert Prince Consort. The site was purchased with the proceeds of the Great Exhibition of the year MDCCCLI. The first stone of the Hall was laid by Her Majesty Queen Victoria on the twentieth day of May MDCCCLXVII and it was opened by Her Majesty the Twenty Ninth of March in the year MDCCCLXXI. Thine O Lord is the greatness and the power and the glory and the victory and the majesty. For all that is in the heaven and in the earth is Thine. The wise and their works are in the hand of God. Glory be to God on high and on earth peace." Events Since its opening by Queen Victoria on 29 March 1871, the Royal Albert Hall has played host to over 150,000 different events and has been affectionately titled "The Nation's Village Hall". The first concert at the Hall was Arthur Sullivan's cantata, On Shore and Sea, which was performed on 1 May 1871. Many events are promoted by the Royal Albert Hall themselves, whilst Raymond Gubbay promotes over 70 events a year, having brought a range of events since the early 1970s, including opera, ballet and classical music. Some events include classical and rock concerts, conferences, ballroom dancing, poetry recitals, education, motor shows, marathons, ballet, opera and circus shows. It has hosted sporting events, including boxing, wrestling (including the first Sumo wrestling tournament to be held in London as well as UFC 38 (the first UFC event to be held in the UK) and tennis. American singer Bob Dylan concluded his world tour by performing two shows on May 26 and 27 1966. It was several years until Dylan toured again. After Sandie Shaw won the 1967 Eurovision Song Contest in Vienna, the BBC hosted the 1968 Eurovision Song Contest at the Royal Albert Hall. Miss World Pageant finals were held at the Royal Albert Hall from 1969 to 1988. Roger Daltrey of The Who has been intimately involved with the Teenage Cancer Trust which holds annual charity concerts at expected to continue until 2012. The American rock band The Killers performed two shows on 5 and 6 July 2009, that were recorded for the DVD Live From The Royal Albert Hall. The DVD was packaged with a CD and was released on 6 November of the same year and earned a rating of five stars and the "best rock dvd of the decade" by Starpulse. Swedish prog-death metal band Opeth also filmed its 20th anniversary DVD In Live Concert at the Royal Albert Hall, covering two sets: its breakthrough album, Blackwater Park, in its entirety, and a chronologically-arranged set of one song from each of its other eight albums. Regular events The BBC Promenade Concerts, known as "The Proms" is a popular annual eight-week summer season of daily classical music concerts and other events held at the Royal Albert Hall. In 1942, following the destruction of the Queen's Hall in an air raid, the Royal Albert hall was chosen as the new venue for the proms. In 1944 with increased danger to the hall, part of the proms were held in the Bedford Corn Exchange. Following the end of World War II the proms continued in the Royal Albert Hall and have done so annually in summer since then. The event was founded in 1895, and now each season consists of over 70 concerts, in addition to a series of events at other venues across the United Kingdom on the last night. In 2009, the total number of concerts reached 100 for the first time. Jiří Bělohlávek described The Proms as "the world's largest and most democratic musical festival" of all such events in the world of classical music festivals. Proms is short for promenade concerts, a term which arose from the original practice of audience members promenading, or strolling, in some areas of the concert hall during the concert. Proms concert-goers, particularly those who stand, are sometimes described as "Promenaders", but are most commonly referred to as "Prommers". The Royal British Legion Festival of Remembrance, is held annually the day before Remembrance Sunday. The Royal Albert Hall is also used annually by the Royal College of Art and Imperial College London for graduation ceremonies. Kingston University also held its graduation ceremonies at the Royal Albert Hall until 2008, but have since relocated to the new Rose Theatre, Kingston upon its completion. Since 1998 the English National Ballet has had several specially staged arena summer seasons in partnership with the Royal Albert Hall and Raymond Gubbay. These include Strictly Gershwin, June 2008 and 2011, Swan Lake in-the-round, June 2002, 2004, 2007 and 2010, Romeo & Juliet (Deane), June 2001 and 2005 and The Sleeping Beauty, April – June 2000. Regular performers Eric Clapton has become synonymous with the Royal Albert Hall, as it has played host to his concerts almost annually for over 20 years. It was also the venue for his band Cream's farewell concerts in 1968 and reunion shows in 2005. Clapton has cited it as his favourite venue to play in the world. He also instigated the Concert for George, which was held at the Royal Albert Hall on 29 November 2002 to pay tribute to Clapton's life-long friend, former Beatle George Harrison. Many of Clapton's DVD releases were recorded live at The Royal Albert Hall, e.g. 24 nights (CD and DVD), Cream farewell, Cream reunion (CD and DVD) and Concert for George. Shirley Bassey has often sung at the Royal Albert Hall, usually as a special guest at large events. In 2007, Bassey performed in Fashion Rocks in aid of the Prince's Trust. On 30 March 2011, she sang at a gala celebrating the 80th birthday of Mikhail Gorbachev. She also performed at the Classical Brit Awards in May 2011, singing Goldfinger in tribute to the recently deceased composer John Barry. On 20 June 2011, Bassey returned to perform Diamonds Are Forever and Goldfinger, accompanied by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, as the climax to the memorial concert for John Barry. Trivia A famous and widely bootlegged concert by Bob Dylan at the Free Trade Hall in Manchester on 17 May 1966 was mistakenly labelled the "Royal Albert Hall Concert". In 1998, Columbia Records released an official recording, The Bootleg Series Vol. 4: Bob Dylan Live 1966, The "Royal Albert Hall" Concert, that maintains the erroneous title, but does include details of the actual concert location. Dylan actually did close his European tour on 26 and 27 May of that year; these were his last concerts before Dylan got into a motorcycle accident and became a recluse for a brief period of time. Another concert that was mislabelled as being at the Royal Albert Hall was by Creedence Clearwater Revival (CCR). An album by CCR entitled The Royal Albert Hall Concert was released in 1980. When Fantasy Records discovered that the show on the album actually took place at the Oakland Coliseum, it retitled the album The Concert. The Beatles song "A Day In The Life" mentions the Royal Albert Hall, as does the character Nowhere Man in the Beatles' movie Yellow Submarine. Transport links	i don't know
By what nickname was American gangster Lester Gillis known	Baby Face Nelson \| American gangster \| Britannica.com American gangster Alternative Titles: George Nelson, Lester Gillis Baby Face Nelson near Fox River Grove, Illinois Related Biographies Baby Face Nelson, byname of George Nelson, original name Lester Gillis (born 1908, Chicago , Illinois , U.S.—died November 27, 1934, near Fox River Grove, Illinois), American gunman and bank robber noted for his vicious killings and youthful looks. FBI mug shots of Baby Face Nelson, 1931. FBI From petty crime Nelson graduated into labour racketeering, working for Al Capone (1929–31) and other bootleg bosses; he was let go, however, proving too violent even for them. He then turned to bank robberies, joining with John Dillinger on two occasions (1934). Listed as Public Enemy Number One by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), he was killed in a wild shoot-out with FBI agents. Learn More in these related articles: Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Article Title: Baby Face Nelson Website Name: Encyclopædia Britannica Date Published: January 27, 2012 URL: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Baby-Face-Nelson-American-gangster Access Date: January 19, 2017 Share	Baby Face Nelson
Which English city is nicknamed The Lace City	Baby Face Nelson - Criminal - Biography.com Baby Face Nelson Baby Face Nelson was a bank robber and killer in the 1920s and '30s, and a criminal associate of John Dillinger. IN THESE GROUPS Famous People Who Died in United States Synopsis Born Lester Joseph Gillis in Chicago, Illinois, on December 6, 1908, Baby Face Nelson became one of the most notorious bank robbers of the early 20th century. He started his life in crime at the age of 13. Nelson was sentenced to jail in 1931 for a bank robbery, but he soon escaped from custody. He returned to his criminal activities, including robbing banks. In 1934, he participated in robberies with John Dillinger and his gang. After Dillinger's death, J. Edgar Hoover announced that Nelson was now "Public Enemy No. 1." He died following a shootout with the FBI in November 1934. Early Life and Crimes Notorious bank robber and killer Baby Face Nelson was born Lester Joseph Gillis in Chicago, Illinois, on December 6, 1908. According to some reports, both of his parents were immigrants from Belgium. The New York Times listed his father's occupation as tanner. During his school years, Nelson was known to have a short temper and often got into fights with his classmates. By the age of 13, Nelson had begun his life of crime. He was caught stealing in 1922 and sentenced to the St. Charles School for Boys. Over the next few years, he was in and out of juvenile facilities. Nelson eventually earned the nickname "Baby Face" for his youthful appearance by his fellow street thugs. He was only five feet four inches tall and weighed roughly 133 pounds. In 1928, Nelson married Helen Wawzynak. She called herself Helen Gillis, even after her husband had taken on the last name of Nelson. Helen was only 16 years old at the time. The couple soon had a son and a daughter together. Notorious Bank Robber Nelson graduated to adult prison in 1931 after robbing a bank in Chicago. Sentenced to a year in jail, he escaped from custody while being transported to be tried on another bank robbery charge in February 1932. Nelson eventually wound up in Sausalito, California where he met John Paul Chase. The pair engaged in numerous criminal activities over the next few years. Nelson joined up legendary criminal John Dillinger in 1934, shortly after Dillinger's original gang dissolved. Nelson was almost caught that April while he was hiding out with the Dillinger gang in northern Wisconsin. But he shot his way out of the situation, killing an FBI agent in the process. He was with Dillinger and Homer Van Meter during the June robbery of the Merchants National Bank in South Bend, Indiana. A police officer was killed by the gang during the crime. On July 22, 1934, Dillinger himself was ambushed and killed by FBI agents outside the Biograph Theater in Lincoln Park in Chicago. The next day, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover announced that Nelson was the new "Public Enemy No. 1." Van Meter met a grisly end the following month, in a confrontation with police. Violent Death After Dillinger's death, Nelson headed to California with his wife, Helen, and John Paul Chase for a time. He managed to evade capture for several months, but the FBI finally caught up with him in November 27, 1934. Nelson was driving in a stolen car with his wife and Chase near Barrington, Illinois, when they were spotted by FBI agents. For a time, Nelson tried to drive away and the agents gave chase. He then stopped the car to shoot at the agents. A brief gun battle ensued, which left FBI agent Herman E. Hollis dead. A second agent, Samuel P. Cowley, died several hours later in an Elgin hospital. Nelson had been severely wounded—hit by 17 bullets—in the standoff, but he, Chase and his wife managed to get away. On November 28, 1934, the 25-year-old Nelson succumbed to his injuries. His body was left near the St. Peter Catholic Cemetery in Skokie, Illinois. His wife was later sentenced to a year in prison for violating her parole. She had previously pleaded guilty to harboring fugitives. Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us ! Citation Information	i don't know
What is the name of the island in Poole Harbour	Poole Tourism Islands in Poole Harbour ISLANDS IN POOLE HARBOUR Islands in Poole Harbour Poole Harbour is home to a total of eight islands, all of which are part of the Dorset Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The five largest are listed below. Brownsea Island is owned by the National Trust and is open to the public from March to October. Furzey Island is home to a well hidden oil well and gathering station for Wytch Farm - Britain's largest onshore oil development, linked by pipeline to the refinery at Fawley. This island is also home to the red squirrel, which have been studied on Furzey since 1986. Annual trapping has shown that the population varies from 18 to 57 adults, on only 6ha of woodland. The thriving population is largely due to the excellent cone crops from the Scots pines on the island. Long Island is a 31-acre island and is privately owned by a local individual. Round Island is a 15 acre private property with a delightful mix of grassy paddocks and winding woodland paths. Situated in the sheltered western portion of Poole Harbour, the island is surrounded by beautiful views. There is a small sandy beach with shallow water, and also a pontoon with swinging moorings. Holiday cottages are available on the island, visit www.roundisland.co.uk for details. Green Island is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and Special Protection Area (SPA) and has featured on the archaeology programme Time Team. It covers approximately 45 acres at low tide and is covered in extensive woodland in the centre, made up of Scots pine with several small areas of heathland. There are two buildings on the island, helicopter landing pad, a private wooden jetty as well as a beach area. It is currently privately owned, having been put up for sale at an asking price of 2.5 million.	Brownsea Island
What nationality was the pirate Captain Kidd	Isle of Purbeck - Brownsea Island / Index BROWNSEA ISLAND has evolved as the largest of the islands in Poole Harbour, probably as a small hill when the country was still in the throws of the last Ice Age. The recession of the ice meant a rise in sea levels and flooding from new rivers and streams which locally gave us Poole Harbour, although in the 'earlier' days it would have been a tract of land with a stream/river on each side, before it became totally isolated in the harbour some 2-5,000 years ago. Such rivers would probably have reached east to become the Solent, which was a river until what we know as the Purbeck Hills extending to the Isle of Wight and beyond were broken down. In terms of size it is just over 1½ miles west to east and nearly 1 mile north to south. The Pier, boats to and from Poole Quay, Sandbanks, and sometimes Swanage Like all else around it is a mixture of sands, gravel and clays, the clays attracted the attention of potters who put it to good use in the manufacture of lower quality products including tiles and bricks. With the sands, gravel and clay was also alum which is used as a colour fixer and important in the dying industry, also in the manufacture of ink. This substance, as many will realise courtesy of the name, makes another appearance further round the coast at the well-known Alum Chine. The main clay field was to the north of the island and many shafts were sunk to extract the clay. There were lesser quantities to the south. It seems reasonable that many folk would have put the resources of the island to good use over many millennia, the island of course being something of a staging post in their travels around the harbour as a whole. Any proper occupation would probably been at the end of the Roman occupation and when the Anglo-Saxons started moving in and establishing themselves. Nearby Wareham was of course a Saxon town, and a small part of the then all encompassing Wessex. Excavations have confirmed there was certainly a community in the 12-14th century. Brownsea Island Map As we move into the 9th century we would have seen attention from the Vikings who were ultimately driven back into the sea by Alfred the Great, only to return over a century later under Canute. The church, as always, had expressed an interest and Cerne Abbey had built a chapel on the island in the late 9th century. The Abbey maintained their interest into the 14th century, this included being able to administer and pretty well do and take what they wanted. In the early 11th century we are told the island was owned by somebody called 'Bruno'. However, when William the Conqueror started to get to grips with the country he 'gave' all of Studland, which included Brownsea, to Robert de Mortain who was his half-brother. The crown however, later claimed it was theirs, but there is no mention in Doomsday. Since it is part of Studland, perhaps there was some confusion all around Poole and it's islands as to what was what. Nothing significant seemed to happen until Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries and seizing of their properties. The crown actually commanded that a fortification be built on the island which was part of its endeavours to fortify all of the south coast of England. That fortification is what we now know as Brownsea Castle, albeit it several times improved since building, especially rebuilding after the fire. The merits of these efforts were demonstrated in the face of the Spanish Armada. Queen Elizabeth I subsequently granted Brownsea Island to Christopher Hatton, along with Corfe Castle. Nothing much went on and it changed hands several times until Robert Clayton in the mid-17th century during the Restoration. Charles II reputedly sailed around but never landed during his flight from London during the ravages of the plague. For the monarchy, James II, William & Mary, and Anne came and went. Interest in, and activity on the island diminished, much of the building was derelict, and it was purchased for a pittance in 1726 by a William Benson. He put up some new building and being something of a botanist made it something of a private reserve with plots of rare plants. Long after the death of Benson, the island was purchased by Humphrey Stuart who made even more improvements in building and vegetation, and his son Charles took it on at his father's death in 1786. During this time the two small lakes had been cut out of the island. Improvements were made to the fortifications and in 1817, they together with buildings and plant life were yet again improved by the next owner, Charles Chad. The fortifications were now necessary in the increasing fight against piracy and smuggling. Chad stayed until 1845 when Augustus Foster took it on. He was a diplomat and having seen this place for his retirement, became so seriously ill that he took the extreme course of action in 1848 and cut his own throat. The clay presence attracted the attention of a certain William Waugh in the mid-nineteenth century and in 1852 he brought the island in the misguided belief he could manufacture high quality porcelain, and took on workers from the adjoining Studland and Poole mainland's and built a pottery in the south-west corner together with a track to transport the clay from the north. Some of his workers did commute by boat, but some he kept on the island by building a small-scale village called Maryland after his wife Mary. St.Mary's Church Another massive expenditure was the construction of St.Mary's church in Gothic style. Waugh also went to the trouble of building a sea wall around what was St. Andrew's Bay and partly drain the marshy meadows to form what is now the Lagoon. As far as the quality porcelain was concerned, he subsequently realised his mistake, continued making low grade tiles and bricks, but had got into such serious financial difficulties that he disappeared to Spain in 1857 - nothing changes !. The island was taken on by the next owner some 20 years on after much legal and financial wrangling. He was George Cavendish-Bentinck, but even producing lower quality tiles and bricks was not as productive as he had hoped. He also took on the keeping of cattle and growing of barley and the like, whilst filling Brownsea Castle with sculpture. He died in 1891 and the island was purchased by Kenneth Balfour, who like Bentinck was an MP. The Cavendish-Bentincks have a tomb in the church. He made small changes and improvements, including the installation of electricity, which led in 1896 to almost destroying the Castle by fire courtesy of an electrical fault. Balfour perhaps had more money than sense and rebuilt, only to resell in 1901. The new owner was Charles van Raalte, who delighted in entertaining his many friends, playing golf on the newly founded course close to the castle, and shooting the wildlife. Up to this time the island had been known as Branksea, but, according to a popular story, because it was getting confused with Branksome just along the coast, it was re-named Brownsea. One of van Raalte many friends/guests was a Robert Baden-Powell, who, being very fond of children, and seeing what such an idyllic and secluded place Brownsea was, suggested he could use it as a campsite where he could entertain and educate young boys in the ways of the world. He had drawn great experience from his adventures in Africa and success at Mafeking where he had used boys as scouts/messengers, and with the success of the first camp on Brownsea in 1907, gave birth to the once well established but waning Boy Scout movement. For his first camp on the island he had drawn on sons of friends and the local Boy's Brigade. Not surprisingly it has long been popular belief that the Girl Guides shortly evolved from the scouts, with Robert Baden-Powell's wife, Olave, as the 'leader'. The truth is more like his younger sister, Agnes, took this up at the same time as his Brownsea camp because there were girls around who wanted to get involved imitating their brothers. Her brother was probably somewhat anti Guides thinking they would just be tomboys, especially since they first called themselves Girl Scouts. Agnes reworked Scouting for Boys into The Handbook for the Girl Guides in 1911-12, and The Girl Guide Movement was acknowledged by 1915. Robert Baden-Powell was voyaging to New York in early 1912 on a Boy Scouts world tour and met Olave St Clair Soames. They were engaged in September, and quickly married 30 October at Parkstone, albeit in secret. He was age 56, and she a mere 24. She had been keen to help him in his endeavours, and despite his initial resistance, became more involved over the years, sharing her time with the bringing up of their three children. While all of that was taking off, in 1908, van Raalte had died but his wife Florence kept the island going until 1925 when she died and the island was sold by auction in 1927 to a Mrs Mary Bonham-Christie, a recluse who banned hunting and fishing and let the island revert to nature. From natures point of view this was very good news, but not for most of the few workers employed on the island. In the summer of 1934 a very serious fire broke out, reducing much of the island to ashes over several days working from west to east, the buildings to the east only to be saved by a change of wind direction. The cause of the fire is unknown, some would say a freak event, some would say arson by a disgruntled worker, in truth we do not know. As WWII overtook the country, Brownsea, like other sites in Purbeck was used to light fires deliberately to distract German bombers from their intended targets like Poole. Maryland village was so severely damaged that it was eventually levelled. Mrs Bonham-Christie led a long and lonely life and died in 1961 aged 98, leaving the island to her grandson who would have to sell to pay the death duties. It was envisaged that potential purchasers would be developers keen to go the same way as Sandbanks, but fortunately avoided by Studland. Because of the local fear of that eventuality many organisations became involved and much money collected. The taxman took the island in lieu of the duties, with the National Trust taking responsibility for the property on the strength of an endowment being raised, which occurred in 1962. All was saved. The Dorset Wildlife Trust ran the nature reserve from 1962, the island is still celebrated and memorialised for the start of the Scout Movement, and the cherry on the cake is that it is one of the few places in the country with our native red squirrel surviving. Access to the island can only be by boat and the most regular service is from Sandbanks/North Haven and is a very short journey. There is less frequently a service from Poole Quay. Local resorts, Swanage for instance do run 'day-trips' which can be useful if don't have to drive to get to a boat, but do limit how long you are able to stay on the island. This is naturally restricting if you fancy a leisurely stroll round all of the island, and/or a slow observational walk on the nature trail in the reserve. Details such as opening times, cost of admission, functions and facilities may be obtained from the National Trust Brownsea Island site The boat to the island will normally be a separate charge. Details from Brownsea Island Ferries who run a number of services and days out beside serving Brownsea Island.	i don't know
What colour is the cross on the Swedish flag	What do the colors on the Swedish flag represent? \| Reference.com What do the colors on the Swedish flag represent? A: Quick Answer The Swedish flag has a solid blue background with a yellow cross extending from the top to bottom and left to right of the flag. The yellow of the cross represents generosity, while the blue background symbolizes loyalty, truth and justice. Full Answer Several theories attempt to explain the source of the flag's colors. One theory suggests that the colors represent the colors of the coat of arms of either King Magnus Birgersson in 1275 or King Albert of Mecklenburg in 1364. The royal coat of arms of Sweden, which uses blue and gold, dates back to the year 1442. The cross on the flag, which intersects the flag just to the left of its center, is reportedly from Eric the Holy, a former king of Sweden who saw a gold cross in the sky. The most recognizable symbol of Christianity, the cross is used to express Sweden's religious history and the values of its early leaders. Earlier forms of the Swedish flag also featured a blue background and yellow cross but with varied shapes. Some were double-tailed, and versions that followed featured a triple-tailed shape. The design of the flag is based on the Danish flag, which features the same cross in red and white. Some sources say the design inspiration was based on resistance to Danish rule.	Yellow
In waters belonging which country are the world's strongest tidal currents found	Sweden Flags Home / Flags / World Flags / View flags from countries Q-Z / Sweden Flags Sweden Flags Our top-quality Sweden flags conform to all official specifications. Emblems and designs are executed with the highest possible degree of accuracy in regard to detail, color shades, placement and proportion to flag size. Ideal for indoor or outdoor display, our world flags are made of Nyl-Glo 100% heavyweight nylon, and specially treated to minimize deterioration due to sun, wind and rain. They will outlast all other flags and are backed by our 1-year colorfast guarantee Our world flags are extremely durable, fast-drying, and boast brilliant, fast colors. These flags are also finished with strong canvas headings, reinforced stitching and large metal grommets. Available in a variety of sizes from AmericanFlags.com and ready for immediate shipping to your door. Reg. Price: $69.99 $55.00 The Sweden flag uses a blue background with a yellow Scandinavian cross. The design of the flag is thought to be based on the Denmark flag. The colors of yellow and blue come from the Swedish coat of arms, which features three yellow crowns on a blue base. The Scandinavian cross is commonly used on many flags in Scandinavian countries. The cross dates back to at least the 16th century. A proclamation by King John III of Sweden stated that all battle flags must have the yellow cross on them. The Swedish flag originally had an emblem in the upper left corner. The emblem was removed in 1906 when the flag was re-adopted. Stay Updated / Sign-up for special discount offers/half-staff notifications U.S. Flags Are PROUDLY Made In America AMERICANFLAGS.COM	i don't know
What is the Flavium Amphitheatre the correct name for	History of the Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheater The Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheater is one of the most well-known of the ancient Roman structures because so much of it still remains. Meaning: Amphitheater comes from the Greek amphi ~ on both sides and theatron ~ semicircular viewing place or theater. An Improvement Over the Existing Design The Circus The Colosseum in Rome is an amphitheater. It was developed as an improvement over the differently shaped but similarly used Circus Maximus , for gladiatorial combats, wild beast fights (venationes), and mock naval battles (naumachiae). Spine: Elliptical in shape, the circus had a fixed central divider called a spina down the middle, which was useful in chariot races , but got in the way during fights. Viewing: In addition, the spectators' view was limited in the circus. The amphitheater put spectators on all sides of the action. Flimsy Early Amphitheaters In 50 B.C., C. Scribonius Curio built the first amphitheater in Rome to stage his father's funeral games. continue reading below our video 10 Facts About the Titanic That You Don't Know Curio's amphitheater and the next one, built in 46 B.C., by Julius Caesar , were made of wood. The weight of the spectators was at times too great for the wooden structure and, of course, the wood was easily destroyed by fire. Stable Amphitheater The Emperor Augustus designed a more substantial amphitheater to stage venationes, but it wasn't until the Flavian emperors, Vespasian and Titus, that the enduring, limestone, brick, and marble Amphitheatrum Flavium (aka Vespasian's Amphitheater) was built. "The construction utilized a careful combination of types: concrete for the foundations, travertine for the piers and arcades, tufa infill between piers for the walls of the lower two levels, and brick-faced concrete used for the upper levels and for most of the vaults." Great Buildings Online - Roman Colosseum The amphitheater was dedicated in A.D. 80, in a ceremony lasting a hundred days, with the slaughter of 5000 sacrificial animals. The amphitheater may not have been finished, however, until the reign of Titus' brother Domitian. Lightning damaged the amphitheater, but later emperors repaired and maintained it until the games were ended in the sixth century. Source of the Name Colosseum The medieval historian Bede applied the name Colosseum (Colyseus) to the Amphitheatrum Flavium, possibly because the amphitheater -- which had taken back the pond on the land Nero had devoted to his extravagant golden palace ( domus aurea ) -- stood beside a colossal statue of Nero. This etymology is disputed. Size of the Flavian Amphitheater The tallest Roman structure , the colosseum was about 160 feet high and covered about six acres. Its long axis is 188m and its short, 156m. Construction used 100,000 cu. meters of travertine (like the cella of the Temple of Hercules Victor ), and 300 tons of iron for clamps, according to Filippo Coarelli in Rome and Environs. Although all the seats are gone, at the end of the 19th century , the seating potential was calculated and the figures are generally accepted. There were likely 87,000 seats in 45-50 rows inside the colosseum. Coarelli says social standing determined seating, so those rows closest to the action were reserved for the senatorial classes, whose special seats were inscribed with their names and made of marble. Women were separated at public events from the time of the earliest emperor, Augustus. The Romans probably held mock sea battles in the Flavian Amphitheater. Vomitoria There were 64 numbered doors to let spectators in and out that were called vomitoria. N.B.: Vomitoria were exits, not places spectators regurgitated the contents of their stomachs to facilitate binge eating and drinking. People vomited forth, so to speak, from the exits. Other Noteworthy Aspects of the Colosseum There were substructures under the fighting area that may have been animal dens or channels for water for or from the mock naval battles. It is hard to determine how the Romans produced venationes and naumachiae on the same day. A removable awning called velarium provided the spectators with shade from the sun. The outside of the Flavian amphitheater has three rows of arches, each built according to a different order of architecture, Tuscan (the simplest, Doric, but with an Ionic base), on the ground level, then Ionic, and then the most ornate of the three Greek orders, the Corinth ian. The vaults of the Colosseum were both barrel and groined (where barrel arches intersect each other at right angles). The core was concrete, with the exterior covered in cut stone.	Colosseum
Brazilian football legend Pele always wore which number	Flavian Amphitheater Rome Reborn Flavian Amphitheater Known since the middle ages as the “Colosseum” because of the 100-foot-tall statue of the Sun god moved next to it by Hadrian (A.D. 76-138), this amphitheater was built by Vespasian in the valley between the Velia, the Esquiline and the Caelian Hills. The area had been a pond in the private gardens of Nero's Golden House. Vespasian restored it to public use for the popular animal hunts and gladiatorial games. The complex, which could hold ca. 45-50,000 spectators, replaced an earlier amphitheater elsewhere in the city that was destroyed in the great fire of A.D. 64. Despite the protest of Christian thinkers, the gladiatorial fights continued until well into the Christian period, ending in the fifth century A.D. The animal hunts continued a century longer. Amphitheatrum Flavium From Samuel Ball Platner, A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, rev. Thomas Ashby. Oxford: 1929, p. 6-11. Ordinarily known as the Colosseum, built by Vespasian, in the depression between the Velia, the Esquiline and the Caelian, a site previously occupied by the stagnum of Nero's domus Aurea (Suet. Vesp. 9; Mart. de spect. 2.5; Aur. Vict. Caes. 9.7). Vespasian carried the structure to the top of the second arcade of the outer wall and of the maenianum secundum of the cavea (see below), and dedicated it before his death in 79 A.D. (Chronogr. a. 354, p146). Titus added the third and fourth stories (ib.), and celebrated the dedication of the enlarged building in 80 with magnificent games that lasted one hundred days (Suet. Titus 7; Cass. Dio LXVI.25; Hieron a. Abr. 2095; Eutrop. vii.21; Cohen, Tit. 399, 400). Domitian is said to have completed the building ad clipea (Chron. ib.) which probably refers to the bronze shields that were placed directly beneath the uppermost cornice (cf. Cohen, Tit. 399) and to additions on the inside (HJ 282). View Full Article Additional source material Ancient Library Sources (from Peter Aicher, Rome Alive: A Source Guide to the Ancient City, vol. 1, Bolchazy-Carducci: 2004) [ Works cited ] 70. Colosseum (Amphitheatrum Flavii). Sources. 70.1. The Emperor Vespasian ordered a new amphitheater to be built from the booty [of the Jewish War in AD 70]. Inscription (see Claridge, p. 278)	i don't know
In American football, what position is LB	Players by Position Players by Position You are here: Home / Terminology / The Basics / Players by Position Players by Position While watching football with the guys on the set of the College Football Studio Show, I asked one of the former Quarterbacks how he recognized the play on television, specifically how the offense was positioning the Tight End. I thought there would be an in-depth explanation, but his response was that he could tell from the player’s body type. And while I’m not going to pick up on this as well as someone who played the game and was around these guys all the time, I do think that there is an advantage to being a woman when it comes to using players’ bodies to help identify their position. The following is a description of the prototypical player at the offensive and defensive positions, including their skills and body types. Back to Top ^ Quarterback: 6’3, 225 lbs. The Quarterback is involved in almost every single play on offense and therefore needs to have an excellent understanding of the game as well as quick, intelligent decision-making skills. He has to be a leader. Some quarterbacks are more mobile than others. Mobility helps in the event the Pass Rush forces him out of the Pocket and he needs to run. The prototypical QB has big well-defined biceps. Andrew Luck #12 (Sophomore at Stanford) 6’4, 235 lbs. Christian Ponder #7 (Senior at Florida State) 6’3, 227 lbs. Back to Top ^ Running Back: 6’1, 225 lbs. By definition, these players have to be great runners. It helps if they have good vision to see holes and lanes before they even open up. They can also make catches and serve as a receiving threat and should help block when not being used in the play. It’s important that they don’t have problems holding onto the ball (fumbles are a big concern). They key for Running Backs to find success is to patiently move to the hole and then burst through it. Having an ability to quickly change direction on the move can really make these players stand out. Mark Ingram #22 (Junior at Alabama) 5’10, 215 lbs. Jacquizz Rodgers #1 (Junior at Oregon State) 5’7, 188 lbs. (Note that below Jacquizz is standing in front of his brother James #8 who is the same size but plays Wide Receiver, just to show that these are prototypical body types but not limiting or conclusive). Back to Top ^ Fullbacks: 6’0, 240 lbs. These are the stockiest of the players or at least should be as their strength and vision are more important than speed for their purpose in the running game. Like their body types, they are used for short yardage situations in both running and passing situations. Oftentimes, Running Backs rely on their Fullbacks to lead the way for them to run through the defense. The importance of a Fullback clearing a path for the runner is immeasurable. In fact, I personally incorporate a Fullback into my life in NYC just to get across the sidewalks. Sometimes when it’s really crowded, I will seek out a solid looking man to walk behind whose presence on the sidewalk automatically clears a path for me and helps me avoid getting knocked around by tourists who aren’t paying attention to where they’re walking. Stanley Havili (Senior at USC) 6’1, 230 lbs, Owen Marecic #48 (Senior at Stanford) 6’1, 234 lbs. Back to Top ^ Wide Receiver: 6’3, 220 lbs. Speed is one of the most important qualities for these players. They also need to be agile and jump up and catch the ball. And they need good hands to hold onto it. These are the divas on the football field and the ones who probably look for the most attention. As a professional Wide Receiver pointed out, the reason they are like this may be due to the fact that they need to fight for the Quarterback’s attention to get the ball thrown to them on each play, while the other players, such as Quarterbacks and Running Backs are certain to touch the ball throughout the game on designated plays. AJ Green #8 (Junior at Georgia) 6’4, 207 lbs, Michael Floyd #3 (Junior at Notre Dame) 6’3, 220 lbs. Back to Top ^ Tight End: 6’6, 265 lbs. These players are the tallest receivers. They aren’t as fast as the Wide Recivers or Running Backs though. They’re a little slower and larger and used often to block or occupy defenders. They get much fewer passes thrown to them during the game than the Wide Receivers. Kyle Rudolph #9 (Junior at Notre Dame) 6’6, 265 lbs. Luke Stocker #88 (Senior at Tennessee) 6’6, 253 lbs. Back to Top ^ Offensive Tackle: 6’7, 335 lbs. These guys are typically the largest (in terms of height and weight) on the Offensive Line and actually on the entire field. They need an initial punch at the line that disturbs defenders immediately. The best ones are large and strong but also mobile enough to get into the best blocking situations. Gabe Carimi #68 (Senior at Wisconsin) 6’7, 315 lbs. Lee Ziemba (Senior at Auburn) 6’8, 320 lbs. Matt Reynolds #70 (Junior at BYU) 6’6, 329 lbs. Back to Top ^ Center: 6’4, 310 lbs. The Center is the captain of the line and needs to be a quick thinker. He snaps the ball on every play (usually to the Quarterback so that relationship is important) and has to be able to quickly deliver it at the same point every snap. They also serve as a great blocking force on the line. Mike Pouncey #55 (Senior at Florida) 6’4, 310 lbs. Tim Barnes #63 (Senior at Missouri) 6’4, 310 lbs. Back to Top ^ Offensive Guards: 6’4, 330 lbs. The Offensive Guard is about the same height as the Center but should weigh more. He needs a wide, powerful base to push against the defenders and drive them off of the line. He also needs to stay balanced and be a strong, immoveable force against charging defenders. Justin Boren #65 (Senior at Ohio State) 6’3, 320 lbs. Carl Johnson #57 (Senior at Florida) 6’5, 360 lbs. Back to Top ^ Defensive Tackle: 6’4, 300 lbs. He isn’t the fastest player on the field but needs to be quick. His strength is used to stop the run and push through to the quarterback, depending on what the situation necessitates. He must quickly be able to start the play by getting out of his stance and be able to change directions easily. The best Defensive Tackles will also be able to cause the Pocket to collapse (where the Quarterback stands) and will interrupt the passing play that way, but not all will be as good as rushing the Quarterback as they are at run-stopping. He is generally the biggest and most powerful player on the defense and may even be as big as the Offensive Linemen. Jarvis Jenkins #99 (Senior at Clemson) 6’4, 310 lbs. Jared Crick (Junior at Nebraska) 6’6, 285 lbs. Back to Top ^ Defensive End: 6’5, 285 lbs. This player should be the fastest on the Defensive Line. He needs to be able to quickly rush the Quarterback while having enough strength to get past the Offensive Linemen. Robert Quinn #42 (Junior at North Carolina) 6’5, 270 lbs, Cameron Heyward #97(Senior at Ohio State) 6’5, 288 lbs. Back to Top ^ Inside Linebacker: 6’3, 250 lbs. The prototypical Inside Linebacker (ILB) is faster than the linemen, but slower than everyone else on the defense. He is typically the biggest and strongest of the linebackers. This position is for a natural leader who can quickly read the offense and know how to pursue the ball carrier. He is involved in blitzing and must defend the middle against the pass. If there is only one inside linebacker as opposed to two, he is called the Middle Linebacker (MLB). MLB’s are the captains of the unit and must know many different strategies, reads and skills. Mike Mohamed #18 (Senior at California) 6’3, 236 lbs. Greg Jones #53 (Senior at Michigan State) 6’1, 235 lbs. Back to Top ^ Outside Linebacker: 6’3, 245 lbs. The Outside Linebacker (OLB) is generally a little faster than the Inside Linebacker (ILB). In fact, OLBs tend to be the fastest and most agile Linebackers on the defense. The Strongside Linebacker (SLB) is bigger and stronger than the Weakside Linebacker (WLB) because he spends more time at the line and is on the side with more players (strong side). The SLB is on the side with the TE on both running and passing plays. The WLB deals well covering open space. Both must be able to take on blockers and have explosive power. Akeem Ayers #10 (Junior at UCLA) 6’4, 254 lbs. Von Miller #40 (Senior at Texas A&M) 6’3, 240 lbs. Mark Herzlick #94 (Senior at Boston College) 6’4, 236 lbs. Back to Top ^ Cornerback: 6’1, 205 lbs. This player needs to be fast to keep up with the Wide Receivers. He’s probably the fastest player on the defense. He’ll also need to be able to jump well to match up with receivers who are taller than him. His main responsibility is to cover Wide Receivers to defend against the passing game. Patrick Peterson #7 (Junior at LSU) 6’1, 211 lbs. Brandon Harris #1 (Junior at Miami, FL) 5’11, 190 lbs. Back to Top ^ Safety: 6’2, 220 lbs. The Safety is fast and the Free Safety is probably even faster than the Strong Safety because he spends more time in deep zones. He needs to be able to time his jumps well to get defend the pass. The Free Safety relies more on his speed and agility and the Strong Safety relies more on his strength, especially when patrolling the underneath zones. These players may be the best all-around athletes on the field. Free Safety Lance Mitchell #10 (Junior at Oregon State) 6’2, 207 lbs. Strong Safety Tyler Sash #9 (Junior at Iowa) 6’1, 210 lbs.	Linebacker
What is the nickname of New Zealand's national basketball team	How Do You Determine Which Football Position You Are Best Suited For? How Do You Determine Which Football Position You Are Best Suited For? By Athletes Topic Of The Week Last updated: Sep 16, 2011 How do you determine which football position you are best suited for? Find out what other people from the message boards think ... TOPIC: How do you determine which football position you are best suited for? The Question: What physical characteristics are common for your position? What supplements and dietary plan have gave you the extreme competitive advantage for your position? What three tips can you give beginners looking to play your position? If you are looking to change positions, what transition is easiest to make and why? What changes should one expect moving from high school football to college football? Bonus Question: What position do you play and what training regimen has gave you the best results? Why? Show off your knowledge to the world! The Winners: 1st place - 75 in store credit. 2nd place - 50 in store credit. 3rd place - 25 in store credit. To use your credit, e-mail Will @ [email protected] for more info. 1st Place - UnleashedBeast What Physical Characteristics Are Common For Your Position? Though there are exceptions to the rules, stereotypically, there are certain physical characteristics that each position has. Offensive/Defensive Linemen Strength/Power Linemen are usually the strongest people on the field. This is necessary, as the people you'll be going against, will most likely be big. This brings us to the next characteristic. Size Linemen are usually the fatties on the field. This doesn't give you the excuse to eat like a fatty, but carrying extra body fat is not unusual. With this size, comes strength that's necessary on the field. This is also good to have as it will make you harder to move and you'll fill gaps better. Quickness You have to be quick to be a lineman. Quick out of the stance, quick to hit the other guy, and quick to get to where you have to be. It's also helpful with getting away from you're man if you're on defense, or keeping him there on offense. You Need To Be Quick Out Of The Stance. Click To Enlarge. Running Backs / Linebackers Speed If you want to make plays at running back, you have to be fast. You'll need speed to hit the gap, get away from tacklers, and it's also good to have for getting out of trouble. If no one can touch you, you're not going to get tackled. At linebacker, speed is also necessary. You need to be able to hunt down that ball carrier and take them out. This is also needed for when you're in coverage. Agility It's good to have agility to make the crucial spin move or juke that can make a 5-yard play, a 40-yard play. One move can make the difference of a first down, and a touchdown. This is good to have at the linebacker position as well. It's necessary for change of direction and also moving around the field. You'll have to be able to get the running back, and if he's more agile than you, he may be able to get past you. If you get juked out of your shoes, not only will you give up the play, you'll look foolish. Power Though you don't have to be as big as a lineman, it's good to have a good amount of strength. This can help you break away from tacklers by stiff-arms or just mowing them down. This also comes in handy with blocking situations. Linebackers need it to take down backs and also shed blockers. This can make the difference of a wannabe or a playmaker. Click To Enlarge. Wide Receivers/Defensive Backs Speed These are the guys who are usually the fastest on the field. Wide receivers have to be fast to get down field and where they have to be. They need to be able to get away from defenders and get open. Defensive backs need to be fast to keep up with the person they're covering and be able to get to the ball. Hands At this position, if you can't catch balls, you can't make plays. First of all, if you're a wide receiver and you have hands of stone, there's no way you're going to play. That's pretty much your job most of the time. Though you do block, I'm not going to lie to you, we don't expect the most out of you with blocking. It's your hands that count. Same goes for defensive backs. Though not as important, it's still crucial. How are you going to get an interception if you can't catch the ball ... you can't. Ups You may not have to dunk a ball, but you sure as hell have to be able to get up there for it. This can make the difference of a reception, or an interception. Whoever gets up there for the ball first, has the better chance of making the play. Easy as that. Quarterback/Kicker/Punter Quarterback For a quarterback, you need a good arm and the ability to make good decisions under pressure. Footwork is good to have. Strength and speed, though good to have, are optional. Kicker/Punter For a kicker/punter, let's be realistic. All you need to be able to do, is kick. Supplements & Diet What supplements and dietary plan have gave you the extreme competitive advantage for your position? First of all, as athletes, it is important to be healthy. Just because you're a lineman, doesn't mean you can eat all the ice cream you want. And just because you're a wideout, doesn't mean you have an excuse to make toothpicks look like Ronnie Coleman. Eat a good amount and eat healthy. I personally find that a high protein, high carbohydrate, and low fat protein diet is the best. Protein A good source of protein is lean red meat, chicken breast, protein shakes and fish. Carbs For carbs, it's crucial you eat healthy ones. There are monosaccharide (glucose, dextrose, fructose), disaccharides (table sugar (sucrose), lactose) and polysaccharides (maltodextrose, starch). Stay away from disaccharides. Mono and polysaccharides are more what you should be aiming for. These can be attained through fruits, vegetables, oats, dextrose/maltodextrose, brown rice, potatoes, etc. Fats For fats, try to be healthy with it, getting a diet full of Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Good sources are fish oil, olive oil and flax seed oil. Water intake should also be high. Also, when it comes to steroids, just say no. You're creating an unlevel playing field for others, and could be harming yourself badly. No matter what you're told on television about how these elite athletes are taking steroids, they aren't there because they took steroids. It probably won't make you an NFL superstar. It will however make you a cheater. Beginners What three tips can you give beginners looking to play your position? Offensive/Defensive Linemen Stay low, the lower man usually wins. Even when the size match-up is unfair, if you can get lower, you can win the match. Drive your feet. Move the other guy, and have control. Be quick off the ball Running Backs Don't be afraid to take a hit. If you run hard, you'll run good. Be quick. Make your decisions quickly and don't take time to think about what you're going to do. A play doesn't last long, make your decisions quick. Never give up. Don't give up on a play, the best players can make something out of what seems like nothing. Just keep on keeping on. Linebackers Be aggressive. Think of yourself as the man on the field. This is your territory, don't let anyone run on it. Like a running back, you need to be quick about your decisions. Anticipate what gap the play is coming through. Be aware of what's going on around you, especially in coverage. You need to be able to know what's going on and anticipate the play. Wide Receivers As with running backs, don't be afraid to take a hit. Be tough, and take a hit like a man. Don't be afraid to go across the field for the ball. Practice your routes and get them down. Route running is important. Be quick to get past your defender on the line and get open. Defensive Backs Just because you aren't normally one of the bigger guys on the field, doesn't mean you shouldn't be laying people out. Be tough and make tackles. Watch the receiver's hips, not his eyes or anything else. Wherever his hips are going, so is he. Jam the receiver at the line and don't let him get past you. Quarterback Be as quick with your decisions as possible. Stay focused and be aware of the rush. Don't try to make plays that aren't there. What I mean with this is, don't pass to a guy in triple coverage unless you feel really good about it for some odd reason. Be good to your receivers, line and running back. You need them. Kicker/Punter Not much can be said here. Kick good. To All It's a game, have fun. Changing Position If you are looking to change positions, what transition is easiest to make and why? Positions usually have a counter part that's on the other side of the ball. They usually go as this: Offensive Lineman/Defense Lineman Running back/Linebacker Wide Receiver/Defensive Back There are always exceptions, you should probably go to where you think you think your athletic ability will be best used. No one position is easier to make a transition to then the other. Every position is different from another. High School To College What changes should one expect moving from high school football to college football? Game speed As the transition from Pop Warner to Middle School, Middle School to JV and JV to Varsity, the game will be much faster. There will be more talent on the field with you and more elite athletes. Be prepared to play with the big boys. Importance You will most likely be putting in a lot more time into football. With more meetings, practices and all other kinds of things. A lot of your schedule will be taken up by football, but as it was in high school, there is NO REASON why you should let this effect your performance in the class room. Playing Time This isn't high school anymore, you may not be the best player in the locker room anymore. Not yet anyways. Be prepared to be a little humbled, because you're playing with the guys who were the best at their high school too. Step It Up It's time to step up your game another level. You're most likely playing on a scholarship; therefore, the college is expecting something out of your game. It's time to play with the big boys. Bonus What position do you play and what training regimen has gave you the best results? Why? I'm a defensive lineman. I'm usually at defensive tackle, so when I train, I train mainly for strength and quickness. I lift heavy, and with strength. I go for size too, as it's important to be big at that position. I have found that the "Bigger, Faster, Stronger" program is a good one, especially for a beginner. It's a workout made for athletes, rather than bodybuilders. I also am a big fan of Westside training. Though mainly a power lifting program, it can be utilized for athletes of all sorts. When I run, I run sprints. I'm not going to have to run a marathon for football anytime soon, so I don't train for one. Everyone is different, it's best you find what's best for you and your needs. 2nd Place - STUD What physical characteristics are common for your position? Offense Running Backs Having the ability to find the seam that will provide you with the most yardage is crucial to anyone who plays running back. This means following blockers and knowing when you cut, stiff arm, juke, spin or lower the shoulder. A running back has to have good speed or they will never break off the 60-plus yard runs that can spark a team up and put a quick 6 on the board. A running back has to be as tough as anyone on the field and be able to get up after a rough tackle and play the next play. Quarterbacks Quarterbacking is just as mental as physical because you not only have to know your assignment but also every fake and pass pattern that makes up a play. To be a good quarterback you must have a good throwing arm and be able to get the ball to your receivers and limit your interceptions. A quarterback has to be quick as they will have to dodge blitzes and find pockets. Linemen Size and strength with moderate mobility are required to play this position. You must have a sturdy base and be strong enough to push a defensive lineman out of the way to make a hole for the ball carrier. Offensive linemen must also be mobile enough that they can pull and block a man on the opposite side of the line. In a few words an offensive lineman should be an impenetrable force than can open up a hole for the ball carrier. Wide Receivers Route running, agility and speed are the most common characteristics among wide receivers. I put route running first because it is the most important characteristic for a wide receiver to have if they plan on being successful at that position. Catching falls in the category of route running because after all the catch is part of the pattern. Agility is also important when it comes to playing wide reciever. Agility means acceleration, deceleration and cutting. If you can make a cut quicker than your opponent you will be open much more, thus resulting in more catches under your name in the stat book. Speed is necessary for playing wide receiver but speed is also nothing if you are running poor patterns and making weak cuts. If you can run textbook patterns and catch anything you touch then there is no reason why you can't dominate the man covering you even if he is faster. Tight Ends A tight end for the most part is a bigger wide receiver that can pass block and open up holes for a counter. A tight end must have good size and strength as they will have regular blocking assignments in most playbooks. They must also be able to run a short crisp pattern and catch the ball to pick up a few yards. Most tight end patterns will be short like a drag or a curl. A tight end must be tough and have the ability to catch a ball in the middle of the field and fight for those next few yards. Defense Defensive Backs The defensive back position requires just about the same characteristics that a wide receiver requires. You need to be fast enough that you won't get burned on the deep ball and you need to be agile enough to front the receiver when he makes a quick cut. Open field tackling is also important for any defensive back because if a defensive back lets the ball carrier by him the chances are the other team just put up 6 points. Defensive backs also need to know how to read the pattern the receiver is running. Unlike the receiver, the DB does not know where the pattern is going, so it is his job to read the wide receiver's steps and eyes trying to figure out where he will go next. Linebackers The characteristics of a linebacker are similar to the ones of a running back. Linebackers must be big, strong, fast and tough as nails. A linebacker must have no regard for the well-being of his body whatsoever and just focus on tackling the man with the ball as soon as possible. A linebacker's job is to go out there for four quarters and pummel someone play in and play out. Tackling form is important to being a successful linebacker to get the ball carrier down as fast as possible. Defensive Guards/Tackles/Ends A defensive lineman needs to be stronger and faster than the man trying to guard him. You must be fast enough to get by an offensive lineman to make a big play in the backfield. Strength is important in pushing an offensive lineman out of the way to get to the ball carrier. A good defensive lineman must be fast enough to contain a running back and big and strong enough to plug the middle up on a dive. A defensive end is a little different than a tackle or guard as they need to have the speed to chase down an outside run and get to the quarterback before he throws it. Supplements & Diet What supplements and dietary plan have gave you the extreme competitive advantage for your position? Conditioning & Nutrition For Football. The following is designed to address these issues and respond to questions that I thought may be of interest to athletes and coaches alike about football ... [ Learn More ] If you want to perform on game day you have to give your body what it needs to make it possible. Whey protein , creatine monohydrate and multivitamins have greatly helped me to prepare for this upcoming season. I have packed on a good amount of solid mass in the off-season and it has made all the difference in training camp thus far. I can tell you I wouldn't have gained nearly as much mass without these supplements helping along the way. I'm not telling you to go out and load up on supplements if your have a poor diet, because no matter what supplements you take, they will never benefit you like a steady diet will. This means getting your fair share of protein, complex carbs and essential fatty acids to promote new muscle growth. During my off-season I took in 1.5g of protein/lb of bodyweight per day, 2.2g carbohydrates/lb of bodyweight and about 20% of my total caloric intake came from fats. If you want to perform on game day you have to give your body what it needs to make it possible. Beginners What three tips can you give beginners looking to play your position? Running back Killer instinct, pump yourself up before the snap Defensive Back Don't let him get under you If the receiver jumps up for a ball, cut him in half Changing Positions If you are looking to change positions, what transition is easiest to make and why? Football is not the sort of game where you can just play wherever you feel, but there are some positions that are similar enough that the change won't be too drastic. For example, a running back could become a linebacker while an offensive guard could most likely not become a defensive back. Here is a list of similar positions that would not be too big of a change that you could look into if you are looking for a position change: WR and DB High School To College What changes should one expect moving from high school football to college football? For the most part the change from high school to college football is a big one. Simply put, the players at the collegiate level are much bigger, stronger and faster than players at the high school level. You have to be an outstanding athlete to play at this level or you will not succeed. College football is much faster paced than high school football and the pass is incorporated much more into the game plan. This means you have to know exactly what you are doing on every play or you will find yourself with a nice seat next to the water cooler. The mental aspect of the game becomes that much more important at this level. The physical side of college football is different than in high school. Only the best players from a high school football team will go on and play in college. A lot of these college recruits will not play until they are juniors or seniors. This means in their first two years of college they have all the time they want to get bigger and faster so they too can play when given the chance. If you plan on playing college football you must be in the elite group of high school football players. Bonus What position do you play and what training regimen has gave you the best results? Why? I play running back and outside linebacker. These two positions require speed and power. I always had the speed but the power did not come until I worked on it during the off-season. My off-season workout routine consists of a Mon-Fri/5 day split with Saturday and Sunday off working every muscle once a week. I lifted in the 4-6 rep range because I see the best strength gains using this range. My bench , squat and deadlift have all skyrocketed from last season to this one. Since I am a running back I worked on my speed and agility also. Sprinting, squatting and light plyometrics have helped knock 2 tenths off my 40-yard dash in the off-season and my agility has also greatly improved. You don't get bigger, faster and stronger during the season. These are things you must work on during the off-season. 3rd Place - footballstar Determining what football position are you best suited for? Early Stages During Little league football when you were in elementary school and for some of you, middle school, most likely were given a position based on your speed. In my Pop Warner league there were weight limits so there was really no need for position debates, the general rule of thumb goes if you are fast you will play RB but if you are slow you will play as a lineman. Our coaches used to tell us that the harder we hit or if someone dominated a drill or someone was giving there all during sprints then they would have a chance at the backfield. This system was simple yet effective but as we move onto high school things change. Click To Enlarge. High School Freshman In order to effectively say what position you are going after you must know what the characteristics of the position are. There are 3 different types of positions on the playing field there are the skill guys, semi-skilled and Lineman. The skill guys are typically the RB, WR, QB and DB. The semi-skilled are the TE, DE, LB and FB. The Linemen are just OL and DL. Body Types There are 3 different body types but also hybrids of people that are in between. The three bodytypes are: Mesomorphs Endomorphs Ectomorphs Dr. William H. Sheldon introduced these somatypes in the 1940's, even though they have been around for more than 60 years they are still applicable to describing where an aspiring football player belongs. Ectomorph Ectomorph describes people that have trouble putting on weight, usually they are tall and most as a freshman have the appearance of being fragile. The Ectomorph body type typically defines the attribute of a DB, WR, or QB. Mesomorphs Mesomorphs are those that can gain weight and lose weight easily and typically have thick skin and have an athletic appearance. The Mesomorph body type typically defines the attribute of a RB, FB, TE, DE or LB. Endomorphs Endomorphs are usually the chubby kids with soft skin and have a round shape to them. The endomorph body type typically defines the attribute of an OL or DL. What Is Your Body Type? Take Our Test! What body type are you? How can you tell? Take our simple test and know! Learn how to train for your body type and what the differences are. With pics! [ Click here to learn more. ] Hybrid Body Types Humans evolve and can train there body to alter it either by training and adopting a healthy diet. Meso-Endomorph When I was a freshman I wasn't obese but I was a little chubby kid with decent athleticism and I decided that I was a mesomorph, looking back I was ignorant and didn't know that the body types could overlap and now I know I have a meso-endomorph body type which was perfect as I developed into a TE that could block and catch the ball and I became a good rush end. Meso-ectomorphs Meso-ectomorphs are typically the tall, big and fast guy on your team that seems to be able to play any position these guys are usually fast-twitch monsters and develop into great athletes who just grew into being tall, lean and fast. Endo-ectomorphs Another somatype is the endo-ectomorphs. These are usually the tall big kids that develop into nasty linemen and usually go on to play at the next level because that is what college coaches want in DL and OL. Actually Playing The Game Some of you are reading this and saying that you knew your coach was wrong because he put you at DE but you are a MLB or some other scenario. Listen to your coach and if you really want to play the other position tell him how you feel and what you could work on to get there because there must be some odd reason he gave you that position. Some people just get caught in a bad situation where they were always a back-up for a D-I prospect in a case like this I would attempt to switch positions as quickly as I can or rise up above the competition and make the D-I prospect feel like crap because of how you handle yourself on the field.	i don't know
What sport takes place at Belmont Park in the USA	Belmont Stakes 2016: Post positions, updated odds FacebookEmail Twitter Google+ LinkedIn Pinterest Belmont Stakes 2016: Post positions, updated odds The 148th Belmont Stakes takes place on Saturday at Belmont Park as Preakness winner Exaggerator looks to win two legs of this year's Triple Crown. Post to Facebook Belmont Stakes 2016: Post positions, updated odds The 148th Belmont Stakes takes place on Saturday at Belmont Park as Preakness winner Exaggerator looks to win two legs of this year's Triple Crown. Check out this story on app.com: http://on.app.com/1Xbdkkh CancelSend A link has been sent to your friend's email address. Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. Join the Conversation Belmont Stakes 2016: Post positions, updated odds Kevin Steimle , @kevsteimle Published 9:00 p.m. ET June 8, 2016 \| Updated 1:20 p.m. ET June 9, 2016 CLOSE Share Come out to the Jersey Shore Sports Awards on June 13th In this May 21, 2016, file photo, Exaggerator (5), with Kent Desormeaux up, moves past Nyquist, ridden by Mario Gutierrez, on the way to winning the 141st Preakness Stakes horse race at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore. Exaggerator has been made the 9-5 favorite in a field of 13 for Saturday's $1.5 million Belmont Stakes (AP Photo/Garry Jones, File) (Photo: Garry Jones, AP) The 148th Belmont Stakes takes place on Saturday at Belmont Park as Preakness winner Exaggerator looks to win two legs of this year's Triple Crown. Kentucky Derby winner Nyquist will not race because of a health issue. The field also includes Kentucky Derby horses Destin, Suddenbreakingnews, Creator, Trojan Nation and Lani. Here are the odds and post positions for Saturday's race: Saturday at Belmont Park, Elmont, N.Y. Distance: 1 1/2 miles. TV: NBC. Online: NBCSports Extra. PP Horse Odds Jockey/Trainer 1. Governor Malibu 12-1 Rosario/Clement 2. Destin 6-1 Castellano/Pletcher 3. Cherry Wine 8-1 Lanerie/Romans 4. Suddenbreakingnews 10-1 Smith/Von Hemel 5. Stradivari 5-1 Velazquez/Pletcher 7. Seeking the Soul 30-1 Geroux/Stewart 8. Forever d'Oro 30-1 Ortiz/Stewart 9. Trojan Nation 30-1 Gryder/Gallagher 10. Lani 20-1 Take/Matsunaga 12. Brody's Cause 20-1 Saez/Romans 13. Creator 10-1 Ortiz Jr./Asmussen Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. Jun 8, 2016; Elmont, NY, USA; Cherry Wine ridden by Faustino Aguilar trains on the main track in preparation for the 148th running of the Belmont Stakes at Belmont Park. Mandatory Credit: Anthony Gruppuso-USA TODAY Sports Anthony Gruppuso, Anthony Gruppuso-USA TODAY Sport Jun 8, 2016; Elmont, NY, USA; Cherry Wine ridden by Faustino Aguilar trains on the main track in preparation for the 148th running of the Belmont Stakes at Belmont Park. Mandatory Credit: Anthony Gruppuso-USA TODAY Sports Anthony Gruppuso, Anthony Gruppuso-USA TODAY Sport Jun 8, 2016; Elmont, NY, USA; Trojan Nation trains on the main track in preparation for the 148th running of the Belmont Stakes at Belmont Park. Mandatory Credit: Anthony Gruppuso-USA TODAY Sports Anthony Gruppuso, Anthony Gruppuso-USA TODAY Sport Jun 8, 2016; Elmont, NY, USA; A horse and rider train on the main track in preparation for the 148th running of the Belmont Stakes at Belmont Park. Mandatory Credit: Anthony Gruppuso-USA TODAY Sports Anthony Gruppuso, Anthony Gruppuso-USA TODAY Sport Jun 8, 2016; Elmont, NY, USA; Lani ridden by Eishu Maruuchi trains on the main track in preparation for the 148th running of the Belmont Stakes at Belmont Park. Mandatory Credit: Anthony Gruppuso-USA TODAY Sports Anthony Gruppuso, Anthony Gruppuso-USA TODAY Sport Jun 8, 2016; Elmont, NY, USA; Lani ridden by Eishu Maruuchi trains on the main track in preparation for the 148th running of the Belmont Stakes at Belmont Park. Mandatory Credit: Anthony Gruppuso-USA TODAY Sports Anthony Gruppuso, Anthony Gruppuso-USA TODAY Sport Jun 8, 2016; Elmont, NY, USA; Suddenbreakingnews trains on the main track in preparation for the 148th running of the Belmont Stakes at Belmont Park. Mandatory Credit: Anthony Gruppuso-USA TODAY Sports Anthony Gruppuso, Anthony Gruppuso-USA TODAY Sport Jun 8, 2016; Elmont, NY, USA; A horse and rider arrive on the main track in preparation for the 148th running of the Belmont Stakes at Belmont Park. Mandatory Credit: Anthony Gruppuso-USA TODAY Sports Anthony Gruppuso, Anthony Gruppuso-USA TODAY Sport Jun 8, 2016; Elmont, NY, USA; Horses and riders arrive on the main track in preparation for the 148th running of the Belmont Stakes at Belmont Park. Mandatory Credit: Anthony Gruppuso-USA TODAY Sports Anthony Gruppuso, Anthony Gruppuso-USA TODAY Sport Fullscreen Belmont Stakes hopeful Trojan Nation, with exercise rider Andy Durnin up, works out at Belmont Park, Wednesday, June 8, 2016, in Elmont, N.Y. Trojan Nation will compete in the 148th running of the Belmont Stakes horse race on Saturday. (AP Photo/Julie Jacobson) Julie Jacobson, AP Belmont Stakes hopeful Cherry Wine works out at Belmont Park, Wednesday, June 8, 2016, in Elmont, N.Y. Cherry Wine will compete in the 148th running of the Belmont Stakes horse race on Saturday. (AP Photo/Julie Jacobson) Julie Jacobson, AP Belmont Stakes hopeful Suddenbreakingnews works out at Belmont Park, Wednesday, June 8, 2016, in Elmont, N.Y. Suddenbreakingnews will compete in the 148th running of the Belmont Stakes horse race on Saturday. (AP Photo/Julie Jacobson) Julie Jacobson, AP Belmont Stakes hopeful Brody's Cause works out at Belmont Park, Wednesday, June 8, 2016, in Elmont, N.Y. Brody's Cause will compete in the 148th running of the Belmont Stakes horse race on Saturday. (AP Photo/Julie Jacobson) Julie Jacobson, AP A race horse works out at Belmont Park, Wednesday, June 8, 2016, in Elmont, N.Y. The 148th running of the Belmont Stakes horse race is on Saturday. (AP Photo/Julie Jacobson) Julie Jacobson, AP Fullscreen FILE - In this May 21, 2016, file photo, Exaggerator (5), with Kent Desormeaux up, moves past Nyquist, ridden by Mario Gutierrez, on the way to winning the 141st Preakness Stakes horse race at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore. Exaggerator has been made the 9-5 favorite in a field of 13 for Saturday's $1.5 million Belmont Stakes (AP Photo/Garry Jones, File) Garry Jones, AP Like this topic? You may also like these photo galleries: Replay	Horse racing
Which class of racing yacht has the same name as a Shakespeare play	Horse racing-Results from Belmont Stakes Horse racing-Results from Belmont Stakes Tweet Share ELMONT, New York, June 6 (Reuters) - Results from the 2015 Belmont Stakes at Belmont Park on Saturday, won by American Pharoah (tabulate under finish, horse, trainer, jockey): 1 AMERICAN PHAROAH, Bob Baffert, Victor Espinoza 2 FROSTED, Kiaran McLaughlin, Joel Rosario 3 KEEN ICE, Dale Romans, Kent Desormeaux 4 MUBTAAHIJ, Michael de Kock, Irad Ortiz Jr. 5 FRAMMENTO, Nick Zito, Mike Smith 6 MADEFROMLUCKY, Todd Pletcher, Javier Castellano 7 TALE OF VERVE, Dallas Stewart, Gary Stevens 8 MATERIALITY, Todd Pletcher, John Velazquez Winning margin: 5 1/2 lengths Winning time: 2:26.65 (Reporting by Larry Fine; Editing by Gene Cherry) Reblog	i don't know
Which novel introduced the bully Harry Flashman	George MacDonald Fraser \| Books \| The Guardian George MacDonald Fraser Thursday 3 January 2008 10.19 EST First published on Thursday 3 January 2008 10.19 EST Share on Messenger Close George Macdonald Fraser, who has died aged 82, was the creator of Harry Flashman, one of the bright gems of the English comic novel. Fraser was already 44, and a long-serving journalist, when he decided to leave his job as deputy editor of the then Glasgow Herald to write fiction. He had the happy idea of resurrecting Flashman, the cowardly bully of Tom Brown's Schooldays and seeing what happened to him after he had been expelled from Rugby school for drunkenness. The result was Flashman (1969), which saw the craven Flashy turned into a soldier, quaking with fear but still drinking and chasing women in the middle of the retreat from Kabul in the first Afghanistan war. The book was original and very funny and it also, most unusually for a comic novel, gave readers a telling picture of life in England and the empire between 1839 and 1842: there were four closely-packed pages of notes at the back of the novel which proved the historical accuracy of what seemed like mere exuberant farce. It is hard now, with Flashman recognised as an international comic classic, to believe that Fraser had difficulty getting the book published. Flashman was turned down a dozen times before Herbert Jenkins, the small independent house best known for publishing PG Wodehouse, brought it out. Fraser followed it the next year with Royal Flash. This was a double literary conceit, with Flashman, a character from one Victorian novel, getting involved in the plot of another, Anthony Hope's 1894 classic The Prisoner of Zenda. The idea was that Hope had used Flashman's adventures to invent the tale of Rudolf Rassendyll, the Englishman who was the double of the King of Ruritania. Flashy gives the reader the true story, involving Bismarck and the Schleswig-Holstein affair. The book also featured Lola Montez, the fabulous beauty of the age, and her lover Ludwig, the mad King of Bavaria. Ten pages of notes again told the casual reader that he was getting much true historical gen among the comic cuts. Bismarck and Schleswig-Holstein aside, Fraser's real interests were the British empire, the American civil war, and the wild west. The 12 books of the Flashman series feature many of the 19th century's major engagements: the slave trade in Flash for Freedom (1971), the Charge of the Light Brigade in Flashman at the Charge (1973), The Indian Mutiny in Flashman in the Great Game (1975), Custer's last stand in Flashman and the Redskins (1982), the Opium Wars in Flashman and the Dragon (1985), and the raid by the abolitionist John Brown on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in Flashman and the Angel of the Lord (1994). In a late book of short stories, Flashman and the Tiger (1999), Flashman, up against Bismarck again, averts a European war in 'The Road to Charing Cross', is involved in a celebrated royal scandal concerning Edward VII in 'The Subtleties of Baccarat', and, in the title story, 'Flashman and the Tiger', he is found at the battle of Rorke's Drift before encountering Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson. Other Flashman books were Flashman's Lady (1977), Flashman and the Mountain of Light (1990) and the very last one, Flashman on the March (2005), about the Abyssinia Campaign of 1868. In every novel the notes confirm that while Flash's sexual high jinks and great feats of cowardice are fictional they are played before a real historical background. Sometimes the real events are very hard to believe. Two women in particular - the "female Caligula", the black Queen Ranavalona of Madagascar in Flashman's Lady, and Jeendan, the nymphonmaniac Maharini who dressed as a dancing girl and ruled the Sikhs in their war against British India in 1845-46 - seem the work of a fevered imagination, but they turn out to be quite real historical figures. Fraser had no qualifications as a historian. He was born in Carlisle, the son of a doctor. He went to Carlisle grammar school and Glasgow Academy. He joined the army in 1943 and served with the Border regiment in Burma, part of the "forgotten" 14th Army. Oddly for a man who spent so much time writing about historical battles in his fiction, in his own wartime memoir, Quartered Safe Out Here (1993), with its hard-bitten opening sentence, "The first time I smelt Jap was in a deep dry-river bed in the Dry Belt, somewhere near Meiktila," he told of the war as seen by a rifleman in an infantry platoon and ignored the big picture. The book was considered one of the great personal memoirs of the Japanese war. Fraser was given a commission at the end of the war and served as a lieutenant with the Gordon Highlanders in the Middle East until 1947. After the army he worked as a sports reporter on his home-town newspaper, went to Canada for a time, and then joined the Glasgow Herald. In 1971 he published, as well as two full length Flashman novels, a straight historical study of the Scottish border reivers, The Steel Bonnets. This was considered an important historical work. He returned to the subject in 1993 with The Candlemass Road, a short novel which at times seems like one of Daphne Du Maurier's historical romances, except that the love interest stops dead, perhaps realistically so. He wrote four other non-Flashman novels. Mr American (1980) is a rather old-fashioned adventure about an American mystery man who settles in England in 1910, becomes friendly with Edward VII and then turns out to be one of the Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid gang. The Pyrates (1983) is a wild farce owing much to the stereotypes of old movies. Black Ajax (1977) is a fictionalised account of the real life of Tom Molineaux, a freed slave who became a bare-knuckle boxing champion in the late 18th and early 19th century. His very last book, The Reavers (2007), is set in Elizabethan England. Fraser also published three books of short stories, The General Danced at Dawn (1970), McAusland in the Rough (1974), and The Sheikh and the Dustbin (1988). A busy man of tremendous energy, Fraser claimed to have written 20 or 30 film scripts. Most of them were never made, but even so, he said, the money was very good. The scripts that did reach the screen were The Three Musketeers (1974), The Four Musketeers (1975), Royal Flash (1975), The Prince and the Pauper (1977), the James Bond film Octopussy (1983), Red Sonia (1985), Casanova (1987) and The Return of the Musketeers (1989). Fraser perhaps reveals his literary raison d'être in 1988 with The Hollywood History of the World. In this unusual book, filled with pictures, he claimed that intellectual critics were wrong to condemn Hollywood for getting things wrong in the movies. He admitted that modern vernacular does sometimes seem unintentionally comic in the mouths of historical figures, and facts are often twisted to make a story, but still, he said, this is no worse than clocks chiming in Shakespeare's ancient Rome. He praised film costume and set design for giving contemporary audiences an accurate picture of the look of things in the past. "They have given a picture of the ages more vivid and memorable than anything in Tacitus or Gibbon or Macaulay," he claimed. "It matters little that George Sanders had a knack of wearing Biblical armour as though it were made of well-cut tweed." It was not a popular view, and the book is the only one of Fraser's that is out of print. Fraser lived on the Isle of Man, not, he said, as a tax exile, but as an exile from the modern world. He said the island was like England used to be. He became something of a right-wing figure, hating political correctness (the Flashman books are full of the word "nigger"), and claiming to be very surprised at the way the liberal left had cheered the Flashman novels as attacks on the British Empire. They were not meant to be attacks, he said; he liked the British Empire, it had been a marvellous force for good in the world. He is survived by his wife Kathleen Hetherington whom he married in 1949, their two sons and one daughter. · George MacDonald Fraser , writer, born April 2 1925, died January 2 2008	Tom Brown's School Days
Where did Philippe Cozette and Graham Fagg meet on December the first 1990	George MacDonald Fraser - Writer - Obituary - The New York Times The New York Times Arts \|George MacDonald Fraser, Author of Flashman Novels, Dies at 82 Search Continue reading the main story George MacDonald Fraser, a British writer whose popular novels about the arch-rogue Harry Flashman followed their hero as he galloped, swashbuckled, drank and womanized his way through many of the signal events of the 19th century, died yesterday on the Isle of Man. He was 82 and had made his home there in recent years. The cause was cancer, said Vivienne Schuster, his British literary agent. Over nearly four decades, Mr. Fraser produced a dozen rollicking picaresques centering on Flashman. The novels purport to be installments in a multivolume “memoir,” known collectively as the Flashman Papers, in which the hero details his prodigious exploits in battle, with the bottle and in bed. In the process, Mr. Fraser cheerfully punctured the enduring ideal of a long-vanished era in which men were men, tea was strong and the sun never set on the British Empire. The Flashman Papers include, among other titles, “Flashman” (World Publishing, 1969); “Flashman in the Great Game” (Knopf, 1975); and, most recently, “Flashman on the March” (Knopf, 2005). The second volume in the series, “Royal Flash” (Knopf, 1970), was made into a film of the same title in 1975, starring Malcolm McDowell as Flashman. In what amounted to an act of literary retribution, Mr. Fraser plucked Flashman from the pages of “Tom Brown’s School Days,” Thomas Hughes’s classic novel of English public-school life published in 1857. In that book, Tom, the innocent young hero, repeatedly falls prey to a sadistic bully named Flashman. Continue reading the main story In Mr. Fraser’s hands, the cruel, handsome Flashman is all grown up and in the British Army, serving in India, Afghanistan and elsewhere. Now Brig. Gen.Sir Harry Paget Flashman, he is a master equestrian, a pretty fair duelist and a polyglot who can pitch woo in a spate of foreign tongues. He is also a scoundrel, a drunk, a liar, a cheat, a braggart and a coward. (A favorite combat strategy is to take credit for a victory from which he has actually run away.) Photo George MacDonald Fraser Credit HarperCollins, about 2004 Last, but most assuredly not least, Flashman is a serial adulterer who by Volume 9 of the series has bedded 480 women. (That Flashman is married himself, to the fair, dimwitted Elspeth, is no impediment. She cuckolds him left and right, in any case.) Readers adored him. Today, the Internet is populated with a bevy of Flashman fan sites. Flashman’s exploits take him to some of the most epochal events of his time, from British colonial campaigns to the American Civil War, in which he magnanimously serves on both the Union and the Confederate sides. He rubs up against eminences like Queen Victoria, Oscar Wilde, Florence Nightingale and Abraham Lincoln. Advertisement Continue reading the main story For his work, Flashman earns a string of preposterous awards, including a knighthood, the Victoria Cross and the American Medal of Honor. Mr. Fraser was so skilled a mock memoirist that he had some early readers fooled. Writing in The New York Times in 1969 after the first novel was published, Alden Whitman said: “So far, ‘Flashman’ has had 34 reviews in the United States. Ten of these found the book to be genuine autobiography.” The son of Scottish parents, George MacDonald Fraser was born on April 2, 1925, in Carlisle, England, near the Scottish border. His boyhood reading, like that of nearly every British boy of his generation, included “Tom Brown’s School Days.” In World War II, Mr. Fraser served in India and Burma with the Border Regiment. His memoir of the war in Burma, “Quartered Safe Out Here” (Harvill), was published in 1993. Photo The first Flashman novel. After leaving the military, Mr. Fraser embarked on a journalism career, working for newspapers in England, Canada and Scotland. He eventually became the assistant editor of The Glasgow Herald and in the 1960s, was briefly its editor. Tiring of newspaper work, Mr. Fraser decided, as he later said in interviews, to “write my way out” with an original Victorian novel. In a flash, he remembered Flashman, and the first book tumbled out in the evenings after work. “In all, it took 90 hours, no advance plotting, no revisions, just tea and toast and cigarettes at the kitchen table,” he said in an interview quoted in the reference work “Authors and Artists for Young Adults.” Mr. Fraser’s survivors include his wife, Kathy; two sons and a daughter. Information on other survivors could not immediately be confirmed. Advertisement Continue reading the main story His other books include several non-Flashman novels, among them “Mr. American” (Simon & Schuster, 1980); “The Pyrates” (Knopf, 1984); and “Black Ajax” (HarperCollins, 1997). With Richard Maibaum and Michael G. Wilson, Mr. Fraser wrote the screenplay for the James Bond film “Octopussy,” released in 1983. Mr. Fraser’s latest book, “The Reavers,” a non-Flashman novel, is scheduled to be published by Knopf in April. For his work, Mr. Fraser received many honors, among them the Order of the British Empire in 1999. This award, according to every conceivable news account, was entirely genuine. A version of this article appears in print on , on Page C12 of the New York edition with the headline: George MacDonald Fraser, Author of Flashman Novels, Dies at 82. Order Reprints \| Today's Paper \| Subscribe	i don't know
What is the nationality of Chelsy Davy, former girlfriend of Prince Harry	Prince Harry's Ex Chelsy Davy Opens up About Relationship MOD/Splash News Online Prince Harry ‘s former flame Chelsy Davy is opening up about her longtime relationship with the royal. Zimbabwe-born Davy, who recently launched her own jewelry line , called the constant attention she received while dating the prince, “scary.” “It was so full-on: crazy and scary and uncomfortable. I found it very difficult when it was bad. I couldn’t cope,” she told The Times . • Want to keep up with the latest royals coverage? Click here to subscribe to the Royals Newsletter. Describing herself as “just a normal kid,” she says it was “tough” to handle the scrutiny. “I was trying to be a normal kid and it was horrible,” said Davy, who met Harry in 2004. Shaun Botterill/Getty The pair, who dated on-and-off for about seven years, bonded in Africa (after meeting on his gap year between Eton College and the Army) and toured the continent many times together. They were wary of the intrusiveness of the media during their relationship, and when they broke up in 2010, Davy admits she retreated to her native Zimbabwe to handle the breakup away from the spotlight. “It was nuts,” she said. “That’s also why I wanted to go back to Africa. Now it’s calm, it’s fine.” What’s Next for Prince Harry? Davy remains part of Harry’s inner social circle and she frequently attends parties alongside other royal family members, including Princess Eugenie . Six years after their split, Davy says the pair will always remain close.	Zimbabwe
What is the sun likely to end up as after the red giant phase	Prince Harry's ex-girlfriend Chelsy Davy parades boyfriend around Chelsea \| Daily Mail Online Share this article Share It's possible that the link to her ex's older brother's marriage proposal may have put Charles off asking for his girlfriend's hand during their summer holiday. Prince William asked Kate Middleton to be his wife during a trip they made to the spartan Rutundu Log Cabins during their Kenyan holiday in 2010. Chelsy Davy and Charles Goode arrived at the party fresh from their trip to Africa, where it was widely speculated the jeweler would propose But diamond ring or not, the couple looked blissfully happy as they arrived at the bash on the King's Road. They weren't the only royal connection in the building - Donna Air, who is in a relationship with the Duchess of Cambridge's brother James was also in attendance. Meanwhile, across London Prince Harry was readying himself for a busy few days ahead of the Invictus Games Opening Ceremony tonight at the Olympics Stadium. Chelsy looked radiantly happy at the event on the Kings Road, showing off the hand that was absent of an engagement ring The 29-year-old has already admitted to being overwhelmed by the workload that came with hosting the Games, which will see more than 400 war-wounded servicemen and women from 13 nations compete against each other. The six-day event isn't just sports-heavy; Coldplay are appearing at the concert tonight to perform the official anthem and the Red Arrows are doing a flypast, while the closing ceremony on September 14 will feature performances from James Blunt, the Military Wives Choir and Foo Fighters. The Games started ahead yesterday, ahead of tonight's Opening Ceremony, with the Prince attending a Reception at the American Ambassador's Residence, Winfield House alongside Foo Fighters front man Dave Grohl. Chelsy Davy and her boyfriend Charles Goode both sported a healthy tan from their adventure holiday in Africa He said of his sleepless nights over the event's success: 'Of course I'm nervous. ‘There are times when we thought that we’re just never, ever going to get to the finish line. 'If all the venues sell out, then I’m happy because it’s all about the atmosphere and making these guys feel really special.' Prince Harry with the Foo Fighters Dave Grohl at an Invictus Games Reception at the American Ambassador's Residence, Winfield House in London yesterday Prince Harry meeting servicemen and women at the Invictus Games welcome reception in west London But while the Prince's work schedule has been punishingly busy of late, things have been unusually quiet on the romance front. Since splitting from his last serious girlfriend Cressida Bonas in April of this year, Harry has only briefly been linked with a few women, including a PR executive called Sarah Hazen at the Secret Garden Party festival and Halo Trust employee Camilla Thurlow. According to sources, he also made a play for Egyptian heiress Enayat Younes after bumping into her in a Spanish nightclub last month. Prince Harry and Chelsy Davy pictured at the Guards Polo Club, Windsor in 2006. The Prince has failed to find a similar long-term relationship since the end of their seven-year relationship But so far no one has matched up to his seven-year on-off relationship with Chelsy, who many referred to as the love of his life. The Zimbabwean was largely considered to be a match for the the Prince in both personality and temperament, with her strong will enabling her to cope with the attention that comes from dating one of the world's most eligible bachelors. But the strict rules of living within the British monarchy eventually proved too much for Chelsy. Cressida Bonas was Prince Harry's last attempt at a relationship for Prince Harry, but the pair split in April after just over a year together According to friends, it was Prince William's wedding to Kate Middleton in 2011 that proved to be the final nail in the coffin for Chelsy's relationship with Harry as she decided she couldn't permanently live the life of a royal. The couple remain good friends though and are reported to keep in touch regularly by phone, while their paths also frequently cross at society weddings of friends they share.	i don't know
What name is given to the horizontal bar of a window	Glossary of window terminology and architecture Secondary Glazing Traditional Leaded Lights Antique Glass - Generally refers to the process of flat glass production using the traditional mouth-blown method. The sheets produced are of modest size but are large enough for most restoration works. Art Deco - a decorative and architectural style of the period 1925-1940, characterized by geometric designs and bold colours. Crittall Windows are strongly linked with this & modernist styles. Came - Thin strips of lead, in an H-section used to hold small pieces of glass (historically called “quarrels”) usually diamond or square shaped. Casement Window - Generic name for a window that has openers which are hung on hinges, at the side - usually metal or timber frames. Cathedral or Rolled Glass - “Cathedral” is a rolled glass and started to be commercially available in 1830’s. Produced by pouring molten glass onto a metal or graphite table and immediately rolling it into a sheet using a large metal cylinder. The rolling can be done by hand or machine and can produce a very wide variety of colors and surface textures including hammered, rippled, seedy, and marine textures. Crown Glass - Crown glass was an early type of window glass and relatively primitive. It was formed by twirling a sphere of molten glass into a disc. At the centre of the crown glass, a thick remnant of the original blown glass would remain, hence the name "bullseye." First made in 1674, and until 1830’s. Float Glass - A modern & standard technique since 1959, molten glass is poured onto molten tin to create an even, smooth and uniform finish. Glazing Bars (also called Georgian Bars or Astragal) - Originally glazing bars of both sash and casement windows were abundant and thick. On the inside they were moulded to refract light and reduce glare. On the outside they were rebated to hold a glass pane, and generally glazed with putty as it is to this day (with traditional wooden or metal frames). Horns - Small spurs of timber that project on a Sash Window - hanging down from the top sash and up from the bottom sash). Horns were introduced in the 19th Century to strengthen the joints. Leaded Light - Leadlights or leaded lights are windows that are made of small sections of glass supported in lead cames, being held by the soldering of the lead joints and leaded light cement. Muff, Cylinder or Broad Glass - Preceded Crown glass and was made by blowing a cylinder of molten glass, which was then cut along its side and flattened in a furnace, leading to seeds and bubbles. Mullion - Vertical bar or pier made of masonry or timber that separate opening casements and/or “fixed” lights to cater for larger windows. Quarrel/Quarry - A small pane of glass, usually diamond or square and which are used to construct a traditional “leaded light” panel. Rebate - A rectangular recess along the edge of a timber [frame] designed to receive a shutter, door or window. Saddle Bars - Also known as “Tie Bars” they are horizontal bars, traditionally made of Iron set into a window frame and to which the leaded light panel is tied - usually with Copper wire or sometimes lead. Sash - In the first sash windows produced the top sash was fixed and the bottom sash slid upwards in a groove, held open in position by means of pegs or metal catches. In the late 17th Century a variant was introduced as we are familiar with today - the ‘double hung’ sliding sash window, with both upper and lower sashes hung on cords and counter-balanced by hidden weights. Stained Glass - Traditionally this is glass that has had a stain applied to the surface and permanently fused with the glass by firing in a kiln. Panels constructed in the same way as traditional leaded lights. Stanchion - An architectural term applied to upright iron bars in windows that pass through the saddle bars or horizontal irons to steady the leadlight. Stay - A horizontal length of metal bar affixed to an opening casement and that attaches to the window frame to hold open. Transom - A horizontal bar dividing a window into two or more “lights”. Traditional window and leaded light / leaded window glossary Old glass is a major contributor to the visual appeal of an older property and windows. With its rippled and irregular surface imperfections (such as seeds or bubbles) it gives the glass a vitality when light is reflected and contributes so much more to the character of a building. We’ve put much of the common terminology for traditional windows and glazing here.	Transom
What was the Roman coin that was worth a quarter of a denarius	Glossary of window terminology and architecture Secondary Glazing Traditional Leaded Lights Antique Glass - Generally refers to the process of flat glass production using the traditional mouth-blown method. The sheets produced are of modest size but are large enough for most restoration works. Art Deco - a decorative and architectural style of the period 1925-1940, characterized by geometric designs and bold colours. Crittall Windows are strongly linked with this & modernist styles. Came - Thin strips of lead, in an H-section used to hold small pieces of glass (historically called “quarrels”) usually diamond or square shaped. Casement Window - Generic name for a window that has openers which are hung on hinges, at the side - usually metal or timber frames. Cathedral or Rolled Glass - “Cathedral” is a rolled glass and started to be commercially available in 1830’s. Produced by pouring molten glass onto a metal or graphite table and immediately rolling it into a sheet using a large metal cylinder. The rolling can be done by hand or machine and can produce a very wide variety of colors and surface textures including hammered, rippled, seedy, and marine textures. Crown Glass - Crown glass was an early type of window glass and relatively primitive. It was formed by twirling a sphere of molten glass into a disc. At the centre of the crown glass, a thick remnant of the original blown glass would remain, hence the name "bullseye." First made in 1674, and until 1830’s. Float Glass - A modern & standard technique since 1959, molten glass is poured onto molten tin to create an even, smooth and uniform finish. Glazing Bars (also called Georgian Bars or Astragal) - Originally glazing bars of both sash and casement windows were abundant and thick. On the inside they were moulded to refract light and reduce glare. On the outside they were rebated to hold a glass pane, and generally glazed with putty as it is to this day (with traditional wooden or metal frames). Horns - Small spurs of timber that project on a Sash Window - hanging down from the top sash and up from the bottom sash). Horns were introduced in the 19th Century to strengthen the joints. Leaded Light - Leadlights or leaded lights are windows that are made of small sections of glass supported in lead cames, being held by the soldering of the lead joints and leaded light cement. Muff, Cylinder or Broad Glass - Preceded Crown glass and was made by blowing a cylinder of molten glass, which was then cut along its side and flattened in a furnace, leading to seeds and bubbles. Mullion - Vertical bar or pier made of masonry or timber that separate opening casements and/or “fixed” lights to cater for larger windows. Quarrel/Quarry - A small pane of glass, usually diamond or square and which are used to construct a traditional “leaded light” panel. Rebate - A rectangular recess along the edge of a timber [frame] designed to receive a shutter, door or window. Saddle Bars - Also known as “Tie Bars” they are horizontal bars, traditionally made of Iron set into a window frame and to which the leaded light panel is tied - usually with Copper wire or sometimes lead. Sash - In the first sash windows produced the top sash was fixed and the bottom sash slid upwards in a groove, held open in position by means of pegs or metal catches. In the late 17th Century a variant was introduced as we are familiar with today - the ‘double hung’ sliding sash window, with both upper and lower sashes hung on cords and counter-balanced by hidden weights. Stained Glass - Traditionally this is glass that has had a stain applied to the surface and permanently fused with the glass by firing in a kiln. Panels constructed in the same way as traditional leaded lights. Stanchion - An architectural term applied to upright iron bars in windows that pass through the saddle bars or horizontal irons to steady the leadlight. Stay - A horizontal length of metal bar affixed to an opening casement and that attaches to the window frame to hold open. Transom - A horizontal bar dividing a window into two or more “lights”. Traditional window and leaded light / leaded window glossary Old glass is a major contributor to the visual appeal of an older property and windows. With its rippled and irregular surface imperfections (such as seeds or bubbles) it gives the glass a vitality when light is reflected and contributes so much more to the character of a building. We’ve put much of the common terminology for traditional windows and glazing here.	i don't know
Who led the Iceni against the Romans	Boudicca: Warrior Queen of the Iceni Boudicca: Warrior Queen of the Iceni By Owen Jarus, Live Science Contributor \| May 31, 2013 05:43pm ET MORE Credit: Claudio Divizia Shutterstock Boudicca (also spelled Boudica or Boudicea) was the queen of the Iceni, a tribe based in modern day Norfolk, in eastern England. In A.D. 60, she led a revolt against the Romans that resulted in the destruction of two (possibly three) Roman settlements and almost drove the empire off the island. Much of what we know about her comes from two Roman writers, Publius Cornelius Tacitus (A.D. 56-117) and Cassius Dio (A.D. 150-235). The revolt began after the death of her husband, Prasutagus, around A.D. 60. Tacitus writes that the Romans seized Iceni property, flogged Boudicca and raped her two daughters. She then raised an army and led a rebellion against the Romans which, after initial success, was crushed at the Battle of Watling Street. For a society as patriarchal as imperial Rome, the fact that a woman had succeeded in killing so many Romans was disconcerting to say the least. “Two cities were sacked, eighty thousand of the Romans and of their allies perished, and the island was lost to Rome. Moreover, all this ruin was brought upon the Romans by a woman, a fact which in itself caused them the greatest shame,” wrote Dio (translation by Earnest Cary, through penelope.uchicago.edu ). The only physical description of Boudicca that survives comes from Dio. Although it may not be accurate, it leaves readers with the impression that Boudicca was a determined war leader. “In stature she was very tall, in appearance most terrifying, in the glance of her eye most fierce, and her voice was harsh; a great mass of the tawniest hair fell to her hips; around her neck was a large golden necklace; and she wore a tunic of divers colours over which a thick mantle was fastened with a brooch. This was her invariable attire ...” wrote Dio, who added that she clutched a spear when she spoke to her people. Dio (unlike Tacitus) doesn’t mention the flogging of Boudicca, or the rape of her daughters, and claims the uprising was over a Roman loan. The Romans and the Iceni The Roman Empire, under Emperor Claudius, launched a successful invasion of Britain in A.D. 43 with an army estimated to be around 40,000 men. Military campaigns had been launched by earlier Roman leaders against the Brits (one notably led by Julius Caesar) but this time the Romans were here to stay. [ Related: Hadrian's Wall: Northern Frontier of the Roman Empire ] Claudius’ force didn’t try and defeat every British tribe. Several leaders offered to make their kingdoms “client-states” of Rome. This basically meant that as long as their leaders lived, and did Rome’s bidding when asked, they could maintain some level of sovereignty within the Roman Empire. The Iceni were one of the tribes who agreed to this arrangement and they remained a client state of Rome up until the death of Prasutagus around A.D. 60. The Iceni, at the time of the Roman invasion, were a wealthy people (as evidenced by hoards of precious metals that have been found) whose leaders had been minting coins for nearly a century. Some of the earliest Iceni coins show an image of what Miranda Aldhouse-Green, a Cardiff University professor, calls a “snapping wolf,” a choice that may offer an insight into the psyche of these people. The “wolf is both a wild creature, a potential enemy to humans, and also lives and hunts in packs; it therefore may have acted as a symbol of independent solidarity,” she writes in her book, "Boudica Britannia: Rebel, War-Leader and Queen" (Pearson Education, 2006). She also notes that the Iceni people also kept making ceramics by hand, even though they had access to the potter’s wheel. Even before Boudicca, the Iceni’s client-state relationship with Rome was problematic. In A.D. 47, a short-lived unsuccessful revolt was launched by the Iceni against Rome. This rebellion may have led to the elevation of Prasutagus to the leadership of the tribe, perhaps being seen by the Romans as a leader who could keep the Iceni in line. Aldhouse-Green notes that the design of the coins minted by Prasutagus appear to strike a balance between showing the tribe’s allegiance to Rome and displaying a degree of independence, as if Prasutagus was trying to walk a fine line between the two sides. The coins “are imitations of early Neronian issues and their obverse depicts a high-relief portrait that closely resembles Nero himself,” she writes, “the reverse redresses the cultural balance and bear a very un-Roman design of a fantastic horse, a motif common to a range of tribal rulers’ coinage.” Even in his will, Prasutagus tried to strike a balance between the Iceni and the Romans. In it he left his kingdom to his two daughters and the Roman emperor Nero. The exclusion of Boudicca in his will has led historians to speculate that, even when her husband was still alive, the Iceni queen held strong anti-Roman views. This client-state arrangement came crashing down upon the death of Prasutagus, however, with the Romans treating the Iceni, Boudicca and her daughters terribly. His “kingdom was plundered by centurions, his house by slaves, as if they were the spoils of war. First, his wife Boudicea was scourged (flogged), and his daughters outraged. All the chief men of the Iceni, as if Rome had received the whole country as a gift, were stripped of their ancestral possessions, and the king's relatives were made slaves...” wrote Tacitus (Translation by Alfred John Church, through Perseus Digital Library ) Initial success With her kingdom’s independence lost, her daughters raped, and herself having been personally flogged, Boudicca had had enough. She raised an army, gaining supporting from another aggrieved tribe known as the Trinovantes. 'Boadicea Haranguing the Britons (called Boudicca, or Boadicea),' by William Sharp, after John Opie line engraving, published 1793. Credit: National Portrait Gallery, London She focused her wrath on the Roman settlements of Camulodunum (modern-day Colchester) and Londinium (London), burning both of them to the ground. Archaeologists have found evidence of the fires her forces lit. “At Camulodunum and Londinium the results of the Boudican revolt may be compared, on a smaller scale, with those of the volcanic eruptions that smothered Pompeii and Herculaneum,” write researchers Richard Hingley and Christina Unwin in their book, "Boudica: Iron Age Warrior Queen" (Cambridge University Press, 2005). The towns were destroyed. In addition, Tacitus claims that Boudicca also destroyed the town of Verulamium, although the archaeological evidence for this is less clear. Boudicca was helped by the fact that at the time her rebellion was launched much of the Roman army in Britain was on the Isle of Anglesey, in Wales, destroying a Druid site at Mona. This meant that, for awhile, the rebels would only encounter small numbers of Roman troops. After her successes, Dio records, Boudicca’s army had swelled to 230,000 people, a figure that was probably exaggerated. Battle of Watling Street University of Leicester professor David Mattingly writes that the Roman commander on the island, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, amassed what forces he could, numbering perhaps only 10,000 men. He gave battle to Boudicca somewhere near Watling Street, an ancient road on the island. While Paulinus was heavily outnumbered, he did have several other advantages. His legionnaires were well trained, equipped and probably battle hardened. Boudicca’s forces on the other hand were anything but. In “a fast-moving rebellion there was neither time to fabricate large numbers of arms, nor, evidently, was there the opportunity for rebel forces to pillage major stockpiles of Roman weaponry,” Mattingly writes in his book "An Imperial Possession: Britain in the Roman Empire" (Penguin Books, 2006). He notes that while a “core” of Boudica’s army was properly armed “many of the rebels will have had no body armour and will have been provided with makeshift weapons, such as agricultural tools.” Additionally, while scholars don’t know precisely where Paulinus engaged Boudicca, we know from Tacitus that it was in a “narrow defile” with a forest at the rear. This meant that Boudicca could not bring her superior numbers to bear on the Roman forces. Also, Tacitus notes that Boudicca made a tactical mistake in placing her supply wagons close to the front lines, blocking her troops when they had to retreat. The Roman legions started the battle by launching spears at the British. These spears would have killed some Brits and hit the shields of others, possibly sticking to them and rendering them useless. Then the Roman troops “rushed out in a wedge-like column. Similar was the onset of the auxiliaries, while the cavalry with extended lances broke through all who offered a strong resistance.” The rebels tried to flee but “flight proved difficult, because the surrounding wagons had blocked retreat,” writes Tacitus. The Romans massacred all who they could, even killing the animals which the rebels used to move their supplies. The battle over, Tacitus said that Boudicca took poison to avoid being captured, while Dio said that she died of illness (possibly from a wound). Mattingly writes that Paulinus then “set about re-subjugating the implicated areas by ‘fire and sword’ and this extended not only to the most hostile peoples, but also even to those who had simply wavered in their loyalty.” Britain would remain part of the Roman Empire until the fifth century A.D. when the western half of the empire collapsed. Boudicca today While Boudicca’s rebellion failed to drive the Romans out of Britain, the Iceni queen has become something of a modern-day heroine. [ Related: Camelot, King Arthur & the Knights of the Round Table ] “Boudicca has become an icon of British national history and is now a symbol not only of British freedom but also of women’s power,” writes University of Newcastle researcher Marguerite Johnson in her book "Boudicca" (Bristol Classic Press, 2012). “She has been painted and sculpted; she has ‘starred’ in films and has been the protagonist of numerous books, both of an academic and fictional nature.” In 1902, not long after the death of Queen Victoria, who was the longest reigning monarch in British history, a statue of Boudicca was unveiled next to Westminster Bridge in London. Standing in her war chariot, and clutching a spear, it shows the Iceni queen ready to take on the might of Rome.	Boudica
Which major settlement was destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC	Boudicca (Boadicea) - British Celtic Warrior Queen Boudicca (Boadicea) Boudicca (Boadicea) Celtic Warrior Queen Boudicca - also written as Boadicea, Boadaceia or Boudica - was a British Celtic warrior queen who led a revolt against Roman occupation. Getty Images / Archive Photos / Kean Collection Known for: British Celtic warrior queen who led a revolt against Roman occupation Dates: ? - 61 CE Also known as: Boudica, Boadicea, Boadacaea Sources: We know the history of Boudicca through two writers: Tacitus , in "Agricola" (98 CE) and "The Annals" (109 CE), and Dio, in "The Rebellion of Boudicca" (about 163 CE). Boudicca Biography Boudicca was the wife of Prasutagus, who was head of the Iceni tribe in East England, in what is now Norfolk and Suffolk. In 43 CE, the Romans invaded Britain, and most of the Celtic tribes were forced to submit. However, the Romans allowed two Celtic kings to retain some of their traditional power; one was Prasutagus. The Roman occupation brought increased Roman settlement, military presence, and attempts to suppress Celtic religious culture. There were major economic changes, including heavy taxes and money lending. In 47 CE the Romans forced the Ireni to disarm, creating resentment. Prasutagus had been given a grant by the Romans, but the Romans then redefined this as a loan. continue reading below our video 10 Best Universities in the United States When Prasutagus died in 60 CE, he left half his kingdom to the Emperor Nero to settle this debt. The Romans arrived to collect, but instead of settling for half the kingdom, seized control of it. To humiliate the former rulers, the Romans beat Boudicca publicly, raped their two daughters, seized the wealth of many Iceni and sold much of the royal family into slavery. The Roman governor Suetonius turned his attention to attacking Wales, taking two-thirds of the Roman military in Britain. Boudicca meanwhile met with the leaders of the Iceni, Trinovanti, Cornovii, Durotiges, and other tribes, who also had grievances against the Romans including grants that had been redefined as loans. They planned to revolt and drive out the Romans. Boudicca's Army Attacks Led by Boudicca, about 100,000 British attacked Camulodunum (now Colchester), where the Roans had their main center of rule. With Suetonius and most of the Roman forces away, Camulodunum was not well-defended, and the Romans were drive out. he Procurator Decianus was forced to flee. Boudicca's army burned Camulodunum to the ground; only the Roman temple was left. Immediately Boudicca's army turned to the largest city in the British Isles, Londinium (London). Suetonius strategically abandoned the city, and Boudicca's army burned Londinium and massacred the 25,000 inhabitants who had not fled. Archaeological evidence of a layer of burned ash shows the extent of the destruction. Next, Boudicca and her army marched on Verulamium (St. Albans), a city largely populated by Britons who had cooperated with the Romans and who were killed as the city was destroyed. Changing Fortunes Boudicca's army had counted on seizing Roman food stores when the tribes abandoned their own fields to wage rebellion, but Suetonius had strategically seen to the burning of the Roman stores. Famine thus struck the victorious army, weakening them. Boudicca fought one more battle, though its precise location is not sure. Boudicca's army attacked uphill, and, exhausted, hungry, was easy for the Romans to rout. Roman troops of 1,200 defeated Boudicca's army of 100,000, killing 80,000 to their own loss of 400. What happened to Boudicca is uncertain. It is said she returned to her home territory and took poison to avoid Roman capture. A result of the rebellion was that the Romans strengthened their military presence in Britain and also lessened the oppressiveness of their rule. Boudicca's story was nearly forgotten until Tacitus' work, Annals, was rediscovered in 1360. Her story became popular during the reign of another English queen who headed an army against foreign invasion, Queen Elizabeth I. Other Ancient British Queens Elen Luyddog Boudicca Quotes • If you weigh well the strengths of our armies you will see that in this battle we must conquer or die. This is a woman's resolve. As for the men, they may live or be slaves. • I am not fighting for my kingdom and wealth now. I am fighting as an ordinary person for my lost freedom, my bruised body, and my outraged daughters. Quote About Boudicca “What is deemed as “his-story” is often determined by those who survived to write it. In other words, history is written by the victors...Now, with the help of the Roman historian Tacitus, I shall tell you Queen Boudicca’s story, her-story……” Thomas Jerome Baker	i don't know
When free school milk was given out what size were the bottles	Why is free milk for children such a hot topic? - BBC News BBC News Why is free milk for children such a hot topic? 20 November 2011 Close share panel Image caption Necessity or luxury? The government has ordered a review of the scheme offering free milk to under-fives - ministers say overcharging by middlemen means paying too much for the milk. Why is this issue so sensitive for politicians? Glass bottles with shiny silver tops - served warm in summer and frozen in the winter - drinking free milk at primary school is a vivid childhood memory for many people. It perhaps explains why Margaret Thatcher is still pilloried as a "milk snatcher" 40 years after she tried to end free milk for over-sevens. Last year, David Cameron moved quickly to oppose a suggestion by health minister Anne Milton that the scheme could be abandoned. The Nursery Milk scheme, which allows children in approved day care to receive 189ml or a third of a pint of milk free each day up until their fifth birthday, dates back to the Labour government of 1946. The idea was to give children an extra nutritional boost at a time when food was in short supply and rationed. But on becoming prime minister in 1970, Edward Heath asked all of his ministers to find budget cuts in their departments, as David Cameron did last year. Angry protests Mrs Thatcher, the then education minister, was asked to find savings of £9m, some £90m in today's money. In 1971, free milk for primary school children cost £14m a year - twice as much as was being spent on school books. Her biographer, John Campbell, said she took the view it was more important to spend money on buildings and books. She thought things like free school meals and milk were for social services and nothing to do with education. It was the meanest, most unworthy bill I had seen Edward Short, Former Labour education minister As she explained in 1971: "Many, many mothers can provide their children with milk or give them a certain amount to take to school, say 10p a week to buy their milk. What they cannot do is to see that their children are taught in the proper buildings. "Many children are but many are sent to school in very bad conditions - I think it is our first job to get those right." In 1968, Labour had cut milk for secondary pupils, so she thought the move was an extension of that, which had been fairly uncontroversial. But Labour MPs launched an assault on the proposal and the Sun, then a largely Labour-supporting newspaper, joined in, calling her the most unpopular woman in the country. She faced angry protests and could only visit schools with a police escort. Speaking in parliament at the time, one Labour MP, Willie Hamilton, said she was acting like Mrs Scrooge with a painted face while Gerald Kauffman said she was literally taking food out of the mouths of children. Plenty of food Labour's education spokesman Edward Short reminisced: "I said I had been in Parliament for 20 years and it was the meanest, most unworthy bill I had seen in that time. To withdraw milk from primary school children, how mean can you get?" In parliament, he said as a schoolteacher on Tyneside in 1931 he had seen children die because they were malnourished. But her proposals were implemented and the scheme was further curtailed to the under-fives while she was prime minister in 1980. In 2010, the issue was back in the spotlight when health minister Anne Milton suggested in a leaked letter to Scottish Public Health Minister Shona Robison that the government was planning to end the scheme by April 2011. She admitted ending the scheme was "highly controversial" but said the programme had "become increasingly outdated" and its cost had almost doubled in the last five years - with the cost in England at nearly £50m and rising to £59m in 2011-12. It was an idea Downing Street said Mr Cameron "did not like". The School Milk Campaign says with one child in three in Britain going to school without breakfast, a glass of milk in the morning can provide a much-needed boost. The government agrees, rejecting suggestions the scheme could be scrapped twice in the past year - perhaps meaning drinking milk with a straw will continue to feature in the memories of small children for years to come.	third of pint
If you ordered jambon from a French restaurant menu what would you be served with	Schooldays in the 1950s and 1960s Schooldays in the 1950s and 1960s Navigation By Ellen Castelow , Contributing Writer \| Comments We all have strong memories of our first few days at primary school, although nowadays most children tend to go to pre-school, so it is not such a shock to the system for them as it was for the children of the 1960s! In the 1960s there were no state pre-schools or nurseries, so for most children just turning 5 years old, their first day at school was the first time they had been on their own, away from home. Most mothers did not work outside the home, so for many children this was also the first time they had been apart from their mothers. Consequently the first day of school was a very tearful event for both child and parent! Having got over the first pangs of separation, school life soon fell into a predictable routine. School milk was part of this routine, uniformly detested by all children. In Post War Britain school milk, a third of a pint per child, was introduced in schools to supplement the child’s diet. In 1971 school milk for the over-sevens was withdrawn by Margaret Thatcher, then Secretary of State for Education – for this she was dubbed 'Thatcher, Thatcher, Milk Snatcher' in the press. During the harsh winter of 1962-3, or the big freeze of 1963 as it became known, it was a common sight to see the small crates of milk outside the school gates with the shiny bottle tops standing proud above the bottles on a column of frozen milk. Of course the only way to defrost the school milk was to place it by the radiator, and then the poor children were forced to consume watery, lukewarm milk. And forced they were – “milk is good for you child, you WILL drink it all up!” The School Broadcasting Council for the United Kingdom had been set up in 1947 and the wireless or radio played a great part in the education of school children in the 1960s. ‘Music and Movement’ was one such programme and all over the country in school halls, children could be found leaping and stretching to the commands on the radio. ‘Now children we are going to sway like trees in the wind’ would be the instruction on the radio and all the children, boys and girls, would begin to sway with their arms in the air. There was no ‘gym kit’ in primary schools so the children just removed their outer clothes and did P.E. in their vests, knickers or underpants and bare feet or pumps (usually purchased from Woolworths). Another such programme was ‘Singing Together’ where the class would gather to sing traditional folk songs and sea shanties such as ‘Oh soldier, soldier, won’t you marry me’, ‘A-Roving’ (see below), ‘Michael Finnegan’, ‘The Raggle-Taggle Gypsies’ and ‘Oh No John’. However, when as an adult you examine the content and meaning of some of these old folk songs, whether they were indeed suitable for the under 11s is another question! Visits from the school nurse would break up the daily routine. The nit nurse used to make regular visits to check for headlice and all the children in each class would line up to be examined in turn, their hair being combed carefully with a nit comb to see if there was any infestation. There were also routine eye and hearing tests, and visits from the school dentist. There was also the polio vaccine, given at school to every child on a sugar lump. Measles, German Measles and Mumps were not vaccinated against; most children contracted these diseases in childhood. German Measles, or Rubella, can affect unborn babies in the womb if contracted in pregnancy, and so if a girl in the class caught German Measles, it was not uncommon for her mother to throw a tea party for the rest of the girls so they could also catch the disease. Class sizes in the 1950s and early 1960s were large, often over 30 children to a class, as these were the ‘baby boomers’, children born after the Second World War . There were no classroom assistants, just the class teacher and so discipline was strict. It was quite common for a disruptive child to be rapped over the knuckles, on the buttocks or on the palm of the hand with a ruler. In the 1960s this was very much ‘talk and chalk’ education, with the teacher at the front of the class and the children sitting at desks facing the board. Reading, writing and arithmetic (the Three ‘R’s) were very important, as was learning by rote. Times tables were learnt by chanting aloud in class and poetry such as Wordworths’ I wandered lonely as a cloud’ would be learnt by heart for homework. Neat hand writing was seen as very important and practiced daily. Nature study was popular and often the only science taught at primary school, with children being asked to bring in things such as leaves and seeds for the teacher to identify and then to use later in art and craft work. There was also a strong sense of being British; of dancing around the maypole for May Day , singing traditional folk songs and learning about the history, geography, flora and fauna of Britain and the Commonwealth. Of course this was also the age of the 11-plus, a series of tests and exams that the children in the top (oldest) class at junior school would take before moving on to secondary school. Pupils would practice previous papers in school in order to prepare for these tests, which included writing an essay, a maths paper and both verbal and non-verbal reasoning papers. The verbal reasoning would test a child’s command and use of English, whereas the non-verbal reasoning paper was designed to test a child’s IQ with a puzzles and problem-solving questions. Always – and still so today - a contentious method of school selection, the 11 plus system did facilitate social mobility, as places at the grammar schools in the 1960s were allocated according to the results of these tests, and not on ability to pay. Prime Ministers such as Harold Wilson, Edward Heath, James Callaghan, Margaret Thatcher and John Major all went through the state grammar school system.	i don't know
Which soft drink is made from grapes blackcurrants and raspberries	Five Great British Soft Drinks That Americans Should Try \| Anglophenia \| BBC America Five Great British Soft Drinks That Americans Should Try A selection of British sodas Copy the link below By Fraser McAlpine \| 3 years ago A selection of British sodas I know, you can’t imagine there could even be five flavors of soda that are not currently available on the shelves of every American store. And yet there are, and some of them are massively popular too. See how many you can find in your town. Let’s start with the elephant in the room. Or, more appropriately, the lfnt in the rm. Irn Bru Irn Bru is the single biggest selling soft drink in Scotland. It outsells Coke, it outsells Pepsi, it outsells… everything. And yet it has a flavor that is quite hard to describe. It’s sort of acidic, metallic and tangy, and slightly unnatural, as if it comes from a big steel vat that has been left to corrode a bit. But, y’know, tasty. Its status as a hangover cure is legendary and entirely justified. Vimto This is an easier one, in that this is a drink that actually tastes as if it is made from fruit. Because it is. Like a good portion of the drinks on this list, Vimto originally began as a health cordial made from the juice of grapes, raspberries and blackcurrants, flavored with herbs, hence the vim. It’s now available as anything from fizzy pop to popsicles. Tizer Described brilliantly on the Tizer Wikipedia page as “red-colored soft drink,” Tizer is made by Barr, who also makes Irn Bru, and is similarly tough to describe as a taste sensation. It’s sort of cherry-ish, but with extra added… something. It also comes from a health drink of the early 20th century, with the power to aid digestion—Tizer the appetizer, according to the adverts—but now the only notable digestive benefit lies in its ability to make children belch. Lucozade Yet another healthy libation, this time made of glucose (and originally called glucozade), Lucozade used to be the kind of drink you’d only buy to take to a poorly friend. It even came in glass bottles wrapped in yellow cellophane, as if the contents were particularly medicinal. It has more recently been marketed as a drink for athletes, to keep their sugar and fluid levels up. And the yellow cellophane is no more. Not every innovation is progress. Ribena The soft drink equivalent of penicillin, Ribena was accidentally created while Dr. Vernon Charley was investigating processing techniques to create fruit syrups for milkshakes at the Long Ashton Agriculture and Horticulture Research Station in Bristol. Having managed to create a blackcurrant cordial with high levels of vitamin C instead, production was taken on by local manufacturers HW Carter in 1936. Fresh fruit being hard to come by during the war years thanks to a blockade by German U-boats, Ribena earned the encouragement of the British government, and its place in the nation’s kitchens. Of course, it’s available as a fizzy drink now and proudly wears its ability to prevent scurvy as a badge of pride. OK, it doesn’t actually SAY that on the packaging, but have you ever met a Brit with scurvy? Exactly. See more:	Vimto
What is Romaine a variety of	Vimto Still * per 100ml of product Ingredients Water, Sugar, Mixed Fruit Juices From Concentrate 5% (Grape, Blackcurrant, Raspberry), Acid (Citric Acid), Vimto Flavouring (Including Natural Extracts of Fruits, Herbs, Barley Malt and Spices), Preservatives (Potassium Sorbate, Dimethyl Dicarbonate, Sodium Benzoate), Colouring Food (Concentrates of Carrot, Hibiscus), Antioxidant (Ascorbic Acid), Acidity Regulator (Sodium Citrate), Sweeteners (Acesulfame K, Sucralose) Vimto No Added Sugar Still Low calorie mixed fruit juice drink made with the delicious secret Vimto flavour and sweeteners Nutritional Information	i don't know
Who took Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini to number one in 1990	Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini by Brian Hyland Songfacts Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini by Brian Hyland Songfacts Songfacts This song about a bashful girl in a tiny bikini was written by Paul Vance and Lee Pockriss. Vance was inspired after watching his 2-year-old daughter Paula at the beach in her new bikini. Brian Hyland was a 16-year-old High school sophomore at the time of this recording. In 1000 UK #1 Hits by Jon Kutner and Spencer Leigh, Brian Hyland says: "Paul Vance and Lee Pockriss had shown this song to a lot of singers but no one wanted to do it. Kapp (the owner of Brian's record label) thought it was right for me and got really excited about it. It was a number one in America which meant that I could stop riding on the subway and buy some Martin guitars." In 1990 the UK children's entertainer Timmy Mallet recorded a cover version taking it to the top of the UK charts. His version was produced by Andrew Lloyd Webber and it was released under the name of Bombalurina (the name of one of the characters in Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Cats). This song was used in two prominent ad campaigns: more recently by Yoplait in a series of commercials showing a woman trying to lose weight in order to fit into her "Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini," and back in the late-'80s/early-'90s by Van De Kamp's for their line of canned beenie-weenies, but with slightly altered lyrics sung by a group of kids. >> Suggestion credit: Patrick - Tallapoosa, GA For most of his adult life, a man named Paul Van Valkenburgh claimed that he wrote this under the name Paul Vance, and that he sold the rights to it when he was young. Even his wife, who he was married to for 40 years, believed him. When Valkenburgh died in 2006, his obituary reported that he wrote the song, and relatives of the real Paul Vance received condolences, only to find out that Vance was very much alive and had the royalty checks to prove that he really did write the song. According to Vance, he has no ill feelings toward Valkenburgh, and claims that the song has made him several million dollars. This was used in the movies Sister Act 2 and Revenge Of The Nerds 2. When this took off in 1960, several other versions of the song popped up. The German banjo act Jan & Kjeld recorded it as "Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Honolulu Strand-Bikini," as did Laurie London. Homer & Jethro did a hillbilly version produced by Chet Atkins, the French artists Dalida and Johnny Hallyday each did it as "Itsi Bitsi Petit Bikini," and Jeri Lynn Foster recorded an answer song called "Poor Begonia Caught Pneumonia."	Bombalurina
In which musical does the song The Worst Pies In London appear	Timmy Mallett - recordings - Itsy Bitsy buy Itsy Bitsy here! Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny yellow Polka Dot Bikini was No.1 around the World in the summer of 1990. Released under the name of Bombalurina (one of the cats in the stage show CATS) Timmy recorded this after a meeting with Andrew Lloyd Webber, at his house in late May. "Normally I just hit people on the head!" explained Timmy before agreeing to sing a demo of the song. So the follwing day, (Wednesday May 30th) after appearing live on Wacaday, Timmy turned up at Nigel Wright's Scratch studios in Chertsey and spent a brilliant afternoon being a pop star! Andrew Lloyd Webber was delighted and the song went into secret production as Carpet Records first release through Polygram. Timmy went off on a five week filming trip to Crete, Russia and Norway taking with him a cassette version of the song. In fact the first play of the song was in a nightclub in Malia on Crete where it brought the house down, and the DJ begged to be allowed to keep it. "You might have a hit on your hands here, Timmy" said the director. In Mid July the record hit the charts, Princess Diana was photographed in a bikini and the subsequent Sun headline was "Itsy Bitsy Di's a dream in her bikini!" That and a front page TV Times did wonders for the record's promotion. It caught the public mood, was heavily played across Europe and at the end of July Timmy appeared on Top of the Pops as the first act in a then rare live show. The two Itsy bitsy girls Dawn Andrews and Annie Dunkley were the best session dancers around and were chosen by the choreographer Arlene Phillips. Madonna's Vogue was the style for the dance routine and Timmy and the girls spent busy days rehearsing at London's Pineapple studios. (Dawn was later to marry Take That's Gary Barlow and Annie appeared as the blonde in the Thelma and Lousie car ads) The video was shot in a garage in North london were they recreated a fake beach and were made the front cover of Smash Hits. Itsy bitsy entered the charts at 25, up to 13, then to 3 and finally number 1 on August 19th 1990. Promotions followed on the Radio 1 roadshow, and around the country. The day they hit No.1 Andrew threw a huge party at his Berkshire mansion and they all listened to Bruno Brookes Radio 1 chart rundown. The following morning Chris Evans turned up on Timmy's doorstep with a bottle of champage at dawn as Timmy was leaving for the Wacaday studio.... The Top of the Pops was a massive celebration. Jealous looks from the Human League and Beats International couldn't spoil the moment. "No one can take away from you the fact you are Number 1" said Duran Duran's Simon le Bon. But the best was still to come. On September 8th at Wye in Kent, still top of the charts, Timmy married Lynda Bingham. "I may be number 1" said Timmy "But it's nothing compared to being married to the number 1 girl in the world!" And the wedding had been planned months before any of the Itsy Bitsy whirlwind had even been thought of.... There was a specially recorded version of the chorus done for Timmy's pantomime song sheet. Listen to it here.	i don't know
Who wrote 'The Times They Are A Changin'	The Times They Are A-Changin' - Bob Dylan \| Song Info \| AllMusic The Times They Are A-Changin' google+ Song Review by William Ruhlmann Bob Dylan's "The Times They Are A-Changin'" is one of his great early-'60s anthems, a worthy successor to "Blowin' in the Wind." The 22-year-old singer/songwriter wrote the song probably in September 1963. He later said he was consciously trying to write a big song, and that comes across clearly. The simple tune, played in waltz time, supports five verses that contain a clarion call to recognize and accept change in a general sense. The opening line, "Come gather 'round people," evokes old folk ballads, but the singer has a cautionary tale in mind, not a soothing story. Using biblical references, starting with the flood and including the Sermon on the Mount, he tells various groups -- writers and critics, senators and congressmen, mothers and fathers -- that change of an uncertain, threatening nature is coming. He offers little advice to cope with this change, suggesting only that mothers and fathers, whose "old road is rapidly agin'," either lend a hand or get out of the way and that, as the flood waters rise, "you better start swimmin'." Like "Blowin' in the Wind," which Dylan had written more than a year earlier, "The Times They Are A-Changin'" spoke philosophically and in general terms, but was easily interpretable in the context of its period of composition as a referring primarily to the civil rights struggle. Yet it also looked beyond that specific movement to more general currents of change already stirring in the country, especially the generational conflict addressed in the fourth verse, an aspect of the song that would make it increasingly meaningful as the 1960s went on. Dylan first recorded "The Times They Are A-Changin'" as a publishing demo, accompanying himself on piano. This rendition, commercially released in 1991 on The Bootleg Series, Vols. 1-3 [Rare & Unreleased] 1961-1991, contains several minor lyric variations from the more familiar versions, including the substitution of "breath" for "time" in the line "If your time to you is worth savin'" in the first verse. The best-known version of the song was recorded by Dylan with an acoustic guitar on October 24, 1963, in sessions for his third album. In recognition of the song's importance, that album was titled The Times They Are A-Changin' when it was released on January 13, 1964. It was perhaps Dylan's most politically oriented LP, also including such overt statements of social conscience as "Ballad of Hollis Brown," "With God on Our Side," "Only a Pawn in Their Game," and "The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll." By being the title and leadoff track, "The Times They Are A-Changin'" served to raise the curtain and set the theme of this serious, disturbing work. Similarly, Dylan began using the song to open his concerts. The Times They Are A-Changin' became Bob Dylan's first album to peak in the Top 20 of the LP bestseller charts, but its austere character prevented it from becoming a big hit; though it eventually went gold, it actually sold less well than its predecessor, The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan. But the title song earned immediate notice. Like Dylan, Peter, Paul and Mary began opening their concerts with it, and they used it as the leadoff track on Peter, Paul and Mary in Concert, which reached the Top Five in September 1964. Their version was released as a single in the U.K., where it charted briefly. (They are also the first to alter the title, replacing the hyphen between "A" and "Changin'" with an apostrophe; many other variations would follow.) Before this, the Dylan LP The Times They Are A-Changin' had charted in the U.K., eventually reaching the Top Five. In anticipation of the singer's spring 1965 tour of England, the Dylan recording was released as a single, and it reached the British Top Ten. Dylan dropped "The Times They Are A-Changin'" from his set lists after his 1965 U.K. tour as he moved to rock accompaniment, but as the '60s went on, the song began to seem a prescient forecast of the social upheaval being experienced around the world. It turned into a much-recorded standard, with covers appearing on chart records by the Seekers, the Beach Boys, the Byrds, Simon & Garfunkel, and Cher in 1965-1967. Recognized as one of Dylan's most successful compositions, it was included on Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits in 1967. When Dylan returned to touring in the mid-'70s, he again began singing "The Times They Are A-Changin'," often using it as the first song in the solo acoustic mini-set he performed in his shows with the Band in 1974 and doing it with Joan Baez during the Rolling Thunder Revue tour of 1975. It was a regular part of the 1978 world tour and is heard as the concluding track on the live album Bob Dylan at Budokan. As Dylan began to mix older material back into his shows in the early '80s after his period of performing only newly written religious songs in 1979, "The Times They Are A-Changin'" returned to his set list in 1981 and stayed in his concerts on a regular basis thereafter. A fourth commercially released Dylan recording of the song appeared in 1995 on his MTV Unplugged CD. "The Times They Are A-Changin'" has also continued to turn up as a song of social concern periodically over the years. James Taylor, Carly Simon, and Graham Nash performed it at the "No Nukes" benefit concerts in 1979, and their version was released on the No Nukes album at the end of the year. Billy Joel played it during his concerts in the Soviet Union and put it on his Kohuept album drawn from the tour in 1987. And Tracy Chapman sang it at the Bob Dylan tribute concert held at Madison Square Garden in 1992 and released in 1993 on Bob Dylan -- The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration. Appears On	Bob Dylan
Which 1981 Duran Duran music video was banned by the BBC	Bob Dylan The Times They Are A Changin' 1964 - YouTube Bob Dylan The Times They Are A Changin' 1964 Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Dec 27, 2013 TV Movie, The Times They are a Changing' (1964) Directed by: Daryl Duke	i don't know
Which rapper's real name is Louise Harman	Lady Sov: Rap Pixie With Puck Music Lady Sov: Rap Pixie With Puck Lady Sovereign's "Love Me or Hate Me" attitude was on display at the 9:30 club Saturday. (By Rich Lipski -- The Washington Post) TOOLBOX By J. Freedom du Lac Washington Post Staff Writer Monday, October 30, 2006 This is the next big thing in American popular music? This outrageously peckish 5-foot-1 white-girl rapper with an oft-impenetrable British accent and an apparent tendency to forget her streetwise if silly lyrics -- a problem that the artist, 20-year-old Lady Sovereign, blamed on all the beer she was swilling Saturday night at the 9:30 club? You betcha. So, too, does Jay-Z, the iconic rapper and Def Jam Records president, who's banking on Lady Sovereign to become a stateside pop star. Def Jam will release Lady Sov's compelling full-length debut, "Public Warning," tomorrow, and the expectation is that the album will be a hit here. As interesting as she may be on CD and MP3, Lady Sovereign is even more captivating onstage. That's not necessarily because of her performance skills, which need sharpening (less "blah-blah-blah"-ing through the lyrics, please, and try for better diction, too), but because of her caustic wit and unpredictable persona, which are at extreme odds with her appearance. Petite and ponytailed, Lady Sov looks not unlike a 12-year-old girl. But Saturday, performing for the first time in the District, she introduced one song ("The Broom") by saying, "It's about some [expletive] I hit over the head because she was being rude," and another ("9 to 5") by noting that she'd written it "a long time ago, but it still makes sense because I'm still a lazy bastard." The self-described "biggest midget in the game" also spotted a man in a full-body banana suit in the well-below-capacity crowd and ordered him to roll (yes, roll) onto the stage. She drop-kicked the strange fruit, verbally abused him, threw a bottle of water at him, then shoved him off the stage. Acting most unladylike, she also led the crowd in a hideous call-and-response belching exercise, discussed her private parts in moderate detail, and shattered an empty beer bottle against a wall by way of demanding another drink. No wonder Lady Sov has been dubbed "Feminem" by the pop press. It's a perfect sobriquet, given her verbal dexterity, self-deprecating irreverence, penchant for antagonizing audiences, and undeniable whiteness. (Before performing "Hoodie," a funky slice of social commentary about street fashion, she sneered and said: "I can't dance to my music. It's pathetic, but I'm white.") Lady Sov's breakthrough U.S. hit, "Love Me or Hate Me," even sounds like something out of Eminem's playbook with its clever, clownish wordplay, singsongy chorus and devil-may-care attitude as she thanks those who love her and more or less extends a middle finger to those who don't. Of course, she's doing much less bird-flipping these days: The uproarious video for "Love Me or Hate Me" reached No. 1 on MTV's "Total Request Live," an early indicator that Lady Sov (real name: Louise Harman) very well could succeed where her Brit-rap predecessors such as the Streets and Dizzee Rascal have failed -- which is to say, in America. But she might have to do so without getting much love from hard-core Southern hip-hop fans. Performing the song "Random" on Saturday, Lady Sov mocked the dominant American rap idiom and even alluded to the likes of Chingy and J-Kwon. As it turns out, though, Lady Sov seems to have more in common with Southern rap than she realizes. "Random" was actually the hopped-up highlight of the hour-long show, a club banger with a chant-along refrain that was delivered with the explosive, frenetic energy that's a hallmark of crunk. Then again, crunk doesn't incorporate London street slang a la this "Random" couplet: "J-Lo's got a batty / Well, you can't see mine cuz I wear my trousers baggy." Nor do Lil Jon and his ilk tend to employ the sorts of electro-rock accents favored by Lady Sov and her counterparts from the Brit-rap "grime" scene. Backed by a three-piece "band" (deejay, drummer, bassist), Lady Sov didn't just stick to straight-ahead rap during the show. She also attempted a somewhat atonal cover of the Sex Pistols' "Pretty Vacant," for which she had to consult a lyric sheet. Her stab at punk ultimately came across as more amusing than menacing, so put away those Bonnie Rotten references for now. She also took a genre-jumping run during the encore performance of "Public Warning's" title track, a chaotic, thrashy electro-ska sound clash. At the center of the sonic storm was Lady Sov, who opened the song with a breathtaking blast of rapid-fire rapping before slowing down just enough to announce her royal status. All hail the new queen of pop? Not exactly. "Crown me the pint-size clown of the town," she declared. Consider it done, shorty. © 2006 The Washington Post Company	Lady Sovereign
Lewis Carroll the author of the Alice stories was an Oxford don, what was his subject	Lady Sov: Rap Pixie With Puck Music Lady Sov: Rap Pixie With Puck Lady Sovereign's "Love Me or Hate Me" attitude was on display at the 9:30 club Saturday. (By Rich Lipski -- The Washington Post) TOOLBOX By J. Freedom du Lac Washington Post Staff Writer Monday, October 30, 2006 This is the next big thing in American popular music? This outrageously peckish 5-foot-1 white-girl rapper with an oft-impenetrable British accent and an apparent tendency to forget her streetwise if silly lyrics -- a problem that the artist, 20-year-old Lady Sovereign, blamed on all the beer she was swilling Saturday night at the 9:30 club? You betcha. So, too, does Jay-Z, the iconic rapper and Def Jam Records president, who's banking on Lady Sovereign to become a stateside pop star. Def Jam will release Lady Sov's compelling full-length debut, "Public Warning," tomorrow, and the expectation is that the album will be a hit here. As interesting as she may be on CD and MP3, Lady Sovereign is even more captivating onstage. That's not necessarily because of her performance skills, which need sharpening (less "blah-blah-blah"-ing through the lyrics, please, and try for better diction, too), but because of her caustic wit and unpredictable persona, which are at extreme odds with her appearance. Petite and ponytailed, Lady Sov looks not unlike a 12-year-old girl. But Saturday, performing for the first time in the District, she introduced one song ("The Broom") by saying, "It's about some [expletive] I hit over the head because she was being rude," and another ("9 to 5") by noting that she'd written it "a long time ago, but it still makes sense because I'm still a lazy bastard." The self-described "biggest midget in the game" also spotted a man in a full-body banana suit in the well-below-capacity crowd and ordered him to roll (yes, roll) onto the stage. She drop-kicked the strange fruit, verbally abused him, threw a bottle of water at him, then shoved him off the stage. Acting most unladylike, she also led the crowd in a hideous call-and-response belching exercise, discussed her private parts in moderate detail, and shattered an empty beer bottle against a wall by way of demanding another drink. No wonder Lady Sov has been dubbed "Feminem" by the pop press. It's a perfect sobriquet, given her verbal dexterity, self-deprecating irreverence, penchant for antagonizing audiences, and undeniable whiteness. (Before performing "Hoodie," a funky slice of social commentary about street fashion, she sneered and said: "I can't dance to my music. It's pathetic, but I'm white.") Lady Sov's breakthrough U.S. hit, "Love Me or Hate Me," even sounds like something out of Eminem's playbook with its clever, clownish wordplay, singsongy chorus and devil-may-care attitude as she thanks those who love her and more or less extends a middle finger to those who don't. Of course, she's doing much less bird-flipping these days: The uproarious video for "Love Me or Hate Me" reached No. 1 on MTV's "Total Request Live," an early indicator that Lady Sov (real name: Louise Harman) very well could succeed where her Brit-rap predecessors such as the Streets and Dizzee Rascal have failed -- which is to say, in America. But she might have to do so without getting much love from hard-core Southern hip-hop fans. Performing the song "Random" on Saturday, Lady Sov mocked the dominant American rap idiom and even alluded to the likes of Chingy and J-Kwon. As it turns out, though, Lady Sov seems to have more in common with Southern rap than she realizes. "Random" was actually the hopped-up highlight of the hour-long show, a club banger with a chant-along refrain that was delivered with the explosive, frenetic energy that's a hallmark of crunk. Then again, crunk doesn't incorporate London street slang a la this "Random" couplet: "J-Lo's got a batty / Well, you can't see mine cuz I wear my trousers baggy." Nor do Lil Jon and his ilk tend to employ the sorts of electro-rock accents favored by Lady Sov and her counterparts from the Brit-rap "grime" scene. Backed by a three-piece "band" (deejay, drummer, bassist), Lady Sov didn't just stick to straight-ahead rap during the show. She also attempted a somewhat atonal cover of the Sex Pistols' "Pretty Vacant," for which she had to consult a lyric sheet. Her stab at punk ultimately came across as more amusing than menacing, so put away those Bonnie Rotten references for now. She also took a genre-jumping run during the encore performance of "Public Warning's" title track, a chaotic, thrashy electro-ska sound clash. At the center of the sonic storm was Lady Sov, who opened the song with a breathtaking blast of rapid-fire rapping before slowing down just enough to announce her royal status. All hail the new queen of pop? Not exactly. "Crown me the pint-size clown of the town," she declared. Consider it done, shorty. © 2006 The Washington Post Company	i don't know
Francesco Schettino was the captain of which ship	Costa Concordia captain Schettino guilty of manslaughter - BBC News BBC News Costa Concordia captain Schettino guilty of manslaughter 11 February 2015 Close share panel Media captionProsecutors called Schettino "a reckless idiot", as Matthew Price reports The captain of the Italian cruise ship Costa Concordia has been found guilty of manslaughter and sentenced to 16 years in prison. Captain Francesco Schettino was on the bridge when the ship hit rocks and sank in 2012, killing 32 people. He was accused of taking the liner too close to the shore and then abandoning ship with passengers and crew still on board. Schettino denied the charges and said he was being made a scapegoat. His lawyers had argued that it was a collective failure of the ship's crew and others should share the blame for the disaster. Schettino was not present when Judge Giovanni Puliatti read out the verdict at the court in the city of Grosseto. The 54-year-old is expected to appeal against the verdict. Image copyright Reuters Image caption The 290m-long vessel was too close to shore when it struck rocks off the Tuscan island of Giglio Image copyright Reuters Image caption Schettino complained that he had spent the last three years "in a media meat grinder" Earlier, the captain had made an emotional final appeal to the judge on the last day of the 19-month trial. Schettino sobbed as he told the court he had spent the last three years "in a media meat grinder". "All the responsibility has been loaded on to me with no respect for the truth or for the memory of the victims," he said. Prosecutors had sought a 26-year jail term but the court sentenced Schettino to 10 years for multiple manslaughter, five years for causing the shipwreck and one year for abandoning his passengers. Investigators had severely criticised his handling of the disaster, accusing him of bringing the 290m-long vessel too close to shore when it struck rocks off the Tuscan island of Giglio. The ship was ripped open when it hit the shore and more than 4,000 passengers and crew were forced into a chaotic evacuation. Disaster timeline 13 Jan 2012: Costa Concordia runs aground Jul 2013: Capt Schettino goes on trial for multiple manslaughter and abandoning ship Jul 2013: Five crew jailed for manslaughter for up to two years and 10 months Jul 2014: Costa Concordia refloated and towed to Genoa Salvaging the Costa Concordia Schettino said he had taken the ship so close to land for "commercial reasons" in a bid to please his passengers and those ashore. He had also rejected rumours that he had wanted to impress his lover, Domnica Cemortan, who was with him at the helm. Costa Crociere, the company that owned the ship, sidestepped potential criminal charges in 2013 by agreeing to pay a $1.3m (€1.1m; £860,000) fine. It is being sued by survivors, the Tuscany region and Giglio island for further damages. Five other employees, including the helmsman, were handed prison sentences ranging from 18 months to two years and 10 months in plea bargains concluded early in the investigation. Schettino's request for a plea bargain was turned down.	Costa Concordia
What was advertised with the slogan It's slightly rippled with a flat underside	Costa Concordia captain convicted in shipwreck - CNN.com 1 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – The Concordia is towed into the port of Genoa on July 27. Hide Caption 2 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – Tugboats tow the wreck of the Costa Concordia as it leaves Italy's Giglio Island on Wednesday, July 23. Hide Caption 3 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – A view from a porthole shows the wreck of the Costa Concordia as it's being towed on July 23. It'll take about two years to dismantle the massive cruise liner. Hide Caption 4 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – The Costa Concordia cruise ship sits in front of the harbor of Giglio Island after it was refloated using air tanks attached to its sides on Tuesday, July 22. Environmental concerns prompted the decision to undertake the expensive and difficult process of refloating the ship rather than taking it apart on site. Hide Caption 5 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – The ship's name appears above the water on Monday, July 21. The ship is expected to arrive in Genoa on Sunday, August 27. Hide Caption 6 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – Tugboats pull the Costa Concordia after the first stage of the refloating operation on Wednesday, July 16. Hide Caption Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – A small boat passes by the wreckage on Tuesday, July 15. Hide Caption 8 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – Water is expelled from the caissons hooked onto the Costa Concordia on Monday, July 14. The ship will be towed north to the port in Genoa, Italy. Hide Caption 9 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – Thirty-two people died when the 114,000-ton vessel, seen here on July 14, ran aground off Giglio in January 2012. Hide Caption 10 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – In December 2013, crews managed to rotate the ship into an upright position. Hide Caption 11 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – To float the ship, seen here on Thursday, June 26, crews attached 30 steel tanks to fill with compressed air. Hide Caption 12 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – Ship captain Francesco Schettino, left, returned to the Concordia in February for the first time since he ran the liner aground. He is on trial on charges of manslaughter, causing a maritime disaster and abandoning ship with passengers still on board. He denies wrongdoing. Hide Caption 13 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – Experts inspect the ship's damage in January. They boarded the vessel to collect new evidence, focusing on the ship's bridge and the onboard elevators. Hide Caption 14 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – The wreckage of the Costa Concordia cruise ship sits near the harbor of Giglio on Tuesday, September 17, after a salvage crew rolled the ship off its side . Hide Caption 15 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – The ship had been lying on its side for 20 months off the island of Giglio. Here, members of the U.S. company Titan Salvage and the Italian marine contractor Micoperi pass by the wreckage. Hide Caption 16 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – Damage to the right side of the ship is apparent in September. Hide Caption 17 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – Using a vast system of steel cables and pulleys, maritime engineers work on Monday, September 16, to hoist the ship's massive hull off the reef where it capsized. Hide Caption 18 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – The project to upright the Costa Concordia continues on September 16. The nearly $800 million effort reportedly is the largest maritime salvage operation ever. Hide Caption 19 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – A water line marks the former level of the stricken Costa Concordia as the salvaging operation continues on September 16. The procedure, known as parbuckling, has never been carried out on a vessel as large as Costa Concordia before. Hide Caption 20 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – Members of Titan and Micoperi work at the wreck site early on September 16. Hide Caption Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – Technicians work to salvage the half-submerged ship in July 2013. Hide Caption 22 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – Giant hollow boxes have been attached to the side of the ship, seen here in May 2013. Attempts to refloat the ship will be aided by the compartments. Hide Caption 23 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – A commemorative plaque honoring the victims of the cruise disaster is unveiled in Giglio on January 14, 2013. Hide Caption 24 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – Survivors, grieving relatives and locals release lanterns into the sky in Giglio after a minute of silence on January 13, 2013, marking the one-year anniversary of the shipwreck. The 32 lanterns -- one for each of the victims -- were released at 9:45 p.m. local time, the moment of impact. Hide Caption 25 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – A man holds an Italian flag on his balcony overlooking the port of Giglio on January 13, 2013. Hide Caption 26 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – A man works in front of the shipwreck on January 12, 2013. Hide Caption 27 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – A couple walks along the port of Giglio at night on January 12, 2013. Hide Caption 28 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – A man sits in his boat in front of the half-submerged cruise ship on January 8, 2013. Hide Caption 29 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – Cranes and floating decks surrounding the ship light up the dusk sky on January 9, 2013. Hide Caption 30 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – Workers stand on the edge of the ship on January 8, 2013. Hide Caption Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – A crew passes by the hulking remains on January 7, 2013. Hide Caption 32 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – People enjoy a day in the sun with a view of the cruise liner on July 1, 2012. Hide Caption Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – Military rescue workers approach the cruise liner on January 22, 2012. Hide Caption 34 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – Members of the Italian coast guard conduct a search-and-rescue mission on January 21, 2012. Hide Caption 35 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – Rescue operations to search for missing people resumed on January 20, 2012, after being suspended for a third time as conditions caused the vessel to shift on the rocks. Hide Caption 36 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – The Costa Serena, the sister ship of the wrecked Costa Concordia, passes by on January 18, 2012. Hide Caption 37 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – A bird flies overhead the Costa Concordia on January 18, 2012. Rescue operations were suspended as the ship slowly sank farther into the sea. Hide Caption 38 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – The ship was sailing a few hundred meters off the rocky Tuscan coastline. Hide Caption 39 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – An Italian coast guard helicopter flies over Giglio's harbor on January 16, 2012. Hide Caption 40 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – Rescuers search the waters near the stricken ship on January 16, 2012. Hide Caption 41 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – The Concordia, pictured on January 15, 2012, was on a Mediterranean cruise from Rome when it hit rocks off the coast of Giglio. Hide Caption 42 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – The ship starts keeling over early on January 14, 2012. Evacuation efforts started promptly but were made "extremely difficult" by the position of the listing ship, officials said. Hide Caption 43 of 44 Photos: Photos: The Costa Concordia disaster The Costa Concordia disaster – Rescued passengers arrive at Porto Santo Stefano, Italy, on January 14, 2012. The Costa Concordia was carrying 3,200 passengers and 1,000 crew members. Hide Caption	i don't know
Ophelia is a moon of which planet in the Solar System	Moons - Facts about the Moons of the Solar System Moons Eris Moons There are more than 181 moons of the various planets, dwarf planets and asteroid in the solar system. The planets Mercury and Venus do not have any moons and neither does the dwarf planet Ceres. Find out the number of moons each planet has and their names below. Terrestrial Planet Moons The Earth’s Moon – 1 The Earth has a single moon; the Moon sometime also referred to as Luna. The Moon Mars’ Moons – 2 Mars has two moons called Phobos and Deimos. They were discovered in 1877 by astronomer Asaph Hall, who named them for the Latin terms “fear” and “panic”. These moons are thought to be captured asteroids and are among the smallest natural satellites in the solar system. Phobos & Deimos Jupiter’s Moons – 67 Jupiter is swarming with at least 67 moons in orbit around it, the largest number of natural satellites around any of the planets. Jupiter’s 4 largest moons; Ganymede, Callisto, Io and Europa are known as the Galilean Moons, named after their discoverer Galileo Galilei. They were also observed at about the same time by astronomer Simon Marius. Galilean Moons – Io , Europa , Ganymede & Callisto Inner Moons – Metis, Adrastea, Amalthea & Thebe Other Moons – Themisto, Leda, Himalia, Lysithea, Elara, S/2000 J 11, Carpo, S/2003 J 12, Euporie, S/2003 J 3, S/2003 J 18, S/2011 J 1, S/2010 J 2, Thelxinoe, Euanthe, Helike, Orthosie, Iocaste, S/2003 J 16, Praxidike, Harpalyke, Mneme, Hermippe, Thyone, Ananke, Herse, Aitne, Kale, Taygete, S/2003 J 19, Chaldene, S/2003 J 15, S/2003 J 10, S/2003 J 23, Erinome, Aoede, Kallichore, Kalyke, Carme, Callirrhoe, Eurydome, S/2011 J 2, Pasithee, S/2010 J 1, Kore, Cyllene, Eukelade, S/2003 J 4, Pasiphae, Hegemone, Arche, Isonoe, S/2003 J 9, S/2003 J 5, Sinope, Sponde, Autonoe, Megaclite & S/2003 J 2 Saturn’s Moons – 62 Saturn has at least 62 moons orbiting it, some of them inside the ring system which helps shape the rings. They range from very tiny worlds of less than a kilometer in diameter to spherical moons such as Titan. Their shapes range from irregular worlds to ellipsoidal to almost completely rounded. The first of Saturn’s moons to be observed was Titan in 1655 by Christiaan Huygens, another moon was not found until 1671 when Giovanni Domenico Cassini discovered Iapetus. Two of Saturn’s moons (Janus & Epimetheus) swap orbits every 4 years. Notable Moons – Titan , Enceladus , Iapetus , Rhea , Mimas, Tethys & Dione. Other Moons – S/2009 S 1, Pan, Daphnis, Atlas, Prometheus, Pandora, Epimetheus, Janus, Aegaeon, Methone, Anthe, Pallene, Telesto, Calypso, Helene, Polydeuces, Hyperion, Kiviuq, Ijiraq, Phoebe, Paaliaq, Skathi, Albiorix, S/2007 S 2, Bebhionn, Erriapus, Skoll, Siarnaq, Tarqeq, S/2004 S 13, Greip, Hyrrokkin, Jarnsaxa, Tarvos, Mundilfari, S/2006 S 1, S/2004 S 17, Bergelmir, Narvi, Suttungr, Hati, S/2004 S 12, Farbauti, Thrymr, Aegir, S/2007 S 3, Bestla, S/2004 S 7, S/2006 S 3, Fenrir, Surtur, Kari, Ymir, Loge & Fornjot Uranus’ Moons – 27 Uranus is known to have 27 in orbit around it. The five largest are Puck, Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon. The innermost moons are similar in characteristics with the thin rings. The five largest moons are rounded, and four of them show some kind of internal activity which shapes their surfaces. William Herschel who discovered Uranus in 1781 also observed the largest two moons, Titania and Oberon, in 1787. Notable Moons – Miranda , Titania , Ariel, Umbriel & Oberon Other Moons – Cordelia, Ophelia, Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Portia, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda, Perdita, Puck, Mab, Francisco, Caliban, Stephano, Trinculo, Sycorax, Margaret, Prospero, Setebos & Ferdinand Neptune’s Moons – 14 Neptune has at least 14 moons. The largest of these, Triton was discovered by William Lassell in 1846 one day after the discovery of Neptune, it was more than 100 years later before a second moon was found. The most distant moon of Neptune is called Neso, and orbits so far away that it takes 26 years to make one trip around the planet. Notable Moons – Triton , Nereid & Proteus Other Moons – Naiad, Thalassa, Despina, Galatea, Larissa, S/2004 N 1, Halimede, Sao, Laomedeia, Psamathe & Neso Pluto’s Moons – 5 Hydra, Nyx, Styx, and Kerberos are the smaller moons of Pluto. They lie out beyond Charon. Nix and Hydra were discovered using Hubble Space Telescope on May 15, 2005. They have nearly circular orbits at 48,700 and 64,800 kilometres, respectively. Kerberos was discovered in 2011, and Styx was found in 2012, both by Hubble Space Telescope. These four moons rotate chaotically on their axes. These moons were likely created during a giant collision, which scattered these tiny worlds into orbit around Pluto and Charon.	Uranus
Who were the first nation to wear wedding rings	Moons Moons: Moons are `fossils" into a planet's past. The major, named moon systems are: Earth: Luna (The Moon) Mars: Deimos, Phobos Jupiter: Adrastea, Amalthea, Ananke, Callisto, Carme, Elara, Europa, Ganymede, Himalia, Io, Leda, Lysithea, Metis, Pasiphae, Sinope, Thebe Saturn: Atlas, Calypso, Dione, Enceladus, Epimetheus, Helene, Hyperion, Iapetus, Janus, Mimas, Pan, Pandora, Phoebe, Prometheus, Rhea, Telesto, Tethys, Titan Uranus: Ariel, Belinda, Bianca, Cordelia, Cressida, Desdemona, Juliet, Miranda, Oberon, Ophelia, Portia, Puck, Rosalind, Titania, Umbriel Neptune: Despina, Galatea, Larissa, Naiad, Nereid, Proteus, Thalassa, Triton Pluto: Charon (note: Pluto/Charon form a binary system, but Charon is the smaller so it is classed as the moon of Pluto) New, smaller moons are being discovered all the time with recent space missions. The total count of moons (as of 12/18/2001) are: Mercury - 0 moons Mars - 2 moons Uranus - 20 moons Venus - 0 moons Jupiter - 28 moons Neptune - 8 moons Earth - 1 moon Saturn - 30 moons Pluto - 1 moon Moons range in shape from highly irregular to spheres. Their shape reflects their formation history, irregular objects are ill-formed moons (captured asteroids or comets) or pieces of a larger moon, spherical objects were once molten spheres, probably at the time of their formation. Moons of Mars: Deimos & Phobos We speculate, from their irregular appearances and low mean densities, that Deimos and Phobos, are captured asteroids. Both Deimos and Phobos are saturated with craters. Deimos has a smoother appearance caused by partial filling of some of its craters. Moons of Jupiter: Jupiter has 63 confirmed moons as of Jan 2009, i.e. moons with known orbits around Jupiter. Eight of these moons are regular, meaning they have prograde, nearly circular orbits. They are composed of the four Galilean satellites, plus the inner or Amalthea group: Adrastea is a typical small moon Metis is the innermost known satellite of Jupiter Amalthea is one of Jupiter's smaller, irregular moons, an example of moon collecting dust from another moon (Io) The remaining 55 moons are irregular, they have a mixture of prograde and retrograde orbits with high inclinations and eccentricities. Jupiter's regular satellites are believed to have formed from a circumplanetary disk, a ring of accreting gas and solid debris analogous to a protoplanetary disk. The irregular satellites are substantially smaller objects with more distant and eccentric orbits. They form families with shared similarities in orbit (semi-major axis, inclination, eccentricity) and composition; it is believed that these are at least partially collisional families that were created when larger (but still small) parent bodies were shattered by impacts from asteroids captured by Jupiter's gravitational field. Moons of Saturn: The moons of Saturn are numerous and diverse, ranging from tiny moonlets less than 1 kilometer across to the enormous Titan, which is larger than the planet Mercury. Saturn has sixty-two moons with confirmed orbits, fifty-three of which have names, and only thirteen of which have diameters larger than 50 kilometers. Saturn has seven moons that are large enough to become spherical. Twenty-four of Saturn's moons are regular satellites; they have prograde orbits not greatly inclined to the Saturn's equatorial plane. These include the seven major satellites, four small moons which exist in a Trojan orbit with larger moons, two mutually co-orbital moons and two moons which act as shepherds of Saturn's F Ring. Two other known regular satellites orbit within gaps in Saturn's rings. The relatively large Hyperion is locked in a resonance with Titan. The remaining regular moons orbit near the outer edge of the A Ring, within G Ring and between the major moons Mimas and Enceladus. The regular satellites are traditionally named after Titans and Titanesses or other figures associated with the mythological Saturn. The remaining thirty-eight, all small except one, are irregular satellites, whose orbits are much farther from Saturn, have high inclinations, and are mixed between prograde and retrograde. These moons are probably captured minor planets, or debris from the breakup of such bodies after they were captured, creating collisional families. The irregular satellites have been classified by their orbital characteristics into the Inuit, Norse, and Gallic groups, and their names are chosen from the corresponding mythologies. The largest of the irregular moons is Phoebe, the ninth moon of Saturn, discovered at the end of the 19th century. The rings of Saturn are made up of objects ranging in size from microscopic to hundreds of meters, each of which is on its own orbit about the planet. Thus, a precise number of Saturnian moons cannot be given, as there is no objective boundary between the countless small anonymous objects that form Saturn's ring system and the larger objects that have been named as moons. At least 150 moonlets embedded in the rings have been detected by the disturbance they create in the surrounding ring material, though this is thought to be only a small sample of the total population of such objects. Daphnis drifts through the Keeler gap Atlas the second of Saturn's known satellites, orbits near the outer edge of the A-ring Enceladus is one of the innermost moons of Saturn. Enceladus reflects almost 100 percent of the sunlight that strikes it and has evidence of internal heating and recent resurfacing effects Hyperion is one of the smaller moons of Saturn. It has a pock-marked body and is the largest irregularly shaped satellite ever observed. Iapetus is one of the stranger moons of Saturn, its leading side is dark with a slight reddish color while its trailing side is bright Dione is the densest moon of Saturn other than Titan, and has several usual characteristics: 1) has a rocky core and ice crust, 2) is heavy cratering on trailing hemisphere, 3) has bright, wispy features Rhea is the largest airless satellite of Saturn that has different regions with different crater sizes indicating that parts of the moon have undergone resurfacing since formation Mimas is one of the innermost moons of Saturn with a very large impact crater that came close to fracturing the moon Tethys is an icy body similar in nature to Dione and Rhea Phoebe is the last of the known satellites of Saturn and orbits in a retrograde direction (opposite to the direction of the other satellites' orbits) in a plane much closer to the ecliptic than to Saturn's equatorial plane. Thus, Phoebe may be a captured asteroid with a composition unmodified since the time it was formed in the outer Solar System. Moons of Uranus: Uranus, the seventh planet of the Solar System, has 27 known moons, all of which are named after characters from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope. William Herschel discovered the first two moons, Titania and Oberon, in 1787, and the other spherical moons were discovered in 1851 by William Lassell (Ariel and Umbriel) and in 1948 by Gerard Kuiper (Miranda). The remaining moons were discovered after 1985, either during the Voyager 2 flyby mission or with the aid of advanced Earth-based telescopes. A montage of Uranus' large moons and one smaller moon: from left to right Puck, Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania and Oberon. Uranian moons are divided into three groups: thirteen inner moons, five major moons, and nine irregular moons. The inner moons are small dark bodies that share common properties and origins with the planet's rings. The five major moons are massive enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium (they were once molten spheres), and four of them show signs of internally driven processes such as canyon formation and volcanism on their surfaces. The largest of these five, Titania, is 1,578 km in diameter and the eighth-largest moon in the Solar System, and about 20 times less massive than Earth's Moon. Uranus's irregular moons have elliptical and strongly inclined (mostly retrograde) orbits at great distances from the planet. Ariel is a relatively small satellite and is the brightest moon of Uranus Miranda with a jumbled surface unlike anything in the Solar System, indicates evidence of violent past with possible multiple shattering and reassembly Titania is the largest moon of Uranus and is marked by a few large impact basins Moons of Neptune: Neptune has thirteen known moons, by far the largest of which is Triton, discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself. Over a century passed before the discovery of the second natural satellite, called Nereid. Neptune's moons are named for minor water deities in Greek mythology. Unique among all large planetary moons, Triton is an irregular satellite, as its orbit is retrograde to Neptune's rotation and inclined relative to the planet's equator. The next-largest irregular satellite in the Solar System, Saturn's moon Phoebe, is only 0.03% Triton's mass. Triton is massive enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium and to retain a thin atmosphere capable of forming clouds and hazes. Both its atmosphere and its surface are composed mainly of nitrogen with small amounts of methane and carbon monoxide. Triton's surface appears relatively young, and was probably modified by internally driven processes within the last few million years. The temperature at its surface is about 38K. Inward of Triton are six regular satellites, all of which have prograde orbits in planes that lie close to Neptune's equatorial plane. Some of these orbit among Neptune's rings. The largest of them is Proteus. Neptune also has six outer irregular satellites, including Nereid, whose orbits are much farther from Neptune, have high inclinations, and are mixed between prograde and retrograde. The two outermost ones, Psamathe and Neso, have the largest orbits of any natural satellites discovered in the Solar System to date. Proteus is one of the darkest objects in the Solar System	i don't know
What has become a custom from armoured knights raising their visors to identify themselves when they rode past their king	Bill Sherwood's Trivia Page - archive page 4 On to page < 1 > < 2 > < 3 > < 5 > < 6 > The flag of the Philippines is the only national flag that is flown differently during times of peace or war. A portion of the flag is blue, while the other is red. The blue portion is flown on top in time of peace and the red portion is flown in war time. The phrase "sleep tight" originated when mattresses were set upon ropes woven through the bed frame. To remedy sagging ropes, one would use a bed key to tighten the rope. It was discovered on a space mission that a frog can throw up. The frog throws up it's stomach first, so the stomach is dangling out of it's mouth. Then the frog uses it's forearms to dig out all of the stomach's contents and then swallows the stomach back down again. A baby eel is called an elver, a baby oyster is called a spat. The arteries and veins surrounding the brain stem called the "circle of Willis" looks like a stick person with a large head. Welsh mercenary bowmen in the medieval period only wore one shoe at a time. Lake Nicaragua boasts the only fresh-water sharks in the entire world. The gene for the Siamese colouration in animals such as cats, rats or rabbits is heat sensitive. Warmth produces a lighter colour than does cold. Putting tape temporarily on Siamese rabbit's ear will make the fur on that ear lighter than on the other one. There are only 12 letters in the Hawaiian alphabet. Venetian blinds were invented in Japan. Armoured knights raised their visors to identify themselves when they rode past their king. This custom has become the modern military salute. Soldiers from every country salute with their right hand. Medieval knights put sharkskin on their sword handles to give them a more secure grip; they would dig the sharp scales into their palms. "Freelance" comes from a knight whose lance was free for hire, i.e. not pledged to one master. Giving the Finger Before the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, the French, anticipating victory over the English, proposed to cut off the middle finger of all captured English soldiers. Without the middle finger it would be impossible to draw the renowned English longbow and therefore they would be incapable of fighting in the future. This famous weapon was made of the native English Yew tree, and the act of drawing the longbow was known as "plucking the yew" (or "pluck yew"). Much to the bewilderment of the French, the English won a major upset and began mocking the French by waving their middle fingers at the defeated French, saying, "See, we can still pluck yew! PLUCK YEW!" Over the years some 'folk etymologies' have grown up around this symbolic gesture. Since 'pluck yew' is rather difficult to say (like "pleasant mother pheasant plucker," which is who you had to go to for the feathers used on the arrows for the longbow), the difficult consonant cluster at the beginning has gradually changed to a labiodental fricative 'F', and thus the words often used in conjunction with the one-finger-salute are mistakenly thought to have something to do with an intimate encounter. It is also because of the pheasant feathers on the arrows that the symbolic gesture is known as "giving the bird." (This is but one possible explanation that I know of) It was illegal to sell ET dolls in France because there is a law against selling dolls without human faces. In the 1983 film "JAWS 3D" the shark blows up. Some of the shark guts were the stuffed ET dolls being sold at the time. Spider Monkeys like banana daiquiris. Dinosaur droppings are called coprolites, and are actually fairly common. The leg bones of a bat are so thin that no bat can walk. The giant squid has the largest eyes in the world. The first letters of the months July through November, in order, spell the name JASON. Moisture, not air, causes superglue to dry. Cyano-acrylate glues (Super glues) were invented by accident. The researcher was trying to make optical coating materials, and would test their properties by putting them between two prisms and shining light through them. When he tried the cyano-acrylate, he couldn't get the prisms apart. A full moon always rises at sunset. If you are locked in a completely sealed room, you will die of carbon dioxide poisoning first before you will die of oxygen deprivation. Panama hats come from Ecuador not Panama. Urea is found in human urine and dalmatian dogs and nowhere else. Human birth control pills work on gorillas. The Earl of Condom was a knighted personal physician to England's King Charles II in the mid-1600's. The Earl was requested to produce a method to protect the King from syphilis. (Charles the II's pleasure loving nature was notorious.) The result should be obvious. There is no word in the English language that rhymes with orange. Neck ties were first worn in Croatia. A banana tree is not a tree; it is an herb. Playing cards were issued to British pilots in WWII. If captured, they could be soaked in water and unfolded to reveal a map for escape. Seoul, the South Korean capital, just means "the capital" in the Korean language. Studies show that if a cat falls off the seventh floor of a building it has about thirty percent less chance of surviving than a cat that falls off the twentieth floor. It supposedly takes about eight floors for the cat to realise what is occurring, relax and correct itself. At about that height it hits maximum speed and when it hits the ground i's rib cage absorbs most of he impact. The letters KGB stand for Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti. The name for Oz in the "Wizard of Oz" was thought up hen the creator, Frank Blum, looked at his filing cabinet and saw A-N, and O-Z, hence "Oz." During WWII the city of Leningrad underwent a seventeen month German siege. Unable to access the city by roads, the Russians built a railroad across the ice on Lake Lagoda to get food and supplies to the citizens. The microwave was invented after a researcher walked by a radar tube and a chocolate bar melted in his pocket. Elton John's real name is Reginald Dwight. Elton comes from Elton Dean, a Bluesology sax player. John comes from Long John Baldry, founder of Blues Inc. They were the first electric white blues band ever seen in England -1961.	Salute
Who is Ben Miller's TV partner in their TV series	armor - definition, etymology and usage, examples and related words armor v armor equip with armor n armor tough more-or-less rigid protective covering of an animal or plant n armor protective covering made of metal and used in combat n armor a military unit consisting of armored fighting vehicles * Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary Interesting fact: Armored knights raised their visors to identify themselves when they rode past their king. This custom has become the modern military salute. Armor Defensive arms for the body; any clothing or covering worn to protect one's person in battle. Armor Steel or iron covering, whether of ships or forts, protecting them from the fire of artillery. * Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia Interesting fact: Leonardo Divinci made sketches of a tracked armored vehicle to be used as an offensive weapon. It was pedal powered. n armor Defensive arms; any covering worn to protect the person against offensive weapons. All available materials that offer some resistance to edge or point have, at various epochs and among various peoples, been put to use for this purpose, as thick skins, garments of linen or of silk, stuffed with vegetable fiber, or made of many thicknesses of material, thin plates of horn or metal, sewed to some textile fabric and lapping over one another like scales, etc. Usually the headpiece was the first piece of armor to be made in solid metal. (See helmet.) The Greeks had a solid cuirass from a very early period. (See cuirass and thorax.) This, with the helmet and the greaves (see greave), constituted the whole armor of the heavy-armed Greek warrior of historic times. The Roman legionary was in general similarly armed, sometimes wearing only one greave. Chain-mail was introduced in the armor of the Roman soldiery. The Norman invaders of England in 1066 wore a conical helmet with a nasal or strong projecting piece of iron coming down over the nose, and long gowns of stuff to which were sewed rings or plates of metal, and the leaders had leg-coverings of similar make. A century later chain-mail was in common use. The knights of the time of Richard I. of England (Cœur de Lion, 1189–1199) wore a long hauberk of chain-mail, reaching to the knee or below, with long sleeves closed at the ends so as to form gloves, and with openings in the sides through which the hands could be passed, leaving the gloves hanging down from the wrist; hose of the same make, either covering the feet or worn with shoes of strong leather; or sometimes long hose of leather laced or buckled like modern long gaiters. A hood, called the camail, sometimes of chain-mail, sometimes of leather, covered the head and descended to the shoulders, and upon this rested the iron helmet, either of conical form or rounded or acorn-shaped, without vizor, pressing on the head at its lower edge, where it was often secured to the camail, and rising above the crown of the head. Very rarely in this reign a closed helmet was used, as seen on a seal of King Richard I.; helmets of this form became common early in the reign of Henry III. (1216–1272). By the time of Henry IV. (1399–1413) and his invasion of France (1411), the knight was completely clothed in armor of plates, chain-mail being used at the junction of the limbs with the body, at the elbow- and knee-joints, and for a hood covering the top of the corselet. Finally, under Henry VI. (1422–1461), at about the time that the English were driven out of France (1453), the suit of armor reached its complete development, being forged of thin steel to fit the body and limbs, weighing not over 60 or 70 pounds in all, and allowing of free movement. This, however, was extremely costly. The armor worn in jousts and tournaments was very different after the twelfth century from that worn in war, being heavier, and neither allowing the knight to dismount without assistance nor affording him adequate protection if dismounted. For war, in spite of the general adoption of firearms, armor, though not investing the whole body, continued to be worn by officers and mounted men until the close of the seventeenth century, in the wars of Louis XIV.'s reign, and, indeed, survives to this day in the helmets and cuirasses of certain corps of cavalry. (The cuts are from Viollet-le-Duc's “Dict. du Mobilier français.”) n armor The metallic sheathing, intended as a protection against projectiles, for a ship of war or the exposed face of a fortification. Figuratively, a defensive covering of any kind; that which serves as a protection or safeguard; a bulwark: used in zoology and botany of the protective envelop or cover of an animal or a plant, as the scales of a fish or the plates of a crocodile. n armor In magnetism, same as armature armor To cover with armor or armor-plate. n armor In paleobotany, the thick covering or jacket which surrounds the woody axis of fossil cycadean trunks, consisting of the persistent leaf-bases and the copious ramentum which fills the interstices between them. The ramentum is firmly silicified, forming walls around the leaf-bases; and where, as is usually the case, only the lower portion of the leaf-bases is preserved, the triangular cavities remaining give to the trunks a honeycomblike appearance. * * In science: The DU in these anti-tank weapons is initially in solid form, e.g., in the case of the API PGU 14/B projectiles delivered by A-10 ground-attack aircrafts, in the form of a 96 mm long and 16 mm diameters cylinder which constitutes the main component of the armor-piercing penetrators. A comparison of delayed radiobiological effects of depleted-uranium munitions versus fourth-generation nuclear weapons These results confirm the known fact: more rigid armors can possess less stopping power. Note that the related concept of the so-called super-plastic protective structures (SPPS) can be found in . Numerical simulation of high-speed penetration-perforation dynamics in layered armor shields However, with more data, and further analysis, chinks in the CKM armor may well appear. Theory Summary of the Electroweak Session for Moriond 2005 Experimental ingenuity has not been able to pierce the Model’s armor and I cannot help thinking of the prophetic words of Leon Lederman at the Rochester meeting held in Madison twenty ﬁve years ago: “the experimentalists do not have enough money and the theorists are overconﬁdent”. Lepton Photon Symposium 2005: Summary and Outlook The most relevant parts of this text refer to the bias present in seemingly objective judgements. For example, the trend towards predicting an outcome favourably due to the fact that the subject has a vested interest in the outcome (Armor and Taylor, 2000). Exploring Human Factors in Spreadsheet Development If we consider hypothesis fixation, confirmation bias (Fraser and Smith, 2002) or optimistic bias (Armor and Taylor, 2002) in this context, the little testing that is applied can be rendered invalid. Exploring Human Factors in Spreadsheet Development However, data from the related research areas of behind-armor blunt trauma (BABT) and ballistic pressure waves (BPW) are also instructive. Working toward exposure thresholds for blast-induced traumatic brain injury: thoracic and acceleration mechanisms Such pressure waves can be initiated by the rapid deformation of body armor due to ballistic impact (Cannon, 2001; Roberts et al., 2007; Merkle et al., 2008). Working toward exposure thresholds for blast-induced traumatic brain injury: thoracic and acceleration mechanisms The notable feature across the board for new physics search at the LHC, however, is that no cracks were found in SM’s armor. Hints for a Low Bs --> mu+ mu- Rate and the Fourth Generation Although strenuous efforts have been made to uncover chinks in its armor, the Standard Model remains so far unscathed by Run I searches at the Tevatron. Searches for New Physics at the Tevatron ***	i don't know
Which Carol won the first Celebrity Stars in Their Eyes	Stars in Their Eyes - UKGameshows Stars in Their Eyes Cat Deeley (2003: stand-in, 2004-6: permanent) Harry Hill (2015) Peter Dickson (stand-in) Broadcast Granada in association with J. E. Entertainment and Action Time for ITV, 21 July 1990 to 23 December 2006 (166 epsiodes in 16 series + 49 specials) Initial (an Endemol company) for ITV, 10 January to 14 February 2015 (6 episodes in 1 series) as Star in Their Eyes: Kids, 21 July 2001 to 18 March 2006 (Pilot + 33 episodes in 4 series) Synopsis Singer impersonation show. Five people who think they sound like a musical star talk to Matthew about their job, their life and the universe. They then go through the "star door" and (kaboom!) after a few dry ice clouds they suddenly become the star of their choosing. You don't see the bit where they're done up in Make-Up for an hour but still... The lighting effects do overtime. They then give a performance sounding like the star of their choice. Of the five, an average of two or three will be people you're guaranteed to have never heard of, the audience has never heard of (but will clap exactly four bars into their song regardless) and the producers have never heard of, but the performances are usually of a high standard. A member of the public becomes George Michael for the night At the end of the show, the audience votes for whoever they thought was best, the winners going through to the live grand final. In the live grand final, the 9 heat winners (12 from 1996-9, 10 from 2000-6) each sing live on television and there is an hour-long phone poll to decide the winner. The final scores for the 10th series final. ...and "Chris de Burgh" is the winner! Matthew Kelly congratulates the winner. Often, record companies watching the show ring up offer contracts to certain contestants and aren't told about it until their amount of votes is read out in the results show. The winners are always the bloke playing Marti Pellow from Wet Wet Wet (even if he isn't actually in the final) and BT who take over a million 0898 calls. A fixture of Saturday nights for donkey's years, Stars in Their Eyes fell off our screens in 2006. No-one much missed the show at the time, but repeats showed it could still bring in an audience. After ITV decided not to pursue the talent show Rising Star, the old faithful Stars in Their Eyes was recommissioned in 2015. Comedian Harry Hill took over the host's duties, and steered the show in a new direction. It became a vehicle for his trademark anarchic humour, all slapstick and sketches with very little singing. Unfortunately, this outraged many viewers who were fans of the original and ratings soon plummeted from 3.41m to 1.86m in the first four weeks alone. Celebrity special A special show in 1998 allowed celebrities to become other celebrities (confused?) for a night. It's fair to say there were some surprises. Promotional postcard for the first celebrity special Tricia Penrose (actress from Heartbeat) portrayed Lisa Stansfield; Frank Skinner (comedian) was Elvis Costello; Carol Vorderman ( Countdown ) became Cher, Steven Houghton (from drama series London's Burning) was Spandau Ballet's Tony Hadley. Five of the cast of supersoap Coronation Street became The Spice Girls. Host Matthew Kelly (third from right) with the cast of Coronation Street, before their transformation. There have been several more of these since then. Catchphrases "Tonight (host's name), I'm going to be..." Inventor Based on Joop van den Ende's Dutch format, The Soundmixshow. Theme music Ray Monk, who was also the show's musical director for many years. Trivia The finals during Leslie Crowther's era were pre-recorded. Peter Dickson temporarily replaced Andrew Brittain as announcer when the live final and a celebrity special both had to be relocated to BBC Television Centre because of an asbestos outbreak at Granada's Manchester studios where the show was usually recorded. Matthew Kelly was inititally hired as caretaker host following Leslie's car accident in 1992, but became permanent when Leslie was unable to return and later died in 1996. For the first four series (1990-3) the shows were 30 minutes each. From 1994, the shows were 45 minutes each and also filmed profiles of the star guests were added. In 1994, Greg Bannis landed the job of lead singer of Hot Chocolate after appearing on the show as the group's former lead singer Errol Brown. He stayed with them until 2010. When repeated on the Challenge channel, an episode from series 3 was skipped because apparantly, a contestant was in the form of Gary Glitter. Champions	Carol Vorderman
What was the name of Tom's wife in the TV sitcom The Good Life	Stars in Their Eyes - UKGameshows Stars in Their Eyes Cat Deeley (2003: stand-in, 2004-6: permanent) Harry Hill (2015) Peter Dickson (stand-in) Broadcast Granada in association with J. E. Entertainment and Action Time for ITV, 21 July 1990 to 23 December 2006 (166 epsiodes in 16 series + 49 specials) Initial (an Endemol company) for ITV, 10 January to 14 February 2015 (6 episodes in 1 series) as Star in Their Eyes: Kids, 21 July 2001 to 18 March 2006 (Pilot + 33 episodes in 4 series) Synopsis Singer impersonation show. Five people who think they sound like a musical star talk to Matthew about their job, their life and the universe. They then go through the "star door" and (kaboom!) after a few dry ice clouds they suddenly become the star of their choosing. You don't see the bit where they're done up in Make-Up for an hour but still... The lighting effects do overtime. They then give a performance sounding like the star of their choice. Of the five, an average of two or three will be people you're guaranteed to have never heard of, the audience has never heard of (but will clap exactly four bars into their song regardless) and the producers have never heard of, but the performances are usually of a high standard. A member of the public becomes George Michael for the night At the end of the show, the audience votes for whoever they thought was best, the winners going through to the live grand final. In the live grand final, the 9 heat winners (12 from 1996-9, 10 from 2000-6) each sing live on television and there is an hour-long phone poll to decide the winner. The final scores for the 10th series final. ...and "Chris de Burgh" is the winner! Matthew Kelly congratulates the winner. Often, record companies watching the show ring up offer contracts to certain contestants and aren't told about it until their amount of votes is read out in the results show. The winners are always the bloke playing Marti Pellow from Wet Wet Wet (even if he isn't actually in the final) and BT who take over a million 0898 calls. A fixture of Saturday nights for donkey's years, Stars in Their Eyes fell off our screens in 2006. No-one much missed the show at the time, but repeats showed it could still bring in an audience. After ITV decided not to pursue the talent show Rising Star, the old faithful Stars in Their Eyes was recommissioned in 2015. Comedian Harry Hill took over the host's duties, and steered the show in a new direction. It became a vehicle for his trademark anarchic humour, all slapstick and sketches with very little singing. Unfortunately, this outraged many viewers who were fans of the original and ratings soon plummeted from 3.41m to 1.86m in the first four weeks alone. Celebrity special A special show in 1998 allowed celebrities to become other celebrities (confused?) for a night. It's fair to say there were some surprises. Promotional postcard for the first celebrity special Tricia Penrose (actress from Heartbeat) portrayed Lisa Stansfield; Frank Skinner (comedian) was Elvis Costello; Carol Vorderman ( Countdown ) became Cher, Steven Houghton (from drama series London's Burning) was Spandau Ballet's Tony Hadley. Five of the cast of supersoap Coronation Street became The Spice Girls. Host Matthew Kelly (third from right) with the cast of Coronation Street, before their transformation. There have been several more of these since then. Catchphrases "Tonight (host's name), I'm going to be..." Inventor Based on Joop van den Ende's Dutch format, The Soundmixshow. Theme music Ray Monk, who was also the show's musical director for many years. Trivia The finals during Leslie Crowther's era were pre-recorded. Peter Dickson temporarily replaced Andrew Brittain as announcer when the live final and a celebrity special both had to be relocated to BBC Television Centre because of an asbestos outbreak at Granada's Manchester studios where the show was usually recorded. Matthew Kelly was inititally hired as caretaker host following Leslie's car accident in 1992, but became permanent when Leslie was unable to return and later died in 1996. For the first four series (1990-3) the shows were 30 minutes each. From 1994, the shows were 45 minutes each and also filmed profiles of the star guests were added. In 1994, Greg Bannis landed the job of lead singer of Hot Chocolate after appearing on the show as the group's former lead singer Errol Brown. He stayed with them until 2010. When repeated on the Challenge channel, an episode from series 3 was skipped because apparantly, a contestant was in the form of Gary Glitter. Champions	i don't know
What is a freshwater lobster commonly known as	Crustaceans Crustaceans Decapods - Lobsters & Crayfish There are two main groups of lobsters which are all marine arthropods - Clawed lobsters (30 species) and Spiny or Rock Lobsters (45 species). The best known Clawed lobsters are the American and European lobsters - these are called "true" lobsters. Marine spiny lobsters, some of which are also called crayfish in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, do not have large claws, their first pair of legs are only slightly larger than the other four pairs. Lobsters are found in all the world's oceans. They live on rocky, sandy, or muddy bottoms from the shoreline to beyond the edge of the continental shelf. They generally alone in crevices or in burrows under rocks. Lobsters are omnivores coming out at night to eat fish, molluscs, other crustaceans, worms, and some plant life. They also are scavengers when necessary. Their predators include bottom dwelling fish, such as cod, flounder, and eels, crabs, and seals. Most lobsters are 25 to 50 centimetres in length, Adult crayfish are usually 5 to 17.5 centimetres long. The largest lobster caught weighed over 20 kilograms They move by slowly walking on the sea floor. When avoiding predators they swim backwards quickly by curling and uncurling their abdomen. Lobsters must moult to grow, during the moulting several species change color. Lobsters have 10 walking legs; the front two acting as claws with one often being much larger than the other. Their antennae and tiny hairs that cover the entire body are sensitive to touch.Short bristles cover the insides of the pincers on the walking legs, these are taste receptors. Their head and thorax are fused into one section called the cephalothorax. Lobsters, like snails and spiders, have blue blood due to the presence of the blood pigment haemocyanin, which contains copper rather than iron which is in haemoglobin. Lobsters possess a green organ, the hepatopancreas, which acts as both liver and pancreas. External anatomy of a lobster A lobster will moult up to 25 times in its first 5 years of life then ,as an adult, it will moult about once a year. All lobsters and crayfish produce eggs which are carried by the adult female attached to the swimmerets. When they hatch they vecome part of the plankton for up to a year until they settle on the ocean floor. Crayfish Crayfish.also known as crawfish, or crawdads are freshwater crustaceans resembling small lobsters, to which they are not closely related. They breathe through feather-like gills and live on the muddy bottom of freshwater lakes, rivers, dams and streams. Crayfish feed .at nightby crawling along the mud to feed on aquatic vegetation, worms, insects, molluscs and decayed organic matter. Their pincerlike claws are used to crush and tear food into smaller pieces. If scared the crayfish rears up, raising its claws threateningly. The fanshaped tail then propels the crayfish backward, flinging mud at the enemy. Australasia has over 100 freshwater species including the marron (Cherax tenuimanus), red-claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus), yabby (Cherax destructor) and western yabby (Cherax preissii). The world's largest freshwater crayfish, Astacopsis gouldi, can weigh up to 5 kilograms and is found in the rivers of northern Tasmania. Lobster tail Squat Lobsters Squat Lobsters are not lobsters at all, but are more closely related to porcelain crabs, hermit crabs and, more distantly, the true crabs. They belong to a group called the Anomurans. The 870 species are found worldwide in theall the oceans from near the surface to deep sea hydrothermal vents, living mostly in rock crevices and under boulders. They are much smaller than the true lobsters usually with flattened bodies and the abdomen is usually curled under its body. The front legs are very long with long claws. Most of them are are scavengers, scooping up muddy or sandy deposits to sort out edible bits with their mouth parts. Some are predators of small fish, larger fish are also one of their predators. Their big eyes give them good vision, and flapping their muscular tail propels them backwards at high speeds. The largest species of squat lobster growis up to 19 cm in length. Despite their size, Squat Lobstersare considered to be a delicacy in Europe.	Crayfish
What sport is enjoyed by Wigan Wasps	Zebra Crayfish - Aquatic Arts 1 Juvenile Zebra Crayfish Details * For the safety of our animals, we now ship cherax crayfish exclusively via UPS Next Day Air. If your order contains this item, you will only see UPS Next Day Air as a shipping option during checkout * Also known as "Asian Tiger Lobster", this is one of the largest freshwater crayfish available and features stunning pastel colors. The Zebra Crayfish (Cherax peknyi) is a fairly recently discovered and uncommon species of crayfish native to Papua, Indonesia. This crayfish is also commonly known as the Asian Tiger Freshwater Lobster, though true lobsters do not exist in freshwater. Orange, blue, white, and black are all distinctly shown on this crayfish. The Zebra Crayfish breeds easily in the aquarium, but the fry are extremely slow growing. In fact, many of our specimens have bred in our tanks at our facility! This particular crayfish is relatively active and spends plenty of time exploring the floor of the aquarium in search of food. The Zebra Crayfish is an omnivorous scavenger and will eat most any meaty or plant-based foods. This crayfish should not be kept with ornamental live plants as it will eat them at a surprising rate. As it reaches adulthood, the Zebra Crayfish will become relatively territorial, so it may behave aggressively towards other animals in the tank. It is important that ample hiding places such as rockwork, driftwood, or PVC pipes be provided. This is even more crucial when housing multiple crayfish in the same tank. Due to the size and waste production of this crayfish, a minimum 30-gallon, well-filtered aquarium is necessary for one adult. A larger aquarium of 55 gallon or larger aquarium can house multiple adults of similar size. This is a reasonably hardy animal, but regular water changes are vital to its optimal health. Other bottom-dwelling invertebrates and fish should not be kept with large crayfish. It is possible to keep mid- and upper-level, fast-swimming fish with the Zebra Crayfish, but crayfish are opportunistic feeders and will generally eat whatever they can catch. As with all of our crayfish, the coloration of the Zebra Crayfish is EXTREMELY high quality - much higher quality than others on the market. This crayfish may TEMPORARILY change color and hide more than usual after molting, which may occur during shipping. If your crayfish is not blue and you find a molt in the bag or in your aquarium, do not worry; this is normal and the bright color will return in 2 weeks or less. IMPORTANT Please "Choose a Variant" above before adding this crayfish to your cart. The variants we're currently offering are: 1 Zebra Crayfish (Cherax peknyi) - 3 to 4 inch Young Adult (No sex specified / Most popular option). 1 B-Grade Zebra Crayfish (Cherax peknyi) - 3 to 4 inch Young Adult (All of our “B-Grade” crayfish are simply specimens that are missing legs or claws. Loss of appendages is not permanent and happens commonly with crustaceans. They are completely healthy with excellent coloration and will completely regenerate lost appendages within 1 to 2 molts (about 2 to 3 months). 1 Juvenile Zebra Crayfish (Cherax peknyi) - 1+ inch (A younger and smaller variant of Zebra Crayfish at a lower price than our young adult specimens. This is a particularly fast-growing, hardy species and will usually grow well into adult size and coloration within 1 to 3 months. In the meantime, any customers who choose to go with a juvenile specimen can save some money and experience the excitement of watching their little crayfish grow!) What We Like About This Crayfish: Consistently excellent orange, blue, white, black, and brown coloration Less aggressive than many other crayfish Easy to feed Temperature: 68° - 85° F (20° - 29° C) pH: 6.5 - 7.5	i don't know
In skiing what term describes a straight high speed downhill run	Skiing Glossary - REI Expert Advice Learn at REI > Expert Advice > Skiing Glossary Skiing Glossary New to downhill skiing? This skiing can quickly help you to get familiar with the most common terminology. A-D A Aerial—Airborne, gymnastic-type maneuvers performed on skis. Done by freestyle skiers who first ski off a jump. AFD (Anti-Friction Device)—Teflon® pad or mechanical slider attached to the top of the ski just behind the binding toe unit. The ski boot toe rests on this piece. Reduces friction between the top of the ski and the boot sole so that the boot releases smoothly during a fall. All Mountain Skis—Skis designed to perform well in a variety of snow conditions over the whole mountain. Alpine Skiing—Commonly known as downhill skiing. Uses stiff-cambered skis, hard-shell boots and fixed-heel, releasable bindings. B Base—The material on the underside of the ski, which allows it to slide when waxed. Usually made of polyethylene, the most common brand of which is P-Tex 1000. Black Diamond—An expert-level ski slope designated by a sign with a black diamond on a white background. Boards—Another term for skis. Bumps (see Moguls) C Camber—The slight arch of a nonweighted ski when resting on a flat surface which contributes to the ski's flexibility. A ski with higher camber will feel springier than one with low camber. Alpine skis have alpine camber. They lack a significant arch or wax pocket underfoot, as found on Cross-Country-camber skis. Cap Skis—Skis designed with a seamless piece covering the top and sides so there are no separate sidewalls. Plastic caps, sometimes called "monocoque" construction, cover the true structure of the ski, usually a torsion box or a laminate. Carve—A clean turn made on the edge of the ski, without skidding. The skier must put pressure and weight on the ski edge, which forms an arc in the snow. Catwalk—A gentle, narrow trail that joins one ski slope to another or that winds down the entire mountain. Chatter—Vibration or instability of a ski on hard snow due to the edges bouncing off the snow instead of biting in. Christie—A braking turn in which the ski tails are allowed to skid. Easier to do than carving turns since the skis are not angled up on their edges. Core—The center section of a ski, usually made of foam or laminated wood, which holds the structural layers apart. A ski's flex is determined by its core thickness. Corn Snow—Snow condition usually occurring in spring and consisting of small, rounded "kernels" or balls. Crud—Transition snow that is not packed down by skiers or grooming machines. Altered by temperature changes and repeated snowfalls, it has variable consistency, making it difficult to ski on. D Damping—A ski's resistance to sustained vibration, usually built into the ski with layers of shock-absorbing material. Delamination—The separation of a ski's base or top sheet from its core, which is usually irreparable. DIN—Deutsche Industrie Normen (German industrial standards organization). Sets standards for many things, among them alpine ski binding release settings and boot soles. (One DIN standard relates to the shape of boots as they fit into bindings.) The term "DIN" is typically used to refer to the binding release values when relating to alpine skiing. Double Diamond—An extreme, expert-only ski slope, designated by a sign with 2 black diamonds on a white background. Downhill—High-speed ski racing with tight turns and jumps. Speeds can be in excess of 60 mph. Also, the common term used for alpine skiing. E-L E Edge—Usually made of carbon steel, it is the sharpened part on either side of a ski's base that bites into the snow. To edge a ski is to tip it up onto the side, pressing the steel edges into the snow. Express Lift—Common name for a high-speed chairlift. F Fall Line—The line of gravity or the most direct route down a slope. Fat Skis—Very wide skis designed to perform in deep powder snow. FIS—Federation Internationale de Ski, the international governing body of alpine and Cross-Country skiing. Flex—The amount of stiffness or "give" in a ski. A softer-flexed ski will perform better on soft, deep snow, whereas a stiff-flexed ski handles better on hard-packed snow. Free-Carving—The relatively new style of skiing in which skiers use super-sidecut skis to make extreme, carved turns at high speeds, but without gates or moguls. The skier leans into the turn and compresses the legs. Poles are optional. Freeride—Term given to skis built to handle everything from powdery, groomed slopes to bumps, crud and other challenging terrain. Freestyle Skiing—Acrobatic skiing that includes moguls, jumps and aerial maneuvers such as twists and somersaults. G Giant Slalom (also G.S.)—A racecourse with medium-to-long-radius turns around gates. Also the type of skis used in those races. Gondola—A fully enclosed ski lift, in which skiers remove skis and stand or sit. Groomed Run—A ski run that has been smoothed over by machine for more consistent skiing. H Hourglass Skis—Super-sidecut skis, or skis on which the tips and tails are significantly wider than the waist. I Inner Boot—Insulating, cushioning ski boot liner that can be removed for drying. Fits inside the rigid plastic outer boot. M-S M Mashed Potatoes—Lumpy, wet snow that catches ski tips and edges easily, making skiing challenging. Moguls—Humps of snow created by skiers repeatedly making turns in the same places on the slope. Also known as bumps. N NASTAR (National Standard Racing)— A racing organization for recreational skiers. O Off-piste—The area beyond the groomed runs of a ski area or backcountry away from developed ski areas. Overlap Boots—Traditional-style ski boot that closes in front with overlapping flaps and several buckles P Parabolic Skis—Shaped skis, or the most dramatically sidecut skis. Easier for beginners and intermediates to turn and control. Parallel Turn—A turn in which the skis are parallel to each other (rather than angled, as in a wedge turn). Piste—French for a groomed course on snow or the groomed portion of a ski area (see Off-piste). Powder—Fresh, dry snow, prized by skiers and snowboarders for its lightness. PSIA—Professional Ski Instructors of America. The organization that certifies most ski professionals in the U.S. Q Quad—Chairlift that carries 4 people per chair. R Rear-Entry Boots—A style of ski boot that opens in back with a hinged flap that you push down to open and pull up to close. Usually has 1 or 2 buckles. Most commonly used for children and beginning skiers. Rock Skis—Old skis used for thin snow conditions in early and late season when hitting rocks is more likely. Rope Tow—A lift that pulls skiers up gentler slopes. Skiers hold on to handles along a continuously moving "rope" and keep their skis flat on the snow. S Shaped Skis (see Hourglass Skis) Sidecut—The difference in millimeters between the ski's waist (or narrowest part) and the tip and tail. A large sidecut allows skis to carve turns more readily. Sidewall—The material along the sides of a ski that covers the structural and core components (see Cap Skis). Schuss—Literally, "to shoot" or "shot" in German. To ski straight downhill very fast with skis parallel. Ski Boards—Very short, twin-tipped skis used for carving fast turns, jumping and doing acrobatic tricks. Slalom—Skiing in a zigzag or wavy course between upright obstacles, usually flags. Also, a timed ski race over a winding or zigzag course past a series of flags or markers. Snowcat—A machine driven over the snow (on belts similar to a bulldozer's) to groom slopes for skiing or to transport people and gear. Snowplow—A means of slowing or stopping on skis in which ski tips are pointed inward, tails outward, and pressure is put on the inside edges. Stem Christie—A skiing turn begun by stemming a ski (pushing the tail outward) and completed by bringing the skis parallel into a christie (a braking turn in which the ski tails are allowed to skid). T-Z T T-Bar—A ski lift that pulls one or 2 skiers up a slope at a time with their skis resting on the snow. Skiers lean their hips/buttocks against a bar that hangs down between them. Torsional Rigidity—Resistance to twisting. A ski's torsional rigidity comes from its construction and core materials. A more rigid ski performs well on hard snow, whereas a less rigid ski will be easier to handle in soft snow. Tuck—A tight, forward-lean position used for fast downhill runs. The skier is in a squatting position with the arms tight against the sides and skis parallel. W Waist—The narrowest part of a ski in between the tip and the tail. Wedge (see Snowplow)	Schuss
Which English town or city was the first to introduce a congestion charge on 1 October 2002	Schuss \| Define Schuss at Dictionary.com schuss [shoo s, shoos] /ʃʊs, ʃus/ Skiing. Spell a straight downhill run at high speed. verb (used without object) to schuss the slopes around Aspen. Origin of schuss 1935-40; < German; cognate with shot 1 Related forms British Dictionary definitions for schuss Expand a straight high-speed downhill run verb (intransitive) to perform a schuss Word Origin Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012	i don't know
What letter do the motorways in France begin with	Driving in France - all you need to know Driving in France - a thematic guide to France Driving in France - 2017 - maps best routes to the south of France ► Real time map showing traffic congestion and hazards on French roads. Zoom in. ► Ferries to France , book directly at cheapest rates Driving through France - the main routes for driving to the south or west : ► click map for enlargement and details. About-France.com - over 200 pages of up-to-date general, cultural, travel and tourist information about France, written by people who know. All content on this site is written exclusively for this website . About-France.com on your phone View fast mobile version of this page or extended mobile version ►► Site guide Encyclopedic dictionary of modern France - key figures, institutions, acronyms, culture, icons, etc. ►► Other key pages : Motorway driving in France is normally quite relaxed... Related pages: The Millau viaduct Public holidays in France. The following days are public holidays ("jours fériés") in France, when all or most shops tend to be shut. January 1st, New year's day Easter Monday (though not Good Friday except in Alsace), May 1st, Labour Day, Fête du Travail May 8th, Armistice Day July 14th, Bastille Day, Fête Nationale August 15th, French August bank holiday November 1st, Toussaint, All Saints' Day November 11th, Armistice, first world war. Christmas (though not Boxing Day) Unlike in the UK, when a public holiday falls during a weekend, there is no extra compensating holiday on the following Monday. Note that on public holidays, hypermarkets will generally be shut, so unless you have a chip and pin credit card that works in French automatic petrol pumps, you'll need to fill up on the motorway or in normal filling stations. Other "driving in" pages.... Jump to ► Rules of the road - driving laws in France Driving in France is generally a pleasure for anyone used to the heavy traffic encountered on all roads in much of the south of England or the Netherlands. Apart from round big cities like Lille, Paris, Lyon, Marseilles or Toulouse, and apart from the country's busiest motorways, the A1 (Paris - Lille) the A10 (Paris - Bordeaux) the A6, the A7 and the A9 (Paris - Marseille - Nice - Perpignan), and apart of course from the busiest holiday Saturdays, traffic is generally free-moving on the main network, and light to very light on minor routes. About-France.com helps you pick the best routes, and avoid the worst bottlenecks and the busiest periods. PLAN YOUR JOURNEY...... AVOID THE BUSIEST WEEKENDS Summer 2017 Here are the days on which to avoid the French motorway system if you possibly can. Heavy holiday traffic on these days will lead to delays and tailbacks across the network, most particularly on the following motorways: A1 Lille-Paris, A6 Paris-Lyon, A7 Lyon Marseilles, A8 Marseille-Nice, A9 Avignon-Perpignan, A10 Paris-Bordeaux (in parts). A63 around Biarritz, and Alpine motorways in general. Official traffic density forecasts: Orange : delays likely in some places Red= busy, Black = saturated : delays certain in busy spots Southbound Fri 7th, Saturday 8th red Sunday 9th orange, Thur 13th Red, Fri 14th Red round Paris, orange elsewhere Orange , Saturday 15th RED in south. orange elsewhere, Friday 21st Orange, Saturday 29th July - BLACK everywhere - Sunday orange Saturday 15th : orange in rhone valley Sunday July 16th Red and orange Saturday 22nd Orange in south Friday 29th Orange in Rhone valley Saturday 30th July, RED in south, orange elsewhere Sunday 30th Orange in south and Rhone valley August: Sat 5th Aug BLACK in Rhone valley and Mediterranean motorways -red elsewhere Friday 11th Orange in Rhone valley and 12th Aug black Saturday 19th RED or orange Saturday 26th ; orange Friday 4th Orange in southwest and south Saturday 5th & Sunday 6th Orange everywhere Friday 11th oange everywhere Sunday 13th Orange in south of France Friday 18th Red in Rhone valley & south, orange elsewhere Saturday 19th BLACK in Rhone valley & south, RED elsewhere Sunday 20th Orange everywhere Friday 25th Red in Rhone valley & southwest, orange elsewhere. Saturday 26th RED everywhere Sunday 27th Orange everywhere MOTORWAYS OR NOT ? ► Avoiding problems. When driving in France, in spite of the cost, it is generally worthwhile taking motorways (autoroutes) unless you have time to go at a more leisurely pace. However, there are some useful tips to help you cut down on the cost of your trip across France. a) Petrol (gasolene) (fr. essence): don't fill up on the autoroute! Wait until a major intersection near a town or city, and come off the autoroute. You will almost certainly find a hypermarket / superstore within a kilometer or so of the exit, offering cut price fuel. The saving can be us much as 15 centimes per litre. b) Anyone who intends to do lots of driving in France could find it in their interest to have a diesel car, particularly a modern fuel-efficient model. Diesel fuel in France (often called gasoil, pronounced gaz-warle) used to be about a third cheaper than unleaded, but that is no longer the case; today - 2017 - diesel retails for about 20 centimes a litre less than unleaded, but it also goes further. Very few service stations now stock the old leaded petrol, known as "super". See petrol prices in France below for recent updates. c) Use free autoroutes or dual-carriageways where they exist. See below for details. See below for ideas on avoiding accidents . ► French road signs: Signs indicating a motorway route (whether on the motorway or pointing to it) are indicated with white lettering on a blue background, as in the picture below left. Signs indicating a non-motorway main route (route nationale or other) are indicated with white lettering on a green background, as in ►FRENCH MOTORWAYS: French motorways, known as autoroutes, are designated with numbers preceded by the letter A (for Autoroute). Thus, when driving to the south of France from Calais , you can either take the A16 autoroute towards Amiens and Paris, or (normally an easier solution) the A26 motorway via Rheims. Most French autoroutes are toll motorways, and entrances to them are marked as such with the word "Péage" (pronounced pay-arje). The normal procedure is to pick up a ticket from a booth as you enter the autoroute (just press the button); tolls are paid either when you leave the autoroute, or else when the toll section comes to an end. In a few places, there are fixed toll points on the autoroute, notably in urban areas or toll bridges. Principal signs on French toll gates: X - Red cross: closed - Green arrow: open, all methods of payment Blue CB rectangle or black and white credit card pictogram : debit or credit cards only Orange T : Télépéage – slow down only, no stopping - only for vehicles fitted with toll charging sensors. Many toll-gates are for both credit-card payment and Telepéage... meaning that if you have a télépége transpondre, you may still get held up behind people paying by card, if there is a queue. Cash payment toll-gates (green arrow or pictogram of coins) will provide change – even the automatic ones. Frankly, for occasional French motorway users, subscribing to the Liber-T system is a waste of money - unless you think that 20 € a year is worth paying in order to save perhaps a total of 10 minutes at the tolls, or are only travelling at very busy periods. On normal days, you can be through a credit-card payment booth in a minute or less. The "Liber-T" charging sensor is available in the UK, but Sanef , the French motorway operators' company, charges higher rates for users applying via its English language website than for applications from its French website - which can only be used by people having a bank account in France. 2017 Motorway tolls in France - Tolls valid as of January 2017 The cost of motorway travel for a car without caravan or trailer is about 1 €uro for 10 miles. For example, in March 2016 motorway tolls on the 1060 km trip from Calais to Marseille , via Reims, almost all of it on toll motorways, cost 88.2 €uros, about £64. . Here are the toll costs for a selection of other common journeys that use toll motorways over long distances: Sample selection of motorway tolls : Jan 2017 (for cars) (For Car + caravan or normal size motorhome ; add about 50%). Truck / HGV toll rates (class 4) : approximately three times the rate for cars. From Calais : Le Havre - Montpellier via Chartres & A 71: 44.70 € Le Havre - Bordeaux, via Alençon: 62.80 € Le Havre - Bordeaux, via Paris: 74.20 € Roscoff - Toulouse via Bordeaux: 43.00 € Paris - Nice via Beaune 75.00 € Paris - Bordeaux via A10 : 54.40 € Paris - Bordeaux via A10 to Poitiers then N10 via Angoulême: 34.60 € Bruxelles / Brussels - Marseilles, via Valenciennes and Reims: 78.60 € Strasbourg - le Perthus (Spanish border): 69.80 € Freiburg im Breisgau / Mulhouse - Perpignan: 68.20 € Freiburg / Mulhouse - Montpellier, via Lyon: 54.30 € Freiburg im Breisgau - Bayonne, via Châlon sur Saône and Bordeaux: 64.80 € The average cost per kilometre depends on what proportion of the journey involves free motorways or other roads. Drivers wanting to avoid French the tolls should remember that it is not necessarily the best solution, particularly in fairly populated areas. Using other roads, with their traffic lights, speed restrictions and roundabouts will mean longer journey times and more stress. ... even if you have a satnav to help you along... Alternatively, check out this low-tolls or no-tolls route to Southwest France and the Spanish border. ► TIP : Ways to save on motorway tolls when driving to southwest France Though it is usually easiest and in the end worth it to take direct motorways and pay the tolls, there is one journey where you can make an appreciable saving for just a few extra kilometres. If driving from Paris to Bordeaux and southwest France, do not follow the A 10 motorway all the way. Leave the A10 at Orleans, following A71 > A20 Toulouse. At Limoges, follow N141 > Angoulême. At Angoulême, follow the N10 for Bordeaux. All but about 60 km. of this alternative route to Bordeaux is on autoroutes or dual carriageway, but after Vierzon, it's all free. Saving: about 36 €uros less in tolls, for a distance of about 15 miles extra.... and cheaper off-motorway petrol if you need it. Alternatively, check this low-tolls or no-tolls route to Southwest France and the Spanish border. Among free motorways note in particular two thirds of the section on the A16 - A28 route between Calais and Rouen the A 84 from Caen to Rennes 275 km of the A20 from Vierzon to just south of Brive la Gaillarde (the longest stretch of free motorway in France, and the main Paris-Toulouse route). the A75 motorway between Clermont Ferrand and Beziers - an alternate route for people driving to Languedoc and the Spanish border. Note however the Millau viaduct has a toll ( Toll prices ). Mountain motorway not recommended for caravans or in winter. the motorway between Dunkerque and Lille. Most urban and peri-urban autoroutes in France are also free; and even when they are not, it makes more sense to pay the toll and avoid miles of traffic lights and congestion. ► Major dual-carriageway routes For other dual carriageways, check on a detailed map of France . ► TRUNK ROADS : These in France are still popularly known as "routes nationales". However, in the framework of "regionalisation", responsibility for most roads has been devolved to local authorities, and the concept of "routes nationales" has largely disappeared. The only "N" roads that now survive are ones that - in the absence of an "autoroute", form part of the strategic national road network, such as the N21 from Limoges to Tarbes, or the N13 from Cherbourg as far as Caen . Road numbering in France "A" roads, such as A71, are motorways, or Autoroutes "N" roads are strategic trunk routes - the National network. "D" roads are roads whose upkeep is paid for by the local Department, or county. They can be anything from busy local routes or former National routes now downgraded, to the quietest of country backroads. When driving in France, it is always best to follow destinations rather than road numbers. Following the regionalisation of responsibility for many roads, the result - if you want to travel by following road numbers - is a classic state of confusion; Drivers following the N13 south from Cherbourg lose it at Caen, as it becomes the D 613 thereafter! From Evreux to Mantes the "N 13" signs reappear, but after that it's the D 113....For another example, anyone wanting to avoid the toll motorway by driving along the old "route nationale" to the southwest corner of France, from Chartres to Biarritz, will follow three disconnected sections of main road known as "N 10"; but in areas where the old N10 is now close to a parallel motorway, the road is now signed as "D 910" or the "D 1010". Some old "N" roads now blithely change their number each time they pass from one department to another !! This is all very confusing for foreign visitors driving in France, but not so much for the French, since with the exception of motorways, they follow a destination, rather than a road number. Destinations via main trunk routes are indicated by the names of towns in white letters on a bright green background, as shown above. Note that France also displays European route numbers where appropriate; these are marked with a white number on a green background, and are in addition to the French road number. For example the A 6 motorway from Paris to Lyon is also marked as E15 - E15 being a European route running from Inverness to Algeciras. In the motorway sign on the right, the A43 autoroute is also indicated as being the E70; the main towns it leads towards are indicated in normal lettering; other destinations, such as airports, are indicated in italics. The word "Péage" at the bottom indicates that this is a toll motorway. Click for information on Traffic accidents in France Avoiding main roads in France "Bison Futé" and driving on the byways of France Photo: In bygone times many great "alignements de platanes" - or avenues of plane trees - were planted to give shade to travellers on French roads, specially in the south of France. Though the plane-lined road remains one of the iconic images of France today, few remain, except for short sections on country roads, such as here in Languedoc. "Routes bis" Sometimes you may see direction signs starting with the word Bis, in italics. These are the equivalent of the British "HR" (holiday route) itineraries, using less crowded main roads. Thus a sign saying "bis Lyon" is an alternative route avoiding the main roads, and generally with less lorry traffic. Bis, in French, means second (as in the prefix bi-). The "Bison futé" (in English the cunning bison) is the motorist who does not follow the crowd, but seeks out less crowded easier roads, the "routes bis", thus the "bis-on". If you see a bison futé sign, it will be directing you either to alternative routes themselves or to an information point. On summer Saturdays, being a cunning bison is often well worth it, unless you love driving in heavy traffic or sitting in traffic jams. Driving on the backroads of France requires a good map - or a Satnav that allows you to wander off the beaten track; but in many places, it can still make driving a pleasure, rather than a chore ► Avoiding Paris This is a good idea on most days. When driving from Calais to the south of France, use the A 26 motorway via Reims, Troyes and Dijon. If driving to south western and central France, avoid Paris going via Rouen, Evreux, Chartres and Orleans. There is no motorway between Evreux and Orleans, but the road over this section is currently being upgraded to dual carriageway, and over half of it is now complete. Avoiding Paris- click for details and route map ► Avoiding peak periods If you can avoid travelling on Saturdays between July 10th and August 30th, this is very advisable. On these days, many French autoroutes - and in particular all the main arteries to the south - are liable to reach saturation. The worst bottlenecks are in the Rhone valley south of Lyons, along the south coast, and around Bordeaux. In January and February, Alpine motorways can get hyper-snarled up with traffic. Check out the busy holiday weeks for 2016 However, outside these periods, Saturday and Sunday are the best days for driving in France, on motorways and arterial roads. Indeed, on these days, HGV's - lorries or trucks - are banned, meaning that unless you get stuck behind caravans or camper vans, combine harvesters or other various slowdowns, driving is relatively hassle-free. Night driving in France Driving between the hours of 8 p.m and 6 a.m. can be a good way to avoid the traffic. Motorway driving can be considerably easier at night during peak holiday travel periods. Leaving Calais at 6 p.m., you can be almost half way down France by midnight. Depending on the route you take, you can book a hotel near the motorway near Tours ( A10 route ) or Bourges ( A71 route ) or Dijon ( A26 route ) However it is vital to ensure that you have had sufficiient rest or sleep in the day before setting out on an overnight journey. Cars from the UK and Ireland must have headlight dip deflectors if driving after dark ►HGV restrictions in France See themed page : HGV information for France ► Petrol (Gas) stations in France Almost all petrol stations in France accept Visa and Mastercard; however take care with 24h automatic pumps in supermarket forecourts. Many of these do not accept credit cards without integrated chip and PIN number. Most UK cards now have integrated chip and pin, so the times when UK cards did not work in French petrol stations are now history for most travellers. However, if you think you may need to fill up in an emergency while driving in France, check your card out at a supermarket self-service pump well before you run out. If it doesn't work, nip round and join the queue for the pay-at-the counter pumps. Make sure that you don't have to fill up in an emergency using an untested card at an unmanned filling station at night or on Sundays. France Fuel price watch: Compared to the UK, there is not a big difference, except for diesel which is much cheaper (about 15%) in France. In early Jan 2017 typical supermarket fuel prices in France were : Unleaded 98 octane Diesel 1.22 Euros per litre. In non-supermarket and motorway filling stations, petrol prices can be anything from 5 to 20 cts. a litre more expensive, depending on the location. E10 graded fuels (containing 10% of ethanol bio-fuel) are a couple of centimes cheaper, where they are available. These are compatible with most modern cars; if in doubt check with your supplier. (There are 3.79 litres to 1 US gallon; but generally speaking cars in Europe are smaller and consume less fuel than cars in the USA.) Click for information on Traffic accidents in France ► Overnight stops. Motorway hotels or something else? France is very well equipped in hotels and other types of accommodation. Many of the chains , such as Novotel (3 stars) , Mercure (3 stars), Ibis (2 stars) , Ibis budget (2 stars), and Formule 1 (1 star), have outlets clustered near motorway exits, notably near the exits from toll motorways and around towns and cities. The hotel links below list only the French motorway hotels that are really easy to find. Find and book an overnight stop ....	A
Which was the first car manufacturer to offer a 7year/150,000 km warranty on all cars sold in Europe	Road map of France with motorways & main routes \| About-France.com Encyclopedic dictionary of modern France - key figures, institutions, acronyms, culture, icons, etc. Overnight hotels ? click to see Booking.com's best online rates for hotels in or near these key cities Map of the French motorway network, plus main non-motorway trunk routes This photo shows an ecotax camera gantry, not an average speed camera gantry The above map shows the principal arterial routes through France; red for toll motorways, blue for free motorways, and green for main trunk routes, which are mostly dual carriageways or divided highways – though this is not always the case. For detailed information on certain specific routes, see below. Average speed cameras and ecotax cameras. Average speed cameras - called radars tronçon - were introduced in France in 2012, and they are appearing in many places. Don't look for a gantry; in most cases they are just mounted on posts on the roadside, like other speed cameras only slightly higher up. Though mainly on motorways and major trunk routes, they can be found on minor roads too. The large gantries spanning free motorways and major dual carriageway routes (photo right) are not speed cameras, but ecotax cameras solely for HGVs over 7.5 tonnes. For more about this, see HGVs in France page.	i don't know
On which motorway are the Trowell and Woodhall service areas	Trowell Services M1 - Motorway Services Information Trowell Services M1 Other ratings from visitors to the site Truckers Type: Separate facilities for each carriageway, but linked by a pedestrian footbridge Operator: Moto Eat-In Food: EDC, Burger King Takeaway Food / General: M&S Simply Food Other Non-Food Shops: WH Smith, Fonebitz Picnic Area: yes Children's Playground: Yes Cash Machines in main building: Yes (transaction charge applies) Parking Charges: Free for 2 hours, charges apply for longer stays. HGV with food voucher: £17.50 (without voucher: £15) - Car: £11 Other Facilities/Information: Marks and spencer Simply Food only available on the Northbound side, southbound customers have to walk some distance over the bridge to Northbound services	M1
Residents of which English town are known as Monkeyhangers	Trowell Services (M1) - Motorway Services Guide Motorway Services Guide » M1 Motorway » Trowell Services (M1) Trowell Services (M1) Trowell Services is a motorway service station near Nottingham in England. The service station is located next to the M1 motorway in Nottinghamshire and is accessed using motorway junction J25-26. The service station was opened in 1967 and is operated by Moto. General Information Address: Moto Hospitality Ltd, Trowell Motorway Services Area, M1, Trowell, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG9 3PL Phone: 0115 932 0291 Facilities Amenities: Ecotricity Electric Vehicle Charging Point, Full Hou$e, Lucky Coin, Multi Faith Room, Picnic Tables, Showers. Restaurants: Burger King, Costa, Costa Express, Eat & Drink Co., Krispy Kreme. Shops: Fone Bitz (southbound only), M&S Simply Food (northbound only), WHSmith. Parking is free for the first two hours. Alternative Services on the M1 M1 – J11-12 \| Dunstable, Bedfordshire, LU5 6HR M1 Traffic M1 J42 northbound exit \| Northbound \| Roadworks Sat, 14 Nov 2015 13:37:39 GMT On the M1 northbound exit slip at junction J42 , expect delays of up to 15 mins at peak times due to roadworks , from 7:54 am on 5 July 2013 to 11:59 pm on 28 January 2016. M1 J19 northbound access \| Northbound \| Roadworks Sat, 14 Nov 2015 13:37:55 GMT On the M1 northbound entry slip at junction J19 , expect delays of up to 10 mins at peak times due to roadworks , from 6 am on 4 May 2015 to 6 pm on 28 November 2017. M1 J19 southbound exit \| Southbound \| Roadworks Sat, 14 Nov 2015 13:37:48 GMT On the M1 southbound exit slip at junction J19 , expect delays of up to 10 mins at peak times due to roadworks , from 6 am on 4 May 2015 to 6 pm on 28 November 2017. M1 northbound between J10 and J11 \| Northbound \| Roadworks Sun, 29 Nov 2015 10:32:43 GMT On the M1 northbound between junctions J10 and J12, expect delays of up to 15 mins at peak times due to roadworks closing two lanes, from 10 pm on 1 April 2015 to 5 am on 28 April 2017.	i don't know
What nationality was the painter Edvard Munch	Edvard Munch - Painter, Artist - Biography.com Edvard Munch Norwegian painter Edvard Munch is widely known for his iconic pre-Expressionist painting "The Scream" ("The Cry"). IN THESE GROUPS » quotes “For as long as I can remember, I have suffered from a deep feeling of anxiety which I have tried to express in my art.” “I have no fear of photography, as long as it cannot be used in heaven and in hell.” “Illness, insanity, and death were the black angels that kept watch over my cradle and accompanied me all my life.” “From my rotting body, flowers shall grow and I am in them and that is eternity.” Edvard Munch Synopsis Born in 1863 in Löten, Norway, famed painter Edvard Munch established a free-flowing, psychological-themed style all his own. His painting "The Scream" ("The Cry"; 1893), is one of the most recognizable works in the history of art. His later works proved to be less intense, but his earlier, darker paintings ensured his legacy. A testament to his importance, "The Scream" sold for more than $119 million in 2012—setting a new record. Early Life and Education Edvard Munch was born on December 12, 1863, in Löten, Norway, the second of five children. In 1864, Munch moved with his family to the city of Oslo, where his mother died four years later of tuberculosis—he beginning of a series of familial tragedies in Munch's life: His sister, Sophie, also died of tuberculosis, in 1877 at the age of 15; another of his sisters spent most of her life institutionalized for mental illness; and his only brother died of pneumonia at age 30. In 1879, Munch began attending a technical college to study engineering, but left only a year later when his passion for art overtook his interest in engineering. In 1881, he enrolled at the Royal School of Art and Design. The following year, he rented a studio with six other artists and entered his first show, at the Industries and Art Exhibition. Commercial Success Three years of study and practice later, Munch received a scholarship and traveled to Paris, France, where he spent three weeks. After returning to Oslo, he began working on new paintings, one of which was "The Sick Child," which he would finish in 1886. In what would be seen as the first work to represent Munch’s break from the realist style, the painting symbolically captures intense emotion on the canvas—specifically depicting his feelings about the death of his sister nearly nine years earlier. Skrik (The Scream) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons From 1889 (the year his father died) to 1892, Munch lived mainly in France—funded by state scholarships—embarking on the most productive, as well as the most troubled, period of his artistic life. It was during this period that Munch undertook a series of paintings he called the "Frieze of Life," ultimately encompassing 22 works for a 1902 Berlin exhibition. With paintings bearing such titles as "Despair" (1892), "Melancholy" (c. 1892–93), "Anxiety" (1894), "Jealousy" (1894–95) and "The Scream" (also known as "The Cry")—the last of which, painted in 1893, would go on to become one of the most famous paintings ever produced—Munch’s mental state was on full display, and his style varied greatly, depending on which emotion had taken hold of him at the time. The collection was a huge success, and Munch soon became known to the art world. Subsequently, he found brief happiness in a life otherwise colored by excessive drinking, family misfortune and mental distress. Edvard Munch Selvportrett (Self-Portrait) 1881-82. Munch Museum, Oslo, Norway Later Years and Legacy Success wasn't enough to tame Munch's inner demons for long, however, and as the 1900s began, his drinking spun out of control. In 1908, hearing voices and suffering from paralysis on one side, he collapsed and soon checked himself into a private sanitarium, where he drank less and regained some mental composure. In the spring of 1909, he checked out, eager to get back to work, but as history would show, most of his great works were behind him. Munch moved to a country house in Ekely (near Oslo), Norway, where he lived in isolation and began painting landscapes. He nearly died of influenza in the pandemic of 1918-19, but recovered and would survive for more than two decades thereafter (he died at his country home in Ekley on January 23, 1944). Munch painted right up to his death, often depicting his deteriorating condition and various physical maladies in his work. In May 2012, Munch's "The Scream" went on the auction block, selling at Sotheby's in New York for more than $119 million—a record-breaking price—sealing its reputation as one of the most famous and important works of art ever produced. Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us ! Citation Information	Norwegian
Who was honoured in 2010 with her own chapel in Westminster Abbey	"The Scream" - Edvard Munch - Painting Location - Oslo, Norway - PopSpotsNYC.com To be notified of new PopSpots entries, follow PopSpotsNYC on Twitter: For questions or comments you can email me (Bob) here. "The Scream" (various media 1893-1910) - Edvard Munch - Painting Location: Oslo, Norway The Scream" - lithograph version from 1895. "The Scream" is one of the world's most recognizable works of art. It depicts a man in a private moment of anguished despair and anxiety, while the other people in the painting, perhaps his friends, seem blissfully unaware of the man's situation. The Norwegian painter Edvard Munch (1863-1944) did several versions of "The Scream," an alter image for himself (more on this later), in oil, pastel,and litohgraph between 1893 and 1910. This my favorite version because the stark contrast of the black-and-white lines mirrors the disconnect between the man's mood and the peaceful surroundings. The site of the painting is an overlook on the side of a road called "Valhallveien" on a hill above Oslo, Norway. The hill is known as Ekeberg Hill, Ekeberg being a neighborhood of Oslo just south of the city. The winding road up to the park on the top of Ekeberg Hill was a popular place for citizens of Oslo to view the city. The hill and park were also popular places for Oslo artists to paint. Who ya gonna call? Ghostbusters! HOW I FOUND THE LOCATION (Not that I was the first - the Norwegians know it - but it doesn't seem too well-known outside Norway) First, a little background: The Wikipedia entry for "The Scream" pretty well sum's up what I've read of Munch's inspiration: "The original German title given to the work by Munch was Der Schrei der Natur (The Scream of Nature). The Norwegian word shrik is usually translated as scream but is (equivilent to) the English "shriek." Occasionally, the painting has been called The Cry. In a page in his diary headed Nice 22.01.1892, Munch described his inspiration for the image: I was walking along a path with two friends - the sun was setting - suddenly the sky turned blood red - I paused, feeling exhausted, and leaned on the fence - there was blood and tongues of fire above the blue-black fjord and he city - my friends walked on, and I stood there trembling with anxiety - and I sensed an infinite scream passing through nature." In addition, some scientists say there is a natural phenomenon that occasionally turns the sky over Oslo somewhat red, and that, is is thought, what gave Munch a panic attack. Whatever the cause, Munch really captured a feeling that everyone can relate to even if it's just, "Oh, S#*@!, I left the toaster on at home! You know the feeling. Looking at the image of "The Scream," it always seemed to me that the man screaming was on a long pier or the side of a bridge, both thoughts having to do with water, perhaps because there is a large body of water on which masted ships are sailing behind him. So my initial thought was that the location was either a seacoast town in Norway or along a large Norwegian lake, as the sailboats seemed pretty big. Some other visual clues to the location: Besides the two tall-hatted men in the background, who seem oblivious to the situation, in the background you can also see the pointed steeple of a tall building, most likely a church, and to its right, some wavy lines suggestive of some other buildings. So I began my search on Google with the search terms "Munch The Scream location." But other than an occasional "on a road near Oslo" nobody seemed to write about the exact location. Then, I narrowed my search from regular Google to just Google Books, which bypasses random links about Munch and "The Scream" and focuses on those found in books. Eventually I found a book that said that the Munch set the painting on a road leading up a hill in Ekeberg, a neighborhood of Oslo, Norway. (The book was: "The Private Life of a Masterpiece" by Monica Bohn-Duchen.) Well, good enough. So I used Google Maps to go to Oslo, Norway. First I saw that it was an inland city, which countered my impression that the water in the painting might be right next to the sea. All right, I thought, so maybe a lake. Then, when I zoomed in, I saw that the city was, in fact, really on the water and that what looked like the sea in "The Scream" was actually part of fjord, which is described as "a long, narrow inlet of the sea between steep cliffs." Zooming further into Oslo, I could see several of the coves of water that I would later discover were the two coves in the picture. I could also see the Oslo neighborhood of Ekeberg to the south, the one with the hill from which the painting was made. I then searched Google Images to see what clues I could find about the tall church church steeple in the painting. The tallest building in Oslo turned out to be the Oslo Cathedral, which had the same basic shape of the steeple in the background of "The Scream." So I figured that was the tower. I also located the Oslo Cathedral on Google StreetView but, after searching the vicinity, could not find any other really tall buildings that might have been represented by the the squiggly lines to the right of the Cathedral tower in "The Scream." Had the "tall buildings" been to the left of the Cathedral, the squiggly lines might have represented the Royal Palace (see below). Note that Oslo was named Christiania (sometimes with a K) back in the day. Oslo is easier to spell. Thank you, Norway. As I was doing this research, I ran across a close-up photo of a copper plaque for "The Scream." It was on a blog, together with some shots from a mountain looking down into Oslo, so I figured the plaque had something to do with the hill in Ekeberg. "The Scream," to reiterate, is called The Shriek in Norway, and spelled similarly. I also ran across this photo of a road running next to a fjord near Oslo, with a fence that looked very much like that in "The Scream." So I knew I was geting closer, as things were starting to fit together. Now, knowing that in the painting, the 2 coves of water would be to the left and the Cathedral would be to the right, I zoomed in on Ekeberg Hill to see where Munch might have been standing while he looked out and painted the scene, while looking northwest to Oslo. On the side of the hill closest to Oslo was a winding road; so I chose a section of the road closest to Oslo and dragged the little orange Street View Man down to the road. And closer... I "landed" on a highway with Oslo off in the distance. To the left of the city, I could see two coves of water that matched those in the painting. "Pretty Cool. So it's not a lake after all. It's a bay! I said to myself. And in the center of the scene (by blowing the picture up huge), I could also see the Cathedral Steeple. "The PopSpot eagle has landed!" I told myself. And, looking at the same view, in close up, with better contrast...." Also noticeable in the scene was a metal railing alongside the sidewalk that very much resembled the wooden-looking railing that was in the picture next to the fjord and that I had always thought was the side of a pier. The metal bands must be the modern replacement for the wood. Now, using Google StreetView I "clicked" my way up the highway a bit to see the view of the city from a diferent angle. And... what should I come up upon at the end of the overlook? - the "SHREIK" plaque! It was on a small concrete wall off the side of the road. If I had any doubts that this as the place where the painting was set, they were over now. This was a plaque-certified, offical Norwegian PopSpot already. So I backed up a little to get back where I had been. To refresh your memory: Here's where I was on the mountain road - with an arrow pointing to downtown Oslo. And here's the angle of what you see in back of the man in The Scream. I'll illustrate it two ways: The first makes it easier to see the coves in the background (The picture's not clear enough to make out the Cathedal but it's there in the right place... And the second photo, in true "this-is-the-spot" Popspots overlay style. Voila! Now, as I mentioned, in addition to "The Scream, Munch created a variety of similar themed painting about states of anxiety from this point of view overlooking Oslo during the years between 1893 to 1910. Along with the diferent versions of The Scream, they were part of a series called "The Frieze of Life." Here are some of the others, in chronological order. (I may be missing some.) The Scream - 1893 - oil, tempura, and pastel on cardboard. The National Gallery, Oslo, Norway) Despair - oil on canvas from 1894 Despair - also 1894	i don't know
"Which TV presenter was the first to win the coveted ""Rear of the Year"" for a second time in 2014"	Olly Murs \| Olly Murs and Carol Vorderman win 'Rear of the Year' \| Contactmusic.com Olly Murs and Carol Vorderman win 'Rear of the... Olly Murs and Carol Vorderman win 'Rear of the Year' Olly Murs and Carole Vorderman have been crowned winners of 'Rear of the Year', beating out competition from Andy Murray and Cheryl Cole . Olly Murs has been named Rear of the Year. The 'Hand on Heart' singer - who shot to fame as runner up on 'The X Factor' in 2010 - beat tennis player Andy Murray into second place for the coveted best butt prize and was thrilled to pick up the accolade. He tweeted: ''Thanks to everyone that voted for my arse we are both very proud of this award'' Olly even changed his profile photo to a picture of his pert behind as a tribute to his new status. In the female category, former 'Countdown' mathematician Carol Vorderman was victorious yet again, making her the first celebrity to win the award twice. The 53-year-old TV presenter previously won Rear of the Year in 2011 alongside 'Strictly Come Dancing' professional Anton Du Beke and this year beat 'X Factor' judge Cheryl Cole to the top spot. Like Olly, Carol shared the news via Twitter. She joked: ''So Big Bum here has won THAT award for a second time.... one for each cheek, so to speak...it's a strange world!!! (sic)'' She also joked in a statement: ''As I said when I won it in 2011, I always suspected there were a lot of people out there who were glad to see the back of me. It now appears there were even more than I thought.'' The lighthearted competition first started in 1976 and named 'EastEnders' actress Barbara Windsor as the winner. Since then, Rear of the Year has given trophies to plenty of perky-bottomed celebrities, including Rachel Stevens , Charlotte Church and Ian Wright. Contactmusic	Carol Vorderman
Which Blur album their first for 12 years reached the top of the charts in May 2015	Carol Vorderman wins Rear of the Year for second time as Olly Murs takes male crown - Mirror Online Celebs Carol Vorderman wins Rear of the Year for second time as Olly Murs takes male crown The TV star won ahead of the likes of Cheryl Cole and Pixie Lott, while Olly beat Andy Murray and more hot celebrity men Share Get celebs updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email TV star Carol Vorderman has been ranked top of the bottoms - for a second time. The former Countdown brainbox , known for being impressive with figures, is the first person to take the Rear of the Year title twice. The male winner of the prize is singer and television host Olly Murs , who showed he has the X Factor when it comes to a shapely bum. The duo were chosen in a public poll for the annual award, with organisers saying they received more than 10,000 votes. Pride Of Britain host Vorderman, 53, said: “I am both surprised and flattered to win the award for a second time - particularly at this stage of my life. Famous derriere right there! (Photo: PA) “As I said when I won it in 2011, I always suspected there were a lot of people out there who were glad to see the back of me. It now appears there were even more than I thought.” The presenter, who stepped down from ITV’s Loose Women earlier this month, intends to make a solo flight around the world after qualifying as a pilot. Runner-up for the women’s title was chart star and returning X Factor judge Cheryl Cole - who married French restaurateur Jean-Bernard Fernandez-Versini a fortnight ago - while tennis player Andy Murray came second for the men’s award. See all the snaps of Carol, plus ALL the runners up, here: Most Read Most Recent Most Read Most Recent	i don't know
What is the hardest grade of pencil	Pencil Grades by Doug Martin November 3, 1997 Early pencils were made using cut pieces of raw graphite dug from the earth. The hardness or softness of these pencils was dependent on the quality or purity of the graphite, and so was difficult - or impossible - to control. Different methods of refining and mixing of graphite were experimented with over the years, but it was not until about 1795 that a Frenchman, Nicolas-Jacques Conté, developed a process for making pencil leads that is still in use today. The process, known as the Conté Process, involves the mixing of finely powdered graphite with finely ground clay particles and shaping and baking the mixture. By controlling the ratio of clay to graphite, varying degrees of hardness can be obtained, as well as fairly consistent and reproducible quality from batch to batch. The early Conté pencils were made in at least four grades, and a numerical grading designation was used to distinguish them - 1 being the hardest, 4 being the softest. As the Conté process became known and used by other pencil makers, similar grading systems were used by them as well. However, these grading systems were arbitrary and inconsistent from one pencil maker to another. In the early nineteenth century, English pencil makers began using a letter designation for varying hardnesses. Softer leads were designated with 'B' (for black), harder leads with 'H' (for hard). Different schemes were used to expand the range of grades, such as 'BB' and 'BBB' for successively softer leads, and 'HH' and 'HHH' for successively harder leads. By the beginning of the twentieth century, a combination letter-number system had been established and was in use by nearly all European pencil makers, and was also used for some American-made pencils. This system is still in use today, and provides for a wide range of grades, usually consisting of the series: 9H, 8H, ... , 2H, H, F, HB, B, 2B, ... , 8B, 9B where 9H is the hardest, 9B is the softest. At the same time, a number-only system was in use, particulary in the U.S., which is still in use. The table below indicates approximate equivalents between the two systems: #1 --- B #3 --- H #4 --- 2H The common #2, or HB grade pencil in the middle of the range, is considered to be the preferred grade for general purpose writing. Harder pencils are most often used for drafting purposes, while softer grades are usually preferred by artists. American-made pencils can often be found with numerically equivalent designations of 2-1/2, 2-4/8, 2-5/10, and 2.5, representing the same grade, but introduced by different manufacturers to distinguish their products and to avoid patent lawsuits. It should be noted that no 'official' standard for pencil grades has ever been adopted, and the designations are still somewhat arbitrary and not always consistent from one manufacturer to the next. dm	9H
What four words did the Queen say as part of the 2012 Olympic Opening Ceremony in the video scene at Buckingham Palace	Pencil Grades Everyone knows about the good old number 2 pencil. But who knows what that number 2 actually means? Have no fear, I've taken the time to research this pointless topic for your pleasure. First, a little history. Today pencils are numbered and/or lettered to tell us how hard the lead is. The higher the number, the harder the lead, and the lighter the markings. However, it wasn't always this way. The earliest pencils were made simply from filling a wood shaft with raw graphite. The hardness of the graphite would differ depending on the quality of the graphite, thus it was different depending on where the pencil was made. The current style of making pencils was developed in 1794 by Nicolas-Jacques Cont� (1755-1805). Cont�, a painter, chemist, physicist, balloonist, and inventor, put into practice a new method of making pencils so that they would be much more functional. The Cont� Process, as it became known, mixes powdered graphite with finely ground clay. This mixture is then shaped into a long cylinder and then baked in an oven. The more clay that is added versus graphite the harder the pencil lead. In January 1795, Cont� patented his method as patent number 32. (Pretty high up there!) Cont�'s first pencils were numbered for varing degrees of hardness. As the Cont� process made its way into the world, other pencil makers decided to use the same technique. Of course, like any product, each company came up with their own standards for how their product should be labeled. To further complicate things, English pencil decided to use letters instead of numbers. Soft leads were labeled 'B' for black, and harder leads with 'H' for hard. For varying grades they would just add more letters, thus very soft was 'BB', very hard was 'HH', and extra hard was 'HHH'. Simple right? Later they switched again to a combination of numbers and letters! Where you would see 2B, 9H, etc. Although more complicated, this system allowed for a much wider variety of grades to be made with no more than a two character description. This was the last major change in the English grading system, the same they use today. The full English scale is: Why an F and an HB? Who knows. They're crazy! Many of the United States companies use a number only system for writing pencils (1, 2, 2�, 3, 4), but the number letter combination for graphic and artist pencils. I guess they couldn't make up their mind. The No. 2 / HB grade pencil is the middle grade and is the most commonly used pencil for generic use. Harder grades are used for drafting and engineering, while softer grades are used usually by artists. If you ever need to convert from American to English pencils use the table below, listed as an approximate. USA	i don't know
You can hold it without using your arms or hands what is it	Riddle Answer: You can hold it without using your arms or hands. Whï¿½ You can hold it without using your arms or hands. Whï¿½ï¿½Riddle Rating Rating: 3.73 out of 5 Based on 37 riddle rater's. Riddle: You can hold it without using your arms or hands. What is it? Want To See The Answer For You can hold it without using your arms or hands. Whï¿½ riddle? Your breath Can you do us a favor? Would you be so kind as to do one of the 3 actions below? Heck, you won't hurt our feelings if you do them all! 1. Rate The Riddle If you liked it or hated it, let us and everyone else know with a rating. Rate This Riddle	your breath
Which British airport has the IATA call sign BRS	Riddle Answer: You can hold it without using your arms or hands. Whï¿½ You can hold it without using your arms or hands. Whï¿½ï¿½Riddle Rating Rating: 3.73 out of 5 Based on 37 riddle rater's. Riddle: You can hold it without using your arms or hands. What is it? Want To See The Answer For You can hold it without using your arms or hands. Whï¿½ riddle? Your breath Can you do us a favor? Would you be so kind as to do one of the 3 actions below? Heck, you won't hurt our feelings if you do them all! 1. Rate The Riddle If you liked it or hated it, let us and everyone else know with a rating. Rate This Riddle	i don't know
Which championship team beat Stoke City 4-1 in 2015 thereby knocking them out of the FA Cup	FA Cup Betting \| Bet €/£10 Get €/£30 in Free Bets from Paddy Power FA Cup First Round preview It’s the 136th edition of the oldest Cup competition in the world this season, and the first round of the FA Cup takes place this weekend. 39 non-league clubs take their place in the first round, hoping for their moment of FA cup glory. Keep reading for our FA Cup first round betting preview. Non-league sides looking to cause an upset This year’s FA Cup first round begins on Friday night as National League side Eastleigh take on League One’s Swindon Town. Eastleigh sit 8th in the fifth tier of English football and are as short as 13/8 to win. The story of this year’s first round is the debut appearance of Merstham, the Surrey village team who play in the Isthmian League Premier Division, the seventh tier of English football. The minnows face Oxford United at home in front of the TV cameras and are 7/1 to knock out the league side. Southern League Chesham, also from the seventh tier, are 7/1 to win at League One club Peterborough United while Spennymoor Town of the Northern Premier League are 10/1 to win at League One side MK Dons. The lowest ranked team left in the competition are ninth-tier Westfields from the Midlands League Premier Division. They face Curzon Ashton and are 4/1 to win. “We are delighted we are at home,” Westfields chief executive Andy Morris told BBC Sport before the Curzon Ashton result. “I’m quietly confident with a home draw. Getting this far is a huge bonus – we have earned enough money so far to get us through this season and keep us going into next season.” There are certain to be some non-league sides in round two, with Lincoln City just 1/3 to beat Altrincham while Whitehawk are 8/13 to beat Stourbridge. Braintree Town can beat Eastbourne Borough at 8/11 while famous Cup giantkillers Sutton United are 11/10 to win at Dartford. League sides looking to progress Two former FA Cup winners meet at Gigg Lane on Saturday as Bury take on AFC Wimbledon. Just three points separate the two sides in League One and the Dons won the recent league meeting between the sides 2-1. Neal Ardley’s side are 7/4 to win. Bolton Wanderers are also former Cup winners and are just 4/9 to beat Grimsby Town. Notts County were upset by non league opposition in the first round of the Cup last season and face a tricky tie at Boreham Wood who are 11/4 to win. Hartlepool United are as short as 1/6 to beat non-league Stamford while Rochdale are 4/6 to win at Maidstone United. Sheffield United are 2/5 to beat Leyton Orient at Bramall Lane while Morecambe look excellent value at 4/1 to beat Coventry City. Alfreton could cause an upset on Sunday and are 13/5 to beat struggling Newport County while Plymouth Argyle are excellent value at 7/5 to win at Mansfield Town. FA Cup Fourth Round preview The FA Cup reaches the last 32 round this weekend and there are some terrific matches to look forward to. Several lower league clubs will fancy their chances of knocking out top flight opposition, not least Cambridge United who host 11-time Cup winners Manchester United. Keep reading for a preview of all this weekend’s action. Underdogs dream of giantkilling act The weekend’s FA Cup action begins on Friday night with a real David and Goliath encounter at the Abbey Stadium. Cambridge United’s reward for beating fellow League Two side Luton Town in the third round was a plum clash with Premier League giants Manchester United. Unsurprisingly the game is a sellout and Cambridge have a good recent record in knockout competitions. The Us won both the FA Trophy and the Conference play-off final at Wembley in 2014 and took Birmingham to extra time in the Capital One Cup earlier this season. United will need to be professional to come away with a win and are just 2/9 to progress. If you fancy one of the big Cup upsets of recent years you can back Cambridge at 11/1. I tipped Rochdale to see off higher league opposition in the third round and they duly obliged with a 1-0 win over Nottingham Forest. Keith Hill’s side face Premier League opposition this Monday in the form of Stoke City and this is a potential banana skin for Mark Hughes’ side. Rochdale sit fifth in League One and have won three matches in a row in all competitions. Whether they can up their game enough to trouble Stoke is another matter but there will be plenty tempted by the 4/1 available on the home side. Brighton have improved in recent weeks under new boss Chris Hughton and the Seagulls can see how far they have come when they welcome Arsenal on Sunday. Brighton have lost just one in six matches under Hughton and were on a three match winning run before their defeat to Brentford last weekend. Arsenal were excellent in their win over Manchester City last time out and the FA Cup holders are just 4/7 to win. You can back Brighton to cause an upset at 5/1. If you’re looking for a potential giantkilling at decent odds then you could do worse than consider Bournemouth at Aston Villa. The Championship leaders have won their last five away matches in all competitions scoring 17 goals in the process and won’t be scared of facing a struggling Villa side. Paul Lambert’s side have gone 8 hours and 42 minutes without scoring in the Premier League although they did manage a solitary strike to see off Blackpool in round three. On form this should be a Bournemouth win and they look great value at 2/1. Birmingham have been excellent under new boss Gary Rowett and are an attractive 13/5 to beat West Brom at St Andrews while Chelsea are just 1/8 to beat Bradford at Stamford Bridge. Premier League outfits favourites to progress There are plenty of mid-table Premier League teams dreaming of a decent cup run and perhaps emulating Hull City by reaching this year’s final. The FA Cup final will take place on Steven Gerrard’s birthday and so there are plenty of incentives for Liverpool to have a good cup run. They face Bolton at Anfield this weekend and are 1/3 to reach round five. Tottenham should see off Leicester at 8/13 while Southampton can keep up their good run of form with a win over Crystal Palace at the same price. Sunderland have won just one in 12 in the Premier League and could be susceptible to an upset at home to Fulham. Neither team are in great form although a home win could boost the Black Cats’ confidence. Kit Symons’ side look good value at 4/1, however. Manchester City look a different side without Yaya Toure and there might be a few tempted by the 9/1 available on Championship contenders Middlesbrough to cause an upset on Saturday. Blackburn are 2/1 to knock out Premier League Swansea while League One leaders Bristol City are 3/1 to see off West Ham. FA Cup Second Round preview With the Premier League giants entering the Cup draw after this weekend’s ties, the FA Cup second round gives plenty of minnows the chance of ending up drawn against one of the game’s greats. This weekend the likes of Warrington Town, Blyth Spartans, Worcester City and Telford United have the chance to book their place in the third round draw and, perhaps, a trip to Arsenal, Chelsea or Liverpool. The FA Cup always throws up some surprise results and so there’s plenty of value in this weekend’s fixtures. Keep reading for our FA Cup second round preview. Round One giantkillers looking for a repeat performance After their giantkilling heroics in the first round, Conference North side Worcester City have another chance to take a League scalp this weekend when they travel to Scunthorpe United. Worcester took 3,220 travelling fans to the Ricoh Arena in round one where they upset 1987 Cup winners Coventry City 2-1. Now, over 2,000 fans will head to Glanford Park for the tie against the League One strugglers. “Given the support we had at Coventry, I’m not surprised we’ve sold out our allocation,” City boss Carl Heeley told BBC Sport . “The fans were incredible that day. They gave us such a tremendous lift. But what does surprise me is just how quickly we’ve sold out for the Scunthorpe game. It’s a smaller, more compact ground and the atmosphere should be brilliant.” Worcester are on an excellent run which has seen them climb to 8th in the Conference North after thirteen games unbeaten. They are 7/1 to cause another upset and, having won their last three matches 3-0, are 175/1 to make it four 3-0 wins in a row. Another non-league side looking to claim a second major scalp are Maidstone United. A late Frannie Collin header gave them a 2-1 win over League Two side Stevenage in round one and the Isthmian Premier League outfit are just 90 minutes away from a potential tie against one of the Premier League big guns. Maidstone won’t have the advantage of their 3G home pitch against Conference side Wrexham and are 7/2 to win. The rest of the action The weekend’s FA Cup action gets underway at Victoria Park where there is a North East derby between Hartlepool United and Blyth Spartans. Hartlepool sit rock bottom of the Football league with just 12 points and this could be an opportunity for the Northern Premier League side to cause an upset. Spartans have recent FA Cup form. They reached the third round in 2008 only to narrowly lose to then Premiership side Blackburn Rovers and could well cause an upset at 11/2. Robbie Dale has scored in every round of the competition so far this season and is one to keep an eye on in the ‘first goalscorer’ market. Mansfield Town have won just two of their last twelve matches and so the 10/11 on Cambridge United looks great value. Sheffield United should see off Plymouth at 8/13 while two divisions and 215 miles separates Bradford City and Dartford with the home side just 3/10 to prevail. Warrington Town’s reward for a win over Exeter City in round one is a trip to Gateshead which guarantees a non-league side in round 3. “Newcastle’s a good night out, so I’ll be worried about my lads” said Warrington boss Shaun Reid ahead of Sunday’s match. Gateshead are 3/10 to win. Cheltenham Town have won just three of their last 16 matches and it is this poor run that prompted the club to part company with boss Mark Yates, the third longest-serving manager in the Football League. Paul Buckle will hope his side recreate the form that saw them thrash Swindon 5-0 in the last round as they welcome Dover Athletic. Chris Kinnear’s side knocked out Morecambe in the last round and are 10/3 to cause another upset. Chelsea v Liverpool – 2012 FA Cup Final Betting Tips FA Cup Final – Chelsea v Liverpool Preview The domestic cup competitions have been very good to Liverpool this season, which as just as well as their Premier League form has swung from the sublime to the ridiculous. Tuesday’s home defeat by Fulham was again accompanied by murmurings of discontent on the Kop, though Kenny Dalglish made nine changes that night from the team that had won impressively at Norwich just three days earlier and you wouldn’t have imagined any of the stand-ins did enough to force themselves into the manager’s thinking for Wembley against the Cottagers. FA Cup Betting Tips – Saturday March 17th FA Cup – Saturday’s Preview Considering the teams they could have been drawn out of the hat against, Everton are probably viewing a home draw against Sunderland as a favourable one. David Moyes probably had one eye on this game when naming his team to play Liverpool on Tuesday night, making six changes for the short trip across Stanley Park, though would never admit as much. Read 0 comments <br /> <SCRIPT language='JavaScript1.1' SRC="https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/adj/N177203.2487702PADDYPOWERBLOG/B10317733.137937202;abr=!ie;sz=300x250;ord=[timestamp];dc_lat=;dc_rdid=;tag_for_child_directed_treatment=?"><br /> </SCRIPT><br /> <NOSCRIPT><br /> <A HREF="https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/jump/N177203.2487702PADDYPOWERBLOG/B10317733.137937202;abr=!ie4;abr=!ie5;sz=300x250;ord=[timestamp]?"><br /> <IMG SRC="https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/ad/N177203.2487702PADDYPOWERBLOG/B10317733.137937202;abr=!ie4;abr=!ie5;sz=300x250;ord=[timestamp];dc_lat=;dc_rdid=;tag_for_child_directed_treatment=?" BORDER=0 WIDTH=300 HEIGHT=250 ALT="Advertisement"></A><br /> </NOSCRIPT><br />	Blackburn Rovers F.C.
It is illegal to enter Parliament wearing what	FA Cup Betting \| Bet €/£10 Get €/£30 in Free Bets from Paddy Power FA Cup First Round preview It’s the 136th edition of the oldest Cup competition in the world this season, and the first round of the FA Cup takes place this weekend. 39 non-league clubs take their place in the first round, hoping for their moment of FA cup glory. Keep reading for our FA Cup first round betting preview. Non-league sides looking to cause an upset This year’s FA Cup first round begins on Friday night as National League side Eastleigh take on League One’s Swindon Town. Eastleigh sit 8th in the fifth tier of English football and are as short as 13/8 to win. The story of this year’s first round is the debut appearance of Merstham, the Surrey village team who play in the Isthmian League Premier Division, the seventh tier of English football. The minnows face Oxford United at home in front of the TV cameras and are 7/1 to knock out the league side. Southern League Chesham, also from the seventh tier, are 7/1 to win at League One club Peterborough United while Spennymoor Town of the Northern Premier League are 10/1 to win at League One side MK Dons. The lowest ranked team left in the competition are ninth-tier Westfields from the Midlands League Premier Division. They face Curzon Ashton and are 4/1 to win. “We are delighted we are at home,” Westfields chief executive Andy Morris told BBC Sport before the Curzon Ashton result. “I’m quietly confident with a home draw. Getting this far is a huge bonus – we have earned enough money so far to get us through this season and keep us going into next season.” There are certain to be some non-league sides in round two, with Lincoln City just 1/3 to beat Altrincham while Whitehawk are 8/13 to beat Stourbridge. Braintree Town can beat Eastbourne Borough at 8/11 while famous Cup giantkillers Sutton United are 11/10 to win at Dartford. League sides looking to progress Two former FA Cup winners meet at Gigg Lane on Saturday as Bury take on AFC Wimbledon. Just three points separate the two sides in League One and the Dons won the recent league meeting between the sides 2-1. Neal Ardley’s side are 7/4 to win. Bolton Wanderers are also former Cup winners and are just 4/9 to beat Grimsby Town. Notts County were upset by non league opposition in the first round of the Cup last season and face a tricky tie at Boreham Wood who are 11/4 to win. Hartlepool United are as short as 1/6 to beat non-league Stamford while Rochdale are 4/6 to win at Maidstone United. Sheffield United are 2/5 to beat Leyton Orient at Bramall Lane while Morecambe look excellent value at 4/1 to beat Coventry City. Alfreton could cause an upset on Sunday and are 13/5 to beat struggling Newport County while Plymouth Argyle are excellent value at 7/5 to win at Mansfield Town. FA Cup Fourth Round preview The FA Cup reaches the last 32 round this weekend and there are some terrific matches to look forward to. Several lower league clubs will fancy their chances of knocking out top flight opposition, not least Cambridge United who host 11-time Cup winners Manchester United. Keep reading for a preview of all this weekend’s action. Underdogs dream of giantkilling act The weekend’s FA Cup action begins on Friday night with a real David and Goliath encounter at the Abbey Stadium. Cambridge United’s reward for beating fellow League Two side Luton Town in the third round was a plum clash with Premier League giants Manchester United. Unsurprisingly the game is a sellout and Cambridge have a good recent record in knockout competitions. The Us won both the FA Trophy and the Conference play-off final at Wembley in 2014 and took Birmingham to extra time in the Capital One Cup earlier this season. United will need to be professional to come away with a win and are just 2/9 to progress. If you fancy one of the big Cup upsets of recent years you can back Cambridge at 11/1. I tipped Rochdale to see off higher league opposition in the third round and they duly obliged with a 1-0 win over Nottingham Forest. Keith Hill’s side face Premier League opposition this Monday in the form of Stoke City and this is a potential banana skin for Mark Hughes’ side. Rochdale sit fifth in League One and have won three matches in a row in all competitions. Whether they can up their game enough to trouble Stoke is another matter but there will be plenty tempted by the 4/1 available on the home side. Brighton have improved in recent weeks under new boss Chris Hughton and the Seagulls can see how far they have come when they welcome Arsenal on Sunday. Brighton have lost just one in six matches under Hughton and were on a three match winning run before their defeat to Brentford last weekend. Arsenal were excellent in their win over Manchester City last time out and the FA Cup holders are just 4/7 to win. You can back Brighton to cause an upset at 5/1. If you’re looking for a potential giantkilling at decent odds then you could do worse than consider Bournemouth at Aston Villa. The Championship leaders have won their last five away matches in all competitions scoring 17 goals in the process and won’t be scared of facing a struggling Villa side. Paul Lambert’s side have gone 8 hours and 42 minutes without scoring in the Premier League although they did manage a solitary strike to see off Blackpool in round three. On form this should be a Bournemouth win and they look great value at 2/1. Birmingham have been excellent under new boss Gary Rowett and are an attractive 13/5 to beat West Brom at St Andrews while Chelsea are just 1/8 to beat Bradford at Stamford Bridge. Premier League outfits favourites to progress There are plenty of mid-table Premier League teams dreaming of a decent cup run and perhaps emulating Hull City by reaching this year’s final. The FA Cup final will take place on Steven Gerrard’s birthday and so there are plenty of incentives for Liverpool to have a good cup run. They face Bolton at Anfield this weekend and are 1/3 to reach round five. Tottenham should see off Leicester at 8/13 while Southampton can keep up their good run of form with a win over Crystal Palace at the same price. Sunderland have won just one in 12 in the Premier League and could be susceptible to an upset at home to Fulham. Neither team are in great form although a home win could boost the Black Cats’ confidence. Kit Symons’ side look good value at 4/1, however. Manchester City look a different side without Yaya Toure and there might be a few tempted by the 9/1 available on Championship contenders Middlesbrough to cause an upset on Saturday. Blackburn are 2/1 to knock out Premier League Swansea while League One leaders Bristol City are 3/1 to see off West Ham. FA Cup Second Round preview With the Premier League giants entering the Cup draw after this weekend’s ties, the FA Cup second round gives plenty of minnows the chance of ending up drawn against one of the game’s greats. This weekend the likes of Warrington Town, Blyth Spartans, Worcester City and Telford United have the chance to book their place in the third round draw and, perhaps, a trip to Arsenal, Chelsea or Liverpool. The FA Cup always throws up some surprise results and so there’s plenty of value in this weekend’s fixtures. Keep reading for our FA Cup second round preview. Round One giantkillers looking for a repeat performance After their giantkilling heroics in the first round, Conference North side Worcester City have another chance to take a League scalp this weekend when they travel to Scunthorpe United. Worcester took 3,220 travelling fans to the Ricoh Arena in round one where they upset 1987 Cup winners Coventry City 2-1. Now, over 2,000 fans will head to Glanford Park for the tie against the League One strugglers. “Given the support we had at Coventry, I’m not surprised we’ve sold out our allocation,” City boss Carl Heeley told BBC Sport . “The fans were incredible that day. They gave us such a tremendous lift. But what does surprise me is just how quickly we’ve sold out for the Scunthorpe game. It’s a smaller, more compact ground and the atmosphere should be brilliant.” Worcester are on an excellent run which has seen them climb to 8th in the Conference North after thirteen games unbeaten. They are 7/1 to cause another upset and, having won their last three matches 3-0, are 175/1 to make it four 3-0 wins in a row. Another non-league side looking to claim a second major scalp are Maidstone United. A late Frannie Collin header gave them a 2-1 win over League Two side Stevenage in round one and the Isthmian Premier League outfit are just 90 minutes away from a potential tie against one of the Premier League big guns. Maidstone won’t have the advantage of their 3G home pitch against Conference side Wrexham and are 7/2 to win. The rest of the action The weekend’s FA Cup action gets underway at Victoria Park where there is a North East derby between Hartlepool United and Blyth Spartans. Hartlepool sit rock bottom of the Football league with just 12 points and this could be an opportunity for the Northern Premier League side to cause an upset. Spartans have recent FA Cup form. They reached the third round in 2008 only to narrowly lose to then Premiership side Blackburn Rovers and could well cause an upset at 11/2. Robbie Dale has scored in every round of the competition so far this season and is one to keep an eye on in the ‘first goalscorer’ market. Mansfield Town have won just two of their last twelve matches and so the 10/11 on Cambridge United looks great value. Sheffield United should see off Plymouth at 8/13 while two divisions and 215 miles separates Bradford City and Dartford with the home side just 3/10 to prevail. Warrington Town’s reward for a win over Exeter City in round one is a trip to Gateshead which guarantees a non-league side in round 3. “Newcastle’s a good night out, so I’ll be worried about my lads” said Warrington boss Shaun Reid ahead of Sunday’s match. Gateshead are 3/10 to win. Cheltenham Town have won just three of their last 16 matches and it is this poor run that prompted the club to part company with boss Mark Yates, the third longest-serving manager in the Football League. Paul Buckle will hope his side recreate the form that saw them thrash Swindon 5-0 in the last round as they welcome Dover Athletic. Chris Kinnear’s side knocked out Morecambe in the last round and are 10/3 to cause another upset. Chelsea v Liverpool – 2012 FA Cup Final Betting Tips FA Cup Final – Chelsea v Liverpool Preview The domestic cup competitions have been very good to Liverpool this season, which as just as well as their Premier League form has swung from the sublime to the ridiculous. Tuesday’s home defeat by Fulham was again accompanied by murmurings of discontent on the Kop, though Kenny Dalglish made nine changes that night from the team that had won impressively at Norwich just three days earlier and you wouldn’t have imagined any of the stand-ins did enough to force themselves into the manager’s thinking for Wembley against the Cottagers. FA Cup Betting Tips – Saturday March 17th FA Cup – Saturday’s Preview Considering the teams they could have been drawn out of the hat against, Everton are probably viewing a home draw against Sunderland as a favourable one. David Moyes probably had one eye on this game when naming his team to play Liverpool on Tuesday night, making six changes for the short trip across Stanley Park, though would never admit as much. Read 0 comments <br /> <SCRIPT language='JavaScript1.1' SRC="https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/adj/N177203.2487702PADDYPOWERBLOG/B10317733.137937202;abr=!ie;sz=300x250;ord=[timestamp];dc_lat=;dc_rdid=;tag_for_child_directed_treatment=?"><br /> </SCRIPT><br /> <NOSCRIPT><br /> <A HREF="https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/jump/N177203.2487702PADDYPOWERBLOG/B10317733.137937202;abr=!ie4;abr=!ie5;sz=300x250;ord=[timestamp]?"><br /> <IMG SRC="https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/ad/N177203.2487702PADDYPOWERBLOG/B10317733.137937202;abr=!ie4;abr=!ie5;sz=300x250;ord=[timestamp];dc_lat=;dc_rdid=;tag_for_child_directed_treatment=?" BORDER=0 WIDTH=300 HEIGHT=250 ALT="Advertisement"></A><br /> </NOSCRIPT><br />	i don't know
What is the collective noun for Emus	List of collective nouns for emus emus - collective nouns for emus mob	Mob
In the group Echo and The Bunnymen who or what is Echo	Appendix:English collective nouns - Wiktionary Appendix:English collective nouns Jump to: navigation , search A user suggests that this appendix be cleaned up, giving the reason: “citations need cleanup”. Please see the discussion on Requests for cleanup ( + ) or the talk page for more information and remove this template after the problem has been dealt with. A collective noun is a special kind of noun that refers to a collection of objects — often animals — such as a flock of birds, or a pride of lions. In the lists which follow, terms marked with a + belong to the 15th-century list of " proper terms " contained in the Book of St Albans . Many of these are fanciful or humorous terms which have never had any real currency, but have been taken up by various antiquarian writers. [1] The lists are given in two formats, as shown below. Contents: army : An army of ants B business : A business of ferrets +? C clowder : A clowder of cats + ? [2] cluster : A cluster of (workers around queen) bees clutter : A clutter of cats Words beginning "cm - cz" conspiracy : A conspiracy of ravens D flock : A flight of birds flock : A flock of geese (in the air) flourish : A flourish of strumpets Words beginning "fm - fz" gang : A gang of thugs glaring : A glaring of cats glory : A glory of unicorns Words beginning "gm - gz" group : A group of languages H hand : A hand of bananas herd : The collective noun for (various) herbivores . hive : A hive of bees (standard) Words beginning "hm - hz" husk : A husk of hares I kindle : A kindle of kittens ? [8] kit : A kit of pigeons in flight. Words beginning "km - kz" knob : A knob (less than 30) wildfowl L litter : A litter of various unweaned animals. Words beginning "lm - lz" load : A load of washing M mischief : A mischief of rats Words beginning "mm - mz" mob : A mob of kangaroo N nursery : A nursery of racoons O pack : A pack of cards pack : the collective noun for (various) carnivores plump : A plump of wildfowl Words beginning "pm - pz" punnet : A punnet of mice [15] Q richness : A richness of martens . +? Words beginning "rm - rz" run : A run of fish S shrewdness : A shrewdness of apes + ? [18] shoal : A collective noun for (various) fish . sleuth : A sleuth of bears Words beginning "sm - sz" superfluity : A superfluity of nuns . swarm : The collective noun for (various) insects . swarm : A swarm of gnats T team : A team of ducks (on the wing). team : A team of geese (in flight). team : A team of (various) sportsmen . Words beginning "tm - tz" troupe : A troupe of dancers U unkindness : An unkindness of ravens V List of nouns represented by collectives A academics : A faculty of academics Words beginning "am - az" asses : A pace of asses ? B bananas : A bunch of bananas bats : A colony of bats - at roost. bees : A byke of (wild) bees. ? bees : A cast of bees (a secondary swarm) bees : A cluster of bees (workers around queen). bees : A colony of bees bees : A drift of bees - in flight ? bees : A stand of bees. bees : A swarm of bees - in flight. (standard) birds : A flight of birds (standard) birds : A pod - small flight - of birds ? birds : A dissimulation of (small) birds + birds : A volary of birds in an aviary. bitterns : A siege of bitterns. ? Words beginning "bm - bz" butterflies : A flutter of butterflies C cards : A deck of cards. cards : A house of [specially arranged] cards. cards : A pack of cards. cards : A tower of [specially arranged] cards. cats : A destruction of wild cats +? check controllers : A stab of check controllers (Air Traffic Control). clowns : A mutiny of clowns. Words beginning "cm - cz" convicts : A gang of convicts. coots : A covert of coots. curlews : A buff of curlews. D deer : A herd of deer Words beginning "dm - dz" dolphins : A school of dolphins dolphins : A pod of dolphins doves : A flight of doves ducks : A paddling of ducks (on water) +? ducks : A team of ducks (in flight)+ dragons : A horde of dragons (standard) E elk : A gang of elk. Words beginning "em - ez" emu : A mob of emus F fish : A shoal of fish. (standard) fish : A run of fish (in motion). (standard) flamingoes : A flamboyance of flamingoes Words beginning "fm - fz" fry : A nursery of fry. G geese : A gaggle of geese. (standard) geese : A skein of flying geese. (standard) giraffes : A caravan of walking giraffes. Words beginning "gm - gz" goats : A trip of goats H hawks : A boil of hawks ? hawks : A cast of hawks. ? (strictly two let fly). hippos " A bloat of hippos. ? Words beginning "hm - hz" hounds : A pack of hounds I insects A swarm of (various) insects . islands A chain or cluster of islands islands An archipelago (large group of islands) J jellyfish : A jive of jellyfish. Words beginning "jm - jz" kittens : A claw of kittens. ? Words beginning "km - kz" lions : A pride of lions Words beginning "lm - lz" mistakes : A catalogue of mistakes Words beginning "mm - mz" mules : A barren of mules N nightingales : A watch of nightingales. + Words beginning "nm - nz" nuns : A convent of nuns. +? O oxen : A yoke of oxen P pigs : A sounder of pigs (or wild boar ) foraging in woodland pigs : A herd of pigs in a field or yard pigeons : A kit of pigeons flying together plovers : A wing of plovers Words beginning "pm - pz" puppies : A litter of puppies Q queers : A brace of queers (standard) Words beginning "qum - quz" rooks : A parliament of rooks. S sheep : A flock of sheep Words beginning "sm - sz" snails : A suit of snails software : A bunch of software; swine : A drift of ( wild ) swine + ? T thugs : A gang of thugs. Words beginning "tm - tz" turtles : A bale of turtles. U unicorns : A blessing of unicorns. V whales : A gam of whales whales : A grind of bottle nosed whales wildfowl : A bunch of wildfowl wildfowl : A knob less than 30 wildfowl witches : A cackle of witches Words beginning "wm - wz" wombats : A snear of wombats X zebra : A dazzle of zebra Words beginning "zm - zz" zombie : A stench of zombies, alt., a stagger of zombies Reference ^ “ pack ”, in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC , 1995–. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 pod. (n.d.). The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Dictionary.com website [1] ^ pride. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.0.1). Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Dictionary.com website [2] ^ punnet. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.0.1). Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Dictionary.com website [3] ^ rout. (n.d.). The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Dictionary.com website [4] ^ school. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.0.1). Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Dictionary.com website [5] ^ shrewdness. (n.d.). The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Dictionary.com website [6] ^ skulk. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.0.1). Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Dictionary.com website [7] ^ sounder. (n.d.). The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Dictionary.com website [8] ^ stable. (n.d.). The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Dictionary.com website [9] ^ string. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.0.1). Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Dictionary.com website [10] ^ team. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.0.1). Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Dictionary.com website [11] ^ team. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.0.1). Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Dictionary.com website [12] ^ trip. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.0.1). Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Dictionary.com website [13] ^ cete. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.0.1). Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Dictionary.com website [14] ^ sloth. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.0.1). Retrieved November 29, 2006, from Dictionary.com website [15] See also	i don't know
Dame Trott traditionally appears in which pantomime	Pantomime Dames Pantomime Dames The role of the Pantomime Dame stretches back to the earliest origins of the theatre, when girls and young women were played by youths, and old women by men - often comically. The earliest ancestor of the comedic are possibly Mrs. Noah in the miracle plays of the middle ages. Even after the restoration in the 17th century, when actresses entered the theatre, many were loathe to play older parts, and the convention continued. During the Regency the roles of witches, characters like 'Mother Skipton' and old harridans were played often by men, Grimaldi played several female roles, including the Baroness in 'Cinderella'. The Ugly Sisters at this time were played by women, later by men. Dame roles remained variable up until the 1860's and later. The 1826 and 1836 productions of 'Aladdin' at Covent Garden had women playing the role of the widow, and then in the 1856 and 1865 versions, by a man. The first male 'Widow Twankey' was James Rogers, with Dan Leno credited as the creator of 'Mother Goose'. The names given to Dames have altered over the years, but traditionally the Dame in 'Aladdin' is Widow Twankey. Christened in 1861 Twankay was a tea, popular in London at the time, from the Tuan Kay province of China. Dame Trott takes her name from a slang word for an old hag, and became the popular name for Jack's mother in 'Jack and the Beanstalk'. Dame Durden also shares this relationship from time to time. 'Dick Whittington' has had a cook as Dame since its first performance, with the title 'Sara the Cook' given in most cases. The Ugly Sisters have changed their names frequently to keep up with fashion. Originally Clorinda and Thisbe, they have been Daisy and Buttercup, Hysteria and Hydrophobia, Alexis and Krystle, Sharon and Tracey, with names changing as rapidly as their costumes, which often parody contemporary fashion. Comedy duos specialising in these roles include Grand and Mars, Ford and Sheen, Alan Haynes and Danny La Rue, Barry Howard and John Inman, and in recent times Peter Robbins and Nigel Ellacott. However, whereas 'Sisters' have to be sinister yet funny, the Pantomime Dame remains a beacon of warmth and sympathy. The performers who play these indefatigable matrons have been drawn from Music Hall, Variety and Television. The Victorians adored the likes of Dan Leno and Sir George Robey (the only Dame to be knighted!). later generations applauded Arthur Lucan (Old Mother Riley), Douglas Byng, Shaun Glenville and George Lacy. Popular stars like Norman Evans ('Over the Garden Wall'), Nat (Rubberlegs) Jackley and (Big Hearted) Arthur Askey drew in the crowds, whilst in more modern times Stanley Baxter, Terry Scott, Jack Tripp and Billy Dainty filled the Theatres. Today the likes of John Inman, Danny La Rue, Don McLean and Tudor Davies carry on a tradition stretching back through the mists of time. You may either choose to print this page out from the website or download them as WinZip / Adobe Acrobat files. Visit our DOWNLOAD CENTRE for details on how to obtain these documents. This page was last updated 30th May 2002	Jack
What was Blondie's last UK number one	Playing Dame – Ian Marr (Dame Trott, Jack & the Beanstalk King's Lynn) - WhatsOnStage.com Send Email Playing Dame – Ian Marr (Dame Trott, Jack & the Beanstalk King's Lynn) Anne Morley-Priestman • Brighton , Bromley , Bury St Edmunds , Canterbury , Chelmsford , Chichester , Colchester , Eastbourne , Guildford , Ipswich , Newbury , Norwich , Reading , Southampton , Southend , Stevenage , Watford • 14 Dec 2010 When you play Dame, how much variation is there in your characterisation between the part in the different panto stories? It's the same basic character having to overcome similar hardships and challenges. These differing dilemmas can affect the characterisation in different ways, but at the base of it the Dame always remains positive and knows that Good will triumph over Evil. How do you approach the role? The Dames that I admire, such as Kenneth Allan Taylor , Les Dawson and Jack Tripp have been a huge influence. I always try to remember that at the end of the day I am just a bloke in a frock. What do you think is the essence/core of the Dame character? On the surface she can come across as an ageing man-eater and no matter how many times she's compared to the back end of a bus, she still believes herself to be beautiful and desirable to all men. But underneath this all she is a very warm and caring person as well as being a doting mother and usually has a close bond with those dearest to her – particularly seen in Jack and The Beanstalk in her relationship with Clarabelle the cow or Mother Goose in her friendship with the Priscilla, the goose. Has the increasing substitution of young male actors for actresses in the Principal Boy role changed the way the Dame is played? I've always played opposite a traditional Principal Boy – that is, one. played by a girl. Tradition is something I believe to be very important and unique to pantomime in all aspects. For example, a friend of mine once played Dame Trott with a real live cow instead of a traditional costume one. This is something I wouldn't really want to do in pantomime. What reactions do you want from the children in the audience? And from the adults? The shows I enjoy best is when there is a mixed audience. After all, first and foremost it should be a show for all the family, so I like to see both adults and children alike enjoying the same aspects and jokes in pantomime – as often it's a child’s first experience of live theatre and hopefully should make a lasting impression. I'll certainly never forget the first pantomime I saw. X	i don't know
Who was the first man to break three and a half minutes for the 1500 metres	World Records for Men's Fastest Mile Times By Mike Rosenbaum Updated September 23, 2016. It’s never been an Olympic or World Championship event, yet the mile remains the only non-metric race distance in which the IAAF recognizes a world record. Long after the other non-metric distances have vanished from the world record books, those 5,280 feet, or 1,760 yards – or about 1.61 kilometers – continue to capture the imaginations of runners and fans alike as a premier middle distance event. The first IAAF-recognized world record in the mile was run by John Paul Jones of the U.S. No, the record doesn’t go back to the American Revolution. This John Paul Jones performed his feat on May 31, 1913, in Allston, Mass., where he completed the mile in 4:14.4. France’s Jules Ladoumegue later brought the mark under 4:10, running 4:09.2 on Oct. 4, 1931, in Paris. The mark crept down toward the 4-minute mark throughout the 1940s. In a 3-year period from July 1942 through July 1945 a pair of Swedes, Gunder Hagg, and Arne Andersson, exchanged the record six times. continue reading below our video Understanding Baseball Hagg ended the give-and-take with a time of 4:01.4 on July 17, 1945. His mark stood for almost nine years, during which time the pundits debated on whether a 4-minute mile was humanly possible, as a runner after runner tried and failed to crack a key psychological – and, as some believed, physical – barrier. The 4-Minute Mile: On May 6, 1954, great Britain’s Roger Bannister answered the questions by running the first sub-4:00 miles, finishing in 3:59.4 while assisted by a pair of pacemakers. Bannister, then a medical student, developed his own training methods – featuring relatively short, intense workouts – that carried him through on a windy day. Bannister ran lap times of 57.5, 60.7, 62.3 and 58.9 seconds. He was timed in 3:43.0 through 1500 meters. While Bannister is famous for shattering the 4-minute barrier, many forget that he held the title for less than seven weeks before Australia’s John Landy finished in 3:58.0 on June 21, 1954. Bannister retired from racing before the end of the year, to devote himself to medicine, but not before racing against Landy in “The Mile of the Century” in Vancouver that August. Landy shot in front by the end of the first lap, hoping to wear out the normally fast-finishing Bannister. But Bannister ran his own race, paced himself, then shot into the lead with less than 90 yards remaining to win in 3:58.8 to Landy’s 3:59.6, the first time two runners topped four minutes in the same race. In 1958 Australia’s Herb Elliott ran 3:54.5 to break the record set the previous year by Derek Ibbotson by 2.7 seconds, the biggest drop in the world record time during the IAAF era. The record returned to U.S. soil in 1966 when the precocious Jim Ryun posted a 3:51.3 time, which he lowered to 3:51.1 the following year. Ryun was the first high school runner to break four minutes, with a time of 3:59 in 1964. At age 18 he owned the U.S. mile record of 3:55.3. At 19 he owned the world record. He was the fourth and, as of 2012, the last American to reign as the mile’s world record-holder. John Walker Cracks 3:50: New Zealand’s John Walker took the record below 3:50 in August 1975 with a time of 3:49.4, fulfilling his promise to the organizers of the meet held in Goteborg, Sweden. Walker convinced meet officials to change the scheduled 1500-meter race to the mile, telling them he’d take a shot at the world record. He was paced through the first half mile, with lap times of 55.8 and 59.3, then sped up on the final two laps, running the third quarter in 57.9 and the fourth in 56.4 seconds. Walker eventually became the first man to run 100 sub-4:00 miles. Great Britain then enjoyed a stretch of 14 years in which three different British runners owned the mark. Just as Hagg and Andersson played give-and-go with the record in the ‘40s, so too did Sebastian Coe and Steve Ovett in 1979-81. In a 25-month stretch, beginning in July 1979 when Coe edged Walker’s mark by four-tenths of a second, Coe owned the record three times and Ovett twice. Coe began the British siege in only the third-mile race of his life, in an Oslo meet in which Walker participated. Coe finally prevailed in his duel with Ovett, as Coe’s time of 3:47.33 set in August of 1981 lived for almost four years before Steve Cram lowered it to 3:46.32 in 1985. El Guerrouj Takes Charge: Only one African runner – Filbert Bayi, who broke Ryun’s record and held the mile mark for just three months – had owned the mile record before Algeria’s Noureddine Morceli topped Cram’s mark by running 3:44.39 on Sept. 5, 1993. The 1.93-second drop in the record was the largest margin since Ryun set his first record in 1966. Morocco’s Hicham El Guerrouj then lowered the mark to 3:43.13 on July 7, 1999 – almost identical to Bannister’s 1500-meter time in 1954 – yet came close to losing the race, held in Rome’s Olympic Stadium. Noah Ngeny ran with El Guerrouj all the way and edged Morceli’s record as well, finishing in 3:43.40. With his mark still intact in 2015, El Guerrouj has held the IAAF mile record longer than anyone else, while Ngeny’s time remained No. 2 on the all-time list. As of 2015, El Guerrouj had seven of the top 10 mile times in history; Alan Webb owns the fastest mile of the 21st century by someone other than El Guerrouj, posting a time of 3:46.91 in 2007. Read more about:	Steve Cram
What type of butter was advertised on TV using wobbly cows	Heroes of the Games: A-E (From Evening Times) Here's A-E in our guide to the Heroes of the Commonwealth Games. John Akii-Bua John Akii-Bua, Uganda's first Olympic champion, was supposedly born in a family of 43 children, and his father had 8 different wives. Several of his siblings were also good athletes, including his brother Lawrence Ogwang. Akii-Bua himself started out as a high hurdler, but failed to make the 1968 Olympics. He then tried out the longer hurdles race as well, qualifying for both events at the 1970 Commonwealth Games. In Edinburgh, he fared much better in the 400m, and placed 4th. He switched focus to this discipline, and soon became a top runner, winning his event at a 1971 USSR-USA country match as a guest runner. At the Munich Olympics, he was unlucky to draw lane one in the final, yet managed to break the world record and win the gold in 47.82 seconds. Akii-Bua was unable to defend his title, as Uganda boycotted the 1976 Olympics like most African nations, and he was past his prime at the 1980 Games, when he was eliminated in the semi-finals. By then, he was living in West Germany, having fled Uganda following the overthrow of dictator Idi Amin. He returned to his native country in 1983, and eventually started working for the police, where he had also worked after his Olympic title. Personal Bests: 400 - 45.82 (1976); 400H - 47.82 (1972) Jim Alder Jim Alder is one of the most successful Scottish endurance runners ever. In the Commonwealth Games in Jamaica Alder was third in the 10,000m and then followed this up with marathon gold after one of the most dramatic finishes imaginable. Leading to the Stadium Alder found that the stewards outside the arena had gone inside to have a look at the Duke of Edinburgh and, as a result, he over ran the entrance. Bill Adcocks, who was following, went in the right entrance and was ahead of Jim. Dunky Wright shouted to Jim and got him into the stadium while Bill was on the track and Jim managed to catch him and win. 1966: Commonwealth Games Jamaica Marathon Gold 1966: Commonwealth Games Jamaica 6 Miles Bronze 1970: Commonwealth Games Edinburgh Marathon Silver 1969: European Championships Athens Marathon Bronze 1964: World Record Holder 30,000 metres 1970: World Record Holder 30,000 metres 1964: World Best Performance for 2 Hours 1970: British Record Holder 20,000metres Note: Not all distances are recognised as World Records Jim also narrowly missed World Best for 25,000 metres by 2 seconds. However, he broke the World Best for 20,000 metres en-route to 30,000 metres World Best and narrowly missed British Record for 10,000 metres by 6/10 of a second in a race won by over half a lap. In summary Jim has held every distance record from 10,000 metres to marathon. Filbert Bayi Filbert Bayi (born June 23, 1953) is a former Tanzanian middle-distance runner of the 1970s who set the world records for 1,500 metres in 1974 and the mile in 1975. He is still the 1,500m Commonwealth Games record holder. The men's 1,500m final was run on the last day of the 1974 Christchurch Commonwealth Games. Bayi, the runaway leader, set a new world record of 3 minutes 32.16 seconds. New Zealander John Walker came close to catching Bayi and also broke Jim Ryun's world record. Bayi and Walker continued their rivalry in 1975. On May 17, Bayi broke Ryun's eight-year-old record for the mile, clocking 3 minute 51 seconds. It was hoped that the Bayi-Walker clash would continue but, because Tanzania boycotted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, it never materialised. However, since Bayi was suffering from a bout of malaria shortly before the Olympics, he may not have been able to challenge Walker even if there had not been a boycott. Ian Black Date of Birth: 27, June 1941 Discipline: Swimming (Butterfly) Black began his swimming career at Robert Gordon's College Junior School in Aberdeen. His medals, titles and records - both European and Worldwide - make his one of the finest swimmers to have come from Scotland. Black was the first Scot to win the 1958 BBC Sports Personality of the year award at the age of 17 after his notable success at the British Empire and Commonwealth Games and the European Championships, Budapest held in the same year. The Commonwealth Games, held in Cardiff, saw Black win silver in the 440 yards Freestyle event with a time of 4 minutes 28.5 seconds. His second medal at the 1958 Games was the 220 yards Butterfly event, where he won gold. To finish off his excellent run of medals he took silver in the 4x220 yards Freestyle relay. Black also represented Great Britain in the 1960 Olympics, however, he was unlucky not to return home with a medal. After a notable swimming career, he became a school head teacher, holding positions in Hong Kong and Scotland - most notably as head of his old Junior School, Robert Gordon's College. He retired in 2004. Raelene Boyle Without much doubt, Boyle was the fastest female sprinter of her time. The pity is that she doesn't have the right gold medal to prove it. During a 14 year career, which established her as a worthy successor to the great sprinters Marjorie Jackson, Betty Cuthbert and Shirley Strickland, she really deserved to win Olympic gold. Instead she had to settle for three silver medals, and a lot of frustrating memories. At the Munich 1972 Olympics she was beaten twice by an East German athlete who was later proved to have taken part in a doping program. And four years later, in her target event at the Montreal Olympics, the 200m, Boyle was disqualified after being ruled guilty of two false starts. At the age of just 17, she finished second in the Mexico 1968 City Olympic 200m, beaten by the great Irena Swezinska, of Poland. Her victor in the 100m and 200m in Munich was Renate Stecher, whose credibility was later stained by drug allegations. Her disqualification in Montreal came after she attempted to protest against a starter's call she was convinced was wrong. She was Australia's only track medallist, male or female, between 1968 and 1980. Lord Burleigh Full name: David George Brownlow Cecil Burghley Medals: 1 Gold, 1 Silver (2 Total) After schooling at Eton and Le Rosey, Switzerland, Lord Burghley went up to Magdalene College, Cambridge, and, although he failed to win a blue in his freshman year, he competed in the 110 metre hurdles at the 1924 Olympics as a 19-year-old. Burghley was Britain's leading all-round hurdler and was also an outstanding relay runner on the flat. At one time, he was the British record holder in all three hurdle events and the 4×400 metre relay. In the high hurdles he was the first Britain to break the 15 seconds barrier, won three AAA titles, competed in three Olympic Games and was a gold medalist at the 1930 Empire Games. In the 1930 British Empire Games 120 yard hurdles he won the gold medal. As a 220 yard hurdler he twice set a British record and his 1927 time of 24.7 seconds was not beaten until 1950. He was at his best in the 400 yard/400 metre hurdles winning an Olympic gold medal in 1928, setting one world and seven British records and winning five AAA titles and the gold medal at the 1930 Empire Games. He also won a relay gold medal at the Empire Games (with Roger Leigh-Wood and the non-Olympians Stuart Townend and Kenneth Brangwin) but his finest performance in this event came in the 1932 Olympic Games when he contributed a 46.7 second stage on the British team which won the silver medals with a new European record of 3:11.2 seconds. Earlier in the Games, Burghley had finished fifth in the 110 metre hurdles and fourth in the 400 metre hurdles with his fast ever time of 52.2 seconds. Burghley's one world record came at the 1927 AAA Championships where he ran 54.2 seconds for the 440 yards hurdles, and although the record was reduced to 52.6 seconds on the same day by the American Johnny Gibson in Nebraska, Burghley's performance was accomplished first in absolute time and his name was added to the roll of world record holders. Burghley and Gibson had, in fact, met earlier in the year at Penn Relays with the American winning by half a yard. Later it was found that Gibson was ineligible to compete in this particular collegiate race and Burghley was declared the winner. Burghley entered Parliament in 1931 as a member for the Peterborough and in 1943, on his appointment as the Governor for Bermuda, he resigned from the House. He also gave many years distinguished service to the Olympic movement and to the sport of track & field. In 1933, at the age of 28, he became a member of the International Olympic Committee and in 1936 he was elected President of the Amateur Athletic Association and Chairman of the British Olympic Association. Ten years later he became President of the International amateur Athletic Federation and in 1948 he served as Chairman of the Organising Committee for the Olympic Games. He failed in a bid for the IOC presidency in 1952 and 1964, but from 1952 to 1966 he served as Vice-President of the IOC. In 1929 he married Lady Maria Theresa Montague-Douglas-Scott, the daughter of the Duke of Buccleuch, and after their marriage dissolved in 1946, he married Mrs Diana Forbes. In 1956, on the death of his father, Lord Burghley became the 6th Marquess of Exeter. Personal Bests: 400 - 49.7e (1929); 880y - 1:57.8 (1927); 120yH - 14.5 (1930); 220yH - 24.3e (1930); 400H - 52.01 (1932). Geoff Capes Born in 1949, Capes, a professional Highland Games competitor, has a dazzling resume. As an athlete he competed for both England and Great Britain in field athletics. His speciality was the shot put, becoming Commonwealth champion twice, European champion twice, and three times Olympic champion. What's more, Capes twice won the title of World's Strongest Man. He was also World Muscle Power champion twice, and held many other titles, including Europe's Strongest Man and Britain's Strongest Man. At the Highland Games, he was six times world champion and held world records in many events. Chris Chataway Former British athlete Sir Chris Chataway died in January 2014 at the age of 82. Chataway, who broke the 5,000m world record in 1954, is more famously remembered as the man who helped pace Sir Roger Bannister to breaking the four-minute mile barrier the same year. Bannister described Chataway, who had been suffering from cancer for two and a half years, as "one of my best friends". Chataway, who won the Commonwealth Games three miles title in the same year, was named the first-ever BBC Sports Personality of the Year in 1954. He was knighted for his services to the aviation industry in 1995. In September 1955, Chataway became the first newsreader on Independent Television, before finishing 11th in the 5,000m at the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. He then moved into politics, working as a Conservative MP between 1959 and 1966 and rising to serve as a Parliamentary Private Secretary and junior Education Minister. Chataway was elected again in 1969 and served further ministerial positions. In 1974, Chataway retired from politics to concentrate on his business career, becoming managing director of Orion Bank, before leaving in 1988 to work as chairman of the Civil Aviation Authority. Duncan Clark Duncan Clark won gold in the British Empire Games in 1950 and bronze in the European Championships in 1946 for the hammer throw. He finished seventh in the shot put at the 1950 British Empire Games and sixth in the 1950 European Championships hammer throw. He competed for Scotland in the British Empire Games. Personal Best: HT - 54.89 (1951) Ron Clarke Ron Clarke won Australia's third bronze medal at successive Olympics in the 10,000 metres in Tokyo in 1964. Entering Tokyo, Clarke was the reigning world record holder but in the Olympic race he was beaten home by an unknown American Billy Mills and Mohamed Gammoudi of Tunisia. Clarke also finished ninth in the 5,000 metres and the marathon. His marathon result was the best by an Australian since George Blake's sixth at the Intercalated Olympics at Athens 1906. Clarke was the junior world record holder in the mile when he lit the Olympic Flame at Melbourne in 1956. Earlier that year, at the Australian titles, John Landy famously stopped during the mile, to attend to a fallen Clarke, and then resumed running to win the race. Clarke competed in the rarefied atmosphere at Mexico City in 1968 where he gallantly finished fifth in the 5,000 metres and sixth in the 10,000 metres. The atmosphere, or lack thereof, and physical exertion caused his dramatic collapse at the end of the longer race, requiring oxygen to be administered to aid his recovery. Throughout much of the 1960s, Clarke was the dominant distance runner, setting 19 world records. He won four silver medals at the Empire and Commonwealth games from 1962 through to 1970 and he has an Olympic gold medal. In 1966, Clarke became a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) 'in recognition of service to athletics'. He was one of the original inductees into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1985. Richard Corsie Corsie is thought by many to be the greatest Scottish bowler of all time. When you consider that no fewer than six other Scots - Bob Sutherland, John Watson, Hugh Duff, David Gourlay, Paul Foster and Alex Marshall - have won the principal prize in the sport, the World Indoor Singles, and the likes of Willie Wood have appeared in seven Commonwealth Games and eight World Outdoor Championships, that is no mean feat. He was first capped outdoor in 1984 and appeared in every Scotland team from then until 1998. In his home city of Edinburgh in 1986 he made his Commonwealth Games debut at the age of 19, winning bronze in the singles. He repeared the achievement in Auckland four years later before finally striking gold in Victoria, Canada in 1994, defeating England's Tony Allcock in the singles final. Born: November 1966, Edinburgh 1983-1993: Worked as a postman Bowling career highlights: Scottish junior champion (outdoor) 1983; World indoor champion 1989, 1991, 1993; Commonwealth Games singles gold medallist; 1994 49 caps for Scotland; Awarded MBE in 1999. Steve Cram Along with fellow Britons Sebastian Coe and Steve Ovett, Stephen "Steve" Cram MBE was one of the world's dominant middle distance runners during the 1980s. Nicknamed "The Jarrow Arrow", Cram set world records in the 1,500 metres, 2,000 metres and the mile during a 19-day period in the summer of 1985. He was the first man to run 1,500 metres under three minutes and 30 seconds. He won the 1,500 metres gold medal at the 1983 World Championships and the 1,500 metres silver medal at the 1984 Olympic Games. He won the BBC Sports Personality of the year in 1983, and received an MBE in 1986. Cram began his broadcast career in 1995 with Eurosport and joined the BBC in 1998. He is the Chief Athletics' commentator and has co-presented the last three Summer Olympic Games as well as the Winter Olympics in 2002 and 2010. Cram led the ESPN coverage of the Diamond League, the premier international athletics series, and is a regular contributor to BBC Radio 5 Live, hosting popular shows such as 606 and Sunday Sport. Lynn Davies Davies became the first Welshman to win an individual Olympic gold medal in the Men's Long Jump at the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games, where he also competed in the 100 metres and 4 x 100 metres relay. In 1966 he won Commonwealth and European Games gold medals, becoming the first British athlete to hold all three major titles. Four years later, he became Commonwealth champion again at the 1970 Edinburgh Games. His British long jump record stood for 34 years. He competed in three Olympic Games - Tokyo (1964), Mexico (1968) and Munich (1972) where he was captain of the team. At the Moscow 1980 and Los Angeles 1984 Olympics, Davies was Team Manager to the British Athletics Team. His roles in sport administration and management include Technical Director to the Canadian Athletics Team, member of the Sports Council for Wales, Chairman SportsMatch Cymru. He is currently the President of UK Athletics, the national governing body, and is a Vice-President of the British Olympic Association. He has won the BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year title on three occasions and was elected to the Welsh Sports Hall of Fame and Welsh Athletics Hall of Fame. In 2006, he was awarded the Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) having previously received the MBE. Jonathan Edwards The son of a Church of England vicar, triple jumpers Edwards was originally equally famous for his refusal to compete on a Sunday for religious reasons as for his prowess. Edwards won the World Cup in 1989, a Commonwealth Games silver medal in 1990 and, after reversing his decision on Sunday competition, a bronze medal at the 1993 World Championships, but it paled in comparison to what happened in his career after 1995. He had shown early season form by breaking the national record but that didn't prepare anyone for what was to occur next. At the European Cup in France, Edwards produced the two longest, albeit wind-assisted, leaps in history and jumped nearly a quarter-metre further than any previous jump and 46 cm more than the official world record. Over the next few weeks he broke or equaled the British record four times then put a centimeter on Willie Banks' world record at a meeting in Spain. At the Worlds in Stockholm his first leap was 18.16 m, which marked the first legal 18 m jump, and later in the competition he broke the world record again with 18.29 metres, the first ever mark beyond the Imperial barrier of 60 feet. This record has stood for 18 years and remains the only jump ever over 60 feet. Between the Atlanta and Sydney Olympics he maintained his position as one of the world's best jumpers. He won a silver and bronze at theWorld Championships and became European Champion in 1998. Edwards finally became Olympic champion in his fourth appearance at the Games in 2000. He regained the world title in 2001 then won his first Commonwealth Games gold medal, at the age of 36, in 2002 but could only finish third at that year's European Championships. He was expected to compete at a fifth Olympics in 2004 but elected to retire after a poor performance at the 2003 World Championships. Personal Best: TJ - 18.29 (1995) Herb Elliot Although Herb Elliott had a somewhat short career as a competitive athlete from 1957-62, he is still considered one of the greatest middle-distance runners in the world, and many experts believe he was the greatest ever at 1,500 metres. During his career Elliott lost only one 1,500m/mile race and broke four minutes for the mile 17 times. He rose to fame at the 1958 Commonwealth Games, where he won both the 880 yds and the mile. A few weeks later, Elliott set a mile world record of 3 minutes 54.5seconds in Dublin and broke the 1,500 m record in Göteberg by running 3 minutes 36 seconds. He also won the 1958 AAU mile and, with those achievements, was selected as the male athlete of the year by the Associated Press. Elliott went to the 1960 Olympics as a clear favorite for the 1,500m gold and won the Olympic title with a world record time of three minutes 35.6 seconds. After the Olympics Elliott enrolled at Cambridge University and ended his sporting career in 1962. Personal Best: 1500 - 3:35.6 (1960)	i don't know
In which English County would you find both the towns of Ham and Sandwich	Sandwich, Kent, Medieval Cinqueport - History and Guide Strand St. has one of the longest rows of timber framed houses in Europe Sandwich is one of the best preserved medieval towns in the UK Sandwich Kent - Medieval Cinque Port In medieval times and before, Sandwich was a main Kent and UK port, it was and still is, a principal Cinque Port. Before the River Stour silted up, the river was wide and deep enough for great sailing ships. Today, the ships have been replaced by smaller craft, residential and visitors moorings, but the many ancient buildings make Sandwich one of the best preserved medieval towns in England. Sandwich Origins The first recorded mention of Sandwich was around 664 AD but there was probably some kind of settlement in Roman times as the site is very close to Richborough Roman Fort (Rutupiae). The name of the town is, most likely, Saxon in origin, approximately meaning sandy place, or the place on the sand. The word sandwich as an item of food came into being centuries later ... Sandwich for Visitors With its ancient buildings, nature reserves, golf courses, delightful country pubs, cafés and restaurants, the medieval Cinque Port of Sandwich is a must to visit for the discerning tourist. Sandwich is also surrounded by small picturesque villages, such as Eastry, Ash, Worth and Woodnesborough & within easy reach are the nearby towns of Canterbury and the Port of Dover.	Kent
What do the locals call the cloud that covers Table Mountain in Cape Town	Visit Sandwich Sandwich is one of the best preserved medieval towns in England Sandwich in Kent UK These pages are a guide to the accommodation and visitor attractions both in and near the town. Sandwich itself, has a population of around 4,500, but it is surrounded by small villages, such as Eastry, Ash, Worth and Woodnesborough, which have always been regarded as part of the Sandwich area. The larger towns of Canterbury, Deal, Dover and Thanet (Ramsgate, Broadstairs & Margate) and their shops and entertainments are within easy reach by road and rail. The nearby towns & the channel ports plus the many golf courses, nature reserves, gardens and other attractions, all make Sandwich an ideal base to discover Kent, the Garden of England.	i don't know
MBE, OBE, CBE which is the highest honour	The honours system - GOV.UK GOV.UK 4. Types of honours and awards You can’t nominate someone for a specific honour - that’s decided by the honours committee. Companion of Honour This is awarded for having a major contribution to the arts, science, medicine, or government lasting over a long period of time. Knight/Dame This is awarded for having a major contribution in any activity, usually at national level. Other people working in the nominee’s area will see their contribution as inspirational and significant, requiring commitment over a long period of time. Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) This is awarded for having a prominent but lesser role at national level, or a leading role at regional level. You can also get one for a distinguished, innovative contribution to any area. Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) This is awarded for having a major local role in any activity, including people whose work has made them known nationally in their chosen area. Member of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) Awarded for an outstanding achievement or service to the community. This will have had a long-term, significant impact and stand out as an example to others. British Empire Medal ( BEM ) Awarded for a ‘hands-on’ service to the local community. This could be a long-term charitable or voluntary activity, or innovative work of a relatively short duration (3 to 4 years) that has made a significant difference. Overseas Territories Police and Fire Service Medals Given for service in British Overseas Territories. Royal Victorian Order (RVO) An award given by the Queen - usually to people who have helped her personally, like members of the Royal household staff or British ambassadors. The George Cross First level civilian medal for bravery: for acts of heroism and courage in extreme danger. The George Medal Second level civilian medal for bravery: for acts of great bravery. The Queen’s Gallantry Medal Third level civilian medal for bravery: for inspiring acts of bravery. The Queen’s Commendation for Bravery and The Queen’s Commendation for Bravery in the Air For risk to life. The orders The committee decides which order someone should be a member of. You don’t have to specify this in your nomination. Order	Order of the British Empire
In which Scottish city is there a statue of Desperate Dan	Order of the British Empire O.B.E. Order of the British Empire O.B.E. Queen and Honours Top Surnames The Order of the British Empire Project photo: Grand Cross's star of the Order of the British Empire. The Order of the British Empire recognises distinguished service to the arts and sciences, public services outside the Civil Service and work with charitable and welfare organisations of all kinds. It was created during the First World War in 1917 by George V. The King recognised the need for a new award of honour which could be more widely awarded, in recognition of the large numbers of people in the British Isles and other parts of the Empire who were helping the war effort both as combatants and as civilians on the home front. For the first time, women were included in an order of chivalry, and it was decided that the Order should also include foreigners who had helped the British war effort. From 1918 onwards there were Military and Civil Divisions, as George V also intended that after the war the Order should be used to reward services to the State in a much wider sense. Today the Order of the British Empire is the order of chivalry of British democracy. Valuable service is the only criterion for the award, and the Order is now used to reward service in a wide range of useful activities. Citizens from other countries may also receive an honorary award, for services rendered to the United Kingdom and its people. There are more than 100,000 living members of the Order throughout the world. After some debate, St Paul's Cathedral was nominated by a special committee and approved by The Queen, as the Chapel of the Order. As the cathedral of the capital city, it could accommodate services attended by very large congregations. In the words of one committee member, 'St Paul's symbolised the victory of the British spirit during the war of 1939-45 in that, although badly damaged and shaken, it survived the ordeal by battle in an almost miraculous way.' A Chapel for the Order was built in the cathedral crypt (where Nelson, Wellington and Sir Christopher Wren are buried, amongst others). Its formal dedication in 1969 was attended by The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh (Grand Master of the Order). Once every four years, approximately 2,000 members of the Order attend a service there to celebrate the Order. Many people who have been awarded an honour from overseas attend these services, and each person attending wears their award. Motto: For God and the Empire Chapel: Knight/Dame Grand Cross, Knight/Dame Commander, Commander, Officer, Member Post-nominals: GBE, KBE/DBE, CBE, OBE and MBE Founded: 1917 The Order is composed of five classes in civil and military divisions. In descending order of seniority, these are: Knight Grand Cross or Dame Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (GBE), see Knight Grand Cross Knight Commander or Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE or DBE) Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE) Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE) Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) Only the highest two ranks automatically cause an individual to become a knight or dame, an honour allowing the recipient to use the title "Sir" (male) or "Dame" (female) before their first name (though men can be knighted separately from this and other Orders of Chivalry). Honorary knighthoods, given to individuals who are not nationals of a realm where Queen Elizabeth II is Head of State, permit use of the honour as a post-nominal but not as a title before their name. Awards in the Order of the British Empire in the Commonwealth Realms were discontinued with the establishment of national systems of honours and awards such as the Order of Canada, the Order of Australia and the New Zealand Order of Merit. Foreign recipients are classified as honorary members of the Order they receive, and do not contribute to the numbers restricted to that Order as full members do. There is also a related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are not members of the Order, but who are nonetheless affiliated with the Order. The British Empire Medal had not been used in the United Kingdom or its dependencies since 1993, but was revived in 2012 with 293 BEMs awarded for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee. In addition, BEM is used by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. Knight Grand Cross or Dame Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (GBE) A	i don't know
Who played Prince Feisal in the epic film 'Lawrence of Arabia'	Lawrence of Arabia (1962) Potter: Well, what's the trick, then? Lawrence: The trick, William Potter, is not minding that it hurts. Mr. Dryden (Claude Rains) of the Arab Bureau proposes to General Murray (Donald Wolfit) that the scholarly (educated at Oxfordshire), dedicated, knowledgeable (about Arabian affairs) but undisciplined Lawrence be assigned to special duty with a transfer to Arabia. "He's of no use here in Cairo. He might be in Arabia. He knows his stuff." Murray contemptuously notes the "insubordinate," unmanly manner of Lawrence's nature - a subtle hint of his fabled homosexuality. The mission to Arabia may "make a man" of Lawrence, hardening him into a courageous, heroic leader: Murray: I can't make out whether you're bloody bad-mannered or just half-witted. Lawrence: I have the same problem sir. Murray: ...You're the kind of creature I can't stand, Lawrence. But I suppose I could be wrong. All right, Dryden. You can have him for six weeks. Who knows? Might even make a man of him. With subtle persuasion, Dryden negotiates for a longer stay of three months. Lawrence is enthusiastic about his arduous mission to Arabia: "Of course I'm the man for the job," he tells Dryden. But then: "What is the job, by the way?" Lawrence's dangerous mission is to "find Prince Feisal" (Alec Guinness), try to acquire Feisal's support, and serve as an emissary/liasion between the British and the Arabs. In Dryden's office, decorated with artifacts including an alabaster Egyptian cat statue and a painting of a golden sunrise, Dryden explains Lawrence's task. He is to investigate the progress of the Arab Revolt against Constantinople (Turkey) and to appraise the strength of the fragmented Arab tribes for the British Political Bureau, at Prince Feisal's encampment. [The primary goal of the British was to keep the Turks - allied with the Germans in WWI - from gaining control of the Suez Canal.]: Dryden: Find out what kind of man he is [Prince Feisal]. And find out what his intentions are. I don't mean his immediate intentions. That's Colonel Brighton's business, not yours. I mean, his intentions in Arabia all together... Lawrence: Where are they now? Dryden: Anywhere within three hundred miles of Medina. They are Hashimite Bedouins. They can cross sixty miles of desert in a day. Lawrence: Oh thanks, Dryden. This is going to be fun. Dryden: Lawrence. Only two kinds of creatures get fun in the desert. Bedouins and gods, and you are neither. Take it from me. For ordinary men, it's a burning, fiery furnace. Lawrence (as he lights Dryden's cigar with a match): No, Dryden. It's going to be fun. Dryden: It is recognized that you have a funny sense of fun. This time, after having received permission to go into Arabia, Lawrence exhibitionistically extinguishes the match by blowing it out rather than painfully snuffing it between his fingers. The next tangerine-colored scene - a long-shot view of the burning hot Arabian desert at sunrise - is juxtaposed to the previous scene by an abrupt cut, presenting the idea that Lawrence's pleasurable masochism will now be displaced into the heated political/military situation in Arabia. That "burning, fiery furnace" of the desert will now be a far bigger challenge to control and master than the flame of a match. Accompanied by the film's majestically sweeping score, the next scene begins with an endless horizon above which the golden desert sun slowly rises, first seen as a growing sliver of bright light. On camelback for many days, Lawrence is led across sweeping desert sand dunes by a nomadic Bedouin guide Tafas (Zia Mohyeddin). He slowly learns Bedouin ways and how to swiftly ride on his camel. During his camel-riding lesson, he is taught how to spur his camel forward. Lawrence impulsively makes the camel run fast, and is promptly thrown from the camel. (This is a reference to his addiction to speed in the prologue, and just like the motorcycle, he is thrown off -- a deadly premonition of his own death.) His golden hair and tan clothing blending into the natural sand-colored surroundings. At night under a sparkling, star-studded sky, he assures Tafas that although he is from England, he is unique and not fat like most English-speaking people: "I am different." En route at a Harith well at Masruh (belonging to a rival Bedouin tribe), Tafas draws up water at the start of one of the longest, most memorable screen entrances in film history. A dust cloud and then a tiny speck appear through shimmering, mirage-like heat waves on the desert horizon - Lawrence fears it is "Turks." The ominous image, more mirage than real, steadily enlarges and grows into a human being as it comes closer and closer. Tafas, Lawrence's escort, is shot down in cold-blood by the black-robed Bedouin for drinking at the well owned by a rival tribe. Through this ugly, ferocious act of ancient Bedouin tribal warfare, a fearless Lawrence is introduced to Sheik Sherif Ali Ibn el Kharish (Omar Sharif) - (uncharacteristic for an eminently cultured man who was educated in Cairo and appears polite and graceful throughout) [Note: Lawrence develop bloodlusts as the film progresses, while Sherif Ali becomes more pacifistic]: Sherif: He is dead. Lawrence: He was my friend. Sherif: That! Lawrence: Yes. That. Sherif: ...You are angry, English. He was nothing. The well is everything. The Hasimi may not drink at our wells. He knew that. Sa'lam. Lawrence: Sherif Ali, so long as the Arabs fight tribe against tribe, so long will they be a little people, a silly people, greedy, barbarous, and cruel, as you are. Sherif: Come, I will take you to Feisal. Lawrence: I do not want your company, Sherif. Sherif: Wadi Safra is another day from here. You will not find it. And not finding it, you will die. Lawrence: I will find it, with this. (He holds up his compass which Sherif snags with his camel stick.) Sherif: Good Army compass. How if I take it? Lawrence: Then you would be a thief. Sherif: Have you no fear, English? Lawrence: My fear is my concern. Sherif: Truly. God be with you, English. Lawrence rides off alone, singing before a rock surface and humorously listening for the echo [the compass is returned]: ...You could hear the girls declare. He must be a millionaire. You can rumpty-tumpty-tumpty-tum. Te-tuttle-e-tum-te-tum-te-tum. I'm the man who broke the bank at Monte Carlo. On a rock ledge above him, Lawrence receives echoing applause for his song from British Colonel Harry Brighton (Anthony Quayle), who has been notified by Prince Feisal that he was expected. According to Lawrence, his mission is to "appreciate the situation." Colonel Brighton, Lawrence's ranking officer in the desert, briefs him about the disarray among the demoralized Arab tribes: Lawrence: I have been seconded to the Arab Bureau. Brighton: Oh. What are you to do for the Arab Bureau? Lawrence: It's rather vague sir. I'm to 'appreciate' the situation. Brighton: Well, that won't be difficult. The situation's bloody awful. The morale, if anybody had any, which I doubt, the Turks knocked out of them in front of Medina with howitzers. They're fading away by dozens every night. What I want to say to you is this, that whatever you are, and whoever you're with, you're a British-serving officer and here's an order. When we get into that camp, you're to keep your mouth shut. Do you understand what I'm saying? Feisel's camp is under attack from the Turks. They are interrupted by the sounds of explosions and Turkish bi-planes flying overhead in an air-raid bombing attack on the camp. Obviously indifferent to the needs of the Arabs, Brighton explains why the primitive Arabs are so vulnerable and how they ignored his suggestion to move south: They simply will not understand what modern weapons do. Out of the billowing black smoke, Lawrence appears almost as an answer to the Prince's prayers. Demoralized and feeling defeated, Feisal realizes his sword, and other long-standing, archaic Arab methods of warfare, are powerless against the modern weaponry from the air. You understand, Lieutenant Lawrence, my people are unused to explosives and machines. First the guns and now this. The thousands of Bedouins are amassed and moved further south for protection. In a technically-accomplished scene in Feisal's tent, Sherif Ali appears (viewed first from the waist down), where Lawrence and British Colonel Brighton discuss with the wise and prophet-like Prince Feisal how the British may help absorb the Arabs into the British campaign. The primary objective of the British, however, is to protect their interests at the Suez Canal, and not to divert their attention toward assisting in the defense of the Arabs and defeating the Turks at Aqaba: Brighton: I want a decision, sir. Feisal: You want me to fall back on the Yenbo. Brighton: Well, you're not doing much good here, sir. I'm sorry to rub it in, sir, but we can't supply you here. Feisal: You could supply us through Aqaba. Brighton: Aqaba? (laughs) Well, if you can get a hold of Aqaba sir, of course we can supply you. But you can't. Feisal: You could. Brighton: You mean the Navy? The Turks have 12 inch guns at Aqaba, sir. Can you imagine what that means? Feisal: Yes, I can imagine. Brighton: Put that out of your mind, sir. The Navy's got other things to do. Feisal (perceptively): Oh yes. Protecting the Suez Canal. Brighton: The one essential sector of this front is and must be the Canal. You can see that, sir, surely. Feisal: I see that the Canal is an essential British interest. It is of little consequence to us. Brighton: I must ask you not to speak like that, sir. British and Arab interests are one and the same. Feisal: Possibly. Sherif: Ha! Ha! Brighton believes the Arab guerrilla tribes should retreat to Yenbo because they need discipline, training by European officers (and ultimately absorption into the regular British forces), and equipment: "a modern rifle for every man." Instead, Feisel demands "guns like the Turkish guns at Medina." Brighton insists that the English must first teach the Bedouin to "fight a modern, mechanized army." Although silenced by his military superior for being a disloyal "traitor," young Lawrence is sympathetic with Feisal's views and will not remain quiet. He is allowed to speak his personal opinions in "Feisal's tent," expressing a "passionate" appreciation of the vastness of the desert and the independent fighting spirit of the Arab tribes: Lawrence: I think your book is right. The desert is an ocean in which no oar is dipped. And on this ocean, the Bedouin go where they please and strike where they please. This is the way the Bedouin has always fought. You are famed throughout the world for fighting in this way and this is the way you should fight now. Brighton: I don't know. Lawrence: I'm sorry sir, but you're wrong. Fall back on Yenbo, sir, and the Arab uprising becomes one poor unit in the British army. Lawrence remains with the soft-spoken Feisal after Brighton and Sherif Ali leave the tent, and as they speak about the Arab destiny in the face of Western warfare, the masts of the tent creak as the wind blows. All too well, Prince Feisal understands the imperialistic English hunger for Arab lands. "Desert-loving" Lawrence has his own personal hungers for "desolate places": Feisal: Colonel Brighton means to put my men under European officers, does he not? Lawrence: In effect my lord, yes. Feisal: And I must do it because the Turks have European guns. But I fear to do it. Upon my soul I do. The English have a great hunger for desolate places. I fear they hunger for Arabia. Lawrence: Then you must deny it to them. Feisal: You are an Englishman. Are you not loyal to England? Lawrence: To England, and to other things. Feisal: To England and Arabia both? And is that possible? (He walks right up close and looks into Lawrence's eyes.) I think you are another of these desert-loving English...No Arab loves the desert. We love water and green trees, there is nothing in the desert. No man needs nothing. Or is it that you think we are something you can play with because we are a little people? A silly people, greedy, barbarous, and cruel? What do you know, Lieutenant. In the Arab city of Cordova, there were two miles of public lighting in the streets when London was a village... Lawrence: Yes, you were great. Feisal: ..nine centuries ago... Lawrence: Time to be great again, my Lord. Feisal: ...which is why my father made this war upon the Turks. My father, Mr. Lawrence, not the English. Now my father is old. And I, I long for the vanished gardens of Cordova. However, before the gardens must come fighting. To be great again, it seems that we need the English or... Lawrence: ...or?... Feisal: ...what no man can provide, Mr. Lawrence. We need a miracle! The camera follows Lawrence's footprints on the ripples of the blowing desert dunes. As he wanders through the night and into the morning light, he contemplates whether he will be the messianic, god-like, miraculous savior of the Arabs. He announces his decision to capture the Turkish garrison at the port of Aqaba: Aqaba. Aqaba, from the land.	Alec Guinness
Who is the Roman equivalent to the Greek god Hypnos	Lawrence of Arabia Movie Review (1962) \| Roger Ebert Tweet What a bold, mad act of genius it was, to make “Lawrence of Arabia,” or even think that it could be made. In the words years later of one of its stars, Omar Sharif : “If you are the man with the money and somebody comes to you and says he wants to make a film that's four hours long, with no stars, and no women, and no love story, and not much action either, and he wants to spend a huge amount of money to go film it in the desert--what would you say?” Advertisement The impulse to make this movie was based, above all, on imagination. The story of “Lawrence” is not founded on violent battle scenes or cheap melodrama, but on David Lean's ability to imagine what it would look like to see a speck appear on the horizon of the desert, and slowly grow into a human being. He had to know how that would feel before he could convince himself that the project had a chance of being successful. There is a moment in the film when the hero, the British eccentric soldier and author T.E. Lawrence, has survived a suicidal trek across the desert and is within reach of shelter and water--and he turns around and goes back, to find a friend who has fallen behind. This sequence builds up to the shot in which the shimmering heat of the desert reluctantly yields the speck that becomes a man--a shot that is held for a long time before we can even begin to see the tiny figure. On television, this shot doesn't work at all--nothing can be seen. In a movie theater, looking at the stark clarity of a 70mm print, we lean forward and strain to bring a detail out of the waves of heat, and for a moment we experience some of the actual vastness of the desert, and its unforgiving harshness. By being able to imagine that sequence, Lean was able to imagine why the movie would work. “Lawrence of Arabia” is not a simple biography or an adventure movie--although it contains both elements--but a movie that uses the desert as a stage for the flamboyance of a driven, quirky man. Although it is true that Lawrence was instrumental in enlisting the desert tribes on the British side in the 1914-17 campaign against the Turks, the movie suggests that he acted less out of patriotism than out of a need to reject conventional British society, choosing to identify with the wildness and theatricality of the Arabs. There was also a sexual component, involving his masochism. Advertisement T.E. Lawrence must be the strangest hero ever to stand at the center of an epic. To play him, Lean cast one of the strangest of actors, Peter O'Toole, a lanky, almost clumsy man with a beautiful sculptured face and a speaking manner that hesitates between amusement and insolence. O'Toole's assignment was a delicate one. Although it was widely believed that Lawrence was a homosexual, a multimillion-dollar epic filmed in 1962 could not be frank about that. And yet Lean and his writer, Robert Bolt , didn't simply cave in and rewrite Lawrence into a routine action hero. Everything is here for those willing to look for it. Using O'Toole's peculiar speech and manner as their instrument, they created a character who combined charisma and craziness, who was so different from conventional military heroes that he could inspire the Arabs to follow him in a mad march across the desert. There is a moment in the movie when O'Toole, dressed in the flowing white robes of a desert sheik, does a victory dance on top of a captured Turkish train, and he almost seems to be posing for fashion photos. This is a curious scene because it seems to flaunt gay stereotypes, and yet none of the other characters in the movie seem to notice--nor do they take much notice of the two young desert urchins that Lawrence takes under his protection. What Lean, Bolt and O'Toole create is a sexually and socially unconventional man who is simply presented as what he is, without labels or comment. Could such a man rally the splintered desert tribes and win a war against the Turks? Lawrence did. But he did it partially with mirrors, the movie suggests; one of the key characters is an American journalist (Arthur Kennedy), obviously inspired by Lowell Thomas, who single-handedly laundered and retailed the Lawrence myth to the English-language press. The journalist admits he is looking for a hero to write about. Lawrence is happy to play the role. And only role-playing would have done the job; an ordinary military hero would have been too small for this canvas. Advertisement For a movie that runs 216 minutes, plus intermission, “Lawrence of Arabia” is not dense with plot details. It is a spare movie in clean, uncluttered lines, and there is never a moment when we're in doubt about the logistical details of the various campaigns. Law-rence is able to unite various desert factions, the movie argues, because (1) he is so obviously an outsider that he cannot even understand, let alone take sides with, the various ancient rivalries; and (2) because he is able to show the Arabs that it is in their own self-interest to join the war against the Turks. Along the way he makes allies of such desert leaders as Sherif Ali (Omar Sharif), Prince Feisal (Alec Guinness) and Auda Abu Tayi ( Anthony Quinn ), both by winning their respect and by appealing to their logic. The dialogue in these scenes is not complex, and sometimes Bolt makes it so spare it sounds like poetry. I've noticed that when people remember “Lawrence of Arabia,” they don't talk about the details of the plot. They get a certain look in their eye, as if they are remembering the whole experience, and have never quite been able to put it into words. Although it seems to be a traditional narrative film--like “ The Bridge on the River Kwai ,” which Lean made just before it, or " Doctor Zhivago ," which he made just after--it actually has more in common with such essentially visual epics as Kubrick's " 2001: A Space Odyssey ," or Eisenstein's “Alexander Nevsky.” It is spectacle and experience, and its ideas are about things you can see or feel, not things you can say. Much of its appeal is based on the fact that it does not contain a complex story with a lot of dialogue; we remember the quiet, empty passages, the sun rising across the desert, the intricate lines traced by the wind in the sand. Although it won the Academy Award as the year's best picture in 1962, “Lawrence of Arabia” might have been lost if it hadn't been for the film restorers Robert A. Harris and Jim Painten. They discovered the original negative in Columbia's vaults, inside crushed and rusting film cans, and also about 35 minutes of footage that had been trimmed by distributors from Lean's final cut. They put it together again, sometimes by one crumbling frame at a time (Harris sent me one of the smashed cans as a demonstration of Hollywood's carelessness with its heritage). Advertisement To see it in a movie theater is to appreciate the subtlety of F.A. (Freddie) Young's desert cinematography--achieved despite blinding heat, and the blowing sand, which worked its way into every camera. “Lawrence of Arabia” was one of the last films to actually be photographed in 70mm (as opposed to being blown up to 70 from a 35mm negative). There was a hunger within filmmakers like Lean (and Kubrick, Coppola, Tarkovsky, Kurosawa and Stone) to break through the boundaries, to dare a big idea and have the effrontery to impose it on timid studio executives. The word “epic” in recent years has become synonymous with “big budget B picture.” What you realize watching “Lawrence of Arabia” is that the word “epic” refers not to the cost or the elaborate production, but to the size of the ideas and vision. Werner Herzog's “ Aguirre, the Wrath of God ” didn't cost as much as the catering in “Pearl Harbor,” but it is an epic, and “Pearl Harbor” is not. As for “Lawrence,” after its glorious re-release in 70mm in 1989, it has returned again to video, where it crouches inside its box like a tall man in a low room. You can view it on video and get an idea of its story and a hint of its majesty, but to get thefeelingof Lean's masterpiece you need to somehow, somewhere, see it in 70mm on a big screen. This experience is on the short list of things that must be done during the lifetime of every lover of film. Based on Ebert's 1989 review of the restored “Lawrence,” here lengthened and revised. Advertisement	i don't know
Of what is agoraphobia the fear of	What Is Agoraphobia? Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments of Fear of Public Places Treatments It’s not unusual to worry sometimes. But when your fears keep you from getting out into the world, and you avoid places because you think you’ll feel trapped and not be able to get help, you may have agoraphobia . With agoraphobia, you might worry when you are in: Public transportation (buses, trains, ships, or planes) Large, open spaces (parking lots, bridges) Closed-in spaces (stores, movie theaters) Crowds or standing in line Being outside your home alone You may be willing to go just a handful of places. This cuts down on the chances of panic . You may even dread leaving your house. But the good news is there are treatments that can help you relax. Common Phobias Slideshow Causes Doctors aren't sure what causes agoraphobia. They think it runs in families. You may get it if you have a lot of panic attacks . That's when you have bursts of fear that come out of the blue and last for a few minutes. These happen when there's no real danger. Agoraphobia is rare. Less than 1% of people in the U.S. have it. Women are two to three times more likely to have it than men, and it's more common in teenagers and young adults. Symptoms With agoraphobia, you won’t go to places that scare you. If you end up in one, you can become very anxious. Symptoms may include: Dizziness or feeling faint Fear of dying A lot of these symptoms are the same for other medical conditions like heart disease and breathing problems. So you may make several trips to the doctor or emergency room before you and your doctor figure out what's really going on. Your doctor may ask: Do you find it scary or stressful to leave your house? Do you have to avoid some places or situations? What happens if you end up in one of them? He will do a physical exam and maybe some tests to rule out any other medical problems that could be to blame.	open spaces
Who wrote about a mongoose called Ricki Tikki Tavi	Agoraphobia - NHS Choices Agoraphobia Agoraphobia Treatment Agoraphobia is a fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or that help wouldn't be available if things go wrong. Many people assume agoraphobia is simply a fear of open spaces, but it's actually a more complex condition. Someone with agoraphobia may be scared of: travelling on public transport visiting a shopping centre leaving home If someone with agoraphobia finds themselves in a stressful situation, they'll usually experience the symptoms of a panic attack , such as: rapid heartbeat feeling hot and sweaty feeling sick They'll avoid situations that cause anxiety and may only leave the house with a friend or partner. They'll order groceries online rather than going to the supermarket. This change in behaviour is known as avoidance. Read more about the symptoms of agoraphobia . What causes agoraphobia? Agoraphobia usually develops as a complication of panic disorder , an anxiety disorder involving panic attacks and moments of intense fear. It can arise by associating panic attacks with the places or situations where they occurred and then avoiding them. A minority of people with agoraphobia have no history of panic attacks. In these cases, their fear may be related to issues like a fear of crime, terrorism, illness, or being in an accident. Traumatic events, such as bereavement , may contribute towards agoraphobia, as well as certain genes inherited from your parents. Read more about the possible causes of agoraphobia . Diagnosing agoraphobia Speak to your GP if you think you may be affected by agoraphobia. It should be possible to arrange a telephone consultation if you don't feel ready to visit your GP in person. Your GP will ask you to describe your symptoms, how often they occur, and in what situations. It's very important you tell them how you've been feeling and how your symptoms are affecting you. Your GP may ask you the following questions: Do you find leaving the house stressful? Are there certain places or situations you have to avoid? Do you have any avoidance strategies to help you cope with your symptoms, such as relying on others to shop for you? It can sometimes be difficult to talk about your feelings, emotions, and personal life, but try not to feel anxious or embarrassed. Your GP needs to know as much as possible about your symptoms to make the correct diagnosis and recommend the most appropriate treatment. Read more about diagnosing agoraphobia . Treating agoraphobia With psychological treatment (talking therapies), most people with agoraphobia will make significant improvements, particularly if the three steps described below are followed. A stepwise approach is usually recommended for treating agoraphobia and any underlying panic disorder: step one – educate yourself about your condition, possible lifestyle changes you can make, and self-help techniques to help relieve symptoms step two – enrol yourself on a guided self-help programme step three – more intensive treatments, such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or medication Lifestyle changes may include taking regular exercise , eating more healthily , and avoiding alcohol, drugs and drinks that contain caffeine, such as tea, coffee and cola. Self-help techniques that can help during a panic attack include staying where you are, focusing on something that's non-threatening and visible, and slow, deep breathing. If your agoraphobia fails to respond to these treatment methods, your GP may suggest trying a guided self-help programme. This involves working through self-help manuals that cover the types of issues you might be facing, along with practical advice about how to deal with them. Medication may be recommended if self-help techniques and lifestyle changes aren't effective in controlling your symptoms. You'll usually be prescribed a course of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) , which are also used to treat anxiety and depression . In severe cases of agoraphobia, medication can be used in combination with other types of treatment, such as CBT and relaxation therapy. Read more about treating agoraphobia . Outlook Around a third of people with agoraphobia eventually achieve a complete cure and remain free from symptoms. Around half experience an improvement in symptoms, but they may have periods when their symptoms become more troublesome – for example, if they feel stressed. Despite treatment, about one in five people with agoraphobia continue to experience troublesome symptoms. How common is agoraphobia? In the UK, up to 2 people in 100 have panic disorder. It's thought around a third will go on to develop agoraphobia. Agoraphobia is twice as common in women as men. It usually starts between the ages of 18 and 35. Page last reviewed: 20/02/2016	i don't know
What is the heaviest breed of dog in the world on average	What Are the Heaviest Dog Breeds? What Are the Heaviest Dog Breeds? What Are the Heaviest Dog Breeds? The Behemoths of the Dog World So, you want a really big dog. Well, there are plenty of them, most of them in the mastiff family. Remember, before you buy one, they’re eating machines; they need lots of exercise; and they don’t live as long as smaller dogs, but it’s still a long-time commitment. Also, they all need extensive training and exercise, even the gentle giants. The Mastiffs Bernese Mountain Dog—His thick, double coat makes him very adaptable to cold weather. Originally, he pulled carts for farmers. Under all that fur is muscle. Weight: up to 110 pounds Height: up to 27 inches Life Span: 6 to 8 years Personality: Calm, gentle, good with children Grooming: Brush regularly Bullmastiff—He’s all muscle, but he’s agile too. Bred to guard estates from poachers, he remains a good guard dog for the family. He slobbers and snores, but he’s lovable. Weight: up to 130 Height: up to 27 inches Life Span: up to 10 years Personality: gentle giant, good with children Grooming: Doesn’t need much grooming or brushing Great Dane—The leaning tower of dog, the Great Dane loves to lean against humans, but training can end that. He’s not fully grown until he’s past one year old. Weight: up to 200 pounds Height: up to 36 inches Life Span: up to 10 years Personality: gentle giant; OK indoors, but he needs a lot of exercise. Grooming: Even though he’s smooth coated, he needs brushing because he does shed. Great Pyrenees—This massive bank of white likes any kind of weather, but especially cold weather. His double coat acts as his insulation. He loves the great outdoors and needs a large yard. Weight: up to 100 pounds Height: up to 32 inches Life Span: up to 10 years Personality: friendly with family, aloof with strangers Grooming: Lots of brushing; they shed the undercoat once a year Mastiff—This square, muscular giant is actually one of the gentle giants. One word of caution, however, he snores like a train. Not good for apartment living, he’ll do well with a big yard. Weight: 150 to 200 pounds Height: about 30 inches Life Span: up to 12 years Personality: gentle, loyal, good with children Grooming: He sheds, so lots of brushing even though he’s smooth-coated. Neapolitan Mastiff—His droopy face and body hide a lot of muscle. He’s not a graceful dog like some of the other big dogs, but he’s still impressive looking. Weight: up to 170 pounds Height: up to 31 inches Life Span: up to 10 years Personality: Very protective, but calm most of the time Grooming: Some brushing with a nonmetal brush Newfoundland—This guy can give Michael Phelps a run, or a swim, for his money. His thick coat protects him in the water. He can also haul carts. Weight: up to 150 pounds. Height: up to 28 inches Life Span: up to 10 years Personality: agreeable, loving, good family dog Grooming: This is one hirsute dog. Brush often. Keep bathing to a minimum because he needs the oils in his coat for protection. Saint Bernard—The slobbering, good-natured Saint Bernard really does save people in the snow and ice; his sense of smell is acute. The only thing is he doesn’t carry a little keg of brandy around his neck. Weight: up to 200 pounds Height: 25 to 28 inches Life Span: 8 to 10 years Personality: gentle giant; OK indoors, even a couch potato, if he gets enough exercise. Grooming: There are two types of Saint Bernard, the rough-coated and the smooth. Both need brushing and grooming. The Others Irish Wolfhound—There’s some question whether this is a dog or a small horse. He needs lots of walks, but not a lot of roughhousing until he’s older than two. He’s a sight hounds, so will chase small animals. He also needs a big yard and house. Weight: up to 150 Height: up to 34 inches. He can stand up to 7 feet. Life Span: up to 8 years Personality: Pleasant, good with children, loyal Grooming: Brush regularly Rottweiler—Rotties are smart, working dogs who function as service dogs, therapy dogs or police dogs. They’re also outgoing, loving companions. Weight: up to 130 pounds Height: up to 27 inches Life Span: 10 to 12 years Personality: loving, wary of strangers Grooming: Occasional brushing and grooming Scottish Deerhound—The Scottish Deerhound looks like a shaggy Greyhound with a deep chest and narrow hips. The Scottish Deerhound is dignified and quiet but still needs a big yard. The Deerhound is a sight hound, so will chase anything that moves. Weight: up to 110 Height: up to 32 inches Life Span: up to 10 Personality: loves everyone, including strangers, loyal Grooming: Brushing and trimming	Saint Bernard
Which American president was so fat that he got jammed in his bath	World's top 10 largest dog breeds - YouTube World's top 10 largest dog breeds Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jul 24, 2014 top 10 largest dog breeds 1. Great Dane Height Male 30–34 in (76–86 cm) Female 28–32 in (71–81 cm) The Great Dane is a German breed of domestic dog known for its giant size. The name of the breed in Germany is Deutsche Dogge. They are known for their enormous bodies and great height 2.Irish Wolfhound males: 32 inches, females: 30 inches. The Irish Wolfhound is a breed of domestic dog, specifically a sighthound. The name originates from its purpose rather than from its appearance. The breed was originally developed from war hounds to one used for hunting and guarding. 3 St. Bernard (dog) approximate height at the withers is 27½ inches to 35½ inches (70 to 90 cm). The St. Bernard is a breed of very large working dog from the Italian and Swiss Alps, originally bred for rescue. The breed has become famous through tales of alpine rescues, as well as for its enormous size. 4 Pyrenean Mastiff The Pyrenean Mastiff is a very large dog, males 77 centimetres (30 in) and females 71 centimetres (28 in) at the withers, although they can be up to 81 centimetres (32 in). They have a heavy white coat with large darker spots. The average weight is about 81 kilograms (179 lb), although males can often weigh over 100 kilograms (220 lb). 5 Leonberger Male: 28 to 31.5 inches (71 to 80 cm)-average 29.5 inches (75 cm) Female: 25.5 to 29.5 inches (65 to 75 cm)-average 27.5 inches (70 cm) The Leonberger is a giant dog breed. The breed's name derives from the city of Leonberg in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. According to legend, the Leonberger was ostensibly bred as a 'symbolic dog' that would mimic the lion in the town crest 6 Newfoundland Height Male 75 cm (30 in) Female 68 cm (27 in) Newfoundland and Labrador is the easternmost province of Canada. Situated in the country's Atlantic region, it incorporates the island of Newfoundland and mainland Labrador to the northwest, with a combined area of 405,212 square kilometres 7 Anatolian Shepherd Height 27-29 inches The Anatolian shepherd dog is a breed of dog which originated in Anatolia (central Turkey) and was further developed as a breed in America. 8 Neapolitan Mastiff while females should measure 24–29 inches (61–74 cm) and weigh 110–130pounds (50–60 kg). Body length should be 10–15% greater than height. The Neapolitan Mastiff or Italian Mastiff, is a large, ancient dog breed. This massive breed is often used as a guard and defender of family and property due to their protective instincts and their fearsome appearance. 9 Dogue de Bordeaux Male 23.5–27 in (60–69 cm) Female 23–26 in (58–66 cm) The Dogue de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Mastiff, French Mastiff or Bordeauxdog is a French Mastiff breed—and one of the most ancient French dog breeds 10 Perro de Presa Canario height range of 23 to 26 inches The Perro de Presa Canario is a large Molosser-type dog breed originally bred for working livestock. The name of the breed is Spanish, means "Canarian catch dog", and is often shortened to "Presa Canario" or simply "Presa". Category	i don't know
What is the Beverley Hills Diet developed by Judy Mazel based on	Beverly Hills diet Beverly Hills diet Origins Judy Mazel says that she was always an overweight child, and beginning when she was nine years old, she went to see doctor after doctor trying to find out why she could not be thin. For 20 years she continued to struggle with her weight and was finally told by a doctor that she was destined to always be fat. Six months after this pronouncement, she went skiing and broke her leg. While she was recuperating, she read a book on nutrition that a friend had given her. From this she developed her ideas about how the body works and what is needed to lose weight and stay thin. Mazel reports that she used her new theories to lose 72 lb (29 kg), and has kept off the weight ever since. In 1981, she published her diet in a book The Beverley Hills Diet. The original book reportedly sold more than a million copies, and in 1996 Mazel published a revised and updated version of the diet called The New Beverly Hills Diet. Mazel has also written a cookbook designed to go with the diet and The New Beverly Hills Diet Skinny Little Companion, a slim volume designed to provide inspiration and tips to help dieters through their first 35 days on the diet. Description The Beverly Hills diet is a food combination diet. It is based on the idea that it is not what a person eats, or even how much food is eaten that causes a person to gain weight. Mazel believes the combinations in which foods are eaten and the order in which they are eaten causes weight gain. She says that eating foods in the wrong order can stop some foods from being digested, and it is the undigested foods that cause fat build-up. The groups into which Mazel divides foods are carbohydrates, proteins, fruits, and fats. She believes that fruit must be eaten alone and must be eaten before anything else is consumed during the day. She also says that for correct digestion, each type of fruit must be eaten alone. This means that if a dieter eats an orange, the dieter must wait at least one full hour before eating another type of fruit, such as a pear. If the dieter eats a different type of food, such as a protein, the dieter must wait until the next day to eat fruit again. On the Beverly Hills diet, protein and carbohydrates cannot be eaten together. Most dairy products go into the protein group for purposes of categorization. This means that dieters can drink milk with protein meals, but not with carbohydrate meals. Fat is allowed to be eaten with either group, but may not be eaten with fruit KEY TERMS Dietary supplement—A product, such as a vitamin, mineral, herb, amino acid, or enzyme, that is intended to be consumed in addition to an individual’s diet with the expectation that it will improve health. Mineral—An inorganic substance found in the earth that is necessary in small quantities for the body to maintain a health. Examples: zinc, copper, iron. Type 2 diabetes—sometime called adult-onset diabetes, this disease prevents the body from properly using glucose (sugar), but can often be controlled with diet and exercise. Vitamin—A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to remain healthy but that the body cannot manufacture for itself and must acquire through diet. The order throughout the day in which food is eaten is very important on the Beverly Hills diet. Mazel says that each day fruit should be eaten first. After fruit, the carbohydrate group can be eaten. After carbohydrates comes food from the protein group. Once a dieter has changed food groups, he or she cannot eat from the previous groups again until the next day. Dieters must wait two hours between eating foods from different food groups. During the diet, Mazel says that dieters must not consume diet sodas or anything with artificial sweeteners. Because milk is considered a protein, the dieter is very limited in when it can be consumed. Unlike many other diets, alcohol is not as restricted on the Beverly Hills diet. Mazel categorizes most alcoholic drinks, such as beer, vodka, and rum, as carbohydrates, and says they must only be consumed with carbohydrates. Wine is categorized as a fruit, and unlike the rules for eating other fruits, wine does not have to be consumed alone but can be drunk with another fruit. Mazel says that champagne is a neutral food and can be drunk with anything. For example, on the first day of the diet, dieters are instructed to eat pineapple, corn on the cob, and a salad made of lettuce, tomatoes, and onions with Mazel dressing. (Mazel dressing is a recipe included in the book, and shows up frequently throughout the 35-day diet.) This means that dieters may eat as much pineapple as desired in the morning, but once they beginning eating corn on the cob they cannot go back and eat more pineapple. Once the salad is eaten, both corn on the cob and pineapple are no longer allowed. Dieters are instructed to wait between changing foods to ensure proper digestion. Some days on the diet only one type of food is permitted during the entire day. Day three of the diet allows the dieter only to consume grapes. On other days the dieter is only allowed to eat watermelon. Although these rules are extremely restrictive, they are not as restrictive as the rules set out in the original Beverly Hills diet. On that diet, dieters were only allowed to eat fruit for the first 10 days of the diet. No animal protein was allowed at all until the 19th day. The New Beverly Hills diet includes vegetables and carbohydrates occasionally during the first week, and includes lamb chops and shrimp on the sixth day. Function The Beverly Hills diet promises dieters that they will lose up to 25 lb (11.5 kg) in 35 days. The diet’s Website claims that the average dieter will lose 15–20 lb (7–9 kg). Mazel promises that by following the guidelines set out by her diet, dieters will be able to eat anything they want, including foods forbidden on most diets, such as cheesecake and hamburgers. They only have to ensure that they eat them at the right times, in the right combinations, and in the right order. Doing this, Mazel claims, will let dieters become thin and stay thin, all while eating fatty foods forbidden by other diets. The Beverly Hills diet is intended to be a life changing diet, and dieters are expected to continue to follow the rules of the diet after the 35 days of meal plans are finished. Mazel does not provide exercise recommendations, nor does she provide information to help dieters improve other aspects of their lives, such as advice on stress reduction. Benefits The Beverly Hills diet claims that dieters can lose 20 lb (9 kg) in 35 days. Many health benefits are associated with significant weight loss if it is achieved through healthy eating and exercise and occurs at a moderate pace. These benefits can include a decreased risk of Type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and other obesity related diseases and conditions. There may be some benefits to following the Beverly Hills diet. The diet emphasizes eating a wide variety of fruit. Fruits contain many vitamins and minerals that are necessary for good health. Eating a diet with more fruits and vegetables can help dieters stick to an otherwise well-balanced, reduced-calorie diet because fruits and vegetables generally contain fewer calories per volume than other foods. This means that a dieter can feel full while eating fewer calories. The diet also restricts prepared foods and foods with artificial preservatives, sweeteners, and flavors. Eating a diet that contains mainly fresh foods can be very healthy because prepared foods are often very high in sodium and have fewer vitamins and minerals than fresh foods. Precautions The New Beverly Hills diet’s website cautions dieters that there are some people for whom the diet is not appropriate. These include women who are pregnant or breastfeeding and anyone with diabetes, ulcers, spastic colon, and various forms of irritable bowel disease. The website also cautions that anyone with serious illness or chronic disease should only begin this diet under medical supervision. Even dieters who do not have serious illness should consult a doctor or other medical professional when considering this diet. Daily requirements of calories, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients can differ from person to person depending on age, weight, sex, activity level, and the presence of certain diseases or conditions. A physician can help the dieter determine if this diet will be safe given a dieter’s specific nutritional requirements, so that the dieter can reach his or her weight loss goals without risking good health. Risks This diet requires that dieters eat only a small variety of foods each day, and on some days only one type of food is allowed. No protein is allowed until the sixth day of the diet, and it is not included regularly after that. This means that it will be extremely hard for dieters to get the vitamins, minerals, and nutrients that are needed each day for good health. If dieters are considering this diet, they should consult a physician about taking a multivitamin or other dietary supplement to reduce the risk of serious nutritional deficiencies. However, no vitamin or supplement can replace eating a healthy, balanced diet. QUESTIONS TO ASK THE DOCTOR Is this diet safe for me? Is this the best diet to meet my long term weight loss goals? Do I have any dietary requirements this diet might not meet? Would a multivitamin or other dietary supplement be appropriate for me if I were to begin this diet? Are there any sign or symptoms that might indicate a problem while on this diet? Although the New Beverly Hills diet does include more foods than the original diet, which only allowed fruit for the first 10 days, the diet still contains a significant amount of fruit. Fruit is required as the first food each day, and on many days only fruit is allowed. In the first week of the diet there are two days that only allow fruit: day three only allows grapes, and day five allows pineapple, then papaya, then more pineapple. Because of this excessive consumption of fruit and the limited consumption of other foods, there is a significant risk of diarrhea, which can lead to severe dehydration and malnutrition. Dieters thinking of beginning this diet should be extremely cautious. Research and general acceptance There have been no significant scholarly studies done showing the effectiveness of the food combining theory of eating in general, or the effectiveness of this diet in particular. In 1981 the Journal of the American Medical Association published an article stressing the dangers of the original Beverly Hills diet. It called the diet “the latest, and perhaps worst, entry in the diet-fad derby,” and said that the diet could cause severe enough diarrhea to cause fever, muscle weakness, and in the most severe cases might be able to cause extreme drops in blood pressure that could lead to death. The article told physicians to discourage their patients from trying this diet. Although the New Beverly Hills diet has been updated, and more foods have been included, experts are not much more enthusiastic. David W. Grotto, a spokesman for the American Dietetic Association, is quoted on WebMD.com as saying that “sustaining the diet...would be a concern because of a lack of nutritional adequacy,” and even went on to say “I would almost lump [the] dietary program in with the obscure and useless programs—like Alexander the Great’s nothing-but-alcohol diet. It’s nutritionally incomplete and there’s better programs out there.”. Mazel, Judy and Susan Shultz. The Beverly Hills Diet. New York: Macmillan, 1981. Mazel, Judy. The Beverly Hills Style. New York: Stein and Day, 1985. Mazel, Judy. The New Beverly Hills Diet. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications, 1996. Shannon, Joyce Brennfleck ed. Diet and Nutrition Source-book Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2006. Willis, Alicia P. ed. Diet Therapy Research Trends. New York: Nova Science, 2007. PERIODICALS Mirkin, G. B. and R. N. Shore. “The Beverly Hills Diet. Dangers of the Newest Weight Loss Fad.” The Journal of the American Medical Association (Nov 1981): 2235–37. ORGANIZATIONS American Dietetic Association.120 South Riverside Plaza, Suite 2000, Chicago, Illinois 60606-6995. Telephone: (800) 877-1600. Website: <http://www.eatright.org>. OTHER Optifast.com <http://www.optifast.com> (March 26, 2007) Skinny on Diets. “The New Beverly Hills Diet.” 2007. <http://www.skinnyondiets.com/TheNewBeverlyHillsDiet.html> (April 22, 2007) The Diet Channel. “Beverly Hills Diet.” 2007. <http://www.thedietchannel.com/Beverly-hills-diet.htm> (April 22, 2007) Tish Davidson, M.A.	Fruit
What redhead failed Weight Watchers at age 19, only to become its spokesperson 19 years later	Judy Mazel, Creator of Best-Selling ‘Beverly Hills Diet,’ Is Dead at 63 - The New York Times The New York Times Fitness & Nutrition \|Judy Mazel, Creator of Best-Selling ‘Beverly Hills Diet,’ Is Dead at 63 Search Continue reading the main story Judy Mazel, author of the 1981 best-selling book “The Beverly Hills Diet ,” which recommended eating nothing but fruit, and lots it, for the first 10 days of a six-week regimen, and which drew strong criticism from medical authorities, died in Santa Monica, Calif., on Oct. 12. She was 63 and lived in the Pacific Palisades section of Los Angeles. The cause was complications of a stroke, her sister Carol Friduss said. “The Beverly Hills Diet” (Macmillan) made the New York Times best-seller list on May 24, 1981, and remained on the list for 30 weeks. It sold nearly one million copies, topping even “Richard Simmons’ Never-Say-Diet Book” (Warner, 1981) on a list heavy with nutrition and self-help books. Ms. Mazel’s regimen called for eating nothing but designated fruits in a specific order for those first 10 days. On Day 11, one could finally eat bread, two tablespoons of butter and three cobs of corn. Not until Day 19, after a week of similarly precise restrictions, could the dieter consume something, like steak or lobster, that would be a source of complete protein. Since the diet was said to be based on the enzymatic action of foods during digestion, Ms. Mazel’s contention was that what mattered was not what food was eaten but when and in what combination. Soon after the book’s release, an article in The Journal of the American Medical Association said the book was full of medical “inaccuracies” that could harm people. Advertisement Continue reading the main story The authors, Dr. Gabe Mirkin of the University of Maryland and Dr. Ronald Shore of Johns Hopkins University, criticized Ms. Mazel’s theory that fruit enzymes make hard-to-digest foods less fattening. Rather, they said, “enzymes in fruit do nothing to help break down food in the stomach and intestines.” Eating great amounts of fruit and little salt, they said, could lead to diarrhea, fever , muscle weakness and circulation problems. Ms. Mazel had struggled to lose weight since childhood. She was born in Chicago on Dec. 20, 1943, and moved to Hollywood in the mid-1970s as an aspiring actress. After trying all manner of weight-loss remedies, she spent six months with a nutritionist in Santa Fe, N.M., devising her own regimen. She slimmed to 108 pounds, from 180. After returning to Los Angeles, she opened a weight-loss clinic that attracted a number of celebrity clients. Her book jacket carried endorsements from Engelbert Humperdinck, Sally Kellerman, the former Miss America Mary Ann Mobley and Linda Gray of “Dallas.” Besides her sister Carol, of Carbondale, Ill., Ms. Mazel is survived by another sister, Ann Manaster of San Diego. A version of this article appears in print on , on Page A15 of the New York edition with the headline: Judy Mazel, Creator of Best-Selling ‘Beverly Hills Diet,’ Is Dead at 63. Order Reprints \| Today's Paper \| Subscribe	i don't know
What did Buster Bloodvessel call the hotel he owned in Margate	Buster Bloodvessel rushed to hospital \| Daily Mail Online Next Buster Bloodvessel rushed to hospital Buster Bloodvessel, the roly-poly frontman of eighties band Bad Manners, is seriously ill in hospital after collapsing on stage during a gig in Italy, it has emerged. The 30-stone singer, real name Douglas Trendle, was performing his trademark energetic routine during a leg of his European tour last night when he was taken ill. He was taken to hospital in the northern Italian city of Perugia, where doctors diagnosed a strangulated hernia. While the 40-year-old is in urgent need of an operation, doctors are worried that because of his size he might not survive surgery. A spokesman for the singer said: 'He is very worried and wants to come home but the doctors have said they must operate. Unfortunately he is so big that any operation could be extremely dangerous.' Bloodvessel, whose band has had hits with Lip Up Fatty, Special Brew and Can Can, is married with two children, Charleigh, nine, and Trudi, six. Bad Manners was formed in 1979 and notched up a string of hits during the 1980s. Bloodvessel, who once owned a hotel in Margate, Kent, called Fatty Towers recently appeared in a TV commercial mocking his poor financial state.	fatty towers
What was the name of Tom Bombardils's horse in Lord of the Rings	Bad Manners: Music Downloads, Album Info & More – artistxite.co.uk Show me Biography Bad Manners are an English ska band led by frontman Buster Bloodvessel. Early appearances included Top of The Pops and the live film documentary, Dance Craze. They were at their most popular during the early 1980s, during a period when other ska revival bands such as Madness , The Specials and The Selecter filled the charts. Bad Manners spent 111 weeks in the UK Singles Chart between 1980 and 1983, and they also achieved chart success with their first four studio albums with Gosh It's... Bad Manners, Loonee Tunes! and Ska 'n' B being their biggest hits. Fronted by Buster Bloodvessel (born Douglas Trendle), the band was formed in 1976 while the members were together at Woodberry Down Comprehensive School near Manor House, North London. They commemorated the 1981 closure of the school on the back sleeve of their Gosh It's... Bad Manners album. After becoming popular in their native London, Bad Manners signed to Magnet Records in 1980, and became regular guests on television shows such as Tiswas. The band also appeared on The British Music Awards (1981) and Cheggers Plays Pop. In 1985, they also appeared on The Time of Your Life, hosted by Noel Edmonds. Being closely associated with the 2 Tone movement (though never signed to 2 Tone Records itself), they were one of six bands featured in the 1981 documentary film Dance Craze. Some of their more notable hits include "My Girl Lollipop", "Lip Up Fatty", "Can Can", "Special Brew" and "Walking In The Sunshine". One of the main reasons for their notoriety, was their outlandish huge-tongued and shaven-headed frontman, Buster Bloodvessel. His manic exploits got them banned from the British BBC TV chart show Top of the Pops. The band was also banned from Italian TV after Bloodvessel mooned a concert audience, after being told that the Pope was watching on TV. Bad Manners left Magnet Records in 1983, and Telstar Records released a compilation album, The Height of Bad Manners, which reached number 23 in the UK Albums Chart. The album was assisted with a television advertisement promotion, and it brought the band back to the attention of the media and the British public - but no further chart hits. The group then went on to sign a contract with Portrait Records in the United States and Mental Notes was released in 1985. For two years the band toured continuously all over the world but decided to disband in 1987. Buster reformed the band with original members Louis Alphonso, Martin Stewart and Winston Bazoomies. Another original member, Chris Kane, also remained in the band, but left in 1990. In 1988, the band licensed the name and logo of Blue Beat Records, and set up office in a 50 ft barge in the back garden of Buster's former home in Spring Hill, London. After Blue Beat closed in 1990, Bad Manners were without a recording contract, but still continued to tour. In 1992, they signed a deal with Pork Pie Records and Fat Sound was released in Europe. The album was initially intended to be released in the UK on Blue Beat. In 1996, Buster Bloodvessel moved to Margate, and opened a hotel on the seafront called Fatty Towers, which catered for people with huge appetites. While living in Margate, he was a regular spectator at Margate F.C., and Bad Manners sponsored the club for one season. Fatty Towers closed in 1998 and did not re-open despite a facelift. After its closure, he moved back to London. Bad Manners released Heavy Petting on Moon Ska Records in the United States in 1997. Six years later, Buster set up another record label and the band released Stupidity on Bad Records in 2003. Bad Manners appeared on Never Mind The Buzzcocks in the 2004 Christmas Special, performing festive songs to Phill Jupitus' team. (Jupitus is a fan of the band, and Buster Bloodvessel had appeared as a panellist on the show earlier that year). Buster Bloodvessel is the only original member left in Bad Manners, but the harmonica player, Winston Bazoomies, is an 'honorary member' of the band and he has a Facebook fanpage set up in his honour and he currently lives in North London. Martin Stewart left Bad Manners in 1991, and performed and recorded with The Selecter for fifteen years. Louis Alphonso lives in Paris while David Farren left in 1987, after the band's contract with Portrait Records finished. He designed the original band logo, and painted the front cover of the Gosh It's... Bad Manners album. He currently performs in a tribute outfit called The Rollin' Stoned. Chris Kane is a session musician living in Wanstead. He became a music teacher during the 1990s and also performed with The Jordanaires . Brian Tuitt also left the band in 1987 and works and lives in Kent, while Andrew Marson, another band member who left the same year, has worked as a carpenter in and around London. Paul Hyman lives in Enfield and works in the stock exchange, a job he has had since he left Bad Manners. Bad Manners headlined their own annual music festival known as Bad Fest in 2005 and 2006 at RAF Twinwood Farm. This festival featured ska, mod-related and punk rock bands from the 1980s to the present. In 2011, Cherry Red Records released the band's first four albums, Ska 'n' B, Loonee Tunes!, Gosh It's... Bad Manners and Forging Ahead on CD for the first time with added bonus tracks. The albums were issued on their sister label, Pressure Drop. That same year, Bad Manners performed a world tour and played a number of shows in the United States, France, Canada, Slovakia, Germany, Japan, Australia and Spain, with a number of festive dates in the United Kingdom. In December 2012, the band released their first single in thirteen years. "What Simon Says" was released via download just before the festive season, and the music video featured Bad Manners fans from across the world but none of the band members themselves. In December 2012, founding members of the band met for the first time in decades at the Ship public house in Soho, London. Paul Hyman, Martin Stewart, Brian Tuitt and Chris Kane met with band historian and harmonica player David Turner, and Christopher 'Dell' Wardell, a music writer and promoter from Darlington. The meeting was successful and on 18 July 2013, seven of the original nine members reunited at The Brownswood public house, near Finsbury Park, that is within striking distance of their old school, Woodbery Down Comprehensive. The meeting was again organised by Wardell and Turner. The 'Bad Manners Originals' who attended the reunion were; Andy Marson (alto sax), Paul Hyman (trumpet), Alan Sayag (harmonicas), Chris Kane (tenor sax), David Farren (bass), Martin Stewart (keyboards) and Brian Tuitt (drums). The meetings were arranged after Wardell's 'Where Are They Now ?' band article, which was a feature about the current whereabouts of all of the original Bad Manners band members, published in The Northern Echo in 2012. The band are currently in their 40th anniversary year, and can still be seen out touring regularly across the UK. Timeline Labels:Magnet, Portrait, Blue Beat, Pork Pie, Moon, Bad Members:Buster Bloodvessel	i don't know
Doctor Herman Tarnower was responsible for which well known diet	Jean S. Harris, Killer of Scarsdale Diet Doctor, Dies at 89 - The New York Times The New York Times N.Y. / Region \|Headmistress, Jilted Lover, Killer, Then a Force for Good in Jail Search N.Y. / Region \| Jean S. Harris, 1923-2012 Headmistress, Jilted Lover, Killer, Then a Force for Good in Jail Continue reading the main story Photo Jean S. Harris, center, leaving the Westchester County Courthouse with one of her attorneys, Bonnie Steingart, in White Plains, N.Y., in 1981. Credit Joyce Dopkeen/The New York Times Jean S. Harris, the private-school headmistress whose 1981 trial for the murder of a prominent Scarsdale, N.Y., physician galvanized a nation with its story of vengeance by a woman scorned, died on Sunday at an assisted-living center in New Haven. She was 89. Her death was confirmed by her son James. For more than a year — from her arrest on March 10, 1980, to her sentencing for second-degree murder on March 20, 1981 — Mrs. Harris’s case was front-page news. The trial provided the fascination of a love triangle involving the cultivated headmistress of an exclusive girls’ school, a wealthy cardiologist whose book, “The Complete Scarsdale Medical Diet,” had been a best seller, and an attractive younger rival for his affection. If Mrs. Harris was to be believed, it was the story of an attempted suicide by a jilted woman that turned into the unintentional shooting of the man who had rejected her. But there was an underlying social debate that drew commentary from writers, sociologists and feminists and antifeminists alike. Mrs. Harris’s passionate defenders saw her plight as epitomizing the fragile position of an aging but fiercely independent woman who, because of limited options, was dependent on a man who mistreated her. Her detractors, who were just as ardent, suggested that such reasoning made it seem that it was the physician, Dr. Herman Tarnower, who was on trial. Continue reading the main story Mrs. Harris was sentenced to 15 years to life, and spent 12 of those years at the Bedford Hills Correctional Facility in Westchester County, N.Y. But she managed to salvage that seemingly wasted period through a remarkable prison life. She counseled fellow female prisoners on how to take care of their children, and she set up a center where infants born to inmates can spend a year near their mothers. Then, after her release in 1993 following a grant of clemency by Gov. Mario M. Cuomo, she set up a foundation that raised millions of dollars for scholarships for children of women in prison in New York State. Advertisement Continue reading the main story She also lectured about her often incongruous experiences with inmates. “They looked at me as a rich white woman, even though some of the call girls earned six times what I did as a headmistress,” she told an interviewer. At the center of the murder case was Jean Struven Harris, a slight, blue-eyed blonde, then 56, who was a product of comfortable suburban homes and a Smith College education. Headstrong, articulate and ambitious, she was the headmistress of the Madeira School, a boarding school for affluent girls on a sprawling wooded campus in Virginia. At 10:56 on the night of March 10, 1980, the White Plains police received a telephone call from Dr. Tarnower’s secluded glass-and-brick house on a 6.8-acre estate in Purchase, N.Y. Lying in an upstairs bedroom dying of four bullet wounds was Dr. Tarnower, the 69-year-old founder of the Scarsdale Medical Group, whose diet book had sold three million copies. When the police arrived at the driveway, they came across Mrs. Harris, wearing tan slacks and a mink jacket, driving away. She contended that she was going to look for a phone booth to call the police. But officers found a .32-caliber gun in the glove compartment, and a detective later testified that she told him: “I did it. ... I’ve been through so much hell with him. He slept with every woman he could.” Dr. Tarnower and Mrs. Harris, the divorced mother of two grown sons and 13 years his junior, had been lovers for 14 years. But in the years before the shooting, the doctor had begun appearing at dinner parties and taking vacations with his office assistant, Lynne Tryforos, a divorced woman who was then 37. For years Dr. Tarnower, a lifelong bachelor, had refused to marry Mrs. Harris. Now, as a wealthy man, he could dally with the even younger Mrs. Tryforos. Photo Jean S. Harris in 1984. Credit ABC In her eight days on the witness stand, Mrs. Harris was able to describe her betrayal with an arch wit that charmed the courtroom. She recalled how she once discovered a birthday greeting from Mrs. Tryforos to Dr. Tarnower in a small advertisement on the front page of The New York Times, and how she responded: “Herman, why don’t you use the Goodyear blimp next time? I think it’s available.” She testified that by March 1980, she had decided to commit suicide and had bought the revolver. She drove from Virginia to Dr. Tarnower’s place, she said, so she could have a few quiet moments with him before she shot herself “at the side of the pond where there were daffodils in the spring.” When she went upstairs, she testified, she found him in his pajamas asleep in his bedroom. She noticed Mrs. Tryforos’s negligee, hair curlers and jewelry and fell into a rage, she said, deciding to shoot herself right there. Advertisement Continue reading the main story When she drew the revolver out of her pocketbook, she testified, Dr. Tarnower tried to stop her by pushing her hand down, but the gun fired. They struggled again, and the gun went off a second time. Mrs. Harris, however, could not account for two of the bullets. On Feb. 24, 1981, after eight days of deliberation, the jury of four men and eight women decided that she had murdered the doctor. The trial drew more than 100 reporters from around the country. The writer Shana Alexander and the critic Diana Trilling both wrote popular books about Mrs. Harris’s experience. Mrs. Trilling compared Mrs. Harris to Anna Karenina and Emma Bovary; Mrs. Harris, she said, was “material asking to be written but with no one to write her.” Some feminists rationalized Mrs. Harris’s action as legitimate revenge, although Betty Friedan, describing Mrs. Harris as a “pathetic masochist,” denied that there were any feminist issues involved in the trial. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy Mrs. Harris took the guilty verdict calmly, but at her sentencing a month later, she was trembling with defiance. “I did not murder Dr. Tarnower; I loved him very much,” she told the judge. “No one in the world feels his loss more than I do. I’m not guilty.” At Bedford Hills, she held various jobs. She organized the prison library, tutored inmates for the state’s high school equivalency examinations and served as a teacher’s aide in the prison’s nursery. “I was lucky that I could find something useful to do,” she told The Times in a 1993 interview. “I didn’t twiddle my thumbs. Really, I got up every morning and went to school and taught. I know it was useful, and I was lucky to have that job.” Photo Dr. Herman Tarnower Credit Associated Press She wrote an article for New York magazine on prison conditions, describing a humiliating search of her body by a guard. In 1986, she wrote “Stranger in Two Worlds,” offering her account of the Tarnower relationship as well as a chronicle of prison life. Almost 70 years old when she got out in 1993, she tried to live out of the limelight, despite the occasional made-for-TV movie or book about the case (Ellen Burstyn played Mrs. Harris in a 1981 movie, and Annette Bening played her in 2005). She devoted herself to gardening outside her cabin on the Connecticut River in New Hampshire, writing and taking walks with her golden retriever, Lainey, who was named after a nun who directed the prison’s children center. Advertisement Continue reading the main story Jean Witte Struven was born in Chicago on April 27, 1923, and grew up in the fashionable Cleveland suburbs of Cleveland Heights and Shaker Heights. Her father, Albert Struven, was a civil engineer who became vice president of a construction company that built oil refineries and steel plants around the world. She was educated at the Cleveland area’s leading private school and majored in economics at Smith College. She was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and graduated magna cum laude in 1945. She went on to receive a master’s in education at Wayne State University. Soon after leaving Smith, she married James Harris, the son of a middle-level chemicals executive from Detroit. She once told an interviewer that she had agreed to marry him largely to defy her father, who did not like him. The couple settled in Grosse Pointe, Mich., and Mrs. Harris took a job teaching at a private school where some members of the Ford family sent their children. She gained a measure of social prestige, yet Mr. Harris’s career in a carburetor company languished. Their marriage foundered, and in 1964, she filed for divorce. Mr. Harris died in 1977. Besides her son James, she is survived by another son, David; a sister, Mary Lynch; a brother, Robert Struven; two grandchildren; and two great-grandchildren. Hoping to put her sons through college, she took a higher-paying job as the director of the middle school of the Springside School, a girls’ academy in Philadelphia. It was in that position that she met Dr. Tarnower at a dinner party. Both had made trips to the Soviet Union in recent years, and they compared notes. Dr. Tarnower, the son of a hat manufacturer, was self-assured, urbane and witty. He was a hunter and a sports fisherman, and on his travels he collected Buddhas. He wooed her with roses and dances at the Pierre Hotel in Manhattan. In the first year of their courtship, he gave her an engagement ring and proposed marriage. But Mrs. Harris hesitated, and soon he told her that he could not go through with the marriage. But the romance continued. Early in 1972, Mrs. Harris became the headmistress of the Thomas School in Rowayton, Conn., and bought a house in Mahopac, N.Y., a 45-minute drive from Dr. Tarnower’s house. The Thomas School merged with another school in 1975, and a year and a half later the position at the Madeira School opened up. The geographic distance between them appeared to place strains on their relationship. Dr. Tarnower began dating Mrs. Tryforos while continuing with Mrs. Harris. In her three years at the Madeira School, Mrs. Harris was by most accounts a capable administrator and a strict disciplinarian who, among other actions, barred students from the bars in the Georgetown section of Washington. Shortly before the murder, her position at the school was imperiled by what some thought was her imprudence in suspending four student leaders after marijuana seeds and pipes were found in their dormitory. Mrs. Harris grew weary of such conflict, and a letter of resignation was among the notes she wrote shortly before leaving for Dr. Tarnower’s house. Correction: January 1, 2013 An obituary on Saturday about Jean S. Harris, the private school headmistress convicted in the 1980 murder of a prominent Scarsdale, N.Y., doctor, referred incorrectly to the Thomas School in Rowayton, Conn., where she became headmistress in 1972. It merged in 1975 with the Low-Heywood School in Stamford (now the King Low Heywood Thomas School). It did not close. Correction: January 8, 2013 An obituary on Dec. 29 about Jean S. Harris, the private school headmistress convicted in the 1980 murder of a prominent Scarsdale, N.Y., doctor, misstated the location of the Springside School, a girls’ academy where she once worked. It is in Philadelphia, not outside Philadelphia. A version of this article appears in print on December 29, 2012, on Page A1 of the New York edition with the headline: Headmistress, Jilted Lover, Killer, Then a Force for Good in Jail. Order Reprints \| Today's Paper \| Subscribe	Scarsdale diet
In the Fatty Arbuckle murder case what was the name of the victim	Jean Harris, 'Scarsdale Diet' Killer and Cultural Flashpoint, Dies at 89 \| Hollywood Reporter Jean Harris, 'Scarsdale Diet' Killer and Cultural Flashpoint, Dies at 89 11:17 AM PST 12/29/2012 by Jordan Zakarin COMMENTS A school headmistress who was convicted in 1981 of killing her famed dietician boyfriend, she was portrayed in several awards-nominated TV movies. Jean Harris, whose 1981 trial for murdering her famed cardiologist boyfriend captivated the nation and inspired several telefilms, died on Sunday at the age of 89. Harris' legal saga lasted an entire year, from March 1980 to 1981. A headmistress at a private school in Virgina, she was the long-time girlfriend of Dr. Herman Tarnower, a well-known physician who popularized the "Scarsdale Diet," and was charged with killing him after an altercation over one of his long-term lovers, of which he allegedly had many. PHOTOS: Hollywood's Notable Deaths of 2012 The trial, during which Harris claimed she accidentally shot Tarnower as they wrestled over a gun, captivated the nation. She became a symbol for repressed women, and after she was convicted, she worked to better the conditions of women in prison, an effort that included creating a daycare to children born to imprisoned mothers. She also helped imprisoned women work toward college educations and GEDs. Sentenced to 15 years to life in 1981, she was granted clemency by New York Governor Mario Cuomo in 1993. Hollywood grabbed on to the national event; the telefilm The People vs. Jean Harris, a two-part, four hour film , premiered in 1981, and earned star Ellen Burstyn both Emmy and Golden Globe nominations for her turn in the title role. Bustyn also appeared in a brief cameo in a 2005 HBO film about Harris and Tarnower's relationship, called Mrs. Harris, and earned another Emmy nod for her role as one of Tarnower's past lovers. Annette Bening, who played Harris in that film, earned both Emmy and Golden Globe nods, as did Ben Kingsley, who played Tarnower.	i don't know
In Australian slang what is a sanga	Dictionary of Australian Slang Dictionary of Australian Slang Aggro - abbreviation for aggravated, aggressive, aggression. Ankle biter - a small or young child. Arvo - afternoon. Av-a-go-yer-mug - a phrase used to encourage someone to put more effort into something. Aussie - an Australian. Beano / Beanfeast - a festivity, celebration. Beanie - a small close fitting knitted cap often with a pom pom on top. Big smoke - the city. Billabong - a waterhole. Billy - a container, usually makeshift, for boiling water or tea; a receptacle used for smoking marijuana. Bloke - a man. Bludger - a lazy person who evades responsibilities, often applied to one who collects the dole and doesn't try to find work. Blue - to fight, a dispute; depressed in spirits; a mistake; . Bluey - a nickname for a red-headed person; a breed of Australian work dog. Bonza - excellent, attractive, pleasing. Bottlo - a Bottle shop or Liquor store. Bush telegraph / bush wire - unofficial communication network by which rumours are spread. Bushwhacker - one who lives in the bush. Bushwacked - extremely fatigued or exhausted. Bush week - a fictitious week when country people come to town; a time of year when stupid things happen. Bushytailed - full of health and good spirits. Bust - to apprehend for an illegal activity; to go bankrupt; a police raid. Butt - the buttocks, bottom. Cockeyed - twisted or slanted to one side; foolish, absurd. Codger - a bloke, fellow, especially elderly and a little odd. Compo - compensation for injury; workers compensation. Corker - something striking or astonishing; something very good of its kind. Crapper - toilet. Crook - sick, disabled, bad inferior; a thief; to get angry. Crown Jewels - the testicles. Cut up - to cause distress to; to criticise severley. D Dag - a person with little or no dress sense, uncouth. Date - buttocks; a date roll is a roll of toilet paper. Dick stickers - mens brief style bathers. Digger - an Australian soldier, especially one who served in World War I. Ding - a dent or damaged section of a car, bike, surfboard, etc. Dinkum / dinki-di - true, honest, genuine. Down the road - term indicating distance but no particular distance, it could be a few hundred metres but may be a few hundred miles. Drongo - slow-witted or stupid person. Dunny - an outside toilet, lavatory. E Earbash - to talk incessantly, someone who talks too much. F Fair dinkum - real, genuine, true. Few sandwiches short of a picnic - slow witted, not all together. Footy - rugby league. Full as a boot - intoxicated. Full of it - someone is full of it if they are a liar. G G'day, gidday - a greeting meaning good day. Gee-whiz - an expression indicating astonishment. Get stuffed - go away. Get the shits - to become angry, upset or short tempered. Gnarly - difficult, awkward; terrific, excellent. Go a meal or drink - could eat a meal or have a drink. Go for broke - to risk all ones capital. Greenie - deprecatory term for an environmentalist. Grog / booze - alcohol. beer, spirits. Grommet - an idiot; a young surfer Grouse - very good. On a good lurk - on to a good thing. On ya mate - usually means well done but often used sarcastically. Open slather - free-for-all, anything goes. Oz - Australia. Piker - someone who doesn't want to do something especially within a group. Pissed - drunk. Pissed off - disgruntled, fed up. Plonk - any alcoholic liquor, especially cheap wine. Poddy-dodger - a cattle rustler, one who steals unbranded calves. Pollie / polly - a politician. Pommie / Pom - English person (usually whinging pom). Prawn - a shrimp. Pub - a hotel, short for public house. Usually taken to mean the bar or drinking area in a hotel. R Rack off - go away, get lost. Rag - a newspaper or a woman who sleeps around. Ratbag - rascal, rogue. Ripper / rip snorter - great, terrific. Roo - short for kangaroo. Sanga - a sandwich or sausage. Schooner - a large-sized (425ml) glass of beer. Scrub up - dress up. Seppo / Septic tank - an American (rhyming slang for yank). Servo - a petrol / service / gas station. Sheila - girl, woman. She'll be apples - all is well (rhyming slang). Shout - buy or pay for; a round of drinks in the pub. Skite - boast, brag. Slab - a carton of 24 beer cans. Slugo's - mens brief style bathers. Smoko - a break from work to indulge in chit-chat and a cigarette Spine bashing - resting, loafing. Spit the dummy - get very upset about something. Sport - used as a term of address usually between males like mate. Squib - to behave in a cowardly manner or to back down. Stickybeak - to pry or meddle; one who pries or meddles. Strine - Australian English. Struth - an exclamation expressing surprise or verification. Stubby - a small bottle of beer. Sunnies - a pair of sunglasses. Swag - a large number or unspecified number. T Tart - once meaning 'sweet heart' but now a derogatory word for a woman. Tee up - to organise something. Thingy / thingo / thingummyjig - any thing that doesn't have a precise name. Tightarse - someone who wont buy a drink or wont part with money. Tinnie - a can of beer. True blue - genuine. Up a gum tree - in difficulties, stranded. Up shit creek - in trouble (often without a paddle indicating serious trouble). Ute - small truck, short for utility truck. V VB - Victoria Bitter, a beer. W Walkabout - a period of wandering, usually in reference to Aborigines. Walloper - one who thrashes someone. Wally - someone who keeps making mistakes. Wanker - one who masturbates; a person who is full of themself, egotistical. Waxxy / wax head - a surfer. Wedding tackle - a penis. Westie - someone from Sydney's western suburbs, often used derogatorily to mean uneducated and/or uncultured. Also someone who acts like a westie. What-da-ya-know - an expression of surprise; a friendly phrase used to open a conversation. Wombat - a simple minded person. Wog - a derogatory term for a foreigner, especially one of Mediterranean or Middle Eastern extraction. X XXXX - a Queensland beer brand (pronounced four ex). Y	Sandwich
Which British super Middleweight champion announced his retirement in July 2015	Sanger \| Define Sanger at Dictionary.com Sanger Frederick, 1918–2013, English biochemist: Nobel Prize in chemistry 1958. 2. [hig-inz] /ˈhɪg ɪnz/ (Show IPA), 1883–1966, U.S. nurse and author: leader of birth-control movement. 3. a town in central California. Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for Sanger Expand Contemporary Examples At first Wales and Sanger conceived of Wikipedia merely as an adjunct to Nupedia, sort of like a feeder product or farm team. Two Little Savages Ernest Thompson Seton I so informed Sanger, suggesting that he book us for four weeks at Hooley's. Nat Goodwin's Book Nat C. Goodwin An Irish-Canadian servant girl from Sanger now became a member of their household. Two Little Savages Ernest Thompson Seton Sanger was a settlement just emerging from the early or backwoods period. Two Little Savages Ernest Thompson Seton In Sanger it was a social black eye to live in a house of the first kind. Two Little Savages Ernest Thompson Seton British Dictionary definitions for Sanger Expand (Austral, slang) a sandwich Also called sango Sanger noun 1. Frederick. born 1918, English biochemist, who determined the molecular structure of insulin: awarded two Nobel prizes for chemistry (1958; 1980) 2. Margaret (Higgins). 1883–1966, US leader of the birth-control movement Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Expand Sanger Sang·er (sāng'ər), Frederick. Born 1918. British biochemist. He won a 1958 Nobel Prize for determining the order of amino acids in the insulin molecule and shared a 1980 Nobel Prize for developing methods for mapping DNA structure and function. Sanger , Margaret Higgins. 1883-1966. American nurse who campaigned widely for birth control and founded (1929) the organization that became the Planned Parenthood Federation (1942). The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.	i don't know
Developed as a new town in 1963 which Shropshire town is named after a Scottish engineer	About Us \| Wrekin About Us Tweet The Wrekin parliamentary constituency forms a rural horseshoe around the east, north and west of the much more urban constituency of Telford, named after the Scottish engineer Thomas Telford. It is covered by two local government administrations, Telford & Wrekin Borough Council and Shropshire Unitary Authority. Telford began life in 1963 as Dawley New Town and then, in 1969, was enlarged to provide for relocation from Birmingham and the Black Country and renamed Telford. From a population of some 50,000 scattered among many villages and the market towns of Wellington & Newport and coal mining centres of Dawley and Oakengates, the new town population was projected to grow towards 240,000. It is currently 190,000. The land area of the Borough is nearly 80% rural and The Wrekin constituency is fortunate to be its steward, leaving the industrialised and heavily populated growth centre to Telford. Originally it was one constituency but was divided into two constituencies in the 1990s, and extended to include Newport, Shifnal and Albrighton. Landscape and History The Wrekin is characterised by contrasting and prominent beauty. In the southwest the pre-Cambrian volcanic rocks of the Wrekin hill, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, rises to over 400 metres (1,300 feet). To the north-east the Shropshire plain includes the Area of Special Landscape Character known as the Strine Levels. Interspersed between and around these features there is a tapestry of villages, farms and isolated settlements of huge historical interest. Economy Despite its agricultural focus, there are significantly large manufacturing and employment centres within its boundary. The Hortonwood Industrial Park is one such centre and although there is the obvious agricultural connection, Dairycrest has its factory in the north. GKN and BAE Systems are on the very edge of the urban conurbation. A little further to the east there is MOD Donnington. RAF Shawbury is home to MoD helicopter training and RAF Cosford has the aerospace museum in its campus. The Harper Adams agricultural University is at Edgmond. Parliamentary The first Conservative member of parliament to be elected to The Wrekin is Mark Pritchard, in 2005 with a majority of 900, this was increased to 9,000 at the 2010 general election. Local Government At the local level on the Borough Council Conservatives have consistently bucked the national trend. In 1995 there were just three swash-buckling Conservative councillors. In 1997 the numbers doubled and in 2000 rose to fourteen. In 2007 the Conservatives gained control as a minority administration and following 5 by-elections obtained a majority. In May 2011 Telford and Wrekin Borough Council reverted to Labour control, despite the highest Conservative turn out in the Council’s history.	Telford
Which role was played by Tim McInerny on TV's 'Blackadder IV'	Watch: The birth of Telford . . . new town, old worries « Shropshire Star Comments In the decades that have followed, Telford has been transformed with new housing, new infrastructure, a huge shopping centre, and much else. But remarkably, for all the physical changes, some of the concerns of those early Telfordians will still resonate with the modern generation of townsfolk. And now we can look back to relive fascinating television footage recording the birth of the new town, and the incomers who saw it as an opportunity to build a new life, thanks to a compilation put together by the Media Archive for Central England, a charity dedicated to preserving the film record of the Midlands of yesteryear and make it publicly accessible. From Dawley to Telford: Building a Community from MACE Archive on Vimeo . Called “From Dawley to Telford: Building a Community”, it comprises archive ATV film. It is being screened online on Mace’s Vimeo Channel which has clips and montages of some of the archive’s material, including extracts from DVDs which can be bought online. Shining through the online extracts, which run for just over 30 minutes, is the stark division between old and new which characterised the creation of the new town, and the contrast between the more optimistic tone of the new “incomers” and the less enthusiastic view of Telford held by many of the residents of the established communities. Key dates in Telford's history 1779: Building of the Iron Bridge, the world’s first iron bridge of significant size and a powerful symbol of the status of the Ironbridge Gorge as birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. 1787: Scottish civil engineer Thomas Telford became first surveyor of public works for Shropshire. 1955: On February 16 an article appeared in the Birmingham Gazette written under the pseudonym “Octopus” by Wellington Journal & Shrewsbury News reporter Freddie “Scoop” Bowdler, of Dawley, in which he suggested that Dawley could be used as an “overspill” area for Birmingham. The idea is seized on. 1957: On May 1 Government approval given for Dawley Urban District Council to build 200 houses on the Langley Farm Estate for Birmingham overspill population as a pilot scheme. The keys to the first two families to move in handed over on November 15, 1958. 1963: Dawley New Town officially designated January 16. 1966: Work started on building houses at Sutton Hill. 1968: October 23, announced that Dawley New Town is to be greatly expanded to take in Wellington and Oakengates, and that the enlarged town will be called Telford, after Thomas Telford. 1969: The new Ironbridge Power Station began generating, and Wellington Town renamed Telford United in time for the 1969-70 season. 1973: January 5, first edition of the Telford Journal (combining the old Shropshire Journal and Telford Observer) printed. October 2, The first shops, Carrefour and Sainsbury’s, opened at the new Telford town centre. 1977: Ironbridge Gorge Museum wins Museum of the Year Award. 1979: Granville Colliery, Shropshire’s last pit, closed. 1980: October 31, Telford Central fire station officially opened. 1981: Queen opens second phase of Telford town centre. 1983: Telford’s £27m new hospital given the go-ahead. November 25, the M54, linking Telford to the main motorway network, opened. 1991: September 30, Telford Development Corporation wound up after 23 years, leaving the town to find its own feet. 1998: March 27, Richie Woodhall from Telford became world WBC Supermiddleweight champion at Telford ice rink. On April 1 Telford wins its “independence” from the rest of Shropshire with the advent of Telford & Wrekin Council, a unitary authority. 2006: A £200 million masterplan which would mean refurbishing, rebuilding, or moving almost all the secondary schools in Telford & Wrekin unveiled. 2010: Work started in December on the new Southwater project in Telford town centre, designed to breathe new life into the centre with a new hotel, cinema, shops and restaurants. Footage includes rare views of housing and landscapes which were destroyed to create the new town. Although none of the footage in the online compilation bears a date, the bulk of it seems to be from the late 1960s into the early 1970s, capturing the pioneering days. Telford new town had been designated in 1968, and represented a major expansion of the original early 1960s concept, which was for a new town based on Dawley and taking that town’s name. The original voiceover for the first extract would probably cause indignation among any of the “old ‘uns” from Malinslee – either then and now. Blatantly ignoring the fact that Malinslee was an ancient community and had a Norman chapel, the commentary ran: “Malinslee, Shropshire, a post box and a handful of houses, not the most likely spot for a new city. Malinslee never was much of a place. Loosely sandwiched between the two towns of Oakengates and Dawley, it’s been a no man’s land deriving no apparent benefit from either town... Malinslee, the place without a past, is to be the centre of a city of the future, the new town of Telford.” Old Malinslee was simply razed to the ground to create “Telford town centre” – which turned out to be a shopping centre which really was in the middle of nowhere. The ancient chapel was dismantled and the stones numbered. For a long time they were “stored” by the side of Hinkshay Road in Dawley. Happily, the chapel was eventually rebuilt and it is today a feature within Telford town park. There is an interview with the late John Madin, the architect who created the blueprint for Telford new town. “The first thing we wanted to do was take the frustrations out of city life as we know it today. This meant adopting a policy of dispersal rather than concentration,” he says as he peruses a map on the wall. So, if you’re wondering why everything is so spread out in Telford, that’s why. Other officials with their hands on the tiller are also interviewed, but it is interviews with ordinary people which many viewers are likely to find the most telling. Step forward 25-year-old former soldier Rick Williams, who with his wife and young daughter came to live in a split level house on Sutton Hill. “I was discharged from the Army and we couldn’t find anywhere else to go. Somebody suggested, as it was then, Dawley New Town. Within a matter of hours they offered me a house... We’ve never regretted it... It was a new place. We wanted to start a new life and when we came here we did start a new life and it’s gone from strength to strength.” Asked where he and his wife would go for a bit of excitement, he said “The Red Admiral”, a new pub which had been built in Sutton Hill centre. Views expressed on the quality of the new housing varied, with some thinking they were “lovely”or “fantastic”, and other descriptions being “horrible on the outside, like a prison” and “there’s nothing to the houses at all. You can knock them and they will fall down. You can hear all that’s going on next door.” A bird’s eye view of Telford showing The Forge Retail Park, Telford Plaza and the Park Inn and parts of the M54 motorway The coming of the new shopping centre, bringing with it a French concept virtually unknown in Britain at that time – a “hypermarket” selling a vast range of food and goods – also provoked divergent views. For Derek Carpenter, who had a jeweller’s business in Dawley High Street, the concept was so new that it was difficult to say how it would affect trade, but he said: “They claim they have sold at 20 per cent under supermarket prices. Well it could affect supermarkets, so the smaller man must look very carefully.” Bill Hoof was one of those of the older generation caught up in the whirlwind. His isolated home – the location is not given – is wanted by the powers that be. Although Mr Hoof is not opposed to being moved, he is not happy about how much he has been offered for his property – just £50! It is a cause celebre and the then Wrekin MP, Dr Tony Trafford, is interviewed on his behalf. Interviewed in the street, one older resident says: “They haven’t any entertainment in the new town. They should have built a hall or something.” But it is not just the older generation of the early 1970s who are critics. Two girls are interviewed, with one saying: “On a Saturday night and Sunday it’s just dead.” Interviewer: “Are you saying they’ve catered for shopping and forgotten everything else?” “Yeah,” say the girls together, and one adds: “They’ve forgotten the teenagers.” Percy Pointon giving the ‘All Friends Round The Wrekin’ toast in June 1970 Pupils at the Alexander Fleming School at Sutton Hill are more upbeat. A youngster previously from Smethwick says he likes Telford because of “the countryside and nice houses and there isn’t anybody to boss you around and bullies. Fresh air... you can walk around the estate without main roads.” George Evans of Wellington, who is now in his 90s, is as much a critic of Telford today as he was when he was asked about it on camera around 40 years ago and said: “We thought, well, they can’t make Dawley any worse so let them have a go. “But it’s got out of hand and developed into this enormous new town concept which is an illegitimate misconceived idea and has resulted in a lot of people coming in with what they think are very good ideas and imposing them on the local community and now many of them are out of date.” In saying the original ideas were out of date George has been proven to be right, as many of the things done in the name of Telford in the late 1960s and early 1970s have been undone in recent times. For instance, district centres at Madeley, Woodside, and Sutton Hill have all been knocked down as no longer fit for purpose in the 21st century, and redeveloped – including the Red Admiral at which Rick Williams supped. Many of the underpasses which were considered space age in those heady days have been filled in because nobody liked to use them. Towards the end of the compilation there is footage of Percy Pointon giving the traditional “All Friends Round The Wrekin” toast with which he was so associated, with a calendar in the background helpfully bearing the date of June 1970. An old regular called Fred Richards ventures his opinion on Telford: “I don’t think it will be a success. “It’s hard to explain but it’s the truth. I don’t think it will work out in my opinion.” But there again, there is an opposing view from another drinker: “It’s going to be beneficial to the younger generation in the years to come.” The closing commentary does not exactly end on an upbeat note, but there will be many who feel the caustic sentiment remains true today, and which the new Southwater centre is trying to rectify. The city of the future which today is little more than a name in search of an identity. Telford, 30 square miles of Shropshire, is a city without a centre. “There’s no emotional rallying point for the newcomers as there was for the oldtimers in that most ancient of Shropshire monuments, The Wrekin.”	i don't know
In Greek mythology what were the mythical sea nymphs called that tried to lure Ulysses onto the rocks	SIRENS (Seirenes) - Half-Bird Women of Greek Mythology Entwiner, Binder (seiraô) Odysseus and the Sirens, Athenian red-figure stamnos C5th B.C., British Museum THE SEIRENES (Sirens) were three monstrous sea-nymphs who lured sailors to their death with a bewitching song. They were formerly handmaidens of the goddess Persephone and when she was secretly abducted by Haides , Demeter gave them the bodies of birds to assist in the search. They eventually gave up and settled on the flowery island of Anthemoessa. The Seirenes were encountered by the Argonauts who passed by unharmed with the help of the poet Orpheus who drowned out their music with song. Odysseus later sailed by, bound tightly to the mast, while his men blocked their ears with wax. The Seirenes were so distressed to see a man hear their song and still escape that they threw themselves into the sea and drowned. The Seirenes were depicted as birds with either the heads or entire upper bodies of women. In mosaic art they were depicted with just bird legs. FAMILY OF THE SIRENS [1.1] AKHELOIOS & MELPOMENE (Apollodorus 1.18, 1.63, Lycophron 712, Hyginus Fabulae 141) [1.2] AKHELOIOS & TERPSIKHORE (Apollonius Rhodius 4.892, Nonnus Dionysiaca 13.313) [1.3] AKHELOIOS & STEROPE (Apollodorus 1.63) [1.4] AKHELOIOS (Pausanias 9.34.3, Ovid Metamorphoses 14.85) [2.1] GAIA (Euripides Helen 167) NAMES [1.1] THELXIOPE-THELXINOE, MOLPE, AGLAOPHONOS (Hesiod Catalogues Frag 47) [1.2] THELXIEPEIA, PEISINOE, AGLAOPE (Apollodorus E7.18) [1.3] THELXIEPEIA, PEISINOE, LIGEIA (Suidas 'Seirenas') [2.1] PARTHENOPE, LEUKOESIA (Strabo 5.4.7 & 6.1.1) [2.2] PARTHENOPE, LIGEIA, LEUKOSIA (Lycophron 712) ENCYCLOPEDIA SIRE′NES or SEIRE′NES (Seirênes), mythical beings who were believed to have the power of enchanting and charming, by their song, any one who heard them. When Odysseus, in his wanderings through the Mediterranean, came near the island on the lovely beach of which the Sirens were sitting, and endeavouring to allure him and his companions, he, on the advice of Circe, stuffed the ears of his companions with wax, and tied himself to the mast of his vessel, until he was so far off that he could no longer hear their song (Hom. Od. xii. 39, &c., 166, &c.). According to Homer, the island of the Sirens was situated between Aeaea and the rock of Scylla, near the south-western coast of Italy. Homer says nothing of their number, but later writers mention both their names and number some state that they were two, Aglaopheme and Thelxiepeia (Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1709); and others, that there were three, Peisinoë, Aglaope, and Thelxiepeia (Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 712), or Parthenope, Ligeia, and Leucosia (Eustath. l. c. ; Strab. v. pp. 246, 252; Serv. ad Virg. Georg. iv. 562). They are called daughters of Phorcus (Plut. Sympos. ix. 14), of Achelous and Sterope (Apollod. i. 7. § 10), of Terpsichore (Apollon. Rhod. iv. 893), of Melpomene (Apollod. i. 3. § 4), of Calliope (Serv. ad Aen. v. 364), or of Gaea (Eurip. Hel. 168). Their place of abode is likewise different in the different traditions, for some place them on cape Pelorum others in the island of Anthemusa, and others again in the Sirenusian islands near Paestum, or in Capreae (Strab. i. p. 22; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1709; Serv. l.c.). The Sirens are also connected with the legends about the Argonauts and the rape of Persephone. When the Argonauts, it is said. passed by the Sirens, the latter began to sing, but in vain, for Orpheus rivalled and surpassed them ; and as it had been decreed that they should live only till some one hearing their song should pass by unmoved, they threw themselves into the sea, and were metamorphosed into rocks. Some writers connected the self-destruction of the Sirens with the story of Orpheus and the Argonauts, and others With that of Odysseus (Strab. v. p. 252; Orph. Arg. 1284; Apollod. i. 9. § 25; Hygin. Fab. 141). Late poets represent them as provided with wings, which they are said to have received at their own request, in order to be able to search after Persephone (Ov. Met. v. 552), or as a punishment from Demeter for not having assisted Persephone (Hygin. l. c.), or from Aphrodite, because they wished to remain virgins (Eustath. l. c. ; Aelian, H. A. xvii. 23; Apollon. Rhod. iv. 896). Once, however, they allowed themselves to be prevailed upon by Hera to enter into a contest with the Muses, and being defeated, they were deprived of their wings (Paus. ix. 34. § 2; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 85). There was a temple of the Sirens near Surrentum, and the tomb of Parthenope was believed to be near Neapolis. (Strab. i. p. 23, v. p. 246.) Achelo′is. A surname of the Sirens, the daughters of Achelous and a muse. (Ov. Met. v. 552, xiv. 87; Apollod. i. 7. § 10.) Ligeia or Ligea (Ligeia), (Ligeia), i. e. the shrill sounding, occurs as the name of a seiren and of a nymph. (Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1709; Virg. Georg. iv. 336.) Parthe′nope (Parthenopê). One of the Seirens (Schol. ad Hom. Od. xii. 39; Aristot. Mir. Ausc. 103.) At Naples her tomb was shown, and a torch race was held every year in her honour. (Strab. v. p. 246; Tzetz. ad Lyc. 732.) Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. NAMES OF THE SIRENS PARENTAGE & NAMES OF THE SIRENS The Sirens, Athenian black-figure oinochoe C6th B.C., Callimanopoulos Collection Hesiod, Catalogues of Women Fragment 47 (from Scholiast on Homer's Odyssey 12. 168) (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) : "He [Apollonius] followed Hesiod who thus names the island of the Seirenes (Sirens) : ‘To the island Anthemoessa (Flowery) which the son of Kronos (Cronus) [Zeus] gave them. And their names are Thelxiope or Thelxinoe, Molpe and Aglaophonos. Hence Hesiod said that they charmed even the Anemoi (Winds).’" Euripides, Helen 167 (trans. Vellacott) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) : "Winged maidens, virgin daughters of Gaia (Gaea, the Earth), the Seirenes (Sirens)." Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 18 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "[The Mousa (Muse)] Melpomene bore to Akheloios (Achelous) the Seirenes (Sirens), whom we shall discuss in the course of the tale of Odysseus." Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 63 : "They [King Porthaon and his wife Euryte of Aitolia (Aetolia)] also had a daughter Sterope, who was alleged to be the mother by Akheloios (Achelous) of the Seirenes (Sirens)." Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca E7. 18 : "The Seirenes (Sirens). They were the daughters of Akhelous (Achelous) and the Mousa (Muse) Melpomene, and their names were Peisinoe, Aglaope, and Thelxiepeia." Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 4. 892 (trans. Rieu) (Greek epic C3rd B.C.) : "Lovely Terpsikhore (Terpsichore), one of the Mousai (Muses), had borne them [Seirenes (Sirens)] to Akheloios (Achelous)." Lycophron, Alexandra 712 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) : "The triple daughters [Seirenes (Sirens)] of Tethys' son [Akheloos (Achelous)], who imitated the strains of their melodious mother [Melpomene] . . . One of them . . . the bird goddess Parthenope. And Leukosia (Leucosia) . . . and Ligeia." Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 141 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "The Sirenes (Sirens), daughter of the River Achelous and the Muse Melpomene." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 13. 313 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) : "Lake Katana (Catana) [in Sicily] near the Seirenes (Sirens), whom rosy Terpsikhore (Terpsichore) brought forth by the stormy embraces of her bull-horned husband Akheloios." Suidas s.v. Seirenas (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek Lexicon C10th A.D.) : "The names of the Seirenes (Sirens) : Thelxiepeia, Peisinoe, Ligeia." SIRENS HANDMAIDENS OF PERSEPHONE Euripides, Helen 167 ff (trans. Vellacott) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) : "[Helene of Troy speaks :] ‘Winged maidens, virgin daughters of Gaia (Gaea, Earth), the Seirenes (Sirens), may you come to my mourning with Libyan flute or pipe or lyre, tears to match my plaintive woes; grief for grief and mournful chant for chant, may Persephone send choirs of death in harmony with my lamentation, so that she may receive as thanks from me, in addition to my tears, a paean for the departed dead beneath her gloomy roof.’" Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 4. 892 ff (trans. Rieu) (Greek epic C3rd B.C.) : "Lovely Terpsikhore (Terpsichore), one of the Mousai (Muses), had borne them [Seirenes (Sirens)] to Akheloos (Achelous), and at one time they had been handmaids to Demeter's gallant Daughter [Persephone], before she was married, and sung to her in chorus. But now, half human and half bird in form, they spent their time watching for ships from a height that overlooked their excellent harbour; and many a traveller, reduced by them to skin and bones, had forfeited the happiness of reaching home." Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 141 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "The Sirenes (Sirens), daughter of the River Achelous and the Muse Melpomene, wandering away after the rape of Proserpina [Persephone], came to the land of Apollo, and there were made flying creatures by the will of Ceres [Demeter] because they had not brought help to her daughter. It was predicted that they would live only until someone who heard their singing would pass by." Ovid, Metamorphoses 5. 552 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "The Acheloides [Seirenes (Sirens)], why should it be that they have feathers now and feet of birds, though still a girl's fair face, the sweet-voiced Sirenes? Was it not because, when Proserpine [Persephone] was picking those spring flowers, they were her comrades there, and, when in vain they’d sought for her through all the lands, they prayed for wings to carry them across the waves, so that the seas should know their search, and found the gods gracious, and then suddenly saw golden plumage clothing all their limbs? Yet to reserve that dower of glorious song, their melodies' enchantment, they retained their fair girls' features and their human voice." CONTEST OF THE SIRENS & MUSES Pausanias, Description of Greece 9. 34. 3 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "[At Koroneia (Coronea) in Boiotia (Boeotia)] is a sanctuary of Hera . . . in her [the statue's] hands she carried the Seirenes (Sirens). For the story goes that the daughters of Akheloios (Achelous) were persuaded by Hera to compete with the Mousai (Muses) in singing. The Mousai won, plucked out the Seirenes' feathers and made crowns for themselves out of them." Odysseus and the Sirens, Greco-Roman mosaic from Dougga, Bardo National Museum SIRENS & THE DEATH OF THE CENTAURS Lycophron, Alexandra 648 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) : "Others [Odysseus] shall wander . . . the narrow meet of the Tyrrhenian Strait and the watching-place fatal to the hybrid monsters [the Kentauroi (Centaurs)] . . . and the rocks of the harpy-limbed nightingales [Seirenes]." Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History Book 6 (summary from Photius, Myriobiblon 190) (trans. Pearse) (Greek mythographer C1st to C2nd A.D.) : "In the Alexandra which Lykophron (Lycophron) wrote : ‘What sterile nightingale killer of Kentauroi (Centaurs) . . .’, these are the Seirenes (Sirens) who he called killers of Kentauroi (Centaurs)." Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History Book 5 (summary from Photius, Myriobiblon 190) : "The Kentauroi (Centaurs) who fled from Herakles (Heracles) through Tyrsenia [in Italy] perished of hunger, ensnared by the soft song of the Seirenes (Sirens)." SIRENS & THE VOYAGE OF THE ARGONAUTS Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1. 135 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "As they [the Argonauts] sailed past the Seirenes (Sirens), Orpheus kept the Argonauts in check by singing a song that offset the effect of the sisters' singing. The only one to swim off to them was Butes, whom Aphrodite snatched up and settled at Lilybaeum." Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 4. 892 ff (trans. Rieu) (Greek epic C3rd B.C.) : "Before long they [the Argonauts] sighted the beautiful island of Anthemoessa, where the clear-voiced Seirenes (Sirens), Akheloios' (Achelous') daughters, used to bewitch with their seductive melodies whatever sailors anchored there. Lovely Terpsikhore (Terpsichore), one of the Mousai (Muses), has borne them to Akheloios, and at one time they had been handmaids to Demeter’s gallant Daughter [Persephone], before she was married, and sung to her in chorus. But now, half human and half bird in form, they spent their time watching for ships from a height that overlooked their excellent harbour; and many a traveller, reduced by them to skin and bones, had forfeited the happiness of reaching home. The Seirenes, hoping to add the Argonauts to these, made haste to greet them with a liquid melody; and the young men would soon have cast their hawsers on the beach if Thrakian Orpheos (Orpheus) had not intervened. Raising his Bistonian lyre, he drew from it the lively tune of a fast-moving song, so as to din their ears with a medley of competing sounds. The girlish voices were defeated by the lure; and the set wind, aided by the sounding backwash from the shore, carried the ship off. The Seirenes’ song grew indistinct; yet even so there was one man, Boutes the noble son of Teleon, who was so enchanted by their sweet voices that before he could be stopped he leapt into the sea from his polished bench. The poor man swam through the dark swell making for the shore, and had he landed, they would soon have robbed him of all hope of reaching home. But Aphrodite, Queen of Eryx, had pity on him. She snatched him up while he was still battling with the surf; and having saved his life, she took him to her heart and found a home for him on the heights of Lilybaion." Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 14 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "Butes, son of Teleon, though diverted by the singing and lyre of Orpheus, nevertheless was overcome by the sweetness of the Sirens' song, and in an effort to swim to them threw himself into the sea. Venus [Aphrodite] saved him at Lilybaeum, as he was borne along by the waves." Seneca, Medea 355 ff (trans. Miller) (Roman tragedy C1st A.D.) : "[On the voyage of the Argonauts :] What, when the deadly pests [Seirenes (Sirens)] soothed the Ausonian sea with their tuneful songs, when, sounding back on his Pierian lyre, Thracian Orpheus well-nigh forced the Siren to follow, though wont to hold ships spell-bound by her song?" SIRENS & THE VOYAGE OF ODYSSEUS Odysseus and the Sirens, Paestan red-figure bell krater C4th B.C, Antikensammlung Berlin Homer, Odyssey 12. 39 ff (trans. Shewring) (Greek epic C8th B.C.) : "[Kirke (Circe) warns Odysseus of the dangers of the journey ahead :] ‘You will come to the Seirenes (Sirens) first of all; they bewitch any mortal who approaches them. If a man in ignorance draws too close and catches their music, he will never return to fine wife and little children near him and to see their joy at his homecoming; the high clear tones of the Seirenes will bewitch him. They sit in a meadow; men's corpses lie heaped up all round them, mouldering upon the bones as the skin decays. You must row past there; you must stop the ears of all your crew with sweet wax that you have kneaded, so that none of the rest may hear the song. But if you yourself are bent on hearing, then give them orders to bind you both hand and foot as you stand upright against the mast-stay, with the rope-ends tied to the mast itself; thus you may hear the two Seirenes' voices and be enraptured. If you implore your crew and beg them to release you, then they must bind you fast with more bonds again. When your crew have rowed past the Seirenes . . . [you reach the Wandering Rocks and the straight of Skylla (Scylla) and Kharybdis (Charybdis)].’" Homer, Odyssey 12. 200 ff : "Then with heavy heart I [Odysseus] spoke to my comrades thus : ‘Friends it is not right that only one man, or only two, should know the divine decrees that Lady Kirke (Circe) has uttered to me. I will tell you of them, so that in full knowledge we may die or in full knowledge escape, it may be, from death and doom. Her first command was to shun the Seirenes (Sirens)--their enchanting notes, their flowery meadow. I alone was to hear their song, she said. You for your part must bind me with galling ropes as I stand upright against the mast-stay, with the rope-ends tied to the mast itself; then I shall stay there immovably. And if I beg and beseech you to set me free, you must bind me hard with more ropes again.’ Thus I told my comrades and made things plain, point by point. Meanwhile the trim ship sped swiftly on to the island of the Seirenes, wafted still be the favouring breeze. Then of a sudden the wind dropped and everything became hushed and still, because some divinity lulled the waters. My men stood up, furled the sails and stowed them in the ship's hold, then sat at the thwarts and made the sea white with their polished oars of fir. I myself, with my sharp sword, cut a great round of wax into little pieces and set about kneading them with all the strength I had. Under my mighty hands, and under the beams of the lordly sun-god [Helios] whose father is Hyperion, the wax quickly began to melt, and with it I sealed all my comrades' ears in turn. Then they bound me fast, hand and foot, with the rope-ends tied to the mast itself, then again sat down and dipped their oars in the whitening sea. But them, the Seirenes (Sirens) saw the quick vessel near them and raised their voices in high clear notes : ‘Come hither, renowned Odysseus, hither, you pride and glory of all Akhaia (Achaea)! Pause with your ship; listen to our song. Never has nay man passed this way in his dark vessel and left unheard the honey-sweet music from our lips; first he has taken his delight, then gone on his way a wiser man. We know of all the sorrows in the wide land of Troy that Argives and Trojans bore because the gods would needs have it so; we know all things that come to pass on the fruitful earth.’ So they sang with their lovely voices, and my heart was eager to listen still. I twitched my brows to sign to the crew to let me go, but they leaned to their oars and rowed on; Eurylokhos (Eurylochus) and Perimedes quickly stood up and bound me with more ropes and with firmer hold. But when they had rowed well past the Seirenes--when music and words could be heard no more--my trusty comrades were quick to take out the wax that had sealed their ears, and to rescue and unbind myself. But the island was hardly left behind when I saw smoke above the heavy breakers and heard a great noise [the whirlpool of Kharybdis (Charybdis)]." Homer, Odyssey 13. 322 ff : "[Odysseus tells Penelope of his travels :] How he heard the Seirenes (Sirens) singing and came to the Wanderers, to grim Kharybdis (Charybdis) and to Skylla (Scylla)." Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca E7. 18 - 19 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "[Odysseus] sailed past the island of the Seirenes (Sirens). They were the daughters of Akheloios (Achelous) and the Mousa (Muse) Melpomene, and their names were Peisinoe, Aglaope, and Thelxiepeia. One played the cithara, the second sang, and the third played the flute, and in this manner they used to persuade passing sailors to remain with them. From the thighs down they had the shape of birds. As Odysseus sailed past, he wanted to hear their song, so, following Kirke's (Circe's) instructions, he plugged the ears of his comrades with wax, and had them tie him to the mast, When the Sierenes persuaded him to stay with them, he begged to be set free, but his men tied him even tighter, and thus he sailed past. An oracle had said that the Seirenes would die if a ship ever made it past them; and indeed they died." Siren with cymbal (detail), Paestan red-figure bell krater C4th B.C, Antikensammlung Berlin Lycophron, Alexandra 648 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) : "Others [Odysseus] shall wander . . . the narrow meet of the Tyrrhenian Strait and the watching-place fatal to mariners of the hybrid monster [Skylla (Scylla)] . . . and the rocks of the harpy-limbed nightingales [Seirenes (Sirens)]." Lycophron, Alexandra 668 ff : "What Kharybdis (Charybdis) shall not eat of his [Odysseus'] dead? What half-maiden Fury-hound [Skylla (Scylla)]? What barren nightingale [Seiren (Siren)], slayer of the Kentauroi (Centaurs), Aitolis or Kouretis (Curetis), shall not with her varied melody tempt them to waste away through fasting from food?" [N.B. The Kenaturoi who escaped Herakles were charmed by the song of the Seirenes and forgetting to eat all perished.] Lycophron, Alexandra 712 ff : "And he [Odysseus] shall slay the triple daughters [Seirenes (Sirens)] of Tethys' son [Akheloos (Achelous)], who imitated the strains of their melodious mother [Melpomene]: self-hurled from the cliff's top they dive with their wings into the Tyrrhenian Sea, where the bitter thread spun by the Moirai (the Fates) shall draw them." Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae 1. 14d (trans. Gullick) (Greek rhetorician C2nd to C3rd A.D.) : "The Seirens (Sirens) sing to Odysseus the things most likely to please him, reciting what would appeal to his ambition and knowledge. ‘For we know,’ say they, ‘all other things and all that shall befall upon the fruitful earth as well.’" Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 125 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) : "He [Odysseus] came to the Sirenes (Sirens), daughters of the Muse Melpomene and Achelous, women in the upper parts of their bodies but bird below. It was their fate to live only so long as mortals who heard their song failed to pass by. Ulysses [Odysseus], instructed by Circe, daughter of Sol [Helios the Sun], stopped up the ears of his comrades with wax, had himself bound to the wooden mast, and thus sailed by." Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 141 : "The Sirenes (Sirens), daughter of the River Achelous and the Muse Melpomene . . . It was predicted that they would live only until someone who heard their singing would pass by. Ulysses [Odysseus] proved fatal to them, for when by his cleverness he passed by the rocks where they dwelt, they threw themselves into the sea. This place is called Sirenides from them, and is between Sicily and Italy." SIRENS & THE DEATH OF TELEMACHUS Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History Book 7 (summary from Photius, Myriobiblon 190) (trans. Pearse) (Greek mythographer C1st to C2nd A.D.) : "Telemakhos (Telemachus) was put to death by the Seirenes (Sirens) when they learned that he was the son of Odysseus." SIRENS POETIC MISCELLANY Alcman, Fragment 1 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric II) (Greek lyric C7th B.C.) : "She is of course not more melodious than the Serenides (Sirens), for they are goddesses." Alcman, Fragment 30 : "The Mosa (Muse) cries out, that clear-voiced Seren (Siren)." Plato, Cratylus 403d (trans. Lamb) (Greek philosopher C4th B.C.) : "[Plato uses the Seirenes (Sirens) in a metaphor on the binding power of death :] He [Haides] binds with the desire which is the strongest of all, if he is to restrain them with the strongest bond . . . No one has been willing to come away from that other world, not even the Seirenes (Sirens), but they and all others have been overcome by his [death's] enchantments." Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 21. 1 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : "Down to the present day men are wont to liken to a Seiren (Siren) whatever is charming in both poetry and prose." Aelian, On Animals 17. 23 (trans. Scholfield) (Greek natural history C2nd A.D.) : "But for beauty and clarity of tone their [an Indian bird's] singing is unsurpassed; they might be, if the expression is not too strong, Seirenes (Sirens), for these fabled maidens as celebrated by poets and portrayed by artists had wings." Philostratus the Elder, Imagines 2. 17. 12 (trans. Fairbanks) (Greek rhetorician C3rd A.D.) : "[From a description of a painting of imaginary islands :] A parrot and a magpie in a woven cage sing like Seirenes (Sirens) on the island." Ovid, Metamorphoses 14. 85 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "The fleet [of Aeneas] . . . cast off and left behind Hippotades' [Aiolos' (Aeolus')] domain, the smoking land of sulphur fumes, and the three Sirenes Acheloiades' (daughter of Achelous') rock." Statius, Silvae 2. 1. 10 (trans. Mozley) (Roman poetry C1st A.D.) : "The triple chant of the Sicilian maidens [Seirenes (Sirens)] wafted hither." Statius, Silvae 5. 3. 82 : "The Tyrrhenian winged maids [Seirenes' (Sirens')] chant to mariners from the fatal cliff." Apuleius, The Golden Ass 5. 12 (trans. Walsh) (Roman novel C2nd A.D.) : "Like Sireni (Sirens) they lean out over the crag, and make the rocks resound with the death-dealing cries!" Nonnus, Dionysiaca 2. 10 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) : "When a sailor hears the Seiren's (Siren's) perfidious song, and bewitched by the melody, he is dragged to a self-chosen fate too soon; no longer he cleaves the waves, no longer he whitends the blue water with his oars unwetted now, but falling into the net of melodious Moira (Fate), he forgets to steer, quite happy, caring not for the seven starry Pleiades and the Bear’s circling course." Nonnus, Dionysiaca 22. 1 ff : "Sang a melody of Sikelian (Sicilian) tune like the hymns which the minstrel Seirenes (Sirens) pour from their honeytongued throats." Suidas s.v. Seirenas (trans. Suda On Line) (Byzantine Greek Lexicon C10th A.D.) : "Seirenes (Sirens) : Seirenes were women with lyric voices who, in bygone Greek myth, dwelled on a small island and so enticed passing sailors with their beautiful voices that crews steered in and perished there. From their chests up they had the form of sparrows, below they were women. Mythologers say that they were little birds with women's faces who beguiled sailors as they passed by, bewitching with lewd songs the hearing of those harkening to them. And the song of pleasure has no good consequence, only death. But the truth of the matter is this, that there are narrow straits in the sea created by certain mountains in which the compressed rush of water sends up a sort of melodious lilt; when those who sail by hear it, they trust their lives to the rushing water and perish, with crews and ships . . . Also in the Epigrams, ‘And that talking is sweeter than Seirenes.’ The names of the Seirenes : Thelxiepeia, Peisinoe, Ligeia; Anthemousa the island they inhabited." Suidas s.v. Sereneion melos : Decorative Siren, Apulian red-figure loutrophoros C4th B.C., The J. Paul Getty Museum I. NAPLES (NEAPOLIS) Town in Campania (Kampania) (Southern Italy) Lycophron, Alexandra 712 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) : "And he [Odysseus] shall slay the triple daughters [Seirenes (Sirens)] of Tethys' son [Akheloos (Achelous)], who imitated the strains of their melodious mother [Melpomene] : self-hurled from the cliff's top they dive with their wings into the Tyrrhenian Sea, where the bitter thread spun by the Moirai (the Fates) shall draw them. One of them [Parthenope] washed ashore the tower of Phaleros shall receive, and Glanis wetting the earth with its streams. There the inhabitants shall build a tomb for the maiden and with libations and sacrifice of oxen shall yearly honour the bird goddess Parthenope. And Leukosia (Leucosia) shall be cast on the jutting strand of Enipeus and shall long haunt the rock that bears her name, where rapid Is and neighbouring Laris pour forth their waters. And Ligeia shall come ashore at Tereina spitting out the wave. And her shall sailormen bury on the stony beach nigh to the eddies of Okinaros (Ocinarus); and an ox-horned Ares shall lave her tomb with his streams, cleansing with his waters the foundation of her whose children were turned into birds. And there one day in honour of the first goddess [Parthenope] of the sisterhood shall the ruler of the navy of Popsops [historical Athenian admiral Diotimos] array for his mariners a torch-race, in obedience to an oracle, which one day the people of the Neapolitans shall celebrate." Strabo, Geography 5. 4. 7 (trans. Jones) (Greek geographer C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) : "A monument of Parthenope, one of the Seirenes (Sirens), is pointed out in Neapolis [Naples in Italy], an in accordance with an oracle a gymnastic contest is celebrated there." Strabo, Geography 5. 4. 8 : "Surrenton [in Italy], a city of the Kampanoi (Campania), whence the Athenaion (Athenaeum, temple of Athena) juts forth into the sea, which some call the Cape of Seirenoussai (Sirenussae) (of the Sirens) . . . It is only a short voyage from here across to the island of Kaprea (Capri); and after doubling the cape you come to desert, rocky isles, which are the called the Seirenes (Sirens)." Strabo, Geography 6. 1. 1 : "Sailing out past the gulf [Poseidonian Gulf of Leukania in Italy], one comes to Leukosia (Leucosia), an island, from which it is only a short voyage across to the continent. The island is named after one of the Seirenes (Sirens), who was cast ashore here after the Seirenes had flung themselves, as the myth has it, into the depths of the sea [following their encounter with Odysseus]. In front of the island lies that promontory which is opposite the Seirenoussai (Sirenussae) and with them forms the Poseidonian Gulf." Virgil, Georgics 4. 563 (trans. Fairclough) (Roman bucolic C1st B.C.) : "I, Virgil, was nursed by sweet Parthenope [i.e. the town of Naples, where the Seiren (Siren) was worshipped], and rejoiced in the arts of inglorious ease." Pliny the Elder, Natural History 3. 61 (trans. Rackham) (Roman encyclopedia C1st A.D.) : "On the coast stands Neapolis (Naples) . . . [also] named Parthenope from the tomb of one of the Sirenes (Sirens)." II. LEUCASIA (LEUKASIA) Island near Paestanum (Paistanon) (Southern Italy) Pliny the Elder, Natural History 3. 85 (trans. Rackham) (Roman encyclopedia C1st A.D.) : "[In southern Italy :] Opposite to the Bay of Paestanum is [the island of] Leucasia [la Licosa] after the Siren buried there." ANCIENT GREEK & ROMAN ART	Siren
Complete the proverb, little strokes fell	1000+ images about Mythology on Pinterest \| Greek mythology, Hades and persephone and Goddesses Forward Celtic Mythology: The GWRAGEDD ANNWN [wives of the underworld] were lake-sirens in Wales. These lovely creatures are known to choose mortal men as their husbands. One legend has it that they live in a sunken city in one of the many lakes in Wales. People claim to have seen towers under water and heard the chiming of bells. See More	i don't know

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