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What are you suffering with if you have septicaemia	Sepsis - NHS Choices Sepsis Sepsis is a rare but serious complication of an infection. Without quick treatment, sepsis can lead to multiple organ failure and death. Read on or go straight to: Sepsis symptoms in children under five Go straight to A&E or call 999 if your child looks mottled, bluish or pale is very lethargic or difficult to wake feels abnormally cold to touch is breathing very fast has a rash that does not fade when you press it has a fit or convulsion Get medical advice urgently from NHS 111 If your child has any of the symptoms listed below, is getting worse or is sicker than you'd expect (even if their temperature falls), trust your instincts and seek medical advice urgently from NHS 111. Temperature temperature over 38C in babies under three months temperature over 39C in babies aged three to six months any high temperature in a child who cannot be encouraged to show interest in anything low temperature (below 36C – check three times in a 10-minute period) Breathing finding it much harder to breathe than normal – looks like hard work making "grunting" noises with every breath can't say more than a few words at once (for older children who normally talk) breathing that obviously "pauses" not had a wee or wet nappy for 12 hours Eating and drinking new baby under one month old with no interest in feeding not drinking for more than eight hours (when awake) bile-stained (green), bloody or black vomit/sick Activity and body soft spot on a baby's head is bulging eyes look "sunken" child cannot be encouraged to show interest in anything baby is floppy weak, "whining" or continuous crying in a younger child older child who's confused not responding or very irritable stiff neck, especially when trying to look up and down If your child has any of these symptoms, is getting worse or is sicker than you'd expect (even if their temperature falls), trust your instincts and seek medical advice urgently from NHS 111. Sepsis symptoms in older children and adults Early symptoms of sepsis may include: a high temperature (fever) or low body temperature chills and shivering a fast heartbeat fast breathing In some cases, symptoms of more severe sepsis or septic shock (when your blood pressure drops to a dangerously low level) develop soon after. These can include: less urine production than normal – for example, not urinating for a day cold, clammy and pale or mottled skin loss of consciousness When to get medical help Seek medical advice urgently from NHS 111 if you've recently had an infection or injury and you have possible early signs of sepsis. If sepsis is suspected, you'll usually be referred to hospital for further diagnosis and treatment. Severe sepsis and septic shock are medical emergencies. If you think you or someone in your care has one of these conditions, go straight to A&E or call 999. Tests to diagnose sepsis Sepsis is often diagnosed based on simple measurements such as your temperature, heart rate and breathing rate. You may need to give a blood test . Other tests can help determine the type of infection, where it's located and which body functions have been affected. These include: urine or stool samples a wound culture – where a small sample of tissue, skin or fluid is taken from the affected area for testing respiratory secretion testing – taking a sample of saliva, phlegm or mucus blood pressure tests imaging studies – such as an X-ray , ultrasound scan or computerised tomography (CT) scan Treatments for sepsis If sepsis is detected early and hasn't affected vital organs yet, it may be possible to treat the infection at home with antibiotics . Most people who have sepsis detected at this stage make a full recovery. Almost all people with severe sepsis and septic shock require admission to hospital. Some people may require admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) . Because of problems with vital organs, people with severe sepsis are likely to be very ill and the condition can be fatal. However, sepsis is treatable if it is identified and treated quickly, and in most cases leads to a full recovery with no lasting problems. Read more about treating sepsis . Recovering from sepsis Some people make a full recovery fairly quickly. The amount of time it takes to fully recover from sepsis varies, depending on: the severity of the sepsis the person's overall health how much time was spent in hospital whether treatment was needed in an ICU Some people experience long-term physical and/or psychological problems during their recovery period, such as: feeling lethargic or excessively tired muscle weakness swollen limbs or joint pain chest pain or breathlessness These long-term problems are known as post-sepsis syndrome . Not everyone experiences these problems. Read more about recovering from sepsis on the UK Sepsis Trust website. Who's at risk? There are around 123,000 cases of sepsis a year in England. Around 37,000 people die every year as a result of the condition. Anyone can develop sepsis after an injury or minor infection, although some people are more vulnerable. People most at risk of sepsis include those: with a medical condition or receiving medical treatment that weakens their immune system who are already in hospital with a serious illness who are very young or very old who have just had surgery or who have wounds or injuries as a result of an accident Read more about the causes of sepsis . Sepsis, septicaemia and blood poisoning Although sepsis is often referred to as either blood poisoning or septicaemia, these terms refer to the invasion of bacteria into the bloodstream. Sepsis can affect multiple organs or the entire body, even without blood poisoning or septicaemia. Sepsis can also be caused by viral or fungal infections, although bacterial infections are by far the most common cause. Page last reviewed: 24/02/2016	Sepsis
What would have been your job in times gone by if you were known as a Granger	Meningitis - NHS Choices Meningitis Meningitis is an infection of the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord (meninges). It can affect anyone, but is most common in babies, young children, teenagers and young adults. Meningitis can be very serious if not treated quickly. It can cause life-threatening blood poisoning (septicaemia) and result in permanent damage to the brain or nerves. A number of vaccinations are available that offer some protection against meningitis. This page covers: Symptoms of meningitis develop suddenly and can include: a high temperature (fever) over 37.5C (99.5F) being sick a headache a blotchy rash that doesn't fade when a glass is rolled over it (this won't always develop) a dislike of bright lights drowsiness or unresponsiveness Read more about the symptoms of meningitis . When to get medical help You should get medical advice as soon as possible if you're concerned that you or your child could have meningitis. Trust your instincts and don't wait until a rash develops. Call 999 for an ambulance or go to your nearest accident and emergency (A&E) department immediately if you think you or your child might be seriously ill. Call NHS 111 or your GP surgery for advice if you're not sure if it's anything serious or you think you may have been exposed to someone with meningitis. How meningitis is spread Meningitis is usually caused by a bacterial or viral infection. Bacterial meningitis is rarer but more serious than viral meningitis. Infections that cause meningitis can be spread through: sneezing kissing sharing utensils, cutlery and toothbrushes Meningitis is usually caught from people who carry these viruses or bacteria in their nose or throat but aren't ill themselves. It can also be caught from someone with meningitis, but this is less common. Read more about the causes of meningitis . Vaccinations against meningitis Vaccinations offer some protection against certain causes of meningitis. These include the: meningitis B vaccine – offered to babies aged 8 weeks, followed by a second dose at 16 weeks, and a booster at 1 year 5-in-1 vaccine – offered to babies at 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age pneumococcal vaccine – offered to babies at 8 weeks, 16 weeks and 1 year old meningitis C vaccine – offered at 12 weeks of age, 1 year, and to teenagers and first-time university students MMR vaccine – offered to babies at 1 year and a second dose at 3 years and 4 months meningitis ACWY vaccine – offered to teenagers, sixth formers and "fresher" students going to university for the first time Read more about meningitis vaccinations . Treatments for meningitis People with suspected meningitis will usually have tests in hospital to confirm the diagnosis and check whether the condition is the result of a viral or bacterial infection. Bacterial meningitis usually needs to be treated in hospital for at least a week. Treatments include: antibiotics given directly into a vein fluids given directly into a vein oxygen through a face mask Viral meningitis tends to get better on its own within 7 to 10 days and can often be treated at home. Getting plenty of rest and taking painkillers and anti-sickness medication can help relieve the symptoms in the meantime. Outlook for meningitis Viral meningitis will usually get better on its own and rarely causes any long-term problems. Most people with bacterial meningitis who are treated quickly will also make a full recovery, although some are left with serious, long-term problems. These can include:	i don't know
Who was the wife of Moses	Moses Ethiopian Wife Back to Home page Moses Ethiopian Wife "And Miriam and Aaron spoke against Moses because of the Ethiopian woman whom he had married; for he had married an Ethiopian woman" (Num. 12.1). Every now and again someone asks how it could be that Moses, the champion of the Lord for the chosen people, could have married an Ethiopian who was therefore of the descendants of Ham, youngest son of Noah. There was strong objection in Israel to such marriages although the assumption that Moses had married before he left Egypt only raises the second question how he later came to marry Zipporah the Midianite when he apparently had left one wife back in Egypt. The word "Ethiopian" is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew word "Cush" who in Genesis 10.8 is recorded as one of the sons of Ham. The Cushites became the people known to history as the Sumerians. Eventually many of their tribes migrated, some down the eastern side of the Persian Gulf and into India, where they established the Indus civilization which endured from about 2000 BC to 1500 BC. Others moved down the western side and across Arabia and over the Red Sea into Africa where they became the people known to the Egyptians as Cush, living mainly in what is now the Sudan. Jewish legend has it that Moses when at the court of Pharaoh led an invading army into Cush and returned in triumph but there is probably no truth in that. "Ethiopia" in the A.V. is taken from old Anglo-Saxon versions that were based largely on the Greek Septuagint. It used this word to translate the Hebrew "Cush", but to the Greeks the whole of the southern world from Africa to India was denoted by the word Ethiopia (English travellers as late as the 17th Century still used the name in that sense). The Egyptians despised the Cushites and called them "vile Cush" and lost no opportunity of waging war on them. It would have been social suicide for Moses to marry into that nation while still at the Egyptian court and most unlikely. Another factor is that by deduction from Scripture records, at that time in history a man was rarely below the age of fifty at marriage, and since Moses fled to Midian at age forty, his marriage whilst there and return forty years later with two sons is perfectly logical. There is no evidence aside from this questionable statement in Num. 12.1 that he had been married before. Zipporah, his Midianite wife (Exodus 2.15-22) was a descendant of Abraham through his wife Keturah. She was therefore of Semitic race and there would be no valid objection on that score against the union. Midianites were scattered all over the lands south of Canaan and the tribal name of the Sinai Midianites was Cushan (referred to only once in the O.T. in Habakkuk 3.7 "I saw the tents of Cushan in affliction and the curtains of the land of Midian did tremble". The almost certain explanation of Num. 12.1 is that by an early copyist's mistake Cushan was turned into Cush by the omission of the final N. The archaic Hebrew N in the days before Ezra was a very insignificant little "squiggle" and could easily have been missed. On this basis the text tells us that Moses had married a Cushan Midianite, which is what Exodus 2 says anyway. The objection raised by Aaron and Miriam to the nationality of his wife was probably evoked by jealousy. They feared that one of Moses' own sons by Zipporah would be appointed by him to succeed him as Israel's leader when the time came. They, and probably most of their fellows, would much prefer a full blooded son of Israel. They need not have worried; when the time did come, the Lord brought forth His own choice for leader, the stalwart Joshua. This is one of the lessons we all find hard to learn, that the Lord is perfectly able to raise up His own instrument to carry on any section of His work when the torch begins to fall from failing hands. We need not plan and devise and agonize for the continuance of that which He has left in our charge for a space of time. One has to realise that many of the women of the Old Testament history were not of Israel, although of Semitic race Isaac married Rebecca who was of Nahor, brother to Abraham. Jacob married Rachel and Leah of the same stock. Salmon prince of Judah at the entry to the Land married Rahab of Jericho whose name shows she was Semitic, either of Abraham through Esau, Ishmael or Keturah, or of Nahor. Tamar who carried on the Messianic line from Judah was not of Jacob but her name too reveals that she was Semitic. Ruth who married Boaz was a Moabite, from Lot the son of Haran another brother of Abraham. There was no inconsistency therefore in the case of Moses. There are theories that assert that the name "Cush" means black and that he was a black man, the ancestor of the African races. While it is true that purely Hebrew names often have a meaning which can be traced by the construction of the word as for example Jesus in Greek is the Hebrew Joshua, or more properly Jehoshua, which means God is Saviour, the same practice cannot be applied to non-Hebrew names. There is no Hebrew word closely resembling Cush that means black. Cush was given his name long before there were any Hebrews or any Hebrew language. He was certainly the ancestor of the Sumerians and that language is the oldest one that is now known, but the Sumerian word for black is "gig" - not very similar. No one knows what the nature of the language spoken by Noah and his sons was and only that later languages were derived from it. It is probably true that many of the black peoples of Africa are descended from Cush but their black colour developed after they had settled in Africa and not before. The various, colours of men in different climes are the result of long habitation under specialised conditions of climate and food, and probably other factors not yet completely understood. There is no reason for thinking that Noah had grandsons in a variety of colours,. In fact there is evidence to the contrary. According to Genesis 10, Cush had a brother named Phut. The Phutites in later generations also crossed into Africa and colonised the north, right across the continent to the Atlantic in days when the present Sahara desert was a fertile well-watered country abounding in forests and animal life. Today there are cave-paintings still existing in that barren and uninhabited waste executed by, and depicting, those Phutites of four thousand years ago but they are not shown as black. They are painted with red and yellow skins; their descendants today are deep brown. There is no means of determining the colour of the first men, nor yet that of Noah and his sons. The white races tend to think that they must have been white; but the Chinese insist, quite as logically, that they were yellow. We just do not know. What we do know is that God "hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on the face of the earth. (Acts 17.16) and that all men everywhere, of whatever colour, are able to propagate their own kind with each other.. Perhaps the Lord, who is the supreme Artist in creation, sees some advantage in having men ultimately develop five outward colours, whilst still being men inside, just as He has ordained variety in the rest of His Creation. Coming back to the main point, there is not much doubt that the only woman Moses married, the mother of his children was the daughter of the Midianite Chieftain. Jethro gave him hospitality during his term of exile and proved to be as much a reverential worshipper of the true God as was Moses himself. AOH	Zipporah
Who is managing Real Madrid at the moment (January 13th 2016)	Exodus 18:2 After Moses had sent away his wife Zipporah, his father-in-law Jethro received her The Visit of Jethro 1Now Jethro, the priest of Midian, Moses' father-in-law, heard of all that God had done for Moses and for Israel His people, how the LORD had brought Israel out of Egypt. 2 Jethro, Moses' father-in-law, took Moses' wife Zipporah, after he had sent her away, 3and her two sons, of whom one was named Gershom, for Moses said, "I have been a sojourner in a foreign land."…	i don't know
What is the largest city in Switzerland	Switzerland Facts on Largest Cities, Populations, Symbols - Worldatlas.com Ethnicity: German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other 6% GDP total: $362.4 billion (2012 est.) GDP per capita: $54,600 (2012 est.) Language: German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 20.4%, Italian (official) 6.5%, Serbo-Croatian 1.5%, Albanian 1.3%, Portuguese 1.2%, Spanish 1.1%, English 1%, Romansch (official) 0.5%, other 2.8% note: German, French, Italian, and Romansch are all national and official languages Largest Cities: (by population) Zurich, Geneva, Basel, Bern, Lausanne Name: Switzerland's name comes from the German derivative Suito and the Schwyz canton in the central part of the country National Day: August 1 Religion: Roman Catholic 41.8%, Protestant 35.3%, Muslim 4.3%, Orthodox 1.8%, other Christian 0.4%, other 1%, unspecified 4.3%, none 11.1%	Zürich
Who did Princess Margaret decide not to marry in 1955	Top 10 places to visit in Switzerland \| Out & About \| Expatica Switzerland Top 10 places to visit in Switzerland 27 comments Whether you're just visiting or moving to Switzerland, there are many top Swiss attractions. Visit these top 10 places in Switzerland to experience the best of Switzerland's tourism. Switzerland may be a small country but Switzerland's tourism is anything but miniscule. Soaring Alps and glaciers dominate the top Swiss places to visit – there are more than 200 peaks higher than 3,000m – alongside Switzerland's bucolic countryside, ancient castles, clear turquoise lakes and breathtaking mountain peaks in every direction. The top Swiss foods make travelling around Switzerland a regional surprise, and once you learn the top Swiss fact, it's easy to see this tiny country has a lot to offer. To dive into Switzerland tourism, you don't have to travel too far and an excellent Swiss transport system makes it affordable to see the best places in Switzerland. The Swiss countryside, lakes and mountains are beautiful anytime of year, from snow-capped mountain peaks and ice-skating on lakes to hiking through green fields or celebrating the top Swiss festivals , Swiss carnival or national Swiss holidays . Those who want to experience this European gem will have no shortage of finding places to visit in Switzerland, and will feel safe travelling in this low-crime rate country, although a list of Swiss emergency numbers is always handy. Here are the top 10 places to visit in Switzerland you have to see to experience the best of Switzlerland's tourism. 1. Matterhorn, Zermatt This pyramid shaped giant is arguably the most photographed mountain in the world and therefore, also Switzerland's most famous Alpine peak and a top place to visit in Switzerland. The Matterhorn in Zermatt stands at 4,478 metres high and draws mountaineers from all corners of the globe eager to conquer its ascent – some even daring to reach its summit. Cable cars frequently zip through the mountain station in Zermatt, the highest cable car station in the Alps, and take skiiers and snowboarders to surrounding mountains during the winter and hikers in the summer. 2. Chateau de Chillon, Montreux Located in the heart of the Swiss Riviera on the banks of Lake Geneva is Chillon Castle – the four-century old water fortress that served as the seat of the wealthy Counts of Savoy. Stroll by the lakeside or parade through its ancient halls where 14th century paintings, towers, subterranean vaults, bedrooms, weaponry and furniture have been kept preserved in their original form. Chateau de Chillon consists of 25 building and three courtyards and is accessible by boat, bus or foot from the town of Montreux. This is one of the most visited historic buildings in Switzerland and certainly a top place to visit in Switzerland. 3. The Jungfrau Region The Jungfraujoch is an Alpine wonderland that has much to offer adventurers and those seeking a quieter retreat. The 'big three' – glacial monoliths Jungfrau, Monch, and Eiger – tower over rolling green meadows and winding mountain paths, making for truly enchanting views that embody the best of Switzerland tourism. In its middle lies Interlaken , a rustic town that has become a popular starting point for travellers in the region. From there you can visit the Jungfrajoch's highlights, such as the towns of Grindelwald, Murren, Wengen and Lauterbrunnen. Hike or take a scenic train trip to the peaks of Kleine Scheidegg, Grindelwald-First, Schynigge Platte or Schilthorn and treat yourself to panoramic views you won't soon forget. 4. Swiss National Park, Zernez Switzerland's only national park is a spectacle not to be overlooked. A throwback to how the Alps was before it was touched by tourism, the Schweizerischer Nationalpark features 172 square kilometres of unspoilt scenery from snow-encrusted glaciers, verdant pastures, waterfalls and lush woodlands, making it a top place to see in Switzerland. A total of 21 hiking routes crawl through the park, giving visitors a chance to glimpse its magnificent flora and, if luck is on your side, perhaps even sight the rare golden eagles, chamois, ibexes and marmots that call it home. The park is easily accesible from Zernez, S-chanf and Scuol. 5. Lake Geneva and surrounding cities Hugged by Geneva on the west and Lausanne on the east is Lake Geneva, a giant liquid basin that has been aptly called by the Celts 'Lem an' or 'Large Water'. It's now referred to as Lac Léman by the French-speaking Swiss who reside in the area, and the 582 square kilometre-lake is dotted with luxurious fairy-tale chateaus on its shores and stretches of hillside vineyards rise from the lake, giving a rare glimpse into the world of Swiss wines . Ferries, paddle streamers and boats paddle through its topaz waters daily. The lake is a great starting point to explore Canton Vaud 's wineries, Jura Mountains and Vaudoise Alps or the charming student city of Lausanne . Those seeking a more multicultural vibe can quickly hop to cosmopolitan Geneva , the centre of at least 200 international organisations and the United Nations. As the third biggest city in Switzerland, Geneva caters to a sophisticated crowd with elegant green spaces, enchanting museums and gourmet restaurants, yet maintains its grit with a lively alternative arts scene. One of the tallest fountains in the world, the Jet d'Eau, is Geneva's postcard photo. Read about the prettiest Swiss towns within two hours of Geneva. 6. Lugano Travelling to Lugano shows Switzerland in a different light. Bordering Italy in the south, the Italian influence is undeniable in the Ticino region, from the local language, romantic villas and rich cuisine up to the warm summers. Although a landlocked country, the weather in southern Switzerland is tinged by rushes of warm Mediterranean air. Lugano is flush with museums and a number of heritage sites housed in neoclassical palazzos (grand buildings). The city stands north of the gorgeous Lago di Lugano (Lake Lugano), an area frequented by celebrities which has been dubbed the 'Monte Carlo of Switzerland'. 7. Bern Not many people know that the medieval city of Bern is Switzerland's capital – but once you step on its narrow cobblestoned streets, all doubts are sure to vanish. History sings in every corner of this top place to visit in Switzerland, especially in its Old Town, which has been named a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Archaic towers loom over Bern's sandstone facades, numerous fountains and entrenchments while arcades are filled with boutiques, bars, cafes and cabaret stages that are sometimes hidden within vaulted cellars. As the current seat of the Swiss parliament (Bundeshaus), Bern is one of the most well-preserved historical centres in Switzerland. It boasts a stunning botanical garden, a colourful weekly market and access to the River Aare and the Bear Park, where a family of bears – the city's symbol – reside. 8. Lucerne In the heart of Switzerland lies the lakeside city of Lucerne , another postcard-perfect town nestled among a mountainous panorama. Fortified towers, wooden bridges and timeworn churches festooned with antique frescoes have allowed the city to keep its traditional townscape, adding to the charm of this top place in Switzerland. Take pleasure in the thrilling views of the city proper and Lake Lucerne by riding up to the peak of neighbouring Mt Pilatus, Mt Rigi or the Stanserhorn. 9. The Rhine Falls The Rhine Falls , Europe's largest waterfall, is a bewitching natural wonder of Switzerland tourism. At the northernmost part of Switzerland near the town of Schaffhausen, the mighty falls roar from a breadth of more than 150 metres. Visitors can watch the spectacle from several viewing decks while those bold enough can rent their own canoes and travel to nearby castles Schloss Laufen and Schloss Wörth. On Swiss National Day , 1 August, the Rheinfall flaunts a senational firework display that attracts flocks of tourists. 10. Zurich As the cultural hub of Switzerland, Zurich is not one to cross of your list of top Swiss places to see. Unbeknown to many, behind Zurich's metropolis, financial facade exists a pulsating nightlife with a contemporary edge. After all, Zurich hosts the Street Parade, one of Europe's biggest annual rave parties. While the city has kept some of its historical roots – evident in the emblematic guild houses, Grossmünster church, Swiss National Museum and Lindenhof square – regeneration is supreme in wealthy Zurich. Old heritage sites and factories have been repurposed and now serve as cultural spaces, joining more than 50 museums and 100 art galleries to see in Zurich. Known as one of the world's most livable cities, Zurich offers everything you'd want for an urban escape, yet also the chance to reach rural, idyllic towns just a stone's throw away. Read about the prettiest Swiss towns within two hours of Zurich. Travel abroad to more top European destinations: Expatica Updated 2016. Photo credit: rockyeda (Jungfrau region), bafac (Chillon castle), Hansueli Krapf (Swiss National Park), Dylan Marriott (the Matterhorn), Randi Hausken (Lugano), dicau58 (Lucerne), Petar Marjanovic (Zurich), bigbirdz (Alps thumbnail). Comment here on the article, or if you have a suggestion to improve this article, please click here. If you believe any of the information on this page is incorrect or out-of-date, please let us know. Expatica makes every effort to ensure its articles are as comprehensive, accurate and up-to-date as possible, but we're also grateful for any help! (If you want to contact Expatica for any other reason, please follow the instructions on this website's contact page .) Name *	i don't know
What was the name of Mitch's son in Baywatch	Baywatch: White Thunder at Glacier Bay (Video 1998) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Baywatch: White Thunder at Glacier Bay ( 1998 ) PG \| In this wrap-up to the 1997-98 season of Baywatch, L.A. lifeguards Mitch, Cody, and Mitch's son Hobie win a free ocean cruise to Alaska where coincidently lifeguards Neely, Lani and Donna ... See full summary » Director: a list of 19 titles created 20 Apr 2013 a list of 343 titles created 07 Sep 2014 a list of 1117 titles created 18 Dec 2014 a list of 45 titles created 14 Nov 2015 a list of 101 titles created 3 months ago Title: Baywatch: White Thunder at Glacier Bay (Video 1998) 5.1/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Baywatch lifeguards Mitch, C.J., Stephanie, Caroline, Matt and Logan travel to Ohau, Hawaii for a much needed vacation and get caught up in a series of mis-adventures. Stephanie teams up ... See full summary » Director: Douglas Schwartz Baywatch: Hawaiian Wedding (TV Movie 2003) Action \| Drama \| Adventure Mitch Buchannon didn't die in a boat explosion in the 10th season but has been recovering from amnesia in Los Angeles. Mitch returns to Hawaii to get married again! His new fiancée Allison ... See full summary » Director: Douglas Schwartz In this -far less successful, hence shorter-lived- Baywatch spin-off, Mitch Buchannon, the reliable lieutenant in charge of an LA county beach's lifeguards, moonlights -often literally, at ... See full summary » Stars: David Hasselhoff, Angie Harmon, Eddie Cibrian Television series about a cadre of attractive lifeguards who patrol a crowded recreational beach. Stars: David Hasselhoff, Pamela Anderson, Yasmine Bleeth Pilot of the popular syndicated series introduces a close-knit group of lifeguards at Baywatch, a Los Angeles beach, who protect the lives of people that come to the beach everyday. They ... See full summary » Director: Richard Compton Campy syndicated series about Vallery Irons, a girl working at a hotdog stand who accidently saves a celebrity and is mistaken for a bodyguard. She and a team of beautiful bodyguards form a... See full summary » Stars: Pamela Anderson, Molly Culver, Shaun Baker Edit Storyline In this wrap-up to the 1997-98 season of Baywatch, L.A. lifeguards Mitch, Cody, and Mitch's son Hobie win a free ocean cruise to Alaska where coincidently lifeguards Neely, Lani and Donna are also along for a photo shoot. Hobie unknowlingly brings along a certain Claire Hodges, who's real name is Leslie Stryker, a professional jewel thief and con artist seeking a way to escape into Alaska with $5 million of stolen emeralds while a ruthless hitman, named Gavin, pursues her. Written by Matthew Patay <[email protected]> From the beach to the bay, they're always where the action is. Genres: Rated PG for violence, and for some sensuality and language Parents Guide: 24 February 1998 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Alerte à Malibu - Croisière à haut risque See more » Filming Locations: Spun-off from Baywatch (1989) See more » Frequently Asked Questions – See all my reviews This is such a monumental masterpiece, one of the most important movies of the 90s. Thanks to the genius of Douglas Schwartz who directed most of the Baywatch movie and episodes, hot babes like Gena Lee Nolin, Carmen Electra, Donna D'Errico, Kelly Packard and other cameo are starring in this thrilling, full of action and suspense film. It's a shame that this film is not available on dvd. Maybe one day. Here is the story thanks to Matthew Patay. In this wrap-up to the 1997-98 season of Baywatch, L.A. lifeguards Mitch, Cody, and Mitch's son Hobie win a free ocean cruise to Alaska where coincidently lifeguards Neely, Lani and Donna are also along for a photo shoot. Hobie unknowlingly brings along a certain Claire Hodges, who's real name is Leslie Stryker, a professional jewel thief and con artist seeking a way to escape into Alaska with $5 million of stolen emeralds while a ruthless hitman, named Gavin, pursues her. Buy this one and watch Carmen Electra in one of her greatest role! 3 of 6 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Hobie
What kitchen tool was invented my William Lyman in 1870	'Baywatch' Movie Casting: 13 Actors Who Should Bare Their Beach Bods With Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson (Photos) NBC / Sports Illustrated Kate Upton as C.J. Parker, originally played by Pamela Anderson We know the Sports Illustrated model can run down the beach so, why the hell not? NBC / Getty Images Jaden Smith as Hobie Buchannon, originally played by Jeremy Jackson Will Smith 's offspring is going to need to learn to surf if he wants to play Mitch's son. NBC / Getty Images Chris Pratt as Mike "Newmie" Newman, originally played by Michael Newman The ability to grow a mustache is of the utmost importance for this role, and Pratt's a boss at sprouting facial hair. NBC / Getty Images Hilary Swank as Stephanie Holden, originally played by Alexandra Paul All Hilary has to do is cut off her hair again and she's perfect for this part. NBC / Getty Images Jon Hamm as J.D. Darius, originally played by Michael Bergin Hamm might have to shave down his chest a tad but the resemblance between these two is jaw-dropping. NBC / H+M David Beckham as Cody Madison, originally played by David Chokachi Another look alike casting. Beckham's shirtless body doesn't hurt either. NBC / Getty Images Lea Michele as Caroline Holden, originally played by Yasmine Bleeth If Lea's cool with wearing a swimsuit and agrees to not sing, we'll be OK with this. NBC / Getty Images Kerry Washington as Jordan Tate, originally played by Traci Bingham Saving someone from drowning might be a nice change of pace from the drama she deals with on "Scandal." NBC Nick Jonas as Matt Brody, originally played by David Charvet The youngest JoBro has no problem popping his shirt off so this seems like a no-brainer. NBC / Getty Images Christina Hendricks as Donna Marco, originally played by Donna D'Errico We want to see a redhead on the beach for "Baywatch." So long as Christina wears plenty of sunscreen. NBC / Getty Images Katherine Heigl as April Giminski, originally played by Kelly Packard Heigl just returned to TV but maybe if that doesn't work out, she'll be down for "Baywatch." NBC / Getty Images Zac Efron as Logan Fowler, originally played by Jaason Simmons Efron has the abs but can he do an Australian accent? NBC Carmen Electra as Leilani "Lani" McKenzie, originally played by Carmen Electra Somehow Carmen looks hotter now than she did when she was on the show in 1997.	i don't know
Which British group had a top ten hit in 1966 with No Milk Today	HERMAN'S HERMITS - 1966 - "No Milk Today" - YouTube HERMAN'S HERMITS - 1966 - "No Milk Today" Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Oct 5, 2014 CHECK OUT THESE OTHER CHANNELS: FunnyFilms: http://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8Jec... Herman's Hermits are an English beat (or pop) band, formed in Manchester in 1963. Originally called Herman & The Hermits, they were discovered by Harvey Lisberg, who signed them up to management. Lisberg sent a return plane ticket to Mickie Most so that he could come up from London to see the band play in Bolton. Most became the group's record producer, controlling the band's output. He emphasised a simple, non-threatening, clean-cut image, although the band originally played R&B numbers. This helped Herman's Hermits become hugely successful in the mid-1960s but dampened the band's songwriting; Noone, Hopwood, Leckenby and Green's songs were relegated to B-sides and album cuts. Their first hit was a cover of Earl-Jean's "I'm into Something Good" (written by Gerry Goffin and Carole King), which reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart and No. 13 in the US in late 1964. They never topped the British charts again, but had two US Billboard Hot 100 No.1s with "Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter" (originally sung by Tom Courtenay in a 1963 British TV play) and "I'm Henry the Eighth, I Am" (a British music hall song by Harry Champion dating from 1911, which Peter Noone's Irish grandfather had been in the habit of singing when Noone was young). These songs were aimed at a US fan base, with Peter Noone exaggerating his Mancunian accent. In the US, their records were released on the MGM label, a company which often featured musical performers they had signed to record deals in films. The Hermits appeared in several MGM movies, including When the Boys Meet the Girls (1965) and Hold On! (1966). They also starred in the film Mrs. Brown You've Got a Lovely Daughter (1968) and appeared in the 1965 anthology film Pop Gear. Herman's Hermits had three Top 3 hits in the US in 1965, with the aforementioned No. 1 hits and "Can't You Hear My Heartbeat" (US No. 2). They recorded The Rays' "Silhouettes" (US No. 5), Sam Cooke's "Wonderful World" (US No. 4), "Just A Little Bit Better" (US No. 7), and "A Must to Avoid" (US No. 8) in 1965; "Listen People" (US No. 3), George Formby, Jr.'s "Leaning on a Lamp Post," from Me and My Girl (US No. 9), and the Ray Davies song "Dandy" (US No. 5) in 1966; and "There's a Kind of Hush" (US No. 4) in 1967. On WLS "Mrs. Brown" and "Silhouettes" were 1–2 on 14 May 1965 and exchanged positions the next week, a distinction matched only by The Beatles' "I Want To Hold Your Hand" and "She Loves You" during 14 February – 6 March 1964. They appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, The Dean Martin Show and The Jackie Gleason Show. Continued success in the US proved elusive beyond 1967, although they had as many Top Ten hits in Britain (five) in the period 1967 through 1970 as they had had there in the years of the mid-'sixties when the band were wowing American audiences and British audiences seemed more diffident. By the time the group recorded their final album of the 1960s, Rock 'n' Roll Party, the band's success in the US was history and the album was not released by MGM there. Peter Noone and Keith Hopwood left the band in 1971. Herman's Hermits reunited in 1973 to headline a successful British invasion tour of the US culminating with a standing-room-only performance at Madison Square Garden and an appearance on The Midnight Special (without Hopwood). Later, a version of the band featuring Leckenby and Whitwam opened for The Monkees on reunion tours of the US. Noone declined an offer from tour organizers to appear, but later appeared with Davy Jones on a successful teen-idols tour. Category	Herman's Hermits
Who was the first man to have won a Nobel prize and an Oscar	Herman's Hermits — Listen for free on Spotify Herman's Hermits Play on Spotify Herman's Hermits were one of those odd 1960's groups that accumulated millions of fans, but precious little respect. Indeed, their status is remarkably similar to that of the Monkees and it's not a coincidence that both groups' music was intended to appeal to younger teenagers. The difference is that as early as 1976, the Monkees began to be considered cool by people who really knew music; it has taken 35 years for Herman's Hermits to begin receiving higher regard for their work. Of course, that lack of respect had no relevance to their success: 20 singles lofted into the Top 40 in England and America between 1964 and 1970, 16 of them in the Top 20, and most of those Top Ten as well. Artistically, they were rated far lower than the Hollies , the Searchers , or Gerry & the Pacemakers , but commercially, the Hermits were only a couple of rungs below the Beatles and the Rolling Stones . The magnitude of their success seemed highly improbable, based on their modest beginnings. Guitarist/singer Keith Hopwood (born October 26, 1946), bassist/singer Karl Green (born July 31, 1947), guitarist/singer Derek "Lek" Leckenby (born May 14, 1945), and drummer Barry Whitwam (born July 21, 1946) were among the younger musicians on the Manchester band scene in 1963, when they started playing together as the Heartbeats. The city was home to many dozens of promising bands, most notable among them the Hollies , the Mockingbirds , and Wayne Fontana & the Mindbenders . Later that year, the Heartbeats got a new member in 16-year-old Peter Noone (born November 5, 1947), who filled in one night when their regular vocalist failed to turn up for a gig. Noone was already a veteran actor, trained at the Manchester School of Music and Drama; he had been a child star on television in the late '50s, on the television series Coronation Street, but he also had musical aspirations. As a vocalist with the Heartbeats, he initially worked under the name Peter Novak. The quintet followed the same path that any other struggling band did, playing shows at youth clubs and local dances, hoping to get noticed, and they picked up a pair of managers, Harvey Lisberg and Charlie Silverman. Accounts vary as to the origins of the name they ultimately adopted -- some say that their managers remarked on the facial resemblance between Noone and the character of Sherman in the Jay Ward cartoon show "Mr. Peabody & Sherman"; others credit Karl Green with mentioning it. In any case, "Sherman" became "Herman" and the group, in search of a more distinct name, became Herman & His Hermits and then Herman's Hermits. They played a pleasing, melodic brand of rock & roll, mostly standards of the late '50s and early '60s, with Noone's attractive vocals at the fore. Their big break came in 1964 when producer Mickie Most was invited by Lisberg and Silverman to a show in Manchester. He was impressed with their wholesome, clean-cut image, and with Noone's singing and pleasant, non-threatening stage presence, and he agreed to produce them, arranging a recording contract for the group with the EMI-Columbia label in England; their American releases were licensed to MGM Records. Herman's Hermits' debut single, a Carole King / Gerry Goffin song called "I'm Into Something Good," released in the summer of 1964, hit number one in England and number 13 in America. Ironically, considering the direction of many of their future releases, the group displayed anything but an English sound on "I'm Into Something Good." Instead, it had a transatlantic feel, smooth and easy-going with a kind of vaguely identifiable California sound. Of course, that statement assumed that the group had much to do with the record -- as it turned out, they didn't. In a manner typical of the majority of the acts that Most produced, the Hermits didn't play on most of their own records; Mickie Most, as was typical of producers in the era before the Beatles ' emergence, saw no reason to make a less-than-perfect record, or spend expensive studio time working with a band to perfect its sound -- as long as Peter Noone 's voice was on the record and the backing wasn't something that the group absolutely couldn't reproduce on stage, everyone seemed happy, including the fans. Conversely, the group didn't have too much control over the choice of material that they recorded or released. On their singles in particular, "Herman's Hermits" were mostly Peter Noone 's vocals in front of whatever session musicians Most had engaged, which included such future luminaries as Jimmy Page and John Paul Jones , with the other members relegated to background vocals, if that. The group was grateful for the hit records that they chalked up, the revenue that those generated, and the gigs that resulted. They charted six Top 20 hits each in the years 1965 and 1966 and were a major attraction in concert, usually in a package tour situation, with the Hermits at or near the very top of whatever bill they were on. Their records were smooth, pleasant pop/rock, roughly the British invasion equivalent of easy listening, which set them apart from most of the rival acts of the period. Their cover of Sam Cooke 's "Wonderful World" (which reached number four in America) and remake of the Rays ' 1950s hit "Silhouettes" were good representations of the group's releases; on their EPs and early LPs, they also threw in covers of old rock & roll numbers like Frankie Ford 's "Sea Cruise." They were purveyors of romantic pop/rock just at a time when the Beatles were starting to become influenced by Bob Dylan and the Rolling Stones , the Yardbirds , and the Who were redefining the British beat sound with higher volume, greater complexity, and harder sounds. Most recognized that those acts were leaving behind a huge number of listeners who would still buy songs resembling simple, relatively innocent sounds of 1964 or even earlier. Just how far back he and the group could reach was revealed to them by accident, following the release of Introducing Herman's Hermits on MGM Records in the United States during 1965, coinciding with their first U.S. tour. An American disc jockey heard the song "Mrs. Brown You've Got a Lovely Daughter" on that album and convinced the label to issue it as a single. The song had been done almost as a joke by the group, its guitar/banjo sound and Noone's vocal performance -- Mancunian accented and laced with a vulnerable, wide-eyed innocence -- deliberately reminiscent of George Formby , the immensely popular ukelele-strumming British music hall entertainer of the 1930s and 1940s. In England, that record would never have been considered for release by an image-conscious rock & roll group; the parents and grandparents of their audience would have loved it, but it would also have destroyed their credibility. In America, however, it was considered just another piece of British Invasion pop/rock and a pleasant, innocuous, and eminently hummable one at that -- and it shot to number one on the charts, earning a gold record in the process. It seemed to slot in with Americans' image of England's past in a comfortable, cheerful way, evoking a kind of "theme park" cockney image that easily adjoined the contemporary vision of "Swinging London." In the end, "Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter" sold 14 million copies around the world, making their first film appearance (in the movie When the Boys Meet the Girls), which came off of that same U.S. tour, seem almost an after-thought. In England, however, "Mrs. Brown" was never issued as a single. After that, a formula was established. Mickie Most got the group to record more songs in the same vein, including the actual Edwardian-era music hall number "I'm Henry the Eighth, I Am," specifically for release as singles in America. The latter record reportedly made the group members cringe over what it would do to their image in England, but in America it hit number one and chalked up yet another gold record award. Amid all of this American chart action with novelty tunes and albums that easily rose into the Top 30 in the U.S.A., the group's British releases were a whole other story. The Hermits continued to issue current romantic pop/rock, which sold well and kept up their image as a respectable if somewhat soft rock group. At the same time, their British album sales were virtually negligible, only their debut LP ever charting (at number 16). This was unfortunate, as the British version of their second album, Both Sides of Herman's Hermits, was a perfectly respectable pop/rock LP with some very hard, loud sounds (and one "period" standard, "Leaning on a Lamp Post"), mostly solid Brit-beat numbers like "Little Boy Sad," "Story of My Life," and "My Reservation's Been Confirmed," as well as a stripped-down, straight-ahead version of Graham Gouldman 's "Bus Stop." That album and its 1967 follow-ups, There's a Kind of Hush All Over the World and Blaze (which never even came out in England), were excellent representations of the full range of the group's sound, including hard rock, psychedelia, and pop/rock, featuring very respectable originals written by Green, Hopwood, and Leckenby. While their record sales remained healthy in America well into 1966, their British singles gradually slackened in sales until the group recorded Graham Gouldman 's "No Milk Today," which put them back in the U.K. Top 10; in America, the same song was also a hit paired off with "Dandy," a poppish cover of the Kinks song. The group made their second film appearance, this time in a starring role in the comedy Hold On! (1966), which mixed Herman's Hermits in a story about space flight. By the end of that year, however, the stage was set for the gradual decline in the group's fortunes, even in America. Producers Bert Schneider and Bob Rafelson, in conjunction with NBC and Columbia Pictures Television, had devised a television series that touched upon a formula for success very similar to what Mickie Most had found with Herman's Hermits: The Monkees -- all about a fun-loving pop/rock group created specifically for the series. The program debuted in late 1966 and by that winter, the Monkees were selling millions of singles and LPs to the very same young teen audience that Herman's Hermits had cultivated. The presence of English actor/singer Davy Jones in their lineup, as the principal vocalist on their records and the romantic heartthrob of the group, only heightened the resemblance between the two acts. By 1967, Davy Jones and the Monkees were selling millions of copies of "Daydream Believer," a song that surely would have gone to the Hermits had it been written at any time earlier. "There's a Kind of Hush (All Over the World)," a bright, upbeat pop number, put the Hermits back at number seven in England and number four in America; but an attempt at latching on to the folk-rock and psychedelic booms with a recording of Donovan 's song "Museum" never charted in England and reached only number 37 in America before disappearing. They made the American Top 20 just once more with "Don't Go out Into the Rain," after which everyone seemed to recognize the inevitable. The group made one more feature film, entitled Mrs. Brown You've Got a Lovely Daughter -- the song, which had rocketed them to fame in America, served the group one last time, yielding a movie about dog racing that gave Noone a lead acting role and which was a decent box office success in 1968. During this period, Noone co-produced a good LP for songwriter/singer Graham Gouldman (with whom he later went into partnership) that never sold well, despite some very interesting sounds. The Hermits, as a group, hewed closer to the pop market after "Museum" and enjoyed another two years worth of hits in England before Peter Noone decided to leave in 1970. The group soldiered on for another three years, cutting singles for RCA in America that were duly ignored and Noone returned briefly to the fold in 1973 to capitalize on the rock & roll revival boom and made an appearance hosting NBC's The Midnight Special, in an installment devoted to the sounds of the British Invasion, that became one of the most collectable shows in that program's run. Thereafter, Noone tried re-entering the rock & roll arena fronting a new band, the Tremblers, in 1980, without much success. He fared much better on stage in The Pirates of Penzance on London's West End, which was a huge hit in the mid-'80s. Both he and the latter-day Herman's Hermits have turned up on the oldies circuit at different times, usually working in the context of a revival of the British Invasion sound. Derek Leckerby passed away in 1994 at the age of 48, but drummer Barry Whitwam was leading a group of Herman's Hermits at the opening of the 21st century. Noone has resumed performing regularly and also became a star VJ on MTV's VH1 channel. In the year 2000, Repertoire Records began the long-overdue exhumation of Herman's Hermits album catalog, issuing state-of-the-art CD editions with bonus tracks that show off the full range of the group's music. Just as Rhino Records had previously done with the Monkees catalog, it seems like Herman's Hermits may finally be getting the recognition they deserved. ~ Bruce Eder, Rovi Read More Show less	i don't know
What was the name of the ship in the radio programme The Navy Lark	The Navy Lark - Old Time Radio Network The Navy Lark by oldtimeradio The Navy Lark was a BBC radio comedy written by Laurie Wyman and George Evans about the crew of The Royal Navy ship HMS Troutbridge and their mis-adventures. The show was first aired on The Light Programme in 1959 and ran for thirteen series until 1976 making it the second longest running radio programme the BBC has made. The main characters of The Navy Lark are: Cheif Petty Officer Pertwee, played by Jon Pertwee; Sub Lieutenant Phillips, played by Leslie Phillips and The Number One, which was played by Dennis Price in the first series and Stephen Murray from then on. The rest of the regular characters (too many to list here – see the cast and crew section) were played by Richard Caldicot, Ronnie Barker, Tenniel Evans, Michael Bates and Heather Chasen. The series used accents and characterised voices to supplement the humour, as well as a good deal of innuendo. The programme featured musical breaks with a main harmonica theme by Tommy Reilly and several enduring catchphrases, most notably from Sub Lieutenant Phillips: “Corrrrr”, “Ooh, nasty…”, “Oh lumme!”, and “Left hand down a bit”. “Ev’rybody down!” was a phrase of CPO Pertwee’s, necessitated by a string of incomprehensible navigation orders by Phillips, and followed by a sound effect of the ship crashing. Also, whenever Pertwee had some menial job to be done, Able Seaman Johnson was always first in line to do it, inevitably against his will: “You’re rotten, you are!”. The telephone response from Naval Intelligence (Ronnie Barker), was always an extremely gormless and dimwitted delivery of “‘Ello, Intelligence ‘ere” or ‘This is intelligence speakin'” Other recurring verbal features were the invented words “humgrummits” and “floggle-toggle” which served to cover all manner of unspecified objects ranging from foodstuffs to naval equipment. The Navy Lark made Leslie Phillips a Household Name The series made household names of Leslie Phillips, Jon Pertwee and Richard Caldicot, but Ronnie Barker’s versatilecontributions were only recognised after he had become better known through television comedy. Michael Bates later appeared on television as Blamire in Last of the Summer Wine and as Rangi Ram in It Ain’t Half Hot Mum. Judy Cornwell was later to appear in the short series Moody and Pegg, but became best known when she was cast as Daisy, one of Hyacinth Bucket’s sisters in Keeping Up Appearances. Dennis Price returned for a guest appearance in the fourth series episode A Hole Lieutenant. There were several radio sequels, including The Embassy Lark and The Big Business Lark. The TV Lark was intended to be a replacement for The Navy Lark starting with what would have been the series’ fifth season.This situation came about due to the head of light entertainment believing that “forces” based humour had had its day and television was the next “big thing” so Lawrie was told to create a show with the same cast in an independent TV station situation. Alastair Scott Johnston and Lawrie Wyman tried to stop this folly but were over ruled, hence the arrival of The TV Lark. The entire cast had been drummed out of the service (as the announcer puts it) and hired by Troutbridge TV Ltd. Janet Brown joined the cast due to the absence of Heather Chasen for this season. However, mainly due to public pressure, the production team of Alastair Scott Johnston and Lawrie Wyman managed to revert the show back to nautical capers, and episode ten of The TV Lark revealed that although CPO Pertwee had arranged to flog almost the entirety of HMS Troutbridge. Storylines in The TV Lark nudged back to Naval origins across the ten shows until they were finally reunited with Troutbridge and acceptable storylines once more. 10 episodes were made but unfortunately Episode 9 is lost. The nine surviving episodes are available on YouTube. In 1959 a film version was made, written by Laurie Wyman and Sid Colin and directed by Gordon Parry. Jon Pertwee, better known to millions as Doctor Who It starred Cecil Parker, Ronald Shiner, Elvi Hale, Leslie Phillips and Nicholas Phipps. Wyman co-wrote with three other writers a television sitcom HMS Paradise (Associated-Rediffusion, 1964-5) set in a naval shore establishment in which Caldicot played Captain Turvey, but only one series was made. The entire series has been wiped, but a rumour exists that one episode still exists. The show was condensed from 30 to 27 minutes by Transcription services, the discs were then exported around the world except for South Africa. As Springbok Radio was a commercial station the BBC refused to allow the station to re-broadcast the British shows so the station acquired the scripts from Lawrie and edited them to around twenty five minutes, to accommodate the commercial breaks,the revised show was recorded them in front of a live audience before broadcasting them. All the UK associations were kept for the Durban audiences which must have been incomprehensible on occasions. Excerpts of these broadcasts can be heard on the Springbok celebration site and occasionally Pumamouse. LISTEN TO AN EPISODE: The Navy Lark – Demise Of The Depth Charges You can hear episodes of the Navy Lark daily on the British Comedy Channel…. Happy Listening! Related Posts	The Navy Lark
In which European country does the goat’s cheese called Vare originate	The Navy Lark (Series) \| Everybody Down - The Navy Lark Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Everybody Down - The Navy Lark Wiki Cast members of The Navy Lark, together with the emblem of HMS Troutbridge . From left to right; Back: Ronnie Barker , Jon Pertwee , Michael Bates , Tenniel Evans . Center: Stephen Murray , Richard Caldicot , Leslie Phillips . Front: Heather Chasen and Judy Cornwell . Contents Edit The Navy Lark was a BBC radio comedy written by Laurie Wyman and George Evans about the crew of The Royal Navy ship HMS Troutbridge , (a pun on HMS Troubridge, an actual Royal Navy destroyer) based in HMNB Portsmouth , though in series 1 and 2 the ship and crew were stationed offshore at an unnamed location known simply as " The Island ." In series 2 this island was revealed to be owned by Lt Cdr Stanton. The series was transmitted on the BBC Light Programme and subsequently BBC Radio 2. It was produced by Alastair Scott-Johnston . Laurie Wyman conceived the idea and wrote the scripts (with George Evans from quite early on, but who was not name checked until the 12th Series onwards). For most of its run, it starred Jon Pertwee , Leslie Phillips and Stephen Murray . The show was first aired on The Light Programme in 1959 and ran for thirteen series until 1976 making it the second longest running radio programme the BBC has made. The main characters of The Navy Lark are: Chief Petty Officer Pertwee , played by Jon Pertwee ; Sub Lieutenant Phillips , played by Leslie Phillips and The Number One, which was played by Dennis Price in the first series and Stephen Murray from then on. The rest of the regular characters were played by Richard Caldicot , Ronnie Barker , Tenniel Evans , Michael Bates and Heather Chasen . [1] Plot Edit Programmes were self-contained, although there was continuity within the series, and sometimes a reference to a previous episode might be made. A normal episode consisted of Sub Lieutenant Phillips , scheming Chief Petty Officer Pertwee and bemused Lt. Murray trying to get out of trouble they created for themselves without their direct superior, Commander (later Captain) "Thunderguts" Povey finding out. Scenes frequently featured a string of eccentric characters, often played by Ronnie Barker or Jon Pertwee Edit The Republic of Potarneyland, a country situated somewhere on the Indian subcontinent, is featured in several episodes. Over the course of the series, it is revealed that Potarneyland had recently been granted independence from Great Britain, and had joined NATO because the Potanis considered it to be a "free gift scheme". During Series 3 of The Navy Lark, a Potarneyland frigate, the Poppadom , appears in several episodes manned by various Potani officers voiced by Michael Bates and Ronnie Barker. Cast Laurie Wyman – Inspector Burt Tiddy / various Production Edit The series used accents and characterised voices to supplement the humour, as well as a good deal of innuendo. The show's theme tune was a traditional hornpipe called St Ninian's Isle. The programme also featured musical breaks with a main harmonica theme by Tommy Reilly and several enduring catchphrases , most notably from Sub Lieutenant Phillips: "Corrrrr", "Ooh, nasty...", "Oh lumme!", and "Left hand down a bit". "Ev'rybody down!" was a phrase of CPO Pertwee's, necessitated by a string of incomprehensible navigation orders by Phillips, and followed by a sound effect of the ship crashing. Also, whenever Pertwee had some menial job to be done, Able Seaman Johnson was always first in line to do it, inevitably against his will: "You're rotten, you are!". The telephone response from Naval Intelligence (Ronnie Barker), was always an extremely gormless and dimwitted delivery of "'Ello, Intelligence 'ere" or "This is intelligence speakin Template:'" . Other recurring verbal features were the invented words "humgrummits" and "floggle-toggle" which served to cover all manner of unspecified objects ranging from foodstuffs to naval equipment. Reception Edit The series made household names of Leslie Phillips, Jon Pertwee and Richard Caldicot, but Ronnie Barker's versatile contributions were only recognised after he had become better known through television comedy. Michael Bates later appeared on television as Blamire in Last of the Summer Wine and as Rangi Ram in It Ain't Half Hot Mum . Judy Cornwell was later to appear in the short series Moody and Pegg, but became best known when she was cast as Daisy, one of Hyacinth Bucket's sisters in Keeping Up Appearances . Dennis Price returned for a guest appearance in the fourth series episode A Hole Lieutenant Repeats can regularly be heard on BBC Radio 4 Extra . Sequels and adaptations Edit There were several radio sequels, including The Embassy Lark and The Big Business Lark . The TV Lark was intended to be a replacement for The Navy Lark starting with what would have been the series' fifth season. This situation came about due to the head of light entertainment believing that "forces" based humour had had its day and television was the next "big thing" so Lawrie was told to create a show with the same cast in an independent TV station situation. Alastair Scott Johnston and Lawrie Wyman tried to stop this folly but were overruled, hence the arrival of The TV Lark. The entire cast had been drummed out of the service (as the announcer puts it) and hired by Troutbridge TV Ltd. Janet Brown joined the cast due to the absence of Heather Chasen for this season. However, mainly due to public pressure, the production team of Alastair Scott Johnston and Lawrie Wyman managed to revert the show back to nautical capers, even though episode ten of The TV Lark revealed that CPO Pertwee had arranged to flog almost the entirety of HMS Troutbridge. Storylines in The TV Lark nudged back to Naval origins across the ten shows until they were finally reunited with Troutbridge and acceptable storylines once more. 10 episodes were made but unfortunately Episode 9 is lost. In 1959 a film version was made, written by Laurie Wyman and Sid Colin and directed by Gordon Parry. It starred Cecil Parker , Ronald Shiner , Elvi Hale, Leslie Phillips and Nicholas Phipps. Wyman co-wrote with three other writers a television sitcom HMS Paradise ( Associated-Rediffusion , 1964-5) set in a naval shore establishment in which Caldicot played Captain Turvey, but only one series was made. The entire series has been wiped, but a rumour exists that one episode still exists. The show was condensed from 30 to 27 minutes by Transcription services, then the discs were then exported around the world except for South Africa. As Springbok Radio was a commercial station the BBC refused to allow the station to re-broadcast the British shows so the station acquired the scripts from Lawrie and edited them to around twenty five minutes, to accommodate the commercial breaks. The revised show was recorded by them in front of a live audience. All the UK associations were kept for the Durban audiences which must have been incomprehensible on occasions. Excerpts of these broadcasts can be heard on the Springbok celebration site and occasionally Pumamouse. Episode guide	i don't know
In which state was Buddy Holly born	Buddy Holly is born - Sep 07, 1936 - HISTORY.com Buddy Holly is born Publisher A+E Networks If you took out a map of the United States and traced a line beginning at New Orleans and running up the Mississippi River to Memphis, the tip of your finger would pass through the very birthplace of rock and roll—a region where nearly every step in its early development took place and where nearly every significant contributor to that development was born. But if the foundation of rock and roll was mostly laid down within 100 miles of the Mississippi River in the mid-1950s, the blueprint for what would follow required the further contributions of a young man born 700 miles to the west on this day in 1936: Charles Harden Holley. Writing and performing under the name Buddy Holly, this Lubbock, Texas, native would have an influence on rock and roll that would far outlast his tragically shortened career. Buddy Holly spent his west Texas youth learning the piano, the violin, the banjo and the guitar. He formed his first group while still in junior high school. Performing as Buddy & Bob, Holly and his school friend Bob Montgomery played what they called "western and bop”—one of the many creative names used in the mid-1950s to describe the various hybrids of blues, R&B and country & western that would later coalesce into rock and roll. When Buddy & Bob opened in Lubbock for a young kindred spirit named Elvis Presley in 1955, Holly saw very clearly in what direction he wanted to go. And while Holly would never be able to compete with Presley in terms of good looks and charisma, he would far outdo Elvis in terms of purely musical creativity. By 1956, Elvis had become a superstar performing material originally written by others, and though Buddy Holly was still an unknown, he was blazing a trail that future giants like the Beatles would follow by writing, performing and eventually producing his own material. Both the Beatles and the Rolling Stones would draw heavily on the Buddy Holly catalog either for cover material or direct songwriting inspiration, and Holly would be a tremendous formative influence on the young Bob Dylan, among many others. In a recording career that lasted little more than 18 months, Holly contributed an astonishing number of classic songs to the rock-and-roll canon, including "That’ll Be The Day,” “Peggy Sue,” “Not Fade Away,” It’s So Easy,” “Everyday,” “Oh Boy!” and “Maybe Baby.” Born on this day in 1936, he died in 1959 at the age 23 in rock and roll’s most famous plane crash. Related Videos	Texas
Who writes the books about the Swedish Policeman Kurt Wallander	Charles Hardin Holley (1936 - 1959) - Genealogy Charles Hardin Holley "Buddy Holly", "Buddy Holley", "Charles H. Holley" Birthdate: Lubbock, Lubbock County, Texas, United States Death: in Clear Lake, Cerro Gordo, Iowa, United States Cause of death: Killed in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa Place of Burial: Lubbock, Lubbock County, Texas, United States Immediate Family: Husband of <private> Holley (Santiago) Brother of <private> Holley; <private> Holley and <private> Holley-Kaiter (Holley) Occupation: Added 2014-04-05 13:12:59 -0700 by Private User Collection: Added 2015-03-31 16:45:08 -0700 by Private User Collection: Sep 7 1936 - Lubbock, Lubbock, Texas, United States Death: Feb 3 1959 - Grant Township, Cerro Gordo, Iowa, United States Parents: Lawrence Odell Holley, Ella Pauline Holley (born Drake) Siblings: 1940 - 612 Ave O, Lubbock, Justice Precinct, Lubbock, Texas, USA Parents: Lawrence Holley, Ella P Holley Siblings: Lawrence Odell Holley, Ella Pauline Holley (born Drake) Siblings: Sep 7 1936 - Lubbock, Texas Death: Sep 7 1936 - Lubbock, Lubbock Co., Texas, USA Death: Lawrence Odell Holley, Ella Pauline Drake Siblings: sibling About Buddy Holly Charles Hardin Holley ( Buddy Holly ) was born on September 7, 1936 in the small town of Lubbock, Lubbock County, Texas to Lawrence Odell and Ella Pauline Drake Holley. Charles was named after his grandfather, James Charles Drake and Hardin after his other grandfather, John Hardin Holley. In Texas most everyone had a nickname, and the family always called him "Buddy." He was five when he won $5 for singing "Down the River of Memories" at a local talent show. At the age of eleven he began piano and violin lessons. At Lubbock High School he studied printing and drafting. He also made pocket books, wallets and leather covers for guitars. In the early '50s he formed the country-oriented Western and Bop Band with high school friends Bob Montgomery and Larry Welborn. In 1956 Buddy changed his last name to Holly after an accidental misspelling on his Decca recording contract. Buddy’s band was called The Crickets. He was described by critic Bruce Elder as "the single most influential creative force in early rock and roll." His works and innovations inspired and influenced contemporary and later musicians, notably The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and Bob Dylan, and exerted a profound influence on popular music. Holly was among the first group of inductees to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Holly #13 among "The Fifty Greatest Artists of All Time". Buddy died at the age of 22 in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa on February 3, 1959. Ritchie Valens, and J. P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson, as well as the pilot, Roger Peterson also died in the crash. The day was later called "The day the music died". Funeral services were held in the Tabernacle Baptist Church and he was buried in the Lubbock Cemetery on Saturday, February 7, 1959. The name inscribed on his tombstone is Buddy Holley. Please see Media and Timeline tabs for more on Buddy Holly. •Name: Charles Hardin HOLLEY •Sex: M •Birth: 7 SEP 1936 in Lubbock, Lubbock County, Texas •Death: 3 FEB 1959 in Clear Lake, Iowa. He was killed in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa •Burial: 7 FEB 1959 Lubbock Cemetery, Lubbock County, Texas Father: Lawrence Odell HOLLEY b. 4 NOV 1901 in Honey Grove, Fannin, Texas Mother: Ella Pauline DRAKE b: 29 AUG 1902 in Bridgeport, Wise County, Texas Marriage 1 Spouse LIVING Texas Birth Index, 1903-1997 about Charles Hardin Holly Name: Charles Hardin Holly Date of Birth: 7 Sep 1936 Gender: Male Father's name: Lawrence Odell Holly Mother's name: Lela D Drake Roll Number: 1936_0004 United States Obituary Collection about Buddy Holly Name of Deceased: Buddy Holly Age at Death: 22 Death Date: 3 Feb 1959 Obituary Date: 3 Feb 2009 Newspaper Title: Democrat and Chronicle Newspaper Location: Rochester, NY, USA Birth Date: 7 Sep 1936	i don't know
Yellowknife, the capital city and largest community of the Northwest Territories, Canada, is located on which lake	Yellowknife \| Northwest Territories, Canada \| Britannica.com Northwest Territories, Canada Yellowknife, city and capital (since 1967) of Northwest Territories , northwestern Canada . It lies on the north shore of Great Slave Lake , 5 miles (8 km) south of the mouth of the Yellowknife River. Yellowknife, on the Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, Can. George Hunter It was founded in 1935, one year after gold was discovered in the area, and derived its name from the Yellowknife band of Athabascan Indians. During the early years of World War II , the demand for gold declined, and the city’s economy suffered. Following a second major gold discovery in 1945, several large mines were in operation, although the last one closed in the early 21st century. Reserves of diamonds discovered in the surrounding region have been mined since the mid-1990s. In addition, tourism is of growing importance to the local economy. Power is provided in part by a hydroelectric station on the nearby Snare River. Buildings of central Yellowknife, southern Northwest Territories, Canada. Trevor MacInnis The city is the largest community and the chief administrative, commercial, and educational centre in the territories. Yellowknife is linked by highway around the lake southward to Hay River and to cities in Alberta . In winter these roads are supplemented by roadways across the frozen lake. Inc. city, 1970. Pop. (2006) 18,700; (2011) 19,234. Public ice road on Great Slave Lake near Yellowknife, southern Northwest Territories, Canada. James Reeve/Corbis	Great Slave Lake
Which Beatles song was also recorded by Peter Sellers	About: Yellowknife About: Yellowknife An Entity of Type : place , from Named Graph : http://dbpedia.org , within Data Space : dbpedia.org Yellowknife /ˈjɛloʊnaɪf/ (2011 population:19,234) is the capital city and largest community of the Northwest Territories (NT or NWT), Canada. It is located on the northern shore of Great Slave Lake, approximately 400 km (250 mi) south of the Arctic Circle, on the west side of Yellowknife Bay near the outlet of the Yellowknife River. Yellowknife and its surrounding water bodies were named after a local Dene tribe once known as the 'Copper Indians' or 'Yellowknife Indians' (now referred to locally as the Yellowknives Dene (First Nation)) who traded tools made from copper deposits near the Arctic Coast. The current population is ethnically mixed. Of the eleven official languages of the Northwest Territories, five are spoken in significant numbers in Yellowknife: Dene Suline, Dogrib, South and Property abstract Yellowknife (englisch Gelbes Messer) ist die Hauptstadt der kanadischen Nordwest-Territorien mit etwa 19.234 Einwohnern. Sie liegt am Nordufer des Großen Sklavensees, wo der Yellowknife River in die Yellowknife-Bucht mündet. Das Gebiet umfasst eine Fläche von 105,20 km² und ist reich an Gold und Diamanten. (de) Yellowknife est la capitale des Territoires du Nord-Ouest au Canada depuis 1967. (fr) Yellowknife /ˈjɛloʊnaɪf/ (2011 population:19,234) is the capital city and largest community of the Northwest Territories (NT or NWT), Canada. It is located on the northern shore of Great Slave Lake, approximately 400 km (250 mi) south of the Arctic Circle, on the west side of Yellowknife Bay near the outlet of the Yellowknife River. Yellowknife and its surrounding water bodies were named after a local Dene tribe once known as the 'Copper Indians' or 'Yellowknife Indians' (now referred to locally as the Yellowknives Dene (First Nation)) who traded tools made from copper deposits near the Arctic Coast. The current population is ethnically mixed. Of the eleven official languages of the Northwest Territories, five are spoken in significant numbers in Yellowknife: Dene Suline, Dogrib, South and North Slavey, English, and French. In the Dogrib language, the city is known as Sǫ̀mbak'è (Som-ba Kay) ("where the money is"). The Yellowknife settlement is considered to have been founded in 1934, after gold was found in the area, although commercial activity in the present-day waterfront area did not begin until 1936. Yellowknife quickly became the centre of economic activity in the NWT, and was named the capital of the Northwest Territories in 1967. As gold production began to wane, Yellowknife shifted from being a mining town to a centre of government services in the 1980s. However, with the discovery of diamonds north of Yellowknife in 1991, this shift has begun to reverse. (en) يلونايف عاصمة منطقة الأقاليم الشمالية الغربية في كندا وأكبر مدنها. بلغ عدد سكانها 18700 نسمة عام 2006. تقع على بعد 400 كم من الدائرة القطبية الشمالية. التوقيت المتبع فيها هو توقيت منطقة الجبال (غ -7).32x28pxبوابة جغرافيا32x28pxبوابة كندا (ar) Yellowknife es la capital de los Territorios del Noroeste en Canadá, y la única ciudad en el territorio, con una población de 23.634 habitantes (2016). Su población es en su mayoría mestiza. De los ocho idiomas oficiales de los Territorios del Noroeste, cinco se hablan en números significativos en Yellowknife: chipewyan, dogrib, slave del sur y del norte, inglés y francés. Al norte de Yellowknife, a 300 km se encuentra la mina de diamantes Diavik, de la que se extraen los diamantes más puros del mundo, con un 99,9% de pureza. (es) Yellowknife è una città del Canada, capoluogo dei Territori del Nord-Ovest, dei quali è la sola città con una popolazione superiore a 18.000 abitanti. (it) カナダ > ノースウエスト準州 > イエローナイフイエローナイフ（英語：Yellowknife、発音：[ˈjɛloʊnaɪf]）は、カナダのノースウエスト準州の州都である。北極圏からはおよそ400km南に位置し、グレートスレーブ湖畔の北にある。人口はおよそ19,000人。民族構成は多様である。ノーススレーブ地域の行政区役所が置かれている。オーロラベルトのほぼ真下に位置しているため、年間を通してオーロラの出現率が高いことで知られる。 (ja) Yellowknife é a capital dos Territórios do Noroeste, nome que designa um dos três territórios do Canadá, às margens do Grande Lago do Escravo, tendo sido fundada em 1936. População: aproximadamente 19.000 habitantes (2006), sendo a única cidade no território com mais de 5.000 habitantes. Além do inglês são faladas na cidade diversas línguas indígenas, sendo que várias delas com reconhecimento oficial no território. Os Territórios do Noroeste possuiam o atual território de Nunavut, que deles se separou em 1999. (pt) Yellowknife is de hoofdstad van de Canadese Northwest Territories. In 2011 had de stad 19.234 inwoners, en heeft een oppervlakte van 105,2 km². Yellowknife ligt aan de rivier de Yellowknife en aan de noordoever van Great Slave Lake en heeft een extreem geïsoleerde ligging, zo ligt de dichtstbijzijnde grote stad Edmonton op 1500 kilometer, waarover men met de auto dik 24 uur doet (ter vergelijking: een qua afstand vergelijkbare rit van Amsterdam naar Florence of Barcelona duurt iets meer dan de helft hiervan). De stad heeft wel een eigen vliegveld, Yellowknife Airport. Verder is de stad en omgeving rijk aan natuurschoon. Ook liggen er veel goudmijnen in de buurt van Yellowknife en is de stad een heus diamantcentrum. (nl) Yellowknife - miasto w Kanadzie, główny ośrodek administracyjny (stolica) Terytoriów Północno-Zachodnich, nad Wielkim Jeziorem Niewolniczym. Miasto założono aby obsługiwać kopalnie złota powstałe w okolicy w latach 30. XX wieku. W 1978 r. rozbił się w okolicy radziecki satelita Kosmos 954. W 1991 r. 300 km na północ od miasta odkryto diamenty. Ostatnia kopalnia złota została zamknięta w 2004 r. Obecnie miasto utrzymuje się głównie z przemysłu diamentowego oraz administracji. Liczba mieszkańców Yellowknife wynosi 18 700. Język angielski jest językiem ojczystym dla 80,9%, francuski dla 3,8% mieszkańców (2006). Miasto jest siedzibą rzymskokatolickiej diecezji MacKenzie-Fort Smith. (pl) Йе́ллоунайф (англ. Yellowknife; букв. Жёлтый нож) — город на севере Канады, с 1967 года административный центр Северо-Западных территорий.Население — 19,2 тыс. человек (2011 год). (ru) 黃刀鎮（英语：Yellowknife），又譯作耶洛奈夫、耶羅納夫，是加拿大西北地区的首府。根據2006年的數據顯示，該市人口有大概20,000人。 (zh) Yellowknife est la capitale des Territoires du Nord-Ouest au Canada depuis 1967. (fr) يلونايف عاصمة منطقة الأقاليم الشمالية الغربية في كندا وأكبر مدنها. بلغ عدد سكانها 18700 نسمة عام 2006. تقع على بعد 400 كم من الدائرة القطبية الشمالية. التوقيت المتبع فيها هو توقيت منطقة الجبال (غ -7).32x28pxبوابة جغرافيا32x28pxبوابة كندا (ar) Yellowknife è una città del Canada, capoluogo dei Territori del Nord-Ovest, dei quali è la sola città con una popolazione superiore a 18.000 abitanti. (it) Yellowknife é a capital dos Territórios do Noroeste, nome que designa um dos três territórios do Canadá, às margens do Grande Lago do Escravo, tendo sido fundada em 1936. População: aproximadamente 19.000 habitantes (2006), sendo a única cidade no território com mais de 5.000 habitantes. Além do inglês são faladas na cidade diversas línguas indígenas, sendo que várias delas com reconhecimento oficial no território. Os Territórios do Noroeste possuiam o atual território de Nunavut, que deles se separou em 1999. (pt) Йе́ллоунайф (англ. Yellowknife; букв. Жёлтый нож) — город на севере Канады, с 1967 года административный центр Северо-Западных территорий.Население — 19,2 тыс. человек (2011 год). (ru) 黃刀鎮（英语：Yellowknife），又譯作耶洛奈夫、耶羅納夫，是加拿大西北地区的首府。根據2006年的數據顯示，該市人口有大概20,000人。 (zh) Yellowknife /ˈjɛloʊnaɪf/ (2011 population:19,234) is the capital city and largest community of the Northwest Territories (NT or NWT), Canada. It is located on the northern shore of Great Slave Lake, approximately 400 km (250 mi) south of the Arctic Circle, on the west side of Yellowknife Bay near the outlet of the Yellowknife River. Yellowknife and its surrounding water bodies were named after a local Dene tribe once known as the 'Copper Indians' or 'Yellowknife Indians' (now referred to locally as the Yellowknives Dene (First Nation)) who traded tools made from copper deposits near the Arctic Coast. The current population is ethnically mixed. Of the eleven official languages of the Northwest Territories, five are spoken in significant numbers in Yellowknife: Dene Suline, Dogrib, South and (en) Yellowknife es la capital de los Territorios del Noroeste en Canadá, y la única ciudad en el territorio, con una población de 23.634 habitantes (2016). Su población es en su mayoría mestiza.De los ocho idiomas oficiales de los Territorios del Noroeste, cinco se hablan en números significativos en Yellowknife: chipewyan, dogrib, slave del sur y del norte, inglés y francés.Al norte de Yellowknife, a 300 km se encuentra la mina de diamantes Diavik, de la que se extraen los diamantes más puros del mundo, con un 99,9% de pureza. (es) カナダ > ノースウエスト準州 > イエローナイフイエローナイフ（英語：Yellowknife、発音：[ˈjɛloʊnaɪf]）は、カナダのノースウエスト準州の州都である。北極圏からはおよそ400km南に位置し、グレートスレーブ湖畔の北にある。人口はおよそ19,000人。民族構成は多様である。ノーススレーブ地域の行政区役所が置かれている。オーロラベルトのほぼ真下に位置しているため、年間を通してオーロラの出現率が高いことで知られる。 (ja) Yellowknife is de hoofdstad van de Canadese Northwest Territories. In 2011 had de stad 19.234 inwoners, en heeft een oppervlakte van 105,2 km².Yellowknife ligt aan de rivier de Yellowknife en aan de noordoever van Great Slave Lake en heeft een extreem geïsoleerde ligging, zo ligt de dichtstbijzijnde grote stad Edmonton op 1500 kilometer, waarover men met de auto dik 24 uur doet (ter vergelijking: een qua afstand vergelijkbare rit van Amsterdam naar Florence of Barcelona duurt iets meer dan de helft hiervan). De stad heeft wel een eigen vliegveld, Yellowknife Airport. Verder is de stad en omgeving rijk aan natuurschoon. Ook liggen er veel goudmijnen in de buurt van Yellowknife en is de stad een heus diamantcentrum. (nl) Yellowknife - miasto w Kanadzie, główny ośrodek administracyjny (stolica) Terytoriów Północno-Zachodnich, nad Wielkim Jeziorem Niewolniczym.Miasto założono aby obsługiwać kopalnie złota powstałe w okolicy w latach 30. XX wieku. W 1978 r. rozbił się w okolicy radziecki satelita Kosmos 954. W 1991 r. 300 km na północ od miasta odkryto diamenty. Ostatnia kopalnia złota została zamknięta w 2004 r. Obecnie miasto utrzymuje się głównie z przemysłu diamentowego oraz administracji.Miasto jest siedzibą rzymskokatolickiej diecezji MacKenzie-Fort Smith. (pl)	i don't know
Can you tell the TV game show from the consolation prize of a ceramic rubbish bin	Retro Gameshow Consolation Prizes – What are they Worth? \| Jimmy Trims Cult Barbershops Loyalty Card Retro Gameshow Consolation Prizes – What are they Worth? You’re supposed to just live with the personal tragedy of knowing you can never go on Blockbusters with Bob Holness or Blankety Blank with Les Dawson . Well, we weren’t prepared to. We wanted a Blankety Blank chequebook and pen, a Bullseye Bendy Bully and a bunch of other retro game-show consolation prizes, so we fired up eBay and set about simply buying them. It’s harder than you think… BLANKETY BLANK CHEQUEBOOK AND PEN Desirability: 9/10 Price: £280 Leaving aside the non-canonical Lily Savage reboot, there should be upwards of 400 chequebook-and-pen sets from the Terry Wogan/ Les Dawson era out there. The classic chequebook is supposedly solid silver, on a plinth with the pen nestling beneath and the contestant’s name lovingly if cheaply embossed on the front. “Something that can be prized beyond avarice,” in Les Dawson ’s words. The sporadic eBay auctions have recently ended at £280 (“Won by the seller (on whose behalf I am listing) in 1984 and presented by Les Dawson . Kept safely in a display cabinet since”) – or £250 for a chequebook without the pen, which seems like poor value. A contestant’s widow sparked a frantic bidding war for one in 2009. 3-2-1 CERAMIC DUSTY BIN Desirability: 5/10 Price: unknown Good luck getting hold of the actual Dusty Bin, a three-foot high receptacle on wheels that cost £10,000 to manufacture in 1978. It used cutting-edge military robotics, which allowed engineer Ian Rowley to make it bend, twist, move and goose the show’s hostesses with its giant white hands. Rowley took Dusty back to his workshop in Leeds when the utterly baffling quiz/variety show was cancelled in 1989. Losers on the show were given a ceramic Dusty, but these are hard to find on eBay, which is overrun by Dusty Bin money boxes, jugs, toys and other spin-off tat. Tip: the proper one should have separate, stick-out hands. Here’s a real one, with episode one contestants Janice Long and her then husband Trevor, who later walked away with a sterling silver tea set worth £2,000. They sold it and put a deposit down on a flat. BULLSEYE BENDY BULLY Desirability: 6/10 Price: £16 A nightmare, since these were sold as merchandise, making it very hard to tell whether the one you’re buying ever genuinely emerged from beneath Jim Bowen ’s podium. At the time of writing someone has bid £16 for one on eBay that, to us, looks questionable. Replica tankards and dart flights were made and sold too and now flood the memorabilia market. There’s a further problem with wear and tear, even if the Bendy Bully you’re looking at is real. Back in January, semi-pro darts player and 1991 Bullseye contestant James Wilson revealed that his Bendy Bully had “disintegrated” five years previously. “It was made out of foam I think,” said Wilson on the eve of the BDO world championship. “It turned to dust when I last tried to pick it up.” CRYSTAL MAZE CRYSTAL Desirability: 4/10 Price: £100 Once again, you’d imagine there’d be hundreds of these for sale on eBay, but there aren’t – it doesn’t help that the word “crystal” is contained within the name of the show, making it hard to filter out the books, board games and vintage £5 jackpot pub quiz machines. Plus there’s the old problem of replicas, although this is fairly easily solved since if it’s one that was presented to a contestant, rather than simply used as a prop, it should be engraved with the legend “I CRACKED THE CRYSTAL MAZE ” and the year the episode was made. An eBay user got £100 for one in 2012, with bidders competing madly to secure “crystal maze crystal from the cult tv series handed down from a relative who was a contestant in the show.Doesnt come with the box but neva seen one before on ebay”. Desirability: 8/10 Price: unknown The ultimate imbalance between how many items were given away on the show, and how many are available for sale now, comes from the popular Bob Holness quiz for teens. Sweatshirts, jackets, Filofaxes and some kind of hideous cape were among the prizes, on and off, but for years everyone always got a dictionary with a red leather cover and “ BLOCKBUSTERS ” embossed in gold lettering on the front. Yet we can’t find a single one for sale online. You’ll have to make do with this photo of Konnie Huq and Simon Amstell instead.	3 2 1
Which lager features the date 1664 on its cans	Generation Game reboot kindles game show nostalgia \| TV & Radio \| Showbiz & TV \| Daily Express 00:01, Mon, Apr 21, 2014 Bruce Forsyth and his glamorous co-hosts on the 1970s Generation Game [PH] Dads stopped reading the football scores in the paper. Mums put their feet up. Even teenagers would come out of a sulk while it was on and enjoy the silly banter and the even sillier games. At other times it might be Blankety Blank or 3-2-1. For the British viewer a good game show was an essential component in a decent evening of enjoyable telly. At its peak, 20 million viewers watched The Generation Game and now, after a 12-year gap, what is arguably the best-loved game show is coming back to our screens. There will however be one crucial difference. The new Gen Game (as it’s known within the Beeb) host will be a woman and the name in the frame – as Isla St Clair would say to Larry Grayson – is comedian Miranda Hart. She has very big shoes to fill. Her predecessors are Sir Bruce Forsyth (a personal hero of hers), the aforementioned Larry Grayson and Jim Davidson who all brought their own distinctive style to the show while preserving its essential character. But she also faces a bigger task. Hart will be taking up the mantle of a deeply cherished British tradition. Game shows can evoke memories and bring on pangs of nostalgia like nothing else Game shows can evoke memories and bring on pangs of nostalgia like nothing else. They are like the buttons in a lift – press one and you are transported to another era. The heyday for game shows was the 1970s, a time when the old values of the 1950s and 1960s were finally crumbling but innocence had yet to be crushed by cynicism. This was before homes had multiple TV sets so the family sat down together in one room to watch the box. The formats were simple enough for anyone of any age to follow – guessing the price of an item (The Price Is Right) or whether the next playing card was more likely to be higher or lower (Play Your Cards Right). They were rarely a test of knowledge. Unlike University Challenge, they didn’t leave the viewer feeling dim. There were no worries about bad language (contestants on Blockbusters asking “Can I a have a P, please Bob?” was about as smutty as it got) and everyone was smiley and polite. You didn’t get fights breaking out as they do on Jeremy Kyle. There might be silly stunts and ribbing from the host but the intention was never to humiliate. The point was to be a good sport. It was not about the prizes either because most of them were rubbish – toasters, food mixers, maybe a package holiday, all of which were no longer unaffordable luxuries to many people. Ted Rodgers and mascot Dusty Bin in 3-2-1, 1979 [REX] Most of the popular game shows on British TV were imported from elsewhere. Blockbusters and Celebrity Squares were American while The Generation Game started out as Een van de acht (“One of the eight”) on Dutch television. They were all tweaked to fit in with British sensibilities which are often more robust. It is doubtful that Brucie’s cheeky put downs would have gone over so well in America, say. Gimmicks and catchphrases were an essential indicator of popularity. The Generation Game had “the old scoreboard” and the conveyor with the cuddly toys. The best catchphrases outlived the programme that spawned them and entered common parlance. When looking over someone’s new outfit we still say: “Give us a twirl” just as Bruce did to Anthea Redfern every week. We draw attention to a person’s achievements with: “Didn’t he do well?” But Larry Grayson stopped saying “What a lot you’ve got, you have got a lot” on the Generation Game because it didn’t catch on. And while Chris Tarrant may well be heartily sick of people saying: “But we don’t want to give you that” as they snatch things out of his grasp, how long before he is yearning to hear it again now that Who Wants To Be A Millionaire has ended? Nowadays, game shows tend to be more niche, designed to appeal to a particular sector of the viewing audience rather than a broad spectrum – and huge viewing figures are a thing of the past. Miranda Hart is a genuine fan of Forsyth and The Generation Game so she is certain to bring great enthusiasm to her role as presenter. Her acting in her own comedy show and in Call The Midwife shows warmth and she has the quick wit you need to cope with slapstick and mistakes. The ultimate endorsement will come if, after watching her first show, viewers are moved to turn to each other and say: “Didn’t she do well?” A white-suited Terry Wogan hosts Blankety Blank [PH] Famous names in the frames BLANKETY BLANK It originated in Australia and required contestants to fill in the blank word in a well-known phrase.The UK show first aired in 1979 hosted by Terry Wogan. Les Dawson took over in 1984.The notoriously cheap prizes were a running gag. When a trip on Concorde was offered one week, Dawson told the audience, “Don’t get excited – it just goes to the end of the runway and back.” The consolation prize of a chequebook and pen acquired an iconic status. The BBC cancelled the show in 1989 but revived it in 1998 with Lily Savage (aka Paul O’Grady) as host. It moved to ITV in 2001 and finally ended a year later. CELEBRITY SQUARES Bob Monkhouse hosted this British version of an American show called Hollywood Squares. the game was based on noughts and crosses. Two contestants had to guess which one of nine celebrities had the right answer to a general knowledge question. The celebrities were seated in boxes stacked up to look like a giant noughts and crosses grid. The show ran from 1975-79 and then from 1993-97. A new version will be broadcast later this year hosted by actor Warwick Davis. THE PRICE IS RIGHT Another American import, it first aired in 1984 with Leslie Crowther as the host who summoned unsuspecting contestants from the studio audience with the words: “Come on down!” They had to guess the price of various items to progress to the next “showcase” round. The value of the prizes was restricted by the Independent Broadcasting Authority. Bob Warman replaced Crowther in 1988 and Bruce Forsyth took over from 1995-2001. The show was revived from 2006-7 with Joe Pasquale hosting. THE GOLDEN SHOT Based on a German show, it ran from 1967 to 1975. Contestants guided a crossbow attached to a camera to shoot at an exploding target. For the jackpot they had to sever a thread. The show was famous for Bernie The Bolt, who loaded the crossbow, and hostess Anne Aston who struggled with arithmetic. Bob Monkhouse hosted from 1967-72 and again from 1974-75. In between were comedians Norman Vaughan and Charlie Williams, the first black TV game show host. When Monkhouse returned his new assistant was Wei Wei Wong, one of the first prominent Asians on British TV. Related articles	i don't know
Which English city is called the city of dreaming spires	Oxford, City of dreaming Spires Oxford, City of Dreaming Spires Navigation Rent a Castle Whether it's a folly for 2 or a fort for 20, try our castles for rent page. By Ben Johnson \| Comments Oxford is the county town of Oxfordshire and famous worldwide for its prestigious university, the oldest in the English-speaking world. In his poem ‘Thyrsis’ the Victorian poet Matthew Arnold called Oxford ‘the city of dreaming spires’ after the stunning architecture of these university buildings. Two rivers run through Oxford, the Cherwell and the Thames (Isis), and it is from this riverside situation that Oxford got its name in Saxon times, ‘Oxenaforda’ or ‘Ford of the Oxen’. In the 10th century Oxford became an important frontier town between the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex and was also strategically important to the Normans who in 1071 built a castle there, first in timber and later in the 11th century, in stone. Oxford Castle played an important part in The Anarchy in 1142 when Matilda was imprisoned there, and later, like many other castles, was mostly destroyed during the English Civil War. The University of Oxford is first mentioned in the 12th century although the exact date of its foundation is unknown. The University expanded rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris and the returning students settled in Oxford. However, in 1209 a student fled the city after apparently murdering his mistress, and the townsfolk retaliated by hanging two students. The ensuing riots resulted in some academics fleeing to nearby Cambridge and establishing the University of Cambridge. The relationship between "town and gown" was often uneasy – as many as 93 students and townspeople were killed in the St Scholastica Day Riot of 1355. Oxford is a collegiate university, made up of 38 colleges and six permanent private halls. The oldest of Oxford’s colleges are University College, Balliol, and Merton, established sometime between 1249 and 1264. Founded by Henry VIII with Cardinal Wolsey, Christ Church is the largest Oxford college and uniquely, the Cathedral seat of Oxford. Most of the colleges are open to the public, but visitors should check opening times. As the colleges are in use by students, visitors are asked to respect the areas marked as private. The historic centre of Oxford is small enough to explore on foot and within easy walking distance of the bus and rail stations. There are many ways to discover this beautiful city: open bus tours, walking tours, river cruises and you can even hire a punt or a rowing boat from Folly Bridge, Magdalen Bridge or Cherwell Boathouse. One of the most iconic buildings in Oxford is The Radcliffe Camera in Radcliffe Square with its distinctive circular dome and drum. Built in 1749 to house the Radcliffe Science Library, the Radcliffe Camera (camera is another word for 'room') is now a reading room for the Bodleian Library. The building is not open to the public except as part of a tour of the Bodleian Library. Known informally as "The Bod", the Bodleian Library on Broad Street was opened in 1602 by Thomas Bodley with a collection of 2,000 books. Today, there are 9 million items. In 1555 during the reign of the Catholic Queen Mary (‘Bloody Mary’) the Oxford Martyrs were burnt at the stake for their religious beliefs. The martyrs were the Protestant Archbishop Thomas Cranmer and bishops Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley (all incidentally educated at Cambridge) who were tried for heresy and subsequently burnt at the stake. The site on what is now Broad Street is marked by a cross set into the road and there is also a plaque in the wall of Balliol College. Designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott and erected in 1843, the Martyrs' Memorial stands just around the corner from Broad Street on St. Giles. Officially opened in 1683, Oxford's Ashmolean Museum on Beaumont Street is Britain’s oldest public museum and possibly the world’s oldest museum. It is home to Oxford University's art and archaeology collections and admission is free. Completed in 1914 to connect two parts of Hertford College, Hertford Bridge is often called the Bridge of Sighs because of the similarity to the famous bridge in Venice. Actually it was never intended to be a replica of any existing bridge. Oxford’s beautiful historic centre has starred in many films and television series. Scenes from the Harry Potter films were shot at Oxford University; the Great Hall was the setting for Hogwart’s dining room and the Library doubled as Hogwart’s Infirmary. But Oxford is most firmly associated with TV’s ‘Inspector Morse’. It was the setting, and some might say one of the stars, of the TV series. Getting here Oxford is easily accessible by both road and rail, please try our UK Travel Guide for further information. Museums View our interactive map of Museums in Britain for details of local galleries and museums.	Oxford
Composer Felix Mendelssohn had a musical sister what was her christian name	The city of dreaming spires - definition of The city of dreaming spires by The Free Dictionary The city of dreaming spires - definition of The city of dreaming spires by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/The+city+of+dreaming+spires Related to The city of dreaming spires: Mother City , Cockpit of Europe Ox·ford (ŏks′fərd) 1. A city of south-central England on the Thames River west-northwest of London. The internationally famous Oxford University, founded in the 1100s, still dominates the city center. 2. A city of northern Mississippi south-southeast of Memphis, Tennessee. It is the seat of the University of Mississippi ("Ole Miss"), established in 1844, and was William Faulkner's home town. Oxford , 17th Earl of Title of Edward de Vere. 1550-1604. English courtier and poet who is believed by some to have written Shakespeare's plays. ox·ford 1. A sturdy, low shoe that laces over the instep. 2. A cotton cloth of a tight basket weave, used primarily for shirts. [After OxfordEngland.] (ˈɒksfəd) n 1. (Placename) a city in S England, administrative centre of Oxfordshire, at the confluence of the Rivers Thames and Cherwell: Royalist headquarters during the Civil War; seat of Oxford University, consisting of 40 separate colleges, the oldest being University College (1249), and Oxford Brookes University (1993); motor-vehicle industry. Pop: 143 016 (2001). 2. (Breeds) Also called: Oxford Down a breed of sheep with middle-length wool and a dark brown face and legs 3. (Clothing & Fashion) a type of stout laced shoe with a low heel 4. (Textiles) a lightweight fabric of plain or twill weave used esp for men's shirts Oxford	i don't know
Who played Mick Carter in Eastenders	EastEnders spoilers: Mick Carter's dad revealed to be Karl Howman's character Buster Briggs EastEnders spoilers: Mick Carter's dad revealed to be Karl Howman's character Buster Briggs With family relations getting increasingly complicated for the Carters, here's a quick recap of where things stand... ARTICLE CONTINUES BELOW By David Brown EastEnders fans saw one mystery solved this evening when newcomer Buster Briggs (Karl Howman) was revealed to be the father of both Mick Carter (Danny Dyer) and Dean Wicks (Matt Di Angelo). At the end of tonight's episode, career criminal Buster was seen whispering to Shirley: "You silly tart, you should have told me. He's mine and all, isn't he" before giving a quick glance in Mick's direction. The fact that Shirley has known Buster on and off for 40 years means that the dates definitely add up. The trouble is that Mick doesn't have enough of the vital information to hand to do the maths. Dean, on the other hand, now knows full well that lawbreaker Buster is his father and not - as he'd previously thought - Kevin Wicks. Yet Mick remains completely unaware of his own paternity. Unbeknown to him, Mick's family tree is a lot more complicated than he realises. So here's a quick recap for those who want to know all about the Carter family connections: The woman Mick believes to be his sister (Shirley) is actually his mother, which makes Stan his grandfather rather than his father. Dean is therefore his brother and not his nephew, while Tina is actually his auntie and not his other sister. Conniving Aunt Babe - who seems to be the only one to know everything about everyone - is Mick's great aunt. Phew, thats one hell of an episode of Who Do You Think You Are? in the making. To add further drama into the mix, Mick is also oblivious to the fact his wife Linda (who isn't really his wife, by the way, but that's another story), has recently been raped by Dean. Buster, meanwhile, has now been led away by the police after being shopped to the authorities by his own son (who doesn't know he's his son, don't forget), who he's now just threatened to kill. As far as we're aware, Lee, Nancy and Johnny are all Mick and Linda's children, even though they're unaware of the fact that their mum and dad aren't married. If and when all these secrets blow, can you imagine the scale of the fallout?! EastEnders continues on Monday at 8pm on BBC1	Danny Dyer
Serbian Pule cheese, said to be the world's most expensive is made from the milk of what animal	EastEnders' Mick Carter comes to blows with Dean Wicks during stag do \| Daily Mail Online See more EastEnders spoilers, teasers, storylines and news from the cast Livid: The unwelcome visit comes after Dean finds out that his mother, Shirley, (Linda Henry) has spent part of Christmas Day with the Carters behind his back Fists fly: Angered by the betrayal, Dean decides to gate crash the stag party, leading Mick to lose his temper as he punches him in the face Danny - who first arrived on Albert Square on Christmas Day two years ago - recently revealed that bachelor’s party the will be very much a ‘Danny Dyer stag night’. ‘Dom (show boss Dominic Treadwell-Collins) came to me and said “look, I want a Danny Dyer stag night” and I said “Are you ****ing sure about that?” and he said “yes”,’ the actor confessed. ‘So they gave me a bit of input into it. And I thought well, I’m running the most famous pub in the world, I’d say, so we’ll have it there obviously.’ ‘You never quite get used to being in this sort of show, it is very, very hard work but so rewarding,’ he later added. ‘To have a say in the stag do, I’m proud of that. It’s a naughty stag, I’ll tell ya.’ Meanwhile, the festive season on the popular BBC soap is set to deliver its annual dose of gloom for viewers to get their teeth into. 'They gave me a bit of input into it': Danny - who first arrived on Albert Square on Christmas Day two years ago - recently revealed that bachelor’s party the will be very much a ‘Danny Dyer stag night’ In the first teaser from this year's action-packed Christmas special, tensions between the Mitchell and Beale families come to a head as Sharon threatens to shop murderous Bobby Beale to the police. The show's executive producer Dominic Treadwell-Collins has defended the tradition of miserable Christmases for the show's characters, insisting it what viewers want. He said: 'We have a tradition, back from when Den and Angie did those divorce papers. 'We tried to have a happy Christmas one year. Pam St Clement (who played Pat Butcher) told us that they did a happy Christmas one year where everyone hugged – it had the lowest ratings ever! 'People expect EastEnders to be a bit gruesome because you’re arguing with your family, you’re having often a dreadful day and you go, "Oh, God. At least I’m not a Beale!"' Coming soon: In the first teaser from this year's action-packed Christmas special, tensions between the Mitchell and Beale families come to a head as Sharon threatens to shop murderous Bobby Beale to the police Read more:	i don't know
Vermicide is used to kill which creatures	Vermicide - definition of vermicide by The Free Dictionary Vermicide - definition of vermicide by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/vermicide A substance or agent used to kill worms, especially parasitic worms. ver′mi·cid′al (-sīd′l) adj. vermicide (Elements & Compounds) any substance used to kill worms ˌvermiˈcidal adj a substance used to kill worms. vermicide 1. vermicide - an agent that kills worms (especially those in the intestines) medicament , medication , medicinal drug , medicine - (medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease agent - a substance that exerts some force or effect Translations n → Wurmmittel nt, → Vermizid nt (spec) ver·mi·cide n. vermicida, vermífugo, agente destructor de vermes (gusanos). Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Nigella sativa treditional usages (Black seed) Some indications are concerned with the expected effects while using the medicine as in cases used as purging, soothing and vermicide. Medicinal plants used by Ponta Pora community, Mato Grosso do Sul State/Levantamento etnobotanico em Ponta Pora, Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul Plant name Part used Medical utilization Rubia cordifolia Root Anti-inflammatory activity (Manjistha) (Ext), skin diseases and ulcers Sphaeranthus Leaves Skin diseases, antihelminthic, indicus Branches aphrodisiac and stomachache (Gorkha Mundi) Aloe vera Leaves Burns (minor), mouth ulcers, (Aloe) diabetes, wound healing (topical), Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis Azadirachra Leaves Skin disease, boils, indica (Neem) Bark antibacterial activity Curcuma longa Root Root Antiseptic, stomachache, (Haldi or blood purifier, vermicide, Turmeric) carminative and tonic Hemidesmus Root Skin disease and blood indicus purifier (Sarsaparilla or Anant mul) Table 2 Inhibitory effect of the aqueous plant extracts on production of IL-8 and TNF-[alpha] by human PBMCs.	Worm (disambiguation)
Which Grand Slam event did tennis player Pete Sampras fail to win	Vermicide \| definition of vermicide by Medical dictionary Vermicide \| definition of vermicide by Medical dictionary http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/vermicide [ant″hel-min´tik] 1. destructive to parasitic worms; called also antihelmintic and vermifugal . 2. an agent destructive to worms; examples include piperazine and hexylresorcinol for the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides; quinacrine for tapeworms ; oxytetracycline and emetine for protozoan infections such as amebic dysentery ; and mebendazole for several different intestinal worms. Many anthelmintic drugs are toxic and should be given with care; the toxic effects of a specific drug should be known prior to administration and the patient observed carefully for such effects after the drug is given. Called also vermicide , and vermifuge ver·mi·cide	i don't know
What was the name of the nanny allegedly murdered by Lord Lucan	Lord Lucan: Mysterious 'Boyfriend' At House Where Nanny Sandra Rivett Murdered \| The Huffington Post Lord Lucan: Mysterious 'Boyfriend' At House Where Nanny Sandra Rivett Murdered 10/12/2012 09:12 110 The Huffington Post UK A mysterious "boyfriend" could have been living with Lord Lucan at the time the family nanny was murdered, and the 7th Earl of Lucan vanished, a new statement has revealed. BBC Inside Out reported that Lady Sarah Gibbs, sister of Lord Lucan, told police at the time of the disappearance that another man was sleeping at the house. He may have been having a relationship with one of a number of women in the household. Nanny Sandra Rivett was killed in 1974, and an inquest ruled that she was murdered by Lucan, who had vanished and has never been seen since. Lord Lucan and Lady Lucan, before the murder Lady Sarah, who died in 2001, told police in a statement that her four-year-old niece Lady Camilla Bingham told of a mystery man who sometimes slept in "nanny's room" and sometimes slept in "mummy's - because she's got a gigantic bed. "We were talking about home, that is 46 Lower Belgrave Street and Camilla said the boyfriend always stays upstairs while we have lunch until we ring the buzzer. "I said 'Where does he live?'. She said 'He lives in the house with us'." Although the statement appears to imply the man was the boyfriend of Lady Lucan, estranged from Lord Lucan, Lady Sarah is believed to have said she thought the man was Sandra Rivett's boyfriend, according to the Sunday Mirror. Lord Lucan was declared officially dead by the High Court in 1999. The Lord said in a letter unearthed after his disappearance that before the murder he had witnessed an unknown man fighting with his estranged wife, Lady Lucan. Lord Lucan's brother Hugh Bingham has called for the evidence the BBC uncovered to be investigated. "I'm encouraged by the idea that there is a fresh source of evidence and that I feel wants to be given a fair hearing and this seems to me to be one way of achieving that," he told the broadcaster. Sandra Rivett, who was allegedly murdered by Lord Lucan "Let us hope that now with the way in which the evidence seems to be gathering, there is a chance that maybe the inquest result could be set aside. "If that happened then the warrant of arrest would fall away and my brother's situation would be restored to the normal situation of a man innocent until proven guilty." Retired Det Sgt Graham Forsyth, who witnessed Lady Sarah's statement, told Inside Out he believed Rivett may have had a boyfriend who stayed over at the house. Since Lord Lucan's there have been more than 70 alleged sightings of him from Colombia, to Goa to Gabon. Lady Lucan has publically stated since the late 1980s that she does not believe her husband to be still alive.	John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan
In which city was the Arab League founded in 1945	Behind the Name: User Comments for the name Lucan Key: Meaning/History Usage Pronunciation Famous Bearer Personal Impression Other Comments are left by users of this website. They are not checked for accuracy. Sir Lucan was one of the Knights of the Round Table. In the different accounts of King Arthur, Sir Lucan is always depicted as loyal and the last to leave the battlefield. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Lucan -- nafer1 9/17/2007 Personally, I really like this name. I came across it, while looking for a name that was a bit more original than Lucas or Luca. These names are beautiful, but a bit overused in my opinion. And that's where Lucan comes in. This name is especially great to use, if you've studied Latin or are interested in history. It's a strong, solid name, which makes me think of a smart, noble and heroic boy. -- Alissa_Blue 11/2/2008 Lucan is also the anglicised name of a town near Dublin in Ireland. Its name in Irish is Leamhcán, meaning "place of the elms." -- Anonymous User 2/22/2009 A famous bearer is Lucky Lucan, formally known as Richard John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan (born 18 December 1934). He disappeared on on 8 November 1974 after he allegedly murdered his children's nanny Sandra Rivett and attacked his wife. A lot of people believe he did it, but Lucan still hasn't been found and there are many theories around his disappearance. Lucan is now presumed dead. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bingham,_7th_Earl_of_Lucan -- Anonymous User 2/22/2009 Lucan (now Lucan Biddulph) is a town in Middlesex County, Ontario. The Donnelly Massacre took place in Lucan in the 1880s. It is predominately a farming town. -- Anonymous User 6/7/2012 Given that Lucas and Luke are derived from a Greek name meaning "from Lucania," I see no reason why the Roman cognomen Lucanus (from which Lucan is derived) cannot mean the same thing. After doing adjacent research, it appears that LUCAN < LUCANUS can mean "man from the glade." LUC- < \|lucus\| glade, clearing, > grove + -AN < \|-anus\| associated man -- Sabertooth 12/21/2014 I heard this name while watching 'King Arthur', There was a little boy with this name and I just thought that it was so lovely! I adore the name Lucas, but it's a bit to overused, But Lucan is perfect, Its strong and unique! Better than Lucas.	i don't know
What is the collective noun for Coroners	a body of coroners a body of coroners See Wikipedia's page for: coroners body	Body
What is the theatrical equivalent of an Oscar	Clergy \| Define Clergy at Dictionary.com clergy the group or body of ordained persons in a religion, as distinguished from the laity. Origin of clergy Late Latin 1175-1225 1175-1225; Middle English clerge, clergie < Old French clergé (< Late Latin clericātus office of a priest; see cleric , -ate 3), clergie, equivalent to clerc cleric + -ie -y 3, with -g- after clergé Related forms Examples from the Web for clergy Expand There is no reference to any religious blessing or other function of the clergy. Folkways William Graham Sumner British Dictionary definitions for clergy Expand noun (pl) -gies 1. the collective body of men and women ordained as religious ministers, esp of the Christian Church related adjectives clerical pastoral Word Origin C13: from Old French clergie, from clerc ecclesiastic, clerk Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for clergy Expand n. c.1200, clergie "office or dignity of a clergyman," from two Old French words: 1. clergié "clerics, learned men," from Medieval Latin clericatus, from Late Latin clericus (see clerk ); 2. clergie "learning, knowledge, erudition," from clerc, also from Late Latin clericus. Meaning "persons ordained for religious work" is from c.1300. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper	i don't know
Something About You and Lessons In Love were top ten hits for which group	Something About You: The Collection - Microsoft Store Something About You: The Collection 2015 • 17 songs • Pop • Contemporary Pop • Polydor A few Level 42 anthologies of various sizes were released during the 2000s and early 2010s, including Ultimate Collection (2002), Lessons in Love: The Collection (2010), and Gold (2013). Released in 2015 by Spectrum (via Universal), Something About You: The Collection is a stuffed-to-capacity single-disc compilation that contains most of the group's biggest and most notable singles through 1987, including the Top Ten U.K. hits "The Sun Goes Down (Living It Up)," "Something About You," "Lessons in Love," and "Running in the Family." It includes some earlier highlights, such as "Love Meeting Love," but loses points for missing the essential 1981 A-side "Starchild." ~ Andy Kellman	Level 42
Which Cambridge college did Prince Charles attend	Level 42 - Lessons In Love - YouTube Level 42 - Lessons In Love Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Apr 21, 2008 Level 42 is a popular British pop, rock, and funk band. The group had a number of worldwide and UK hits during the 1980s and 1990s Category	i don't know
Which is Africa's largest landlocked country	How Many African Countries Are Landlocked? How Many African Countries Are Landlocked? How Many African Countries Are Landlocked? And Why Does It Matter? A map of the landlocked countries in Africa. Updated July 01, 2016. How Many African Countries Are Landlocked? Out of Africa’s 47 countries, 15 of them are landlocked . This means that about a third of the continent is made up of countries that have no access to the ocean or sea. Which Countries in Africa Are Landlocked? The landlocked countries in Africa are: Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Why Does This Matter? A country’s level of access to water can have an enormous impact on its economy. It is not a coincidence that Africa, the continent with the largest number of landlocked countries, is also the poorest continent. Of Africa’s 15 landlocked countries, 13 of them are ranked “low” or “least developed” on the Human Development Index (HDI), a statistic that takes into account factors such as life expectancy, education, and income per capita. The six countries ranked "least developed" on the HDI are all landlocked African countries. So how does a country’s access to water affect its economy? Here are just a few factors: Less Access to Trade: It is much cheaper to transport products over water than over land, making it more difficult for landlocked countries to participate in the global economy. High Transit Costs: Because of decreased access to trade, landlocked countries are often cut off from selling and purchasing goods, leading to higher fuel prices. It is also difficult for them to build infrastructure that would allow easy border passage. As a result, landlocked nations can’t benefit from tourism to the extent that coastal states can, which can be an increased detriment to their economies. But the lack of access to easy transit in and out of the country can have even worse effects; in times of natural disaster or violent regional conflict, it is much more difficult for residents of landlocked nations to escape. Increased dependence on neighbors: In theory, international treaties should guarantee access to oceans, but it is not always this easy. “Transit states” -- those with access to coasts -- determine how to implement these treaties. These nations can be corrupt or simply lack incentives to invest in infrastructure that would allow easier access for landlocked nations.	Niger
Sinope is a moon of which planet in the Solar System	How Many African Countries Are Landlocked? How Many African Countries Are Landlocked? How Many African Countries Are Landlocked? And Why Does It Matter? A map of the landlocked countries in Africa. Updated July 01, 2016. How Many African Countries Are Landlocked? Out of Africa’s 47 countries, 15 of them are landlocked . This means that about a third of the continent is made up of countries that have no access to the ocean or sea. Which Countries in Africa Are Landlocked? The landlocked countries in Africa are: Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Why Does This Matter? A country’s level of access to water can have an enormous impact on its economy. It is not a coincidence that Africa, the continent with the largest number of landlocked countries, is also the poorest continent. Of Africa’s 15 landlocked countries, 13 of them are ranked “low” or “least developed” on the Human Development Index (HDI), a statistic that takes into account factors such as life expectancy, education, and income per capita. The six countries ranked "least developed" on the HDI are all landlocked African countries. So how does a country’s access to water affect its economy? Here are just a few factors: Less Access to Trade: It is much cheaper to transport products over water than over land, making it more difficult for landlocked countries to participate in the global economy. High Transit Costs: Because of decreased access to trade, landlocked countries are often cut off from selling and purchasing goods, leading to higher fuel prices. It is also difficult for them to build infrastructure that would allow easy border passage. As a result, landlocked nations can’t benefit from tourism to the extent that coastal states can, which can be an increased detriment to their economies. But the lack of access to easy transit in and out of the country can have even worse effects; in times of natural disaster or violent regional conflict, it is much more difficult for residents of landlocked nations to escape. Increased dependence on neighbors: In theory, international treaties should guarantee access to oceans, but it is not always this easy. “Transit states” -- those with access to coasts -- determine how to implement these treaties. These nations can be corrupt or simply lack incentives to invest in infrastructure that would allow easier access for landlocked nations.	i don't know
What is the name given to a shot in snooker where the cue ball hits a red ball which hits another red ball to make it go into a pocket	Glossary of Billiard Terms GLOSSARY OF BILLIARD TERMS From the 'Billiard Congress of America Official Rules and Records Book.' ANGLED. (Snooker, pocket games) When the corner of a pocket prevents a player shooting the cue ball directly at an object ball. (See corner-hooked) ANGLE SHOT. (Pocket games) A shot that requires the cue ball to drive the object ball other than straight ahead. (See cut shot) APEX OF TRIANGLE. (Pocket games) The position in the grouping of object balls that is on the foot spot; the front ball position of the pyramid or rack. AROUND THE TABLE. (Carom games) Describes shots in which the cue ball contacts three or more cushions, usually including the two short cushions, in an effort to score. BALANCE POINT. (General) The point on a cue at which it would remain level if held by a single support, usually about 18" from the butt end of the cue. BALL IN HAND. (Pocket games) See cue ball in hand. BALL ON. (Snooker) A colored (non-red) ball a player intends to legally pocket; same as on ball. BANK SHOT. (Pocket games) A shot in which the object ball is driven to one or more cushions before it is pocketed; incidental contact as a ball moves along and adjacent to a cushion does not qualify as a cushion or bank. It is not an obvious shot and must be called in games requiring called shots. (See kick shot) BAULK. (Snooker) The intervening space between the bottom cushion and the Baulk-line. BAULK-LINE. (Snooker) A straight line drawn 29" from the face of the bottom cushion and parallel to it. BED OF TABLE. (General) The flat, cloth-covered surface of the table within the cushions; the playing area exclusive of the cushions. BILLIARD. (Carom games) A count or score; a successful shot. BLIND DRAW. (General) A method used to determine pairings or bracketing of players in tournaments that assures totally random placement or pairing of contestants. BOTTLE. (Pocket games) A specially shaped leather or plastic container used in various games. (Also called the shake bottle) BOTTOM CUSHION. (Snooker) The cushion located at the head of a snooker table--closest to the D. BREAK. (Pocket games) See open break and opening break shot. BREAK. (Snooker) Total scored in one inning. BREAKING VIOLATION. (Pocket games) A violation of special rules which apply only to the opening break shot of certain games. Unless specified in individual game rules, a breaking violation is not a foul. BRIDGE. (General) The hand configuration that holds and guides the shaft-end of the cue during play. (See mechanical bridge) BURST. (Forty-One Pocket Billiards) Scoring a total of more than 41 points. BUTT OF CUE. (General) The larger end of a cue, opposite the tip. On a two-piece cue, the butt extends up to the joint. CALL SHOT. (Pocket games) Requirement that a player designate, in advance of each shot, the ball to be made and the pocket into which it will be made. In calling the shot, it is NEVER necessary to indicate details such as the number of cushions, banks, kisses, caroms, etc. The rules of "Bank Pool" are an exception. CALLED BALL. (Pocket games) The ball the player has designated to be pocketed on a shot. CALLED POCKET. (Pocket games) The pocket which a player has designated a ball to be shot. CAROM. (General) To bounce off or glance off an object ball or cushion; a shot in which the cue ball bounces off one ball into another is termed a carom. CAROM, SCORING. (General) Contact by the cue ball with object balls, the bottle or cushions in such a way that a legal score is made, according to specific game rules. CENTER SPOT. (General) The exact center point of a table's playing surface. CHALK. (General) A dry, slightly abrasive substance that is applied to the cue tip to help assure a non-slip contact between the cue tip and the cue ball. CHUCK NURSE. (Straight Rail Billiards) A scoring technique used when one object ball rests against the cushion and the second object ball is to one side of the first ball and away from the cushion. Cue ball strikes the object ball at the cushion so that the cue ball just comes back to touch (carom) the second object ball without moving it out of position for a similar subsequent shot. CLEAN BANK. (Bank Pocket Billiards) A shot in which the object ball being played does not touch any other object balls (i.e., no kisses, no combinations). CLEAR BALL. (Carom games) The all-white ball, devoid of any markings, used in carom games. (See spot ball) COMBINATION. (Pocket games) Shot in which the cue ball first strikes a ball other than the one to be pocketed, with the ball initially contacted in turn striking one or more other balls in an effort to score. COMBINATION ON. (Pocket games) Two or more balls positioned in such a way that a ball can be driven into a called pocket with a combination shot; often called a "dead combo" or an "on combo." COMBINATION ON. (Snooker) See plant. CONTACT POINT. (General) The precise point of contact between the cue ball and the object ball when the cue ball strikes the object ball. CORNER-HOOKED. (Pocket games, Snooker) When the corner of a pocket prevents shooting the cue ball in a straight path directly to an object ball, the cue ball is corner-hooked; same as angled. COUNT. (General) A score; a successful shot. COUNT, THE. (General) The running score at any point during a player's inning in games where numerous points are scored successively. CROSS CORNER. (Pocket games) Term used to describe a bank shot that will rebound from a cushion and into a corner pocket. CROSS SIDE. (Pocket games) Term used to describe a bank shot that will rebound from a cushion and into a side pocket. CROSS TABLE SHOT. (Carom games) Shot in which scoring is accomplished by driving the cue ball across the table between the long cushion. CROTCH. (Carom games) The corner area of a carom table in straight-rail billiards in which a player may score no more than three successive counts with the balls before driving at least one object ball out of the area. The four crotches are defined as those spaces within crotch lines drawn between first diamond on the end rail to the second diamond on the side rail. CRUTCH. (General) Slang term for the mechanical bridge. CUE. (General) Tapered device, usually wooden, used to strike the cue ball to execute carom or pocket billiard shots. (Also called cue stick) CUE BALL. (General) The white, unnumbered ball that is always struck by the cue during play. CUE BALL IN HAND. (Pocket games) Cue ball may be put into play anywhere on the playing surface. CUE BALL IN HAND BEHIND THE HEAD STRING. (Pocket games) Cue ball may be put into play anywhere between the head string and the cushion on the head end of the table not in contact with an object ball. CUE BALL IN HAND WITHIN THE D. (Snooker) See cue ball in hand within the half-circle. CUE BALL IN HAND WITHIN THE HALF-CIRCLE. (Snooker) The cue ball is in hand within the half-circle when it has entered a pocket or has been forced off the table. The base of the cue ball may be placed anywhere within or on the half-circle. It remains in hand until the player strikes the cue ball with the tip of the cue or a foul is committed while the ball is on the table. CUE TIP. (General) A piece of specially processed leather or other fibrous or pliable material attached to the shaft end of the cue that contacts the cue ball when a shot is executed. CUSHION. (General) The cloth-covered rubber which borders the inside of the rails on carom and pocket billiard tables; together the cushions form the outer perimeter of the basic playing surface. CUT SHOT. (Pocket games) A shot in which the cue ball contacts the object ball to one side or the other of full center, thus driving it in a direction other than that of the initial cue ball path. D. (Snooker) An area, semi-circular in shape, with the straight side formed by the line drawn between the spot for the yellow and the spot for the green measured 29 inches out from the face of the bottom cushion (sometimes referred to as the baulk line) and the semi-circle is determined by the size of the table being used. DEAD BALL. (Pocket games) A cue ball stroked in such a manner that virtually all of the speed and/or spin of the cue ball is transferred to the object ball, the cue ball retaining very little or none after contact. DEAD BALL SHOT. (Pocket games) A shot in which a dead ball stroke is employed; often called a kill shot, because of the relative lack of cue ball motion after contact with the object ball. DEAD COMBINATION. (Pocket games) See combination on. DIAMONDS. (General) Inlays or markings on the table rails that are used as reference or target points. The diamonds are essential for the utilization of numerous mathematical systems employed by carom and pocket games players. DRAW SHOT. (General) A shot in which the cue ball is struck below center, and the resulting back spin causes the cue ball to return towards the player after full contact with an object ball. DROP POCKETS. (Pocket games) Type of pockets with no automatic return of the balls to the foot end of the table; balls must be removed manually. DOUBLE ELIMINATION. (General) A tournament format in which a player is not eliminated until he has sustained two match losses. DOUBLE HIT. (General) A shot on which the cue ball is struck twice by the cue tip on the same stroke. DOUBLE ROUND ROBIN. (General) A tournament format in which each contestant in a field plays each of the other players twice. ENGLISH. (General) Side spin applied to the cue ball by striking it off center; used to alter the natural roll of the cue ball and/or the object ball. FEATHER SHOT. (General) A shot in which the cue ball barely touches or grazes the object ball; an extremely thin cut. FERRULE. (General) A piece of protective material (usually plastic, horn or metal) at the end of the cue shaft, onto which the cue tip is attached. FOLLOW SHOT. (General) A shot in which the cue ball is struck above center and the resulting forward spin causes the cue ball to roll forward after contact with an object ball. FOLLOW-THROUGH. (General) The movement of the cue after contact with the cue ball through the area previously occupied by the cue ball. FOOT OF TABLE. (General) The end of a carom or pocket billiard table at which the balls are racked or positioned at the start of a game. FOOT SPOT. (General) The point on the foot end of the table where imaginary lines drawn between the center diamonds of the short rails and the second diamonds of the long rails intersect. FOOT STRING. (General) A line on the foot end of the table between the second diamonds of the long rails, passing through the foot spot. The foot string is never drawn on the table, and has no use in play. FORCE. (General) The power applied on the stroke to the cue ball, which may result in distortion and altering of natural angles and action of the ball. FORCE DRAW. (General) A shot with extreme follow, usually directly at and then "through" an object ball. FORCE FOLLOW. (General) A follow shot with extreme overspin applied to the cue ball, with the term generally used in reference to shots in which the cue ball is shot directly at and then "through" an object ball, with a pronounced hesitation or stop before the overspin propels the cue ball forward in the general direction of the stroke. FOUL. (General) An infraction of the rules of play, as defined in either the general or the specific game rules. (Not all rule infractions are fouls.) Fouls result in a penalty, also dependent on specific game rules. FOUL STROKE. (General) A stroke on which a foul takes place. FRAME. (Snooker) The equivalent of one game in snooker. FREE BALL. (Snooker) After a foul, if the cue ball is snookered, the referee shall state "Free Ball." If the non-offending player takes the next stroke he may nominate any ball as on, and for this stroke, such ball shall be regarded as, and acquire the value of, the ball on. FREE BREAK. (Pocket games) An opening break shot in which a wide spread of the object balls may be achieved without penalty or risk. Free breaks are detailed in individual games rules. FROZEN. (General) A ball touching another ball or cushion. FULL BALL. (General) Contact of the cue ball with an object ball at a contact point on a line bisecting the centers of the cue ball and object ball. GAME. The course of play that starts when the referee has finished racking the balls, and ends at the conclusion of a legal shot which pockets the last required ball. In 14.1 continuous, a game lasts several racks. GAME BALL. (General) The ball which, if pocketed legally, would produce victory in a game. GATHER SHOT. (Carom games) A shot on which appropriate technique and speed are employed to drive one or more balls away from the other(s) in such a manner that when the stroke is complete, the balls have come back together closely enough to present a comparatively easy scoring opportunity for the next shot. GRIP. (General) The manner in which the butt of the cue is held in the hand. GULLY TABLE. (Pocket games) A table with pockets and a return system that delivers the balls as they are pocketed to a collection bin on the foot end of the table. HANDICAPPING. (General) Modifications in the scoring and/or rules of games to enable players of differing abilities to compete on more even terms. HEAD OF TABLE. (General) The end of a carom or pocket billiard table from which the opening break is performed; the end normally marked with the manufacturer's nameplate. HEAD SPOT. (General) The point on the head of the table where imaginary lines drawn between the center diamonds of the short rails and the second diamonds of the long rails intersect. HEAD STRING. (General) A line on the head end of the table between the second diamonds of the long rails, passing through the head spot. HICKEY. (Snooker Golf) Any foul. HIGH RUN. (14.1 Continuous) During a specified segment of play, the greatest number of balls scored in one turn (inning) at the table. HOLD. (General) English which stops the cue ball from continuing the course of natural roll it would take after having been driven in a certain direction. INNING. (General) A turn at the table by a player, and which may last for several racks in some pocket games. IN HAND. (Pocket games) See cue ball in hand. IN HAND BEHIND THE HEAD STRING. (Pocket games) See cue ball in hand behind the head string. IN-OFF. (Snooker) A losing hazard; that is, when the cue ball enters a pocket. The snooker equivalent of a scratch. IN THE RACK. (14.1 Continuous) A ball that would interfere with the reracking of the object balls in 14.1 Continuous that extend past one rack. JAW. (Pocket games) The slanted part of the cushion that is cut at an angle to form the opening from the bed of the table into the pocket. JAWED BALL. (Pocket games) Generally refers to a ball that fails to drop because it bounces back and forth against the jaws of a pocket. JOINT. (General) On two-piece cues, the screw-and-thread device, approximately midway in the cue, that permits it to be broken down into two separate sections. JUMP SHOT. (General) A shot in which the cue ball or object ball is caused to rise off the bed of the table. JUMPED BALL. (General) A ball that has left and remained off the playing surface as the result of a stroke; a ball that is stroked in a manner which causes it to jump over another ball. KEY BALL. (14.1 Continuous) The 14th ball of each rack; called the key ball because it is so critical in obtaining position for the all important first (or break) shot of each reracking of the balls. KICK SHOT. (General) A shot in which the cue ball banks off a cushion(s) prior to making contact with an object ball or scoring. KILL SHOT. (Pocket games) See dead ball shot. KISS. (General) Contact between balls. (See kiss shot) KISS SHOT. (Pocket games) A shot in which more than one contact with object balls is made by the cue ball; for example, the cue ball might kiss from one object ball into another to score the latter ball. Shots in which object balls carom off one or more other object balls to be pocketed. (Also called carom shots) KISS-OUT. (General) Accidental contact between balls that causes a shot to fail. KITCHEN. (Pocket games) A slang term used to describe the area of the table between the head string and the cushion on the head end of the table. (Also called the area above the head string) LAG. (Carom games) A shot in which the cue ball is shot three or more cushions before contacting the object balls. LAG FOR BREAK. (General) Procedure used to determine starting player of game. Each player shoots a ball from behind the head string to the foot cushion, attempting to return the ball as closely as possible to the head cushion. LEAVE. (Pocket games) The position of the balls after a player's shot. LONG. (General) Usually refers to a ball which, due to english and speed, travels a path with wider angles than those that are standard for such a ball if struck with natural english and moderate speed. LONG STRING. (Pocket games) A line drawn from the center of the foot cushion to the foot spot (and beyond if necessary) on which balls are spotted. LOSING HAZARD. (Snooker) Occurs when the cue ball is pocketed after contact with an object ball. LOT. (General) Procedures used, not involving billiard skills, to determine starting player or order of play. Common methods used are flipping coins, drawing straws, drawing cards, or drawing peas or pills. MASSE SHOT. (General) A shot in which extreme english is applied to the cue ball by elevating the cue butt at an angle with the bed of the table of anywhere between 30 and 90 degrees. The cue ball usually takes a curved path, with more curve resulting from increasing cue stick elevation. MATCH. The course of play that starts when the players are ready to lag and ends when the deciding game ends. MECHANICAL BRIDGE. (General) A grooved device mounted on a handle providing support for the shaft of the cue during shots difficult to reach with normal bridge hand. Also called a crutch or rake. MISCUE. (General) A stroke which results in the cue tip contact with cue ball being faulty. Usually the cue tip slides off the cue ball without full transmission of the desired stroke. The stroke usually results i a sharp sound and discoloration of the tip and/or the cue ball at the point of contact. MISS. (General Failure to execute a completed shot. MISS. (Snooker) The call the referee makes in snooker if it is judged the player has not endeavored to the best of his ability to hit the ball on. NATURAL. (Carom games) A shot with only natural angle and stroke required for successful execution; a simple or easily visualized, and accomplished, scoring opportunity. NATURAL ENGLISH. (General) Moderate sidespin applied to the cue ball that favors the direction of the cue ball path, giving the cue ball a natural roll and a bit more speed than a center hit. NATURAL ROLL. (General) Movement of the cue ball with english applied. NIP DRAW. (General) A short, sharp stroke, employed when a normal draw stroke would result in a foul due to drawing the cue ball back into the cue tip. NURSES. (Carom games) Techniques whereby the balls are kept close to the cushions and each other, creating a succession of relatively easy scoring opportunities. OBJECT BALLS. (General) The balls other than the cue ball on a shot. OBJECT BALL, THE. (Pocket games) The particular object ball being played on a shot. ON BALL. (Snooker) See ball on. OPEN BREAK. (Pocket games) The requirement in certain games that a player must drive a minimum of four object balls out of the rack to the cushions in order for the shot to be legal. OPENING BREAK SHOT. (General) The first shot of a game. PEAS. (Pocket games) Small plastic or wooden balls numbered 1 through 15 or 16, use defined in specific games rules. (Called pills.) PILLS. (Pocket games) See peas. PLANT. (Snooker) A position of two or more red balls that allows a ball to be driven into a pocket with a combination shot. POSITION. (General) The placement of the cue ball on each shot relative to the next planned shot. Also called shape. POT. (Snooker) The pocketing of an object ball. POWDER. (General) Talc or other fine, powdery substance used to facilitate free, easy movement of the cue shaft through the bridge. POWER DRAW SHOT. (General) Extreme draw applied to the cue ball. (See force draw.) PUSH SHOT. (General) A shot in which the cue tip maintains contact with the cue ball beyond the split second allowed for a normal and legally stroked shot. PYRAMID. (Pocket games) Positioning of the object balls in a triangular grouping (with the front apex ball on the foot spot), used to begin many pocket billiard games. PYRAMID SPOT. (Snooker) The same as the pink spot. The spot is marked midway between the center spot and the face of the top cushion. RACE. (General) Pre-determined number of games necessary to win a match or set of games. For example, a match that is the best 11 out of 21 games is called a race to 11, and ends when one player has won 11 games. RACK. The triangular equipment used for gathering the balls into the formation required by the game being played. RAILS. (General) The top surface of the table, not covered by cloth, from which the cushions protrude toward the playing surface. The head and foot rails are the short rails on those ends of the table; the right and left rails are the long rails, dictated by standing at the head end of the table and facing the foot end. RED BALL. (Carom games) The red-colored object ball. (Also the name of a particular 3-cushion billiard game.) REST. (Snooker) The mechanical bridge. REVERSE ENGLISH. (General) Sidespin applied to the cue ball, that favors the opposite direction of the natural cue ball path - i.e. inside english. ROUND ROBIN. (General) A tournament format in which each contestant plays each of the other players once. RUNNING ENGLISH. (General) Sidespin applied to the cue ball which causes it to rebound from an object ball or a cushion at a narrower angle and at a faster speed than it would if struck at the same speed and direction without english. RUN. (General) The total of consecutive scores, points or counts made by a player in one inning. The term is also used to indicate the total number of full short-rack games won without a missed shot in a match or tournament. SAFETY. (General) Defensive positioning of the balls so as to minimize the opponent's chances to score. (The nature and rules concerning safety play are decidedly different in specific games.) Player's inning ends after a safety play. SCRATCH. (Carom games) To score a point largely by accident, due to an unanticipated kiss, unplanned time-shot, etc. SCRATCH. (Pocket games) The cue ball is going into a pocket on a stroke. SEEDING. (General) Pre-determined initial pairings or advanced positioning of players in a field of tournament competition. SET. (General) Pre-determined number of games necessary to win a match. SHAFT. (General) The thinner part of a cue, on which the cue tip is attached. On a two-piece cue, the shaft extends from the cue tip to the joint. SHAKE BOTTLE. (Pocket games) See bottle. SHOT. An action that begins at the instant the cue tip contacts the cue ball, and ends when all balls in play stop rolling and spinning. SHOT CLOCK. (General) Any timing device used to gauge the time limit in which a player is allowed to play a shot. The timing device must have at least the functions of a stop watch: reset to zero, start, and stop. A simple wrist watch without timing functions is not sufficient. SHORT. (General) Usually refers to a ball which, due to english and stroke, travels a path with narrower angles than those for a ball struck without english. SHORT-RACK. (Pocket games) Games which utilize fewer than 15 countable object balls. SINGLE ELIMINATION. (General) A tournament format in which a single loss eliminates a player from the competition. SNAKE. (Carom games) A shot in which the use of english causes the cue ball to make three or more cushion contacts, though utilizing only two different cushions. Also called a double-the-rail shot. SNOOKERED. (Snooker) The condition of incoming player's cue ball position when he cannot shoot in a straight line and contact all portions of an on ball directly facing the cue ball (because of balls not "on" that block the path. SPLIT DOUBLE ELIMINATION. (General) A modification of the double elimination tournament format, in which the field is divided into sections, with one player emerging from each of the sections to compete for the championship, in a single showdown match for the championship. SPLIT HIT. A shot in which it cannot be determined which object ball(s) the cue ball contacted first, due to the close proximity of the object balls. SPOT. (General) The thin, circular piece of cloth or paper glued onto the cloth to indicate the spot locality (i.e.., head spot, center spot, foot spot); also an expression to describe a handicap. SPOT BALL. (Carom games) The white ball differentiated from the clear by on or more markings; usually spots, dots or circles. SPOT SHOT. (Pocket games) Player shoots a ball on the foot spot with the cue ball in hand behind the head string. SPOTTING BALLS. (General) Replacing balls to the table in positions as dictated by specific game rules. STANCE. (General The position of the body during shooting. STOP SHOT. (Pocket games) A shot in which the cue ball stops immediately upon striking the object ball. STRIKER. (Snooker) The player who is about to shoot and has yet to complete his inning. STROKE. (General) The movement of the cue as a shot is executed. SUCCESSIVE FOULS. (Pocket games) Fouls made on consecutive strokes by the same player, also called consecutive fouls. TABLE IN POSITION. (General) Term used to indicate that the object balls remain unmoved following a shot. THROW SHOT. (Pocket games) 1. A shot in which english alters the path of the object ball. 2. A combination shot of frozen or near frozen object balls in which to rubbing of the first ball across the second ball pulls the shot away from the line joining the centers of the two balls. TIME SHOT. (General) A shot in which the cue ball (most often) moves another ball into a different position and then continues on to meet one of the moved balls for a score. TOP CUSHION. (Snooker) The cushion located at the foot of a snooker table--closest to the black spot. TRIANGLE. (Pocket games) The triangular device used to place the balls in position for the start of most games. YELLOW BALL. (Carom games) In international competition the spot ball has been replaced by a yellow ball without any markings.	Arnold Plant
In which country were Saab and Volvo cars originally manufactured	Appendix:Glossary of pool, billiards and snooker - Wiktionary Appendix:Glossary of pool, billiards and snooker Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary Wikipedia The following is a glossary of traditional terms used in the three main cue sport disciplines: pool , which denotes a host of games played on a table with six pockets such as straight pool , eight-ball , nine-ball , one-pocket and bank pool ; carom billiards referring to the various carom games played on a table without pockets such as straight-rail, three-cushion , balkline and artistic billiards ; and snooker played on a special table which, like a pool table, has six pockets, but is significantly larger and has specialized refinements. The term billiards is sometimes also used to refer to all of the cue sports. See 8 ball , under " E ", for the ball. See eight-ball main article for the game. 9 (nine) ball A[ edit ] Above Used in snooker in reference to the position of the cue ball . It is above the object ball if it is off-straight on the baulk cushion side of the imaginary line for a straight pot (e.g. "he'll want to finish above the blue in order to go into the pink and reds "). It is also common to use the term high instead [1] Action # Gambling or the potential for gambling (US). Lively results on a ball (usually the cue ball) from the application of english . Ahead race or session A match format in which a player has to establish a lead of an agreed number of racks in order to win (e.g. in a ten ahead race a player wins when she/he has ten more racks than the opponent). [1] Aiming line An imaginary line drawn from the desired path an object ball is to be sent (usually the center of a pocket ) and the center of the object ball. Angle of incidence The angle at which a ball approaches a rail , as measured from the perpendicular to the rail. The phrase has been in use since as early as 1653. [1] Angle of reflection The angle from which a ball rebounds from a rail, as measured from the perpendicular to the rail. [1] Arc The arc of the cue ball is the extent to which it curves as a result of a semi-massé or massé shot . Same as draw . Contrast topspin . Baize A cloth material used to cover billiard tables, usually green in colour and sometimes called felt based on a similarity on appearance, though very different in makeup. [1] See Baize main article. Balance point The point, usually around 18″ from the bottom of a cue , at which the cue will balance when resting on one hand. [1] Balkline #A type of carom billiards game created to eliminate very high runs in straight-rail . A line drawn horizontally from a point on the billiard table's long rail to the corresponding point on the opposite long rail, from which the game of balkine takes its name. [1] Not to be confused with baulk line . Ball-in-hand The option of placing the cue ball anywhere on the table prior to shooting. Usually only available to a player when the opposing player has committed some type of foul under a particular game's rules. [1] (Cf. the free throw in basketball by way of comparison.) Ball-on Any legally strikable ball on the table in British terminology. For example, in WEPF/ UK eight-ball [2] , if a player is playing yellows , any yellow ball (or any solid, from 1 to 7, if using a solids and stripes ball set) can be the "ball-on" until they are all potted , in which case the 8 ball is the ball-on. In snooker , at the beginning of a player's turn, unless all are already potted, any red ball can be the "ball-on". Plural: "balls-on". Compare object ball . [1] Banger A derogatory term for a recreational or beginning player who "bangs" the balls without any thought for position nor attempt to control the cue ball ; also a reference to the predilection of beginners to often hit the cue ball far harder than necessary. See also potter . Bank shot/bank A shot in which an object ball is driven to one or more rails prior to being pocketed (or in some contexts, prior to reaching its intended target; not necessarily a pocket). Sometimes "bank" is conflated to refer to kick shots as well, and in the UK it is often called a double. [1] Bar player or Bar league player A player that predominantly plays in bars or is in a bar-based pool league. Often used pejoratively by pool room players to refer to a perceived lesser skill level of such players. Bar pool Also bar rules. Pool, almost always a variant of eight-ball , that is played by bar players on a bar table . Bar pool has rules that vary from region to region, sometimes even from pub to pub in the same city, especially in the U.S. It is thus always a good idea to understand/agree to rules before engaging in a money game under bar rules. Typical differences between bar pool and tournament eight-ball are the lack of ball-in-hand after a foul, the elimination of a number of fouls, and (in U.S. bar pool) the requirement that most aspects of a shot (rails and other balls to be contacted) be called, not just the object ball and pocket. Bar pool has evolved into this "nitpicky" version principally to make the games last longer, since bar pool is typically played on coin-operated tables that cost money per-game rather than per-hour. Competitive league pool played on bar tables, however, usually uses international, national or local/regional league rules, and is not what is usually meant by "bar pool". Depending on local dialect may also be called tavern pool, pub pool, etc. Not to be confused with the game of Bar billiards . Bar table Also bar box. Distinctive pool tables found in bars / taverns . They are almost always coin-operated and smaller than regulation-sized tables (3.5 ft. x 7 ft. is typical of bar boxes, though 4x8 and even 3x6 examples can sometimes be found). Most North American brands of bar tables have pocket proportions confusingly opposite those of regular tables — the side pockets are remarkably tight, while the corners are more generous than those of pool hall tables. Because they are coin-operated and capture pocketed balls, they employ one of several mechanisms to return a scratched cue ball . The oversized, and extra-dense cue ball methods are deprecated, because these cue balls do not play correctly (especially with regard to cut and stop / draw shots, respectively; cf. smash-through ). Modern bar tables make use of a magnet and a regulation or near-regulation size and weight cue ball with an iron core, to separate the cue ball from the others and return it to the players. [3] Pool hall players complain also that the cloth used on bar tables is often greatly inferior (in particular that it is "slow" and that english does not "take" enough), and also often find that the cushions are not as responsive as they are used to. [1] Baulk The playing area of a table, exclusive of the cushions . [1] Below Used in snooker in reference to the position of the cue ball . It is "below" the object ball if it is off-straight on the top cushion side of the imaginary line for a straight pot (e.g. he'll want to finish below the black in order to go into the reds ). This may seem counterintuitive, see above for an explanation. Big Also bigs, big balls, big ones. In eight-ball , to be shooting the striped suit ( group ) of balls (9 through 15); "you're big, remember", "you're big balls" or "I've got the big ones". [1] Compare stripes , yellows , high ; contrast little . Not to be confused with the carom billiards concept of a big ball . Big ball A carom billiards metaphor, it refers to an object ball positioned and being approached in such a manner that a near miss will rebound off a cushion and still score. It is as if the ball were larger than normal, making it easier to contact. Normally a ball a couple inches from a rail is a big ball, but only if being approached from an angle and if all the prerequisite rails have already been contacted. A ball near a corner can effectively be a foot wide. Not to be confused with the eight-ball term "the big balls". In older British usage the concept was referred to as "large ball". [1] See also " big pocket ". Big pocket A pocket billiards term (inherited from carom billards by way of " big ball ", above), it is a metaphor for a shot that is very difficult to miss pocketing for any of a number of reasons, most commonly either because the object ball is positioned such that a near miss on one side of it will likely cause the cue ball to rebound into the object ball off of the rail and pocket it anyway, or another ball is positioned such that if the target ball does not go straight in, it is still likely to go in off of the other ball in a kiss . It is as if the pocket, for this one shot, had become larger. The term can also refer to the angle of shot toward a pocket, especially a side pocket; the pocket is said to be "bigger", for example, on a shot that is only a 5-degree angle away from straight on, than on a 45-degree angle shot which is much more likely to hit one of the cushion points and bounce away. Billiard Also billiard shot. Any shot in which the cue ball is caromed off an object ball to strike another object ball (with or without contacting cushions in the interim). [1] In certain carom billiards games such as three-cushion , a successful attempt at making a scoring billiard shot under the rules for that game (such as contacting three cushions with the cue ball while executing the billiard). A failed attempt at scoring would, in this context, not be called "a billiard" by players of such games even if it satisfied the first, more general definition. Billiards In the US, generally refers to the carom games , or sometimes to all cue sports . In the UK, it usually means the game of English billiards . In Europe and otherwise outside the US and UK, it usually refers to carom games. Historically, it universally meant cue sports in general. Black ball Also the black. In snooker , the highest-value colour ball on the table, being worth seven points. [1] In some (especially American) snooker ball sets it is numbered "7" on its surface. Same as Break and run . (Chiefly British.) Break and run Also break and run out. In pocket billiards , when a player breaks the balls, pockets at least one ball on the break, and commences to run out the remaining balls without the opponent getting a turn at the table. Multiple break-and-runs occur quite frequently in professional play, but anything higher than five racks in a row is considered very good (Earl Strickland once broke and ran eleven racks in a row to win $1,000,000 during a tournament that had a promotion that anyone who could break and run ten in row would win the million. [citation needed]) See also run the rack . Break down one's cue To take one's two-piece cue stick apart, often indicating that the game is over or conceded. [1] Bridge Either the player's hand or a mechanical bridge used to support the shaft end of the cue stick during a shot. Also the particular hand formation used for this purpose. [1] Bridge hand The hand used by a player as a bridge during a normal shot that doesn't involve a mechanical bridge . The bridge hand is usually a player's non-dominant hand. [1] Brown C[ edit ] Calcutta A player's auction at a pool tournament. Each player is called and players and spectators bid on the player. The highest bidder pays their bid to the calcutta, and then essentially has invested in that player's success. The highest bidder(s) on the player(s) that win or advance far enough in the tournament is/are entitled to their share of all money used for bids. Call Any instance of a player having to say what they are about to do, or have already done. For example, in eight ball a player must call the pocket in which a ball is intended to be potted. Contrast fish . Call-shot Also called-shot. Any game in which during normal play a player must call the ball to be hit and the intended pocket; "eight-ball is a call-shot game." Sometimes referred to as "call[ed] pocket" to distinguish it from the common American bar pool practice of requiring every aspect of shots to be called. Cannon The (usually unmarked) spot at the geometric center of the bed of a table. Centre pocket In the UK, one of the two pockets one either side of a pool , snooker or English billliards table halfway up the long rails . They are cut shallower than corner pockets because they have a 180 degree aperture, instead of 90 degrees. Also commonly called a middle pocket. The term is not generally used in the US where "side pocket" prevails. Century In snooker , a break of 100 points or more, which involves potting at least 26 balls consecutively. Chalk A powdered substance placed on a cue stick's tip to increase its friction and thereby decrease slippage between the tip and cue ball. See also hand chalk . Chasing one's money The inability of some players to stop gambling once they have lost money because they "have" to get their money back. Cheat the pocket To aim at an object ball such that it will enter one side or the other, rather than the center, of a pocket. This permits the cue ball to strike the object ball at a different contact point than the most obvious one. Employed for position play and to prevent scratches on dead-straight shots in cases where draw is not desirable (or may not be dependable; see smash-through . Check side A type of spin imparted to the cue ball to make it rebound from a cushion at a shallower angle than it would if the spin had not been used. Chinese snooker Chinese snooker on the red ball A situation where the cue ball is directly in front of another ball in the line of the shot such that the player is hampered by it, having to bridge over it awkwardly. This term is most commonly used in the game of snooker . Choke black (7 points). Although the full term includes "ball" after the colour, they are most commonly referred to with the omission of "ball", just stating the colour (e.g. "he's taken 5 blacks with reds so far"). 2. In WEPF/ UK eight-ball , a generic, collective term for the red and yellow groups of object balls , corresponding to the (originally American, but used much more widely today) solids and stripes , respectively. [2] Combination shot Also combination, combo. Any shot in which the cue ball contacts an object ball, which in turn hits one or more additional object balls (which in turn may hit yet further object balls) to send the last-hit object ball to an intended place, usually a pocket. In the UK this is often referred to as a plant . Contact point A person who loses money gambling and keeps coming back for more; Sometimes, a poor player; As a verb, to hit the balls hard with no intention in mind other than to get lucky. Compare slop ; contrast mark and call . Flagrant foul A foul where the rules are blatantly, intentionally violated, with a stiffer penalty (e.g., loss of game) than normal. Fluke A shot that has a positive outcome for the player, although it was not what the player intended. Examples of flukes include an unexpected pot off several cushions or other balls having missed the pocket aimed for, or perhaps a lucky safety position after having missed a pot. Follow The forward rotation of the cue ball that results from a follow shot . Also called follow. Also known as topspin , a type of spin applied to the cue ball by hitting it above its equator , causing it to spin more rapidly forward than it would simply by rolling on the cloth from a center-ball hit. Follow speeds the cue ball up, increases its travel, and widens both the carom angle after contact with an object ball , and angle of reflection off of a cushion . "Top" and "topspin" are other terms for "follow". Follow shot A shot in which the cue ball is struck above its equator with sufficient draw to cause the cue ball to travel forward after it contacts an object ball . When the object and cue balls are lined up square, the travel will be directly forward (and can sometimes even be used to pocket a second ball), while on a cut shot, the effect will alter the carom angle. Can also refer to any shot to which follow is applied, as in "follow it off the foot rail just to the left of the center diamond". Follow-through On a shot, the extension of the cue through the cue ball position during the end of a player's stroke in the direction originally aimed. Foot rail G[ edit ] Game ball The ball required to win the rack . In snooker it is called the frame ball . See also money ball . Games on the wire To give a handicap to an opponent where they have to win a specified number less games than the other player in order to triumph in the match. Gapper An agreement between two players in a tournament, one of whom will advance to a guaranteed money prize if the match is won, to give a certain percentage of that money to the loser of the match. Gather shot In the carom games, any shot where the end result is all the balls near each other; ideally, in position for the start of a nurse on the next stroke. Ghost ball A common aiming method in which a phantom ball is imagined frozen to the object ball at the point where an imaginary line drawn between their centers is aimed at the desired target; the cue ball may then be shot at the center of the "ghost" ball and, ideally, impact the object ball at the proper aiming contact point. Go off Describes the propensity of a player losing small money at gambling to suddenly sharply increase the stakes; often continuing to lose until broke. Compare chasing your money . Golden break In nine-ball , especially in the UK, a break shot that pots the #9 ball without fouling , in which case the player wins in one shot. See also on the snap . Goose neck H[ edit ] Half-ball hit A shot aimed such that the center of the cue ball is in line with the edge of the object ball, eclipsing half of the ball. "Hit it just a little thinner than half ball." Also notable because the carom angle the cue ball takes is more consistent than at other contact points. Half-century In snooker , a break of 50–99 points (100 points or more being called a century), which involves potting at least 12 consecutive balls. Hand chalk Powdery white chalk placed on a player's bridge hand to reduce moisture so that a cue 's shaft can slide more easily. It is not provided in many establishments as many recreational players will use far more than is necessary and transfer it all over the table's surface. Handicapping Modification of the rule and/or scoring of a game to enable players of differing abilities to compete on more even terms. Examples of handicapping include spotting balls and giving games on the wire to an opponent. Hanger L[ edit ] Lag To determine the order of break, players (representing only themselves, or a team/partnership) each shoot a ball (usually a cue ball) from the #Kitchen to the end rail and back toward the bottom rail. This pre-game mini-competition is known as "the lag", or "lagging for the break". Whichever shooter's ball comes to rest closest to the bottom rail gets to choose who breaks. (In nine-ball and eight-ball the winner of the lag would usually keep the break, while in straight pool would likely require the loser of the lag to break.) It is permissible but not required for the lagged ball to touch or rebound from the bottom rail. Lagging is usually a two-party activity, though there are games such as cutthroat (pool) in which three players might lag. In the case of a tie, the tying shooters re-lag. The lag is most often used in tournament play or other competitions; the opponents who have been chosen to lag will each, side-by-side, strike their lagging ball at or about the same time. When playing recreationally in pool rooms or at home, where having two or more cue balls is less likely, it is not uncommon to lag with object balls, or to take turns on lagging with a single cue ball (in which case the subsequent lag[s] is taken with the resting destination of the previously lagged ball marked using a coin, chalk, object ball, etc. The cue ball that remains closest to the opposite cushion will determine which player will break the rack. It is permissible for the lagged ball to strike the cushion on its return, although doing so is not required. Leave The cue ball's position after a shot. A "good" leave would describe an advantageous position for the next shot. Lemonade stroke Intentionally playing with an amateurish stroke to disguise one ability to play. Compare on the lemonade . Let out To allow an opponent to stop playing a set for money in exchange for something. If a player is winning a set by a large amount with $100 on the line, the player could say, "I'll let you out now for $75." This is usually meant to save pride. Little Also littles, little ones, little balls. In eight-ball , to be shooting the solid suit ( group ) of balls (1 through 7); "you're little, remember", "you're the little balls" or "I've got the littles". Compare small , solids , reds , low , spots , dots ; contrast big . Lock A game that basically cannot be lost based on disparity of skill levels; "this game is a lock for him." Lock artist N[ edit ] Nap The direction in which the small fibers that project upward from the cloth lie. The convention in most billiards games is to brush the cloth along the table in the same direction of the nap, usually from the end that a player break . In snooker and UK eight-ball especially (American tables usually employ a napless weave), this creates the effect of creep in the direction of the nap, the most-affected shot being a slow roll into a center pocket against the nap. It is commonly referred to in the fuller term "nap of the cloth." Natural In pocket billiards, an easy shot requiring no english. In three cushion billiards, the most standard shot where the third ball is advantageously placed in a corner. 9 ball Also the 9. The money ball ( game ball ) in a game of nine-ball . It is the last ball that must be pocketed, after the remaining eight object balls have been pocketed, or may be pocketed early to win the game so long as the lowest-numbered ball on the table is struck before the 9. In other games, such as eight-ball , the 9 is simply one of the regular object balls (a stripe , in particular.) Nip draw A short, jabbed draw stroke usually employed so as to not commit a foul (i.e. due to following through and hitting the #Cue ball twice) when the cue ball is very near to the target object ball . Nit Someone who wants too high a handicap or refuses to wager any money on a relatively fair match; a general pool room pejorative moniker. Probably derived from "nitwit". Nurse Also nurse shot. In carom games such as straight rail , balkline and cushion caroms , where all the balls are kept near each other and a cushion, and with very soft shots, can be "nursed" down a rail on multiple successful shots that effectly replicate the same ball setup so that the nurse shot can be repeated again (and again, etc.) Excessive use of nurse shots by players skilled enough to set them up and pull them off repeatedly at will is what lead to the development of the balkline game variations. Any ball that may be legally struck by the cue ball (i.e., any ball-on ); Any ball other than the cue ball. Usage notes: When speaking very generally, e.g. about the proper way to make a kind of shot, any ball other than the cue ball is an object ball. In narrower contexts, this may not be the case. For example when playing eight-ball one might not think of the 8 ball as an object ball unless shooting for the 8. On the hill Describes a player who needs only one more game win to be victorious in the match. See also hill, hill . On the lemonade Disguising the level of one's ability to play; also known as sandbagging or hustling (though the latter has other meanings). Compare lemonade stroke . On the snap Literally "on the break shot"; usually used in reference to pocketing the money ball on the break. See also golden break . Open bridge A bridge formed by the hand where no finger loops over the shaft of the cue. Typically, the cue stick is channeled by a "v"-shaped groove formed by the thumb and the base of the index finger. Open table In eight ball, when choice of group has not yet been decided. Often shortended to just "open". Orange crush, the R[ edit ] Race A set number of games players agree to play to; "a race to seven" means whomever wins seven game first wins the match. Rack (noun) #A geometric form, usually wooden or plastic, used to assist in setting up balls in games like eight-ball , nine-ball , and snooker . The rack allows for more consistently tight grouping of balls, which is necessary for a successful break shot. In most games a triangle-shaped rack, capable of holding fifteen balls is employed, even if the game calls for racking less than a full ball set, such as in the game of nine-ball. Used to refer to a racked group of balls before they have been broken. In some games, refers to a single frame . S[ edit ] Safety #An intentional defensive shot, the most common goal of which is to leave the opponent either no plausible shot at all, or at least a difficult one. A shot that is called aloud as part of a game's rules; once invoked, a safety usually allows the player to pocket his or her own object ball without having to shoot again, for strategic purposes. In games such as seven-ball , in which any shot that does not result in a pocketed ball is a foul under some rules, a called safety allows the player to miss without a foul resulting. A well-played safety may result in a snooker . Scratch Pocketing of the cue ball in pocket billiards. In many games a scratch is a type of foul. Scratch is sometimes used to refer to all types of fouls. See, more generally, foul . Screw Describes a cue ball sliding on the cloth without any topspin or backspin on it. Slip Stroke A stroking technique in which a player release his gripping hand briefly and re-grasps the cue farther back on the butt just before hitting the cue ball. Slop Also slop shot. A luck shot. Compare fish ; contrast mark and call . Also sloppy. Descriptive of any game where the rules have been varied to allow luck shots not normally allowed or where no foul rules apply. Small Also smalls, small ones, small balls. In eight-ball , to be shooting the solid suit ( group ) of balls (1 through 7); "you're the small one" or "I've got the smalls". Compare little , solids , reds , low , spots , dots ; contrast big . Smash-through The effect of shooting regulation-weight object balls with an old-fashioned over-weight bar table cue ball , such that the cue ball moves forward to occupy (sometimes only temporarily), or go beyond, the original position of the object ball, even on a draw or stop shot, because the mass of the cue ball exceeds that of the object ball. Players who understand smash-through well can use it intentionally for position play, such as to nudge other object balls nearby the target ball. Smash-through also makes it dangerous in bar pool (when equipped with such a cue ball) to pocket straight-on ducks with a stop shot instead of by cheating the pocket because of the likelihood of scratching the cue ball. [3] Sneaky pete Any two-piece cue constructed to resemble a house cue . Snick A UK term for a pot that requires very fine contact between cue ball and object ball . See also feather . Snooker #(noun) The game of snooker . (verb) To leave the opponent (accidentally or by means of a safety ) so that a certain shot on a preferred object ball cannot be played directly in a straight line by normal cueing. It most commonly means that the object ball cannot be hit, because it is hidden by another ball or, more rarely, the knuckle of a pocket (see corner-hooked ). It can also refer to the potting angle or another significant point of contact on the object ball, blocking an otherwise more straightforward shot, even if an edge can be seen. A common related adjective describing a player in this situation is snookered. Also known as " to hook ", for which the corresponding adjective "hooked" is also common. See also free ball . (noun) An instance of this situation (e.g. "she's put him in a difficult snooker"). A player can choose a range of shots to get out of a snooker; usually a kick shot will be implemented but semi-massés are often preferred, and in games where it is not a foul , jump shots may be employed that often yield good results for skilled players. "Snooker" is used loosely (when used at all; "hook" is favored) in the US, but has very specific definitions and subtypes (such as the total snooker ) in WEPF eight-ball. [2] Snookers required A phrase used in snooker to describe the scenario whereby there are not enough available points on the table to level the scores for the frame , therefore the trailing player needs his/her opponent to foul in order to be able to make up the deficit. The name comes from the fact that this would normally have to be achieved by placing the leading player in foul-prone situations such as difficult snookers . Solids Also solid, solid ones, solid balls. The non-striped ball suit ( group ) of a fifteen ball set that are numbered 1 through 7 and have a solid color scheme (i.e., not including the 8 ball). As in, "I'm solid", or "you've got the solids". Compare low , small , little , reds , spots , dots ; contrast stripes . Speed A player's skill level. Speed control Use of the correct amount of cue ball speed to achieve proper position for a subsequent shot. Spider Also spider rest. A type of rest , similar to a common American-style rake bridge but with longer legs supporting the head so that the cue is higher and can reach over and around an obstructing ball to reach the cue ball . See also swan . Split In pool, the degree to which the balls move apart upon impact by the cue ball as a result of a break shot . Spot (noun) #In pool games such as nine-ball , a specific handicap given (e.g., "what spot will you give me?"). In snooker , any of the six designated points on the table on which a colour ball is replaced after it has left the playing surface (usually after it has been potted ). In UK eight ball , (when not playing with a reds -and- yellows colour ball set) any of the group of seven balls, other than the 8 , that are a solid colour with just a circled number on the surface. In the US, these balls are usually referred to as solids or more colloquially as lows , littles or smalls . Another UK term is dots . Contrast stripes . Spot (verb) #In pool, return an illegally pocketed object ball to the table by placement on the foot spot or as near to it as possible without moving other balls (in ways that may differ from ruleset to ruleset). In snooker , return a colour ball to its designated spot on the table. Also called re-spot. In nine-ball , the giving of a handicap to the opponent where they can also win by making a ball or balls other than the 9 ball (e.g. "she spotted me the seven ball"). In eight-ball , one-pocket and straight pool , the giving of a handicap to the opponent where they have to make fewer balls than their opponent does. In some variants of pool, to place the cue ball on the head spot or as near to it as possible inside the kitchen / baulk , after the opponent has scratched it. Spot shot The situation arising in many pool games where a ball is spotted to the table's foot spot and the cue ball must be shot from the kitchen . There is a known diamond system aiming technique for pocketing such shots without scratching the cue ball. Squeeze shot A type of combination that can be played when the second object ball is frozen to the first and lined up at one of the knuckles of the target pocket . It can normally be pocketed by hitting the first object ball on the same side as the knuckle and second object ball at a medium to hard pace. It is a somewhat counterintuitive shot because if there is the slighest gap between the two object balls the only way to pocket the second would be to hit the opposite side. The phenomenon occurs as a result of throw . Squirt Pocketing easily and controlling the cue ball well; "he's in stroke." Stun run-through A shot played with stun , but not quite enough to completely stop the cue ball , allowing for a little follow . It is played so that a follow shot can be controlled more reliably, with a firmer strike than for a slow roll. It is widely considered as one of the most difficult shots in the game to master, but an excellent weapon in a player's armory once it has been. Stun shot A shot where the cue ball has no topspin or backspin on it when it impacts an object ball, and "stuns" out along the tangent line . Commonly shortened to just "stun." Sucker shot A shot that only a novice or fool would take. Usually because it is a guaranteed scratch or because it has a low percentage of being pocketed and is likely to leave the opponent in good position. Suit A (principally American) term in eight-ball for either of the set of seven balls ( stripes or solids ) that must be cleared before sinking the 8 ball. Borrowed from card games . Generally used in the generic, especially in rulesets or articles, rather than colloquially by players. See also group for the British equivalent. Surgeon A player skilled at very thin cut shots , and shots in which a ball must pass cleanly through a very narrow space (such as the cue ball between two of the opponent's object balls with barely enough room) to avoid a foul and/or to pocket a ball. Such shots may be referred to as "surgery", "surgical shots", "surgical cuts", etc. (Chiefly US, colloquial.) See also feather (US) or snick (UK). Swan Also swan rest. A type of rest , similar to a spider in that the head is raised by longer supporting legs, but instead of a selection of grooves on the top for the cue to rest in there is only one, on the end of an overhanging neck, so that a player can get to the cue ball more easily if the path is blocked by two or more obstructing balls. Also known as the goose neck [2] Sweaters Those who are stakehorsing a match or have side bets on it and are "sweating the action ." Swerve An unintentional and often barely perceptible curve imparted to the path of the cue ball from the use of english without a level cue . Swerve shot Same as #Follow . Contrast backspin . Total clearance A term used in snooker for the potting of all the balls that are racked at the beginning of the frame in a single break . The minimum total clearance affords 72 points. See also maximum . Total snooker In UK eight-ball and WEPF international rules [2] , a situation where the player cannot see any of the balls she/he wants to hit due to obstruction by other balls or the knuckle of a pocket . The player must call "total snooker" to the referee , which allows a dispensation to the player from having to hit a cushion after contacting the object ball , which is otherwise a foul . Touching ball In snooker , where the cue ball is resting in contact with another ball. If this ball is a ball that may legally be hit, then it is allowable to simply hit away from it and it counts as having hit it in the shot. If the ball moves, then a push shot must have occurred, in which case it is a foul . Triangle Form of rack that is triangle-shaped. There are different sizes of triangle for different games, the smallest being employed in snooker and UK eight-ball and a larger triangle being used in American eight-ball (because of the different ball sizes). Template:further Trick shot An exhibition shot designed to impress either by a player's skill or knowledge of how to set the balls up and take advantage of the angles of the table; usually a combination of both. A trick shot may involve items otherwise never seen during the course of a game, such as bottles, baskets, etc., and even members of the audience being placed on or around the table. Two-shot carry A rule in common WEPF/ UK eight-ball [2] whereby after an opponent has faulted and thus yielded two shots , if the incoming shooter pots a ball on the first shot, (s)he is still allowed to miss in a later shot and take a second shot in-hand (from the "D" or from baulk , or if the opponented potted the cue ball, from anywhere) — even on the black , in most variants. Also called the "two visits" rule; i.e., the two penalty shots are considered independent visits to the table, and the limiting variants discussed at two shots below cannot logically apply. Two shots In common UK eight-ball and WEPF rules [2] , a penalty conceded by a player after a fault . The incoming opponent is then allowed to miss twice before the faulting player is allowed another visit . Many local rules state the in-hand from the "D" or baulk (or if the opponented potted the cue ball, from anywhere) nature of the second shot is lost if a ball is potted on the first shot, that it is lost if the ball potted in the first shot was that player's last coloured ball ( object ball in their group ), and/or that there is only ever one shot on the black after a fault. See two-shot carry for more detail on a sub-rule that may apply (and eliminate the variations discussed here). Two visits U[ edit ] Umbrella shot A three cushion billiards shot in which the cue ball first strikes two cushions before hitting the first object ball then hits a third cushion before hitting the second object ball. So called because the shot opens up like an umbrella after hitting the third rail. Umbrella shots may be classified as inside or outside depending on which side of the first object the cue ball contacts. Undercut Hitting the object ball with not enough of a cut angle; hitting the object ball too full or "fat". It is a well-known maxim that overcutting is preferable to undercutting. See also professional side of the pocket . V[ edit ] Velcro A UK term describing when a ball is tight on the cushion and a player sends the cue ball to hit both the object ball and the rail at nearly the same time; the object ball, ideally, stays tight to the rail and is thus "velcroed" to the rail. Running english is often employed to achieve this effect, hitting slightly before the ball. Velcroing is also called hugging the rail in the UK, which is the main expression used to describe this effect in the US. Visit One of the alternating turns players are allowed at the table, before a shot is played that concedes a visit to his/her opponent (e.g. he cleared up in one visit). W[ edit ] Warrior, a A ball positioned near a pocket so that a particularly positioned object ball shot at that pocket will likely go in off it, even if aimed so imperfectly that if the warrior was absent, the shot would likely result in a miss. Usually arises when a ball is being banked to a pocket. Way #Term for object balls in the game of Chicago that are each assigned as having a set money value; typically the 5, 8, 10, 13 and 15. In games where multiple balls must be pocketed in succession to score a point, such as Cribbage or 30-ball, when the last ball necessary to score has been potted, the points given is referred to as a way. Weight To "give someone weight" is to give them a handicap so the game is more even in skill level. White ball	i don't know
What percentage of the vote is needed to elect a Pope	Conclave: How cardinals elect a Pope - BBC News BBC News Conclave: How cardinals elect a Pope 21 February 2013 Close share panel Pope Benedict XVI is to resign at the end of the month, at the age of 85. He is the first pontiff to have stepped down since Gregory XII in 1415. Canon Law states: "If it happens that the Roman Pontiff resigns his office, it is required for validity that the resignation is made freely and properly manifested but not that it is accepted by anyone." Pope Benedict's resignation has set in motion the centuries-old process of electing a new pope. Cardinals summoned to Rome Popes are chosen by the College of Cardinals, the Church's most senior officials, who are appointed by the Pope and usually ordained bishops. They are summoned to a meeting at the Vatican which is followed by the Papal election - or Conclave. There are currently 203 cardinals from 69 countries. The rules of the Conclave were changed in 1975 to exclude all cardinals over the age of 80 from voting. The maximum number of cardinal electors is 120. During the forthcoming Conclave, there will be 115 cardinal-electors: they have to be younger than 80 to be eligible to vote, but Cardinal Julius Riyadi Darmaatmadja, the 78 year-old Archbishop Emeritus of Jakarta, has ruled himself out of travelling to Rome due to the "progressive deterioration" of his vision. Cardinal Keith O'Brien - Britain's most senior Catholic cleric - has also been ruled out of the voting after his resignation over allegations of inappropriate conduct. Normally the Dean of the College of Cardinals would be responsible for the convoking the Conclave. However, as the Dean, Italian Cardinal Angelo Sodano, is 85 and too old to vote, the senior cardinal-elector, Giovanni Battista Re, takes on the responsibility. Sixty-seven of the men who will vote for the new pope were appointed by Benedict XVI, and 49 by his predecessor John Paul II. About half (60) are European, and 21 are Italian. There will also be 19 Latin Americans, 14 North Americans, 11 Africans, 10 Asians and one cardinal from Oceania among the voters. During the time between the Pope's resignation and the election of his successor, the college of cardinals will govern the Church, headed by Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, as the cardinal camerlengo - or chamberlain. It is his job to supervise the whole election process, with secret votes being held four times daily inside the Vatican's Sistine Chapel. During the Conclave, cardinals reside within the Vatican and are not permitted any contact with the outside world. During this period all the cardinals - retirees included - will begin to discuss in strict secrecy the merits of likely candidates. The cardinals do not have to choose one of their own number - theoretically any baptised male Catholic can be elected pope - but tradition says that they will almost certainly give the job to a cardinal. The Vatican talks about the cardinals being guided by the Holy Spirit. But although open campaigning is forbidden, a papal election is still a highly political process. The coalition-builders have about two weeks to forge alliances and senior cardinals who may themselves have little chance of becoming pope can still exert a considerable influence over the others. Secret conclave The election of a pope is conducted in conditions of secrecy unique in the modern world. The cardinals are shut away in the Vatican until they reach agreement - the meaning of the word conclave indicating that they are literally locked up "with a key". The election process can take days. In previous centuries it has gone on for weeks or months and some cardinals have even died during conclaves. The process is designed to prevent any of the details of the voting emerging, either during or after the conclave. The threat of excommunication hangs over anyone tempted to break this silence. John Paul II changed the rules of the Conclave so a Pope could be elected by simple majority. But Benedict XVI changed the requirements back so that a two-thirds majority is required, meaning the man elected is likely to be a compromise candidate. Before the voting begins in the Sistine Chapel, the entire area is checked by security experts to ensure there are no hidden microphones or cameras. Once the conclave has begun, the cardinals eat, vote and sleep within closed-off areas until a new pope has been chosen. They are allowed no contact with the outside world - barring a medical emergency. All radios and television sets are removed, no newspapers or magazines are allowed in, and mobile phones are banned. Two doctors are allowed into the conclave, as well as priests who are able to hear confessions in various languages and housekeeping staff. All these staff have to swear an oath promising to observe perpetual secrecy, and undertake not to use sound or video recording equipment. Voting rituals Voting is held in the Sistine Chapel, "where everything is conducive to an awareness of the presence of God, in whose sight each person will one day be judged". On the day the conclave begins, the cardinals celebrate Mass in the morning before walking in procession to the chapel. Once the cardinals are inside the conclave area, they have to swear an oath of secrecy. Then, the Latin command "extra omnes" ("everyone out") instructs all those not involved in the election to leave before the doors are closed. The cardinals have the option of holding a single ballot on the afternoon of the first day. From the second day, two ballots are held in the morning and two in the afternoon. The ballot paper is rectangular. Printed on the upper half are the words "Eligio in Summum Pontificem" ("I elect as Supreme Pontiff"). Below is a space for the name of the person chosen. The cardinals are instructed to write the name in a way that does not identify them, and to fold the paper twice. After all the votes have been cast, the papers are mixed, counted and opened. As the papers are counted, one of the scrutineers calls out the names of those cardinals who have received votes. He pierces each paper with a needle - through the word "Eligio" - placing all the ballots on a single thread. The ballot papers are then burned - giving off the smoke visible to onlookers outside which traditionally turns from black to white once a new pope has been chosen. Damp straw was once added to the stove to turn the smoke black, but over the years there has often been confusion over the colour of the smoke. More recently a dye has been used. If a second vote is to take place immediately, the ballots from the first vote are put on one side and then burned together with those from the second vote. The process continues until one candidate has achieved the required majority. Reaching a decision Pope John Paul II changed the rules of election in 1996. Previously, a candidate had to secure a majority of two-thirds to be elected pope (two-thirds plus one vote if the number of cardinals does not divide by three). John Paul II ruled that the voting could shift to a simple majority (50% plus one vote) after about 12 days of inconclusive voting. In 2007, Pope Benedict passed a decree reverting back to the two-thirds majority, thus encouraging cardinals to reach consensus, rather than one bloc backing a candidate with more than half the votes and then holding out for 12 days to ensure his election. If after three days of balloting nobody has gained the two-thirds majority, voting is suspended for a maximum of one day to allow a pause for prayer, informal discussion and what is described as "a brief spiritual exhortation" by the senior cardinal in the Order of Deacons. At the end of the election, a document is drawn up giving the results of the voting at each session, and handed over to the new pope. It is kept in an archive in a sealed envelope, which can be opened only on the orders of the pope. The only clue about what is going on inside the Sistine Chapel is the smoke that emerges twice a day from burning the ballot papers. Black signals failure. The traditional white smoke means a new pope has been chosen. New pope announced After the election of the new pope has been signalled by white smoke rising from the Sistine Chapel chimney, there will be a short delay before his identity is finally revealed to the world. Once one candidate has attained the required majority, he is then asked: "Do you accept your canonical election as Supreme Pontiff?" Having given his consent, the new pope is asked: "By what name do you wish to be called?" After he has chosen a name, the other cardinals then approach the new pope to make an act of homage and obedience. The new pope also has to be fitted into his new robes. The papal tailor will have prepared garments to dress a pope of any size - small, medium or large - but some last-minute adjustments may be required. Then, from the balcony of St Peter's Basilica, the traditional announcement will echo around the square: "Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum... habemus papam!" - "I announce to you a great joy... we have a pope!" His name is then revealed, and the newly-elected pontiff will make his first public appearance. After saying a few words, the pope will give the traditional blessing of Urbi et Orbi - "to the city and the world" - and a new pontificate will have begun.	two thirds plus one
Who had a number one album in 1987 with Nothing Like The Sun	Electing the Next Pope - How the Papacy Works \| HowStuffWorks Electing the Next Pope Pope Francis (left) embraces Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI as he arrives at the Castel Gandolfo summer residence on March 23, 2013. It is extremely rare for a pope to resign; the last time before Benedict was in 1415. © OSSERVATORE ROMANO/Reuters/Corbis The College of Cardinals elects a new pope in conclave, which is the process of sequestering the voting members of the college in Vatican City so that they have no contact with the outside world. The word "conclave" comes from the Latin phrase cum clavis, meaning "with key." The term is suitable since the cardinals are locked inside the Sistine Chapel in the Apostolic Palace during the voting process. A conclave begins no earlier than 15 days and no later than 20 days after the pope's death. Cardinals participating in conclave stay in St. Martha's House, a hospice inside the Vatican that has 130 rooms. Arrangements are made to ensure that the cardinals are not approached as they are transported between St. Martha's and the Sistine Chapel. Up Next Why do people close their eyes to pray? In 1996, Pope John Paul II described the complex procedures that would be used to elect the next successor to St. Peter, in an Apostolic Constitution called Universi Dominici Gregis (UDG). It is an accepted practice for popes to publish the norms that regulate the election of their successors, and popes often make small adjustments to the procedures. According to John Paul II, these changes were made "with the intention of responding to the needs of the particular historical moment." The UDG laid out these rules for electing a new pope [sources: Holy See Press Office , Thavis ]: The maximum number of electors from the College of Cardinals is 120. The college is currently composed of 199 cardinals. Any cardinal who turns 80 before the day the Papacy is vacated, either by death or resignation, cannot take part in the election. Currently, 107 cardinals are eligible to vote because of the age limitation. A two-thirds-plus-one majority is required to elect a pope. Two ballots each are held in the morning and afternoon, for a total of four per day. If a new pope is not selected after 30 votes, the cardinals may choose to impose a majority vote, which would allow selection of a new pope by a simple majority. Each rectangular paper ballot is inscribed at the top with the words Eligo in Summum Pontificem, meaning "I elect as supreme pontiff." Below these words, each cardinal writes down the name of the person he chooses as the pope. The voting cardinal then folds the ballot twice, holds it in the air, and carries it the chapel's altar. He says, "I call as my witness Christ the Lord who will be my judge, that my vote is given to the one who before God I think should be elected." The cardinal places the ballot on a plate that sits atop the ballot receptacle and uses the plate to drop the ballot into the receptacle. After bowing before the altar, he returns to his seat. Three scrutineers, who are selected by all of the cardinals, are charged with counting the ballots. Once the ballots are collected, the scrutineers count the ballots to determine if everyone has voted. If the number of ballots doesn't match the number of electors, the ballots are immediately burned and another vote is taken. Here are the steps for the vote-tallying procedure: The first scrutineer takes a ballot, notes the name on it, and passes it to the next scrutineer. The second scrutineer notes the name and passes it to the third scrutineer. The third scrutineer reads aloud the name on the ballot, pierces the ballot with a needle through the word Eligo at the top of the ballot, and slides the ballot onto a string of thread. Each elector notes the name that is read. Once all ballots are read, the scrutineers write down the official count on a separate sheet of paper. The third scrutineer ties the ends of the thread on which the ballots are placed in a knot to preserve the vote. The ballots are placed in a receptacle. After each vote, the ballots and any notes regarding them are burned. Smoke from the burning of the ballots appears over the Vatican Palace. If no pope has been chosen, a chemical is applied to the ballots in order to create black smoke when burned. White smoke signals that a pope has been elected. The newly elected pope remains pontiff for life (although there have been occasional resignations, such as Pope Benedict XVI in 2013). His reign is referred to as a pontificate. In the next section, you will learn what the pope does during his pontificate.	i don't know
What is black gold and Texas tea	Urban Dictionary: texas tea Texas tea West texas light crude oil, esp. if discovered by a hillbilly named Jed. Listen to a story about a man named jed a poor mountaineer barely kept his family fed then one day he was shooting at some food and up from the ground came a bubbling crude. Oil that is. Black gold. Texas tea. by Jethro July 06, 2004	Oil
What kind of weapon was a Brown Bess	Black Gold, Texas Tea \| ETF.com Home / Publications / Journal Of Indexes / Black Gold, Texas Tea Black Gold, Texas Tea John Serrapere Perhaps no single factor will more strongly affect the economy and global markets than the supply and demand of crude oil. The battle lines are already being drawn, as the recent price shocks and political instability related to crude oil production underscore. In August 2004, crude oil closed at $42.12 per barrel. Near the end of August 2005, spot crude was near $70. It has since fallen into the upper $50 range, which is some relief. But as recently as late-1998, the price of crude oil dipped to around $10 per barrel, with many market analysts saying there was nothing preventing us from seeing $5 or even less. Given the importance of this "black gold" to our economic future, it might be a good idea for investors to try to make sense of the market, and to be prepared for various contingencies by putting market trends to work for them and hedging against the possibility of oil shocks. This article, through cold data, provides a survey to help you navigate the slippery terrain that is the global market for crude oil. We will discuss crude's impact on market indexes, and how index products can be employed to play or hedge crude oil exposure. The Age Of Cheap Energy Is Over Last year, nearly everyone called $40 oil a bubble. A seasoned investor knows that simply because an asset's price goes up a lot in a short time (even more than 100 percent), it does not necessarily qualify as a bubble. What distinguishes a bubble asset is that its price is divorced from economic fundamentals and long-term relative price history. With hindsight, it is fair to say that $40 oil was not a bubble. But for some, it is much harder to understand why we recently experienced $70 oil. But crude's recent $70 price is not an anomaly; economic fundamentals support crude oil's price. Commodity index price trends also confirm the view that energy assets are neither near the beginning nor near the end of their bull markets; however, the "easy long-only money" has likely been made. Since September 2003, I have been pounding the table while recommending an overweighted exposure to the energy sector. I have favored energy stocks and funds, primarily the Energy Select Sector SPDRs (XLE) exchange-traded fund (ETF) and the Merrill Lynch Oil Services HOLDRS Trust (OIH). I also have supported complimenting equities with New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) energy futures, including crude oil (CL), heating oil (HO2), unleaded gas (HU) and natural gas (NG). I have more company now than last year. More traders/investors are joining the pursuit for higher returns through energy assets. Some are recognizing that the Age of Cheap Energy is over. Phil Flynn, vice president of energy and general market analyst with Alaron Futures and Options, said: Most people overlooked oil and completely took it for granted. And when people are looking away, that's when the most historic markets are born. This was the sewing of the seeds of the most explosive and sustained bull commodities markets of this generation! History was being made and we were a witness to its birth. And as the entire world looked the other way, the world oil market began to change. And change in dramatic ways. Investors are not alone to question a 66 percent rise over last year's oil price. Consumers conjure up a myriad of reasons for high energy costs. I am concerned that they will form unreasonable conclusions such as there being a conspiracy formed by energy moguls and the Bush Administration to manipulate prices. Conspiracy theorists promote irrational responses and keep us from managing our lives and assets properly. This report focuses on accepting a New Energy Era - a time when fossil fuel prices are and remain dear. By a three-to-one margin, Americans hold the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), oil companies and the government responsible for higher energy prices. The public believes that we are swimming in oil. They blame high energy prices on manipulation and temporary supply shortages. [1] This report refutes that thinking. Mr. Flynn can not fathom why investors have not recognized that the oil market has permanently changed. Throughout the 20th century, peak oil prices were caused by supply shocks. Some economists have already begun to talk about Hurricane Katrina as the "third supply shock," the successor to the 1973 shock caused by Saudi Arabia's response to the Yom Kippur War and the 1979-1981 shock triggered by the Islamic revolution in Iran. Katrina is a shock, but unlike past shocks, it exasperated an already-delicate supply/demand balance. Simple Supply And Demand The initial rise in oil prices from 1998 through August 26, 2005, was not triggered by a supply shock. It resulted from both demand pressure and supply scarcity (the inability of new supply to overwhelm demand). In other words, a perfect storm has been brewing since the late-1990s energy depression. Katrina ripped the roof off of energy prices, but as Figure 1 shows, that roof was already in bad disrepair. At the time, world demand already exceeded supply. The roof would have eventually been pried off by gentler winds or another storm. [2] Katrina was a wake-up call that may foreshadow future energy crises and supply shocks. Crisis presents us with opportunity if it enables us to see things as they are rather than as we wish them to be. Unlike the 1979-1981 surge in crude prices, surges like the current one will not vanish for twenty-four years, because the inherent supply/demand balance is out of whack. Those who accept this premise will manage risks better as they venture through the capital markets; investors who deny this reality will suffer opportunity cost. Supply / Demand Many oil company executives have declared that the age of cheap energy is over. They believe this is true because we have extracted nearly all of the crude that was easy to find and easy to refine. To understand $70 oil there is no need to prove that there is 1.2 trillion barrels in global reserves, as some experts suggest. What matters is that since 1986 we have been burning more oil than we discover, and that since 1998, there has been a fragile balance between supply and demand. We are finding oil reserves at a lower rate than we are using them up. We are finding reserves at 7 billion barrels per annum while consuming oil at 30 billion barrels per annum. [3] This is why the British Petroleum Company (BP) is re-engineering itself into a total energy company (petroleum, gas and alternative fuels). BP has invested billions of dollars into research and development of New Era energy products. It is preparing itself for a post-petro economy. BP is investing profits from higher oil prices into new sources of revenue (including non-fossil fuel). They are a prudent steward of their wealth. Continuing on the supply side, oil output from the U.S. and the North Sea has declined since 1970 and 1997, respectively. As for OPEC, OPEC's reserve and production data have been state secrets since 1982. Production figures are more reliable when estimated from independent data reports, which confirm O P E C's reported production. However, unlike publicly traded oil companies, OPEC production is not subject to independent accounting firm audits. Although no one can verify the data, Figure 2 estimates OPEC production at six percent spare capacity. Tight capacity limits OPEC's ability to control prices. Far from what the public believes, OPEC does not want $70 oil. Only Saudi Arabia has the capacity to limit price rises. Their recent promises to ramp up output to 12.5 million barrels per day (Mbd) have not been realized. Their false claims may be a tactic to limit crude prices in order to forestall the employment of alternative fuel consumption. High crude prices make alternative fuel development profitable, which reduces crude oil's share of the energy market. More likely, Saudi Aramco (the Saudi state oil company) is having trouble meeting demand. This would explain why on September 6, 2005, they announced that they would offer their crude below the spot price (near $67). The Saudi's did so to relieve industrial countries from the negative effects of high oil prices. In the past, the King of Swing simply would open up their oil spigot and prices would plunge. Figure 3 demonstrates that price trends are sustained at absolute marginal prices. Since 1999, global supply and demand have been in a tight balance. Every barrel of increased supply has been met by incremental increases in demand, which moved prices from $10.82 in December 1998 to $25.80 by January 1, 2000, for an initial 138 percent increase. Prices have since climbed another 172 percent, resulting in a total climb of 547 percent from a 1998 price trough. Figure 3 shows prices being sustained by rising demand and limited supply. The recent rise in oil prices is our first since the late-1800s that has not been simply a temporary supply shock. Another factor supporting $70 oil is that hopes of abundant supply from non-OPEC countries have been dashed. Non-OPEC countries supplied 60 percent of the world's oil in 2004, down from 62 percent in 2003. Non-OPEC production as a share of world total oil output reached a high of 71 percent in 1985. Since then, non-OPEC production has increased on a million barrels per day basis, yet it has not dramatically impacted the global sup-ply-demand balance. [4] What Caused Cheap Oil In The Late-1980s And 1990s? Cheap oil was caused by Saudi Arabian overproduction (acting as the King of Swing producer). [5] Instead of oil prices collapsing to $10.82 per barrel in 1998, they should have tracked the 1861 inflation-adjusted prices. Prices collapsed because the world believed that we were "Sinking In Oil." [6] This is true because owners should not sell an asset below a reasonable price; with oil so cheap, people assumed it was plentiful. The mindset that we were "Sinking In Oil" during the 1990s led to a depression in U.S. oil discovery, recovery, and refining capacity. The last refinery built in the U.S. opened for business in Garyville, La., in 1976. A reasonable price accounts for a finite resource's current supply-demand and its future value as a non-renewable resource. Today's $70 oil proves that the $19.71 nominal and $26.35 real price averages for the 1990s decade were too low. They failed to attract the risk capital needed to expand capacity in the energy industry. Figure 4 shows that from the early-1980s through June 2005, use of our nation's refining capacity rose from around 65 percent to over 95 percent of total capacity, leaving precious little margin for error. Over the next four to six months, Katrina may cause a three to five percent capacity shortage, which given the tight market will lead to high-er fuel costs. On September 2, 2005, regular unleaded wholesale gasoline briefly spiked to $3.26/gal-lon, which is well above the prior record price of $2.30 seen in 1981 (inflation-adjusted to 2005). However, AAA Motors reported (on September 5, 2005) a national aver-age retail price of $3.07/ gallon, which remains below the all-time high retail price of $3.17/gallon (real dollars) last seen in 1981. Recently, wholesale gasoline prices have declined to $1.52/gallon, with the average retail prices at $2.43/gallon. Technology Is Not Preserving Cheap Oil Evidence is also mounting that new oil recovery technologies such as horizontal drilling and water/gas sweeps enhance short-term yields. Higher yields, however, have often been followed by rapid crude production declines that are also associated with a permanent decline in recover-able reserves. [7] Technology has not saved eight of our world's largest oil fields from 60 percent to 90 percent production declines. [8] All of these fields recorded peak production some-time during 1972-1994. Evidence is also mounting that China's Daqing Field and Mexico's Cantarell Field have seen peak production. During the 2003-2005 period, demand growth jumped by 5.9 million barrels per day (Figure 3). This jump is driving cur-rent oil price strength. The call on OPEC has taken OPEC pro-duction to within one or two million barrels of what OPEC claims is their capacity. Although OPEC capacity is not verifiable, we do know that they have not been able to overwhelm demand with sufficient supply. Saudi Aramco is the most secretive of all producers. Credible sources indicate that Saudi Aramco cannot be producing much more than 9.5 to 10.5 Mbd, because oil import and refining data do not support their claims of higher output. Saudi production peaked near 12 Mbd in 1981. [9] Their inability to act as the King of Swing producer raises the possibility that we will see supply shortages, which would explain why crude oil prices continued to rise in spite of inventory build-ups during much of 2005. Some crude oil traders have lost faith in OPEC claims that it is overproducing by one-to-two Mbd. Absent faith in Saudi supply, we may see short-term spikes in the crude prices to $75 to $85 per barrel. If Saudi Arabian Fields pass their production peaks, a long-term price peak near $100 to $150 per barrel is possible. It is important to note that the IEA has revised World demand down by 0.4 Mbd from their highest forecast of two months ago (84.3 Mbd), whilst at the same time they recognize that Russian production growth is anemic, projecting growth of 300,000 barrels per day vs. 740,000 barrels per day in 2004. Weaker Russian supply offsets projected slowdowns in demand. These factors allow suppliers to secure higher oil prices. Absent a depression, over the next 15-20 years, we will see robust demand growth in the USA, China, emerging Asia, the Middle East and the Former Soviet Union. Demand is backing away from 2004 levels, which were exceptional, but 2005 looks to be another year above 1 Mbd demand growth (IEA predicts +1.4 Mbd). Since the 1979-1981 OPEC supply shock, conservation and fuel efficiency have lowered our nation's industrial and consumer energy use per capita. However, transportation continues to be the biggest burner of crude. In industrial economies, transportation's share of total energy consumption is 40 percent to 50 percent. [10] It will take years to convert a major share of transport use away from petro vehicles. Therefore, if we are going to curb crude prices, we need to reduce transport's share of energy consumption, which has been made more difficult because USA vehicle performance has fallen from 26.2 miles per gallon (mpg) in 1987 to 24.6 mpg today. Achieving a lower use of crude oil on a global basis is going to be difficult primarily because of the growth in car ownership within China and India. China alone is expected to accelerate from one car for every sixty persons to one car for every six persons by 2020. This ten-fold increase equates to 150 million autos, which is the same number of vehicles currently driven in the USA, and with that will come high rates of oil consumption growth. [11] India and the rest of the emerging world will add tens of millions of autos as well. The global economy may be able to cope with oil prices ranging from $45-$60 per barrel, but we may not cope if oil stabilizes near $66 per barrel. Predictions on what crude price will push the economy into recession have been debated because current energy consumption represents a lower share of the economy than it did during past crises. Figure 5 shows that with crude at or above $66 per barrel, oil (and real gasoline prices, Figure 4) will be higher in 2005 than at the average prices seen during the 1973 and 1979-1981 energy crises (Figure 10). Moreover, oil will represent 4.25 percent of our gross domestic product, and we've found that 4 percent is the threshold where oil prices begin to temper economic growth. Although oil consumption peaked at six percent of GDP in 1981, it averaged almost 4.5 percent from 1979-1983, which was a time when real GDP growth was 1.9 percent (annualized). Real GDP has averaged 3.4 percent growth since 1947, which is close to the same rate of growth seen during the second quarter of 2005. Based upon comparative real oil prices and the oil-based percentage of GDP, $66 oil could cause a 1.5 percent decline in real GDP, which would be equal to the rate of growth seen from 1979-1983. Imported oil is a key factor. At $66, imported oil's share of GDP would be 2.3 percent, which exceeds prior periods. Oil imports may accelerate the recent decline in the U.S. dollar. A falling dollar may cause asset price pressures stemming from higher inflation and higher interest rates, which lower real GDP growth. A Dollar crisis is more likely today because average monthly trade deficits have persistently risen from $41 billion in 2003 to $52 billion in 2004 and to $59 billion in 2005. The red ink exceeds 6 percent of GDP, while historically it has seldom exceeded 4 percent of GDP. The Impact of Expensive Oil Our investment thesis is that unlike the aftermath of the 1974 and 1979-1981 oil shocks, the world economy will avoid the endemic inflation that led to high interest rates. There is a "recessionary effect" on household spending when the purchasing power of consumers is reduced by higher energy costs. These costs are straining consumers at a time when they hold extraordinary levels of debt matched against a historically low savings rate. And it's not just individuals that feel the pinch: Over the last 24 months, public companies have preferred to buy back their public shares or use them as tender in mergers/acquisitions rather than make capital investments. These factors limit future economic growth. Corporate managers are under pressu re to cut expenses to relieve strains on earnings caused from higher input costs at a time when there is limited pricing power. Figure 6 illustrates the pressures that result when the Producer Price Index (PPI) rises higher than the Consumer Price Index (CPI). There is a link-age between rising crude prices, PPI rising faster than CPI, and a subsequent decline in future 24-month corporate earnings. The latest surge in oil prices has been "a lesser evil" than past shocks because higher interest rates have not followed crude prices. Benign rates have sustained corporate earnings in spite of other costs pressures. It is also true that absent energy shares, the recent S&P 500 Index earnings would have been flat on a 12-month trailing basis. Currently, 10-year Treasury notes and AAA nominal corporate yields are 4.65 percent and 5.50 percent respectively, while real yields are -0.04 percent and 0.81 percent. Figure 7 illustrates that since 2001 the cumulative change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) has been 12.8 percent, while crude prices have climbed 208 percent. Crude oil price climbs of a similar magnitude were seen in 1919, 1974 and 1981. They were associated with five-year rates of change in CPI of 87 percent, 38 percent and 62 percent, respectively. Very high inflation often results in negative or low real bond yields. Years 1919, 1971 and 1981 produced nominal and real 10-year Treasury yields of 5.1 percent and -15 percent, 7.4 percent and -4.9 percent, and 14 percent and 5.1 per-cent. Nominal and real corporate AAA bond yields were 5.9 percent and -15.9 percent, 8.9 percent and -6.4 percent, and 14.2 percent and 5.3 percent, respectively. Figure 7 Public and private sector debt may have grown beyond our ability to produce severe inflation. Figure 8 shows that the cumulative growth in trailing 10-year CPI peaked at 133 percent in 1982, which is when our Debt/GDP ratio began to exceed 200 percent. Over the past five years, 10-year trailing CPI growth has stayed between 26 percent and 33 percent. Many of our opinions about the current crude oil market are similar to those we held a year ago. However, we also fear that a sustained rise in CPI above a 3.5 percent annual rate for 12-18 months will be enough to slow economic growth. The housing and domestic finance sectors account for 70 percent of year-over-year GDP growth. These sectors are buoyed by low interest rates. An indication that positive attribution from these sectors may be near a peak is found in a recent Office of Federal Housing and Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) report showing that the past three-year period produced the largest inflation-adjusted gains for the history of the data (26 years). Since the last recession, the housing and domestic finance sectors have sustained our leveraged spending spree, which in turn supports Asian and other export-based economies. Home price declines may also coincide with heating oil and natural gas price rises, which are forecast to climb 30 percent to 50 percent above last winter's prices. Consequently, the next recession may be long, deep and global. It will correct severe economic imbalances. They will be corrected as all imbalances eventually are fixed - by economic forces beyond anyone's control. How To Cope: A Guide For Investors A wise investor identifies fundamental economic support for a secular trend, and then he joins it. [12] He does not wait for crowds to agree. Investors reap the greatest portion of their gains during the beginning of a secular trend. This is also the time when the trending asset is most undervalued, unloved and under-followed, which is usually when investors have a high margin of safety (conveyed by a low price-to-book ratio). [13] A look back at recent history will help us figure out how to prepare for this new future of oil scarcity. During the late-1990s, investors were foolish. They were overinvesting in technology and telecom while underinvesting in energy and other commodities. Investors would have faired much better if they had simply allocated reasonable shares of their assets to each sector. Even our broad market indexes were at fault. For example, near the market's over-valued peak in March 2000, the Dow Jones Total Market Index positioned 33 percent of the index in technology/telecom stocks, while having only 4.5 percent in energy stocks. [14] If their weightings had remained reasonable as in December 1995, when the index held 15 percent in tech/telecom and over 8 percent in energy stocks, the index would have provided a 10.01 percent annual compound return, which bests its actual 8.95 percent result. Most of the 1.06 percent annual return that the index lost was due to its overweight position in tech/telecom and underweight position in energy. [15] The source of lower return for the market index may have resulted from tech/telecom's low earnings efficiency ratio. For each dollar of market value, the energy sector produced $1.27 of earnings, compared to $0.70 for tech/telecom (1995 to 2004). Figure 9 demonstrates the opportunity cost experienced by many investors since 1999. In 1999, investors were caught up in the bandwagon effects epitomized by New Era economics, which preached an environment that permanently supported elevated equity valuations. Many shouted: Buy nothing but NASDAQ (aka, technology and telecom stocks). This same mindset also fomented under-investment in refining capacity, energy infrastructure and alternative energy supplies. Past mal-investments have contributed much to today's high energy costs. View On Where The Crude Oil Market Is Heading One way to look at long-term energy trends is to examine the 12-month average nominal price. Average or median prices smooth out extreme prices, and more accurately identify secular (long-term) trends. To calculate the 12-month average nominal price, you average all intraday prices in each month and then plot the result to provide a view of w h e re most prices traded. The monthly data is then averaged to produce an annual price. Annual prices are then averaged to pro-duce an average price per decade. Figure 10 employs this methodology to arrive at a picture of where most crude prices traded from 1949 through October 2005. It shows that the decade of the 1980s recorded an average nominal price for crude oil of $22.51 ($50.95 in today's dollars). In the 1990s, the average nominal price declined to $19.71. For the record, this decade's lowest 12-month average nominal price was $14.46 (1998). Using the extremes of the recent past as our guide, future average 12-month prices should range between $52 and $78. The lower end of this price range is 10 percent below crude's current 200-day moving average price ($57.5), while the high end is equal to the average real price peak seen in 1981 in 2005 dollars. The lower end of this price range was first seen in October 2004, while we passed the mid-point ($66) in August 2005. We also believe the impending difficulty for growing sup-ply is considerable. Therefore, we expect oil to trade well above OPEC's old $22-28 targeted price range. OPEC may attempt to establish a new floor near $43, which is where the price in real terms averaged from 1970 through 1989. Current price action is telling us that prices will most likely remain north of $40. Oil prices may stabilize near $60, which is crude's inflation adjusted price average from 1860 through 1872. This was a time of supply-demand imbalance during a major expansion of industrialized economies (like in China and India today). The price could also rise to $86, which is what the $38.34 price peak in 1981 adjusts to in today's dollars (highest closing day-end price). This price is likely because secular bull markets historically have established new all-time real price peaks. Our research found that inflation adjusted prices for crude oil have only been equivalent to the 1860-1872 period prices during the 1980-1985 period and from October 2004-October 2005, when prices were near $32 and $60 per barrel, respectively. This means $60 is a reasonable price for crude going forward, given the similar pressures on oil supplies today as during that expansionary period. Energy Prices Drive Asset Class Returns Figure 11 confirms that higher energy prices drive stock, bond and commodity returns. Asset price trends source long-term economic fundamentals, which in turn drive market cycles. The 1970s were a time when economic fundamentals fostered superior long-term commodity returns. These same forces retard financial asset returns. During the 1990s, the contrary was true. In nominal terms, crude oil prices rose 794 percent during the 1970s, while they climbed only 24 percent during the last decade. When adjusted for inflation, crude prices were lower on December 31, 1999, than on January 1, 1990. Figure 12 and 13 assume that on Dec 31, 1910, an investor pays 53 cents for a long position in a barrel of crude and 53 cents for one share in the S&P Consumption Fuels Index (energy shares). Crude and energy shares are highly correlated over short time periods, but they hold low correlations over long time horizons. Over the past 86 years, the correlation between crude and oil shares was 0.80 on a monthly basis. It was only 0.12 over all ten-year periods (10-yr ROC). Correlations are low over long time periods because past price trends were initiated by temporary crude supply shocks, which could not be sustained for more than a few months or years. Crude is a commodity. Unlike energy shares, commodities do not discount future earnings that benefit shareholders. Oil prices are set in the futures market, which set equilibrium prices that satisfy supply/demand. For example, from February 1981 through August 2005, crude prices displayed 6X more volatility than energy shares. During this period, crude's equilibrium price rose from $38.34 to $70.00 per barrel (83 percent) while energy shares rose from $23.06 to $214.56 (830 percent). Equities entitle shareholders to future benefits, which make energy stocks appropriate in a long-term buy and hold strategy. [16] Crude and all commodities accrue benefits to traders seeking to hedge or speculate on short- term supply/demand. Commodities are more efficient and profitable when they are employed as short-term trading vehicles. Indeed, energy shares have been among the best investments for decades. Jeremy Siegel noted in The Future For Investors that: The first question you might have asked back in 1950 is: which sector of the economy will grow the fastest over the second half of the twentieth century, technology or energy? Let's choose between an old-economy company, Standard Oil of New Jersey (now ExxonMobil), and a new-economy juggernaut, IBM. If a genie would have whispered these facts in your ear in 1950, would you have placed your money in IBM or Standard Oil of New Jersey? If you answered IBM, you have fallen victim to the growth trap. Although both stocks did well, investors in Jersey Standard earned 14.42 percent per year on their shares from 1950 through 2003, more than half a percentage point ahead of IBM's 13.83 percent annual return. Jeremy Siegel has changed his tune since publishing the famous Stocks for the Long Run in 1999. Back then he was preaching broad market indexes as the total solution for investors. He now sees the benefits to being over- and underweight stocks and sectors based upon fundamental valuations. He now praises energy shares. The evidence supports his optimism. From 1949 through October 2005, energy shares and the S&P 500 provided 9.4 percent and 11.9 percent annual compound returns while holding a 0.69 correlation. More importantly, energy stocks often protect against portfolio losses when the broad market declines. Since 1999, energy shares have returned 72 percent, while the S&P 500 declined -9.3 percent, in spite of their 0.76 correlation. This example shows that two highly correlated assets can enhance portfolio returns when the covariance of their returns become low, which in this case occurred because of surging energy prices. Harvesting Alpha This report provides support for short-term and long-term time horizon positions in the equity and futures markets. Returns are harvested best from long and short exposure to economic sectors. Professional traders know that assets classes are not homogeneous. Their price trends source different economic fundamentals, which are reflected in their weak and strong price correlations. It is important to also realize that commodity futures were designed to hedge risk. They add greater efficiency to a traditional stock and bond portfolio when profits are captured from long and short exposure to futures contracts. Most indexers hold contracts that are near spot (cash) prices. The recent popularity of commodity indexes has created artificial long-only demand for these contracts. The new player in CL is neither a speculator (long/short) nor a commercial supplier (naturally long) or consumer (naturally short). Long-only indexers are divorced from the economic utility functions of "normal" market players. Indexers distort the market; therefore, they should expect returns that are significantly lower than past returns. [17] Portfolio Alpha is a statistical figure that attempts to explain enhanced performance resulting from a manager's skill, and not from his maintenance of market-weighted sector exposure. Internal Alpha usually results from being over or underweight different asset classes, sectors, capitalization tiers, credit quality and manager styles that record high Beta values to the market. Over/underweighted exposure to the above classifications result from reductions or additions to long positions, or from long/short exposure. External or Portable Alpha, on the other hand, results from positions that display low market Beta, which can be generated from long and long/short trading strategies. Harvest Time At this time, we are convinced that the lion's share of rallies in crude oil, other energy commodities and energy shares are behind us. We still like XLE and OIH for big oil and oil service sector exposures, but these positions should move from very over weight to slightly overweight (long). We also prefer to trade around a long core energy position or, at times, to be long/short energy shares and long/short energy futures contracts. Since our firm's August 24, 2004, energy report through September 7, 2005 (our last internal report), XLE and OIH have provided total returns of 65 percent and 73 percent, respectively. The energy futures contracts we employ (CL, HO2, HU and NG) are up 65.8 percent, 94.9 percent, 239.2 percent and 118.8 percent, respectively. In August 2004, I proposed the creation a new futures contract that holds equally weighted exposure in these contracts (rebalanced quarterly). This hypothetical contract was named Eng. From August 2004 through August 2005, Eng's simulated return was 127.14 percent. We also have been simulating a long/short trading strategy that employs short-term horizon and long-term horizon signals to establish long and short positions. This strategy employs the above Eng futures. Eng Long/Short was up 73.67 percent over the prior 12-months through August 2005, and up 61.00 percent year-to-date through October 2005. These returns exclude interest that would have also been earned on the collateral pledged to hold our futures contracts (X inter-est but inclusive of other costs). During the morning of August 31, 2005, we closed all Eng contracts at $69.45 for CL, $2.0825 for HO2, $2.33 for HU and $12.08 for NG. Although our signals still indicated a long position, sentiment was too bullish and prices were technically overbought. We also felt that prices were going to be influenced by Katrina and political event risks. We redeployed the proceeds from these contracts, with half invested in 90-day T-bills and half into four currency futures contracts, which employ the same long/short trading strategy. We re-entered long/short positions in energy midway through September 2005. We held slight net long exposure to Eng contracts through the balance of September and have been net short since November 1, 2005. Figure 14 reviews various investable energy and commodity index alternatives that can be employed in long only and long/short investment strategies. The strategies also identify degrees of leverage when over-weighted exposures are desired or when investors execute a futures overlay wherein Treasury securities are held as collateral for futures contract exposure. We also show recommended allocations and if the holding is broadly diversified by sectors and constituents. Figure 15 depicts simulated performance of our real assets. These are investable alternatives. We have simulated performance from December 1998 through October 2005. To the right of this table we subtract each holding's annual compound return (ACR) from its 12-month minimum return (ACR- Min ). ACR-Min tells us how far a holding negatively deviated from its annual compound return (ACR) during its worst 12-month return period. We divide each holding's ACR by its ACR-Min value to calculate an ACR Risk Ratio. Take note that the returns for the various commodities indexes and futures (GSCI, DJ-AIG, RICI, MLM, S&P-DTI and CMFs) are shown without the interest that would be earned on the T-bills that are customarily employed as collateral. We believe investors can develop a better understanding of commodity performance when performance is viewed ex-interest. That said, the interest-rate return is a critical component of any commodity index investment. Figure 15 depicts simulated performance of our real assets. These are investable alternatives. We have simulated performance from December 1998 through September 2005. Commodities indexes are interesting because many of the same supply/demand issues impacting oil also apply-in vary-ing measures-to other commodities. We currently use more silver than we mine or recycle each year; lead, iron ore and other commodities face various bottlenecks in shipping and/or manufacturing capacity as well. All of the various commodities indexes-and the futures, real asset funds and ETFs that track them-provide diversified exposure to this sup-ply/demand shortage. The holding with the highest ACR Ratio displays the best risk-reward behavior. Figure 15 shows that the Goldman Sachs Commodity Index (GSCI, GI), our Commercial Markets Futures basket (CMFs x) and the Dow Jones AIG Commodity Index (CCC) values of 0.36, 0.77 and 0.37 respectively. GI and CCC are the trading symbols for the GSCI and DJ-AIG futures contracts. Our long Energy Select SPDR (XLE) + short iShare s Emerging Markets (EEM) holding and the short Dow Jones Oil & Gas Sector holdings produced the lowest ratios at 0.18 and -0.74. Long exposure to gold bullion or streetTRACKS Gold Shares (GLD) plus energy company shares (XLE) provided the best ETF combination with a 0.61 value. Currently, we are placing emphasis on hedged exposure to energy stocks and commodities. We also favor being long GLD and IAU (75 percent) in combination with being long XLE (50 percent). Although being long XLE while short EEM has not looked very attractive since December 1998, we recommend this combination as a hedge against rising default and inflation risks. Since 1998, emerging market stocks have recorded a negative 0.81 correlation to credit spreads. We hold the view that high energy costs will continue to be the culprit for rising defaults (i.e., Delphi, GM, transports, financials … ). We prefer an EEM short over being short high-yield bonds and/or REITs because when the XXXX hits the fan, we believe that the emerging markets get dumped first and they hold less negative yield carry. To a lesser extent, we would also short XLF, the Financial Sector SPDR. Figure 16 reveals sector exposures composed of various long only and long/short commodity indexes and baskets. The above view shows historic sector weights. Attention needs to be drawn to the fact that in January 2005, the CRB Index increased its energy exposure to 40 percent while reducing other sectors. At the same time, the MLM Index increased its bond and cur-rency exposure while reducing grains, softs and metals. To the far right, we compare CMF exposures to other alternatives. Before closing, here is a tip-the optimum commodity indexes primarily source their Alpha from the energy and metals sectors. The other sectors reduce the index's volatility through diversification of constituent futures contracts that display variance in their price direction in both timing and magnitude. We have just described co-variance, which is much more than asset price correlation, which only measures price direction and timing. Commodities are very volatile assets. They need to be tamed by diversification that balances co-variances. Over bull and bear markets, investors are served best by being long and short both commodity futures and natural resource stocks. In addition to the above, we recommend commitments of capital to private equity partnerships that focus on energy infrastructure, technological innovations to extract fossil fuels, and alternative energy enterprises. We have discovered a few good opportunities. More opportunities will be available to investors if energy prices remain dear. Endnotes [3] Exxon-Mobil estimates. [4] Guinness Atkinson Funds, Independent Research Series, "The Future of Energy," 2005, Woodland Hills, CA. [5] Simmons, Matthew R., Twilight In The Desert, 2005, John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken, NJ, pp 62 - 68. [6] The Economist magazine, "Cover Story: Sinking In Oil," January 1999. [7] Simmons, Matthew R., Twilight In The Desert, pp 286 - 307. [8] Brent, Forties, Gulfaks, Oseberg, Prudhoe, Romashkino, Samotor and Siaghter. [9] Simmons, Matthew R., Twilight In The Desert, pp 157 -244. [10] Environmental & Energy Study Institute, 2004. [11] Guinness Atkinson Funds, Independent Research Series, "The Future of Energy," 2005, Woodland Hills, CA. [12] He also exits a trend that is no longer supported by economic fundamentals. [13] Fama, Eugene F. and Kenneth R. French, 1995, "Size and Book-to-Market Factors in Earnings and Returns," Journal of Finance 50, 131-155. Also Fama, Eugene F. and Kenneth R. French, 1996, "Multifactor Explanations of Asset Pricing Anomalies," Journal of Finance 51, 55-84. [14] The S&P 500 Index also held over 36 percent of its assets in the tech/telecom sector. [15] "Oil stocks comprised about 20 percent of the market value of all US stocks in 1950, but fell to less than 5 percent by year 2000." Excerpted from The Future for Investors by Jeremy J. Siegel, March 2005, Crown Publishing Group. [16] Jeremy J. Siegel's The Future for Investors finds that energy stocks are the best sector for enhancing portfolio returns. [17] CL normally trades in Backwardation (near-term CL prices are higher than future dated ones) because the demand/supply balance has been fulfilling the market's immediate needs. However, since the fall of 2004, speculators have responded to buy and hold indexers by selling them short dated contracts while they buy longer dated exposures. Consequently, the price term structure of CL has primarily been in Contango (near-term contracts are priced lower than longer dated contracts).	i don't know
What word prefixes the following to make five different words: habit, jury, sect, stance, tense	Greek and Latin RootsKeys to Building Vocabulary \| Vocabulary Greek and Latin RootsKeys to Building Vocabulary You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 5 to 10 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 15 to 74 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 79 to 98 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 103 to 106 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 111 to 211 are not shown in this preview.	IN
Who played Jessica Tandy's son in the film Driving Miss Daisy	Greek and Latin RootsKeys to Building Vocabulary \| Vocabulary Greek and Latin RootsKeys to Building Vocabulary You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 5 to 10 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 15 to 74 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 79 to 98 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 103 to 106 are not shown in this preview. You're Reading a Free Preview Pages 111 to 211 are not shown in this preview.	i don't know
Which football team has won the European Cup more times than it has won its own country's top league	UEFA Champions League winners history list \| Football Bible UEFA Champions League winners history list Published on Aug 13, 2014 Each year, an elite club that outsmarts the other strong European clubs is crowned the season’s UEFA Champions League winner. The title has been contended for 59 seasons and a number of teams have gained prominence in that time. Real Madrid is the most successful team having won ten times, followed by AC Milan with seven victories and five titles for both Liverpool and Bayern Munich. Here is the complete UEFA Champions League winners list. 1955-1960 Winner: Real Madrid (SPAIN) Runners-up: Stade de Reims (1956, 1959), Fiorentina (1957), Milan (1958), Eintracht Frankfurt (1960) Final scores: Real 4-3 Reims; Real 2-0 Fiorentina; Real 3-2 AC Milan (Extra Time); Real 2-0 Reims (1959); Real 7-3 Eintracht Host countries: France (1956); Spain (1957); Belgium (1958); Germany (1959); Scotland (1960) Real Madrid was the strongest team at the time. They won five consecutive tournaments a record that has not been matched. Though they encountered some resistance, the brilliance of their star players Ferenc Puskas, Francisco Gento, Alfredo Di Stefano and Jose Santamaria helped them conquer. In 1958, the final game was decided by an extra time goal scored by Francisco Gento. The 1960 European Cup final was a thrilling match as Madrid humiliated Eintracht to a 7-3 loss in Glasgow. This match recorded the largest attendance ever with over 135000 fans at the stadium. 1960-1962 Runners-up: Barcelona (1961); Real Madrid (1962) Final scores: Benfica 3-2 Barcelona; Benfica 5-3 Real Madrid Host countries: Switzerland (1961); Netherlands (1962) Barcelona ended Real Madrid’s supremacy by beating them in the 1961 competition in the quarters. They made it to the finals only to lose to Benfica. Benfica boldly went on to lift the trophy a second time the following season by beating Real Madrid by 5-3. Winners: AC Milan (1963); Inter Milan (1964, 1965) (ITALY) Runners-up: Benfica (1963); Real Madrid (1964); Benfica (1965) Final scores: AC Milan 2-1 Benfica; Inter Milan 3-1 Real; Inter Milan 1-0 Benfica Host countries: England (1963); Austria (1964); Italy (1965) AC Milan denied Benfica a chance to make it a hat-trick by beating them in the 1963 final. Their city rivals Internazionale Milan ensured the trophy stayed in Italy in the subsequent two seasons. With a wonderful combination of star players, namely Faketti, Mazzola, Sarti, Burnjic, Suares and Jaire the Inter squad marked an era that many Italians expected to match the earlier Real Madrid’s success. Winners: Feyenord Rotterdam (1970) ; Ajax (1971, 1972, 1973) (NETHERLANDS) Runner-up: Celtic (1970); Panathinaikos(1971); Internazionale Milan (1972); Juventus(1973) Final score: Rotterdam 2-1 Celtic (Extra time); Ajax 2-0 Panathinaikos; Ajax 2-0 Inter; Ajax 1-0 Juventus Host countrys: Italy (1970); England (1971); Netherlands (1972); Serbia (1973) The Dutch got a taste of the trophy when Rotterdam beat Celtic 2-1 after extra time in the finals of 1970 in Milan. The following season, Ajax ensured the trophy found its way back to the country by overpowering the Greek team Panathinaikos to a 2-0 defeat. Ajax maintained two more consecutive victories against Internazionale and Juventus by utilizing “the total football”. Runner-up: Atletico Madrid (1974); Leeds United (1975); Saint-Etienne (1976) Final score: Bayern 4-0 Atletico (Rematch); Bayern 2-0 Leeds United; Bayern 1-0 Saint-Etienne Host country: Belgium (1974); France (1975); Scotland (1976) The Bayern Munich team was extremely successful with the squad consisting of a number of the German national squad, which won the European Championship in 1972 then the World Cup in 1974. The first victory came through a 4-0 rematch against Atletico Madrid after the first game ended in a 1-1 draw. The following season, Bayern won the match against Paris Leeds United with a 2-0 score line and resulted in the English crowd causing havoc at the stadium. The third victory came against Saint-Etienne who they outscored 1-0. 1976-1982 Winner: Liverpool (1977, 1978, 1981); Nottingham Forest (1979, 1980) Aston Villa (1982) (ENGLAND) Runner-up: Borussia Monchengladbach (1977); Club Brugge (1978); Malmo FF (1979); Hamburg (1980); Real Madrid (1981); Bayern Munich (1982) Final score: Liverpool 3-1 Monchengladbach; Liverpool 1-0 Club Brugge; Nottingham 1-0 Malmo; Nottingham 1-0 Hamburg; Liverpool 1-0 Real; Villa 1-0 Bayern Munich Host country: Italy (1977); England (1978); Germany (1979); Spain (1980); France (1981); Netherlands (1982) Liverpool started the English dominance by triumphing over Borussia Monchengladbach, scoring three goals to their opponent’s one goal. It enjoyed another success the following year by beating Club Brugge, the Belgian champions. However they fell to their English counterparts Nottingham Forest the next season as Forest made a sensational campaign to win the trophy. In addition, Forest defended the trophy in 1980 by beating Hamburg. In 1981, Liverpool secured their third victory by defeating Real Madrid by 1-0. Being the era for English teams to dominate, Aston Villa managed to win 1-0 against Bayern Munich in the 1982 final in Rotterdam. Final score: Juventus 1-0 Liverpool Host country: Belgium The defending champions lost 1-0 to Juventus in the next final. The Juventus excitement was eclipsed by the actions of Liverpool crowd that led to the demise of 39 Juventus fans. This was a dark cloud over English success as a ban of five years was imposed on the English teams and a six-year ban for Liverpool. It marked a big challenge for English cups to contest for the title even upon the end of the ban. Winners: Steaua Bucuresti (1986) (ROMANIA) ; Porto (1987) (PORTUGAL) ; PSV Eindhoven (1988) (NETHERLANDS) Runners-up: Barcelona (1986); Bayern Munich (1987); Benfica (1988) Final scores: Steaua Bucuresti 0-0 Barcelona (2-0 pen); Porto 2-1 Bayern; PSV 0-0 Benfica (6-5 pen) Host countries: Spain (1986); Austria (1987); West Germany (1988) With the English teams missing out after the Heysel Disaster, the trophy was first lifted by Steaua Bucuresti from Romania after defeating Barcelona through penalties. Helmuth Duckadam, the Steaua keeper, saved four penalties to aid his team to a 2-0 win. Next Porto outweighed Bayern Munich in a thrilling final when Algeria’s Rabah Madjer scored a spectacular back-heel for Porto. Runner-up: Steaua Bucuresti (1989); Benfica (1990) Final score: AC Milan 4-0 Bucuresti; AC Milan 1-0 Benfica Host country: Spain (1989); Austria (1990) Two decades after their first and only win, AC Milan routed Steaua Bucuresti to a 4-0 win to take the trophy. They defended the trophy a year later and won the final against Benfica by 1-0. The efforts of Arrigo Sacchi were proving to be fruitful for the club as he put up arguably the best defense in the tournament. Winner: Red Star Belgrade (YUGOSLAVIA) Runner-up: Marseille Final score: Red Star Belgrade 0-0 Marseille (5-3 pen) Host country: Italy Red Star Belgrade, Champions of the Yugoslav League, held Marseille to a goalless draw and went on to beat them on penalties. At this time, the 5 year ban on English teams was lifted. Final score: United 2-1 Bayern Munich Host country: Spain The final between Manchester United and Bayern Munich is obviously one memorable match among the past Champions League finals. Both teams were on the hunt for a treble and Manchester had won the FA Cup and Premier League prior to the final. Bayern took the lead in the sixth minute through a stunning free kick and the Manchester United team struggled to find the net even in the second half. Into the three minutes of stoppage time, United was awarded a corner kick and all the players went forward, including the keeper. Teddy Sheringham got the equalizer in that moment and a second corner, still taken by David Beckham, resulted into the winning goal scored by Ole Gunnar Solskjaer. Final score: AC Milan 0-0 Juventus (3-2 pen) Host country: England Italy had not performed well in the previous season of the competition but they came back much improved, three Italian teams making it to the semi finals. The 2003 final was AC Milan against Juventus. After a 0-0 tie, Juventus lost 3-2 to AC Milan on penalties. This was an important one for the Milan captain, Paolo Maldini, as he lifted the trophy exactly forty years after his father had done the same for Milan. In addition, Clarence Seedorf had won the Champions League three times with three different teams, after Ajax (1995) and Real Madrid (1998). Final score: Liverpool 3-3 Milan (3-2 pen) Host country: Turkey The 2005 final was a clash between prominent teams, Milan playing against Liverpool. Milan found the net after 52 seconds, which stands as the fastest goal in Champions league history. Another two goals from Hernan Crespo before half time provided Milan with a comfortable lead. This was later to be ruined by goals from Steven Gerrard, Vladimir Smicer and Xabi Alonso before the sixtieth minute to bring the game to an even 3-3 score line. This is one outstanding comeback in a major and deciding match. The game proceeded to the penalty shootout and Liverpool conquered 3-2 to be victorious for the fifth time.	Nottingham Forest F.C.
What shape is a spinnaker sail	A brief history of the Champions League – and why it's so hard to win two in a row \| Football \| The Guardian Champions League A brief history of the Champions League – and why it's so hard to win two in a row After the World Cup final, it’s the biggest match in soccer. As Barcelona take on Juventus in Berlin, Scott Murray takes a look back on the competition’s 60 years Ronald Koeman hammers home from a free-kick in 1992 – and Barcelona win their first European Cup. Photograph: Bob Thomas/Getty Images Wednesday 3 June 2015 05.00 EDT Last modified on Monday 21 November 2016 06.48 EST Share on Messenger Close With the Guardian’s unstoppable rise to global dominance (NOTE: actual dominance may not be global. Or dominant) we at Guardian US thought we’d run a series of articles for newer football fans wishing to improve their knowledge of the game’s history and storylines, hopefully in a way that doesn’t patronise you to within an inch of your life. A warning: If you’re the kind of person that finds The Blizzard too populist this may not be the series for you. It’s quite possible that a footballing genius from Argentina will dominate the Champions League final this weekend. ‘Twas ever thus. The current generation will tell you that Barcelona forward Lionel Messi is the greatest player in the history of Europe’s No 1 club competition, and perhaps the greatest player of all time. They may have a point. Then again, quite a few older folk will tell you how Alfredo Di Stefano would have had something to say about that. Di Stefano was the first star of the European Cup. Uefa launched their new competition – the European Cup would morph into the Champions League in 1992 – back in 1955. Chelsea , the English champions, didn’t bother entering, because the big cheese of the Football League, Alan Hardaker, was a myopic little-Englander fool who couldn’t (or didn’t want to) see what was happening on the other side of the English Channel. Hardaker went on to launch the League Cup in an attempt to see off Uefa’s new continent-wide midweek club competition, and that illustrates his judgment perfectly. Anyway, Chelsea meekly followed orders not to bother going toe-to-toe with Johnny Foreigner. Their decision looks daft now, but perhaps it was just as well. Ted Drake’s champions could only finish 16th in the league the following season; chances are they’d have gotten steamrollered by Di Stefano’s Real Madrid . Real Madrid dominated the early days of the European Cup, winning the first five finals, and Di Stefano – who wore the number nine shirt as a nominal striker, but in fact roamed wild and free – was their main man. Not that Real always had it easy. The very first final proved a hell of a struggle. It was a minor classic. Real faced Stade de Reims of France, and found themselves two down within 10 minutes. Reims’ star playmaker Raymond Kopa was pulling the strings, Michel Leblond scored the first-ever goal in a European Cup final after six minutes, and Jean Templin added another. But Di Stefano quickly grabbed a goal back. Real equalised. Michel Hidalgo – who would go on win Euro 84 as France boss – put Reims ahead again just after the hour, but Marquitos levelled for Real on 71, before Rial tucked away a Francisco Gento cross with 11 minutes left. Di Stefano, a month away from his 30th birthday, went home and spent his win bonus on his first car. Pinterest Real Madrid’s Alfredo di Stefano celebrates Real’s sixth goal as Eintracht Frankfurt goalkeeper Egon Loy appeals to his defenders for help Photograph: SMG/Press Association Images Di Stefano was unstoppable. (Bobby Charlton has him down as the greatest player in history, even if he never played at a World Cup.) He scored again in the 1957 final victory over Fiorentina, the 1958 win over Milan , and the 1959 triumph against Reims. The best was saved for last, though. The 1960 final between Real Madrid and Eintracht Frankfurt is the most storied European Cup final of all, Real winning 7-3 in front of 127,621 spectators at Hampden Park in Glasgow. (A young Alex Ferguson was in the crowd, jaw agape at what Real were up to against a side which had battered his childhood favourites Rangers 10-4 on aggregate in the semis.) In truth, the 1960 final wasn’t much of a contest, more an exhibition of absurd brilliance. Eintracht took the lead through Richard Kress on 18 minutes, but Di Stefano responded with a quickfire double, and the great Ferenc Puskas (some forward line, this) made it 3-1 before half time. Di Stefano went on to complete a hat-trick, while Puskas helped himself to four. At one point, Erwin Stein pulled a goal back to make the score 6-2; Real countered by kicking off, stringing five quick passes together near the centre circle, then sending Di Stefano away on a determined run, the ball eventually sent whistling into the bottom-right corner from distance. Perfection. Real Madrid finally got knocked out of Europe for the first time by – who else could it be? – Barcelona . The Catalans reached the 1961 final, but lost to the new European powerhouse Benfica. The Lisbon club’s flame only burnt briefly, however. The great Eusebio turned up the season after, and inspired a second-half comeback as Benfica beat Real Madrid, for whom Puskas had scored a hat-trick, 5-3. Puskas remains the only player to have scored three times in a final and yet end up on the losing side. Benfica, meanwhile, are still waiting for another European trophy. Benfica lost the 1963 final to Milan. The Italians had arrived, and would shape the narrative of the decade. Milan’s city rivals Internazionale , a thoroughly modern defensive outfit, won the next two finals against Real Madrid and Benfica. It wasn’t that they didn’t sparkle in attack when it suited them – Sandro Mazzola and Jair were no mean partnership – but their signature tactic was catenaccio, a five-man defensive lock designed by their brazenly cynical manager Helenio Herrera. This no-nonsense style turned Inter into the pantomime villains of Europe, a state of affairs which set up the 1967 final in Lisbon nicely. They faced Jock Stein’s swashbuckling Celtic, and the tale told was a pure roundheads-versus-cavaliers romp. Inter took an early lead, decided to sit back, and were utterly pummelled by Stein’s side, who came at them from all angles. They took 42 attempts at goal. Inter managed five. It took a while, but Inter eventually buckled in the second half, Celtic winning 2-1, one of the great romantic victories. Real Madrid had, in winning the previous year’s final against Partizan Belgrade with 11 Spanish players, become the first home-grown team to win the European Cup. Celtic’s Lisbon Lions ramped it up: they were all born within 27 miles of Parkhead. Scottish football’s high-water mark, without any shadow of a doubt. And it was the first time the trophy had been spirited away from Latin Europe, the north rising. Manchester United lifted the trophy in 1968, a delicious end to Matt Busby’s bittersweet quest, which had begun in 1956, United refusing to buckle to the small-minded pressure that had done for Chelsea and heading off for a European tour. Understandably, that quest had became an emotional obsession after the tragic loss of the Busby Babes at Munich in 1958. George Best scored the signature goal of the 68 final, sashaying through to land the decisive blow at the start of extra time, Benfica subsequently crumbling to a 4-1 defeat. Eusebio really should have won it at the end of normal time, mind you, but clean through, he shot straight at Alex Stepney. United’s reign as European champions ended at Old Trafford in the following season’s semis against Milan, though they’ll always tell you that Denis Law’s shot crossed the line. Milan went on to thrash Ajax of Amsterdam in the final, 4-1, Johan Cruyff’s side not quite perfecting the old Total Football just yet. Pinterest Johan Cruyff views with Francesco Morini in 1973. Photograph: Stewart Fraser/Colorsport The 1970s began with Feyenoord’s shock 2-1 win over Celtic, but this decade was all about imperial phases. Cruyff and Ajax finally got themselves up to speed, and won three on the bounce between 1971 and 1973, Panathinaikos, Inter and Juventus vanquished. Ajax’s performance during the first 20 minutes of the 73 final against Juventus is legendary, one of the most mesmeric passages of play in history, total domination. They scored just the one goal, though, before appearing to get a little bored of their own brilliance. A 1-0 win would do, but there laid bare was the germ of the problem that cost Holland victory in the 1974 World Cup final. Then it was the turn of Bayern Munich: Franz Beckenbauer, Gerd Müller, Paul Breitner, Uli Hoeness, Sepp Maier, all that. They’d win three in a row, too, though they very nearly didn’t manage the first. Atletico Madrid – not for the last time, as we shall see – were seconds away from victory in the 1974 final, only for Georg Schwarzenbeck, a central defender, to desperately try his luck from 30 yards. Atlético keeper Miguel Reina – father of 2007 Liverpool finalist Pepe – stood rooted to the spot, and the final went to a replay for the first and only time. Bayern thrashed Atlético 4-0 in the second match, the high point an exquisite lob from the majestic Müller. Bayern saw off Leeds United in 1975 – controversially so, as Peter Lorimer scored what would have been the game’s opener, only for it to be ruled out for a questionable offside call on Billy Bremner – and Saint-Étienne in 1976. At which point the English hove into view. So far, Manchester United were the only English team to win the trophy. That was about to change in some style, as England won seven of the next eight finals. Liverpool – boasting the buzzing menace of Kevin Keegan, and one of the most underrated midfielders of all time in Terry McDermott – dismissed Borussia Mönchengladbach with panache in 1977, then held onto their trophy a year later by beating Club Brugge. Keegan had gone, but no matter: Graeme Souness and Kenny Dalglish had arrived, the former setting up the latter for a can-opener of a winner. Liverpool were hot favourites to match the hat-trick feats of Ajax and Bayern, but they had their hands prised off the big cup by Brian Clough’s Nottingham Forest, who went on to win back-to-back cups themselves. Forest stand tall as the smallest club to win the European Cup, and the only one to win Uefa’s big prize more often than their own domestic league championship (it’s two to one on that score). That takes some doing. Bob Paisley and Carlo Ancelotti both have three European Cup wins to their name, but pound for pound, Clough was surely the European Cup’s greatest manager. Even if the actual finals, one-goal wins over Malmö and Kevin Keegan’s Hamburg , were rather forgettable (though the goal scored by tobacco’s John Robertson in the latter is worth seeking out). Liverpool reclaimed the cup in 1981, full-back Alan Kennedy the unlikely scorer of the winner, chipping in from an acute angle with eight minutes to go against a non-vintage Real Madrid. Kennedy was the hero again in 1984, as Liverpool beat Roma on penalties in Roma’s own back yard of the Stadio Olimpico; Kennedy scored the decisive spot-kick. This was almost certainly Liverpool’s signature performance in Europe, Souness wandering the midfield with a haughty strut, letting nothing pass. Check out his penalty in the shoot-out, whipped into the top-right corner. Imagine possessing the stones to execute that one. Pinterest Graeme Souness: now that’s how to take a penalty. In between those Liverpool wins, Aston Villa beat Bayern in 1982, the Bavarians beginning what would become a long tradition of freezing in the final, while Hamburg saw off Juventus in 1983. After it, in 1985, came the horror of Heysel, as 39 supporters, nearly all of them Juve fans, were crushed under a collapsed wall, Liverpool fans having charged at them across the crumbling terraces of a stadium that was never fit for purpose. Michel Platini scored a penalty that was awarded for a trip outside the box, Juve won 1-0, and nobody much cared. English clubs were asked to stay away for a few years. RIP the 39. Barcelona hoped to win their first-ever European Cup in 1986, but missed all of their penalties in a slapstick shoot-out against Steaua Bucharest, who became the first eastern Europeans to make off with the trophy. Bayern lost another final in 1987; they were 13 minutes from victory against unfancied Porto when Rabah Madjer scored with an impudent backflick, one of the iconic goals, and soon enough shipped a second to go down 2-1. Pinterest Rabah Madjer: cheeky. Then a run of fairly miserable finals. PSV Eindhoven beat Benfica on penalties after a spirit-sapping goal-free final in 1988. The great Milan team of Marco van Basten, Ruud Gullit and Frank Rijkaard steamrollered Steaua 4-0 in 1989, a one-sided non-event, then squeaked past Benfica in 1990. Neither victory fairly represents the sheer magnificence of that Milan side, but back-to-back European Cups are back-to-back European Cups. Nobody’s managed it since. The 1991 final matched 1988 as a total misfire, which was a shame, as eventual winners Red Star Belgrade were a class act when on song. Red Star defender Miodrag Belodedici became the first player to win the European Cup with two clubs, having done so with Steaua four years earlier. It was the only noteworthy point of the match. Red Star beat Marseille on penalty kicks. Then the last-ever European Cup final, before the tournament was rebranded as the Champions League. Seeing Real Madrid had so dominated the early years, it was perhaps fitting that Barcelona got a sniff of the old-school action before it was too late. Ronald Koeman swept home an extra-time free kick at Wembley to see off Sampdoria – and so to Uefa’s fancy new tournament: the Champions League. We’re 23 years in now, and still no team has done what Real Madrid, Benfica, Internazionale, Ajax, Bayern Munich , Liverpool, Nottingham Forest or Milan did during the European Cup years, and win two finals in a row. So imperial phases have been harder to come by. A lot of clubs have given it a good go, though. Italy tried its best in the early days. Milan contested three finals in a row between 1993 and 1995, losing two of them, in 1993 to Marseille and Louis van Gaal’s young Ajax in 1995. But those defeats sandwiched a 4-0 thrashing of Barcelona which stands as the most dominant display of the modern era, Dejan Savicevic scoring one and making the other three. That Barca side contained Ronald Koeman, Pep Guardiola, Hristo Stoichkov and Romario – and hardly got a kick. Juventus were the next to try their luck, also making three finals in a row. They took Ajax’s title off them in 1996, but lost the next two despite starting both matches as favourites. The 1997 final was a memorable romp, Borussia Dortmund registering a 3-1 shock, Lars Ricken raking one in from 40 yards, Alessandro del Piero back-flicking a saucy consolation goal in the Madjer class. The 1998 final wasn’t so great, but did end Real Madrid’s 32-year wait for a seventh title, and so marks the beginning of the super club era, where organisations such as Real began growing into the modern behemoths they are today. Alex Ferguson’s greatest Manchester United side – built around that midfield of Giggs, Scholes, Keane and Beckham – should probably have dominated around the turn of the millennium, but they had to settle for a single victory. Still, what a victory: that night in Barcelona, Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjaer scoring in the final minutes of the 1999 final to turn certain defeat against Bayern Munich into the most widescreen of wins. It was definitely the most dramatic. The first final between two teams from the same nation occurred in 2000, Real Madrid seeing off Spanish rivals Valencia with ease, 3-0. Steve McManaman scored a typically insouciant effort in that game, and at the time plenty of folk wondered if a goal scored by their former charge would be the closest Liverpool, down on their luck after being once so dominant in Europe’s top competition, would ever achieve anything in the new Champions League. Hmm. Valencia lost the final again in 2001, Bayern Munich finally managing to see the job through after those failures against Aston Villa, Porto and Manchester United. Real Madrid revisited Hampden in 2002, and produced something almost as memorable as 1960, Zinedine Zidane skelping home a spectacular volley of angular precision to see off Bayer Leverkusen. Poor Neverkusen, who managed to come runners-up domestically in both league and cup that season as well. Their star turn Michael Ballack also managed to get himself suspended from that summer’s World Cup final. Pinterest Zinedine Zidane scores a screamer in 2002. A couple of fairly mundane finals followed. A defensive grind in 2003 between Milan and Juventus, straight outta the 1960s, saw the former prevail on penalty kicks. A one-sided nonsense between Porto and Monaco, 3-0, is chiefly remembered now for José Mourinho announcing himself in the big league. But it was worth waiting: 2005 would prove to be the craziest final in history, Milan thoroughly dominant as they romped to a three-goal lead against Liverpool, only for Steven Gerrard, Didi Hamann and Jerzy Dudek to have the games of their lives. More on that here ; Field Notes simply doesn’t have the room or energy to tell the story again. The miracle of Istanbul Read more This sparked a period of English domin… well, no, not quite domination, not like the late 70s and early 80s. But Premier League clubs did start reaching a lot of finals again. Arsenal were 14 minutes from the title in 2006, despite Jens Lehmann having been sent off early in the first half, but Barcelona turned it round late on. Milan took their revenge on Liverpool in 2007, winning 2-1 in Athens; you could argue that the better team lost in both of their finals. All fair enough, then. The first all-English final came along in 2008. Manchester United’s victory on penalties over Chelsea wasn’t up there with their previous two iconic wins, the game’s one memorable moment being John Terry’s risible technique-free attempt to win the cup from the spot, a slip that cost the Londoners everything. You have to admire their fans’ subsequent chutzpah in belting out that Steven Gerrard number. Short memories. Pinterest John Terry in 2008: gutted. Photograph: Tom Jenkins/Guardian United were simply brilliant in the defence of their title in 2009 against Barcelona. For 10 minutes. But Cristiano Ronaldo couldn’t put away his early chances, and Samuel Eto’o’s 10-minute goal turned the tide. Barcelona won 2-0, and when the pair met again two years later, the Spaniards declared at 3-1, Ajax-73 style, utterly dominant, the job done. Messi scored in both final appearances; you wouldn’t bet too much against him making it three from three against Juventus this weekend. But United were a force of nature under Alex Ferguson for the best part of two decades; a return of just two European Cups during that period seems awfully low. But then it goes to show just how hard it is to win the damn thing in the first place. Meanwhile, it was back to bad habits for Bayern, who were thoroughly outplayed by Mourinho’s Internazionale in 2010, then had their pockets picked on their own doorstep in 2012, Chelsea finally bringing the trophy to London after 57 years after their former player Arjen Robben missed an extra-time penalty. Robben eased his and Bayern’s pain 12 months later, scoring the late winner to see off Borussia Dortmund. Bayern’s fifth win meant only Real Madrid and Milan had won more European Cups and Champions Leagues. Only Benfica and Juventus have lost as many finals (five). It’s a strange record Bayern boast. This time last year, Real Madrid won their 10th trophy, whipping it from under the noses of city rivals Atléti, who in a callback to 1974 once again conceded a late, late equaliser when the cup was all but theirs. On Saturday we’ll find out whether Barcelona will replace their great enemy as European champions, joining Liverpool and Bayern Munich on five wins. Juventus meanwhile look to join Inter and Manchester United on three wins, and avoid becoming the least successful finalist of all by suffering a record sixth loss. Whoever wins the famous old cup, good luck in hanging onto it.	i don't know
On the cover of the Beatles Abbey road album which one of them is wearing a white suit	Abbey Road \| The Beatles fab4bob 30 Jun 2016 This is probably what the next Beatles album would have been (in the format of the White album.). all tracks were issued by solo Beatles in 1970 on three albums. McCartney, John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band and George Harrison-All Things Must Pass. Ringo's track was a single Most Solo Beatles singles were left off (as they would have been Beatles singles) Make a playlist - It plays well the title -Beatles 70 1-That Would Be Something (McCartney) 2-Hold On (Lennon) 3-All Things Must Pass (Harrison) 4-Teddy Boy (McCartney) 5-Rembember (Lennon) 6-Beware of Darkness (Harrison) 7-Every Night (McCartney) 8-Love (Lennon) 9-Oo You (McCartney) 10-What Is Life (Harrison) 11-Well, Well, Well (Lennon) 12-Isn't It A Pity (Harrison) 13-Maybe I'm Amazed (McCartney) 14-Look At Me (Lennon) 15-Ballad Of Sir Frankie Crisp (Harrison) 16-Isolution (Lennon) 17-Suiside (McCartney) 18-Junk (McCartney) 19-Let It Down (Harrison) 20-I Found Out 21-It Don't Come Easy 22-Run Of The Mill (Harrison) 23-Man We Was Lonely (McCartney) 24- Singalong Junk (McCartney) 25-Working Class Hero (Lennon) 26-Behind That Locked Door (Harrison) 27-Mother (Lennon) 1970 solo songs notes- (Ringo plays Drums on John & George's songs) (Paul plays all instruments on his songs) (George plays guitar on Ringo's song) Make a playlist - It plays well fab4bob 30 Jun 2016 Their best production for sure. I Want You is faultless. So is the Medley..and of course George's Something. It was almost too good to be their last?? BlondGuy 13 Jun 2016 A couple more points: Lennon's fading interest in keeping the band going by this point is reflected in his relative lack of contributions to the album. The production is grand, but it sometimes becomes overly-slick, almost as if Paul and George Martin wanted to make the Beatles palatable to an MOR radio listening, older audience. What brings the album down a bit is that it contains what may be the two worst songs the band ever recorded ("Maxwell's Silver Hammer" and "Octopuss' Garden"), and one that is lyrically simplistic to the point of redundancy and musically monotonous ("I Want You (She's So Heavy)"). But then side two starts up and all is right in the world again. The album also has a rather melancholy, wistful tone to it that REALLY does sound like the group is saying goodbye for good, and for me, that gives the record a rather sad, depressing overall feeling. BlondGuy 11 Jun 2016 Side two = probably the best side of an album a rock band has ever made. Side one = kind of uneven once you get past the two brilliant opening tracks ("Come Together" and "Something", both of which are works of genius). Mr.paul66 12 Dec 2015 What a masterpiece! I Love this Album so much. My favorite track is "Something" by George! It's one of the geratest lovesongs ever! FelixW60 25 Jul 2015 I received the album as a music cassette and listened to these iconic songs till the tape was completely through. It means a lot to me and I always say this would be the only album I'd take with me on a desert island. FelixW60 25 Jul 2015 I received the album as a music cassette and listened to these iconic songs till the tape was completely through. It means a lot to me and I always say this would be the only album I'd take with me on a desert island. Phil O'Brien 15 Jun 2015 their last recorded LP was my first Beatle LP and has always been my #1 overall alltime LP/CD,.. tha lst section, from "Golden Slumbers" on is timelessly fantastic and surely a reason Ringo deserved to be in HOF too.. Hope they release different versions other than on Anthology series.. maybe try it mono..All songs are timeless.. Capt.sanjay 21 Apr 2014 The last song recorded was I want you and we can hear that it stopped abruptly what was the reason, is it the exit from Abbey road, but you guys can not exit our hearts and we have real love for you, for ever. Capt.sanjay 21 Apr 2014 Abbey rd is one of my favorite albums, we sometimes regret another album should had been recorded (studio) after this, but we should say what if there was no Abbey road (album) itself, in any case fans had to wait for quarter of a century for the reunion and magic of songs, free as a bird and real love could be experienced - thank you very much.	John Lennon
Where did Sue Middleton and Alex Tatham who married in 1991 meet	Beatles Coffee Shop in London near Abbey Road NW8 Celebrating the 40th anniversary of The Beatles Crossing Abbey Road. August 8th 2009 was the 40th Anniversary of the Beatles crossing Abbey Road for the famous album cover. We celebrated the day by organsing a mass crossing of Abbey Road at 11.35am - 40 years to the minute since the Beatles! The event received media coverage all over world. To read our account of the day's events click here The Abbey Road Crossing On 8th August 1969, at 11.35am, four men walked across a zebra crossing in St John's Wood. Hardly an earth-shattering event, but since then millions of people have come to the very same crossing to imitate those four men. Of course the four men in questions were The Beatles, and the crossing is in Abbey Road. The 'Fab Four' were posing for the photo that was to be used on their last album to recorded. Abbey Road has never been the same since. Every day, fans from around the world come to the crossing to walk in the footsteps of their heroes and to see the studios where they recorded most of their songs. The Beatles had been coming to Abbey Road for many years to record at the EMI Studios. Their die-hard fans often visited the studios in the hope of catching a glimpse of them coming or going. In fact a select few even camped in the car park to see their heroes come out after a late night recording session. However it wasn't until after The Beatles named their album after the street it is was recorded in that it became world famous and a shrine for fans. In fact things could have been very different. Originally the LP was going to be called 'Everest' - after the favourite brand of cigarettes smoked by Geoff Emerick, The Beatles' recording engineer. Someone had the bright idea that The Beatles should go to the mountain of the same name to shoot the album cover! The Beatles reaction to that idea can't be repeated here without offense! Finally it was decided to call the album Abbey Road. Incidentally the album was NOT named after the studio, but the road where the studio is situated. The studio was then called EMI and didn't change its' name until after the album came out. The famous pose of The Beatles on the Abbey Road crossing endures as one of the most famous LP covers of all time, and one of the easiest for fans to replicate. The idea for the picture was probably Paul McCartney's. A sketch drawn by Paul showing how the picture should look still exists. The photographer hired was Iain MacMillan, a long time friend of John and Yoko. MacMillan had known Yoko before she met John and it is quite possible that John's first site of Yoko might have been on one of MacMillan's photos. His photos illustrated the catalogue for Yoko's exhibition 'Unfinished Paintings and Objects', at which the couple first met. Abbey Road Studios and the famous crossing For the photo shoot, The Beatles congregated by the crossing at around 11.35am. This was an early start for them as normally recording sessions didn't start until around 2pm. This was done deliberately to ensure fans would not interrupt the photo session. The day was gloriously sunny and Iain MacMillan stood on a step ladder in the middle of the road to get the required angle. The Beatles were asked to cross the road in procession while MacMillan attempted to get the best shot. In the end six photographs were taken, and the whole session only took about 10 minutes. Shot one shows them walking from left to right, with a Mercedes car coming out of the car park of the studios. Shot two has them walking the other way across, towards the studios. In both shots Paul has his head bowed and is seemingly preoccupied with his feet. By shot three Paul has removed the open topped sandals he was wearing and is now barefoot - an historic decision! Shot three was probably the best so far, but has traffic too near to the crossing to be perfect. Shot four again shows them going from right to left. Like shot two, The Beatles don't seem to be concentrating on getting the right pose. Maybe they already had it in mind that the shot would look better going the other way across. Shot five was the best by far and the one used on the album cover. Another shot was taken but this was far inferior. After the session on the crossing Iain MacMillan got in a car with Anthony Fawcett, John and Yoko's assistant, to find a suitable road sign for the back cover. They found one on the junction of Abbey Road and Alexandra Road. As MacMillan was about to take a photograph of the sign a girl in a blue dress walked through the shot. Fawcett remembers that Iain MacMillan was angry the girl had got in the way - but other accounts said it was planned. Unfortunately the Abbey Road sign no longer exists. This part of Abbey Road was redeveloped in the 1970s and the wall and sign demolished. The Story of Abbey Road Studios book - showing an out-take from the famous photo session A rare magazine about the Paul is Dead rumour The session on the crossing only lasted about 10 minutes - leaving The Beatles over three hours to kill before they were due to start recording. According to Mal Evans, in his personal diaries, Paul. John and Ringo went to Paul's nearby home to relax while George and Mal went to "Regents Park Zoo to meditate in the sun. To Krishna Temple for lunch and studio for 3pm". Since the famous Abbey Road picture was taken several million people have crossed the street to imitate their heroes. In 2005 Abbey Road Studios estimated 150,000 come to Abbey Road every year. Just after the album came out, the Abbey Road cover became the central part in a bizarre rumour and conspiracy theory that Paul McCartney was dead! It is hard to pinpoint where the rumour started, but it seemed to begin almost simultaneously in different universities in America. Word went around that Paul had died in a car accident in 1966 and that The Beatles had replaced him with an imposter, to ensure their fame wasn't affected. However, The Beatles felt guilty about doing this so put 'clues' on various album covers and songs to tell the truth. Many of these clues can be found on the Abbey Road album cover. The picture is supposed to be of Paul's funeral procession, with George Harrison dressed as the gravedigger, Ringo Starr the undertaker, and John Lennon the preacher. Paul McCartney is supposedly wearing and old suit, and is barefoot - how bodies are buried! Paul is holding his cigarette in his right hand - fans pointed out the 'real' Paul McCartney is left handed, so the man in the picture isn't Paul, but an imposter. Some even named the imposter as 'William Campbell', who had won a Paul lookalike competition. Paul is also out of step with the others, drawing attention to himself. By the side of the crossing is a white Volkeswagen car. The first part of the car's license plate is LMW - this is supposed to stand for 'Linda McCartney - widowed.' The second part is 281F - this is supposed to signify that Paul McCartney would have been 28 years old - IF he was still alive! Actually, he was 27 in 1969. There are even clues on the back cover. The 'Beatles' sign has a crack through it - to show that the band are no longer complete. Also the sun has shone though the shadows to create a shape that is supposed to resemble Paul McCartney's skull! Rumours of Paul McCartney's demise spread like wildfire, especially when Russ Gibb, a DJ on a radio station WKNR in Detroit, received a telephone call from a student telling him to look for clues. From there the whole thing became an international pastime. The Beatles' offices received many calls from distraught fans wanting to know the truth. The rumour only started dying down when a reporter from Life magazine went up to Scotland, where Paul was staying, to obtain an interview to prove that Paul was still alive. Since 1969 the rumour has refused to go away. There have been many books and TV shows on the subject. Paul himself lampooned the rumour on his 1993 album 'Paul is Live'. He returned to the Abbey Road crossing with Iain MacMillan to pose with his old English sheepdog, Arrow. For the cover Paul is superimposed on an original Abbey Road picture - with The Beatles taken out. However the VW license plate has been changed, to 51 IS Paul's age when the Paul is Live picture was taken. Fans Crossing Abbey Road 25 year to the minute since The Beatles The Paul is Live album cover Abbey Road Studios Abbey Road Studios opened on November 12th 1931 when Sir Edward Elgar conducted the London Symphony Orchestra, playing Elgar's own composition, Land of Hope and Glory. Since then countless musical stars have passed through the studio's doors. An early regular visitor to the studios was Sir Thomas Beecham, who lived just around the corner from Abbey Road in Grove End Road. Other early visitors included Fred Astaire, Paul Robeson, Noel Coward and Glenn Miller, who made his last ever recording at Abbey Road in 1944. During the early days the studios official title was EMI Studios, in fact it didn't change it's name until AFTER The Beatles album of the same name came out. The Beatles first visited Abbey Road on June 6th 1962 for their audition with George Martin. After playing him many songs George Martin gave The Beatles a long lecture on recording techniques. When he finished he said to them, "Ok, I've had my say, now you tell me if there is anything you don't like." After a short pause, George Harrison commented, "Well, for a start, I don't like your tie!" Fortunately, for George Harrison, George Martin was known for his sense of humour and The Beatles passed their audition. However, George Martin was not happy with The Beatles drummer Pete Best, and decided he would use a session drummer on their future recordings. The Beatles themselves were getting fed up of Pete too and George Martin's comments about his competency was a factor in his subsequent sacking and being replaced by Ringo Starr, who joined The Beatles in time to participate in the recording of their first single, Love Me Do, on September 4th 1962. Although Ringo drummed on that session, George Martin wasn't convinced of this talents, and when The Beatles returned to Abbey Road a week later, a session drummer called Andy White was asked to play drums while Ringo banged on a tambourine. However it didn't take long for Ringo to convince George Martin he was up to recording and no other session drummers were used on Beatles records. The Beatles first album, Please Please Me was recorded on February 11th 1963 - in one day! Recording techniques were very basic in those days, but even for 1963 doing an album in such a quick time was very unusual. Although it only took one day to record, Please Please Me was top of the album charts for 30 weeks, only to be toppled by The Beatles second album, With The Beatles, that was number one for a further 52 weeks. In their early days The Beatles fitted in recording sessions between concert tours. However, all that changed when The Beatles gave up touring. The landmark Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album took over four months to record. They could spend as long in the studio as they liked. The Fabs also changed working practices at EMI. Before then recording sessions had set times but The Beatles liked recording at night time and the Studios had to adapt to meet their needs. A very famous recording session took place on June 25th 1967, when The Beatles recorded All You Need is Love. The session was seen live on a global satellite TV show called Our World. It is estimated that 400 million people saw this historic broadcast. The last Beatles song to be recorded at Abbey Road was I Me Mine, in January 1970. However since then many Beatles projects have been carried out at the studios, Including the Beatles Anthology DVDs and CDs, The Live at the BBC album, and more recently the soundtrack to the Circque Du Soliel show Love. Abbey Road Studios remains as one of the most advanced and most used in the country. During the last 25 years the Studios have recorded scores of soundtracks of major films, including Star Wars, The Indiana Jones films, Lord of the Rings and many others. George Martin and Geoff Emerick on the steps of Abbey Road Studios Beatles Coffee Shop owner Richard Porter with George Martin inside Studio Two at Abbey Road Pop and Rock music is still recorded at the studio too. The 1970s were dominated by Pink Floyd, who recorded their huge hit album Dark Side of the Moon there. In the 1990s Radiohead did work on several albums. Please remember that Abbey Road Studios is a commercial facility and there is no public access to the building.	i don't know
Which was the main Indian tribe who defeated Custer at the battle of the Little Bighorn	Indians defeat Custer at Little Big Horn - Jun 25, 1876 - HISTORY.com Indians defeat Custer at Little Big Horn Share this: Indians defeat Custer at Little Big Horn Author Indians defeat Custer at Little Big Horn URL Publisher A+E Networks Determined to resist the efforts of the U.S. Army to force them onto reservations, Indians under the leadership of Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse wipe out Lieutenant Colonel George Custer and much of his 7th Cavalry at the Battle of the Little Big Horn. Sioux Chiefs Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse had been successfully resisting American efforts to confine their people to reservations for more than a decade. Although both chiefs wanted nothing more than to be left alone to pursue their traditional ways, the growing tide of white settlers invading their lands inevitably led to violent confrontations. Increasingly, the Sioux and Cheyenne who did try to cooperate with the U.S. government discovered they were rewarded only with broken promises and marginal reservation lands. In 1875, after the U.S. Army blatantly ignored treaty provisions and invaded the sacred Black Hills, many formerly cooperative Sioux and Cheyenne abandoned their reservations to join Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse in Montana. They would not return without a fight. Late in 1875, the U.S. Army ordered all the “hostile” Indians in Montana to return to their reservations or risk being attacked. Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse ignored the order and sent messengers out to urge other Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapahoe Indians to unite with them to meet the white threat. By the late spring of 1876, more than 10,000 Indians had gathered in a massive camp along a river in southern Montana called the Little Big Horn. “We must stand together or they will kill us separately,” Sitting Bull told them. “These soldiers have come shooting; they want war. All right, we’ll give it to them.” Meanwhile, three columns of U.S. soldiers were converging on the Little Big Horn. On June 17, the first column under the command of General George Crook was badly bloodied by Sioux and Cheyenne warriors led by Crazy Horse. Stunned by the size and ferocity of the Indian attack, Crook was forced to withdraw. Knowing nothing of Crook’s defeat, the two remaining columns commanded by General Alfred Terry and General John Gibbon continued toward the Little Big Horn. On June 22, Terry ordered the 7th Cavalry under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George Custer to scout ahead for Indians. On the morning of this day in 1876, Custer’s scouts told him that a gigantic Indian village lay nearby in the valley of the Little Big Horn River. Custer dismissed the scouts’ claim that the village was extraordinarily large-certainly many thousands of Indians-as exaggerated. Indeed, his main fear was that the Indians would scatter before he could attack. Rather than wait for reinforcements, Custer decided to move forward immediately and stage an unusual mid-day attack. As the 7th Cavalry entered the valley, Custer divided the regiment of about 600 men into four battalions, keeping a force of 215 under his own command. In the vast Indian encampment (historians estimate there were as many as 11,000 Indians), word quickly spread of the approaching soldiers. Too old actually to engage in battle, Sitting Bull rallied his warriors while seeing to the protection of the women and children. The younger Crazy Horse prepared for battle and sped off with a large force of warriors to meet the invaders. As Custer’s divided regiment advanced, the soldiers suddenly found they were under attack by a rapidly growing number of Indians. Gradually, it dawned on Custer that his scouts had not exaggerated the size of the Indian force after all. He immediately dispatched urgent orders in an attempt to regroup his regiment. The other battalions, however, were facing equally massive attacks and were unable to come to his aid. Soon, Custer and his 215 men found themselves cut off and under attack by as many as 3,000 armed braves. Within an hour, they were wiped out to the last man. The remaining battalions of the 7th Cavalry were also badly beaten, but they managed to fight a holding action until the Indians withdrew the following day. The Battle of the Little Big Horn was the Indians’ greatest victory and the army’s worst defeat in the long and bloody Plains Indian War. The Indians were not allowed to revel in the victory for long, however. The massacre of Custer and his 7th Cavalry outraged many Americans and only confirmed the image of the bloodthirsty Indians in their minds, and the government became more determined to destroy or tame the hostile Indians. The army redoubled its efforts and drove home the war with a vengeful fury. Within five years, almost all of the Sioux and Cheyenne would be confined to reservations. Crazy Horse was killed in 1877 after leaving the reservation without permission. Sitting Bull was shot and killed three years later in 1890 by a Lakota policeman. Related Videos	Sioux
One of which country's banknotes showed the composer Sibelius	The Battle of the Little Bighorn, 1876 The Battle of the Little Bighorn, 1876 Printer Friendly Version >>> In late 1875, Sioux and Cheyenne Indians defiantly left their reservations, outraged over the continued intrusions of whites into their sacred lands in the Black Hills. They gathered in Montana with the great warrior Sitting Bull to fight for their lands. The following spring, two victories over the US Cavalry emboldened them to fight on in the summer of 1876. George Armstrong Custer To force the large Indian army back to the reservations, the Army dispatched three columns to attack in coordinated fashion, one of which contained Lt. Colonel George Custer and the Seventh Cavalry. Spotting the Sioux village about fifteen miles away along the Rosebud River on June 25, Custer also found a nearby group of about forty warriors. Ignoring orders to wait, he decided to attack before they could alert the main party. He did not realize that the number of warriors in the village numbered three times his strength. Dividing his forces in three, Custer sent troops under Captain Frederick Benteen to prevent their escape through the upper valley of the Little Bighorn River. Major Marcus Reno was to pursue the group, cross the river, and charge the Indian village in a coordinated effort with the remaining troops under his command. He hoped to strike the Indian encampment at the northern and southern ends simultaneously, but made this decision without knowing what kind of terrain he would have to cross before making his assault. He belatedly discovered that he would have to negotiate a maze of bluffs and ravines to attack. Reno's squadron of 175 soldiers attacked the southern end. Quickly finding themselves in a desperate battle with little hope of any relief, Reno halted his charging men before they could be trapped, fought for ten minutes in dismounted formation, and then withdrew into the timber and brush along the river. When that position proved indefensible, they retreated uphill to the bluffs east of the river, pursued hotly by a mix of Cheyenne and Sioux. Just as they finished driving the soldiers out, the Indians found roughly 210 of Custer's men coming towards the other end of the village, taking the pressure off of Reno's men. Cheyenne and Hunkpapa Sioux together crossed the river and slammed into the advancing soldiers, forcing them back to a long high ridge to the north. Meanwhile, another force, largely Oglala Sioux under Crazy Horse's command, swiftly moved downstream and then doubled back in a sweeping arc, enveloping Custer and his men in a pincer move. They began pouring in gunfire and arrows. ADVERTISMENT As the Indians closed in, Custer ordered his men to shoot their horses and stack the carcasses to form a wall, but they provided little protection against bullets. In less than an hour, Custer and his men were killed in the worst American military disaster ever. After another day's fighting, Reno and Benteen's now united forces escaped when the Indians broke off the fight. They had learned that the other two columns of soldiers were coming towards them, so they fled. After the battle, the Indians came through and stripped the bodies and mutilated all the uniformed soldiers, believing that the soul of a mutilated body would be forced to walk the earth for all eternity and could not ascend to heaven. Inexplicably, they stripped Custer's body and cleaned it, but did not scalp or mutilate it. He had been wearing buckskins instead of a blue uniform, and some believe that the Indians thought he was not a soldier and so, thinking he was an innocent, left him alone. Because his hair was cut short for battle, others think that he did not have enough hair to allow for a very good scalping. Immediately after the battle, the myth emerged that they left him alone out of respect for his fighting ability, but few participating Indians knew who he was to have been so respectful. To this day, no one knows the real reason. Sitting Bull 1878 Little Bighorn was the pinnacle of the Indians' power. They had achieved their greatest victory yet, but soon their tenuous union fell apart in the face of the white onslaught. Outraged over the death of a popular Civil War hero on the eve of the Centennial, the nation demanded and received harsh retribution. The Black Hills dispute was quickly settled by redrawing the boundary lines, placing the Black Hills outside the reservation and open to white settlement. Within a year, the Sioux nation was defeated and broken. "Custer's Last Stand" was their last stand as well. Carnage at the Little Bighorn George Herendon served as a scout for the Seventh Cavalry - a civilian under contract with the army and attached to Major Reno's command. Herendon charged across the Little Bighorn River with Reno as the soldiers met an overwhelming force of Sioux streaming from their encampment. After the battle, Herendon told his story to a reporter from the New York Herald: "Reno took a steady gallop down the creek bottom three miles where it emptied into the Little Horn, and found a natural ford across the Little Horn River. He started to cross, when the scouts came back and called out to him to hold on, that the Sioux were coming in large numbers to meet him. He crossed over, however, formed his companies on the prairie in line of battle, and moved forward at a trot but soon took a gallop. "The Valley was about three fourth of a mile wide, on the left a line of low, round hills, and on the right the river bottom covered with a growth of cottonwood trees and bushes. After scattering shots were fired from the hills and a few from the river bottom and Reno's skirmishers returned the shots. "He advanced about a mile from the ford to a line of timber on the right and dismounted his men to fight on foot. The horses were sent into the timber, and the men forward on the prairie and advanced toward the Indians. The Indians, mounted on ponies, came across the prairie and opened a heavy fire on the soldiers. After skirmishing for a few minutes Reno fell back to his horses in the timber. The Indians moved to his left and rear, evidently with the intention of cutting him off from the ford. "Reno ordered his men to mount and move through the timber, but as his men got into the saddle the Sioux, who had advanced in the timber, fired at close range and killed one soldier. Colonel Reno then commanded the men to dismount, and they did so, but he soon ordered them to mount again, and moved out on to the open prairie." Continued... "Retreat across the river" Good news for all us under-achievers: In 1861, Custer graduated from West Point at the bottom of his class. However, during the Civil War his skills at war propelled him to the temporary rank of brigadier general. He remains the youngest general in our history. Sitting Bull was killed in 1890 during an attempt to arrest him by Indian Agency police. His death ignited the distrubance and subsequent massacre of Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota.	i don't know
Cascade Premium Lager comes from which country	Cascade Brewery Cascade Brewery 140 Cascade Road, Hobart, Tasmania, 7004 Phone: (03) 6224 1117 Weekdays: 9.00am – 4.00om Weekends: 11.00am – 4.pm. tours 11am & 12.30pm daily, Heritage tours 12.30pm Mon, Wed & Fri Book Tours & Buy Tickets: here stockists Readily available in Pubs and bottle shops across Tasmania. Also from the Cascade Visitor Centre Shop The Cascade Brewery was established in 1824 by ex-convict Peter Degraves. Australia’s oldest continuously running brewery, it’s located in the foothills of Mount Wellington, five minutes' drive from Hobart's CBD. It is also a proud Tasmanian Brewery. Cascade’s brewers combine traditional beer-making skills and pure mountain water with premium barley and hops to create a range of fine Tasmanian beers. This includes the multi-award winning Cascade Pale Ale and the seasonal First Harvest Ale. The brewery’s two-hour tour is an essential for any beer enthusiast visiting Tasmania. It’s a look into every aspect of the beer-making process – from malting and brewing to packaging. While the tour involves plenty of stair climbing, your efforts will be rewarded by thirst-quenching free samples at the end. The Cascades Visitors' Centre, once the brewery manager's house, is now a laid-back and light-filled bar and restaurant. Here you can sample the Cascade range and enjoy a meal by the atrium window, then wander through the picturesque gardens before browsing in the retail shop. Cascade Products Cascade Pale Ale An Australian style Pale Ale, well-loved in our southernmost state for generations, Cascade Pale Ale is the oldest continuously brewed beer in the country. Hopped with Pride of Ringwood hops, it has a fragrant hoppy nose with a fine malt note in the mid-palate and a firm hop bitter finish. It uses our unique Cascade yeast. Try matching with Spicy grilled pork ribs with shredded apple & cabbage slaw. The refreshing and light malty palate contrasts the spiciness of the ribs, but also has the ability to complement the sweetness of the apple slaw. Cascade Premium Lager Cascade's version of an Australian lager - Cascade Premium uses spicy Summer hops to give this beer a distinct craft feel. Its golden amber colour and malty palate, crafted from a blend of pale and crystal malts, are balanced with spicy hop aromas for a refreshing clean finish. It's a great match with free-range chicken breast with soft polenta, roasted summer vegetables & herb chicken jus. Malty sweet mid-palate sits well with the creamy polenta and roasted sweetness of the vegetables. The spicy hop aroma complements the herb notes of the food. Cascade Bright Ale Called a bright ale because of its brilliant clarity, Cascade Bright is made from 100% malt and uses a blend of three specially selected hops: Pride of Ringwood for bitterness and both Galaxy and Cascades for aroma. Its golden hue is a result of the crystal malt added to the mash. Cascade Bright Ale is easy-drinking, crisp and refreshing with a subtle balance of fruit and floral aromas which come from the hops. Works perfectly with a Grilled Angus Cheeseburger, caramelised onions and lettuce & tomato. As the subtle crystal malt notes complement the caramelised onion, the moderate bitterness balances the meat and cheese providing a cleansing effect. Cascade Blonde Our American-style wheat beer is made using 50% wheat and 50% malted barley; which gives it a light complex flavour. The citrus hop aroma comes from the Cascade hops added in the kettle and whirlpool. It's lightly cloudy. Light straw colour is complemented by slight cloudiness of this wheat beer. The Cascade hops give a resinous and citrus aroma balanced by a smooth delicate bitterness. Perfect with pan seared scallops with cauliflower pure & light roquette salad. The delicate flavours of this dish call for a beer that provides character without dominating. The subtle bitterness and balance between wheat and malt flavours allow the scallops to shine. Cascade Stout Brewed in Australia's oldest operating brewery, Cascade Stout is brewed using all natural ingredients, the heroes being the rich roasted barley and Cascade's unique traditional yeast strain. This stout is a favourite amongst brewers at Cascade because of its toffee and caramel notes. The roasted barley provides deep chocolate notes which are balanced with subtle sweet toffee and nutty roasted tones. Cascade Stout has a smooth and creamy body with a slight bitter lingering finish. Try it with chocolate pudding served with cream. An alternative to port or dessert wine after dinner, the mocha notes of the stout contrast the sweetness of this decadent dessert and also cleanse the palate allowing you to have another delicious mouthful.	Australia
In which country did the bossa nova originate	Beer Slogans - Brookston Beer Bulletin Brookston Beer Bulletin Advertising slogan: Busch Beer. Head for the mountains. Schlitz Beer Ad slogan: Schlitz. The beer that made Milwaukee famous. Budweiser Beer When you say Budweiser, you’ve said it all. For all you do, this Bud’s for you. The Genuine Article. Where there’s life, there’s Bud. Coors beer Slogans: The Coldest Tasting Beer In The World (for Coors Light ) It won’t slow you down (Light) This is our Beer (Light) Turn it loose! Brewed with Pure Rocky Mountain Spring Water. Note: Coors brewing water in Golden, Colo., begins high in the Rocky Mountains. It flows underground and is naturally filtered over beds of sand and gravel) A&W Root Beer Advertising slogan: That frosty mug sensation. Courage Beer Slogans: It’s what your right arm’s for. Take Courage. Taglines: I’m only here for the beer. A Double Diamond works wonders. Heineken beer Slogans: A better beer deserves a better can. It’s all about the beer. Lager Beer at its Best. How refreshing! How Heineken! Heineken refreshes the parts other beers cannot reach. Greene King IPA beer Advertising slogans: Greene King IPA. A tasty change from the usual. Beer to Dine For. Marketing slogans: It Starts Here. I am Canadian. Advertising slogan: The Beer so Good it’s Bad. Bud Light brand Taglines: Fresh. Smooth. Real. It’s all here. Be yourself and make it a Bud Light. Dreher, Hungarian premium beer brand Motto: It’s what’s inside that truly counts. Dreher. Abbot Ale, Greene King’s flagship brand Slogans: Some things get better given longer. Would you say no to another? Mackeson Beer Slogan: Mackeson Beer. It looks good, it tastes good, and by golly it does you good. Mexican Brewery Advertising slogan: The beer that made Milwaukee jealous … Miller Beer Slogans: It’s Miller time! Good call (Miller Lite) Tastes great, less filling (Lite) Everything you always wanted in a beer. And less. (Lite) If you’ve got the time, we’ve got the beer. Miller Beer. The Champagne of Bottled Beers No matter what what’s-his-name says, I’m the prettiest and Lite’s the greatest. Toohey’s beer Advertising slogan: How do you feel? I feel like a Toohey’s. Old Milwaukee beer Slogans: It Doesn’t Get Any Better Than This! Old Milwaukee. Taste as great as it’s name. Norrlands Guld, Swedish brand of beer Advertising slogan: Norrlands Guld. Be yourself for a while. Bavaria Holland beer Advertising slogan: And now, for a Bavaria. Dos Equis Mexican beer Slogans: Sooner or later you’ll get it. Let your tastes travel. Ad slogan: Carlsberg. Probably the best beer in the world. Kokanee Glacier Beer brand, Canada Taglines: Kokanee. Straight from the Kootenays. Pure Gold. From the heart of the Kootenays (Kokanee Gold) Labatt Blue, the best selling Canadian beer brand Taglines: A whole lot can happen, Out of the Blue. If I wanted water, I would have asked for water. Labatt Brewery, Canada Marketing slogan: Labatt. Good things brewing – corporate St. Pauli Girl brand, Germany Taglines: Germany’s Fun-Loving Beer. St. Pauli Girl. The Original Party Girl. Put her on a pedestal, or a coaster (USA campaign) You never forget your first girl. Smirnoff Ice brand (alternative brewed using a malt base) Advertising slogan: Smirnoff Ice. Intelligent Nightlife. Newcastle Brown Ale brand Slogans: Newcastle Brown Ale. The Other Side of Dark. The One and Only. Slogans: Bass. A little bit of better. Bass. Reach for Greatness. Advertising slogans: Our Hand Has Never Lost Its Skill. Schaefer. America’s Oldest Lager Beer. Castlemaine XXXX Australian brand Ad slogan: Australians wouldn’t give a XXXX for anything else Hemeling Lager brand Slogans: Give him a right good Hemeling tonight Wouldn’t you rather be Hemeling? Amstel brand Advertising slogans: Taste life. Pure Filtered. Amstel. Our beer. Celebrate football (Note: Amstel – sponsor of the UEFA Champions League 1994 – 2004) The beer drinker’s light beer (Amstel light) Michelob Ultra, a low-carbohydrate beer brand Marketing slogan: Lose the carbs. Not the taste. Michelob AmberBock beer Tagline: Michelob AmberBock. Rich and Smooth. Red Stripe Jamaican lager brand Advertising slogan: It’s BEER. Hooray beer! Sagres beer, Portugal brand Ad slogan: Sagres. Spot the difference (for dark beer) Corona, Mexican brand Advertising slogan: Corona. Miles Away From Ordinary Harp Irish Lager brand Marketing slogan: Harp puts out the fire Paulaner, German brand Advertising slogan: Good, better, Paulaner Stella Artois brand Ad slogans: Looks ugly. Tastes great. (Stella Artois in a plastic bottle). Stella Artois. Reassuringly expensive Taglines: He who thinks Australian, drinks Australian Foster’s. Australian for beer Sapporo Beer, Japanese brand Slogans: Sapporo. Drink in the world Senses Never Forget Advertising slogan: Tuborg. BEer YOURSELF (Italian campaign) Asgaard beer, German brand Motto: Asgaard. Cheers to the Vikings! Beck’s, German brand Slogans: Beck’s. Life Beckons (USA campaign) Life Beckons. Choose wisely. (Australian campaign) Unmistakable German Craftsmanship (Great Britain campaign) Carlton Cold, Australian brand Advertising slogan: Nothing’s as fresh as a Coldie Victoria Bitter brand, Australia Tagline: A hard earned thirst needs a big cold beer and the best cold beer is Vic. Victoria Bitter. Cascade Premium Lager, Australia Marketing slogan: Cascade Premium. Pure Beer. Adnams Ale brand Advertising slogan: Adnams Ale. Southwold, by the pint. Boddingtons beer brand Marketing slogan: Boddingtons. It’s a bit gorgeous. Carling beer Advertising slogan: Carling. Spot On. Pilsner Urquell brand Tagline: Pilsner Urquell. The world’s first golden beer. Rolling Rock Premium Beer Advertising slogan: Rolling Rock. Free Flowing. Samuel Adams beer brand End line: Samuel Adams. America’s World Class Beer. Guinness Irish Stout Advertising slogans: Out of the darkness comes light. Guinness refreshes your spirit (USA campaign) Believe (UK campaign) The most natural thing in the world (in Ireland) It’s got to be Guinness (in Singapore) Now enjoy Guinness anywhere (Australian campaign) Good things come to those who wait. Guinnless isn’t good for you. Guinness is Good for You Carlton Midstrength beer Advertising slogan: Stay a little longer. Ballantine’s Beer Motto: When you see the three-ring-sign, ask the man for Ballantine. Staropramen, Czech brand Motto: Staropramen. Get A Taste Of Prague. John Smith’s bitter Advertising slogan: John Smith’s. No Nonsense. Saxbys Stone Ginger Beer Advertising slogan: The big ginger bite! Kronenbourg 1664 lager Taglines: Sit. Savour. 1664. 1664. A Good Year for Beer. Please consider purchasing my latest book, California Breweries North, available from Amazon , or ask for it at your local bookstore. The Sessions	i don't know
Which is the forty ninth state of The USA	Alaska Becomes the 49th State Alaska Becomes the 49th State New Flag Unveiled; 7 Staggered Rows Have 7 Stars Each By Richard E. Mooney Special to The New York Times OTHER HEADLINES Soviet Says Rocket Has Passed Moon and is Going into Orbit Around Sun; Instruments on it Seek Lunar Data: Path Near Moon: First Artificial Planet 4,600 Miles Away in Closest Approach Eisenhower Hails Soviet Space Shot: Congratulates the Russians -- Congress Wants U.S. to Spur its Program Position of Moon Shaping the Orbit of New 'Planet' Castro Heads Cuba's Armed Forces; Regime Is Sworn In: Rights Restored: Rebel Chief Lifts Curb: Batista Imposed -- Gives Sugar Pledge Dulles Prepared to Meet Mikoyan: May Hold Early Talks With Soviet Leader, Due Today Rockefeller Says He Is Considering Tax Withholding: Notes Use of Plan Would Not Bar Rise in Levy on Income Earned in '59 Spring Ruling Set On Subway Fares: Transit Authority Hopes No Rise Will Be Necessary Congress Chiefs Forecast Gains: Johnson Says Session Will Be Constructive -- Fight on Filibuster Looms U.S. Policy Shift On Latins Urged: Dr. Eisenhower Proposes Warmth For Democracies, Coolness to Dictators Police Search City For Abducted Baby 65.6% Here Reported Affiliated With Churches or Synagogues Washington, Jan. 3 -- Alaska became a state today. By the clock on the mantel in the Cabinet Room at the White House, it was two minutes past noon. In Juneau, capital of the forty-ninth state, it was 9:02 A.M., Pacific Standard Time. President Eisenhower signed the document of proclamation at the long table at which he meets his Cabinet. He used six pens to inscribe his name and the date. Then he took another handful of pens from the drawer in front of him and signed an Executive order setting a new design of forty-nine stars for the official flag of the United States. The new design has seven staggered rows of stars, with seven stars in each row, and the traditional thirteen stripes. It was chosen a week or so ago by a four-man selection commission and formally approved by the President yesterday. It will become official on July 4. President Eisenhower told one of the guests at the ceremony today that it was not the design he had preferred, "but I was overruled by all my advisers." His choice was nine rows of stars, alternating five and six stars to a row. After signing, the President spoke a brief informal greeting to the people of Alaska and their all-Democratic Congressional delegation standing beside his chair. Then Lieut. Col. James S. Cook Jr., the chief of the heraldic branch of the Quartermaster Corps, unfurled the new banner, which the President held. They did it in such a way that the blue field with the stars commenced on the right. Thus pictures of the event showed the customary position of the flag reversed. The President, one of the few persons who had seen the new design in advance, took another look after the unfurling today. Then he chatted a moment with the handful of invited guests, distributed the pens and left the room. History had been made with a minimum of ceremony and no pomp. President Eisenhower flew to Washington by helicopter this morning from his farm at Gettysburg, Pa., for the statehood event. He flew back this afternoon for the rest of the weekend. Today's proclamation came almost as an anti-climactic end to a forty-two-year struggle for statehood. The true climax came one hot night last June, when the Senate approved the statehood bill, 64 to 20. The proclamation noted the action of Congress, the acceptance of statehood by Alaska voters on Aug. 26, and the certification of the election of her state and national officers on Nov. 25 and concluded that: "The procedural requirements imposed by the Congress on the State of Alaska to entitle that state to admission into the Union have been complied with in all respects, and that admission of the State of Alaska into the Union on an equal footing with the other States of the Union is accomplished." As the President wrote the date below his signature Speaker Sam Rayburn offered a reminder. He told the President to "be sure to make it 1959." After the signing, President Eisenhower said that he felt "very highly privileged and honored" to welcome the forty-ninth state. He noted that there had been no such ceremony as the one this noon in "almost half a century." President Williams Howard Taft signed the forty-eighth statehood proclamation--on Arizona--on Feb. 14, 1912. President Eisenhower extended "best wishes and hope for prosperity and success" to the state and people of Alaska "on behalf of all their sister states." Speaker Rayburn and Vice President Richard M. Nixon were seated beside the President. Behind them stood Senators-elect E. L. Bartlett and Ernest Gruening. Representative-elect Ralph J. Rivers, Acting Governor Waine F. Hendrickson, former Governor Mike Stepovich, Robert Atwood, for chairman of the Alaska Statehood Committee, and Fred A. Seaton, Secretary of the Interior.	Alaska
What colour is the semi-precious stone peridot	States and Their Dates of Admission to the Union By Martin Kelly Updated December 31, 2015. With the founding of the United States, the thirteen original colonies became the first thirteen states. Over time 37 more states were added to the Union. According to the US Constitution, "New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new States shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress." The creation of West Virginia did not violate this clause because West Virginia was created from Virginia during the American Civil War as it did not wish to join the Confederacy. The only other state added during the Civil War was Nevada. Five states were added during the 20th century. The last states to be added to the US were Alaska and Hawaii in 1959. The following table lists each state with the date it entered the union. States and Their Dates of Admission to the Union continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge	i don't know
Is an anti cyclone high or low pressure	Cyclone and Anticyclone \| Scholastic Cyclone and Anticyclone Grades 6–8, 9–12 The term cyclone, in common use, is sometimes applied to a tornado. In the science of meteorology, however, the term has a different meaning. For meteorologists, a cyclone — and its counterpart, an anticyclone — is a large-scale system of air circulation in the atmosphere in the zones between the equator and either of the poles. It can be considered as either producing or resulting from differences in air pressure in those zones. In a cyclone the central air pressure is lower than that of the surrounding environment, and the flow of circulation is clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. Cyclones are also characterized by low-level convergence and ascending air within the system. An anticyclone system has characteristics opposite to that of a cyclone. That is, an anticyclone's central air pressure is higher than that of its surroundings, and the airflow is counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. Anticyclones are usually characterized by low-level divergence and subsiding air. Semipermanent Systems. Semipermanent cyclone systems rarely vary during a season. One example is the Bermuda High in the northern subtropical region. Others include the Siberian High and the Aleutian Low, which dominate winter in the middle and high latitudes of Asia and North America. The subtropical high-pressure belts in the atmosphere coincide with the descending legs of the air-circulation mechanisms known as Hadley cells. Subsiding air heats the atmosphere by adiabatic compression, producing an intense subsidence inversion within the first 2 km (1.2 mi) of the atmosphere. The inversion, characterized by an extremely warm layer in the atmosphere, forms a stable lid that creates air-pollution problems in many cities. These semi-permanent subtropical centers of high pressure develop as direct responses to surface-heating anomalies, such as those produced by the differential heating of continents and oceans or by variations in the sea's surface temperature. Due to the effect of the Hadley cell, the subtropics remain at a fairly high pressure throughout the year. The centers change intensity and adjust their longitudinal position, however, to compensate for changing temperature and pressure gradients between land and ocean. Surface-pressure anomalies develop at higher latitudes by similar processes. During summer, land areas are considerably warmer than adjacent oceans, producing rising air over the land and subsidence over the oceans. The resulting pressure gradient causes cool ocean air to flow toward the warm land surface. The Coriolis effect deviates this flow, producing cyclonic flow over the land and anticyclonic flow over the sea. During winter the situation is reversed. The land cools quickly, having little stored heat. Consequently high-pressure regions form over the land, while low-pressure regions dominate the ocean. With the clear atmosphere of the subsident region, the land surface can continue cooling. The loss of heat is compensated for by an increase of energy that flows into the system, as a warm airflow, from the oceanic low-pressure region. When the amount of energy radiated to space matches the inflow, an equilibrium is reached, but by that time a very deep high-pressure region has developed. Transient Systems. The second cyclonic group consists of transient cyclones and anticyclones associated with weather systems. Located in the equatorial and middle latitudes, they may grow, mature, and decay within a few days. Depressions in middle latitudes are cyclonic systems that develop rapidly and move eastward against the basic westerly flow, over distances from 500 to 2,000 km (30 to 1,200 mi). Central pressures often fall below 990 millibars (mb). Inclement weather, strong winds (connected to the high-pressure gradient), and squalls are associated with such mid-latitude systems, which result from basic instabilities of a heated and rotating atmosphere. Because of the Coriolis effect, the upper tropospheric flow toward the pole in the Hadley cell is forced eastward, developing strong westerlies. The air accelerates as it moves progressively poleward. Because the winds are produced by pressure gradients, which in turn are functions of the temperature distributions, zones of strong winds ought to be associated with strong temperature gradients. Were this situation to continue, the wind and temperature gradients would build up an infinite potential-energy reservoir. If such a system is perturbed, however, so that cold air moves equatorward across the gradient and warm air moves poleward, rapid changes will ensue. As the light warm air overrides dense cold air and the latter undercuts warm air, a thermal circulation develops that taps the potential-energy store. The perturbation continues to grow, effectively relaxing the north-south temperature gradient and reducing the speed of the intense westerlies. This process, called a baroclinic instability, is the cause of most middle-latitude depressions. Subsequent development continues to move warm air poleward and cold air equatorward, producing adjacent pools of warm and cold air. The resultant large east-west temperature gradient produces a pressure distribution that causes a cyclonic circulation around the low-pressure center and an anticyclonic flow around the high. In the tropics, cyclonic systems known as tropical depressions may develop with central pressures less than 2 mb lower than the environment. Associated with periods of intense rain, these systems usually move westward. Those which intensify significantly (pressures falling below 950 mb) are called tropical cyclones or hurricanes. Because their horizontal scale is far less than that of their middle-latitude counterparts, the pressure gradient is tighter, resulting in more intense winds. by P. J. Webster Bibliography: Anthes, R., Tropical Cyclones (1982); Holton, J., Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, 3d ed. (1992); Lutgens, F., and Tarbuck, L., The Atmosphere, 5th ed. (1991); Newton, C., and Holopainen, E., eds., Extratropical Cyclones (1990). ×	High
Who played Miss Moneypenny in the Bond film The Living Daylights	Pressure System Circulation - YouTube Pressure System Circulation Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Nov 6, 2011 Air circulates counter-clockwise in a low pressure system (cyclone) and clockwise in a high pressure system (anti-cyclone). Category	i don't know
What was the Arab Israeli war of 1967 known as	Arab-Israeli Wars: The 1967 War (The Six-Day War) Arab-Israeli Wars The 1967 War (The Six-Day War) After a period of relative calm, border incidents between Israel and Syria, Egypt, and Jordan increased during the early 1960s, with Palestinian guerrilla groups actively supported by Syria. In May, 1967, President Nasser, his prestige much eroded through his inaction in the face of Israeli raids, requested the withdrawal of UN forces from Egyptian territory, mobilized units in the Sinai, and closed the Gulf of Aqaba to Israel. Israel (which had no UN forces stationed on its territory) responded by mobilizing. The escalation of threats and provocations continued until June 5, 1967, when Israel launched a massive air assault that crippled Arab air capability. With air superiority protecting its ground forces, Israel controlled the Sinai peninsula within three days and then concentrated on the Jordanian frontier, capturing Jerusalem's Old City (subsequently annexed), and on the Syrian border, gaining the strategic Golan Heights. The war, which ended on June 10, is known as the Six-Day War. The Suez Canal was closed by the war, and Israel declared that it would not give up Jerusalem and that it would hold the other captured territories until significant progress had been made in Arab-Israeli relations. The end of active, conventional fighting was followed by frequent artillery duels along the frontiers and by clashes between Israelis and Palestinian guerrillas. Sections in this article:	Six-Day War
What was the third country to put a spacecraft into orbit and then recover it	Six-Day War \| Middle East [1967] \| Britannica.com Middle East [1967] Alternative Titles: June War, Third Arab-Israeli War Related Topics Gamal Abdel Nasser Six-Day War, also called June War or Third Arab-Israeli War, brief war that took place June 5–10, 1967, and was the third of the Arab-Israeli wars . Israel ’s decisive victory included the capture of the Sinai Peninsula , Gaza Strip , West Bank , Old City of Jerusalem , and the Golan Heights ; the status of these territories subsequently became a major point of contention in the Arab-Israeli conflict. Israeli armoured troop unit entering Gaza during the Six-Day War, June 6, 1967. © The State of Israel Government Press Office Israeli Prime Minister Levi Eshkol touring Jerusalem following the Six-Day War, 1967; Israel’s … Stock footage courtesy The WPA Film Library Prior to the start of the war, attacks conducted against Israel by fledgling Palestinian guerrilla groups based in Syria , Lebanon , and Jordan had increased, leading to costly Israeli reprisals. In November 1966 an Israeli strike on the village of Al-Samūʿ in the Jordanian West Bank left 18 dead and 54 wounded, and, during an air battle with Syria in April 1967, the Israeli Air Force shot down six Syrian MiG fighter jets. In addition, Soviet intelligence reports in May indicated that Israel was planning a campaign against Syria, and, although inaccurate, the information further heightened tensions between Israel and its Arab neighbours. Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser had previously come under sharp criticism for his failure to aid Syria and Jordan against Israel; he had also been accused of hiding behind the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) stationed at Egypt’s border with Israel in the Sinai. Now, however, he moved to unambiguously demonstrate support for Syria: on May 14, 1967, Nasser mobilized Egyptian forces in the Sinai ; on May 18 he formally requested the removal of the UNEF stationed there; and on May 22 he closed the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping, thus instituting an effective blockade of the port city of Elat in southern Israel. On May 30, King Ḥussein of Jordan arrived in Cairo to sign a mutual defense pact with Egypt, placing Jordanian forces under Egyptian command; shortly thereafter, Iraq too joined the alliance. Similar Topics War of 1812 In response to the apparent mobilization of its Arab neighbours, early on the morning of June 5, Israel staged a sudden preemptive air assault that destroyed more than 90 percent Egypt’s air force on the tarmac. A similar air assault incapacitated the Syrian air force. Without cover from the air, the Egyptian army was left vulnerable to attack. Within three days the Israelis had achieved an overwhelming victory on the ground, capturing the Gaza Strip and all of the Sinai Peninsula up to the east bank of the Suez Canal . An eastern front was also opened on June 5 when Jordanian forces began shelling West Jerusalem—disregarding Israel’s warning to King Ḥussein to keep Jordan out of the fight—only to face a crushing Israeli counterattack. On June 7 Israeli forces drove Jordanian forces out of East Jerusalem and most of the West Bank. Photos and films of Israeli troops taking control of the old city of Jerusalem have proved to be some of the war’s iconic images. The UN Security Council called for a cease-fire on June 7 that was immediately accepted by Israel and Jordan. Egypt accepted the following day. Syria held out, however, and continued to shell villages in northern Israel. On June 9 Israel launched an assault on the fortified Golan Heights, capturing it from Syrian forces after a day of heavy fighting. Syria accepted the cease-fire on June 10. Israeli tanks advancing on the Golan Heights during the Six-Day War between Arab and Israeli … Assaf Kutin/© The State of Israel Government Press Office Egypt Since the Pharoahs The Arab countries’ losses in the conflict were disastrous. Egypt’s casualties numbered more than 11,000, with 6,000 for Jordan and 1,000 for Syria, compared with only 700 for Israel. The Arab armies also suffered crippling losses of weaponry and equipment. The lopsidedness of the defeat demoralized both the Arab public and the political elite. Nasser announced his resignation on June 9 but quickly yielded to mass demonstrations calling for him to remain in office. In Israel, which had proved beyond question that it was the region’s preeminent military power, there was euphoria. Britannica Stories	i don't know
What colours are all the public gondolas in Venice	Gondolas: Venice in Black \| Italy Gondolas: Venice in Black All the Gondole in Venice are Black Submitted by admin on Fri, 06/01/2012 - 00:00 All the Gondole in Venice are Black Ph. depositphoto.com/johnnychaos It almost doesn't make sense, in a city suffused with rich color at every corner - purple, yellow, red, orange flowers cascading over balconies and iron railings, marble pillars of pink, blue-gray, white, and the green-black shadows on crystal green canals - that the very icon that epitomizes Venice in the minds of people world-wide would be black. Have they been black forever? If so, why? And if not, what happened? By all logic, it would seem they should be vividly colorful and that something must have gone terribly awry sometime in the past to have ended them up in such dire straits. Venice was, after all, a city of artists, the dream destination for painters and sculptors throughout the region and beyond; the city reflects this at every turn in lush oil paintings, the mosaics of St. Mark's, elegant ponticelli (bridges) and even in the marble steps leading up from the canals into homes and onto walkways. Ph.d epositphoto.com/topdeq Gondole (the plural of gondola) have been a part of Venice virtually since its inception. The first mention of them is in a letter written by Doge Vitale Falier in 1094. No one knows much about these first gondole - not even what they looked like - though it is safe to assume they were used in much the same way they are now. By the fifteenth century we know they slipped through the waterways of Venice carrying both passengers and goods from one area of the city to another, and they began to be depicted in paintings by Carpaccio, Canaletto, Bellini and others. In studying these paintings we can see a familiar shape emerging. But color? What about color? In fact, the gondole were not always black. They shimmered with vivid blues, greens, reds, purples, and gold gilt. Covered in velvets, brocades and silks, the felze (the coverings for passengers) also stood out, each calling attention to itself, ostentatiously declaring its owner's wealth, prestige, and even ambition. They weren't shaped as they are today - they were flatter, wider, rowed by more than one person - yet they were gorgeous. Some covered - to protect the identities of those meeting for a tryst - some open to the public, each a work of art. Ph. depositphoto.com/rglinsky It's 1500. Imagine thousands of gondole plying the canals, steered by gondoliers of enviable skill and carrying musicians, lovers, visiting nobles, businessmen, and artists. Imagine the calls of friends and the strains of a violin or the baritone voice of a singer drifting across the water. Imagine laughter bouncing across the tiny waves created by countless oars. And imagine the visual medley, the blinding saturation of iridescent colors bouncing off the water, mirroring the city and heading with it into the Renaissance. Then, tragedy struck - or so it might seem. While the world traveled through the Renaissance and into the Baroque period with its rich styles of painting, architecture, art and music that were characterized by ever more ornamentation and a visceral and dramatic effect on the senses, gondole were relegated to the shadows. In 1562 the Doge (chief magistrate) of Venice handed down a decree that from thenceforth only gondole in the service of transporting important personages could be colored. All others had to be black; from that point onward the seemingly simple black gondola, unable to adorn itself with color, began to develop elegance in shape and form, becoming one of the most beautiful objects of both art and function in the world - past and present. Gondola and Rialto Bridge in a foggy autumn evening Ph. depositphoto.com/fazon1 Over the next three centuries the gondola's shape shifted. Starting in the fifteenth and into the sixteenth centuries they became a little slimmer and the ferro (literally "iron"), the distinctive ornamentation still seen today on the bow, began to emerge. Originally these ferri were the same at both ends of the craft, but soon the one in the stern shrank - in some cases to disappear altogether. The ferro on the bow, however, grew larger. Made of iron, it weighed approximately 45 pounds/24.5 kilos, and functioned as a counterbalance to the weight of the gondolier standing on the stern. The stern was undergoing changes as well, raising up to balance out the growing length of the craft - it was reaching 11 meters in length - and allowing the gondolier greater visibility. Then the bow was raised. In essence, then, the lengthening and slimming of the body, the raising of the stern, then the bow, and the growth of the ferro on the front, all functioned to decrease the surface area actually in the water, giving the craft greater maneuverability. And all of this combined with the evolution of the forcola, or oarpost, to help the gondolier control the boat with one oar, making it more intimate, more personal. By the way, forcole have evolved as well, from a simple notched post to the elaborate and sensuous - yet always, ultimately, functional - pieces of art they are today. One more change was needed, though, for the gondola to attain perfection. In order to easily be steered efficiently by one man with one oar without turning always in circles, it needed something to balance out both the gondolier's weight and the push of the oar. Finally, in the nineteenth century, the gondola underwent its most vital change. It became less symmetrical. The boat became wider on its left side, measured from the center. This meant it listed to the right slightly, counterbalancing both the gondolier standing on the left side of the boat and the use of the oar on the right. In the twentieth century this asymmetry reached its present measurement of approximately 24 centimeters, and its perfection. To watch one glide through the water is like watching poetry in motion. In form, then, the gondola looks simple, but centuries of subtle change have created what we see today. Each is made by hand out of eight types of wood, and it can take months from start to finish. Each is fitted to one gondolier - the degree of curvature based on his weight - and each is then painted with at least five coats of enamel.	Black
In Winnipeg there is a statue of which bear	The Gondola Blog: Black is Beautiful Black is Beautiful Some say that black is the most extreme color, while others claim that it's not a color at all. Some say that black is the presence of all color. Others believe that black is the complete absence of color. I think the options above may each have merit depending on the situation, but in the case of the Venetian gondola, the reason that gondolas are black began as an "absence of color". There are a number of incorrect theories behind the reason Venice's gondolas are black. Some of the more mainstream falsehoods include some sort of mourning. I've heard a number of people claim that they are black to mourn the fall of Venice at the hands of Napoleon. Others have said that Venice's gondolas are painted black to mourn those who died in the plague, and I've also heard it said that they are black because they were also used as funeral barges during the plague. These are all interesting theories, and most of the false statements about the gondola could conceivably be true, but the truth is that there was no paint-color mandate - it was a mandate against paint. For the longest time gondolas were the "private coaches" of the rich and powerful of Venice. Not surprisingly, these follks spent a fair amount of attention on looking good, which included dressing up their gondolas. How a well-to-do Venetian appeared to his neighbors was important to him. Great wealth was poured into each gondola. A little healthy rivalry can be good - it keeps people on their toes, makes them strive to be better, but at some point things got out of hand, this Venetian version of "keeping up with the Joneses" ended up on the radar of the city fathers. The more these high-profile Venetian families tried to outshine each other, the more money they dumped into the competition. It seems that what had begun as a harmless beauty contest, developed into what the leaders of the city called an "unecessary financial expense". In order to curtail these unnecessary expeditures, a decree was issued in 1633 prohibiting many things including the practice of painting a gondola. As a result, they ended up black (as boats were waterproofed with pitch back then). Many refer to the this Venetian ruling as a "sumptuary law", akin to those issued in the days of the Roman Empire. Most of the Roman sumptuary laws revolved around clothing and were put in place to reinforce social hierearchies (by the rich, to control the not-so-rich). The Venetian law of 1633 was different: it had been put in place to control the rich. There are some who are quick to point out, however, that the government's boats were exempt - giving them the ability to outshine the regulated boats. Because pitch was used in the waterproofing process in the 1600's, an absense of paint meant that the boats would end up black. At some point black paint worked it's way into the mix, and even though the sumptuary law was meant to curtail the beauty of these boats, it really just brought about a new kind of beauty. Before that time, gondolas in Venice were ridiculously well decorated. Adorments of gold and other expensive materials literally hung from the boats. Brightly colored paints, which were a show of wealth as well, were used to outshine other boats. I'm told that ferros and other metal elements on the gondolas were sometimes made from pure gold. This was all far from utilitarian, but on the Grand Canal it had become a priority to dazzle everyone. The gondola today has a much more classy, understated beauty - one that doesn't scream out like a candy-apple red hot rod, but rather simmers with the seductive allure of a black Maserati. It's a beauty that comes with confidence and inherent grace. As I have obsessed over these boats for many years now, maybe it's conditioning, but I can't think of another color more perfectly suited to the Venetian gondola. I'm not so crazy about seeing black on my toast for breakfast, but on a long boat full of complex curves on the waters of Venice, Black is Beautiful.	i don't know
After which Anglo Saxon god was Wednesday named	Etrusia - Saxons - Days of the Week - Wednesday Etrusia - Saxons and Vikings in Britain - Home Page Wednesday Wednesday is called after the Roman god Mercury in Latin languages, e.g. Mercredi in French. According to the Encyclopaedia Mythica , Mercury was the god of "trade and profit, merchants and travelers, but originally of the trade in corn. In later times he was equated with the Greek Hermes." The English name for the day refers to the Anglo-Saxon deity Wodan. (Dutch Woenstag is named for the same god). This god is found throughout the norse and germanic territories, with minor variations on his name - Odin, Wodenaz, Wotan, Woden, Wodan, etc. Wodan/Odin Wodan was the old English form of Odin, the Norse god of wisdom war and magic ( Mysterious Britain ) Wikipedia suggests Wodan/Odin is "identical with the Germanic god identified as Mercury by Roman writers and possibly with Tacitus’ regnator omnium deus." This seems to be stretching the parallels, as Mercury was not the chief god of Rome and shares only a limited number of attributes with Odin. One source for the identification of Odin with Mercury was apparently Julius Caesar, who saw the Celtic Lugh as identical with Mercury. The interpretation further rests on the assumption that Llugh is the same as Odin. Odin and Lugh were both "intellectual gods, commanding magic and poetry. Both have ravens and a spear as their attributes, and both are one-eyed" according to Wikipedia. Tacitus also saw Mercury and Odin as the same god, both being leaders of souls, according to Wikipedia. Although a god of war and death, Odin's associations and achievements were generally intellectual, including poetry, healing and the creation of runes. There are several instances of the extreme lengths to which he would go to gain wisdom. He underwent 9 days and 9 nights of extreme pain, hanging from the World Ash Yggdrasill, pierced by his own spear, so that he could gain knowledge. In this way, he learned 9 magical songs and 18 magic runes. Similarly, he sacrificed an eye for a drink from the waters of wisdom in Minir’s well. He also worked for a year as a farmhand for Baugi, so he could get the mead of poetry. The Anglo-Saxon kings claimed to be descended from Woden. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Woden's sons Wecta, Baeldaeg, Casere and Wihtlaeg were the ancestors of the royal houses of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In Norse mythology, Odin was Alfadir (Allfather) as father of the gods: Balder, Hod, and Hermod (with Frigg) Thor (by Jord) and Vidar (by Grid). In Norse mythology, Odin's hall (Valaskjalf) is in Valhalla. He watches all events in the 9 worlds from his throne (Hlidskjalf) receiving news from his 2 ravens. His magical possessions include a spear, Gungnir, never misses its target and the ring (Draupnir) which produces 8 new rings every 9 nights, an eight-footed horse (Sleipnir) and two wolves (Freki and Geri) who eat his food - as Odin himself lives on wine. He will be killed by Fenrir (see Tuesday page) on the eve of Ragnorok. ( Encyclopaedia Mythica ). Other days of the week	Odin
What does each bead on a rosary represent	Days of the week Days of the week Compiled by Shlomo Lerman The names of the days of the week in various world languages can be classified as either numerical or planetary. The names of one or more days may have been changed for religious reasons. For instance Sunday is often named "Lord's Day" while Saturday is often named Day of Rest "Sabbath" or "washing day" in the nordic countries. Numerically named days may associate day one with Sunday as in Hebrew, Arabic and Portuguese, or may associate day one with Monday as in Chinese and Slavic languages. Planetary names for the days are derived from the Sun, Moon, and five visible planets (Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn), each of which was associated with a Greco-Roman deity. The Germanic languages, including English, substitute indigenous Germanic gods with similar characteristics for many of the Roman deities. The English names for the days of the week derive from the Anglo-Saxon deities stemming from the native paganism of the Anglo-Saxons. An exception to this is Saturday, which takes its name from the Roman deity Saturn. To varying extents, most regions with dominant Germanic languages practise a similar naming convention, with most of their weekdays named for their native Germanic deities. English names of the days The English days of the week are part of an astrological tradition of naming the days after the Sun, the Moon, and the five visible planets. The latter is clearest in Saturday, named for Saturn. What is different in the English system is that the names of Germanic gods were chosen, and these were not considered to preside over the relevant planets, but instead were considered equivalent to the Roman gods that were thought to rule over the planets. For example, Friday is named after the Germanic goddess of love, Freya, who was seen as equivalent to the Roman goddess of love Venus, who was associated with the planet Venus that the Roman day was named for. Sunday The name comes from the Old English Sunnandæg meaning "Day of the Sun". This is a translation of the Latin phrase Dies Solis. English, like most of the Germanic languages, preserves the original pagan/sun associations of the day. Many other European languages, including all of the Romance languages, have changed its name to the equivalent of "the Lord's day" (based on Ecclesiastical Latin Dies Dominica). Spanish and Portuguese Domingo, French Dimanche, Romanian Duminică and Italian Domenica, etc. Monday The name comes from the Old English Mōnandæg meaning "Day of the Moon". This is likely based on a translation of the Latin name Dies Lunae. French Lundi, Spanish, Lunes, Romanian Luni, Italian Lunedì, etc. Tuesday The name comes from the Old English Tiwesdæg meaning "Tyr's day." Tyr (in Old English, Tiw, Tew or Tiu) was a god of combat and heroic glory in Norse mythology and Germanic paganism. The name of the day is based on Latin Dies Martis, "Day of Mars" (the Roman war god); French Mardi, Spanish Martes, Romanian Marţi, Italian Martedì, etc . Wednesday The name from the Old English Wōdnesdæg meaning the day of the Germanic god Wodan, more commonly known as Odin, who was the highest god in Norse mythology, and a prominent god of the Anglo-Saxons (and other peoples) in England until about the seventh century. It is based on Latin Dies Mercurii, "Day of Mercury"; French Mercredi, Spanish Miércoles, Romanian Miercuri, Italian Mercoledì,etc . The connection between Mercury and Odin is more strained than the other connections. The usual explanation is that both Odin and Mercury were considered leaders of souls, in their respective mythologies. Also, in Old Norse myth, Odin, like Mercury, is associated with poetic and musical inspiration. In German, the day is referred to as Mittwoch (mid week). Similarly in Finnish it is referred to as keskiviikko (keski = mid, viikko = week). Thursday The name comes from the Old English Þūnresdæg meaning the day of Þunor, commonly known in Modern English as Thor, the god of thunder in Norse Mythology and Germanic Paganism. It is based on the Latin Dies Iovis, "Day of Jupiter"; French Jeudi, Spanish Jueves, Romanian Joi, Italian Giovedì, etc . In the Roman pantheon, Jupiter was the chief god, who seized and maintained his power on the basis of his thunderbolt . Friday The name comes from the Old English Frigedæg meaning the day of Frige, the Germanic goddess of beauty, who is a later incarnation of the Norse goddess Frigg, but also potentially connected to the Goddess Freyja. It is based on the Latin Dies Veneris, "Day of Venus"; French Vendredi, Spanish Viernes, Romanian Vineri, Italian Venerdì, etc. Venus was the Roman goddess of love and sex. Saturday It is the only day of the week to retain its Roman origin in English, named after the Roman god Saturn. Its original Anglo-Saxon rendering was Sæturnesdæg. In Latin it was Dies Saturni, "Day of Saturn". But, French Samedi, Spanish and Portuguese Sábado, Romanian Sâmbătă, Italian Sabato, etc. come from Sabbata Dies (Day of the Sabbath) coming from Hebrew Shabath, "Day of Rest". First day of the week In English language countries the week may begin on either Sunday or Monday. Most business and social calendars in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada and Australia mark Monday as the first day of the week, though in South Africa and South America, Monday is considered the first day of the working week. Sunday was the first day of the astrological week, the Hebrew week, and in the Ecclesiastical Latin week of the first millennium. In Jewish and Christian tradition, the first day of the seven day week is Sunday. According to the Bible, God created the Earth in six days, and rested on the seventh day, the Sabbath, i.e. Saturday. This made Sunday the first day of the week, while Saturdays were sanctified for celebration and rest. After the week was adopted in Early Christian Europe, Sunday remained the first day of the week, but also gradually displaced Saturday as the day of celebration and rest, being considered the Lord's Day. The variation is evident from names of the days in some languages — in Hebrew, Arabic, Greek, Portuguese some days are simply called by their number starting from Sunday, e.g. Monday is called "Second day" etc. In other languages, like Slavic languages, days are also called after their ordinal numbers, but starting from Monday, making Tuesday the "Second day". According to another possible explanation, days from Monday to Friday in Slavic languages aren't numbered by their position within the week, but by their distance from Sunday, especially given that Wednesday is named sereda "The Middle day", which makes it a true statement only if Sunday is the first day of the week. Through common usage in most of Europe for business purposes today, in South America, and in parts of Asia, Monday is considered to be the first day of the week and is literally named as such in languages such as Mandarin (星期一 [xīngqí yī]) and Lithuanian (pirmadienis). The ISO prescribes Monday as the first day of the week with ISO-8601 for software date formats. In the Julian and Gregorian calendars, a day extends from midnight to midnight. However, in the Hebrew and Islamic calendars the days extend from sunset to sunset. Thus, the Jewish shabath also starts at sunset on Friday and extends into Saturday and the first day of the Islamic calendar, yaum al-ahad, starts on Saturday after sunset and extends to sunset on Sunday. Origins It is suggested that the seven day week derives from early human observation that there are seven celestial objects (the five visible planets plus the Sun and the Moon) which move in the night sky relative to the fixed stars. Seven days is also the approximate time between the principal phases of the Moon (new, first quarter, full, last quarter). Various sources point to the seven day week having originated in ancient Babylonia or Sumer. It has been suggested that a seven day week might be much older. The seven day planetary week was known to be present in Hellenistic Egypt. The oldest Greek attestation of a seven day week associated with heavenly luminaries are from Vettius Valens, an astrologer writing ca 170 CE in his Anthologiarum. The order was Sun, Moon, Ares, Hermes, Zeus, Aphrodite, and Chronos . Valens had studied Egyptian astrology in Alexandria and there had probably also been exposed to Babylonian astrology. From Greece the planetary week names passed to the Romans. Sanskrit attestations of the navagraha "nine astrological forces", seven of which are used for day names, date to the Yavanajataka "Sayings of the Greeks", a 150 CE translation of a 120 CE Greek Alexandrian text. The Manicheans carried the system to Tibet and China in the 3rd and 4th century. The earliest known reference in Chinese writings is attributed to Fan Ning, who lived in the late 4th century, while diffusions via India are documented with the writings of the Chinese Buddhist monk Yi Jing and the Ceylonese or Central Asian Buddhist monk Bu Kong of the 8th century. The Chinese transliteration of the planetary system was soon brought to Japan by the Japanese monk Kobo Daishi; surviving diaries of the Japanese statesman Fujiwara Michinaga show the seven day system in use in Heian Period Japan as early as 1007. In Japan, the seven day system was kept in use (for astrological purposes) until its promotion to a full-fledged (Western-style) calendrical basis during the Meiji era. The seven day week is known to have been unbroken for almost two millennia via the Alexandrian, Julian, and Gregorian calendars. The date of Easter Sunday can be traced back through numerous computistic tables to an Ethiopic copy of an early Alexandrian table beginning with the Easter of 311 as described by Otto Neugebauer in Ethiopic astronomy and computus. In other languages Romance languages In most Romance languages, such as Italian, Spanish, French and Romanian, the names of the days except Saturday and Sunday come from Roman gods via Latin. Latin itself calqued the names from Greek. The Roman (Latin) names of the days are still used in some English courts such as the House of Lords. The major exception is Portuguese which uses a numbered system derived from the Ecclesiastical Latin day names, as opposed to Classic Latin. Christianization The early Christian Church, uncomfortable using names based on pagan gods, introduced a simple numerical nomenclature which persists in some European languages such as Portuguese and Greek. The Christian names are derived from Hebrew, which numbers all days of the week beginning with "First day" for Sunday but ending with the "Shabath" for Saturday. Arabic names for Sunday through Thursday are first through fifth days; Friday (the day when Muslims are expected to perform noon prayers as a group) is named the Djum'a "gathering day" and Saturday is Sabt. It was Saint Martin of Dumio (c. 520–580), archbishop of Braga, who decided that it was unworthy of good Christians to call the days of the week by the Latin names of pagan gods and decided to use the ecclesiastic terminology to designate them (Feria secunda, Feria tertia, Feria quarta, Feria quinta, Feria sexta, Sabbatum, Dominica Dies), from which came the present Portuguese numbered system. Martin also tried to replace the names of the planets, but in that he was not successful. In Middle Ages, Galician-Portuguese still retained both systems (as seen in older texts), nowadays only Portuguese's sister language Galician uses the old Roman gods system. For that reason, the first day of the week in Portuguese is Sunday (Domingo). The Slavic languages adopted numbering but took Monday rather than Sunday as the "first day". Celtic languages Welsh, the closest living language to that of Roman Britain, faithfully preserves all the Latin names, even though the language itself is not descended from Latin: dydd Llun, dydd Mawrth, dydd Mercher, dydd Iau, dydd Gwener, dydd Sadwrn, dydd Sul. In Irish, the Latin names are used for Saturday, Sunday, Monday and Tuesday. Three days are named for the traditional Roman Catholic days of fasting and abstinence. Wednesday is "the first fast": An Chéadaoin; Friday "the fast": An Aoine; leaving Thursday as "the day between two fasts", An Dé idir dhá aoin, contracted to An Déardaoin. Germanic languages In English all the days of the week are named after the ruling luminary, with most of the names coming from Germanic deities, such as Wodan (Wednesday) and Thor (Thursday). Sunday and Monday are named directly from the Sun and Moon. Saturday is the only day named directly after a Roman god, though the Germanic god associated with each day is generally a calque of the corresponding divinity from the Roman calendar. Other Germanic languages generally follow the same pattern, although the German for Wednesday is Mittwoch and the Yiddish is Mitvokh (mid-week). Icelandic is notably divergent, maintaining only the Sun and Moon (sunnudagur and mánudagur respectively), while dispensing with the names of the explicitly heathen gods in favor of a combination of numbered days and days whose names are linked to pious or domestic routine (föstudagur, "Fasting Day" and laugardagur, "Washing Day"). The "washing day" is also used in other North Germanic languages, although the "pagan" names generally are retained. Indic languages In the Hindu Calendar followed in South Asia and South-East Asia the days of the week (named after the planets, starting from Sunday) are called bhaanu vaasara (Sun), indu vaasara (Moon), mangal vaasara (Mars), saumya vaasara (Mercury), guru vaasara (Jupiter) bhrigu vaasara (Venus), sthira vaasara (Saturn). The names of days in Hindi and Marathi are Ravivar (Sunday), Somvar (Monday), Mangalvar (Tuesday), Budhvar (Wednesday), Guruvar (Thursday), Shukravar (Friday) and Shanivar(Saturday). The names of days in Urdu are Itwaar (Sunday), Peer (Monday), Mangal (Tuesday), Budh (Wednesday), But under the Muslim influence: Jumaaraat for Thursday, Jumaah for Friday and Haftah (seventh day) for Saturday. Dravidian languages In the linguistically unrelated South Indian dravidian language Tamil the days of the week are also named after the planets, in the same order as in the Romance languages and the Indo-Aryan languages - Thingal (Monday, Moon), Sevvaay (Tuesday, Mars), Puthan (Wednesday, Mercury), Viyaazhan (Thursday, Jupiter), Velli (Friday, Venus), Sani (Saturday, Saturn), Nyayiru (Sunday, Sun). Sino-Tibetan languages In the Sino-Tibetan language of Burmese, the days of the week, except for Sunday and Monday, named after the planets, are Sanskrit loan words. In order starting from Sunday, they are: Taninganway (Sino-Tibetan), Taninla (Sino-Tibetan), Inga (from Sanskrit 'Angara', "Mars"), Boddhahu (from Sanksrit 'Budha' "Mercury"), Kyathabaday (from Sanskrit "Vakyasapati"/"Bavahasapati"), Thaukkya (from Sanskrit 'Shukra' and combined with Pali 'Sukka') and Sanay (from Sanskrit "Shani"). Japanese and Korean In Japanese and Korean, the days of the week are named after the Chinese astrological week, which is based on the Indian luminary week. The Chinese associated the five classical planets with the Five Elements. Notably, the order of the planets follows the Indian week, and not the order of the Chinese elements. (See table below.) For example, the planet Mercury is associated with the element Water, and Wednesday (dies Mercuris) is called "day of water" (suiyoubi, in Sino-Japanese). These names of days of the week were introduced by the end of the first millennium CE to Japan and Korea, but they were not widely used in Japanese or Korean daily life until the late 19th century. Chinese In modern Chinese, days of the week are numbered from one to six, except Sunday. Literally, the Chinese term of Sunday means "week day"(星期日 or 星期天). Monday is named literally "week one" in Chinese, Tuesday is "week two", and so on. However, China adopted the Western calendar, putting Sunday at the beginning of the calendar week, and Saturday (星期六, meaning "week six" in Chinese) at the end . A second way to refer to weekdays is using the word zhou (周), meaning "cycle." Therefore Sunday is referred to as zhoumo (周末), meaning "cycle's end" and Monday through Saturday is termed accordingly zhouyi (周一） "first of cycle," zhouer (周二 ) "second of cycle," and etc. Another Chinese numbering system, found sometimes in spoken Chinese of southern languages (i.e. Cantonese/Yue, or Fukinese/Min), refers to Sunday as the "day of worship" (礼拜日 or 礼拜天) and numbers the other days "first [day after] worship" (Monday) through "sixth [day after] worship" (Saturday). The Chinese word used for "worship" is associated with Christian and Muslim worship, and the system's use may be connected with the arrival of Christianity, especially prevalent during in the 18th and 19th centuries in south coastal port cities. In traditional Chinese calenders, days may still be referred to by their association with the sun, moon, and the Chinese elements of fire, water, wood, metal, and earth.	i don't know
How many times is the Lutine Bell rang for bad news	LLOYD'S OF LONDON RECONSTRUCTION PLAN IMPLEMENTED /PR Newswire UK/ LLOYD'S OF LONDON RECONSTRUCTION PLAN IMPLEMENTED Lloyd's today (Wednesday) signalled the implementation of its £3.2 billion reconstruction programme launched in May 1995. The successful completion of the programme, representing one of the largest financial reconstruction exercises ever undertaken, was marked by the ringing of the Lutine bell in the underwriting Room at Lloyds by David Rowland, Chairman of Lloyd's. Mr. Rowland, accompanied by Anthony Nelson MP, Minister of State for Trade and Industry at the Department of Trade and Industry, rang the Lutine bell three times. Traditionally the bell has been sounded once for bad news and twice for good news. Addressing the market this morning, Mr. Rowland said: "By any measure, today represents a defining moment in the history of this great market place. We have reached the end of a long and difficult journey. The three rings of the Lutine bell symbolize three important stages in that journey. "First, to mark our regret at the pain and suffering which our losses have wrought upon many of our members. Second, to mark our pleasure at having reached our destination with the help and support of so many. Third, to signal the beginning of a new journey to consolidate this market's reputation as a centre of insurance excellence." The completion of the reconstruction programme follows the acceptance at the end of last month of settlement offers made to Lloyd's 34,000 members worldwide. At the end of last week more than 91 per cent of members had accepted the terms of the offer. The other key element of the reconstruction was completed this morning when Mr. Nelson announced that he had approved the lifting of the conditions on the authorisation of Equitas Reinsurance Limited and Equitas Limited (Equitas). The full authorisation of Equitas enables Lloyd's to complete its reconstruction and renewal programme. All Lloyd's members will now have their 1992 and prior Lloyds liabilities reinsured into Equitas, a company set up expressly for this purpose. The Department of Trade and Industry had conditionally authorised Equitas in March this year, the conditions to be lifted once a preset level of financing for the company was in place. On Friday last week (August 30) Lloyd's declared its reconstruction and renewal programme unconditional and submitted a formal request for the conditions relating to the full authorisation of Equitas to be lifted. Each member accepting his or her individual offer as part of the programme has undertaken, by September 30, to pay their individual premium to Equitas, completing its necessary funding. Equitas is being funded with a premium of £14.7 billion calculated as at December 31, 1995. The History of the Lutine Bell For more than a century, the Lutine bell has been synonymous with the name of Lloyd's of London, the world's leading insurance market. Traditionally rung to herald important announcements to underwriters and brokers in the underwriting Room - one stroke for bad news and two for good - it is recognized throughout the world as the symbol of an organisation whose fortunes are linked inextricably with natural and man-made catastrophes. The bell was carried originally on board the French frigate La Lutine, which surrendered to the British in 1793. Six years later, as HMS Lutine, carrying a cargo of gold and silver bullion, she sank off the Dutch coast. The cargo, valued then at around £1 million, was insured by Lloyd's underwriters who paid the claim in full. There have been numerous salvage attempts on the vessel since she sank. These have yielded a number of gold and silver bars, the ship's rudder, from which a table and chair were made, and several other items including the captain's watch. In 1858 the wreck yielded its most important treasure, the ship's bell which was hung in the underwriting Room which Lloyd's occupied in the Royal Exchange in the City during the 1890s and was rung when news of overdue ships arrived at Lloyd's. The purpose of ringing the Lutine bell has often been misunderstood. For many years, whenever a vessel became overdue, underwriters involved in insuring the vessel would ask a specialist broker to reinsure some of their liability based on the possibility of the ship becoming a total loss. When reliable information about the vessel became available, the bell was rung once for bad news - such as a total loss - or twice for a safe arrival or positive sighting. This ensured that all brokers and underwriters with an interest in the risk became aware of the news simultaneously. Modern communications have ensured that the chances of a vessel becoming overdue are now very small. The bell was last rung once for the loss of an overdue ship in 1979, and it was last rung twice for a safe arrival in 1981. The ringing of the Lutine bell is now restricted principally to ceremonial occasions. Facts About The Lutine Bell Lutine is a French word meaning 'elf' or 'sprite.' The bell weighs l06 pounds and measures 18 inches in diameter. It bears the inscription St. Jean l779, which may have been either Lutine's original name or the bell may have been a second-hand replacement The bell has hung in four successive Lloyd's underwriting Rooms: the Royal Exchange 1890s - 1928, Lloyd's building in Leadenhall Street 1928-1958, Lloyd's first Lime Street headquarters 1958-1986, and the present Lloyd's building since 1986. On 24 May 1986, four red-liveried Lloyd's waiters carried the bell on a 12-foot Thames barge oar from the 1958 building to the new headquarters on the opposite side of Lime Street. The last occasion on which the bell was rung twice for a vessel was 10 November 1981 when it was struck twice to announce news of contact with the overdue Liberian motor vessel Gloria. The bell was last rung once for a vessel on 9 November 1979 when wreckage of the tanker Berge Vanga (228,000 tons dwt) was located in the South Atlantic. By a sad coincidence, the previous occasion was for the Berge Vange's sister ship the Berge Istra (227,000 tons dwt) which sank in the Pacific after three explosions on 19 January 1976. The bell has been rung twice for good news on a number of Royal occasions including the opening of the present building by HM the Queen on 18 November 1986. During World War Two, the bell was often rung to warn the Room of impending air raids. On 27 May 1941 news was received that the German battleship Bismarck had been sunk by the Royal Navy. The bell was struck once. The bell rang once to mark the deaths of a number of monarchs and statesmen including HM King George V, HM King George VI, President Roosevelt, President Kennedy and Sir Winston Churchill. Although the Lutine bell's traditions are firmly rooted in Lloyd's marine market, it was rung: twice to announce the safe splashdown of the US Apollo 8 space mission on 27 December 1968; twice on 28 November 1973 to announce the release of eleven hostages from a hijacked Dutch Boeing 747, and twice on 14 November 1984 when Lloyd's Silver Medal for merit orious services was presented to the crew of the NASA space shuttle Discovery who had successfully recovered two communications satellites from an incorrect orbit. The most unusual ringing of the bell took place on l4 July 1994 at a charity concert in the underwriting Room when it was struck once four times during a performance of a specially-composed piece of music. Note to Editors: Photographs of David Rowland ringing the Lutine bell are available on request. SOURCE Lloyd's of London Get content for your website Enhance your website's or blog's content with PR Newswire's customised real-time news feeds.	three
"What did ""loose lips"" do, according to a popular rhyming WW2 slogan"	The Titanic loss still on display at Lloyd's - 1 \| Discover Risk News The Titanic loss still on display at Lloyd's - 100 years on. April 2012 marks the centenary of the sinking of RMS Titanic - one of the most famous ships in history. The sinking of the Titanic caused the deaths of over 1,500 people and, although she had advanced safety features, her sinking is one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters to have ever happened. Many survivors lost all of their money and possessions and were left destitute; many families, particularly those of crew members, lost their primary bread-winners. The ship, which cost $7,500,000 to build (that's $400,000,000 in today's money), was insured at Lloyds of London and when she sank, confirmation reached underwriters at Lloyds by the strike of the Lutine Bell. The Lutine Bell was recovered from HMS Lutine in 1779 and the bell was traditionally struck when news of an overdue ship arrived - once for the loss of a ship (bad news) and twice for her return (good news). When she was confirmed as a total loss, the Titanic was entered in the Loss Book which is still used today to keep records of commercial ships lost at sea. Lloyd's of London paid out $3,019,400 in claims resulting from the Titanic disaster, and her entry in the loss book can still be seen on display next to the Lutine Bell. Allianz, one of the UK's largest insurers, has recently published a report about the safety of shipping, 100 years on from the sinking of the Titanic. To read it click here and to find out about Allianz's current graduate scheme and summer placement programme click here .	i don't know
Penderyn whiskey is made in which European country	Inside the Welsh Distillery Taking on the Irish and Scottish Whisky Dons \| MUNCHIES Inside the Welsh Distillery Taking on the Irish and Scottish Whisky Dons April 15, 2016 / 6:00 am By Vast mountain scenery, epic castles, Celtic roots, a longstanding rivalry with the English, and a love for whisky. No, not Scotland or Ireland: Wales. For many drinkers, whisky means Scotch or Jameson, but over the last few decades, distillers from countries as unlikely as Taiwan and Denmark have tried their hand at making the water of life. Now, it’s Wales’ turn. Penderyn Distillery is currently the country’s only whisky maker but rather than jumping on the bandwagon of the spirit’s recent surge in popularity, its distillers are reviving longstanding whisky-making methods that reach back as far as St. Patrick. Distilling equipment at Penderyn Distillery, the only whisky distillery in Wales. Photo courtesy Penderyn Distillery. “St. Patrick was born in Wales, so they say, and then went to Europe to train to become a monk,” explains Penderyn distiller David Cover. “French monks had deciphered the method of distilling from Arab perfume-making texts, and had started to distil wine to make brandy. Of course, grapes don’t grow so well in the UK so when Patrick came back with the method, people used different grains—like malted barley—and made whisky. The story is that he then went to evangelise Ireland and introduced the spirit there.” For which the Irish sainted him. Well, not for that specifically, but you get the gist—if you believe the Welsh version, then the Scots and Irish have a Welshman to thank for their national spirits. READ MORE: Meet the World’s First Female Master Whisky Blender As it turns out, the distillers of Kentucky need to thank the Welsh too. “Evan Williams was a Welshman with a distillery in Pembrokeshire,” explains Cover. “He emigrated to America, started a corn farm, and began making whisky from the excess. He’s known as one of the founding fathers of Bourbon.” Given this illustrious past, why is Penderyn currently the only whisky distillery in Wales? And if it only opened in the year 2000, what went so wrong before then? Whisky barrels in the Penderyn warehouse. Photo courtesy Penderyn Distillery. “The last Welsh distillery before us was in North Wales, back in 1890,” he says. “Wales was probably one of the worst places to have a distillery at the time because there was such a big temperance movement. A lot of people hated alcohol and they were prepared to get quite violent about it. They’d go into pubs and drag people into the street and beat them up. Obviously the distillery owner was quite scared of these people and didn’t want to get caught, so he started doing his deliveries by night. One morning they found him run over by his own horse and cart.” Depending on who’s side you were on, Williams had either been drinking too much of his own whisky or he’d been got by the temperance movement. Whatever the truth of it is, that put paid to whisky production in Wales for the next hundred years. Photo courtesy Penderyn Distillery. And then Penderyn came along. “We’re capable of making something that’s unique and different, something that’s completely Welsh,” the distillery’s media manager Jon Tregenna tells me. “The Scots do a double distillation, the Irish distil three times, but we only need to distil once, because we have a different kind of still that’s works as if we’re doing loads of distillations in one go. That makes the whisky quite light and delicate.” This is where distilling gets into the nitty gritty of chemistry, and Penderyn’s innovative still was created specially for them by Dr. David Faraday, the grandson of Victorian scientist Michael Faraday and a chemical engineer at Surrey University. His invention uses what’s known as a fractionating column, similar to the purification systems used in the petrochemical industry. The alcohol is put into the wide base of the still and heated up. As the liquid evaporates, it rises through the copper column above the still, hitting seven perforated plates. It becomes smoother and more refined as it works its way up. The bottling line. Photo courtesy Penderyn Distillery. The still doesn’t look as beautiful as a traditional Scottish still, made like something out of Wallace and Gromit with more rivets and bolts than sweeping curves, but the raw spirit that comes out of it smells incredible, and surprisingly not overpoweringly alcoholic. I stick my nose in a glass of the raw stuff and it reminds me of ripe soft summer fruits in a bowl. I get stopped before I take a sip. “It’s light and fruity,” Tregenna says,”but the spirit comes off the still at 92 percent.” It’s no wonder the temperance movement had a hold in Wales. Imagine drinking booze that potent on a regular basis. Penderyn’s Welsh still produces the highest strength of any malt whisky made in the world. “This is one of the main differences,” he adds. “The spirit that comes off Scottish stills is around 65 percent, but it’s quite heavy and oily. The Scots can’t make their whisky another way by law, but we’re only governed by European law so we were able to be more modern and innovative.” Photo by the author. Of course, whisky is as much art as it is science, and even with a unique still, the final products needed to be honed into something fine. “Part of the barrel ageing process for whisky is to give the spirit extra purification time. The wood reacts with the alcohol and removes any leftover impurities,” Tregenna explains. “Because our spirit is already so pure, the barrel ageing process for us is just to add character, and so we can choose what flavours we want to add in.” READ MORE: This Bar Is Serving Whisky from an 18-Foot Oak Tree So whether the heft of peat or the rounded warmth of Bourbon, the Welsh whisky can play to people’s preferences, leaving less to chance. “The curious thing is that people who claim they don’t like whisky say they like Penderyn,” he says. “Scotch can run across your tongue like a barbarian hoard charging over a peaty highland bog. But when you drink our whisky it’s as if you’re being flirted with by an ageing druid or sung to by a bard.” He’s not wrong. The spirit woos me in a melodic Welsh voice, urging me. Come and taste, my love. Come and taste. When I do, I find myself completely enchanted. The Welsh certainly seem to be holding their own when it comes to whisky. And given their history, we probably shouldn’t be surprised.	Wales
Who sponsored the Great Exhibition of 1851	Penderyn Whiskey - Review of Penderyn Distillery, Penderyn, Wales - TripAdvisor Review of Penderyn Distillery Penderyn \| Rhondda Cynon Taff, Penderyn, Brecon Beacons National Park CF44 0SX, Wales +44 1685 810650 More attraction details Attraction details Owner description: Penderyn Distillery is the only distillery in Wales and one of the smallest distilleries in the world. One of the few remaining independent distilleries, Penderyn takes its name from the old Welsh village in which it is located and nestles in the foothills of the ancient Brecon Beacons mountain range. The Brecon Beacons National Park is an area of outstanding natural beauty famed for its breathtaking scenery, open moorland, clear rivers and tumultuous waterfalls. Members of the public can enjoy a distillery tour, take a journey through the history of single malt whisky making in Wales, and understand the distilling process at first hand. On arrival you will be greeted by your tour guide and taken through to the exhibition area where you can browse at your leisure and learn for yourself the history of whisky making in Wales as well as more general Welsh history. Watch the short video about how Penderyn first started, and how it has developed since its launch in 2004. Your guide will then join you and take you through to the next section where you will be able to: View the Barley, Malt Bins, Grist Mill, Mash Tun and Fermenters that produce the unique Penderyn Malted Barley Wash. View the Single Pot Stills at Penderyn Distillery that were designed by Dr. David Faraday, a descendant of famous physicist Sir Michael Faraday. You can also view the more traditional brand new Double Pot Stills. If distillations are in process you will be able to see the spirit being drawn into the spirit safe. See the barrel display area when your guide will describe how the different expressions of Penderyn whisky are matured and talk you through the various stages of the maturation process. Learn about the other products - Merlyn Cream Liqueur, Brecon Five Vodka and Brecon Special Reserve Gin. Feel and smell the botanicals that are used to make Brecon Special Reserve Gin. Visit the tasting room and sample the products - Penderyn Single Malt Whisky, Brecon Five Vodka, Brecon Gin and Merlyn Cream Liqueur. Browse the retail shop for Penderyn Spirits and merchandise. There are newer reviews for this attraction	i don't know
Who composed the theme music for the Pink Panther films	Henry Mancini — The Pink Panther Theme — Listen, watch, download and discover music for free at Last.fm easy listening "The Pink Panther Theme" is an instrumental composition by Henry Mancini written as the theme for the 1963 film The Pink Panther and subsequently nominated for the 1964 Academy Award for Original Music Score. The cartoon character created for the opening credits of the movie by David DePatie and Friz Freleng was animated in time to the tune.The soloist of this song was Plas Johnson. Don't want to see ads? Subscribe now Similar Tracks	Henry Mancini
Which entertainer's autobiography was titled It's Hello From Him	The Pink Panther Strikes Again [Original Soundtrack] - Henry Mancini \| Songs, Reviews, Credits \| AllMusic The Pink Panther Strikes Again [Original Soundtrack] AllMusic Rating google+ AllMusic Review by William Ruhlmann The soundtrack to the fifth Pink Panther film, as usual by Henry Mancini , is typical of his light, playful touch in the series. Whether pursuing variations on his well-worn "Pink Panther Theme" or contributing German beerhall music for a film scene, Mancini's music is always buoyant and comically suggestive. Tom Jones sings the Oscar-nominated "Come To Me," with lyrics by Don Black , as does Inspector Clouseau ( Peter Sellers ) himself. The Rykodisc reissue adds almost ten minutes of previously unissued music, along with liner notes, the movie poster, and for the CD-ROM-equipped, the film's trailer. Track Listing	i don't know
What does the cockney rhyming slang mince pies mean	Cockney Rhyming Slang Cockney Rhyming Slang Close this window Cockney rhyming slang is a form of English slang which originated in the East End of London . Many of its expressions have passed into common language, and the creation of new ones is no longer restricted to Cockneys. Up until the late 20th Century, rhyming slang was also common in Australian slang, probably due to the formative influence of cockney on Australian English. It developed as a way of obscuring the meaning of sentences to those who did not understand the slang , though it remains a matter of speculation whether this was a linguistic accident, or whether it was developed intentionally to assist criminals or to maintain a particular community. Rhyming slang works by replacing the word to be obscured with the first word of a phrase that rhymes with that word. For instance, "face" would be replaced by "boat," because face rhymes with "boat race." Similarly "feet" becomes "plates" ("plates of meat"), and "money" is "bread" (a very common usage, from "bread and honey"). Sometimes the full phrase is used, for example "Currant Bun" to mean "The Sun" (often referring to the British tabloid newspaper of that name). There is no hard and fast rule for this, and you just have to know whether a particular expression is always shortened, never shortened, or can be used either way. Other examples of Cockney Rhyming Slang, or phrases inspired by it, are: Adam and Eve = believe = as in "would you Adam and Eve it?" Almond Rocks = socks Aris = Aristotle = bottle & glass = arse (a two-stage rhyme) [see Plaster below] Artful Dodger = lodger Berk or Burk = Berkshire Hunt = cunt (used as an insult, never as an anatomical reference) Boat = boat race = face Bob Hope = soap Boracic (freq. contracted to brassic) = boracic lint = skint (i.e. penniless) Bottle = bottle and glass = arse (i. e. courage; Courage also happens to be the name of a brewery) Brahms = Brahms and Liszt (classical composers) = pissed (i.e. drunk) Brass Tacks = facts Bristol = Bristol City = titty (i.e. breast) Brown bread = dead Chalfonts = Chalfont St Giles = piles (i.e. haemorrhoids) Chalk Farm = arm China = china plate = mate Cobblers = cobblers' awls = balls or 'bollocks' (i.e. testicles , but usually meant in the sense of 'rubbish' as in "You're talking a load of cobblers") Cock and Hen = ten Creamed = cream crackered = knackered (i.e. exhausted or beaten) Currant bun = sun or The Sun newspaper Daisies = daisy roots = boots Darby and Joan = moan Dicky = dicky dirt = shirt Dicky or Dickie = dickie bird = word = as in "not a dickie", or even "not a dickie bird" Dog = dog and bone = phone Duck and Dive = skive Ducks and Geese = F--k-in' Police Duke of Kent = rent Dukes = Duke[s] of York = fork, i.e. hand, now chiefly when balled into a fist Dustbin Lid = kid Emmas = Emma Freud (English author and columnist) = haemorrhoids Farmers = Farmer Giles = piles (slang for haemorrhoids ) Flowery Dell = ( prison ) cell Gregory = Gregory Peck = neck, or cheque Gypsy's = Gypsy's kiss = piss Hampton Wick = prick (i.e. penis) Half-inch = pinch (i.e. steal) Jack = Jack Jones = alone ("On my Jack" = "On my own") Jam jar = car Jam tart = heart J. Arthur = J. Arthur Rank (1930s UK flour magnate and film producer) = wank (i.e. masturbate) Jimmy = Jimmy Riddle (unknown person, not the character killed during the Waco siege)= piddle or widdle (urinate) Jugs = jugs of beer = ears Khyber = Khyber Pass = arse Lady Godiva = fiver (i.e. five- pound note) Lionels = Lionel Blairs (English variety performer) = flares (as in flared trousers) Loaf = loaf of bread = head ("use your loaf") Lucy Lockett = pocket Mickey Bliss = piss (as in "take the Mickey" = "take the piss" = satirise) Minces (or mincers) = mince pies = eyes Mutton = Mutt and Jeff = deaf = named after Mutt and Jeff , two early 20th century comic strip characters Nobbies = Nobby Stiles (English footballer) = piles (haemorrhoids) North and South = mouth Oily rag = fag (i.e. cigarette) Ones and twos = shoes Orchestras = orchestra stalls = balls (Orchestra stalls = part of a concert or other hall. Example = "A kick in the orchestras.") [Coincidentally, "orchi-" is also the Greek root meaning "testicle."] Peckham Rye = tie (i.e. necktie) Pen and Ink = stink Pigs ears = big beers (large glasses of Ale ) Plaster = Plaster of Paris = Aris = Aristotle = bottle = bottle and glass = arse (a three-stage rhyme) Plates = plates of meat = feet Porky = pork pie = lie, e.g. "He's telling porkies!" Pony = pony and trap = crap (note: Cockneys also use "pony" to mean £25 - hopefully the meaning is clear from the context) Rabbit = rabbit and pork = talk Raspberry = raspberry tart = fart (as in "blowing raspberry/ies" = making rasping noises with your mouth) Richard = Richard the Third = turd (lump of faeces) Richard = Dicky Bird = bird (slang for girl) but also Dicky Bird = word Rosie = Rosie Lee = tea e.g. "Have a cup of Rosie" Round the houses = trousers Ruby = Ruby Murray (popular singer in the 1950s born in Belfast ) = curry Salmon and Trout = snout Scarper = Scapa Flow = go (as in "run for it!") Septic = septic tank = Yank (slang for an American) Sexton Blake = cake Skin = skin and blister = sister Sky = sky rocket = pocket sweaty = sweaty sock = jock = Scottish person Syrup / sirrup = syrup of figs = wig(s) Tea leaf = thief The Sweeney = Sweeney Todd =Flying Squad , a special division of the Metropolitan Police ; used as the title of TV series The Sweeney Taters = Potatoes in the mould = cold Titfer = tit for tat = hat Tod = Tod Sloane = own (as in "on your tod", meaning "alone") Tom and Dick = sick Treacle = treacle tart = sweetheart Trouble = trouble and strife = wife Vera = Vera Lynn (famous British wartime singer)= 'skin' or cigarette paper, eg, "got any Veras?", or chin, or gin Whistle = whistle and flute = suit = as in "a nice whistle"	Eye
What is the singular of data	mince pie \| Definition, meaning & more \| Collins Dictionary 1. a small round pastry tart filled with mincemeat 2. (usually plural) Cockney rhyming slang an eye Collins English Dictionary. Copyright © Harper Collins Publishers mince pie for learners of EnglishPowered by COBUILD Word forms: mince pies	i don't know
What French phrase has been adopted into the English language - meaning to be familiar or conversant with	French Words and Expressions in English French Words and Expressions in English Learn the true meanings of French words and expressions commonly used in English Sign Up for Our Free Newsletters Thanks, You're in! What I Learned About Today You might also enjoy: Health Tip of the Day Recipe of the Day There was an error. Please try again. Please select a newsletter. Please enter a valid email address. Did you mean ? < Continued from page 1 Updated October 16, 2015. Over the years, the English language has borrowed a great number of French words and expressions. Some of this vocabulary has been so completely absorbed by English that speakers might not realize its origins. Other words and expressions have retained their "Frenchness" - a certain je ne sais quoi which speakers tend to be much more aware of (although this awareness does not usually extend to actually pronouncing the word in French). The following is a list of French words and expressions which are commonly used in English. The literal English translation is provided in quotation marks and followed by an explanation. When you've read through them all, be sure to see how well you do on the quiz . adieu "until God" Used like "farewell": when you don't expect to see the person again until God (when you die and go to Heaven) agent provocateur "provocative agent" A person who attempts to provoke suspected individuals or groups into committing unlawful acts aide-de-camp "camp assistant" A military officer who serves as a personal assistant to a higher-ranking officer aide-mémoire "memory aid" continue reading below our video 4 Tips for Improving Test Performance Position paper 2. Something that acts as an aid to memory, such as crib notes or mnemonic devices à la carte "on the menu" French restaurants usually offer a menu with choices for each of the several courses at a fixed price ( how to read a French menu ). If you want something else (a side order), you order from the carte. Note that menu is a false cognate in French and English. à la française "in the French manner" Describes anything done the French way à la minute "to the minute" This term is used in restaurant kitchens for dishes which are cooked to order, rather than made ahead of time à la mode "in fashion, style" In English, this means "with ice cream" - apparently someone decided that having ice cream on pie was the fashionable way to eat it. A path or walkway lined with trees amour-propre "self love" From Latin, "to open" après-ski "after skiing" The French term actually refers to snow boots, but the literal translation of the term is what is meant in English, as in "après-ski" social events. à propos (de) "on the subject of" In French, à propos must be followed by the preposition de. In English, there are four ways to use apropos (we leave out the accent and the space): 1. Adjective - appropriate, to the point: "That's true, but it's not apropos." 2. Adverb - at an appropriate time, opportunely: "Fortunately, he arrived apropos." 3. Adverb/Interjection - by the way, incidentally: "Apropos, what happened yesterday?" 4. Preposition (may or may not be followed by of) - with regard to, speaking of: "Apropos our meeting, I'll be late"; "He told a funny story apropos of the new president." art déco "decorative art" Characterized by flowers, leaves, and flowing lines attaché "attached" au contraire "on the contrary" Usually used playfully in English. au fait "conversant, informed" Au fait is used in British English to mean "familiar" or "conversant": She's not really au fait with my ideas, but it has other meanings in French. au gratin "with gratings" In French, au gratin refers to anything that is grated and put on top of a dish, like breadcrumbs or cheese. In English, au gratin means "with cheese." au jus "in the juice" Served with the meat's natural juices. au naturel "in reality, unseasoned" In this case naturel is a semi-false cognate . In French, au naturel can mean either "in reality" or the literal meaning of "unseasoned" (in cooking). In English, we picked up the latter, less common usage and use it figuratively, to mean natural, untouched, pure, real, naked. au pair "at par" A person who works for a family (cleaning and/or teaching the children) in exchange for room and board aux trois crayons "with three crayons" Drawing technique using three colors of chalk avant-garde "before guard" Innovative, especially in the arts avoirdupois "goods of weight" Sculpture that is only slightly more prominent than its background. BCBG "good style, good sort" Preppy or posh, short for bon chic, bon genre. belle époque "beautiful era" The golden age of art and culture in France in the early 20th century bête noire "black beast" Similar to a pet peeve: something that is particularly distasteful or difficult and to be avoided. billet-doux "sweet note" Love letter blond, blonde "fair-haired" This is the only adjective in English which agrees in gender with the person it modifies: blond is for a man and blonde for a woman. Note that these can also be nouns. The closest English equivalent is "Enjoy your meal." bon mot, bons mots "good word(s)" Clever remark, witticism	au fait
What word links these: detector, polish, scrap	French Words and Expressions in English French Words and Expressions in English Learn the true meanings of French words and expressions commonly used in English Sign Up for Our Free Newsletters Thanks, You're in! What I Learned About Today You might also enjoy: Health Tip of the Day Recipe of the Day There was an error. Please try again. Please select a newsletter. Please enter a valid email address. Did you mean ? < Continued from page 1 Updated October 16, 2015. Over the years, the English language has borrowed a great number of French words and expressions. Some of this vocabulary has been so completely absorbed by English that speakers might not realize its origins. Other words and expressions have retained their "Frenchness" - a certain je ne sais quoi which speakers tend to be much more aware of (although this awareness does not usually extend to actually pronouncing the word in French). The following is a list of French words and expressions which are commonly used in English. The literal English translation is provided in quotation marks and followed by an explanation. When you've read through them all, be sure to see how well you do on the quiz . adieu "until God" Used like "farewell": when you don't expect to see the person again until God (when you die and go to Heaven) agent provocateur "provocative agent" A person who attempts to provoke suspected individuals or groups into committing unlawful acts aide-de-camp "camp assistant" A military officer who serves as a personal assistant to a higher-ranking officer aide-mémoire "memory aid" continue reading below our video 4 Tips for Improving Test Performance Position paper 2. Something that acts as an aid to memory, such as crib notes or mnemonic devices à la carte "on the menu" French restaurants usually offer a menu with choices for each of the several courses at a fixed price ( how to read a French menu ). If you want something else (a side order), you order from the carte. Note that menu is a false cognate in French and English. à la française "in the French manner" Describes anything done the French way à la minute "to the minute" This term is used in restaurant kitchens for dishes which are cooked to order, rather than made ahead of time à la mode "in fashion, style" In English, this means "with ice cream" - apparently someone decided that having ice cream on pie was the fashionable way to eat it. A path or walkway lined with trees amour-propre "self love" From Latin, "to open" après-ski "after skiing" The French term actually refers to snow boots, but the literal translation of the term is what is meant in English, as in "après-ski" social events. à propos (de) "on the subject of" In French, à propos must be followed by the preposition de. In English, there are four ways to use apropos (we leave out the accent and the space): 1. Adjective - appropriate, to the point: "That's true, but it's not apropos." 2. Adverb - at an appropriate time, opportunely: "Fortunately, he arrived apropos." 3. Adverb/Interjection - by the way, incidentally: "Apropos, what happened yesterday?" 4. Preposition (may or may not be followed by of) - with regard to, speaking of: "Apropos our meeting, I'll be late"; "He told a funny story apropos of the new president." art déco "decorative art" Characterized by flowers, leaves, and flowing lines attaché "attached" au contraire "on the contrary" Usually used playfully in English. au fait "conversant, informed" Au fait is used in British English to mean "familiar" or "conversant": She's not really au fait with my ideas, but it has other meanings in French. au gratin "with gratings" In French, au gratin refers to anything that is grated and put on top of a dish, like breadcrumbs or cheese. In English, au gratin means "with cheese." au jus "in the juice" Served with the meat's natural juices. au naturel "in reality, unseasoned" In this case naturel is a semi-false cognate . In French, au naturel can mean either "in reality" or the literal meaning of "unseasoned" (in cooking). In English, we picked up the latter, less common usage and use it figuratively, to mean natural, untouched, pure, real, naked. au pair "at par" A person who works for a family (cleaning and/or teaching the children) in exchange for room and board aux trois crayons "with three crayons" Drawing technique using three colors of chalk avant-garde "before guard" Innovative, especially in the arts avoirdupois "goods of weight" Sculpture that is only slightly more prominent than its background. BCBG "good style, good sort" Preppy or posh, short for bon chic, bon genre. belle époque "beautiful era" The golden age of art and culture in France in the early 20th century bête noire "black beast" Similar to a pet peeve: something that is particularly distasteful or difficult and to be avoided. billet-doux "sweet note" Love letter blond, blonde "fair-haired" This is the only adjective in English which agrees in gender with the person it modifies: blond is for a man and blonde for a woman. Note that these can also be nouns. The closest English equivalent is "Enjoy your meal." bon mot, bons mots "good word(s)" Clever remark, witticism	i don't know
Rhinotillexomania is the medical name of which bad habit	Rhinotillexomania: psychiatric disorder or habit? - PubMed - NCBI Rhinotillexomania: psychiatric disorder or habit? 1Dean Foundation for Health, Research and Education, Madison, WI 53717-1914. Abstract BACKGROUND: Conditions once considered bad habits are now recognized as psychiatric disorders (trichotillomania, onychopagia). We hypothesized that nose picking is another such "habit," a common benign practice in most adults but a time-consuming, socially compromising, or physically harmful condition (rhinotillexomania) in some. METHODS: We developed the Rhinotillexomania Questionnaire, mailed it to 1000 randomly selected adult residents of Dane County, Wisconsin, and requested anonymous responses. The returned questionnaires were analyzed according to age, sex, marital status, living arrangement, and educational level. Nose picking was characterized according to time involved, level of distress, location, attitudes toward self and others regarding the practice, technique, methods of disposal, reasons, complications, and associated habits and psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: Two hundred fifty-four subjects responded. Ninety-one percent were current nose pickers although only 75% felt "almost everyone does it"; 1.2% picked at least every hour. For 2 subjects (0.8%), nose picking caused moderate to marked interferences with daily functioning. Two subjects spent between 15 and 30 minutes and 1 over 2 hours a day picking their nose. For 2 others, perforation of the nasal septum was a complication. Associated "habits" included picking cuticles (25%), picking at skin (20%), biting fingernails (18%), and pulling out hair (6%). CONCLUSION: This first population survey of nose picking suggests that it is an almost universal practice in adults but one that should not be considered pathologic for most. For some, however, the condition may meet criteria for a disorder-rhinotillexomania. PMID:	Nose-picking
Who is known as the Father of Geometry	20 bad habits you need to quit now - Times of India Times of India 20 bad habits you need to quit now Renita Tisha Pinto Satisfying late night cravings with pizzas and chocolate cake might be a tempting way to end each day, but it's not doing your body any favours. \| Health Me Up \| Updated: Apr 13, 2015, 11.38 AM IST 20 bad habits you need to quit now (Thinkstock photos/Getty Images) Satisfying late night cravings with pizzas and chocolate cake might be a tempting way to end each day, but it's not doing your body any favours. It can impact you and your overall health on a long term basis. Unintentionally, at times we end up hurting our body and our health on a daily basis due to our habits. Today, Dr. Vihang Vahia - Psychiatrist at Breach Candy Hospital, Mumbai, lists out the top 20 bad habits that you need to quit today. If you have any of these habits, then it's never too late. Reverse these habits and start enjoying a healthy and happy life today Bad habit to quit for a healthy living # 1: Nose/mouth picking This annoying and silly habit of 'digging gold' is one of the worst habits that goes un-questioned. This habit is not only bad for your health but it is also against common social etiquette. Picking your nose can spread various infections like cold and flu, as cold virus is passed into your body through the mucus. After touching several things and then taking the same finger into your nose, you will land at the doctor's clinic. Hence, stop this awkward habit of pulling sticky substance from your nose, or fetching left over food strands from your mouth. Bad habit to quit for a healthy living # 2: Binge drinking Binge drinking, causes many deaths and hospitalisation all over the world says - Dr. Vihang. Binge drinking causes long term health problems like liver trouble and immediate problems like weight gain, dizziness and fatigue. To save yourself from such damage, the key is limitation. Bad habit to quit for a healthy living # 3: You became an 'Owl' at night Many of us, burn the midnight oil for exam preparations and work. But if this becomes routine, you will damage your body in the long run. Without 6-8 hours of good sleep, you are damaging your immune system and other body processes and systems. Due to lack of sleep, your immune system becomes weak and thus produces fewer 'germ fighters' - lowering your tolerance for withstanding common bugs in your environment. To fight against various diseases, it is necessary to at least get a minimum of 7-8 hours of good sleep on most nights of the week. A good night's sleep also helps you stay awake and fresh throughout the day. Bad habit to quit for a healthy living # 4: I am so 'lonely' Dr. Vahia says - the key for good health is a healthy and fresh mind. If your mind is unhealthy, it will affect your immune system and put you at several health risks. If you spend most of your time obssessing over your loneliness, and any other social challenges, or whatever could cause feelings of despair and frustration, then you are harming your mental health , detaching yourself from people, and stressing your mind and body. Bad habit to quit for a healthy living # 5: Wearing headphones for long hours Headphones or earphones are the sole companions for some of us throughout the day. We listen to music to pass time, while travelling or while working out. But, if you have plugged in for hours, with no breaks, then you need to keep this habit under check. Dr. Vihang says - listening to loud music via earphones, can cause hearing loss. He further adds - headphones aren't the culprits, it is the volume and the hours that can land you in trouble. Besides, ignoring minor symptoms of hearing loss is also one of the biggest criminals. Bad habit to quit for a healthy living # 6: TV trouble Sitting for hours on the couch, watching that idiot box can put your heart and eyes at risk. Watching too much TV can put you at an increased risk of heart attack, stroke and obesity. The more you are glued to the TV, the more immobile life will affect your levels of fat and sugar in your blood. Besides, it also strains your eyes and causes damage to the refractive lens. Bad habit to quit for a healthy living # 7: Wearing heels Women who wear heels on a daily basis, do lots of harm to their bodies. Dr. Tina Mahendraker - Physiotherapist , Mumbai says - high heels can affect your posture, put pressure on joints - which can cause arthritis , back pain and tendon injuries and other heels related accidents. Thus to prevent such horrible effects on your health Dr. Tina says - limit your heels to not more than 1.5 inches, and wear insoles to reduce the pressure on your joints. Bad habit to quit for a healthy living # 8: Carrying an extra heavy bag We love to carry our world wherever we go, because we can't afford to miss a single thing. This habit of hauling the world with our (lots and lots of) worldly things on the back or shoulder causes lots of harm to our health. Carrying heavy bags can cause various long term effects like serious back pain, neck pain and poor posture - says Dr. Tina. Hence, to avoid ageing your body prematurely, do yourself a favour and empty that bag. Bad habit to quit for a healthy living # 9: Sleeping with Makeup Many girls have a habit of sleeping with their makeup still on. Whatever the reason could be, this habit can cause grave damage to your skin. Sleeping with your makeup on, leads to clogged pores, congested skin and spots. Besides, mascara and other eye makeup can cause irritation, which can also lead to vision loss. Bad habit to quit for a healthy living # 10: Snacking, even if not hungry If you disrupt your regular eating pattern, then your body will no longer send hunger signals and you may end up eating even when you are full. This extra eating can flood your body with extra calories and unhealthy ingredients, which can further cause serious chronic health problems like diabetes , heart problems and acidity. Bad habit to quit for a healthy living # 11: Can't live without a smoke In every health tip, behind every cigarette pack, we read this,' Smoking kills', but people still persist with the smoking habit. Dr. Sunesara says - smoking even a single cigarette a day, can cause blood clots, which may prevent swift flow of the blood and hence develop plaque in your arteries and blood vessels. Besides, you may also damage the life of the non-smoker who is living with you. Bad habit to quit for a healthy living # 12: Lying constantly Surprised to see this one on a healthy living post? Those minute white lies can cause serious damage to your health. If you lie constantly, you will have constant fear of the truth being disclosed, this will create a feeling of stress in you, says - Dr. Vihang. Stress, is the worst thing for your body, as it damages your heath due to the release of stress hormones. Besides, it further leads to headaches and anxiety. Bad habit to quit for a healthy living # 13: You live on medicines If you pop a pill for regular headaches, menstrual cramps or normal tummy trouble then you need to stop now. Constant pill popping is an extremely harmful habit that will put your health at stake. Dr. Sunesara says - if you are eating a balanced nutritious diet then you don't need extra nutrients. If the intake of any nutrient increases, it may create severe side effects. Hence, always check with your doctor, before popping any pill. Bad habit to quit for a healthy living # 14: Skipping breakfast Breakfast is the most important meal of the day - says Ms. Eileen - Nutritionist, Mumbai. If your entire breakfast comprises one cup of rushed coffee and a toast, then you're setting yourself up for an unhealthy future. This will affect your digestive system. Besides, it will also harm your energy reserves and negatively affect your metabolism. If you skip your breakfast, you are likely to eat more during the other meals and this can lead to weight gain. Eileen says - the key to a good breakfast is a balance of protein, fat and carbohydrates. Bad habit to quit for a healthy living # 15: You are in love with junk food Fast food is rich in trans fat, sugar, spices and artificial preservatives. But a life dependent on constant fast food will add to your waistline and cause serious health problems like high cholesterol , diabetes and heart problems in the long run. As fast food is rich in bad fat, it raises the bad cholesterol in the body and leads to the hardening of the arteries, which can further cause plaque deposits. Hence, switch to a healthy diet and protect yourself from weight gain and other serious health problems. Bad habit to quit for a healthy living # 16: Nail biting This habit of using your teeth to cut your nails, just for time pass or due to extreme nervousness, can cause germ entry into your body. Dr. Sunsesara says - your hands are constant travellers, they pick several things throughout the day, and then taking these nasty, germ-filled fingers into your mouth can make you bed-ridden for days, due to cold or flu. So, stop this dirty habit right away. Bad habit to quit for a healthy living # 17: Ignoring sex Whatever the reason for a low libido might be, whether too much work or stress, avoiding sex altogether for many days and months at a time is not good. Sex is good for you and your health. It helps to improve your immune system and relationship. But if you are not interested in this pleasurable act, then you need to talk to your doctor immediately. Because, a low libido can be beyond stress, it can be caused due to an under active thyroid, hypertension or simply a hormonal imbalance. Bad habit to quit for a healthy living # 18: Fast eating Eating at lightning speed due to work pressure or lack of time can adversely affect your digestive system. You should take at least 20 minutes to finish each meal. If you just gulp your food, without chewing it properly, it can cause acidity, bloating and excess gas in your stomach. Hence, slow down and enjoy your food. Bad habit to quit for a healthy living # 19: Being in an unhealthy relationship for a long time If you are in a relationship wherein you don't manage to get your share of joy and happiness, then it's better to leave the knot at that moment itself. If you have been suffering an unhealthy relationship for a long time, i.e., a relationship that is abusive verbally or physically, or encourages you to participate in unhealthy actiities, then you're harming your health. An unhealthy relationship causes stress and this further lowers your blood pressure, immunity and digestive system. Bad habit to quit for a healthy living # 20: Picking at your skin If there is some flaw on your face, you must resist yourself from constantly stressing on it. If you constantly keep worrying about acne by touching it, it will act up more. Besides it will lead to scars and inflammation. Hence, stop picking at your face to avoid worsening skin issues. Read more Personal Health, Diet & Fitness stories on www.healthmeup.com Stay updated on the go with Times of India News App. Click here to download it for your device. RELATED	i don't know
What is the meaning of the christian name Cyril	Cyril name meaning The name Cyril is a baby boy name . Meaning English Meaning: The name Cyril is an English baby name . In English the meaning of the name Cyril is: Master; lord. American Meaning: The name Cyril is an American baby name . In American the meaning of the name Cyril is: Master; lord. Greek Meaning: The name Cyril is a Greek baby name . In Greek the meaning of the name Cyril is: Lord, lordly. Famous bearer, the 9th-century missionary Saint Cyril, devised the Cyrillic alphabet used in Slavonic languages. Numerology SoulUrge Number: 9 People with this name have a deep inner desire to serve humanity and to give to others by sharing money, knowledge and experience, or creative and artistic ability. Expression Number: 4 People with this name tend to be orderly and dedicated to building their lives on a solid foundation of order and service. They value truth, justice, and discipline, and may be quick-tempered with those who do not. Their practical nature makes them good at managing and saving money, and at building things in the material world. Because of their focus on order and practicality, they may seem overly cautious and conservative at times. Rate this name:	lordly
What does the prefix strath mean in such Scottish names as Strathclyde	Cyril: Meaning of the name Cyril \| BabyNames.com All about the name Cyril Cyril "Lordly" Login to add this name to your favorite namelist! What does the name Cyril mean? The meaning of the name Cyril is Lordly. The origin of the name Cyril is Greek. This is the culture in which the name originated, or in the case of a word, the language. People who like the name Cyril also like:	i don't know
What gift is traditionally given on a fifteenth wedding anniversary	15th Anniversary - Fifteenth Wedding Anniversary 15th anniversary 15th ANNIVERSARY - FIFTEENTH Your 15th wedding anniversary marks yet another milestone in your journey through life together. It may be overshadowed by the 20th or 25th wedding anniversary, but it is no less important. Here are some symbols associated with the 15th wedding anniversary. 15th Traditional Anniversary Gift: CRYSTAL Modern Gift: WATCH Most Popular Song 15 Years Ago: "HOW YOU REMIND ME" - Nickelback Average Price of Gasoline when you were married: $1.36 / gallon TRADITIONAL GIFT:: The traditional present for the 15th wedding anniversary is crystal. There are many crystal presents. Here are just a few: crystal bowl, crystal jewelry, crystal rose, crystal photo frame or crystal candlesticks. MODERN GIFT: The modern present for the 15th wedding anniversary is a watch. A watch is a great piece for a man or woman and can be as expensive or inexpensive as you want. The great thing about a watch is that you can incorporate different gems with it. Whether it is a diamond or ruby studded watch or a Mickey Mouse watch, it can bring a sense of tradition to your anniversary celebration. GEMSTONE:Rubies are the second hardest gemstone only to a diamond. Rubies can range in color from orange-red to purple-red. The more red a ruby is the more sought after the stone is. As far back as ancient times the ruby has been thought to enable people to predict the future as well as stop bleeding. More recently, rubies were used to make the first laser. Rubies are an alternative to diamonds when it comes to engagement rings. When worn on the left hand, rubies are said to bring good luck. FLOWER: The rose is the flower associated with the 15th anniversary. Red roses are the traditional bouquet given to symbolize love. Red roses stand for love and deep passion, lavender roses stand for majesty, white for purity or innocence and orange roses stand for energy and fascination. Whether it is a full bouquet or a single red rose, this lovely flower can add an elegant touch to your 15th wedding anniversary.	Watch
What was the currency of Belgium before the introduction of the Euro	Fifteenth Anniversary - 15th Wedding Anniversary Gift Ideas $139.00 15th Anniversary Gift Ideas A traditional staple when gift giving for the 15th wedding anniversary is primarily crystal. There are so many directions that you can go from there; whether it�s towards a crystal wine carafe or crystal jewelry your spouse will love it. The 15th wedding anniversary is a huge landmark for your marriage so you should properly celebrate it. Crystals are a very traditional option to stick with but if you�re feeling a little more modern and adventurous, glass and watches are a great choice. A Spicy Artisan Art Glass or wine glasses to go with a crystal wine carafe to mix it up a bit will surely surprise her. A major advantage to staying with a wine theme will make cracking open a bottle of wine just that much more special. Traditional Theme:	i don't know
What is a forty-fifth wedding anniversary traditionally called	45th Anniversary - Forty-Fifth Wedding Anniversary Most Popular Song 45 Years Ago: "THE FIRST TIME EVER I SAW YOUR FACE" - Roberta Flack Price of Gasoline when you were married: $.36 / gallon TRADITIONAL/MODERN GIFT: Both traditional and modern gifts for the 45th wedding anniversary are sapphire. As with most stones, sapphires can be incorporated into various sorts of jewelry or vases. Here are a few ideas: ring, pendant, money clip, tie clip, bracelet or cuff links. Some non-jewelry gift ideas are: blue home decor, blue crystal bowl or vase or blue lingerie or clothing. GEMSTONE: Sapphire is a very hard stone and its history dates back to biblical times. It is thought that the tablets containing the Ten Commandments were made from sapphire. It was also thought that the earth rested on a huge piece of sapphire which in turn reflected the sun and gave the sky its bluish color. Royalty has worn sapphire to symbolize wisdom, holiness, virtue and good fortune. Sapphire was used in Princess Diana’s engagement ring. Used in an engagement ring, sapphire is particularly meaningful because it symbolizes faithfulness and sincerity. It is an alternative to the traditional engagement ring. FLOWER: There isn’t a particular flower associated with the 45th wedding anniversary. This leaves the decision to you. You could get a bouquet of 45 of your spouse’s favorite flowers and put them in a sapphire colored vase or tie them with a sapphire colored ribbon. We invite you to visit us for your 50th anniversary and we will give you ideas for your golden anniversary.	Sapphire
How many points has a snow flake	Anniversary I am planning a party for my parents 45th anniversary, what are traditional colors, gifts, etc. of the 45th anniversary? - Quora Quora Written Jul 1, 2016 Here’s a site to go to: TRADITIONAL/MODERN GIFT: Both traditional and modern gifts for the 45th wedding anniversary are sapphire. As with most stones, sapphires can be incorporated into various sorts of jewelry or vases. Here are a few ideas: ring, pendant, money clip, tie clip, bracelet or cuff links. Written Apr 27, 2016 First, congratulations to the long-lived and hopefully happy couple! The traditional stone is Sapphire. This lovely gem is traditionally deep blue, so decorating in that color with small accents of white would be lovely. Star sapphires can be man-made or can be found occurring naturally. Regardless, there are many, many sources to be found at just about every price point. For example, on EBay currently, I found an offering of 40 heated natural 2mm sapphires (heating a sapphire means that the stone has been heated to improve its color and clarity) for just $20. I also found unheated natural stones for over $300,000. So, you see, the range is amazing! You can easily go with either online or brick-and-mortar stores. I've done both. If you want to pick out sapphire jewelry that's already made, that's even easier! I'd recommend Brilliant Earth online - they have one-of-a kind estate jewelry, and it's super easy to browse. I didn't see any traditional flowers for this anniversary, so I think that it would be outrageously cool to put a deep blue Betta in a large glass bell vase below a small spathiphyllum (so the naked roots dangle in) and use it for table centerpieces. People will love them. Someone from each table gets to take it home afterwards. The cost will be much cheaper than flowers. Have fun! Written Jun 15, 2016 Many have already given you the appropriate response for the traditional wedding gift. Your parents should be congratulated for having a lasting relationship! You could be extravagant and give your parents a party, invite all of their friends, and family - celebrating into the wee hours. If I were married that long, and had a child, perhaps children, I would want to be surrounded by the people I love, have lots of good food, great conversation and fill the hours with happy memories. Have old friends bring photographs, and younger friends reminisce and tell stories. The greatest gifts are the priceless ones, the ones you can talk about for the rest of your life. Things are lovely and can make some very happy. But a yard, or lawn with a spread of good food, casual dress, laughter, and a bit of dancing with just the right amount of wine can create a lasting memory to be repeated again and added to the discussion for the 50th wedding anniversary. Good luck! And, have a wonderful time with your parents! 755 Views	i don't know
Which Soviet leader died in 1984	Soviet and Russian leaders: Their illnesses and deaths - BBC News BBC News Soviet and Russian leaders: Their illnesses and deaths 1 November 2012 Read more about sharing. Close share panel The response to rumours surrounding Russian President Vladimir Putin's health has evoked comparisons with how the ailments and afflictions of previous Kremlin occupants were reported. Mr Putin's spokesman Dmitry Peskov has played down concerns about the president's health, saying he suffered a minor sports-related injury but is still able to carry out his duties normally. Suggestions that Mr Putin was limping, and reports that he had postponed several foreign trips prompted some media to speculate he had suffered an injury during a hang-glider flight last month which was getting worse. No-one has suggested there is anything more seriously wrong with Mr Putin than back trouble. The BBC Russian Service has been investigating how Moscow's authorities have dealt with the illnesses of its leaders since 1917, and the deaths of those who died in office. Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) Image copyright AP Died aged 54 after a second stroke. Rumoured to have suffered from syphilis, though there is no proof of that. He is the only Soviet leader whose state of health was not secret, and medical bulletins were published regularly. Josef Stalin (1878-1953) Image copyright Getty Images Died aged 75 of a stroke. The news of his illness was published only a day before his death, when he was already unconscious. After his stroke he was left alone for a few hours by his staff, who were afraid to disturb him. The Soviet leadership of the time also did not know what to, since the death of Stalin was considered unthinkable. In the four days between his stroke and death, he received practically no medical attention while Soviet leaders jockeyed for position. His death was announced on 5 March. Nikita Khruschev (1894-1971) Image copyright AFP Died aged 77. Details about his life - and health - were kept out of the public eye after he was removed from his post and replaced by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964. Krushchev had five heart attacks, the last of which was fatal. He was not granted a state funeral and, reportedly fearing demonstrations, the Kremlin delayed announcing his death until the last minute, surrounding the cemetery where he was buried with troops. Pravda dedicated one sentence to the death of the former leader. Leonid Brezhnev (1906-1982) Image copyright AP Died aged 76. The reasons for his death are still unclear, though during his last years he had problems speaking, suffered from occasional memory loss and had problems with co-ordination. Yuri Andropov (1914-1984) Died aged 70 of kidney failure. News of his illness was never broadcast. Konstantin Chernenko (1911-1985) Image copyright Getty Images Died aged 74. It is known that he suffered from emphysema and caught pneumonia. News of his illness was never broadcast. On 10 March he fell into a coma, and later that day died as a result of heart failure. He became the third Soviet leader to die in less than three years. Boris Yeltsin (1931-2007) Image copyright AP Died aged 76 in retirement. Apparently he suffered five heart attacks while in office, none of which were reported in the press. He also drank a considerable amount of alcohol. Given the appearance of a free press in Russia, rumours about Yeltsin's heart condition and alcohol consumption were widely circulated, including the fact that he suffered a heart attack two weeks before elections in 1996. The press also reported that Mr Yeltsin underwent quintuple heart bypass surgery in November 1996. But those rumours and the surgery were never officially confirmed.	Yuri Andropov
Which American group brought out their twelfth album in 2001 titled Reveal	3 SOVIET LEADERS ARE CALLING OFF FOREIGN TRAVELS - NYTimes.com 3 SOVIET LEADERS ARE CALLING OFF FOREIGN TRAVELS By SETH MYDANS, Special to the New York Times Published: March 11, 1985 MOSCOW, Monday, March 11— The apparent hurried return of three Kremlin officials from visits abroad signaled the possibility today that the Soviet leader, Konstantin U. Chernenko, had died. Solemn music on the radio and the cancellation of normal programming on morning television were also signs of a possible death in the Soviet leadership. Vitaly I. Vorotnikov, a member of the Communist Party Politburo, cut short by one day a visit to Yugoslavia, Eastern European sources said. They said he canceled a final visit to the Yugoslavian capital, Belgrade, flying directly home Sunday night from Titograd. He reportedly arrived in Moscow at 3 A.M. Other Abrupt Departures This morning's issue of the Communist Party newspaper Pravda included a line saying he had departed for home. However, the paper did not report the cancellation of appointments and the return home from the United States of another Politburo member, Vladimir V. Shcherbitsky, who was heading a Soviet parliamentary delegation that abruptly announced Sunday in San Francisco that it was cutting short by two days its visit to the United States. (Page A6.) Mr. Shcherbitsky canceled appointments in California and flew to New York en route home. Propaganda Chief Returns Another senior Kremlin official, Mikhail V. Zimyanin, the chief of propaganda for the Communist Party Central Committee, is also reported to be returning home today from Hamburg, where he arrived only Sunday at the head of a parliamentary delegation. The West German Foreign Ministry was reported to have confirmed that Mr. Zimyanin would return to Moscow this morning on a special flight. The Kremlin officials who are returning from abroad would be needed at high-level conferences if Mr. Chernenko, who is 73 years old, had died or become incapacitated. Meanwhile, the morning schedule of ceremonial visits for the visiting French Foreign Minister, Roland Dumas, was continuing in Moscow. The French delegation had received no word about any unusual events in the Kremlin. Somber Radio Music Muscovites knew immediately this morning that something was wrong when they awoke to somber music on their radios. In a series of recent successions in the Politburo, this has been the first sign that a leader has died. The radio station ''Mayak'' switched from its normal programming and began playing quiet classical music at 1 A.M. Russians have been prepared for the possible death of Mr. Chernenko since an announcement that he had stayed away from a scheduled appearance on the advice of doctors. Recent television appearances have showed him to be weak and frail. Western experts say he suffers from emphysema, and there have been unconfirmed reports in Moscow that he has a heart ailment. Mr. Chernenko has dropped from sight for extended periods during the past year, and he has not been seen in public, apart from two brief television appearances, since late December. In his most recent two television appearances, at the end of February, he was shown casting a ballot in local parliamentary elections and receiving his credentials as a parliamentary delegate. In both appearances he stood unsteadily, sat slumped in evident exhaustion in a chair, and spoke with apparent difficulty in a weak voice. The Soviet leader who is believed to have been Mr. Chernenko's strongest patron, Leonid I. Brezhnev, died in office in November 1982. He was succeeded by Yuri V. Andropov, who died in office in February 1984. Mr. Chernenko then became the top Soviet leader. Comedy Show Canceled Some Muscovites on their way to work this morning said that something had happened when they found that a popular 7 A.M. comedy show had been canceled. Morning television also changed its programming, canceling a scheduled gymnastics program and a review of soccer results and substituting a documentary film about nature. As the radio began to play somber music late into the night, the streets of Moscow were quiet and deserted, with little sign that anything was amiss. Few lights were on at the headquarters building of the police or the K.G.B. security police. There was no activity to be seen at the House of Unions, where Kremlin leaders lie in state. But at the Communist Party Central Committee building, several windows were ablaze with lights after 4 A.M. Limousines Gather As a cold spring sun rose this morning, official limousines began to gather outside the Central Committee building a few steps from the Kremlin. This morning's issue of the Communist Party newspaper Pravda carried no sign that anything was amiss, reporting on the foreign travels of the Kremlin officials and publishing a full page of commentary on the arms limitation talks scheduled to open Tuesday in Geneva. Pravda is printed relatively early in the evening, and is slow to adjust to late-breaking developments. The official press agency Tass, which is quicker to respond to events, fell silent during the night, only switching on to print a commentary about the Geneva talks at 9:40 in the morning. Television and radio programming until midnight were normal, including musical variety programs. The evening news program at 9 P.M. included comment on a messaage sent by Mr. Chernenko to American war veterans. If a leader had died, a Western diplomat said, ''Certainly there were no signs of it.''	i don't know
Who is Jennifer Saunders married to	Adrian Edmondson on struggling to help wife Jennifer Saunders through cancer \| Daily Mail Online comments While his wife Jennifer Saunders has been enduring a 'brutal' course of treatment for breast cancer over the past year, Adrian Edmondson has been desperately trying to support her and their three daughters. And the hardest part, he reveals here, is how helpless he feels. Ade Edmondson wants to get something off his chest. No one, he says, 'battles' cancer. Neither is it 'a rollercoaster ride'. 'It's just a long, slow, miserable grind,' and he wants me to quote him on that verbatim. Oh, and while he's at it, no, his wife Jennifer Saunders, who is suffering with breast cancer, has not been given the all-clear. 'No one gets the all-clear,' he says. 'The treatment lasts five years and we're only a year into it. The big chemotherapy's finished and the radiotherapy's finished. There's this low-level treatment that carries on for five years, but you know from the beginning of the treatment when it's going to stop. Adrian Edmonson with wife Jennifer Saunders who has breast cancer 'So, there is no battle. I hate the word battle. You just get battered with a load of drugs. People want the words "trauma", "battle" and " life-changing", but it's not a great three-part TV drama full of moments, it's a long grind, like a slow car crash that will last five years and then, hopefully, we'll get out.' Jennifer, the brilliant creator of Absolutely Fabulous, was diagnosed with breast cancer a year ago, but neither she nor Ade have spoken about it publicly. Indeed, Jennifer, 52, says she never will. Ade doesn't really want to either. But he's sick to the back teeth of the nonsense that has been written, particularly reports that his wife has 'won her battle' and is 'cured'. He wishes like hell she was. 'Something like 140 women a day learn that they've got breast cancer,' he says. 'If they knew more about the disease, rather than having to read all this nonsense about battles, then they'd be able to accept what they're in for and be better prepared to face it. 'I personally know five people who have had breast cancer and it's just miserable. It happens slowly. You don't suddenly ring someone up and say: "I've got cancer. I'm going to die." You ring up and say: "They've found a shadow. I've got to go and have another test." 'It's hard to bolster someone and say: "You're looking great today," when their hair's falling out. It's hard to convince them they do look great, even though they do to you' 'You don't find out the worst until...' he pauses. 'They find a shadow in a picture. Then people look at it a bit more. They test it and say: "We think it's this. We'd better do another test." 'They grab a bit and think it might be bad so you might have to have a bit of radiotherapy. It's all very incremental.' Ade was on tour with his folk band, The Bad Shepherds, when Jennifer phoned to tell him that doctors had found a shadow on her breast during a routine mammogram last October. Tests eventually revealed the shadow to be several malignant lumps, so Jennifer was started upon a 'brutal' course of chemotherapy. She lost her hair and, at times, her sense of humour; she felt wretched, sick. Ade, 53, and their three daughters Ella, 24, Beattie, 23, and Freya, 20, tried to be supportive. But it wasn't always an easy undertaking. 'It was horrible for her and for us, because it's very hard to support someone and make them feel better through that misery,' says Ade. 'It's hard to keep them cheerful. 'She tried to stay positive, but it's hard to bolster someone and say: "You're looking great today," when their hair's falling out. It's hard to convince them they do look great, even though they do to you. 'But neither of us ever really thought death was a likely prospect. They were quite small lumps and were of a certain grade - and the prognosis was very, very good from the start. It's just that the amount of treatment grew as they found slightly different grades of this or that. So, no, we weren't blubbing, thinking: "Oh no, she's going to die." 'I've had other friends die. I know what dying is. This was just a really inconvenient, horrible kind of treatment. It was a miserable business and extremely undignified.' I first met Adrian almost a decade ago and I know that he absolutely adores Jennifer, his wife of 25 years. Brutal treatment: Adrian Edmondson with his wife Jennifer Saunders, who is suffering from breast cancer Indeed, the last time we spoke, he said: 'The nightmare scenario is, what would happen if Jennifer divorced me?' I'm sure he never imagined this. 'You do have time in between all the tests and treatment to imagine the worst, the best and the in-between,' he says. 'Of course, you think of everything.' Jennifer's cancer finally became public in July when she attended her close friend Tracey Emin's 47th birthday party in the south of France without a wig. 'She just decided it was so f****** boring putting a wig and hat on the whole time,' says Ade. 'And it was really, really hot. She had also got used to what she looked like. By that time she had some hair back and wasn't as bald as she had been. She looked lovely, didn't she? 'It was a nice soft way for it to come out - and we were so used to it by then. It's a bit like trying to get a series on the telly. By the time it gets there everyone is surprised, but you think you've been working on this for years.' Ade doesn't intend to be glib, but he's said all he's going to about his wife's cancer. We're actually here to talk about the ITV series Monte Carlo Or Bust, in which he heads off across the channel with Jack Dee in a VW camper van competing with Jodie Kidd, Julian Clary, Penny Smith and Rory McGrath to discover what makes the French tick. Close family: Ade with Jennifer and their newly-married daughter Ella Ade's not supposed to tell me who won, but let's just say he's looking rather pleased with himself. He's also looking astonishingly fit. It turns out that this several-bottles-of-wine-a-night comedian is on the wagon. And no, he tells me, it's not because Jennifer's 'battle with cancer' has been 'life-changing'. 'My daughter [Ella] got married last weekend. I didn't want to look like a porker walking down the aisle,' he says. 'I stopped drinking about two months ago - not entirely, but I stopped it being my main hobby. 'You reach an age where you have to make a decision: am I going to be a slightly chubby-faced person who feels ill in the morning, or am I going to wake up thinking: "Hey!" 'I don't think I was an alky, but I was just drinking too much and having fun doing it. It's when you have children that you start drinking. You have that large gin and tonic when you put them in the bath - which is large enough for your weekly allowance. Then, when you've got them to bed, you uncork a bottle of wine. Match Of The Day comes on and you crack open another. That would make you an alcoholic in the eyes of the medical profession, but it's just regular living for most people. And then, well, you know I've got a band?' I didn't until he tells me this. The last time we met two years ago he'd found a new writing partner, Nigel Smith, after ending his long partnership with Rik Mayall - with whom he appeared in The Young Ones and early 1990s sitcom Bottom - and was firing on all cylinders having written the ITV1 comedy series Teenage Kicks. It wasn't re-commissioned. 'The band started as a hobby,' he says. 'Now it's a big hobby. We do about 100 gigs a year. It feels like it did when Rik and I started because you're doing what you enjoy doing, you're able to keep doing it and eventually it becomes your job. Touring is a nice way to earn a living. 'Our family's always been very close. We didn't need cancer to know we all love each other. The girls have always been there, but they did come round a lot more and were a great help' People pay to come through the door to see you and you get a cut off that. There's no advertising revenue, no BBC licence fee, no Arts Council. It's just a clean deal.' Which seems to suit him. He tells me he doesn't want to sound like an 'old git' but he's had it with telly. Jennifer, who is currently writing the script for Mamma Mia! producer Judy Craymer's Spice Girls musical, seems to have, too. 'She's having a ball,' he says. 'Who would write for telly when it's so bloody difficult. She was hot property when she was doing Ab Fab - although that wouldn't get made these days - but was treated very badly over her WI sitcom, Jam And Jerusalem. 'They kept on changing the slot - moving it from an hour to half-an-hour. She was bending over backwards to make it work, then it was: "Can we have the same again but cheaper? Do you have to have everyone in every episode?" The audience was still growing despite all this, and then it got cancelled. 'Writing for telly is mind-numbingly humiliating and undignified. You're never told anything. You feel like a naughty schoolboy. At the BBC things get made and broadcast, but no one tells you if it's liked or disliked. I don't have the patience any more to come in and out of the door of executive TV land. It's a blur of idiots. 'When we first made The Young Ones there was only one person who had to say yes or no. Now you have to go through about ten people, and because they're changing channels so quickly, the executives are all just whizzing around trying to make a name for themselves. They hate anything that anyone who was there before had going. They have no interest in TV at all. They're all career people.' A while ago, I suspect, discussing his TV nightmares would have sent him flying off the handle, or spiralling into one of his 'gloomy' moods. But he doesn't really do gloom any more. And although he'd probably be furious with me for saying it, I suspect his wife's cancer has had its part to play, in making him keep things in proportion. Not remotely funny: Ade wishes there was something he could do to take the misery away from his wife's suffering And one mustn't ignore the importance of his daughters, either. After being sent to boarding school himself at the age of 11, he was determined their childhoods should be different to his, so he pretty much built his life around them when not touring. The last time we met, the girls were leaving home and Ade was missing them desperately. He said it was like 'a bereavement' and, yes, it made him sad. So he and Jennifer, whom he met in the early 1980s when they were both working at the Comedy Store in London, began to spend less time in the family's 400-year-old home in Devon and more in London, until the 'miserable grind' of cancer intervened. 'Our family's always been very close,' says Ade. 'I don't think we needed cancer to know we all love each other. The children have always been there, but they did come round a lot more and were a great help. 'It's weird the thing that happens with sisters. Between the ages of eight and 14, they're giving each other the evils at breakfast, but by the time they get into their late teens they generally get on with each other. It's a lot nicer. 'I do still miss the girls. I miss the ordinary things: cups of tea and sticky buns after school - just sitting round the table, chewing the fat and bitching about their teachers. But it's a lot better now than it used to be. You find yourself useful in other ways. 'I suppose we all want to feel important - that's the thing. When you have a little baby, of course you're the most important thing in the world to them. When you leave the room they cry and that's lovely. But when they grow up and are able to choose who they like, then you've got to fight for them a bit more. They leave home at 18, then return and find out you're not as bad as they thought you were.' Which takes us back to his daughter's wedding. 'It was a cracker. We had it at home in Devon with about 200 people. It was very happy. There's also this idea that there might be grandchildren, which we'd like some of. 'It was the best wedding I've ever been to. I drank a steamboat full of liquor and my speech descended into a blubbery mess. I made myself cry and I made everybody else cry, by telling the truth in a beautiful way.' Then he looks up from his lunch and says: 'I do hope you'll quote what I've said about cancer. When you have it, you actually feel quite well. It's the chemotherapy that knocks you out and that's just brutal. You're hooked up to drips and things for three or four hours once a week. 'It wasn't remotely funny - there isn't even any black humour in the situation. It's just grinding. It's horrible. And, the hardest thing was, there's nothing I could do to take that misery away from her.' Monte Carlo Or Bust, ITV1, Thursday, 9pm.	Ade Edmondson
Who were Billy Power, Patrick Hill, Hugh Callaghan, Gerry Hunter, Richard Mcilkenny, and Johnny Walker	Jennifer Saunders' account of battling breast cancer is as honest as it is uplifting \| Daily Mail Online comments Recovered: Jennifer Saunders, pictured in full health, says that chemotherapy took a crippling toll on her Seated alongside hordes of braying children in the audience at a pantomime, Jennifer Saunders cut a dejected and weirdly out-of-place figure amid the wall-to-wall hilarity. Shorn of her trademark sleek blonde hair — the result of gruelling cancer treatment — the lower half of her face was covered by a white, Michael Jackson-style surgical mask, on doctors’ orders to protect her weakened immune system. That she was there at all, however, to support her long-time husband Adrian Edmondson — who was appearing on stage in Peter Pan in Canterbury — was testament to her no-nonsense approach to the disease. But in spite of her stoical refusal to be cowed by the punishing effects of six months of intravenous chemotherapy and the powerful breast cancer drug Herceptin, the medication had taken a crippling toll on the much-loved comedienne. ‘There are times when you want to cry all day,’ writes the French and Saunders star in her soon-to-be published autobiography, Bonkers: My Life in Laughs. ‘My lowest point came when I lost all my hair; every eyelash, every follicle . . . I felt chemical. I felt like a chemical. ‘Then I got a terrible rash all over my face. They think it was a reaction to the Herceptin. It was horrible. I felt like a great big overgrown baby with pimples all over my face. A big, horrible, red-faced baby.’ Her occasional method of coping with her debilitating treatment — drinking vodka with a female friend — would, no doubt, have found favour with her high-living alter ego, Edina, in the BBC sitcom Absolutely Fabulous. ‘You can drink when you’re doing chemo,’ insists Jennifer. ‘You’ve got so much s* in your body you may as well be drunk.’ Suffering: Jennifer Saunders took this candid shot of herself during treatment for breast cancer Of course, this admittedly unorthodox approach is hardly likely to find favour with her doctors, but it does rather chime with 55-year-old Saunders’ slightly off-the-wall attitude to her treatment. ‘The weird thing is that I came to quite enjoy my visits to the clinic,’ she writes. ‘If you’re me, having treatment is a fairly good thing: your life has a routine and pattern. You do what you’re told and I find that quite liberating.’ RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share It involved her having a ‘portacath’ tube inserted in her arm into which the ‘huge horse syringe’ of red-coloured drugs would be injected. What followed was like the mother of all hangovers. ‘It’s like a night on mixed spirits, wine and grappa. It’s a real cracker. It’s a humdinger,’ she says. She describes how she sat in a large white chair in her own cubicle at the Central London hospital and was also given a ‘cold cap’; a helmet-like device that freezes the scalp and is supposed to help prevent hair loss caused by the side effects of the strong chemo drugs. Diagnosis: Jennifer's cancer diagnosis came as she planned to take a year off following a tour with her comedy partner Dawn French Jennifer goes on: ‘I had the same wonderful nurse every time. Joel was funny and a sharpshooter with the needle; bullseye every time. Friends would drop by with the papers and I had a rota of company keepers. ‘When the six months was up, I was relieved. But strangely I knew I would miss the routine. 'I would miss my hours in the white chair. I would miss laughing with Joel. I would even miss my portacath.’ Her diagnosis, in October 2009, came just as she planned a year off following the end of a farewell tour of Britain and Australia with her comedy partner Dawn French. She booked a routine mammogram after a holiday in Spain with a friend who’d just gone through her own breast cancer treatment. But doctors at London’s Royal Marsden hospital found the mother-of-three had two lumps in her left breast and she was immediately admitted for a lumpectomy. Hard working: Instead of recuperating, Jennifer signed up to write the script for the Spice Girls' musical Viva Forever, one of the few flops of her career Because she had been diagnosed with the fast-growing HER2 positive type of the disease, she was also put on a six-month course of chemotherapy and Herceptin, followed by a course of radiation. But the cold cap treatment failed to stop her hair falling out and eventually, Freya, the youngest of her three daughters with Edmondson, shaved off what was left. Undaunted, Jennifer ordered a custom-made wig woven from human hair. Her fitting, she recalls, was a surreal experience that involved having layers of cling film wrapped tightly around her head on to which her hairline was drawn before being removed and used as template. Much-loved: In a 30-year career Miss Saunders has won three Baftas and an International Emmy in 1994 for Absolutely Fabulous Instead of taking time off to recuperate, she ploughed straight back into work. She accepted an offer from Judy Cramer, the producer behind the hit Abba musical and film Mamma Mia! to pen the script for the Spice Girls musical Viva Forever!. She wrote between bouts of treatment on days when she could barely get out of bed because of the side-effects of the drugs. However, her efforts were in vain. The West End show was given a mauling by the critics, suffered low ticket sales and closed in June this year after a seven-month run with rumoured losses of £5 million. It was one of very few flops in a 30-year career that has seen Miss Saunders win three Baftas and an International Emmy in 1994 for Absolutely Fabulous, the series she wrote and appeared in as Bollinger-swilling PR Edina Monsoon, alongside co-star Joanna Lumley. The once highly successful French and Saunders, which ran for 20 years on the BBC until 2007, eventually fell victim to budget cuts at the corporation — a state of affairs which clearly still rankles. Even now, she is prone to rant about ‘flaky’ TV executives who don’t stay long enough in their posts to make a difference. She candidly admits she takes an antidepressant — the result of being prescribed another cancer drug, Tamoxifen, which caused the early onset of the menopause which she says was ‘fairly brutal’ and led to hot flushes, weight gain, a sense of mourning for her youth, and a feeling of pointlessness. ‘I just thought I was cross and that the whole world was wrong,’ she says. ‘Everyone was being stupid.’ She realised something was amiss when she and Edmondson took what was supposed to be a romantic holiday to Italy in the wake of her treatment. Iconic: One of the commedienne's most famous roles was Edina in Absolutely Fabulous alongside Joanna Lumley The couple flew to Milan and hired a tiny Fiat 500 to drive to their first stop, a hotel on the banks of the beautiful Lake Maggiore. But as they passed row upon row of smart-looking hotels, she became increasingly annoyed that her husband had not booked them into any of them. By the time they finally arrived in the room he had reserved for them on the internet, she had already made the decision it would not be good enough. ‘Ade had booked a lovely room with a balcony overlooking the lake. But it was not lovely enough for Evil Jennifer,’ she writes. ‘Why couldn’t I love it? What was wrong with me?’ On the next stop in Lake Como, she refused to stay in the hotel he had chosen for them and booked instead into the eye-wateringly expensive Villa d’Este, where rooms with a view cost £800-a-night. Even so, she was not satisfied. She says she still had a ‘strange hollow feeling, even as I lay there necking numerous £20 gin and tonics’. Support: Jennifer has been married to comedian Ade Edmondson since 1985 Such emotional turmoil clearly came as something of a shock to Jennifer, who had been raised to present an English stiff upper lip to the outside world. Born in Sleaford, Lincolnshire, the only girl in a family of three brothers, she spent her early years abroad in Cyprus and Turkey where her father, Tom, an RAF Group Captain (who was a awarded a CBE in 1969) was stationed. Eventually, the family settled in posh Acton Bridge, Cheshire. It was an idyllic, thoroughly middle-class upbringing of ponies and annual visits to the Horse of the Year Show. Memoirs: Jennifer Saunders' book Bonkers: My Life In Laughs goes on sale on October 10 But after Jennifer left home to study to be a drama teacher in London, tragedy struck. Her brother Peter, who was three years her junior, died when he was 18. Clearly his loss remains raw even today. Indeed, Jennifer does not mention his death in her book, save for a short reference in the acknowledgements section at the end. But in a magazine interview to promote it at the weekend, she revealed Peter died in a motorbike accident. Jennifer married Ade Edmondson in 1985, and they have three grown-up daughters, Ella, Beattie and Freya, plus grandson Freddie. Their homes are a house in London and an imposing 400-year-old farmhouse with swimming pool, set in five acres on the edge of Dartmoor, which the couple bought 12 years ago. Jennifer soon became a regular fixture among the country set, riding out with Freya and members of the Mid Devon Hunt in the nearby village of Chagford on the traditional Boxing Day drag hunt. Despite being given the all-clear from cancer three years ago, it is a subject that obviously still looms large in Jennifer’s life. This week, she courted controversy by appearing to criticise fellow survivors of the disease. Asked if she thought some people keep wearing cancer like a badge, she replied: ‘For ever, and I’ll give you why — because it is the job you don’t have to work for. ‘You get so much attention and, if you’re not used to that, I bet it can sway you a little. I’m used to it. My job gives me the attention I’d otherwise crave. They must be so p**d off when their hair grows back. And you think, “Oh, come on, cancer is so common now”.’ But given how bravely she has faced up to her frightening brush with the disease, surely Jennifer’s legions of adoring fans will be prepared to forgive her trademark forthrightness. n Bonkers: My Life In Laughs by Jennifer Saunders is published by Viking on October 10, priced at £20.	i don't know
What was cookery expert Mrs Beeton's christian name	Isabella Beeton (Author of Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management) edit data Isabella Mary Beeton (née Mayson), universally known as Mrs Beeton, was the English author of Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management, and is one of the most famous cookery writers. Popularly known as "Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management", it was a guide to running a Victorian household, with advice on fashion, childcare, animal husbandry, poisons, the management of servants, science, religion, and industrialism. Of the 1,112 pages, over 900 contained recipes, such that another popular name for the volume is "Mrs Beeton's Cookbook". Most of the recipes were illustrated with coloured engravings, and it was the first book to show recipes in a format that is still used today. It is said that many of the recipes were actually plagiarised Isabella Mary Beeton (née Mayson), universally known as Mrs Beeton, was the English author of Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management, and is one of the most famous cookery writers. Popularly known as "Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management", it was a guide to running a Victorian household, with advice on fashion, childcare, animal husbandry, poisons, the management of servants, science, religion, and industrialism. Of the 1,112 pages, over 900 contained recipes, such that another popular name for the volume is "Mrs Beeton's Cookbook". Most of the recipes were illustrated with coloured engravings, and it was the first book to show recipes in a format that is still used today. It is said that many of the recipes were actually plagiarised from earlier writers (including Eliza Acton), but the Beetons never claimed that the book's contents were original. It was intended as a guide of reliable information for the aspirant middle classes. Mrs Beeton is perhaps described better as its compiler and editor than as its author, many of the passages clearly being not her own words. ...more	Isabella
Who wrote the book The Right Stuff	The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs. Beeton by Kathryn Hughes \| PenguinRandomHouse.com Add to Cart About The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs. Beeton In Victorian England there was only one fail-safe authority on matters ranging from fashion to puddings to scullery maids: Beeton’s Book of Household Management. In this delightful, superbly researched biography, award-winning historian Kathryn Hughes pulls back the lace curtains to reveal the woman behind the book–Mrs. Beeton, the first domestic diva of the modern age–and explores the life of the book itself. Isabella Beeton was a twenty-one-year-old newlywed with only six months’ experience running her own home when–coaxed by her husband, a struggling publisher–she began to compile her book of recipes and domestic advice. The aspiring mother hardly suspected that her name would become synonymous with housewifery for generations. Nor would the women who turned to the book for guidance ever have guessed that its author lived in a simple house in the suburbs with a single maid-of-all-work instead of presiding over a well-run estate. Isabella would die at twenty-eight, shortly after the book’s publication, never knowing the extent of her legacy. As her survivors faced bankruptcy, sexual scandal and a bitter family feud that lasted more than a century, Mrs. Beeton’s book became an institution. For an exploding population of the newly affluent, it prescribed not only how to cook and clean but ways to cope with the social flux of the emerging consumer culture: how to plan a party for ten, whip up a hair pomade or calculate how much money was needed to permit the hiring of a footman. In the twentieth century, Mrs. Beeton would be accused of plagiarism, blamed for the dire state of British cookery and used to market everything from biscuits to meat pies. This elegant, revelatory portrait of a lady journalist, as she lived and as she existed in the minds of her readers, is also a vivid picture of Victorian home life and its attendant anxieties, nostalgia, and aspirations–not so different from those felt in America today. Get the news you want from Penguin Random House Praise “Magnificent.” –The New Yorker “A triumph . . . Hughes knows 19th-century England intimately . . . the result is a narrative that could have come straight from Trollope. Vicars and curates, tradesmen’s families edging up the social ladder, tangled marriage plots–for lovers of Barsetshire, it’s all here.” –Laura Shapiro, The New York Times Book Review “Peppy . . . Smart . . . Tells vivid personal stories . . . The author’s intelligence never deserts her.” –Wendy Smith, Washington Post Book World “Enthralling . . . Having read Ms. Hughes, one wants immediately to read Beeton . . . [Beeton] speaks to the universal condition of female life.” –Barbara Amiel, Wall Street Journal “Absorbing . . . Excellent . . . Nostalgia for handmade items, worry over adulterated food, a healthy market for cookbooks . . . We have a lot in common with the early Victorian era, at least with regard to broad trends toward domesticity.” –Benjamin Lytal, The New York Sun “Scrupulously researched, definitive . . . Mrs. Beeton emerges as a fascinating blend of Betty Crocker and Emily Post, with a little Martha Stewart or Nigella Lawson thrown in for good measure . . . Hughes’s searching social eye does wonders with the small cache of letters between Isabella and Sam, written during their courtship . . . She constructs a detailed picture of fashions and social customs at the high-water mark of the Victorian age. For readers of Dickens and Trollope, this section of the book is pure gold.” –William Grimes, The New York Times “A terrific book, filled with astute observation and telling detail about the growth of an idea, or fantasy, of domesticity . . . Later in life, [my mother] would sit around reading a facsimile edition of ‘Beeton’s Book of Household Management’ the way another sort of person might read pornography . . . My mind reels when I think of what she would have thought had she lived to read The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs. Beeton . . . Mrs. Beeton, a syphilitic plagiarist? Golly. But in case you think I have just given away the whole story, I assure you, I haven’t.” –Katherine A. Powers, The Boston Globe “Lively and authoritative.” –Entertainment Weekly, graded A “One of my favourite biographies of the year . . . a lively and fascinating reconstruction of the ‘real’ Isabella Beeton, unpicking her extraordinary posthumous legend with great skill, opening a wide window on to Victorian domestic and publishing history, and wearing its excellent sleuthing with a light grace.” –Hermione Lee, The Guardian “There is seemingly no aspect of Victorian life that Kathryn Hughes cannot assimilate and understand from the inside. This is living history, in which massive research and impeccable scholarship is handled with invigorating panache . . with verve and humor . . . This great gift of a book . . . makes us savour aspects of 19th-century life in order to sharpen our awareness of how we live now.” –Frances Spalding, The Independent “Splendid . . . A brilliant biography, which tells the absorbing, strange and sad story with great aplomb . . . You know that Kathryn Hughes would write a wonderful novel.” –Philip Hensher, The Spectator “Accomplished and hugely readable . . . Depicts the worlds of the Beetons with astonishing vividness and colour . . . with subtlety and precision . . . Much more than a biography, it is like a version in prose of a magnificent Victorian narrative painting, packed full of the strange, swarming richness of life.” –Lucy Lethbridge, Literary Review “A wonderful book, so masterful and scholarly, so detailed and wise, there will never need to be another. Hughes is an elegant writer and a capable digger; no stone, however small or inaccessible, is left unturned . . . She has done sterling work.” –Rachel Cooke, The Observer “Brilliant . . . Excellent . . . A fascinating reconstruction.” –Nicola Humble, The Saturday Guardian “It is a testament to Hughes’s wry intelligence that she can make Mrs. Beeton’s sad and sometimes grotesque story so enjoyable to read.” –Bee Wilson, New Statesman “Altogether fascinating . . . Leaves very few corners of the mid-Victorian domestic interior unswept. From one angle it is a kind of history of the early woman’s magazine; from another a re-imagined users’ guide to Crimea-era domestic service. The amateur student of venereology will find much in it to relish and the historian of the Victorian pub will not be disappointed. At its heart, though lie the two equally vivid figures of Isabella Mayson and the man she married.” –D.J. Taylor, The Independent on Sunday “Illuminating . . . Kathryn Hughes deploys considerable gifts.” –Matthew Sturgis, The Sunday Telegraph From the Hardcover edition. About Kathryn Hughes Kathryn Hughes is the author of George Eliot: The Last Victorian, which won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for Biography, and The Victorian Governess, which remains the standard text on the subject. Educated at Oxford University, she holds a… More about Kathryn Hughes Product Details	i don't know
What is removed during an operation called an orchidectomy	Removing the testicles (orchidectomy) \| Cancer Research UK Removing the testicles (orchidectomy) Removing the testicles (orchidectomy) Find out about surgery to remove the testicles to treat prostate cancer. Prostate cancer needs testosterone to grow. Testosterone is the male sex hormone produced by the testicles. Removing the testicles helps control the growth of advanced prostate cancer. This is an orchidectomy, also called orchiectomy. After removal of the testicles, the level of testosterone in the blood falls quickly. Removing the testicles is not a common treatment. Hormone treatments are the main treatment to reduce the level of testosterone in your blood. Some men prefer to have this surgery as it is one treatment compared to regular injections. Orchidectomy is not reversible. You may find the removal of your testicles upsetting. What happens Removing the testicles is a simple operation. You have the operation as an inpatient in the hospital. Most men stay overnight, but you might be able to go home on the same day. Before the procedure You have an orchidectomy under general anaesthetic. You will be asleep for the whole operation. Some men have a spinal anaesthetic. That means you are awake, but have an anaesthetic injection into your spine. You can’t feel anything below the level of the injection. Preparing for your operation During the procedure The surgeon makes a small cut in your scrotum (the sac which holds your testicles). After removing your testicles, your surgeon may put in fake testicles (prostheses) so that your scrotum looks and feels the same. You may be able to have a smaller operation to remove only the inner part of your testes. This is a subcapsular orchidectomy. You don’t need a prosthesis after this operation. After the procedure You may have some discomfort after the operation. You will have a few stitches on your scrotum. Usually, these are absorbable. So, they don’t need removal. You may go home the same day or stay in the hospital overnight. Possible risks Your doctors will make sure the benefits of having the surgery outweigh these possible risks: hot flushes erection problems Follow up You will have a follow up appointment 6 weeks or so after your surgery. At the appointment your doctor: examines you asks you about how you are and if you have had any problems It is also your chance to ask any questions. Write down any questions you have before your appointment to help you remember what you want to ask. Taking someone with you can help you to remember what the doctor says. After your first check up you will continue to have follow up to monitor your cancer. How often you have checkups varies. Ask your doctor how often you need to have checkups and what they will involve. Last reviewed: EAU Guidelines on prostate cancer. 2015 N. Mottet and others Prostate cancer: diagnosis and management NICE guidelines [CG175] January 2014 Prostate cancer: Treatment. British Medical Journal (BMJ) Best Practice Online. June 2016 British Association of Urology Surgeons Orchidectomy March 2016	Testicle
Which British car maker made the Senator	Orchidectomy \| Topics, Testicular Cancer, Cancer, People's Experiences \| healthtalk.org People's Experiences Make collections of pages and videos that interest you. Share your scrapbook or keep it private. Add key words, so that others can find it. Previous Topic \| How it affects others Further surgery \| Next Topic Orchidectomy When cancer is suspected the best way to confirm the diagnosis is to remove the entire testicle, an operation called an orchidectomy. This is almost always done under general anaesthetic, though can be also be done with an epidural injection. The testicle is removed through an incision in the groin, and then the cells are examined under the microscope. Subsequent treatment will depend on the type of tumour and whether or not it has spread. Audio only Text only Background: Postal worker; married, 1 child. Well the day I got into the hospital they had to shave me and all this. The wife was there with me all the time, but I have this fear of being put to sleep so I actually stayed awake through the whole operation. You know and I was laughing and joking about with the doctors, I didn't feel a thing. I mean they just said you know "It's gone, off you go." And that was it. You had an epidural? Yeah I had an epidural, which I couldn't actually walk with because it makes your legs go like all jelly, you're all numb down below. And I wanted to go outside and they said "You can go outside when you can stand up," but I couldn't stand up, they was pushing me around in the wheelchair. But as I say I have this fear of being put to sleep and so I wouldn't have it. I mean I said "If you want to take it out you can but I will have to stay awake because I", you know so that was it. I stayed awake and I still had to go to a recovery room for an hour after the operation. And I mean the operation I think took altogether about 40 minutes. It didn't take that long at all which surprised me. Some men were not clearly informed that they would almost certainly lose the entire testicle. Some were admitted to hospital expecting just to have a biopsy or to have the lump removed. This misconception left these men and their families feeling angry and distressed (see 'Talking to doctors' ). Audio only Text only Background: IT engineer; single, no children. The doctor came round, marked on my left thigh what testicle it was you know that they were going to be operating on. Then a consultant came in, he said that did I know what the operation entailed? I said, "Yes removing the lump." He said, "A radical orchidectomy," I said "No removing the lump," he said "Yeah." My girlfriend commented on the look on my face, when he used radical I knew that it wasn't probably just going to be removing the lump. So then my doctor came round with a consent form and said, 'Did I have any questions before I signed it?' I said "Yeah one big question that's burning inside me what are you actually going to do?" He said, "We're removing the testicle." And I just looked at him in amazement. And I remembered back to the Monday that I was told that I was going to have the operation and I remember his exact words "We are going to remove the lump." At no point did he say that we are going to remove the testicle. So I sat there in amazement. I signed the form. I wasn't going to go back. I knew that it was the best thing for me. He said that operating on a testicle with a lump on it, if it was cancerous that would encourage the cancer to spread. So I then went on to ask him if it was cancer what would then be the procedure. He said that I'd be asked back in for a CT scan and then obviously further treatment if required. So again I just, it all came to me, it was three hours till the operation and they tell me this. It was not good timing. It is very rare that cancer occurs in both testicles. However, this can happen. One man describes how he had his left testicle and part of his right testicle removed the first time he had surgery. After chemotherapy, and radiotherapy to the right testicle, he eventually had to have the rest of the right testicle removed too. Audio only Text only Background: Software Development Manager; married, 2 children. Because I had the double orchidectomy, when I woke up I was in quite a bit of pain, just because you can't even favour one side or the other. And that was another thing that surprised me is that nobody said is that the incisions are actually taken on your lower stomach where you'd think if you've got testicular cancer you know you'd go through the scrotum. I, I just assumed that it would be through that, so that surprised me afterwards. So basically you gave him permission to remove both testicles? To do whatever, whatever he thought was necessary and the upshot was that my left testicle was completely removed and my right testicle was partly removed. The reason for saving part of the organ is to allow the body to continue to generate some hormones otherwise, then you might as well take, take the pair of them off. So he, he was very pleased with his, his work and I then got referred to a cancer specialist at a different hospital. And I think it was about a, about a month from when I first felt ill to when I had surgery for the second time. Which was quite strange. I, I think it, my blood tests were normal, my blood tests were, they had taken a number when I first went to hospital, all the way through and it wasn't until, I think the week before my operation that my cancer markers went up again. And then the week after my operation they went down. So it was quite strange. But that was a, a bit of a shock. The operation itself is usually quite straightforward. It was described as no worse than a hernia or minor knee operation. It may be done as a day case, but men usually stay in hospital overnight. Many of the men were surprised to learn that the testicle would be removed through the groin area. One described the operation in detail. Another man recalled what it was like to have an anaesthetic. He was pleased that the surgeon had spoken to him immediately after the operation, in the recovery room, reassuring him that the operation had gone well. Audio only Text only Background: Broadcasting; single, no children. So after a, sort of a few hours of sitting about in the waiting area I was taken through for my surgery. It was quite bizarre because I'd never had a general anaesthetic before; I was quite fascinated to see what it would feel like. And it was quite peculiar, I was taken to the sort of preoperative area, spoke to the anaesthetist, we discussed you know allergies, that sort of thing. They, they put a drip in my hand and then took me through to the operating theatre. He was then discussing with me what he was gonna do. He, he injected the anaesthetic into my, into the drip and said 'Just you know, breathe normally,' and I could feel, I could actually feel the anaesthetic actually, it was almost like I was inhaling it, I could feel it in my lungs almost. And then there was just ' You know, lights out. So I came to some time later, to be honest I'm not entirely sure; I was still quite groggy from the anaesthetic, to be offered tea and toast from the, from one of the nurses. I thought that's a great swap one testicle for some tea and toast! The urologist you know came to see me in the post operative area and said the operation had gone very well, you know she was very pleased with it, with how it had gone and that was quite nice because you know it was nice to see that person so soon after the operation and you know and get that, even just that small nugget of reassurance, just to sort of see you through that initial period after the operation. A few men felt very little discomfort after the operation, and if no more treatment was required, they soon resumed normal activities such as swimming. However, most men experienced some pain and took two or three weeks to fully recover. One man described how he lay on the sofa during the first week after surgery, with his wife 'waiting hand and foot'. Another man explained that he wasn't allowed to lift anything heavy after the operation, and he wasn't allowed to drive for five weeks. Another man recalled that he was off work for two weeks and was driving after just two weeks. Audio only Text only Background: Quantity surveyor; married, no children. I remember being bent double really up until the Saturday when I went home, I was still walking very slowly. And they tell you not to drive for 2 weeks because obviously the force of breaking [the car] is likely to send a shock wave up your leg; that the first area it hits is your groin. So I was off work for 2 weeks, I remember going into work, probably after the first week, just to have a chat with people really and I was chatting to everybody, it wasn't just the chaps I was chatting to, I was chatting to all the girls, the secretaries and everybody. It was a fairly small company and I knew everybody and I wasn't embarrassed by it. I mean everybody; every chap has got them so why be embarrassed by it. After surgery some men felt that their self-image and feelings of masculinity had been affected, at least for a while (see 'Masculinity and self-image' ). Last reviewed December 2014.	i don't know
Who was the voice of the puppet Lennie the Lion	Lenny The Lion Home > Children's Programmes > Lenny The Lion 'Lenny The Lion' (1956-66) The King of the Jungle who couldn't roll his 'r's and who had wide eyes and a habit of putting his paw to his head and sighing "Aw, don't embawass me!". With Terry Hall the ventriloquist. Traditionally, these sidekicks had been boy puppets, such as Arthur Worsley with Charlie Brown and Peter Brough with Archie Andrews, but Hall took advantage of the booming television medium in the 1950s to tweak the format. Inspired by a visit to Blackpool Zoo while performing a 1954 summer season in the seaside resort, Hall created the dummy using old fox fur, papier-mï¿½chï¿½ and a golf ball for a nose. At first, Lenny had lion-like teeth and a growling voice, but the character frightened children in the Blackpool audience and the singer Anne Shelton, also on the bill, suggested the teeth come out and the voice be made gentler. As a result, the puppet - one of the first with moving arms, as well as a lisping, falsetto voice, wide eyes and a habit of lifting a paw to his head and sighing "Aw! Don't embawass me" - kept Hall in front of television viewers for a quarter of a century. Making their BBC debut in 1956 alongside Eric Sykes in the one-off BBC comedy-variety show Dress Rehearsal, Hall and Lenny were an instant hit with children, who were captivated by the idea of a talking lion that was, by turns, cowardly, bashful and generally unleonine, and whose catchphrase - "Aw, don't embawass me!" - became one of the best-known on the air. After Hall found screen success in his own right with the BBC's The Lenny the Lion Show, the animal-puppet craze gained momentum, notably with Muriel Young on ITV, joined by Pussy Cat Willum and Ollie Beak in the children's series Small Time, Tuesday Rendezvous and The Five O'Clock Club. Hall himself was invited to guest-star on the legendary Ed Sullivan Show in the United States (1958) and returned home to take his puppet to two more popular programmes, Lenny's Den (1959-61) and Pops and Lenny (1962-63). The Beatles made one of their earliest television appearances in a May 1963 episode of Pops and Lenny, singing their first No 1 single, "From Me To You", and "Please Please Me", as well as joining Hall and his puppet for a song titled "After You've Gone". At the time, the future pop star David Bowie's father was working on the show and he launched the Lenny the Lion Fan Club. Hall and his stooge also released their own single, "Lenny's Bath Time" (1963). The pair remained popular in summer seasons and pantomimes on stage and as guest stars in television variety programmes including Big Night Out (1965), David Nixon's Comedy Bandbox (1966) and The Blackpool Show (1966). Later, they enjoyed fame together with a new audience in the ITV children's educational series Reading with Lenny (1977-80), for which Hall wrote a number of accompanying storybooks featuring Kevin the Kitten. The Lenny the Lion Song "I'm Lenny The lion and I'd like to say I'm strong and ferocious, but I'm not that way. I wish I had courage then I'd shout with glee that I'm Lenny the Lion, so Don't Embawass me!"	Terry Hall
Who in 1987 was the first Irishman to win the Tour de France	Lenny the Lion on Rainbow - YouTube Lenny the Lion on Rainbow Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jan 20, 2013 There is a longer version of this which shows the complete episode of Rainbow but this is just a quick fix for fans of Lenny the Lion on Terry Hall (who died in 2007). Category	i don't know
What is a prong of a fork called	What is a prong on a fork? \| Reference.com What is a prong on a fork? A: Quick Answer A prong on a fork is the pointed part used to spear food, according to Dictionary.com. It is also called a tine. As noted by Etiquette Scholar, the number, size and shape of tines depends upon the type of fork. Full Answer A typical dinner fork has long tapered prongs. A lobster fork often has one long tine in the center flanked by two hooked prongs, while a general seafood fork has three short prongs. To spear fruit easily, a fruit fork has narrow tines. Salad forks tend to have flat, broad prongs. On both salad and dessert forks, the left tine is wider than the rest. This improves the diner's ability to cut with a fork.	Tine
A creature that is described as a granivore will eat mainly what	Why does a usual fork have 3 tines? - Quora Quora Written Jan 18, 2014 Assuming the question is referring to "tines" rather than "edges"... most forks have four tines rather than three. Most images returned by Google Image Search have four: Why? Engineering compromise. Early forks had only two, because their sole job was to keep meat from moving as you cut it. That's still the shape of many carving forks: (These are actually antiques, but they would not be out of place in a modern kitchen.) Forks gradually took on the additional use of ferrying food to the mouth, and there are some foods that can't be stabbed (peas, fluffy rice, soft potatoes, very flaky fish, creamed spinach, etc.) Tines were flattened and more were added so that you could scoop a comfortable mouthful of food onto it. Three tines were tried, but they're not wide enough to make a pleasant mouthful. (You could make the tines themselves wider, but they become less effective for stabbing things.) Five tines were too wide for comfort in most mouths, and were more fiddly to make. So, people settled on four, for the most part. There do exist three-tine forks, but they're less common. With judicious design, they work. Some fish forks have three tines, with one wider than the others: Nobody is exactly sure why it's done this way, and the best answer I've seen is that it's a remnant of a rather surreal Victorian fascination with table ware that created a wide range of specialized forks as a way of proving that you were rich enough to afford them and polished enough to know how which one to use. Five tine forks exist, but they're mainly large serving forks.	i don't know
Before he went bald what colour was Winston Churchill's hair	Hair colour may help you rule the roost - National - theage.com.au Hair colour may help you rule the roost Richard Macey December 28, 2005 PAULINE Hanson is one. So, once, were Leon Trotsky and Winston Churchill. Lenin, it is said, was one before he went bald. All were redheads who set their political worlds ablaze. Now two Sydney biologists have found evidence that redheads, in the bird world at least, may have an evolutionary advantage allowing them to rule the pecking order. They made their discovery after observing hundreds of endangered Gouldian finches, brightly coloured birds from northern Australia that can have red, black or yellow heads. After breeding hundreds for testing, Sarah Pryke and her University of NSW colleague, Dr Simon Griffith, put a redheaded and a blackheaded bird in a cage to see which one claimed control of the seed bowl. They repeated the test using yellowheads. The reds controlled the bowl 74 per cent of the time against blacks and 81 per cent of the time against yellows, while blacks frightened off yellowheads 57 per cent of the time. When redheads were dyed black, they still remained aggressive and retained control of the bowl, but the blacks challenged them more often. And yellowheads dyed red found the previously tougher blackheads backed off. "It was as if they were saying 'we won't mess with you because you're a redhead'," Dr Pryke said. She said a possible explanation was that genes for colour may be inherited along with genes that control hormones, including testosterone. But while redheads ruled the roost, they were very stressed from fighting and died younger. While reluctant to speculate on whether evolution had given humans with different coloured hair varying levels of dominance, she agreed it was hard not to wonder. "It may be why we associate red with aggression."	Red
What is added to iced tea to make the drink called an Arnold Palmer	Winston Churchill Winston Churchill Primary Sources Winston Churchill was born in Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, on 30th November, 1874, just seven and a half months after his parents, Randolph Churchill, a Conservative politician and Jennie Jerome, the daughter of Leonard Jerome, a New York businessman, were married. Clive Ponting , the author of Winston Churchill (1994) has pointed out: "Winston Churchill was born into the small, immensely influencial and wealthy circle that still dominated English politics and society. For the whole of his life he remained an aristocrat at heart, deeply devoted to the interests of his family and drawing the majority of his friends and social acquaintances from the elite. From 1876 to 1880 he was brought up surrounded by servants amongst the splendors of the British ascendancy in Ireland." Winston Churchill was sent to to an expensive preparatory school, St George's at Ascot , just before his eighth birthday in November 1882. This was followed by a period in a bording school in Brighton . He was considered to be a bright pupil with a phenomenal memory but he took little interest in subjects that did not stimulate him. It was claimed that he was "negligent, slovenly and perpetually late." He was very lonely and in February 1884 he wrote to his mother: "I am wondering when you are coming to see me? I hope you are coming to see me soon... You must send someone to see me." In April 1888 Winston Churchill was sent to Harrow School . His behaviour remained bad. At the end of his first term his housemaster reported to his father: "I do not think... that he is in any way wilfully troublesome: but his forgetfulness, carelessness, unpunctuality, and irregularity in every way, have really been so serious... As far as ability goes he ought to be at the top of his form, whereas he is at the bottom." Winston Churchill started his 16 month course at the Royal Military College at Sandhurst in September, 1893. Churchill joined the Fourth Hussars in 1895 and saw action on the Indian north-west frontier and in the Sudan where he took part in the Battle of Omdurman (1898). Winston Churchill: Journalist While in the army Winston Churchill supplied military reports for the Daily Telegraph and wrote books such as The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898) and The River War (1899). After leaving the British Army in 1899, Churchill worked as a war correspondent for the Morning Post. While reporting the Boer War in South Africa he was taken prisoner by the Boers but made headline news when he escaped. On returning to England he wrote about his experiences in the book, London to Ladysmith (1900). Winston Churchill in Parliament In the 1900 General Election Winston Churchill was elected as the Conservative MP for Oldham . As a result of reading, Poverty, A Study of Town Life by Seebohm Rowntree he became a supporter of social reform. In 1904, unconvinced by his party leaders desire for change, Churchill decided to join the Liberal Party . In the 1906 General Election Winston Churchill won North West Manchester and immediately became a member of the new Liberal government as Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies. When Herbert Asquith replaced Henry Campbell-Bannerman as Prime Minister in 1908 he promoted Churchill to his cabinet as President of the Board of Trade. While in this post he carried through important social legislation including the establishment of employment exchanges. On 12th September 1908 Winston Churchill married Clementine Ogilvy Spencer and the following year published a book on his political philosophy, Liberalism and the Social Problem (1909). Winston Churchill: Home Secretary Following the 1910 General Election Winston Churchill became Home Secretary. Churchill introduced several reforms to the prison system, including the provision of lecturers and concerts for prisoners and the setting up of special after-care associations to help convicts after they had served their sentence. However, Churchill was severely criticized for using troops to maintain order during a Welsh miners's strike. On 16 December 1910, a gang attempted to break into the rear of a jeweller's shop in Houndsditch . An adjacent shopkeeper heard their hammering, and informed the police. When the police arrived, the robbers burst out, shooting three officers dead. The gang leader, a Latvian, Poloski Morountzeff, was accidently shot in the back by another gang member, and died later. If you find this article useful, please feel free to share on websites like Reddit . You can follow John Simkin on Twitter , Google+ & Facebook or subscribe to our monthly newsletter . Winston Churchill immediately announced that the police was looking for a gang of Jewish anarchists. It was also important to the government that the incident did not cause anti-Jewish feeling and the coroner made a point of stressing "in justice and fairness to the Jewish community" that he was uncircumcised. Acting on a tip-off, police surrounded 100 Sidney Street in Stepney on 2nd January 1911. Churchill hurried to the scene in order to direct operations. He was greeted by cries of "who let them immigrants in?" Churchill authorised the deployment of 124 soldiers. Winston Churchill at the Siege of Sidney Street The Manchester Guardian reported: "The firing came in spurts. The murderers would shoot first from the ground floor, then the window above … then there would be a barking of rifles in reply. Close on one o'clock an especially sharp fusillade rattled like a growl of exasperation …. a little feather of smoke curling out of the window below the point of attack. We thought at first it was gun smoke and then with a thrill we saw that the house was on fire." Churchill refused to allow the fire brigade to douse the flames until the firing from inside stopped. When it did and the police were allowed in, only two bodies were found. One writer, Stephen Bates , has argued: "The lesson the police took from the siege was not that they had overreacted but that they needed better weapons. The lesson the press took was that the Liberal government was soft on immigrants." The two dead men, Fritz Svaars and William Sokolow, were petty criminals, and not anarchists. However, the government leaked the story that the gang had been led by Peter Piatkow (Peter the Painter) who had managed to escape from the burning building. However, there are doubts that Piatkow ever existed. First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill became First Lord of the Admiralty in October 1911 where he helped modernize the navy. Churchill was one of the first people to grasp the military potential of aircraft and in 1912 he set up the Royal Naval Air Service . He also established an Air Department at the Admiralty so as to make full use of this new technology. Churchill was so enthusiastic about these new developments that he took flying lessons. On the outbreak of war in 1914, Churchill joined the War Council. However, he was blamed for the failure at the Dardanelles Campaign in 1915 and was moved to the post of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Unhappy about not having any power to influence the Government's war policy, he rejoined the British Army and commanded a battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers on the Western Front . Winston Churchill and Chemical Weapons When David Lloyd George replaced Herbert Asquith as Prime Minister and he decided to bring Winston Churchill back into the government. In July 1917, Churchill became Minister of Munitions and for the rest of the war, he was in charge of the production of tanks, aeroplanes, guns and shells. Clive Ponting , the author of Churchill (1994) has argued: "The technology in which Churchill placed greatest faith though was chemical warfare, which had first been used by the Germans in 1915. It was at this time that Churchill developed what was to prove a life-long enthusiasm for the widespread use of this form of warfare." Winston Churchill developed a close relationship with Brigadier General Charles Howard Foulkes , the General Officer Commanding the Special Brigade responsible for Chemical Warfare and Director of Gas Services. Foulkes worked closely with scientists working at the governmental laboratories at Porton Down near Salisbury . Churchill urged Foulkes to provide him with effective ways of using chemical weapons against the German Army . In November 1917 Churchill advocated the production of gas bombs to be dropped by aircraft. However, this idea was rejected "because it would involve the deaths of many French and Belgian civilians behind German lines and take too many scarce servicemen to operate and maintain the aircraft and bombs." On 6th April, 1918, Churchill told Louis Loucheur , the French Minister of Armaments: "I am... in favour of the greatest possible development of gas-warfare." In a paper he produced for the War Cabinet he argued for the widespread deployment of tanks, large-scale bombing attacks on German civilians and the mass use of chemical warfare. Foulkes told Churchill that his scientists were working on a very powerful new chemical weapon codenamed "M Device". (If you are enjoying this article, please feel free to share. You can follow John Simkin on Twitter and Google+ or subscribe to our monthly newsletter .) According to Giles Milton , the author of Russian Roulette: How British Spies Thwarted Lenin's Global Plot (2013): "Trials at Porton suggested that the M Device was indeed a terrible new weapon. The active ingredient in the M Device was diphenylaminechloroarsine, a highly toxic chemical. A thermogenerator was used to convert this chemical into a dense smoke that would incapacitate any soldier unfortunate enough to inhale it... The symptoms were violent and deeply unpleasant. Uncontrollable vomiting, coughing up blood and instant and crippling fatigue were the most common features.... Victims who were not killed outright were struck down by lassitude and left depressed for long periods." Churchill hoped that he would be able to use the top secret "M Device", an exploding shell that released a highly toxic gas derived from arsenic. Foulkes called it "the most effective chemical weapon ever devised". The scientist, John Haldane , later described the impact of this new weapon: "The pain in the head is described as like that caused when fresh water gets into the nose when bathing, but infinitely more severe... accompanied by the most appalling mental distress and misery." Foulkes argued that the strategy should be "the discharge of gas on a stupendous scale". This was to be followed by "a British attack, bypassing the trenches filled with suffocating and dying men". However, the war came to an end in November, 1918, before this strategy could be deployed. After the First World War Winston Churchill was appointed as Minister of War and Air by David Lloyd George . In May 1919, Churchill gave orders for the British troops to use chemical weapons during the campaign to subdue Afghanistan . When the India Office objected to the policy, Churchill replied: "The objections of the India Office to the use of gas against natives are unreasonable. Gas is a more merciful weapon than high explosive shell and compels an enemy to accept a decision with less loss of life than any other agency of war. The moral effect is also very great. There can be no conceivable reason why it should not be resorted to." Russian Revolution Winston Churchill now took the controversial decision to use the stockpiles of M Device (diphenylaminechloroarsine) against the Red Army who were involved in fighting against invading forces hostile to the Russian Revolution . He was supported in this by Sir Keith Price , the head of the chemical warfare, at Porton Down . He declared it to be the "right medicine for the Bolshevist" and the terrain would enable it to "drift along very nicely". Price agreed with Churchill that the use of chemical weapons would lead to a rapid collapse of the Bolshevik government in Russia : "I believe if you got home only once with the Gas you would find no more Bolshies this side of Vologda." In the greatest secrecy, 50,000 M Devices were shipped to Archangel , along with the weaponry required to fire them. Winston Churchill sent a message to Major-General William Ironside : "Fullest use is now to be made of gas shell with your forces, or supplied by us to White Russian forces." He told Ironside that this "thermogenerator of arsenical dust that would penetrate all known types of protective mask". Churchill added that he would very much like the "Bolsheviks" to have it. Churchill also arranged for 10,000 respirators for the British troops and twenty-five specialist gas officers to use the equipment. Some one leaked this information and Winston Churchill was forced to answer questions on the subject in the House of Commons on 29th May 1919. Churchill insisted that it was the Red Army who was using chemical warfare: "I do not understand why, if they use poison gas, they should object to having it used against them. It is a very right and proper thing to employ poison gas against them." His statement was untrue. There is no evidence of Bolshevik forces using gas against British troops and it was Churchill himself who had authorised its initial use some six weeks earlier. On 27th August, 1919, British Airco DH.9 bombers dropped these gas bombs on the Russian village of Emtsa. According to one source: "Bolsheviks soldiers fled as the green gas spread. Those who could not escape, vomited blood before losing consciousness." Other villages targeted included Chunova, Vikhtova, Pocha, Chorga, Tavoigor and Zapolki. During this period 506 gas bombs were dropped on the Russians. Lieutenant Donald Grantham interviewed Bolshevik prisoners about these attacks. One man named Boctroff said the soldiers "did not know what the cloud was and ran into it and some were overpowered in the cloud and died there; the others staggered about for a short time and then fell down and died". Boctroff claimed that twenty-five of his comrades had been killed during the attack. Boctroff was able to avoid the main "gas cloud" but he was very ill for 24 hours and suffered from "giddiness in head, running from ears, bled from nose and cough with blood, eyes watered and difficulty in breathing." Major-General William Ironside told David Lloyd George that he was convinced that even after these gas attacks his troops would not be able to advance very far. He also warned that the White Army had experienced a series of mutinies (there were some in the British forces too). Lloyd George agreed that Ironside should withdraw his troops. This was completed by October. The remaining chemical weapons were considered to be too dangerous to be sent back to Britain and therefore it was decided to dump them into the White Sea . Winston Churchill created great controversy over his policies in Iraq . It was estimated that around 25,000 British and 80,000 Indian troops would be needed to control the country. However, he argued that if Britain relied on air power, you could cut these numbers to 4,000 (British) and 10,000 (Indian). The government was convinced by this argument and it was decided to send the recently formed Royal Air Force to Iraq. An uprising of more than 100,000 armed tribesmen took place in 1920. Over the next few months the RAF dropped 97 tons of bombs killing 9,000 Iraqis. This failed to end the resistance and Arab and Kurdish uprisings continued to pose a threat to British rule. Winston Churchill suggested that the RAF should use chemical weapons on the rebels. Some members of the Cabinet objected to these tactics: Churchill argued: "I do not understand this squeamishness about the use of gas... I am strongly in favour of using poisoned gases against uncivilised tribes. The moral effect should be so good that the loss of life should be reduced to a minimum... Gases can be used which cause great inconvenience and would leave a lively terror and yet would leave no serious permanent affect on most of those affected." Winston Churchill rejoins Conservative Party The divisions in the Liberal Party led to Winston Churchill being defeated by E. D. Morel at Dundee in the 1922 General Election . Churchill now rejoined the Conservative Party and was successfully elected to represent Epping in the 1924 General Election . Stanley Baldwin , the leader of the new Conservative administration, appointed Churchill as Chancellor of the Exchequer. In 1925 Churchill controversially returned Britain the the Gold Standard and the following year took a strong line against the General Strike . Churchill edited the Government's newspaper, the British Gazette, during the dispute where he argued that "either the country will break the General Strike, or the General Strike will break the country." With the defeat of the Conservative government in 1929, Winston Churchill lost office. When Ramsay MacDonald formed the National Government in 1931 Churchill, who was now seen as a right-wing extremist, was not invited to join the Cabinet. He spent the next few years concentrating on his writing, including the publication of the History of the English Speaking Peoples . Rise of Nazi Germany After Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party gained power in Germany in 1933, Winston Churchill became a leading advocate of rearmament. He was also a staunch critic of Neville Chamberlain and the Conservative government's appeasement policy . In 1939 Churchill controversially argued that Britain and France should form of a military alliance with the Soviet Union . Britain was in a very difficult situation. In 1939 Germany had a population of 80 million with a workforce of 41 million. Britain had a population of 46 million with less than half Germany's workforce. Germany's total income at market prices was £7,260 million compared to Britain's £5,242 million. More ominously, the Germans had spent five times what Britain had spent on armaments - £1,710 million versus £358 million. Second World War On the outbreak of the Second World War Churchill was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty and on 4th April 1940 became chairman of the Military Coordinating Committee. Later that month the German Army invaded and occupied Norway. The loss of Norway was a considerable setback for Neville Chamberlain and his policies for dealing with Nazi Germany . On 8th May the Labour Party demanded a debate on the Norwegian campaign and this turned into a vote of censure. At the end of the debate 30 Conservatives voted against Chamberlain and a further 60 abstained. Chamberlain now decided to resign and on 10th May, 1940, George VI appointed Churchill as prime minister. Later that day the German Army began its Western Offensive and invaded the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. Two days later German forces entered France . Winston Churchill: Prime Minister Winston Churchill formed a coalition government and placed leaders of the Labour Party such as Clement Attlee , Ernest Bevin , Herbert Morrison , Stafford Cripps and Hugh Dalton in key positions. He also brought in another long-time opponent of Chamberlain, Anthony Eden , as his secretary of state for war. Later that year Eden replaced Lord Halifax as foreign secretary. As soon as he gained power Churchill considered using chemical weapons. He changed his mind when informed by military intelligence that Germany was capable of dropping three of four times more chemical bombs than Britain. However, plans were put in place to use gas-warfare in Adolf Hitler ordered an invasion of Britain. On 30th May, 1940, he told the Cabinet "we should not hesitate to contaminate our beaches with gas". By the end of September, with the invasion scare over, he decided against first use of the weapon. He instructed General Hastings Ismay , his Chief of Staff, that stocks should be maintained: "I am deeply anxious that gas warfare should not be adopted at the present time... We should never begin but we must be able to reply." Churchill realised straight away that it would be vitally important to enlist the United States as Britain's ally. Randolph Churchill , on the morning of 18th May, 1940, claims that his father told him "I think I see my way through.... I mean we can beat them." When Randolph asked him how, he replied with great intensity: "I shall drag the United States in." Churchill now sent William Stephenson to the United States. Stephenson's main contact was Gene Tunney , a friend from the First World War , who had been World Heavyweight Champion (1926-1928) and was a close friend of J. Edgar Hoover , the head of the FBI . Tunney later recalled: "Quite to my surprise I received a confidential letter that was from Billy Stephenson, and he asked me to try and arrange for him to see J. Edgar Hoover... I found out that his mission was so important that the Ambassador from England could not be in on it, and no one in official government... It was my understanding that the thing went off extremely well." Stephenson was also a friend of Ernest Cuneo . He worked for President Franklin D. Roosevelt and according to Stephenson was the leader of "Franklin's brain trust". Cuneo met with Roosevelt and reported back that the president wanted "the closest possible marriage between the FBI and British Intelligence." On his return to London , Stephenson reported back to Churchill. After hearing what he had to say, Churchill told Stephenson: "You know what you must do at once. We have discussed it most fully, and there is a complete fusion of minds between us. You are to be my personal representative in the United States. I will ensure that you have the full support of all the resources at my command. I know that you will have success, and the good Lord will guide your efforts as He will ours." Charles Howard Ellis said that he selected Stephenson because: "Firstly, he was Canadian. Secondly, he had very good American connections... he had a sort of fox terrier character, and if he undertook something, he would carry it through." Churchill now instructed Stewart Menzies , head of MI6 , to appoint William Stephenson as the head of the British Security Coordination (BSC). Menzies told Gladwyn Jebb on 3rd June, 1940: "I have appointed Mr W.S. Stephenson to take charge of my organisation in the USA and Mexico. As I have explained to you, he has a good contact with an official (J. Edgar Hoover) who sees the President daily. I believe this may prove of great value to the Foreign Office in the future outside and beyond the matters on which that official will give assistance to Stephenson. Stephenson leaves this week. Officially he will go as Principal Passport Control Officer for the USA." As William Boyd has pointed out: "The phrase (British Security Coordination) is bland, almost defiantly ordinary, depicting perhaps some sub-committee of a minor department in a lowly Whitehall ministry. In fact BSC, as it was generally known, represented one of the largest covert operations in British spying history... With the US alongside Britain, Hitler would be defeated - eventually. Without the US (Russia was neutral at the time), the future looked unbearably bleak... polls in the US still showed that 80% of Americans were against joining the war in Europe. Anglophobia was widespread and the US Congress was violently opposed to any form of intervention." An office was opened in the Rockefeller Centre in Manhattan with the agreement of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and J. Edgar Hoover of the FBI . In 1940 a BSC agent approached Donald Chase Downes and told him that he was working under the direct orders of Winston Churchill. "Our primary directive from Churchill is that American participation in the war is the most important single objective for Britain. It is the only way, he feels, to victory over Nazism." Churchill had a serious problem. Joseph P. Kennedy was the United States Ambassador to Britain. He soon came to the conclusion that the island was a lost cause and he considered aid to Britain fruitless. Kennedy, an isolationist, consistently warned Roosevelt "against holding the bag in a war in which the Allies expect to be beaten." Neville Chamberlain wrote in his diary in July 1940: "Saw Joe Kennedy who says everyone in the USA thinks we shall be beaten before the end of the month." Averell Harriman later explained the thinking of Kennedy and other isolationists: "After World War I, there was a surge of isolationism, a feeling there was no reason for getting involved in another war... We made a mistake and there were a lot of debts owed by European countries. The country went isolationist. William Stephenson knew that with leading officials supporting isolationism he had to overcome these barriers. His main ally in this was another friend, William Donovan , who he had met in the First World War . "The procurement of certain supplies for Britain was high on my priority list and it was the burning urgency of this requirement that made me instinctively concentrate on the single individual who could help me. I turned to Bill Donovan." Donovan arranged meetings with Henry Stimson (Secretary of War), Cordell Hull (Secretary of State) and Frank Knox (Secretary of the Navy). The main topic was Britain's lack of destroyers and the possibility of finding a formula for transfer of fifty "over-age" destroyers to the Royal Navy without a legal breach of U.S. neutrality legislation. It was decided to send Donovan to Britain on a fact-finding mission. He left on 14th July, 1940. When he heard the news, Joseph P. Kennedy complained: "Our staff, I think is getting all the information that possibility can be gathered, and to send a new man here at this time is to me the height of nonsense and a definite blow to good organization." He added that the trip would "simply result in causing confusion and misunderstanding on the part of the British". Andrew Lycett has argued: "Nothing was held back from the big American. British planners had decided to take him completely into their confidence and share their most prized military secrets in the hope that he would return home even more convinced of their resourcefulness and determination to win the war." William Donovan arrived back in the United States in early August, 1940. In his report to President Franklin D. Roosevelt he argued: "(1) That the British would fight to the last ditch. (2) They could not hope to hold to hold the last ditch unless they got supplies at least from America. (3) That supplies were of no avail unless they were delivered to the fighting front - in short, that protecting the lines of communication was a sine qua non. (4) That Fifth Column activity was an important factor." Donovan also urged that the government should sack Ambassador Joseph Kennedy , who was predicting a German victory. Donovan also wrote a series of articles arguing that Nazi Germany posed a serious threat to the United States. On 22nd August, William Stephenson reported to London that the destroyer deal was agreed upon. The agreement for transferring 50 aging American destroyers, in return for the rights to air and naval basis in Bermuda, Newfoundland, the Caribbean and British Guiana, was announced 3rd September, 1940. The bases were leased for 99 years and the destroyers were of great value as convey escorts. Lord Louis Mountbatten , the British Chief of Combined Operations, commented: "We were told that the man primarily responsible for the loan of the 50 American destroyers to the Royal Navy at a critical moment was Bill Stephenson; that he had managed to persuade the president that this was in the ultimate interests of America themselves and various other loans of that sort were arranged. These destroyers were very important to us...although they were only old destroyers, the main thing was to have combat ships that could actually guard against and attack U-boats." Franklin D. Roosevelt Churchill developed a strong personal relationship with Franklin D. Roosevelt and he asked him for help to beat Nazi Germany . On 17th December, 1940, Roosevelt made a speech to the American public: "In the present world situation of course there is absolutely no doubt in the mind of a very overwhelming number of Americans that the best immediate defence of the United States is the success of Great Britain in defending itself; and that, therefore, quite aside from our historic and current interest in the survival of democracy in the world as a whole, it is equally important, from a selfish point of view of American defence, that we should do everything to help the British Empire to defend itself... In other words, if you lend certain munitions and get the munitions back at the end of the war, if they are intact - haven't been hurt - you are all right; if they have been damaged or have deteriorated or have been lost completely, it seems to me you come out pretty well if you have them replaced by the fellow to whom you have lent them." The Lend Lease agreement of March 1941 allowed Britain to order war goods from the United States on credit. Although he provided strong leadership the war continued to go badly for Britain and after a series of military defeats Churchill had to face a motion of no confidence in Parliament. However, he maintained the support of most members of the House of Commons and won by 475 votes to 25. Churchill continued to be criticized for meddling in military matters and tended to take too much notice of the views of his friends such as Frederick Lindemann rather than his military commanders. In April 1941 he made the serious mistake of trying to save Greece by weakening his forces fighting the Desert War . One of the major contributions made by Churchill to eventual victory was his ability to inspire the British people to greater effort by making public broadcasts on significant occasions. A brilliant orator he was a tireless source of strength to people experiencing the sufferings of the Blitz . After Pearl Harbor Churchill worked closely with Franklin D. Roosevelt to ensure victory over Germany and Japan . He was also a loyal ally of the Soviet Union after Adolf Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa in June, 1941. Churchill made a public statement that if Germany used chemical bombs against the Soviet Union he would order instructions that Britain would also use these weapons. Churchill told General Hastings Ismay , his Chief of Staff: "We would retaliate by drenching the German cities with gas on the largest possible scale." Churchill held important meetings with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin at Teheran (November, 1943) and Yalta (February, 1945). Although Churchill's relationship with Stalin was always difficult he managed to successfully develop a united strategy against the Axis powers. Despite intense pressure from Stalin to open a second-front by landing Allied troops in France in 1943, Churchill continued to argue that this should not happen until the defeat of Nazi Germany was guaranteed. The D-Day landings did not take place until June, 1944 and this delay enabled the Red Army to capture territory from Germany in Eastern Europe. In March 1944 Churchill ordered 500,000 anthrax bombs from the United States. These bombs were to be dropped "well behind the lines, to render towns uninhabitable and indeed dangerous to enter without a respirator". Churchill was now told by military intelligence that the British had far larger stocks of poison gas than Nazi Germany . He wrote to General Hastings Ismay , his Chief of Staff, on 6th July, 1944: "It is absurd to consider morality on this topic when everybody used it in the last war without a nod of complaint from the moralists of the Church... It is simply a question of fashion changing as she does between long and short skirts for women... One really must not be bound by silly conventions of the mind." Churchill now sent a message to his chiefs of staff: "I may certainly have to ask you to support me in using poison gas. We could drench the cities of the Ruhr and many other cities in Germany in such a way that most of the population would be requiring constant medical attention... If we do it, let us do it one hundred per cent. In the meantime, I want the matter studied in cold blood by sensible people and not by that particular set of psalm-singing uniformed defeatists which one runs across now here now there." On 28th July 1944, the chief of staffs reported to Churchill that gas warfare was possible and that Britain could drop more than Germany but they doubted whether it would cause many difficulties to the German authorities in controlling the country. However, they were deeply concerned by the possibility that Germany would retaliate as they feared the British public would react in a different way to those in Germany: "the same cannot be said for our own people, who are in no such inarticulate condition". After reading the chiefs of staff assessment Churchill concluded gloomily, "I am not at all convinced by this negative report. But clearly I cannot make head against the parsons and the warriors at the same time." Winston Churchill and 1945 General Election In public Winston Churchill accepted plans for social reform drawn up by William Beveridge in 1944. However, he was unable to convince the electorate that he was as committed to these measures as much as Clement Attlee and the Labour Party . In May 1945, Churchill made a radio broadcast where he attacked the Labour Party : "I must tell you that a socialist policy is abhorrent to British ideas on freedom. There is to be one State, to which all are to be obedient in every act of their lives. This State, once in power, will prescribe for everyone: where they are to work, what they are to work at, where they may go and what they may say, what views they are to hold, where their wives are to queue up for the State ration, and what education their children are to receive. A socialist state could not afford to suffer opposition - no socialist system can be established without a political police. They (the Labour government) would have to fall back on some form of Gestapo." Clement Attlee's response the following day caused Churchill serious damage: "The Prime Minister made much play last night with the rights of the individual and the dangers of people being ordered about by officials. I entirely agree that people should have the greatest freedom compatible with the freedom of others. There was a time when employers were free to work little children for sixteen hours a day. I remember when employers were free to employ sweated women workers on finishing trousers at a penny halfpenny a pair. There was a time when people were free to neglect sanitation so that thousands died of preventable diseases. For years every attempt to remedy these crying evils was blocked by the same plea of freedom for the individual. It was in fact freedom for the rich and slavery for the poor. Make no mistake, it has only been through the power of the State, given to it by Parliament, that the general public has been protected against the greed of ruthless profit-makers and property owners. The Conservative Party remains as always a class Party. In twenty-three years in the House of Commons, I cannot recall more than half a dozen from the ranks of the wage earners. It represents today, as in the past, the forces of property and privilege. The Labour Party is, in fact, the one Party which most nearly reflects in its representation and composition all the main streams which flow into the great river of our national life." In the 1945 General Election Churchill's attempts to compare a future Labour government with Nazi Germany backfired and Attlee won a landslide victory. Churchill became leader of the opposition and when visiting the United States in March 1946, he made his famous Iron Curtain speech at Fulton, Missouri. He suffered the first of several strokes in August 1946 but this information was kept from the general public and he continued to lead the Conservative Party . Churchill's cousin, Clare Sheridan had lunch with him in June 1948. "Winston, in his dreadful boiler suit was looking pale. He rants, of course, about the inefficient ignorant crowd now in power, who are what he calls throwing the British Empire away. He is almost heartbroken. All his life he has been such a great Imperialist. He is so brilliant, but unless one can make notes in shorthand one cannot recapture all he says. He quotes so aptly, which I envy, having myself no memory. He quoted Hamlet several times which illustrates his spirit of despondency... He has finished three volumes of his new book The Second World War, and only the possibility of being called back into politics prevents him going on with it." Chrurchill remained leader of the Conservative Party . Some cartoonists, such as David Low , suggested he was past his best. Low often portrayed him as "Micawber" who was not fully committed to the the development of the Welfare State. On 27th January 1950 Low published a cartoon showing Rab Butler , the leader of the liberal wing of the party, being squashed by a backward-looking Churchill who faces a somnolent Lord Woolton , chairman of the party. The road sign gives two possiblities, "Tax Cuts" or "Welfare State". David Low , Daily Herald (27th January, 1950) Churchill returned to power after the 1951 General Election . After the publication of his six volume, The Second World War , Churchill was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Churchill's health continued to deteriorate and in 1955 he reluctantly retired from politics. Clare Sheridan remembers visiting his home in London after he left politics. She found him very depressed. He told her that he felt a failure. She replied: "How can you!" You beat the Nazis." Churchill remained sunk in gloom: "Yes.... we had to fight those Nazis - it would have been too terrible had we failed. But in the end you have your art. The Empire I believed in has gone." Winston Churchill died on 24th January, 1965. Primary Sources (1) David Low first met Winston Churchill in 1922. As might be expected from his origins and temperament, Churchill was inwardly contemptuous of the 'common man' when the 'common man' sought to interfere in his (the 'common man's) own government; but bearing with the need to appear sympathetic and compliant to the popular will. In those days, whenever I heard Churchill's dramatic periods about democracy, I felt inclined to say: "Please define." His definition, I felt, would be something like "government of the people, for the people, by benevolent and paternal ruling-class chaps like me." Churchill was witty and easy to talk to until I said that the Australians were an independent people who could not be expected to follow Britain without question. They were, in the case of new wars, for instance, not to be taken for granted, but would follow their own judgment. Churchill was one of the few men I have met who even in the flesh give me the impression of genius. George Bernard Shaw is another. It is amusing to know that each thinks the other is overrated. (2) Winston Churchill, Illustrated Sunday Herald (8th February, 1920) The part played in the creation of Bolshevism and in the actual bringing about of the Russian Revolution by these international and for the most part atheistic Jews ... is certainly a very great one; it probably outweighs all others. With the notable exception of Lenin, the majority of the leading figures are Jews. Moreover, the principal inspiration and driving power comes from Jewish leaders ... The same evil prominence was obtained by Jews in (Hungary and Germany, especially Bavaria). Although in all these countries there are many non-Jews every whit as bad as the worst of the Jewish revolutionaries, the part played by the latter in proportion to their numbers in the population is astonishing. The fact that in many cases Jewish interests and Jewish places of worship are excepted by the Bolsheviks from their universal hostility has tended more and more to associate the Jewish race in Russia with the villainies which are now being perpetrated. (3) Philip Snowden , An Autobiography (1934) The most surprising of the Ministerial appointments made by Mr. Baldwin was the constituted his government in November 1924 was the selection of Mr. Winston Churchill as Chancellor of the Exchequer. What induced Mr. Baldwin to offer Mr. Churchill this important post still remains an inscrutable mystery. As an ex-Chancellor it fell to me to lead the Opposition in the Budget debates, and I found Mr. Churchill a foe worthy of my steel. Mr. Churchill, during these years, gradually developed as a Parliamentary debater. He learnt to rely less on careful preparation of his speeches and more upon spontaneous effort. However much one may differ from Mr. Churchill, one is compelled to like him for his finer qualities. There is an attractiveness in everything he does. His high spirits are irrepressible. Mr. Churchill was as happy facing a Budget deficit as in distributing a surplus. He is an adventurer, a soldier of fortune. (4) Jennie Lee made her first speech in the House of Commons soon after she was elected in a by-election in 1929. Winston Churchill was at that time Chancellor of the Exchequer and I directed my attack mainly against his budget proposals. Later in the day, in the Smoking Room, he came over to me and congratulated me on my speech. He assured me that we both wanted the same thing, only we had different notions of how to get it. The richer the rich became, the more able they would be to help the poor. That was his theme and he said he would send me a book that would explain everything to me. The book duly arrived. It was The American Omen by Garet Garrett, a right-wing economist who was despised by most of us for his extreme views. (5) J. R. Clynes , Memoirs (1937) I met Churchill in 1901 during his Election campaign in Oldham, having been chosen to lead a group of local Labour supporters to interview him, and obtain from him an exposition of his views on certain Labour topics. I found him a man of extraordinarily independent mind, and great courage. He absolutely refused to yield to our persuasions, and said bluntly that he would rather lose votes than abandon his convictions. Churchill was, and has always remained, a soldier in mufti. He possesses inborn militaristic qualities, and is intensely proud of his descent from Marlborough. He cannot visualize Britain without an Empire, or the Empire without wars of acquisition and defence. A hundred years ago he might profoundly have affected the shaping of our country's history. Now, the impulses of peace and internationalism, and the education and equality of the working classes, leave him unmoved. (6) Kingsley Martin first met Winston Churchill while teaching at the London School of Economics . Martin wrote about Churchill and the General Strike in his book, Father Figures (1966) The General Strike of 1926 was an unmitigated disaster. Not merely for Labour but for England. Churchill and other militants in the cabinet were eager for a strike, knowing that they had built a national organization in the six months' grace won by the subsidy to the mining industry. Churchill himself told me this on the first occasion I met him in person. I asked Winston what he thought of the Samuel Coal Commission. When Winston said that the subsidy had been granted to enable the Government to smash the unions, unless the miners had given way in the meantime, my picture of Winston was confirmed. He was a delicious and witty guest, quite willing to talk freely to young academics. I then regarded him as the most dangerous of all politicians. He combined brilliance with the most foolish and antiquated views, which would have condemned us without hope of reprieve to war between classes and nations; he had tried to make war with Russia in 1919, and he waged successful war against the workers in 1926. The economic disasters of the thirties were inaugurated by his return to the Gold Standard in 1925; he was to be a supporter of Mussolini and Franco, and would have carried out a disgracing war in India. All the more remarkable that I was to become his admirer in the later thirties and to write a eulogy of him as our indispensable leader in 1940. (7) Winston Churchill, speech in the House of Commons on the resignation of Anthony Eden as Foreign Secretary (22nd February, 1938) The resignation of the late Foreign Secretary may well be a milestone in history. Great quarrels, it has been well said, arise from small occasions but seldom from small causes. The late Foreign Secretary adhered to the old policy which we have all forgotten for so long. The Prime Minister and his colleagues have entered upon another and a new policy. The old policy was an effort to establish the rule of law in Europe, and build up through the League of Nations effective deterrents against the aggressor. Is it the new policy to come to terms with the totalitarian Powers in the hope that by great and far-reaching acts of submission, not merely in sentiment and pride, but in material factors, peace may be preserved. A firm stand by France and Britain, under the authority of the League of Nations, would have been followed by the immediate evacuation of the Rhineland without the shedding of a drop of blood; and the effects of that might have enabled the more prudent elements of the German Army to gain their proper position, and would not have given to the political head of Germany the enormous ascendancy which has enabled him to move forward. Austria has now been laid in thrall, and we do not know whether Czechoslovakia will not suffer a similar attack. (8) On 16th April, 1939, the Soviet Union suggested a three-power military alliance with Great Britain and France . In a speech on 4th May, Winston Churchill urged the government to accept the offer. Ten or twelve days have already passed since the Russian offer was made. The British people, who have now, at the sacrifice of honoured, ingrained custom, accepted the principle of compulsory military service, have a right, in conjunction with the French Republic, to call upon Poland not to place obstacles in the way of a common cause. Not only must the full co-operation of Russia be accepted, but the three Baltic States, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, must also be brought into association. To these three countries of warlike peoples, possessing together armies totalling perhaps twenty divisions of virile troops, a friendly Russia supplying munitions and other aid is essential. There is no means of maintaining an eastern front against Nazi aggression without the active aid of Russia. Russian interests are deeply concerned in preventing Herr Hitler's designs on eastern Europe. It should still be possible to range all the States and peoples from the Baltic to the Black sea in one solid front against a new outrage of invasion. Such a front, if established in good heart, and with resolute and efficient military arrangements, combined with the strength of the Western Powers, may yet confront Hitler, Goering, Himmler, Ribbentrop, Goebbels and co. with forces the German people would be reluctant to challenge. (9) Winston Churchill wrote about Operation Dynamo in his book The Second World War (1949) Ever since May 20, the gathering of shipping and small craft had been proceeding under the control of Admiral Ramsay, who commanded at Dover. After the loss of Boulogne and Calais only the remains of the port of Dunkirk and the open beaches next to the Belgian Frontier were in our hands. On the evening of the 26th an Admiralty signal put Operation Dynamo into play, and the first troops were brought home that night. Early the next morning, May 27, emergency measures were taken to find additional small craft. The various boatyards, from Teddington to Brightlingsea, were searched by Admiralty officers, and yielded upwards of forty serviceable motor-boats or launches, which were assembled at Sheerness on the following day. At the same time lifeboats from liners in the London docks, tugs from the Thames, yachts, fishing-craft, lighters, barges and pleasure-boats - anything that could be the use along the beaches - were called into service. (10) Winston Churchill, speech in the House of Commons (4th June, 1940) Our losses in men (at Dunkirk) have been 30,000 killed, wounded and missing. Against this we might set the far heavier loss certainly inflicted upon the enemy. We have lost nearly 1,000 guns and all our transport and all the armed vehicles that were with the army in the north. The best of all we had to give, has gone with the B.E.F. and although they had not the number of tanks they were a very well and finely equipped army. They had all the first fruits of all our industry had to give, and that is gone. An effort the like of which has never been seen in our records is now being made. Work is proceeding everywhere night and day, Sundays and weekdays. Capital and labour have cast aside their interests, rights and customs, and put them into the common stock. Already the flow of munitions has leapt forward. There is no reason why we should not, in a few months overtake the sudden and serious loss that has come upon us without retarding development of our general programme. (11) William Joyce , Germany Calling (21st August, 1940) Winston Churchill was one of those who did most to procure England's declaration of war last September. And we now have his admission that nearly a year later his country is neither properly equipped nor has it properly started. Surely the time to think of proper equipment was before the war was launched! One day the British people will have cause to remember this confession of the chief warmonger - that he drove them into this disastrous conflict well knowing, as he did, that they were not prepared to wage it. Out of his mouth, Churchill stands convicted as a traitor to England. But this much the people of England have failed to realise. It was, until very recently, that their war was fought by proxy. They had not heard the roar of those engines of destruction, which, thanks to Churchill, descended on their cities, towns, factories, docks and railways. It will not be long before Britain has to yield to the invincible might of German arms, for Germany started when the war began, and was equipped before that. But this also I feel, that short as the time may be, every day will have the length of a year for the people whom Churchill has condemned to ruin in his crazy and fantastic plan to blockade Europe, the dictator of this little island showed the depths of his immoral malice. (12) Randolph Churchill , remembering the morning of 18th May, 1940, quoted in Their Finest Hour , edited by Martin Gilbert . I went up to my father's bedroom. He was standing in front of his basin and was shaving with his old fashioned Valet razor. He had a tough beard, and as usual he was hacking away. "Sit down, dear boy, and read the papers while I finish shaving:" I did as told. After two or three minutes of hacking away, he half-turned and said: "I think I see my way through." He resumed shaving. I was astounded, and said: "Do you mean we can avoid defeat? (which seemed credible), or beat the bastards?" (which seemed incredible). He flung his razor into the basin, swung around, and said: "Of course I mean we can beat them." Me: "Well I'm all for it, but I don't see how you can do it." By this time he had dried and sponged his face and turning around to me, said with great intensity: "I shall drag the United States in." (13) As commander of the 9th Armed Division Brian Horrocks had responsibility for protecting the Brighton coastal area. It wasin Brighton that I first met the Prime Minister, Mr. Winston Churchill. He came down to have a look at our defences and watch the Royal Ulster Rifles carry out a small exercise. Though no one knew of his visit, he was quickly spotted and a large and enthusiastic crowd soon gathered. The complete confidence shown in him was most touching, and rather frightening to us who knew that, to all intents and purposes, the military cupboard was bare. During one of these spontaneous demonstrations of affection I found myself standing at the back beside Mrs. Churchill. There were tears in her eyes, and I heard her murmur, " Pray God we don't let them down." (14) The Manchester Guardian (10th April, 1941) It was a solemn House of Commons that heard Mr. Churchill today, which was natural. Mr. Churchill's was a solemn speech. It said in effect that the Allies are facing another crisis. Though it is not comparable with the gravity of the crisis that followed the collapse of France, no reader of Mr. Churchill's speech will doubt that it is grave enough. The House had sensed the occasion. It was full in all its parts. He was as masterful as ever. Indeed, he was masterful enough at times as to be quite casual. Think of Hitler addressing his Reichstag with both hands thrust deep in his trouser pockets! Yet that was Mr. Churchill. It was in this way that he announced that the Germans had entered Salonika at four o'clock this morning. He almost did it in an aside. Intended or not, the manner took a lot of the force out of the blow. But what was the tale as a whole? We had lost Benghazi, and the Germans and Italians were pressing us so hard that we must expect severe fighting not only to defend the rest of Cyrenaica but Egypt. Against that had to be set the victories in Eritrea, Italian Somaliland, and Abyssinia and the freeing of the Red Sea. Then there was the shattering naval victory of Matapan. Nothing, Mr. Churchill said amid cheers could detract from these brilliant achievements or diminish our gratitude to our forces. Mr. Churchill is clearly not comfortable about France, in spite of his welcome of Marshall Petain's declaration that she will never fight her old ally. He sees how dependent Vichy is on Hitler. But his warning that we shall maintain our blockade aroused the greatest cheer of the speech. The next biggest cheer greeted his declaration that we should not tolerate any movements of French warships from African ports to the ports of Metropolitan France, for that would alter the balance of naval power in the Atlantic affecting the United states as much as ourselves. (15) Winston Churchill, letter to Charles Portal in a reply to a report on the need to use more terror bombing attacks on Nazi Germany (27th September, 1941) It is very disputable whether bombing by itself will be a decisive factor in the present war. On the contrary, all that we have learnt since the war began shows that its effects, both physical and moral, are greatly exaggerated. There is no doubt that British people have been stimulated and strengthened by the attack made upon them so far. Secondly, it seems very likely that the ground defences and night-fighters will overtake the air attack. Thirdly, in calculating the number of bombers necessary to achieve hypothetical and indefinite tasks, it should be noted that only a quarter of our bombs hit the targets. Consequently an increase of bombing to 100 per cent would in fact raise our bombing force to four times its strength. The most we can say is that it will be a heavy and I trust a seriously increasing annoyance. (16) While he was at a Mansion House luncheon Winston Churchill heard a rumour that Japan had attacked Pearl Harbor . He immediately telephoned President Franklin D. Roosevelt . In two or three minutes Mr. Roosevelt came through. "Mr. President, what's this about Japan? "It's quite true," he replied. "They have attacked us at Pearl Harbor. We are all in the same boat now." No American will think it wrong of me if I proclaim that to have the United States at our side was to me the greatest joy. I could not foretell the course of events. I do not pretend to have measured accurately the martial might of Japan, but now at this very moment I knew the United States was in the war, up to the neck and in to the death. So we had won after all! Yes, after Dunkirk; after the fall of France; after the horrible episode of Oran; after the threat of invasion, when, apart from the Air and the Navy, we were an almost unarmed people; after the deadly struggle of the U-boat war - the first Battle of the Atlantic, gained by a hand's-breath; after seventeen months of lonely fighting and nineteen months of my responsibility in dire stress. We had won the war. England would live; Britain would live; the Commonwealth of Nations and the Empire would live. How long the war would last or in what fashion it would end no man could tell, nor did I at this moment care. Once again in our long Island history we should emerge, however mauled or mutilated, safe and victorious. We should not be wiped out. We should not be wiped out. Our history would not come to an end. We might not even have to die as individuals. Hitler's fate was sealed. Mussolini's fate was sealed. As for the Japanese, they would be ground to powder. (17) Henry Wallace had lunch with Winston Churchill at the White House on 22nd May, 1943. That night he wrote about the meeting in his diary. He made it more clear than he had at the luncheon on Saturday that he expected England and the United States to run the world and he expected the staff organizations which had been set up for winning the war to continue when the peace came, that these staff organizations would by mutual understanding really run the world even though there was a supreme council and three regional councils. I said bluntly that I thought the notion of Anglo-Saxon superiority, inherent in Churchill's approach, would be offensive to many of the nations of the world as well as to a number of people in the United States. Churchill had had quite a bit of whiskey, which, however, did not affect the clarity of his thinking process but did perhaps increase his frankness. He said why be apologetic about Anglo-Saxon superiority, that we were superior, that we had the common heritage which had been worked out over the centuries in England and had been perfected by our constitution. He himself was half American, he felt that he was called on as a result to serve the function of uniting the two great Anglo-Saxon civilizations in order to confer the benefit of freedom on the rest of the world. (18) General Dwight D. Eisenhower wrote about Winston Churchill in his book Crusade in Europe (1948) An inspirational leader, he seemed to typify Britain's courage and perseverance in adversity and its conservatism in success. He was a man of extraordinarily strong convictions and a master in argument and debate. Completely devoted to winning the war and discharging his responsibility as Prime Minister of Great Britain, he was difficult indeed to combat when conviction compelled disagreement with his views. In most cases problems were solved on a basis of almost instant agreement, but intermittently important issues arose where this was far from true. He could become intensely oratorical, even in discussion with a single person, but at the same time his intensity of purpose, made his delivery seem natural and appropriate. He used humor and pathos with equal facility, and drew on everything from the Greek classics to Donald Duck for quotation, cliché, and forceful slang to support his position. I admired and liked him. He knew this perfectly well and never hesitated to use that knowledge in his effort to swing me to his own line of thought in any argument. Yet in spite of his strength of purpose, in those instances where we found our convictions in direct opposition, he never once lost his friendly attitude toward me when I persisted in my own course, nor did he fail to respect with meticulous care the position I occupied as the senior American officer and, later, the Allied commander in Europe. He was a keen student of the war's developments and of military history, and discussion with him, even on purely professional grounds, was never profitless. If he accepted a decision unwillingly he would return again and again to the attack in an effort to have his own way, up to the very moment of execution. But once action was started he had a faculty for forgetting everything in his desire to get ahead, and invariably tried to provide British support in a greater degree than promised. Some of the questions in which I found myself, at various periods of the war, opposed to the Prime Minister were among the most critical I faced, but so long as I was acting within the limits of my combined directive he had no authority to intervene except by persuasion or by complete destruction of the Allied concept. Nevertheless, in countless ways he could have made my task a harder one had he been anything less than big, and I shall always owe him an immeasurable debt of gratitude for his unfailing courtesy and zealous support, regardless of his dislike of some important decisions. He was a great war leader and he is a great man. (19) General Alan Brooke , Chief of Imperial General Staff (diary entry, 12th April 1945) We had to consider this morning one of Winston's worst minutes I have ever seen. I can only believe that he must have been quite tight when he dictated it. My God! How little the world at large knows what his failings and defects are! (20) Tom Hopkinson , Of This Our Time (1982) A consequence of this seemingly unending series of disasters was that now for the first time there began to be criticism of Churchill as Prime Minister. This took two different slants. Popular criticism, such as was to be heard in pubs, air-raid shelters and in general talk, took the line that the 'old man' himself was still the only possible war leader, but that he was failing to share the burden sufficiently with others, and also being 'let down' by commanders in the field. Simultaneously a body of 'insider' criticism began to be heard which followed an opposite line, that it was Churchill who was the cause of our continuing setbacks through his taking far too much upon himself. Confidential meetings took place, at one or two of which I was asked to be present, attended by MPs of all parties, two or three editors and influential journalists, and some renowned admirals and generals no longer in active posts but carefully briefed, it seemed to me, by top brass who were unable - or thought it unwise - to attend in person. (21) Arthur Harris , Bomber Command (1947) I was frequently bidden to Chequers, especially during the weekends when Winston was normally there. I never failed to return from these visits invigorated and full of renewed hope and enthusiasm, in spite of the appalling hours that Winston habitually kept. If it was a mixed party - which was not very often - and I could take my wife, I knew that we might get home somewhere between midnight and one in the morning, but when I was asked alone, it would be anywhere between three and four before I got back. Not that I minded. After dinner Winston would talk; he was really thinking aloud about how things were going. He would get repeated reminders that a film show was waiting for him, and eventually we would all go up to the gallery - the household staff, and the rest of the family, and even the military guard from outside - to see the picture. There the Prime Minister would sit, occasionally making amusing comments about the drama. One realised, of course, that he was really resting himself in this atmosphere and that his thoughts were often far away. Sometimes one could hear him rehearse a phrase for a telegram he would send later. Well after midnight we would go back down to the hall and he would get down to another batch of work, sending signals, dictating to his secretaries, and so on, while at intervals one of his family, and sometimes his naval A.D.C. would attempt to steer him off to bed, as his doctors had advised, but invariably without the least success. He went to bed when he wanted to. I think the first thing that impresses one about Winston is the extraordinary mixture in him of real human kindness and of sometimes impish mischief, all overlaid with an immense, thrusting, purposeful determination to reach the goal which he so clearly sees. The affection which the whole Churchill family feel for one another is very obvious and most refreshing. Th'e worse the state of the war was, the greater was the support, enthusiasm, encouragement and constructive criticism that one got from this extraordinary man; it was all done with the utmost kindness, though not without a mischievous dig now and again just for the fun of it. He did not mind your expressing views contrary to his own, but he was difficult to argue with for the simple reason that he seldom seemed to listen long to sides of a question other than his own. He has, in fact, developed to a perhaps extreme degree this rather unfortunate trait of the man who has almost absolute power, knows his own mind, and really does not want to be bothered with everybody else's ideas. He is a bad listener, and frequently interrupts anyone who is expressing views, whether they are opposed to his own or not, halfway through a sentence; then he is off at a tangent, holding forth, always with interest and generally on sound lines, on some other aspect of the subject under discussion, or even on some entirely different subject. The last occasion when I went to Chequers to see Winston was on the day after it had been decided to break up the National Government; I remember feeling horrified by the certainty with which Winston asserted that the coming election would go in his favour. I was equally certain that this showed a complete blindness to political realities, and when I left that night, or rather in the small hours of the next morning, I knew that I should never again go to Chequers as the guest of Winston Churchill. (22) Joseph Goebbels , diary (27th March, 1945) The Führer is right when he says that Stalin is in the best position to do an about-turn in war policy, since he need take no account of his public opinion. It is rather different with England. It is quite immaterial whether Churchill wants to pursue a different war policy; even if he did, he couldn't; he is too dependent on internal political forces which are already semi-bolshevistic in character, to say nothing of Roosevelt, who shows not the smallest sign of any intention to change course. The objective which the Führer has in mind is to discover some possibility of an accommodation with the Soviet Union and then to pursue the struggle against England with brutal violence. England has always been the mischief-maker in Europe; if she was finally swept out of Europe, then we should have peace and quiet, at least for a time. (23) Winston Churchill, election broadcast (4th June, 1945) I must tell you that a socialist policy is abhorrent to British ideas on freedom. There is to be one State, to which all are to be obedient in every act of their lives. This State, once in power, will prescribe for everyone: where they are to work, what they are to work at, where they may go and what they may say, what views they are to hold, where their wives are to queue up for the State ration, and what education their children are to receive. A socialist state could not afford to suffer opposition - no socialist system can be established without a political police. They (the Labour government) would have to fall back on some form of Gestapo. (24) Clement Attlee , election broadcast (5th June, 1945) The Prime Minister made much play last night with the rights of the individual and the dangers of people being ordered about by officials. I entirely agree that people should have the greatest freedom compatible with the freedom of others. There was a time when employers were free to work little children for sixteen hours a day. I remember when employers were free to employ sweated women workers on finishing trousers at a penny halfpenny a pair. There was a time when people were free to neglect sanitation so that thousands died of preventable diseases. For years every attempt to remedy these crying evils was blocked by the same plea of freedom for the individual. It was in fact freedom for the rich and slavery for the poor. Make no mistake, it has only been through the power of the State, given to it by Parliament, that the general public has been protected against the greed of ruthless profit-makers and property owners. The Conservative Party remains as always a class Party. In twenty-three years in the House of Commons, I cannot recall more than half a dozen from the ranks of the wage earners. It represents today, as in the past, the forces of property and privilege. The Labour Party is, in fact, the one Party which most nearly reflects in its representation and composition all the main streams which flow into the great river of our national life. (25) Winston Churchill, speech in Fulton, Missouri (5th March, 1946) A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victory. Nobody knows what Soviet Russia and its Communist international organization intends to do in the immediate future, or what are the limits, if any, to their expansive and proselytizing tendencies. I have a strong admiration and regard for the valiant Russian people and for my wartime comrade Marshal Stalin. There is sympathy and goodwill in Britain - and I doubt not here also - toward the peoples of all the Russias and a resolve to persevere through many differences and rebuffs in establishing lasting friendships. We understand the Russians need to be secure on her western frontiers from all renewal of German aggression. We welcome her to her rightful place among the leading nations of the world. Above all we welcome constant, frequent, and growing contacts between the Russian people and our own people on both sides of the Atlantic. It is my duty, however, to place before you certain facts about the present position in Europe - I am sure I do not wish to, but it is my duty, I feel, to present them to you. From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of central and eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest, and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in the Soviet sphere and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and increasing measure of control from Moscow. Athens alone, with its immortal glories, is free to decide its future at an election under British, American, and French observation. The Russian-dominated Polish government has been encouraged to make enormous and wrongful in-roads upon Germany, and mass expulsions of millions of Germans on a scale grievous and undreamed of are now taking place. The Communist parties, which were very small in all these Eastern states of Europe, have been raised to preeminence and power far beyond their numbers and are seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control. Police governments are prevailing in nearly every case, and so far, except in Czechoslovakia, there is no true democracy. Turkey and Persia are both profoundly alarmed and disturbed at the claims which are made upon them and at the pressure being exerted by the Moscow government. An attempt is being made by the Russians in Berlin to build up a quasi-Communist Party in their zone of occupied Germany by showing special favors to groups of left-wing German leaders. (26) Milovan Djilas , Rise and Fall (1985) Filled with curiosity and joyous anticipation, we went to see Churchill at his London house, an establishment' no larger or more luxurious than the average middle-class villa at Dedinje - the type that our top Yugoslav officials acquired after the war. We found him in his bedroom, in bed. He begged our pardon for receiving us thus and at once invited us to dinner. We had a prior engagement for dinner with the British government, and so had to decline, with genuine regret. Churchill then said, "I have a feeling that you and we are on the same side of the barricade." We confirmed his feeling, whereupon he inquired with delight, "And how is my old friend Tito?" On the way to his house I had entertained the thought of reproaching him for having once offended Tito, so when Brilej or Dedijer replied that Tito felt fine, I added, "But you said he had deceived you." "When? Where?" Churchill asked in surprise. "In-your speech at Fulton, Missouri, in 1946." With an expression of discomfort Churchill replied, "Oh, I've said a lot of silly things in my life." I then added, with a smile, "But we took no offense at your words. We understood them as a sort of acknowledgment." He gave a sardonic laugh. Churchill then said to me: "You're a member of the Politburo, you've got a feeling for the Soviet mentality. If you belonged to the Soviet Politburo, would you invade Europe?" I replied that I would not. "But I would, you see!" he said. "What's Europe - disarmed, disunited? In two weeks the Russians would push right through to the English Channel. This island would defend itself one way or another, but Europe? If it weren't for atomic weapons, the Russians might have made their move already." One of us pointed out that the Russians were exhausted and had not yet recovered from the war. "The fact the Russians haven't invaded by now shows they don't intend to invade Europe," I observed. "Yes," said Churchill, "they're held in check because Stalin is smart enough to shun adventures. And old - he's got no stomach for running around Siberia dodging atom bombs!" At one point Churchill became quite carried away by strategic considerations. "Yes, the Russians are held back by their fear of atom bombs. They're a centralized empire. If atom bombs were dropped on their communications centers - which wouldn't cause heavy civilian casualties - the periphery would loosen up and start to fall away. Stalin knows that well." Here Churchill reared up in bed, toothless, in his nightcap, and with fingers spread and pointed down, began to imitate the falling of bombs - a specter in whom the spirit of battle blazed on undiminished. (27) Henry (Chips) Channon , diary entry (15th January, 1944) I went early to the House hearing that the PM was due back. The secret had been well kept, but I soon twigged that they wanted to stage a demonstration of enthusiasm and the surprise would add to it. It did. He came in just before 11.30 and smiled. The House cheered and rose, a courteous, spontaneous welcome which under the dramatic circumstances was legitimate, but curiously cold. Churchill is not loved in the House. He has never had any ovation to equal several of Mr Chamberlain's, and this morning's performance proved it. I thought he looked disappointed, but his health and colour have returned. (28) Herbert Morrison , An Autobiography (1960) His sense of humour was uncertain. He excelled at making pithy comments about events and about Hitler and Mussolini - and about some of his colleagues, whether they were present or not. There was rarely anything vicious about these jokes: they were leg pulling jokes which only the sensitive and pompous found annoying. But he had to be the joker, and not the victim. Once or twice I essayed a joke at his expense. Immediately his smile vanished. He gave a perfect masculine version of Queen Victoria's "We are not amused". The aristocratic Churchill came to the fore; there was a frown on his face, and then he would move to the business of the meeting. The few who tried this sort of thing, even Bevin who could get away with very earthy comments in basic Anglo-Saxon terms to describe anyone else, received similar black looks if the Prime Minister was the butt. None of us minded, for we all had a real affection for the man, and liked him the more for a foible or two. Churchill's dissertations about military strategy rankled and irritated the service chiefs more than anything, so far as I could see. They did not hide their view that if his ideas were adopted it might have been unfortunate for the outcome of the war. They may have been right. I think that Churchill often put forward his views on strategy just to stimulate their brains and his own. He did not necessarily believe what he was advocating. (29) Harold Wilson , Memoirs: The Making of a Prime Minister, 1916-64 (1986) These were three very unhappy years, the worst I have ever had to live through in nearly four decades in the House of Commons. Our own dissensions soured the atmosphere and, for those of us who knew and held him in high regard, there was the sad spectacle of the decline of Winston Churchill. His lapses were becoming more frequent. The world itself was changing. The nuclear developments which had ended the Japanese war did not stop there. The atomic bombs on Nagasaki and Hiroshima were dwarfed by the thermo-nuclear weapon the United States had created. This had been detonated over Bikini in the Pacific. There were reports of clouds of noxious fumes capable of being blown 5,000 miles and threatening life over all that area. The House of Commons debated the issue. An ageing Churchill replied in terms uncharacteristic of a lifetime in the House of Commons, no doubt reflecting an unimaginative Foreign Office brief, but taken by the House as showing insensitivity. The reception to which he was then subjected totally unnerved him, and those of us sitting on the Opposition side close to the Speaker's chair saw him go out deeply upset on the arm of the Chief Government Whip. (30) Matt Zalen, Jerusalem Post (11th March, 2007) Weeks before he became British prime minister in 1940, Winston Churchill may have stopped the publication of an article he had written in which he suggested that the Jews were partially responsible for "the antagonism from which they suffer," according to a paper published by a Cambridge University researcher. The Churchill article, titled "How The Jews Can Combat Persecution," was written in 1937, and argued that "the wickedness of the persecutors" was not the sole reason for the ill-treatment of Jews throughout the ages. While Churchill described Jews as "sober, industrious and law-abiding" and praised their willingness to fight and, if necessary, die for the country they lived in, he added: "Yet there are times when one feels instinctively that all this is only another manifestation of the difference, the separateness of the Jew." Further, Churchill criticized the Jewish refugees' willingness to work for low wages as "bad citizenship," and he suggested that it fostered anti-Semitism because it forced English workers out of jobs. "While most people would accept that Churchill was no anti-Semite, this sheds fascinating new light on his views about Jews, which were very inconsistent," said Dr. Richard Toye, the historian who discovered the document. The article was originally intended for publication in 1937, but was only accepted by the Sunday Dispatch three years later. However, by 1940 Churchill had backtracked on his desire to publish the piece and refused to allow the article to go to print. "At the time publication was attempted he was trying to keep his head down in political terms and avoid controversy. It is quite possible that he had second thoughts about what he had written three years earlier." "It was perverse to argue that low-paid Jewish workers were the victims of their Jewish bosses and, at the same time, that they were acting unfairly by taking employment from 'English people'." Debate over Toye's findings have been quick to follow the publication of his paper, with at least one expert questioning the authenticity of the Churchill article. According to a report by The Observer, Sir Martin Gilbert, an eminent historian and Churchill biographer, said that the article was not written by Churchill at all, but rather his ghost writer, Adam Marshall Diston. He added that Churchill's instructions for the article were different in both tone and content from what Diston eventually wrote, and pointed out that Diston was a supporter of Oswald Mosley, the notorious fascist and anti-Semite. (31) Clive Ponting , 1940: Myth and Reality (1990) I can still remember the impact that reading Churchill's history of the Second World War had on me many years ago; its wonderful language redolent of Macaulay and Gibbon, its dramatic story so clearly told, its moral message so apparent. Some years later, when I was reading the government papers of the time in the Public Record Office, I began to realize that the story was far more complex and that there was much that had been oversimplified or even left out altogether in Churchill's account. Despite all its virtues, his six-volume history is a politician's memoir designed to relate his version of events and to present the story as he wanted. On returning to the archives recently I was even more struck by how much the accepted story of 1940 differed from the picture that emerges from the government papers. The current widely accepted view of what happened in 1940 could be summarized as follows. In the 1930s the British Empire was one of the strongest powers in the world, but through a misguided and craven policy of appeasement and failure to rearm it allowed the aggressor states (Germany, Italy and Japan) to expand until war became inevitable. Britain and France missed a golden opportunity to defeat Germany in the autumn of 1939 and then in April 1940 Chamberlain's incompetent direction of the war let Hitler conquer Denmark and Norway. Popular discontent with the government swept Churchill into the premiership as the war leader acclaimed by all. The old policy of appeasement and British weakness disappeared under Churchill's inspiring leadership. Immediately on taking office he had to face the collapse of France caused by the numerically superior and highly mechanized German army using waves of modern tanks in a new style of blitzkrieg warfare. The British army, let down by the French and betrayed by the Belgians, fought its way back to the coast, where it was evacuated by a fleet of small boats from the beaches of Dunkirk. Left alone, the British government, refusing even to entertain the possibility of peace with Germany, decided to fight on to final victory. Facing a determined threat to invade Britain, brilliant direction of the RAF defeated a German air force that held all the advantages in the Battle of Britain. Morale in Britain remained high, as the country, united as never before and inspired by Churchill's regular radio broadcasts, was guided by a benevolent government which had great faith in the strength and steadfastness of the British people. The Blitz, one of the heaviest bombing campaigns ever mounted, began when Hitler started the policy of bombing major cities. Well-prepared and efficiently organized emergency services ensured that there were few problems in dealing with the results of the Blitz. Churchill, working closely with his friend President Roosevelt and taking advantage of the strong identity of interest between Britain and the United States, brought the Americans to the brink of entering the war. By the end of 1940, Britain was still a great power and firmly established on the road to victory. When we examine the historical record, however, not one of these statements turns out to be true. (32) Clive Ponting , 1940: Myth and Reality (1990) It was in this fervid atmosphere that the war cabinet formally considered whether Britain should seek a compromise peace. None of this was made public, although the American government was aware very quickly of what was happening inside the war cabinet. In public Churchill had declared, in his first speech as Prime Minister, that the government's policy was "victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory there is no survival". After the war Churchill was determined to maintain the heroic myths that by then already surrounded the dramatic days of the early summer of 1940. He wrote in his war memoirs: "Future generations may deem it noteworthy that the supreme question of whether we should fight on alone never found a place upon the War Cabinet agenda ... we were much too busy to waste time upon such unreal, academic issues." The first part of that statement is just about technically correct in that most of the discussions in the war cabinet about whether to sue for peace were under the heading of "Italy: Suggested Direct Approach to Signor Mussolini", but it is an example of Churchill being extremely economical with the truth. The second part of the statement is untrue and designed to conceal the five meetings held by senior ministers during the three days 26-28 May at which the questions of peace and whether Britain should fight on alone were debated at length. (33) Clare Sheridan , letter to her daughter Margaret (June 1948) Winston, in his dreadful boiler suit was looking pale. He rants, of course, about the inefficient ignorant crowd now in power, who are what he calls "throwing the British Empire away." He is almost heartbroken. All his life he has been such a great Imperialist. He is so brilliant, but unless one can make notes in shorthand one cannot recapture all he says. He quotes so aptly, which I envy, having myself no memory. He quoted Hamlet several times which illustrates his spirit of despondency. I said I didn't feel it was any use working physically hard to carve statues, or indeed, do anything creative, for which he admonished me. "You can't go on strike" It is true; one can't sit down with folded hands and just wait for the clap of thunder! He has finished three volumes of his new book The Second World War, and only the possibility of being called back into politics prevents him going on with it. After lunch he took me into his studio where he is painting a big still-life-this consists of a huge black ebony Buddha inlaid with gold and Winston has it on a table against a sage-green velvet drapery. On the left of the Buddha is a silver vase with a vivid scarlet amaryllis lily-very effective. He removed the picture from the easel and the two of us crawled about on the floor, struggling to get the canvas into a frame. Then we hammered the nails in place. When I picked it up from the floor to place it back on the easel, he commented: "How strong you are!" Of course I am strong; however the picture was not heavy. Later we joined the horticultural expert in the garden, and Winston spent some time in a chair on the edge of the pond. When he calls to the big golden carp they come in a shoal to be fed. He told me the tragedy of the black swans who nested on the island. Mother swan had produced a family when a fox killed her. Winston said the father swan behaved so wonderfully to the babies and carried them about on his back! He is wondering what will happen next spring. .. If I can judge of swans by my experience with geese, his daughters will become his wives! After tea Winston led me off to his study. He tried so hard, bless him, to be interested in my concerns, but he can't sustain interest outside himself for more than a few minutes. However, he was very affectionate and I believe he's fonder of me than I know. When we parted, he called to me from the top of the stairs: "Write whenever you want me to do something for you - remember our relationship is eternal." I think it was uttered by his subconscious! (34) Clare Sheridan , letter to Colonel Peter Wilson (25th August, 1950) I feel I should tell you about my day with Winston yesterday - just he & Clemmie, myself & Douglas, the U.S. Ambassador. Almost too much to tell - so interesting. Of course he was depressed - says everything he has worked for all his life (the British Empire) has been thrown away by the socialists in power - he accused the U.S. of having been instrumental in breaking up our Colonial Empire, especially India - (Douglas nodded gravely). Whereupon I, emboldened by two glasses of Champagne at lunch, dared to say across the table to the Ambassador "and you let the Mongolians into central Europe." I expected a crushing snub from Winston, but being slightly deaf, he made me repeat my statement - whereupon Mr. Douglas fixing me with his one eye (a black patch covers the other) said I was quite right in my statement & enlarged upon it: he said that he at that time was Advisor to Eisenhower & Gen. Clay -& that he warned them "If you let this happen (withdrawing Allied troops from Yugoslavia etc. & letting the Russians into Berlin) you are laying the foundations of a Third World War." Winston nodded approvingly. By tea time when he had one more brandy & soda he was throwing discretion to the winds - "we are completely defenceless" he said, and "we are in mortal danger" - could he say more? I wonder if he'll be as frank tonight at 9.15. Clemmie was at her worst - she really doesn't like me - resented fiercely that I asked for Winston's introduction to the Pope - she said "get your Catholic friends to do it - ask Shane - why should you make use of Winston?" Dear Winston disregarded her, carried me off to his sanctum, gave me a birthday present of a cheque for £100 & promised to do what he could about the Pope "I don't like writing direct to a Holiness" he said. "I'll ring up the Foreign Office & ask which way it had best be done." What Bevin will advise I can't think - but maybe he'll suggest a word from Winston to our Ambassador at the Vatican - Winston hinted he'd rather like to go over to Ireland & see one of his horses run in some race - he didn't know what sort of a reception he'd get, but that if a madman fired a shot at him, well - his life is pretty well finished & at an end, & that would be a dramatic ending. I was exhausted at the end of the day - Clemmie's hostility & Winston's affection - rather bewildering. Douglas was gentle & charming & asked if he could do anything for me at the Vatican - I think he sensed Clemmie's hostility. Indeed, it was not even veiled! In the end Clemmie seeing that Winston was determined to do something for me, muttered something about his being a "kind old silly" - which isn't really the summing up of Winston's personality that we are accustomed to! (35) Clare Sheridan , Four Winds (1957) I had lunch with them at No. 10 before leaving. I sat between Winston and "Monty." Winston said to me, "You still have your taste for life, you give me the feel of it." But I was horrified by the conversation that then took place across me and I had to bite my tongue - obviously Monty has no time for a mere woman and the fact that I know and love and understand the Arab world meant nothing to him whatever. Nor did he seem to care for France from which our language and our civilization springs. I felt like chipping in with "I suppose you disapprove of the Roman Empire too." Winston just gave grunts, he was dead tired and his chin sunk down on his chest. No brandy, no champagne, only a little white wine which obviously fails to cheer him - but you know the way he rallies and he isn't done yet. (36) Winston Churchill, quotations (1) "History will be kind to me for I intend to write it." (2) "The farther backward you can look, the farther forward you can see." (3) "I am always ready to learn although I do not always like being taught." (4) "History is written by the victors." (5) "I am an optimist. It does not seem too much use being anything else." (6) “An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile - hoping it will eat him last.” (7) "In wartime, truth is so precious that she should always be attended by a bodyguard of lies." (8) "He has all of the virtues I dislike and none of the vices I admire." (9) "You have enemies? Good. That means you've stood up for something, sometime in your life." (10) "Courage is what it takes to stand up and speak; courage is also what it takes to sit down and listen." (11) "The best argument against democracy is a five-minute conversation with the average voter." (12) "All the great things are simple, and many can be expressed in a single word: freedom, justice, honor, duty, mercy, hope." (13) "We make a living by what we get, but we make a life by what we give." (14) "The pessimist sees difficulty in every opportunity. The optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty." (15) A fanatic is one who can't change his mind and won't change the subject. (16) "Criticism may not be agreeable, but it is necessary. It fulfils the same function as pain in the human body. It calls attention to an unhealthy state of things." (17) “I may be drunk, Miss, but in the morning I will be sober and you will still be ugly.” Winston Churchill apparently said this to both Bessie Braddock and Lady Astor. (18) "We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender." (19) “Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts.” (20) "To improve is to change; to be perfect is to change often." (21) “In war, resolution; in defeat, defiance; in victory, magnanimity.” (22) “A lie gets halfway around the world before the truth has a chance to get its pants on.” (23) "We contend that for a nation to tax itself into prosperity is like a man standing in a bucket and trying to lift himself up by the handle." (24) Lady Astor: “Winston, if I were your wife I’d put poison in your coffee.” Winston Churchill: “Nancy, if I were your husband I’d drink it.” (25) “Success consists of going from failure to failure without loss of enthusiasm.” (26) “Character may be manifested in the great moments, but it is made in the small ones.” (27) “If Hitler invaded hell I would make at least a favourable reference to the devil in the House of Commons.” (28) “To jaw-jaw is always better than to war-war.” (29) “The Americans will always do the right thing… after they’ve exhausted all the alternatives.” (30) "Perhaps it is better to be irresponsible and right, than to be responsible and wrong." (31) "Courage is the first of human qualities because it is the quality that guarantees all the others." (32) “If you are going through hell, keep going.” (33) “The Germans have received back again that measure of fire and steel which they have so often meted out to others. Now this is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning.” (34) "You have enemies? Good. That means you’ve stood up for something, sometime in your life." (35) “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.” (36) “To have the United States at our side was to me the greatest joy. Now at this very moment I knew the United States was in the war, up to the neck and in to the death. So we had won after all!…Hitler’s fate was sealed. Mussolini’s fate was sealed. As for the Japanese, they would be ground to powder.” (37) “I would say to the House, as I said to those who have joined this government: I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat.” (38) "It has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all the others that have been tried." (39) “We (The British) have not journeyed across the centuries, across the oceans, across the mountains, across the prairies, because we are made of sugar candy.” (40) “You ask, What is our policy? I will say; ‘It is to wage war, by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us: to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy.’ You ask, What is our aim? I can answer with one word: Victory - victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory however long and hard the road may be; for without victory there is no survival.” (41) “If you will not fight for right when you can easily win without blood shed; if you will not fight when your victory is sure and not too costly; you may come to the moment when you will have to fight with all the odds against you and only a precarious chance of survival. There may even be a worse case. You may have to fight when there is no hope of victory, because it is better to perish than to live as slaves.” (42) “The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal sharing of blessings; the inherent virtue of socialism is the equal sharing of miseries.” (43) “We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and the oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.” (44) “True genius resides in the capacity for evaluation of uncertain, hazardous, and conflicting information." (45) "Great and good are seldom the same man." (46) "I'm just preparing my impromptu remarks." (47) "In war, you can only be killed once, but in politics, many times." (48) "True genius resides in the capacity for evaluation of uncertain, hazardous, and conflicting information." (49) "War is mainly a catalogue of blunders." (50) "The great defense against the air menace is to attack the enemy's aircraft as near as possible to their point of departure."	i don't know
What is a young porcupine called	Porcupine - ZooBorns Porcupine The El Paso Zoo welcomed a new baby into their South American Pavilion exhibit. A Prehensile-tailed Porcupine was born on September 16 to mom, Flower, and dad, Vito. This is first offspring for the parents and the first baby Prehensile-tailed Porcupine born at the Zoo. El Paso Zoo keepers are waiting to name the baby porcupine (or porcupette) as soon as the sex is determined in a few weeks. “Animal care staff were excited getting ready for the first Prehensile-tailed Porcupine birth at the Zoo since they confirmed the pregnancy,” said Collections Supervisor, Tammy Sundquist. “It’s always a joy getting to watch a baby grow and the animal care staff is monitoring Flower and baby closely.” Flower and her baby are bonding behind the scenes and will be on exhibit next month. Photo Credits: El Paso Zoo The Prehensile-tailed Porcupines (Coendou prehensilis) are native to Central and South America. They are closely related to the other Neotropical tree porcupines (genera Echinoprocta and Sphiggurus). Among their most notable features is the prehensile tail. The front and hind feet are also modified for grasping. These limbs all contribute to making this species an adept climber, an adaptation to living most of their lives in trees. Prehensile-tailed Porcupines fee on leaves, shoots, fruits, bark, roots, and buds. Because of their dietary preferences, they can be pests of plantation crops. They make a distinctive "baby-like" sound to communicate in the wild. Very little is known about how these porcupines court each other, and they also have no regular breeding season. A female usually gives birth to a single offspring. The baby is hairy, reddish-orange, and weighs about 14 ounces at birth. They are born with eyes open and can climb almost immediately. The spines will harden within about one week of birth, and in time, the baby porcupine will change color. Females nurse their young until about 3 months of age. The young will reach adult size in less than a year and will reach sexual maturity in less than two years. Adults are slow moving and will roll into a ball when threatened on the ground. The record longevity is 27 years old. This birth is part of a breeding recommendation from the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) Species Survival Plan® (SSP) to aid in the species’ conservation. Prehensile Tailed Porcupines are not listed as threatened or endangered, but they are pressured by habitat loss and killed in parts of their range by hunters. June 14, 2016 A North American Porcupine was born April 24 at WCS’s ( Wildlife Conservation Society ) Bronx Zoo and is now on exhibit with his family in the newly renovated Children’s Zoo. The male porcupette was born to mother, Alice, and father, Patrick, and this is the pair’s fourth offspring. Photo Credits: Julie Larsen Maher/WCS’s Bronx Zoo The North American Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum), also known as the Canadian Porcupine or Common Porcupine, is a large rodent in the New World Porcupine family. The beaver is the only rodent in North America that is larger than the North American Porcupine. The Porcupine’s most recognizable physical characteristic is its spiky quills. They can have as many as 30,000 quills covering their bodies and use them as a defense against predators. Despite popular belief, Porcupines cannot shoot their quills. The quills of the North American Porcupine have a tiny barb on the tip that, when hooked in flesh, pull the quill from the Porcupine’s skin and painfully imbed it in a predator’s face, paws or body. Gestation lasts for 202 days. Porcupines give birth to a single young. At birth, they weigh about 450 g, which increases to nearly 1 kg after the first two weeks. They do not gain full adult weight until about two years old. At birth, the quills are very soft. They begin to harden a few hours after birth and continue to harden and grow as the baby matures. Female Porcupines provide all the maternal care. For the first two weeks, the young rely on their mother for sustenance. After this, they learn to climb trees and start to forage. They continue to nurse for up to four months, which coincides with the fall mating season. They stay close to their mothers. The North American Porcupine is listed as “Least Concern” on the IUCN Red List. It is common throughout its range, except in some U.S. states in the southeast part of its range. However, they are threatened by hunting and habitat loss. As of 1994, it was listed as an endangered species in Mexico. The Binghamton Zoo at Ross Park , in New York, is proud to announce the birth of a Prehensile-tailed Porcupine on March 17 to second-time parents Mattie and Zoey. In honor of its day of birth, St. Patrick’s Day, the porcupette has been named Clover! This birth is a major success for the Prehensile-tailed Porcupine’s Species Survival Plan. Mattie arrived at the Binghamton Zoo in November 2014, under recommendations from the SSP as a breeding candidate for Zoey. Mattie and Zoey successfully had Norwan on Father’s Day 2015 and now are caring for their newest addition. Photo Credits: Binghamton Zoo at Ross Park Each SSP carefully manages the breeding of a species to maintain a healthy and self-sustaining captive population that is both genetically diverse and demographically stable. The Binghamton Zoo is proud to be a contributor to the captive population and is eager to continue participating in the program. Zoo officials have been monitoring the progress of the porcupine and its parents. Weighing in at 410 grams, the baby has progressively gained weight since birth. The porcupine will not be sexed for several more weeks. Porcupines are not born with sharp or barbed quills. Instead, the quills are soft and bendable, gradually hardening in the first few days after birth. Their quills will reach maturity after ten weeks. They are dependent on mother for nutrition the first four weeks after birth, eventually foraging for other food sources and will then be completely weaned at 15 weeks. Prehensile-tailed Porcupines are found in South America. They feed on the bark of trees, buds, fruits, roots, stems, leaves, blossoms, seeds, and crops like corn and bananas. The new porcupine is currently on exhibit with parents, Zoey and Mattie, and sister Norwan-- in the New World Tropics building. Related articles On October 5, Smithsonian’s National Zoo welcomed its newest (and prickliest) baby: Charlotte, the Prehensile-tailed Porcupine! Photo Credit: Jen Zoon/Smithsonian’s National Zoo Whenever the zoo welcomes a baby animal, keepers work closely with veterinarians and nutrition staff to ensure newborns are healthy. For Charlotte, this meant regular weigh-ins to ensure that she was nursing and gaining weight. Vets gave her a clean bill of health during her first wellness exam, but then she began to lose weight. The animal care team determined that Charlotte was not able to nurse properly and was therefore not receiving enough milk. The zoo’s nutrition staff created a formula using a mixture of puppy milk replacer, exotic milk replacer, and egg whites, which resembled the composition of North American Porcupine milk. Once they were able to express milk from Charlotte’s mother, nutrition staff compared it to the formula to ensure Charlotte was getting the nutrition she needed. To manage Charlotte’s dietary and medical needs, zoo vets surgically inserted an esophagostomy tube and fed her formula every three hours, around the clock, for five days. The feeding tube was removed on November 11 because Charlotte was consistently eating all of her diet by mouth. Today, at 2.8 pounds, Charlotte is healthy and developing normally. Native to the forests of South America, Prehensile-tailed Porcupines feed on leaves, flowers, and tree bark. Their prehensile (grasping) tails are not covered in spines and help these animals climb about in trees. When threatened, these rodents curl into a ball, erecting their spines to appear larger and more intimidating. They cannot shoot their spines (nor can any Porcupine), but the spines are loosely attached and can become painfully embedded in an attacker. A North American Porcupine was born at Wildlife Conservation Society ’s Bronx Zoo ! The young male was born on July 28 to mother, Alice, and father, Patrick. This is the pair’s third offspring, and the family is currently on exhibit in the zoo’s newly renovated Children’s Zoo. Photo Credits: Julie Larsen Maher / WCS's Bronx Zoo The North American Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) is a large rodent whose most recognizable physical characteristic are its spiky quills. They can have as many as 30,000 quills covering their bodies. The quills are modified hairs that are sharp, barbed hollow spines. They are used primarily for defense but also serve to insulate the body during winter. Despite popular belief, porcupines cannot shoot their quills, but when threatened, the porcupine contracts the muscles near the skin which causes the quills to stand up and out. The quills have a tiny barb on the tip that, when hooked in flesh, pull the quill from the porcupine’s skin and painfully imbed in the predators skin. Porcupines are herbivores and eat leaves, twigs, and green plants. In winter, they may also eat tree bark. Female porcupines are solitary, except during the fall breeding season. They have a long gestation period that lasts for 202 days and typically give birth to just one offspring. Baby porcupines (porcupette) weigh about 450 grams at birth. At birth, the quills are very soft but begin to harden a few hours after birth. The quills continue to harden and grow as the baby matures. July 02, 2015 The Binghamton Zoo at Ross Park , in New York, is proud to announce the arrival of a Prehensile-Tailed Porcupine. The porcupette was born on Father’s Day, June 21. Weighing in at 400 grams, the baby has progressively gained weight since birth. Once the sex is determined, a name will be announced. For now, the young porcupine is being monitored by zoo staff and is bonding with mom, Zoey, and dad, Mattie. Photo Credits: Binghamton Zoo The birth of this porcupine is a major success for the Prehensile-Tailed Porcupine’s Species Survival Plan. The father, Mattie, came to the Binghamton Zoo in November 2014, under recommendations from the SSP as a breeding candidate for Zoey. Each SSP carefully manages the breeding of a species to maintain a healthy and self-sustaining captive population that is both genetically diverse and demographically stable. Baby porcupines (also known as porcupettes) are not born with sharp or barbed quills. Instead, the porcupette’s quills are soft and bendable, gradually hardening in the first few days after birth. Their quills will reach maturity after 10 weeks. They are dependent on the mother for nutrition the first 4 weeks after birth, eventually foraging for other food sources. They are completely weaned at 15 weeks. These porcupines have a prehensile tail that allows them to grasp branches for balance. They also have long, curved claws that enable excellent climbing abilities. They spend most of their time in trees and will den in tree nests, rock crevices, brush, logs, and tangled tree roots. Prehensile-Tailed Porcupines are native to South America. They feed on the bark of trees, buds, fruits, roots, stems, leaves, blossoms, seeds, and crops like corn and bananas. At the zoo, the porcupines’ diet consists of yams, carrots, greens, and leaf eater biscuits. The porcupette is currently on exhibit with its parents, Zoey and Mattie, in the New World Tropics building. May 05, 2015 The Turtle Back Zoo , in West Orange, NJ has some exciting news to announce! Mommy Porcupine Becky has given birth to a baby Porcupine- otherwise known as a porcupette! Born on April 16, 2015 both mother and baby are now officially on exhibit, just in time for Mother's Day. Photo credits: 1 & 3 Jeff Stiefbold, 2 The Essex County Turtle Back Zoo While their Latin name technically means “quill pig,” Porcupines are actually rodents. These sharp dressed mammals are covered with soft hair as well as quills, which are really modified hairs that stand up when a Porcupine feels threatened. Not only does this make the Porcupine look larger, but it also delivers a prickly poke to a predator who gets too close. Sharp, strong teeth allow these herbivores to crack open nuts and eat barks, roots, fruits and leaves. There are about 12 different porcupine species, and they can be found in North, Central and South America; Southern Europe; Asia; and regions of Africa. Staten Island Zoo is home to a new African Crested Porcupette! Photo Credits: Staten Island Zoo The male was born in early January and was donated to Staten Island Zoo by the Bright’s Zoo, in Tennessee, on recommendation of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) Species Survival Plan (SSP) Program. The new guy has been given the African name, ‘Bintu’, which means “precious/beautiful one”. The African Crested Porcupine is the largest rodent in Africa. It lives in hilly, rocky habitats in sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa and Italy. “Porcupine” comes from the Latin ‘porcus’ for pig and ‘spina’ for spine. The name was given based on their appearance, as porcupines are not related to pigs. Porcupines primarily eat roots, tubers, bark and fallen fruit. They are also known to eat cultivated root crops, and they are considered agricultural pests in some areas. Wild predators include owls, leopards, and pythons. The porcupine warns predators to retreat by stamping their feet, clicking teeth, growling or hissing, and raising their quills and vibrating them to produce a rattling sound. If the predator doesn't retreat, the porcupine will run backwards and ram their attacker with the quills. Scales on the quill tips lodge in the skin of the predators, much like a fishhook, and become difficult to remove. Crested Porcupines are terrestrial. They seldom climb trees, but they are able to swim. They are also nocturnal and monogamous. Porcupines prefer to reside, solitarily, among roots and rocks, and will often inhabit holes made by other animals. They reserve the use of burrows for larger family units. Female Crested Porcupines will, generally, have only one litter per year. After a gestation period of about 66 days, one or two well developed young will be born in a chamber within a family burrow. The young weigh about 1,000 grams (2.2 lbs), at birth. They will leave the den, under adult supervision, about one week, after birth. Crested Porcupines reach adult weight (13-27 kg or 29-60 lbs.) at one to two years of age, and they are often sexually mature just before then. They are currently classified as “Least Concern” on the IUCN Red List . More adorable pics, below the fold! On December 6, 2014, a Prehensile-Tailed Porcupine was born, on exhibit, at the Virginia Zoo. Photo Credits: Virginia Zoo / (Image 2: Meg Puckett) After several days of close observations, animal care and veterinary staff were not comfortable with the level of care that first-time mom,‘Cayenne’, was giving the youngster, so after much internal discussion as well as consultation from experts at the National Zoo , it was decided to remove the baby from the parents and hand-rear it. The baby is yet to be named and its sex is not physically able to be determined at this point. The birth of this unique animal illustrates the Virginia Zoo ’s breeding and conservation success. This birth is significant because it provides opportunities for Zoo staff and visitors to learn more about these unique animals and their role in our world. It also helps to maintain and support a healthy and self-sustaining population that is genetically diverse and demographically stable. Prehensile-Tailed Porcupines are native to Central and South America. They are closely related to other Neotropical tree porcupines. Aside from their unspined prehensile tails, their other notable features are: front and hind feet modified for grasping, enabling them to be adept climbers. October 31, 2014 Pumpkins are everywhere, this time of year! They make great pies, Jack-O-Lanterns, and pretty awesome enrichment toys for zoo animals. Happy Halloween from ZooBorns! Photo Credits: Tammy Spratt/ San Diego Zoo Safari Park (Image 1: African Lion Cub); Amiee Stubbs Photography (Image 2: "Charlie" the Porcupine at Nashville Zoo ); Lincoln Children's Zoo (Image 3: "Lincoln" the Red Panda); ZooAmerica (Image 4: "Rainier" the Mountain Lion); Zoo Vienna Schönbrunn (Image 5: Elephants); Sue Ogrocki (Images 6-Gorilla,7-Red River Hogs,10-Galapagos Tortoise at Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Gardens ); Minnesota Zoo (Image 8: Lynx); The Living Desert Zoo and Gardens (Image 9: Meerkats) More great pumpkin pics below the fold!	Pup
Under what name does rapper Shawn Carter record	Porcupine By Chuck Fergus The porcupine is a blackish, quill-armored, slow-moving rodent with an appetite for tree bark and salt. It lives in forests and often can be seen hunched into what appears to be a black ball high in a tree. While it doesn't occur in all parts of Pennsylvania, the porcupine is one of our best-known and most easily identified wild animals. Its taxonomic name is Erethizon dorsatum. The word "porcupine" comes from two Latin words, porcus ("swine") and spina ("thorn"), which also reflect the species' colloquial name, quill pig. In the East, porcupines inhabit Canada and New England south into Pennsylvania; they range through the northern Midwest and the Pacific Northwest, south in the forested Rocky Mountains nearly to Mexico, and north to Alaska. They live at all elevations from sea level to timberline. Biology: Adult porcupines are about 30 inches in length, including a 6- to 10-inch tail. They weigh 9-15 pounds, with bigger, older adults weighing up to 20. Males are larger than females. The porcupine is North America's second largest rodent; only the beaver is bigger. A porky has four incisors, two above and two below; they are bright orange, strong and adapted to gnawing. Short-legged and stout of body, a porcupine has a pronounced arch to its back. Its skull is heavily constructed; the small, rounded head has a blunt muzzle, ears almost hidden in fur, and dull black eyes. The front and back feet bear long, curved claws, and the soles of the hind limbs are thick-skinned and callused. The tail is short and club-shaped. Porcupines vary in color from salty-black to brownish-black, sprinkled on the sides and belly with yellow- or white-tipped hairs. The summer sun bleaches the guard hairs of some porkies, giving them a grizzled appearance. Albinism sometimes occurs. The most distinctive aspect of a porcupine's appearance is its coat of quills. Quills cover the animal's upper parts and sides from the crown of its head to the tip of its tail. They're 1-4 inches long (those on the animal's back are longest), yellow or white tipped with black, and lined with a foam-like material composed of many tiny air cells. An individual porky may have up to 30,000 quills. When a porcupine is relaxed, the quills lie smoothly along its body, but when it feels threatened, muscle contractions cause the shafts to rise. In reality, quills are specialized hairs. The rest of the pelt consists of long, stiff guard hairs and soft, wooly underfur. Two molts occur each year: in spring, short hairs replace winter underfur; and in fall, the long, insulating underfur grows back in. At all times, quills are present and are replaced as they fall out. To defend itself, a porcupine turns its back to a potential enemy, tucks its head between its front legs (or under a convenient shrub), and flails its quill-studded tail back and forth. It may back toward an adversary, chattering its teeth. Porcupines cannot throw their quills, but because the quills are loosely attached, they dislodge easily on contact and stick in a victim's flesh. A single quill has a needle-shaped tip covered with hundreds of minute, overlapping, diamond-shaped scales. The scales slant backward and act as barbs. When a quill lodges in tissue, actions of the victim's muscle fibers engage the tips of the scales, drawing the quill or quill fragment inward up to an inch a day. A wild animal badly impaled in the body will suffer intensely; quills may pierce its heart, arteries, or lungs and cause death, or they may sever the optic nerves and cause blindness. Slow and clumsy on the ground, porcupines are more at home in trees. A porky scales a tree by digging in with its sharp claws, pressing the rough, leathery soles of its feet against the bark, and bracing with its sturdy tail. It descends tail first. On the ground, a porcupine can muster a top speed of about 2 mph over short distances. It waddles along in plantigrade fashion on the soles of its feet with its heels touching the ground. Sensitive facial whiskers help it maneuver through thick underbrush. A porky can see moving objects only at short range and is almost blind to stationary objects. Its hearing is probably inferior to that of most other mammals, but it has a keen sense of smell. A porcupine can swim, its air-filled quills helping to keep it afloat. Porcupines are vegetarian. In winter, much of their diet consists of needles, twigs and small limbs of evergreens, especially hemlocks . They also eat the inner bark of trees: hemlock, spruce, white and pitch pine, basswood, sugar and striped maple, beech, birch, aspen, ash, cherry, apple and other species. In spring, summer and fall, porkies eat a wide variety of vegetation, including grasses, sedges, and the flowers, leaves, twigs, roots, buds, catkins and seeds of many other plants. As a porcupine strips a tree of bark or foliage, small branches frequently fall to the ground; these trimmings play a minor role in providing food for other animals during winter. In wild areas, porcupines gnaw on shed deer antlers. Closer to civilization, their chewing damages wooden buildings, telephone poles and ornamental trees. Porcupines crave salt. They're attracted to and will gnaw on objects that have been in contact with human perspiration -- axe handles, ropes, work gloves, leather boots, etc. They're occasionally seen along highways where salt has been used to melt ice. They're also said to relish the glue in plywood. If a porcupine chews off an isolated section on a tree's trunk, the bark will, in time, close over the wound. If a porcupine girdles the trunk, however, the tree will die. Trees with upper branches freshly "barked" (the newly exposed wood shows light against the bark) show that a porcupine's in the area. Beech trees are often damaged only at their bases, perhaps because porkies have a hard time climbing this smooth-barked species. Although porcupines kill a few trees by girdling, most authorities agree the damage they cause over large areas is generally insignificant. Porcupines grunt, groan, shriek, bark and whine; their calls may carry up to a quarter-mile. In breeding season, porkies are especially vocal. Breeding takes place in September, October and into November, after a courtship often lasting several days. Courting porkies rub noses, chatter their teeth, walk on their hind feet or perform stylized, weaving body movements. Males are polygamous and play no part in rearing young. In females, estrus ( the period when they're sexually receptive) repeats every 30 days until mating occurs or the breeding season ends. Unlike most rodents, porcupines are not prolific reproducers. Wildlife biologists have estimated that up to half of all adult females go unmated each year, and females that do become impregnated almost always produce just one offspring. The survival rate of young porcupines is high. After a gestation period of 205-217 days, the female gives birth in April, May or June. Birth may occur in a ground den, although the female doesn't generally select a particular site. The young porcupine is called a "pup" or "porcupette." As might be expected after such a long gestation, it is precocial -- it weighs about a pound, its eyes are open and it's about 10 inches long and fully furred. The quills are soft and hairlike, about a quarter-inch long, but they become hard and functional as they dry. Pups are able to climb trees and eat solid food within a few days. They nurse for about 50 days. After weaning, pups receive little attention from their mothers; females and young separate for good after about six months. Young are sexually mature at 15 to 16 months and breed in their second autumn. Porcupines den in caves, rock crevices, hollow logs and trees, deserted fox dens, brushpiles and abandoned buildings. They have a habit of defecating at their den's entrance, and the resulting pile of droppings is a good indicator of the animal's presence. In winter, porcupines take to their dens for protection from snow, wind and predators. Several porkies may use the same den site, together or at different times. An individual generally becomes resident at a den in November and uses it off and on until May. During winter, a porky may spend its days asleep in the den or in the top of a conifer in which it's been feeding. Porcupines do not hibernate. Winter dens are rarely used in summer; during the warm months, a porcupine may choose a large deciduous tree -- often an oak -- as a daytime rest site. Porcupines are solitary in summer. Throughout the year they do most of their feeding and moving about at dusk, during the night, and at dawn. In Pennsylvania, porcupines are preyed upon by fishers , and to a lesser extent, foxes, coyotes, bobcats, dogs and owls. The fisher, reintroduced in Pennsylvania in the mid 1990s, has mastered the technique of flipping a porcupine onto its back, exposing the rodent's unquilled, vulnerable belly, and killing it with a swift bite. Fishers also kill porcupines with repeated bites to the face and head. Also, coyotes have been known to work in pairs to maneuver a porcupine onto its back. Porcupines have a 10- to 12-year life expectancy in the wild. Mortality factors include predation (primarily by man), accidents (many porkies are killed on the highways) and disease. Porcupines are parasitized by lice, ticks and mites, some are afflicted with mange, and many have tapeworms and other internal parasites. Population: In Pennsylvania, most porcupines live in areas of extensive forests. They inhabit the rugged mountains of northcentral Pennsylvania; the timbered land in the northwest and northeast corners; and the wooded sections of the ridge-and-valley region. Few, if any, porkies live in the southwestern or southeastern parts of the state. Mammalogists have theorized that the porcupine originated in South America, crossed the Isthmus of Panama during the Pleistocene period, and overspread North America. Today, three other genera of New World porcupines inhabit South America. Porcupines seem to be holding their own. The species thrives in a variety of forest, terrain and climate types across the continent -- and it has few enemies in the wild. Habitat: Porcupines live in forests but can be found away from tall trees if brush is available. They do well in mixed hardwood -- conifer woodlands with suitable den sites -- rock crevices, caves, hollow trees, etc.--and they live in wooded valleys as well as on the mountaintops. The winter range of a porcupine includes its den, coniferous feeding areas (primarily hemlocks), and the travel lanes linking them -- up to about 20 acres. A single animal may spend several months feeding on only one or two trees and using the land between them and its den. Summer ranges are larger, between 15 and 65 acres, with an average of 45 acres in deciduous woods. The summer ranges may be a half-mile or farther from the winter ranges, as den sites and conifers aren't important components of summer territories. In summer, porcupines favor deciduous forests, especially areas with high concentrations of oaks.	i don't know
What was the name of the political party founded by Sir James Goldsmith in 1996	James Goldsmith - Wikispooks James Goldsmith Sir James Goldsmith, billionaire financier who founded the UK Referendum Party Born 1994 - 1997 Sir James Michael "Jimmy" Goldsmith (26 February 1933 – 18 July 1997) was an Anglo-French billionaire financier and tycoon. [1] He became a magazine publisher and a politician, and in 1994 was elected in France as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP). He subsequently founded the short-lived eurosceptic Referendum Party in the United Kingdom. Sir James Goldsmith was known for his many romantic relationships and for the various children he fathered with his wives and many girlfriends. On 24 August 2004, the Australian magazine New Idea alleged that Goldsmith was rumoured to be the father of Diana Princess of Wales : Now we really have heard it all - Princess Diana and Jemima Khan were sisters. Yes, that's the hot news igniting bushfires all over Australia with the 'revelation' in this week that both women were fathered by swashbuckling tycoon Sir James Goldsmith. In the case of Jemima, there is no dispute. Born on January 30, 1974, she is acknowledged as being the daughter of Sir 'Jams' and his amply bosomed wife Lady Annabel. In fact, she's the spitting image of her dad. But Diana? The magazine quotes an 'aristocratic source' as saying that at the time of her conception, her mother Frances Shand Kydd - then Viscountess Althorp - was going through a 'very bad patch' in her marriage to Johnnie Spencer (or Viscount Althorp as he was then). The source is quoted as saying: 'Her husband was drinking heavily and was beastly to her. She knew James Goldsmith and the rumour was that they had a brief fling. At that time, it's fair to say Goldsmith was a sex maniac.' [2] Goldsmith was the inspiration for the character of the corporate raider Sir Larry Wildman in Oliver Stone's Wall Street. [3] On Goldsmith's death, Tony Blair stated: "He was an extraordinary character and though I didn't always agree with his political views, obviously, he was an amazing and interesting, fascinating man." Margaret Thatcher eulogised: "Jimmy Goldsmith was one of the most powerful and dynamic personalities that this generation has seen. He was enormously generous, and fiercely loyal to the causes he espoused." [4] Contents 7 External links Early life and family background Born in Paris, [5] Goldsmith was the son of luxury hotel tycoon and former Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) Major Frank Goldsmith and his French wife Marcelle Moullier, and younger brother of environmental campaigner Edward Goldsmith. Goldsmith first attended Millfield School and then later Eton College, but dropped out in 1949 aged 16, after he had bet £10 on a three-horse accumulator at Lewes, winning £8,000. With his winnings he decided that he should leave Eton immediately; in a speech at his boarding house he declared that, "a man of my means should not remain a schoolboy." [6] Later Goldsmith joined the army. [7] Goldsmith's father Frank changed the family name from the German Goldschmidt to the English Goldsmith. The Goldschmidts, neighbours and rivals to the Rothschild family, were a wealthy, Frankfurt-based, Jewish family, who had been influential figures in international merchant banking since the 16th century. James' great-grandfather was Benedict Hayum Salomon Goldschmidt, banker and consul to the Grand Duke of Tuscany. James' grandfather Adolphe Goldschmidt (1838–1918), a multi-millionaire, came to London in 1895. His father fled from France with his family when the Nazis overran the country, and only just managed to escape on the last over-loaded ship to get away, leaving behind their hotels and much of their property. His father and grandfather had lived in great style, and there was little left of the family fortune by the time Goldsmith started out in business. Career During the 1950s and 60s Goldsmith's involvement in finance was more as a gambler than an industrialist, and brought him several times close to bankruptcy. [8] His successes included winning the British franchise for Alka-Seltzer and introducing low-cost generic drugs to the UK. He was frequently accused of being a greenmail corporate raider and asset stripper, a categorisation he denied vigorously. He claimed that the re-organisations he undertook streamlined the operations, removed complacent inefficient management, and increased shareholder value. Goldsmith started out in business after the tragic death of his first wife by taking on the management of a small enterprise selling a quack arthritis remedy in France. His father had set up the company with the initial intention that it would provide a career for the older son, Edward. But Edward had little interest in business and was more engaged with his pioneering environmental activism. After a publicity stunt involving an arthritic racehorse sales escalated and within a couple of years the staff had been expanded from two to over a hundred. Goldsmith took on the agency for various slimming remedies and branched out into the manufacture of generic prescription drugs. His acquisition of the distributorship for Slimcea and Procea low-calorie breads were the start of the shift of focus towards the food industry. In the early 1960s in partnership with Selim Zilkha, Goldsmith founded the Mothercare retail chain, but sold out his share to Zilkha who went on to develop it with great success. With the financial backing of Sir Isaac Wolfson, [9] he acquired diverse food companies quoted on the London Stock Exchange as Cavenham Foods in 1965. Initially the group had an annual turnover of £27m and negligible profits. He added bakeries and then confectioners to the group, and then took over a number of wholesalers and retailers including small chains of tobacco, confectioner and newsagent shops. By rationalising the activities, closing inefficient factories, and improving the management practices, he steadily improved productivity. By 1971 the turnover was £35m and profits were up to £2m. In June 1971 he launched a bid for Bovril which was a much larger company with a diverse portfolio including several strong brands (Marmite, Ambrosia, Virol and Jaffajuice), dairies and dairy farms, and cattle ranches in Argentina. It was run by the third generation of the founding family and Goldsmith concluded that they were clueless. The bid was strongly contested and Goldsmith was fiercely attacked by the financial press. The directors tried to induce Beechams and Rowntree Mackintosh to make rival offers, but in the end they both withdrew. After the successful bid, Goldsmith sold the dairies and farms to Max Joseph's Express Dairies group for £5.3m, and found buyers in South America for the ranches. Sales of other parts of the company recouped almost all of the £13m that the acquisition had cost him. Some years later he sold the brand names to Beecham for £36m. Later he took over Allied Distributors, who owned a miscellaneous portfolio of grocery stores and small chains, including the Liptons shops. He set Jim Wood (who had been responsible for imposing systems and business discipline on the sweetshops) to work on rationalising the operations of these shops, and disposing of those that did not fit into the overall business logic. As journalists began to question his techniques of dealing with the funds and assets of publicly quoted companies, Goldsmith began dealing through private companies registered in the UK and abroad. These included the French company Générale Occidentale and Hong Kong and then Cayman Islands-registered General Oriental Investments. In early 1973 Goldsmith travelled to New York to assess the US business opportunities, followed by a tour round Central and South America. He took the view that the UK economy was due for a downturn and began aggressively liquidating many of his assets. In December that year, in the midst of financial chaos, he announced that he had acquired a 51% controlling stake in Grand Union Supermarkets, one of the oldest retailing conglomerates in the US. He set Jim Wood - who had revitalised his British retail operations - to work on rationalising the operations of the chain, but he ran into continuous obstruction from both unions and management. During the 60s and 70s Goldsmith had had backing from the finance company Slater, Walker, run by Jim Slater. When Slater, Walker crashed and had to be rescued by the Bank of England in 1975, eyebrows rose when it was handed to Goldsmith for its final dismemberment through his private companies. [10] Goldsmith was knighted in the 1976 resignation honours – the so-called "Lavender List" – of Prime Minister Harold Wilson . In early 1980, he formed a partnership with longtime friend and merchant banker, Sir Roland Franklin, who managed Goldsmith's business in the Americas. From 1983 until 1988, Goldsmith, via takeovers in America, built a private holding company, Cavenham Forest Industries, which became one of the largest private owners of timberland and one of the top-five timber-holding companies of any type in America. Goldsmith and Franklin identified a quirk in American accounting whereby companies with substantial timberland holdings would often carry them on their balance sheets at a nominal valuation (as the result of years of depreciation). Goldsmith, a reader of financial statements, realised that in the case of Crown Zellerbach the underlying value of the timberland assets alone, carried at $12.5m on the balance sheet, was more than the target company's total market capitalisation. With this insight, Goldsmith began raids that left him with a holding company owning huge tracts of timberland acquired at virtually no net cost. Additionally, in 1986 Goldsmith's companies reportedly made $90 million from an attempted hostile takeover of the Goodyear Tyre and Rubber Company, although he regarded this profit as an inadequate consolation for the failure to carry the bid through to a successful conclusion. The management of the company coordinated a virulent campaign against Goldsmith, involving the unions, the press and politicians at state and federal level. Goldsmith had always looked older than his years, but his appearance deteriorated markedly during the period of the takeover battle for Goodyear, and in 1987, he was diagnosed as suffering from diabetes. Goldsmith retired to Mexico in 1987, having anticipated the market crash that year and liquidated his assets. However he continued corporate raiding, including an attempt on British-American Tobacco in 1989 (for which he joined Kerry Packer and Jacob Rothschild ). He also swapped his American timber assets for a 49.9 percent stake in Newmont Mining and remained on the board of Newmont until he liquidated his stake through open-market trades in 1993. He was precluded by the original purchase of Newmont from acquiring a controlling shareholding in the company. In 1990, Goldsmith also began a lower-profile, but also profitable, global "private equity style" investment operation. By 1994 executives working in his employ in Hong Kong had built a substantial position in the intermediation of global strategic raw-material flows. Studies of public filings have found signs of the same Goldsmith-backed Hong Kong-based team taking stakes in operations as diverse as Soviet strategic ports in Vladivostok and Vostochny Port, and in Zee TV, India's dominant private television broadcaster later sold to Rupert Murdoch . A large Hong Kong-linked and Goldsmith-funded stake in one of the world's largest nickel operations, INCO Indonesia, was also disclosed in the 1990s, showing Goldsmith's ability to position capital before a trend became obvious to others. The Group was also a major backer of the Hong Kong based and Singapore listed major raw material player Noble Group, with low-profile long-time Goldsmith protégé Tobias Brown serving for many years as the company's non-executive chairman. Although little is known about the somewhat enigmatic Brown, he is widely credited with orchestrating the Goldsmith investments in the Far East, which have created more than a third of the family's wealth. Personal life Goldsmith was married three times, and allegedly coined the phrase "When a man marries his mistress, he creates a vacancy." However, the phrase was actually coined by Sacha Guitry. [11] His first wife, whom he married when 20, was the Bolivian heiress Doña María Isabel Patiño y Borbón, 17-year-old daughter of tin magnate Antenor Patiño and the 3rd Duchess of Dúrcal. When Goldsmith proposed the marriage to Antenor Patiño, Patiño is alleged to have said, "We are not in the habit of marrying Jews", to which Goldsmith is reported to have replied, "Well, I am not in the habit of marrying Red Indians." This story, if true, is typical of Goldsmith's humour. With the heiress pregnant and the Patiños insisting the pair separate, the couple eloped in January 1954. The marriage was brief. Rendered comatose by a cerebral haemorrhage in her seventh month of pregnancy, Maria Isabel Patiño y Goldsmith died in May 1954; her only child, Isabel, was delivered by Caesarean section and survived. She was brought up by Goldsmith's family, and was married for a few years to French sportsman Arnaud de Rosnay. On her father's death, she inherited a large share of his estate. [12] Isabel has since become a successful art-collector. [13] Goldsmith's second wife was Ginette Lery, with whom he had a son, Manes, and daughter, Alix. In 1978, he married for the third time; his new wife was his mistress Lady Annabel Birley; the couple had three children, Jemima (born in 1974), Zacharias (born in 1975) and Benjamin (born in 1980). Zac Goldsmith and Jemima have both become much reported upon figures in the British media; in 2003 Ben married heiress Kate Emma Rothschild (born 1982), daughter of the late Amschel Rothschild and his wife Anita Guinness of the Guinness Brewery family. Speculation about Goldsmith's romantic life was a popular topic in the British media: for example, in the press, there were claims that James Goldsmith was the father of Lady Diana Spencer , due to his friendship with Diana's mother, Frances Viscountess Althorp, and later with Diana. [14] After his third marriage, Goldsmith embarked on an affair with an aristocratic Frenchwoman, Laure Boulay de la Meurthe, with whom he had two more children, Jethro and Charlotte. He treated de la Meurthe as his wife and introduced her as such during the last years of his life. Goldsmith died at 64 of a heart attack brought about by pancreatic cancer. [15] Goldsmith and the media Sir James Goldsmith is known for his legal attack on the magazine Private Eye , which referred to him as "Sir Jams" and in Goldsmith's Referendum Party period as "Sir Jams Fishpaste". In 1976 he issued more than 60 libel writs against Private Eye and its distributors, nearly bankrupting the magazine and almost imprisoning its editor Richard Ingrams . Buccaneering businessman Tiny Rowland helped fund the legal defence of Private Eye against Goldsmith's libel writs, as detailed in Ingrams' book Goldenballs! The publisher of the magazine Anthony Blond, an old friend of Goldsmith, remained on good terms during this period. The libel actions arose from a piece that the Eye published following the disappearance of Lord Lucan after the murder of his children's nanny. The article stated (incorrectly) that Goldsmith had participated in a meeting called by John Aspinall (zoo owner) after Lucan 's disappearance, and further claimed that the meeting amounted to a conspiracy to obstruct the course of justice by hampering the police enquiries. Goldsmith certainly was acquainted with Lucan as a fellow regular at Aspinall's gambling club, the Clermont Club, but it is not clear how close they were (but apparently on good enough terms for Lucan to ask him for a loan of £10,000 the previous year, and for Goldsmith to counter with an offer to make him a gift of that sum). The matter was made more serious by an action being brought for criminal libel in addition to the civil suits. This was an obsolete statute that had not been used for over fifty years with vague terms of reference relating to libels "so serious as to risk the public order", and Ingrams was initially confident that the judge would dismiss the case. He became extremely anxious when Mr Justice Wein indicated that he favoured criminal proceedings - which carry a jail sentence rather than just the award of damages as in the civil actions. Goldsmith also pursued vendettas against other journalists who queried his methods, including Barbara Conway who wrote the Scrutineer column in the City pages of the Daily Telegraph. In November 1977, Goldsmith made a notorious appearance on The Money Programme on BBC television when he accused the programme of making up lies about him and stormed off the set. [16] In 1977 Goldsmith bought the French weekly L'Express and between 1979 and 1981 published the UK news magazine NOW! which failed to survive. [17] Oliver Stone's 1987 film Wall Street featured a British billionaire financier, Sir Lawrence Wildman. This character was modelled on Goldsmith as stated by the film's director Oliver Stone in the DVD special feature documentary and the director's commentary as Sir Lawrence Wildman is introduced. Goldsmith's estate has provided finance for the JMG Foundation which supports a diverse range of non-governmental organisations campaigning against GMO foodstuffs. [18] Politics "Politicians are scum! They should be flushed down the lavatory! Vote for me!" Goldsmith, like his friends Lord Lucan and John Aspinall , believed Britain had been victim of a socialist conspiracy and that communists had infiltrated the Labour Party and the media. [19] In the mid-1990s, Goldsmith was a financial backer of a Eurosceptic think tank , the European Foundation. In 1994 he was elected in France as an MEP, representing the "Majorité pour l'autre Europe" party. Goldsmith became leader of the Eurosceptic "Europe of Nations" group in the European Parliament. He then founded and funded the Referendum Party in the UK, on the lines as "Majorité pour l'autre Europe", which stood candidates in the 1997 General Election. Goldsmith mailed five million homes with a VHS tape expressing his ideas. It has been suggested he planned to broadcast during the election from his offshore pirate Referendum Radio station. [20] In the 1997 election, Goldsmith stood for his party in the London constituency of Putney, against former Conservative Party minister David Mellor. Goldsmith stood no chance of victory, but the declaration of the result was memorable — Mellor lost his seat to the Labour candidate and was taunted by Goldsmith who clapped his hands slowly along with others on the polling stage chanting "out, out, out!" aggressively in response to Mellor's critically dismissive comments towards Goldsmith's vote yield in his concession speech. Goldsmith's electoral performance at Putney had been, however, reasonably insubstantial, in an English electoral culture in which it is notoriously difficult for new political parties or maverick politicians to break through overnight: the 1518 votes did not deny victory to Mellor, who lost by 2976 votes; moreover they amounted to under 5% of those voting and were not sufficient for Goldsmith to retain his candidate's deposit of £500. [21] Mellor correctly predicted that the Referendum Party was "dead in the water", and it effectively died with Goldsmith who died two months after the election. The seat was regained by the Conservatives in the 2005 General Election by Justine Greening MP. References	Referendum Party
In which war was the Battle of Isandlwana	The Goldsmith supremacy: London's most compelling dynasty \| London Evening Standard The Goldsmith supremacy: London's most compelling dynasty Friday 13 May 2011 14:21 BST Click to follow The Evening Standard Part of a dynasty: Conservative Zac Goldsmith Are the Goldsmiths mounting a takeover of British public life to compare with the hostile takeovers that were once the speciality of the family's Big Daddy, the late billionaire businessman Sir James Goldsmith? Scanning the headlines in recent days one might be tempted to think so. When we talk of the Goldsmiths we mean, of course, the family Sir James Goldsmith had with his third wife, Lady Annabel - their sons Zac and Ben and daughter Jemima - rather than his four children from two previous marriages or his two children by his French mistress. Earlier this week, Zac Goldsmith, the Conservative MP for Richmond Park, emerged as an advocate of new privacy legislation to replace the current confusion over super-injunctions, while last week Jemima Khan was impelled to deny having an affair with Top Gear presenter Jeremy Clarkson after false claims circulated on Twitter saying that she had obtained a super-injunction to cover it up. The previous week it had been Lady Annabel Goldsmith who was briefly the centre of attention. Richard Kay's gossip column in the Daily Mail suggested she had been miffed at not being invited to the royal wedding by the Duchess of Cornwall despite having been her good friend as well as a friend of Princess Diana. Not only was Lady Annabel said to have felt insulted by being omitted from the pews of Westminster Abbey but also her society friends were said to be taking her side against the Duchess. And next week will see the cinema release of a documentary, Fire in Babylon, about the glory days of the West Indies cricket team, one of whose producers is clean-technology financier and cricketing enthusiast Ben Goldsmith. Other members of the family are believed to have helped finance the project. Despite this octopus-like grip on media attention, are the Goldsmiths a force to be reckoned with or are they essentially a busted flush, merely living off their sizeable inheritance and howling against their dwindling social power? One indicator is their falling position in the ranks of the nation's wealthy, as evidenced by last weekend's Sunday Times Rich List. The offshore fortune bequeathed to them by Sir James Goldsmith, estimated to be worth £300million, appears to have stood still in the last year. "A big fortune, in this day and age, needs constant attention," says Rich List compiler Philip Beresford. "If you want to see it grow, you need to be intensely interested in making money, you've got to be like Nat Rothschild. The Goldsmith family would appear to have missed out on the whole bull market since Jimmy died." Beresford admits that it is impossible to be certain about the current size of the fortune, since the offshore family trust is opaque and impenetrable, but with several beneficiaries drawing incomes from it, there is little hope, he believes, of their achieving much more than capital preservation. Sir James Goldsmith was famous for several things: his gambling and womanising, his ruthless business methods and his dabbling in Eurosceptic politics with his bankrolling of the Referendum Party in the 1990s, but most of all for his double-edged relationship with the British media. As a secretive businessman, he always resented what he saw as the impertinent scrutiny of the press, once telling a female reporter: "I live for the day when people like you choke on your own vomit." Yet he also once hankered to become a newspaper proprietor and even came close to buying this newspaper, only to find that his long-standing, obsessive campaign against the satirical magazine Private Eye in the 1970s (and in particular his effort to see its then editor Richard Ingrams jailed for criminal libel) counted against him. Subsequently, the weekly news magazine he founded, Now!, was ridiculed into an early grave by Private Eye. Later still, he funded numerous libel litigants in their lawsuits against the BBC and national newspapers. What of the attempts by members of the family to strike out on their own and escape the shadow of Big Daddy? Zac Goldsmith has eschewed a business career and has instead followed his uncle, Teddy Goldsmith, in campaigning for environmental causes. His path to Parliament, as a Cameron protégé, was successful despite the breakdown of his marriage and the controversy over his non-dom tax status, which he swiftly agreed to renounce. He is highly intelligent and persuasive. Following the 2010 general election campaign, Zac was taken to task by Channel 4 News over his election expenses. In a live interview he evaded presenter Jon Snow's questions and instead claimed that he was being victimised and the viewers misled. It was eerily reminiscent of his father's appearance on the BBC's The Money Programme in 1977 when Sir James sought to defend himself against the charge of being an "asset stripper" by accusing his two interviewers of lying and by starting to interview them in return. Zac's subsequent complaint to Ofcom about his treatment by Channel 4 News was roundly rejected, but his slightly cracked performance was widely discussed. Since his arrival at Westminster he has made a modest impression on the House. "When he stands up to speak, people are interested," says Quentin Letts, the Daily Mail's sketch-writer. "He sits in an area of the chamber favoured by independent types, not where the lickspittles congregate, and he has criticised the Government over green issues. He's fairly sparing with his oral contributions, though not timid, and he doesn't speak for too long and get shut up by the Speaker. I would say he's got the hang of it." At the same time, Letts doesn't think Zac will stick with being an MP for very long. Given her father's track record with the press, it is surprising that Jemima Khan has chosen to pursue a career as a writer and campaigner. We first got to know her as a society beauty, then as the bride of Pakistan cricketer Imran Khan, mother of his children and Muslim convert; then as the girlfriend of Hugh Grant. (She can apparently mimic both Imran and Hugh with spooky accuracy.) Lately, we have seen her champion WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange and act as one of his bail guarantors, all in the name of media openness, and serve as guest editor of the New Statesman to boot. Despite being mocked as a "socialite", her edition of the New Statesman turned out to be clever and newsworthy, and her interview with Nick Clegg significant. She also secretly yearns for recognition as a screenwriter and is already developing her own screenplay for a rom-com - though Grant will likely be too old to play the male lead. Says Richard Ingrams, her father's arch-enemy: "I've corresponded with Jemima, who seemed quite friendly, slightly to my surprise. She strikes me as rather like Bianca Jagger - desperate to be taken seriously on political matters Good luck to her!" Lady Annabel, too, has taken up writing and campaigning since her husband's death. Before her marriage to Goldsmith, this daughter of an Anglo-Irish viscount was married to Mark Birley, who named his Mayfair club after her and gave her three children. Tragically, one son drowned off the coast of Africa, while the other son was disfigured as a child after being mauled by a pregnant tigress. Her autobiography, Annabel: An Inconvenient Life, in 2004, was followed by a ghost-written autobiography of her pet dog Cooper. In 2000 she launched her own Eurosceptic campaigning organisation, the Democracy Movement, which has since been wound down. Ben Goldsmith is the quiet force of the family. A sweeter-looking version of his handsome old brother Zac, Ben-Ben, as he is affectionately known, is believed to be a key figure in looking after the family finances. He is one of the founding partners in WHEB Ventures, which provides venture capital for the European clean-technology sector. It's still too early to say whether he will emerge as a titan in his own right. A keen environmentalist like his brother, he supported Zac in his election campaign but also the Green Party's victorious candidate in Brighton, Caroline Lucas. He is a swashbuckler (five-figure betting sums at the races are not unknown and he did buy part of a bookie's) but also a man who likes a punt on a new eco start-up as well as a blue chip FTSE100 safe bet. Above all, the Goldsmiths are a clan, a gold standard tribe who take no prisoners. They have their own humour, their own take on life, and their partners have to get this glamorous G-spot. Keep up with their wit and wiles or exit. They may not be the Windsors and they may not be the Kennedys but nonetheless, says social commentator and branding expert Peter York, they offer an antidote to the colourless industrialists and entrepreneurs who choke the Sunday Times Rich List. "They're an exciting blend of robber-baron wealth (Sir James), established upper-class style (Lady Annabel), global exoticism (Sir James's Anglo-French and Jewish background as well as Jemima's conversion to Islam), good looks (Zac and Jemima), political involvement (Lady Annabel and Zac), and environmentalism (Zac and Ben). They catch one's imagination hugely. After all, there are lots of billionaires but we don't want to know anything about them. Enough already! With the Goldsmiths you somehow keep wanting to know more about them. More about:	i don't know
What is the name given to the amount of money given to the Monarch for her personal expenditure	Allowance - definition of allowance by The Free Dictionary Allowance - definition of allowance by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/allowance 1. The act of allowing. 2. An amount that is allowed or granted: consumed my weekly allowance of two eggs. 3. Something, such as money, given at regular intervals or for a specific purpose: a travel allowance that covers hotel bills. 4. A small amount of money regularly given to a child, often as payment for household chores. 5. A price reduction, especially one granted in exchange for used merchandise: The dealer gave us an allowance on our old car. tr.v. al·low·anced, al·low·anc·ing, al·low·anc·es 1. To put on a fixed allowance: cut expenses by strictly allowancing the sales representatives. 2. To dispense in fixed quantities; ration. Idiom: 1. To take into consideration when planning something. 2. To make excuses for or treat with leniency. allowance (əˈlaʊəns) n 1. an amount of something, esp money or food, given or allotted usually at regular intervals 2. a discount, as in consideration for something given in part exchange or to increase business; rebate 3. (Accounting & Book-keeping) (in Britain) an amount of a person's income that is not subject to a particular tax and is therefore deducted before his or her liability to taxation is assessed 4. a portion set aside to compensate for something or to cover special expenses 5. (Education) education Brit a salary supplement given to a teacher who is appointed to undertake extra duties and responsibilities 6. admission; concession 7. the act of allowing; sanction; toleration 8. something allowed 9. make allowances make allowance (usually foll by for) a. to take mitigating circumstances into account in consideration (of) b. to allow (for) (tr) to supply (something) in limited amounts al•low•ance n., v. -anced, -anc•ing. n. 1. the act of allowing. 2. an amount or share allotted or granted: a dietary allowance of 900 calories a day. 3. a sum of money allotted for a particular purpose. 4. a sum of money allotted on a regular basis, as for personal or living expenses. 5. an additional sum allotted for specific circumstances: an allowance for depreciation. 6. acknowledgment; concession. 8. to place on a fixed allowance, as of food. Idioms: a. to excuse, taking mitigating factors into consideration. b. to allow for. c. to reserve time, money, etc., for. [1350–1400; < Middle French] I will have been allowancing you will have been allowancing he/she/it will have been allowancing we will have been allowancing you will have been allowancing they will have been allowancing Past Perfect Continuous Noun 1. allowance - an amount allowed or granted (as during a given period); "travel allowance"; "my weekly allowance of two eggs"; "a child's allowance should not be too generous" share , percentage , portion , part - assets belonging to or due to or contributed by an individual person or group; "he wanted his share in cash" privy purse - allowance for a monarch's personal expenses 2. allowance - a sum granted as reimbursement for expenses reimbursement - compensation paid (to someone) for damages or losses or money already spent etc.; "he received reimbursement for his travel expenses" per diem - a daily allowance for living expenses (especially while traveling in connection with your job) travel allowance , travel reimbursement - a sum allowed for travel 3. cost-of-living allowance - an allowance for changes in the consumer price index depreciation allowance - an allowance for loss due to depreciation deduction , discount - an amount or percentage deducted seasonal adjustment - a statistical adjustment made to accommodate predictable fluctuations as a function of the season of the year; "seasonal adjustments for housing starts must be made in mid-winter" tare - an adjustment made for the weight of the packaging in order to determine the net weight of the goods recompense - payment or reward (as for service rendered) 4. discrepancy , disagreement , divergence , variance - a difference between conflicting facts or claims or opinions; "a growing divergence of opinion" 5. allowance - a reserve fund created by a charge against profits in order to provide for changes in the value of a company's assets reserve account , reserve fund - funds taken out of earnings to provide for anticipated future payments 6. allowance - the act of allowing; "He objected to the allowance of smoking in the dining room" tolerance - the act of tolerating something permission , permit , license - the act of giving a formal (usually written) authorization Verb allowance - put on a fixed allowance, as of food grant , allow - let have; "grant permission"; "Mandela was allowed few visitors in prison" allowance noun make allowances for something take into account , anticipate , allow for , bear in mind , foresee , take into consideration The raw exam results make no allowance for social background. allowance حِصَّة، نَصِيبعلاوة شَهْرِيَّة، مُخَصَّص نَقْدِي مَصْرُوف الـجَيْب kapesnévůle allowance [əˈlaʊəns] N 1. (= payment) (from state) → prestación f; (from ex-husband, benefactor) → pensión f; (from parents) → dinero mensual /semanal/; (= allocated from fund) → asignación f (esp US) (= pocket money) → dinero m de bolsillo he makes his mother an allowance → le concede una pensión a su madre he has an allowance of £100 a month → tiene una asignación de 100 libras mensuales see also family B tax allowance → desgravación f fiscal 3. (= concession) → concesión f one must make allowances → hay que hacer concesiones to make allowance(s) for sb → ser comprensivo con algn, disculpar a algn to make allowance(s) for the weather → tener en cuenta el tiempo 4. (Mech) → tolerancia f 5. (= volume, weight) → margen m allowance (= grant) → allocation f; (for expenses) → indemnité f disability allowance → allocation f d'invalidité fuel allowance → indemnité f de déplacement London allowance → indemnité de résidence (à Londres) (from parent etc) (= pocket money) → argent m de poche ; (to buy clothes, books etc) → subside m (= concession) to make allowances for sth [+ thing, situation] → tenir compte de qch to make allowances for sb → faire des exceptions pour qn allowance n → finanzielle Unterstützung ; (paid by state) → Beihilfe f; (parent to child) → Unterhaltsgeld nt; (as compensation, for unsociable hours, overseas allowance etc) → Zulage f; (on business trip) → Spesen pl; (= spending money) → Taschengeld nt; clothing allowance → Kleidungsgeld nt; petrol allowance (Brit) → Benzingeld nt; his father still gives him an allowance → sein Vater unterstützt ihn noch immer finanziell ; he gives his wife a dress allowance → er gibt seiner Frau einen Zuschuss zu den Kleidungskosten; he gave her an allowance of £100 a month → er stellte ihr monatlich £ 100 zur Verfügung (Fin: = tax allowance) → Freibetrag m (Fin, Comm: = discount) → (Preis) nachlass m → (on für); (= quantity allowed: for shrinkage etc) → Zugabe f (= acceptance: of goal, claim, appeal) → Anerkennung f → Zugeständnisse pl; to make allowance(s) for something → etw berücksichtigen ; to make allowances for somebody → bei jdm Zugeständnisse machen ; you have to make allowances → Sie müssen (gewisse) Zugeständnisse machen allowance [əˈlaʊəns] n (payment) → assegno ; (for travelling, accommodation) → indennità f inv; (ration) → razione f; (Tax) → detrazione f d'imposta; (discount) → riduzione f, sconto monthly clothing allowance → cifra mensile per il vestiario family allowance (old) (child benefit) → assegni mpl familiari to make allowance(s) for (person) → scusare (allow for, shrinkage) → tener conto di allow (əˈlau) verb 1. not to forbid or prevent. He allowed me to enter; Playing football in the street is not allowed. toegelaat يَسْمَح،يَأذَن позволявам permitir dovolit erlauben tillade επιτρέπω permitir lubama اجازه دادن sallia permettre לְהַרשׁוֹת, לְהַתִיר अनुमति देना, आज्ञा देना dopustiti megenged memperbolehkan, mengizinkan leyfa permettere 許す 허락하다 leisti atļaut membenarkan toestaan tillate pozwalać اجازه ورکول permitir a permite разрешать dovoliť dovoliti dozvoliti tillåta อนุญาต izin vermek 允許 дозволяти اجازت دینا cho phép 允许 2. (with for) to take into consideration when judging or deciding. These figures allow for price rises. laat toe vir يُجِيز، يُبِيح позволявам dar margem počítat s berücksichtigen tage hensyn til λαμβάνω υπόψη tener en cuenta arvesse võtma به حساب آوردن؛ منظور کردن ottaa huomioon tenir compte de לְהָבִיא בְּחֶשבּוֹן स्वीकार करना, मान लेना dopuštati figyelembe vesz memungkinkan taka tillit til, gera ráð fyrir tenere conto di ; ammettere 考慮に入れる 참작하다 numatyti pieļaut membolehkan rekening houden met ta hensyn til , regne med uwzględnać قبلول، په حساب کی نیول dar margem a ţine cont de допускать počítať s, vziať do úvahy upoštevati uzeti nešto u obzir ta hänsyn till, ta med i beräkningen พิจารณา gözönünde bulundurmak 考慮到 брати до уваги, враховувати مد نظر رکھنا tính đến 考虑到 3. to give, especially for a particular purpose or regularly. His father allows him too much money. gee يُخَصِّص ، يَمْنَح давам dar poskytovat geben give; lade få; bevilge δίνω dar andma دادن antaa donner , allouer לְהַקצִיב davati ad memberi láta í té, gefa dare 与える 주다, 지급하다 duoti piešķirt; dot memberikan geven gi , la få , bevilge dawać نیول dar a da давать poskytovať dajati odvojiti ge, låta få ให้เงิน vermek 給予 давати, регулярно виплачувати عطا کرنا ، دینا cho 给予 alˈlowance noun 1. a fixed sum or quantity given regularly. His father made him an allowance of $20 a month. sakgeld, toelaag حِصَّة، نَصِيب периодично отпускана сума mesada kapesné die finanzielle Zuwendung bevilget beløb; lommepenge επίδομα , χαρτζιλίκι paga , asignación , subsidio abiraha, taskuraha مقرری؛ پول ماهیانه toistuva raha-apu allocation דְמֵי כִּיס भत्ता džeparac összeg uang saku fjárstyrkur, vasapeningar paghetta , 小遣い 수당 pašalpa pabalsts; izmaksa elaun toelage bevilget sum , ukepenger , lommepenger kieszonkowe مقررول، میاشتنی پیسی mesada alocaţie содержание ; карманные деньги prídel žepnina dodatak underhåll, bidrag, tilldelning เบี้ยเลี้ยง; ค่าใช้จ่าย harçlık 津貼，固定零用金 утримання; кишенькові гроші بھتہ tiền trợ cấp 津贴，补助，零用钱 2. something (usually a quantity) allowed. This dress pattern has a seam allowance of 1 cm. speling علاوة شَهْرِيَّة، مُخَصَّص نَقْدِي резерв margem vůle die Toleranz spillerum; mulighed περιθώριο margen varu بخش مجاز یا قابل اجرا määrä marge הקצבה slobodan prostor ráhagyás kelonggaran svigrúm; brún, mörk margine 許容値 여유 leidžiamas kiekis deva kelonggaran marge monn , spillerom , mulighet margines د اجراوړ بر خه margem cantitate permisă; margine припуск; допуск tolerancia, vôľa rob dozvoljena količina (veličina) mån, spelrum สิ่งที่ยอมให้เกิดขึ้นได้ yedek payı 裕度 дозвіл گنجائش hạn định cho phép 允许量，限额 make allowance for to take into consideration when deciding etc. We've made allowance for the fact that everyone has different tastes. in ag neem يُراعي، يَأخُذ بِعَين الإعْتِبَار вземам предвид levar em conta vzít v úvahu berücksichtigen tage hensyn til; tage i betragtning λαμβάνω υπόψη tener en cuenta , considerar (midagi) arvesse võtma در نظر گرفتن؛ به حساب آوردن ottaa huomioon tenir compte de לְהִתחַשֵב בּ- का ध्यान रखना dopustiti számításba vesz memperhitungkan taka tillit til, gera ráð fyrir tener conto di ～を考慮に入れる ...을 감안하다 atsižvelgti ievērot; ņemt vērā kelonggaran in aanmerking nemen ta hensyn til , ta i betraktning brać poprawkę na په نظر کی نیول levar em conta a ţine seama de принимать во внимание vziať do úvahy upoštevati uzeti u obzir ta hänsyn till พิจารณา göz önünde bulundurma 考慮到 брати до уваги, враховувати نرمی کا برتاؤ رکھنا tính đến 考虑到 allowance	Privy Purse
Bright, Burley, and Oriental are leaves used for making what	How Much Do British Royal Family Make Annually? \| DiscoveryFinance.Com How Much Do British Royal Family Make Annually? What's annual income for Prince William, Prince Harry, or even for QEII? Not as much as you think!! Prince William: $61,388 (Helicopter Pilot of Search and Rescue of Royal Air Force as a flight lieutenant). His salary is around 44,000 British pounds. Prince Harry: $60,000 (Captain of British Army) Inheritance for William & Harry: Since age 21, both have access to the investment profit of the $10 Million Princess Diana left them. The investment profit is currently $450,000 per year. At age 30, both have access to the entire $10Million. * William & Kate will not get a salary for their royal duties; however, they may be reimbursed for any expenses incurred while on ambassadorial duties or appearances. For the Royal Wedding of William & Kate on April 29, 2011, the cost is paid by both families of William and Kate. The only expense from the taxpayer is the security, not just for the newlyweds but more importantly for the entire public in general during the wedding of this century. Prince Charles: makes his money from the Duchy of Cornwall, a vast collection of lands and holdings owned by his family. The Duchy’s revenues are currently about $28Million per year. Charles routinely gives away millions in philanthropic and charitable contributions. QEII: Her net worth was $500 million last year, much of it in classic property, horse racing stud farms, and fine art handed down to her from previous regal generations. From her royal duty as the Queen, she has committed to a 14 percent drop in royal household spending for the next two years, has frozen the $12.9 million a year she receives from the state in return for the regal duties and costs since 1990 (meaning a real money drop of 76 percent due to inflation) and even cancelled last year’s Buckingham Palace staff Christmas party. The biggest allowance the Royal Family can get from the government/taxpaypers is the rental of the palaces they reside. For many ordinary families, houses is a major purchase; for royal family, they don’t have to worry about paying mortgage and instead they can invest their money elsewhere. The biggest contribution of a royal family in a financial perspective is a money-making business. Media, tourism, gift shops, etc can all benefit from its existence, if the royal family has a good reputation worldwide. Key Facts About Royal Finances 1. There are four sources of funding of The Queen, and those working in support of The Queen as Head of State. These are: – the Civil List, to meet official expenditure relating to The Queen’s duties as Head of State and Head of the Commonwealth; – the Grant-in-Aid for the upkeep of Occupied Royal Palaces; – the Grant-in-Aid for Royal travel, for air and rail journeys associated with official engagements; – the Privy Purse for The Queen’s public and personal use. 2. Head of State expenditure is the official expenditure relating to The Queen’s duties as Head of the Commonwealth. 3. Head of State expenditure is met from public funds, in exchange for the surrender of revenue from the Crown Estate. This amounted to £211 million in the financial year to 31 March 2008. 4. The Queen does not receive any money from the Crown Estate. The annual revenue surplus from the Crown Estate is received by the Treasury. 5. Head of State expenditure does not include the costs of security, which is the responsibility of the Home Office and the police. 6. Only The Duke of Edinburgh receives funding from the Civil List. This amounts to £359,000 per annum. 7. Parliamentary annuities for The Duke of York (£249,000 per annum); The Earl of Wessex (£141,000 per annum); The Princess Royal (£228,000 per annum); and The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester (£175,000 per annum), The Duke and Duchess of Kent (£236,000 per annum) and Princess Alexandra (£225,000 per annum) are repaid by The Queen from her private funds. 8. These repaid Parliamentary Annuities are spent on office costs. 9. The Queen has always been subject to Value Added Tax and other indirect taxes and rates on a voluntary basis. 10. In 1992, The Queen offered to pay capital gains tax on a voluntary basis. 11. As from 1993, The Queen’s personal income has been taxable as for any taxpayer and the Privy Purse is fully taxable. 12. The inhabitants of the Occupied Royal Palaces and private Royal residences are subject to Council Tax, as set by the relevant local council. 13. Although The Queen’s estate will be subject to Inheritance Tax, bequests from Sovereign to Sovereign are exempt. This is because the Sovereign is unable to generate significant new wealth through earnings or business activities, and to recognise the requirement for the Monarchy to have a degree of financial independence. 14. The Queen does not own the Royal Palaces, works of art from the Royal Collection or the Crown Jewels. These are held by Her Majesty as Sovereign and must be passed to her successor in due course. 15. Every year the Royal Household publishes an Annual Summary of Head of State expenditure, together with a full report on Royal public finances. Both reports are part of the Household’s continuing commitment to the highest standards of disclosure and to making Royal Finances as transparent as possible. To read more on Financial Stats of British Royal Family, click 41 Responses to How Much Do British Royal Family Make Annually? Ayejayee on 2016/07/11 at 9:37 am In American our royal family is everyone on welfare.. When u look at it that way Reply Revolutionary Bob on 2016/01/25 at 6:33 pm Why did the royal scroungers cancel the staff Christmas Party? Is it because they cannot afford a glass of beer for the plebs? Basically it is because they are a bunch of penny pinching Germans or at least of German descent. As soon as Mr Corbyn gets into power and builds a scaffold in Trafalgar Square and perhaps puts a guillotine in the Strand and charges onlookers thirty Bob per execution then the money will roll in by the ship load. Reply Revolutionary Bob on 2016/01/25 at 6:53 pm Ok just a bit over the top for which I apologise. Perhaps they should look at the parties in future. And the gallows an guillotine can come down.once again sorry for any offence cussed Reply Revolutionary Bob on 2016/01/25 at 7:36 pm I wish to apologise for my comments earlier. Ilet my left wing views carry me away. So if possible I would like to withdraw all earlier completely and thoroughly disown them. Many apologies if any hurt was taken Reply Dr. Peter Ivanonkiv, PhD on 2015/09/16 at 3:33 pm Just returned from Britain and I witnessed many people in their long, all ached row housing to be rather poor. I checked the salaries and they are low , low compared to Canada or America. If I lived there, I would not have the love of the Royals so many have, as I would merely be living on 30, 40 and maybe thousand pounds per year. I asked many people there and they said it was hard to meet their expenses. So be very happy to be in Canada and continue to vote PC> Reply CCL on 2015/03/27 at 2:33 pm They dont take the money for themselves, they pay for their own stuff except for their houses which should be no big deal as their ancestors did a lot for so many countries and brought Britain forward, it is because of them Britain as influence in the world. And lets not forget they once ruled over one of the largest empire. Plus even if they get to live rent free in their palaces, they are the ones who built it. This is not a huge issue than many others, get over it. Reply HENRY on 2015/05/04 at 7:02 pm WHEN ARE THE BRITISH PEOPLE GOING TO WAKE UP AND DEMAND A FAIRER SOCIETY POOR PEOPLE IN THIS COUNTRY ARE BEING MADE TO CARRY THE BURDEN OF AUSTERITY WHILE OUR ROYAL FAMILY LIVE IN LUXURY AS WE APPROACH THE 21ST CENTURY WE NEED A BETTER SYSTEM WERE EVERYBODY BENEFITS FROM THE RICHNESS OF OUR GREAT COUNTRY IN YEARS TO COME WHEN OUR CHILDREN LOOK BACK ON OUR STUPIDITY AND LACK OF AWARENESS AND ASK WHY WE DID NOT ASK MORE QUESTIONS AND JUST ACCEPTED OUR FATE THESE QUESTIONS WILL ONE DAY BE ANSWERED Reply William Earl Hammond on 2015/06/19 at 6:27 am The Royal Family is everything. The world looks to the Queen and her family as a non negotiable asset. When the Queen speaks the world listens. Thats a real amazing thing. The Queen is loved by me and millions across the globe. God save the Queen. May GOD and the Angels in Heaven bless her every thought and deed. -WEH Moxie on 2015/06/20 at 1:55 am That’s one family there are a lot of royal families that take more than they earn, plus it’s not like they take money without explaination….government gives money to run Buckingham palace and they make profit from all the visitors they get and there are expenses of the government which they can cut to give to the poor. No one tells them to go fight useless wars that bring destruction to everything, they can stop wasting that money and use that to make the country better. If you have not lived a day in their shoes, you don’t get to say they do nothing. Paul Malloy on 2016/03/08 at 5:53 pm Are you serious CCL….”their family” has only ruled since 1700’s have done absolutely nothing for any other country except condone the colonising, exploiting & destruction caused by the truly awful British empire Reply Krag on 2014/03/21 at 7:50 pm What would the royal family have if this stuff was not all given to them. They would be all living in a flat just like the rest of the drunks. “The family does not own the palace or the royal crown .They have to pass it down”Ok what is the new name of the people she has to pass it down to? It is the same family. They have you Brits so BSed you can not see straight. God forbid some one say something about them you start pissing your pants. Our president is in for four to eight years. These people homesteaded the place and they will not leave and you are good with that. Reply KitKat on 2014/10/27 at 1:02 pm Of course you’re completely blind to the fact that if you hadn’t been lucky you could have been born in a developing nation where your parents couldn’t afford to feed you, clothe you, or send you to school and it doesn’t bother you at all that the vast majority of the things we buy are made in sweatshops found in those countries that exploit their workers, many of whom are children. If you look at it that way, you’re the same as the Windsors, but at least they know it. KitKat on 2014/10/27 at 1:03 pm *at least the Windsors make huge contributions to charity, so you’re probably worse than they are Bradley C on 2015/10/11 at 7:19 pm Not sure if you’re speaking of the US President, I myself am American. I think it’s very hard to make any judgement about another country’s political system. But from my point of view it would be quite difficult to live as a Royal. This is a family which, yes, has an immense amount of wealth and privilege, but that privilege comes at the cost of huge responsibility. When you consider how many wealthy families or individuals there are in the world, with so much less responsibility, one can almost wonder if it’s worth it. An article just came out in the New York Times today, explaining how 158 US families have contributed half the money collected for the 2016 Presidential election cycle. What responsibility do they have? A single hedge fund manager is reported to make $68.5 million a month! What responsibility does he have? If nothing else, I do not see that the Royal Family’s blessing could be bought, but I’m not sure sure about the favor of the US President. In any case, from my point of view it is a fascinating system, and I have to agree with the comment made above, that when the Queen speaks the whole world listens. Reply braindrainers on 2016/06/11 at 12:21 pm When Kim Kardashian changes dresses the world takes notice. The world feeds on celebrity. This is an idiotic form of mental slavery ssan on 2013/11/19 at 3:56 am It’s a very difficult to judge when you think about royal figures/ political figures. I agree with the idea that they are spending government money on the things that we commoners are not even any where near. But, the idea is they are there to help create peace and stability among citizens. If it wasn’t for their careful work, we don’t know how things would be. It will be like growing up with out parents or caregivers. No matter how much we bitch about their spending, they do make decisions that makes a world of difference in our lives. Making a decision for billions of people is not as easy as it seems, it’s a lot of work and thinking in their part. As long as they do their job of keeping everyone safe, I think they deserve to treat themselves with some luxury vacation. Reply Joe on 2013/09/12 at 12:55 pm Nattie, maybe you’re confused around your own emotions? I can only assume you are embarrassed through your poor use of the English language. Reply angela on 2013/07/25 at 8:50 am I am in America and we hate our gov too. We have a so called royal family living off our hard earned money, living it up and vacationing all over the place! Reply Liderc on 2013/07/26 at 1:59 am You’re comparing a royal family which inherits billions in land and homes to the Obamas, who have to spend a couple hundred thousand to go on a family vacation due to security? On behalf of the rest of America, we ask that you leave our country, as you’re a moron. Reply Kris on 2013/07/24 at 8:11 pm Come on guys, give da royals a break, why not stop all the gov funding, and pay percentage of uk tourist revenue bac to the palace. I would like to take pics of palace someday too ???? taxman on 2013/07/10 at 1:39 am Agree with Lois on this. What a huge waste of money these people are. Gary on 2013/07/23 at 1:34 pm agreed. Reply kathleen Donnelly on 2012/06/16 at 4:13 pm The British people are already poor, try living on £200 a week… when your utility bills are soaring .. of course the queen pays council tax on Buck Palace, a bizare amount of £1,375 a year… Just the same as me!!! in a semi… clap my hands and wave my flag! The ruling class will stay that, unless the majority wake up. Reply Charles Hudzinski on 2012/11/30 at 9:27 am Kathleen…I believe that we Americans are well along on the road to a life much like yours, with an “elected” pseudo-Royal family, who spend the public’s money as though it all belongs to them. Like you, I watch sadly for the majority to WAKE UP! Reply Rob M. on 2014/11/28 at 6:23 am Our government doesn’t listen to us and god help you if you are in financial hardship. Homeless here we come and I mean the Middle? class? Rob here, Bogus Bill on 2013/01/18 at 3:56 am They are real bloodsuckers, off with their heads!! Reply Natalie on 2013/05/12 at 3:03 am Without the monarchy citizens would actually be paying more taxes because any money from the crown estate (211 million pounds) is going directly to the government! She makes more money annually on her own, then she actually gets from the government! Also do you even realize how much money she brings into the economy through tourism! Going to England to see the royal family is one of the few reasons why I would even want to go there. (I mean hell it seems like a rainy depressing place) Reply Joe on 2012/05/14 at 1:01 am I realize the royals have to have money, because they can’t exactly go out and get a job at McDonald’s, but though they are world famous and their ancestors raped the public for every dime they could steal, there are plenty of people who could buy and sell them. It would be nice to have a place in history and your pics on castle walls, but I wouldn’t want their lives. They can’t do anything without somebody sticking a camera in their face. Reply Lizzy on 2012/02/12 at 10:31 am Can I just point out a glaring error in your otherwise comprehensive report. Neither the Duchy of Cornwall nor the the Duchy of Lancaster actually belong to the Royal Family. You are confusing the Windsor dynasty with the Monarchy. As the Queen is currently Monarch she is allowed to use the profist from the Duchy of Lancaster but does not actually own it nor can she sell it it is provided for the use of the Monarch (irrespective of the dynasty occupying the throne). Similarly the eldest son of the Monarch (currently Charles) is allowed to use the profits from the Duchy of Cornwall but he does not own the Duchy nor can he sell it. If there is no eldest son then the income reverts to the Treasury and there have been periods in history where this has happened. There is a serious constiutional issue if the Royal Family claims to own these estates when they don’t. HM’s only private estates are Sandringham and Balmoral. Texas Patriot on 2011/05/01 at 5:21 pm Eventually, like Americans, the British people will All become extremely poor. A Financially Socialistic Govt cannot & should not be extremely extravagant as this causes the downfall of all society in all countries. We love the Brits but are they being kind to the commoners? Reply Lois on 2011/04/26 at 2:23 pm The Queen cutting staff expenditures is probably more felt by her workers than herself. I think it stinks.	i don't know
Who was the Premier League's top scorer while with Sunderland in 1999-2000	English Premier League \| My blog By admin Leave a Comment Zlatan Ibrahimovic can become the first overseas player to be the leading scorer in the Premier League in his first season in England. Great strikers like Thierry Henry and Sergio Aguerro took at least one season to top the scoring charts. The fallout from England’s debacle at Euro 2016 can see Harry Kane and Jamie Vardy fall off the pace so Diego Costa back to his best at Chelsea can make the payout places in the leading marksman market. Michy Batshuayi is another interesting contender from abroad. Kane scored the most goals last season and his tally of 25 for Tottenham meant he was the first English player to be the leading Premier League scorer since Kevin Phillips scored 30 league goals for Sunderland in the 1999-2000 season. In the last seven years a player had to find the net at least 20 times to outscore his contempories. In the Premier League era no foreign player has won this honour in his debut season in England. Arsenal’s strikers have scored most goals more times than players from other clubs. In every season since and including 2001-2002 the leading scorer in the Premier League has played for Arsenal, Manchester United, Chelsea, Liverpool or Manchester City before Kane scored his goals for Spurs. Three seasons ago Luis Suarez and Daniel Sturridge were first and second playing for Liverpool and that is the only occasion in the Premier League era that players from the same club were in the top two in the scoring charts. Alan Shearer and Robin Van Persie are the only leading Premier League scorers for two clubs. In the European Championship finals the winner of the Golden Boot is a slight variation on the top scorer market. If two or more players are tied the number of assists determines who receives the honour. Antoine Griezmann made this redundant but in the past helping colleagues score a goal had to be taken into account. In the Premier League top scorer betting the place terms are one quarter the odds, the first four places and in the case of ties dead heat rules apply. However, Paddy Power offer one fifth the odds for six places which is an excellent concession. Three players finished joint sixth last season after each scoring 14 goals. The only ties for first place were in 1997-98 season when Dion Dublin, Michael Owen and Chris Sutton scored 18 goals and in the following season when Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, Owen and Dwight Yorke also scored 18 goals. In 24 seasons there have only been 19 ties for the winner and top 5 payout places. Ibrahimovic is now 34 but looks like being Jose Mourinho’s first choice striker for United. The manager has said Wayne Rooney will play up front so the dynamic between the two high-profile players will be fascinating. Rooney has been the main man at Old Trafford for more than ten years but Zlatan does not come across as a person who likes to share the limelight. They could play as a pair but Mourinho has been an advocate of a lone striker in the past but he may adapt for the greater good. Football people often refer to players and managers as winners almost as a mythical quality but that is the whole point of sport. Mourinho has won the main league in four countries while Zlatan has been a champion in five different leagues. However, they have never won the English Premier League together and their prospects will be greatly enhanced if Ibrahimovic improves his career scoring strike rate in what could be his only season playing for Manchester United. Ibrahimovic has scored 392 goals in 677 domestic matches. That gives him a career strike rate of 0.57 goals per match which equates to 22 goals over a full 38 match Premier League season. That tally has been enough to be the leading scorer in only three of the last ten seasons. Ibrahimovic may need to score 30 league goals this season to top the scoring charts which means United will probably finish first or second. The leading scorer does not automatically play for the champions but it does help. If we are disregarding Kane and Vardy on the basis of mental letdown from Euro 2016 Costa could get in the mix. He had a stunning first season for Chelsea but suffered last time from the soap opera around Mourinho’s demise at the club. Batshuayi could be the dark horse but the more solid bet is Ibrahimovic to be the leading scorer in the Premier League in the upcoming season. Best Wishes,	Kevin Phillips
What was the sequel to the TV sitcom And Mother Makes Three	Harry Kane top scorer: Tottenham striker moves above Jamie Vardy in race for Premier League golden boot \| The Independent Premier League Harry Kane top scorer: Tottenham striker moves above Jamie Vardy in race for Premier League golden boot The Tottenham and Leicester strikers are bidding to become the first Englishman to top the goal scoring charts for 16 years Sunday 20 March 2016 17:16 BST Click to follow The Independent Football Harry Kane celebrates scoring a goal against Bournemouth GETTY IMAGES Harry Kane was six years old the last time an Englishmen finished the season as the Premier League top scorer. Now the Tottenham striker is in pole position to become the next to do it. However, fellow England international Jamie Vardy is also in contention. Kane moved top of the scoring charts with a first-half double for Tottenham against Bournemouth . It took him to 21 for the season, two ahead of Jamie Vardy. Should either of them win the golden boot, they would be the first English player to do so since Kevin Phillips scored 30 for Sunderland during the 1999/2000 campaign. In the 22-year history of the Premier League era there have been seven English winners. As well as Phillips, Teddy Sheringham, Andy Cole and Alan Shearer (three times) won the golden boot outright. English trio Chris Sutton, Dion Dublin and Michael Owen shared it in 1997/98 and Owen had to share it three ways the following year with Dwight Yorke and Jimmy Floyd Hasslebaink. Kevin Phillips celebrates a goal for Sunderland during the 1999/2000 season The nearest challenger to Kane and Vardy, who will by vying for starting places at this summer's Euro 2016 tournament, is Everton's Belgian striker Romelu Lukaku who is on 18 goals for the season. More about:	i don't know
In which country is the Great Sandy Desert	Australia's Great Sandy Desert: Location, Landscape - DesertUSA Australia's Great Sandy Desert Geography and Climate The Great Sandy Desert is located across northwest and central Australia. It contains two of the country's most famous parks, the Rudall River National Park and Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park where the famous Ayers Rock is located. Spanning roughly 150,000 square miles, western Australia's Great Sandy Desert is the second largest of the continent's 10 desert regions--all, collectively, located across the central and northwestern part of the country. The largest is the 164,000-square-mile Great Victoria Desert, located in the southwestern part. The smallest is the 480-square-mile Pedirka Desert, located in the south-central part. Location The Great Sandy Desert extends from northwest Australia's Indian Ocean coastline inland, southeastward for more than 800 miles. It lies between the 71,000-square mile Tanami Desert, to the northeast, and the 60,000-square mile Gibson Desert, to the south. Those three deserts converge near the geographic center of the continent, at the famed bare red sandstone dome Ayers Rock, or, in the aboriginal language, "Uluru." Climate The Great Sandy Desert falls into the classification of a "hot desert." This means that in a typical year, it receives little rain, and it experiences high temperatures, low humidity and high evaporation rates. The desert's precipitation -- driven primarily by summer monsoonal patterns -- varies widely from year to year, equaling, on average, no more than a few inches annually, said the Australian Natural Resources Atlas. Daytime temperatures average about 105 degrees Fahrenheit during its long summers and, typically, 68 degrees during its short winters (with occasional nighttime frosts in higher elevations). Usually, its humidity ranges from 10 to 20 percent. Its evaporation rate equals 10 to 12 feet per year, approximately 15 to 20 times the average precipitation per year. Landscape Gently undulating and sparsely vegetated, the Great Sandy is largely characterized by short ephemeral drainages, several lakes and wetlands, red sand dunefields, and remnant rocky outcrops, according to the Australian Natural Resources Atlas. Typical of the world's deserts, most of the Big Sandy's creeks and rivers flow only after heavy rainfalls, sometimes leaving short-lived playa lakes in their wake. Many of its longer-lived lakes and wetlands, arising primarily from springs and seepages, owe their origins to ancient and now inactive river systems, one that flowed across the northern part of the desert and another that flowed across the southern part. The Great Sandy's single modern river, the Rudall, rising in highlands and feeding wetlands along its course, flows across the desert and empties into the large, salty Eva Broadhurst Lake. It lies in the heart of the Karlamilyi National Park. The Great Sandy's dunefields comprise both variable and remarkably consistent forms. Its rocky outcrops include sandstone, siltstone and mudstone ridges and ranges in the southeastern part of the desert. Approach to Kata Tjuta Gnu License, Wikimedia Commons The Great Sandy Desert's most striking features include: Ergs -- or seas of sand -- that comprise linear, parallel dunes sculpted by winds blowing the same direction over a prolonged period. The dunes, covering much of the Big Sandy, extend for 25 to 30 miles or more in length, rise to 50 feet in elevation and trend west-northwest in orientation. From the air, the Great Sandy's ergs resemble immense furrowed fields. Kata Tjuta ("Many Heads" in the aboriginal language) that consist of some three dozen bald red sedimentary rock domes that tower above the desert floor in the southeastern part of the Great Sandy. Home to numerous mythical figures, the Kata Tjuta domes have been sacred to various Aboriginal Australian tribes for perhaps 22,000 years. Ayers Rock, or Uluru, that ranks as the second largest monolith, or "island mountain," in the world, after Mount Augustus, also in Australia. Also sacred to the Aboriginals, Uluru, standing 1148 feet above the surrounding desert, stands as Australia's most iconic natural formation. It and Kata Tjuta serve as the central attractions for the country's Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park. Wolfe Creek Crater that marks the site where a 55,000-ton asteroid, traveling 10 miles per second, struck some 300,000 years ago, according to the Outback Australia Travel Guide. The crater measures a half mile in diameter. Its rim rises some 80 feet above the surrounding desert. Its floor lies some 150 to 200 meters below the rim. Located in the transitional area between the Great Sandy and Tanami Deserts, in the north-central part of Australia, the crater is the principal feature of the Wolfe Creek National Park. According to Aboriginal beliefs, the crater marks the site where a rainbow serpent emerged from the ground. by Jay Sharp	Australia
What is the force that brings moving bodies to a halt called	Top Ten Largest Deserts in the World \| The Wondrous Top Ten Largest Deserts in the World Nature, Top Ten Pinterest0 10. Kara-Kum Desert, Uzbekistan / Turkmenistan In our list of largest deserts in the world at #10 is The Karakum Desert, also spelled Kara-Kum and Gara Gum is a desert in Central Asia. It occupies about 70 percent, or 350,000 km², of the area of Turkmenistan. Covering much of present day Turkmenistan, the Karakum Desert lies east of the Caspian Sea, with the Aral Sea to the north and the Amu Darya river and the Kyzyl Kum desert to the northeast. In modern times, with the shrinking of the Aral Sea, the extended “Aral Karakum” has appeared on the former seabed, with an estimated area of 15,440 sq. The sands of the Aral Karakum are made up of a salt-marsh consisting of finely-dispersed evaporites and remnants of alkaline mineral deposits, washed into the basin from irrigated fields. The dusts blown on a powerful east-west airstream carry pesticide residues that have been found in the blood of penguins in Antarctica. Lets read about top ten largest deserts in the world. 9. Great Sandy Desert, Australia The Great Sandy Desert is a 360,000 km2 (140,000 sq mi) expanse in northwestern Australia. Roughly the same size as Japan, it forms part of a larger desert area known as the Western Desert. The vast region of Western Australia is sparsely populated, without significant settlements. The Great Sandy Desert is a flat area between the rocky ranges of the Pilbara and the Kimberley. To the southeast is the Gibson Desert and to the east is the Tanami Desert. The Rudall River National Park and Lake Dora are located in the southwest while Lake Mackay is located in the southeast. Image credit: yaruman5 8. Chihuahuan Desert, Mexico The Chihuahuan Desert is a desert that straddles the U.S.-Mexico border in the central and northern portions of the Mexican Plateau, bordered on the west by the extensive Sierra Madre Occidental range, and overlaying northern portions of the east range, the Sierra Madre Oriental. On the U.S. side it occupies the valleys and basins of central and southern New Mexico, Texas west of the Pecos River and southeastern Arizona; south of the border, it covers the northern half of the Mexican state of Chihuahua, most of Coahuila, north-east portion of Durango, extreme northern portion of Zacatecas and small western portions of Nuevo León. It has an area of about 140,000 square miles. It is the third largest desert of the Western Hemisphere and is second largest in North America, after the Great Basin Desert. Via: wikipedia 7. Great Basin Desert, USA The Great Basin is the largest watershed of North America which does not drain to an ocean. Water within the Great Basin evaporates since outward flow is blocked. The basin extends into Mexico and covers most of Nevada and over half of Utah, as well as parts of California, Idaho, Oregon and Wyoming. The majority of the watershed is in the North American Desert ecoregion, but includes areas of the Forested Mountain and Mediterranean California ecoregions. The Great Basin includes several metropolitan areas and Shoshone Great Basin tribes. A wide variety of animals can be found in great basin desert. Look to the rocky slopes around the desert mountain ranges, you may spot a very rare desert bighorn sheep. Other mammals of the desert include kit fox, coyote, skunk, black-tailed jackrabbit, ground squirrels, kangaroo rat and many species of mice. Bird species are very diverse in desert oases. Via: wikipedia 6. Great Victoria Desert, Australia The Great Victoria Desert is a barren, arid, and sparsely populated desert ecoregion in southern Australia. It falls inside the states of South Australia and Western Australia and consists of many small sandhills, grasslands and salt lakes. It is over 700 kilometres (430 mi) wide (from west to east) and covers an area of 424,400 square kilometres (163,900 sq mi). The Western Australia Mallee shrub ecoregion lies to the west, the Little Sandy Desert to the northwest, the Gibson Desert and the Central Ranges xeric shrublands to the north, the Tirari and Sturt Stony deserts to the east, and the Nullarbor Plain to the south separates it from the Southern Ocean. Image credit: Travel Collective 5. Patagonia Desert, Argentina The Patagonian Desert, also known as the Patagonia Desert or the Patagonian Steppe, is the largest desert in America and is the 7th largest desert in the world by area, occupying 260,000 square miles (673,000 km). It is located primarily in Argentina with small parts in Chile and is bounded by the Andes, to its west, and the Atlantic Ocean to its east, in the region of Patagonia, southern Argentina. The Patagonian Desert is the largest continental landmass of the 40° parallel and is a large cold winter desert, where the temperature rarely exceeds 12°C and averages just 3°C. The region experiences about seven months of winter and five months of summer. Image credit: Melissa Toledo 4. Kalahari Desert, Southern Africa The Kalahari Desert is a large arid to semi-arid sandy area in Southern Africa extending 900,000 square kilometers (350,000 sq), covering much of Botswana and parts of Namibia and South Africa, as semi-desert, with huge tracts of excellent grazing after good rains. The Kalahari Desert is the southern part of Africa, and the geography is a portion of desert and a plateau. The Kalahari supports some animals and plants because most of it is not a true desert. There are small amounts of rainfall and the summer temperature is very high. It usually receives 3–7.5 inches (76–190 mm) of rain per year. The surrounding Kalahari Basin covers over 2,500,000 square kilometers (970,000 sq mi) extending farther into Botswana, Namibia and South Africa, and encroaching into parts of Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The only permanent river, the Okavango, flows into a delta in the northwest, forming marshes that are rich in wildlife. Via: wikipedia 3. Gobi Desert, Mongolia / N.E China The Gobi is a large desert region in Asia. It covers parts of northern and northwestern China, and of southern Mongolia. The desert basins of the Gobi are bounded by the Altai Mountains and the grasslands and steppes of Mongolia on the north, by the Hexi Corridor and Tibetan Plateau to the southwest, and by the North China Plain to the southeast. The Gobi is made up of several distinct ecological and geographic regions based on variations in climate and topography. This desert is the fifth largest in the world. The Gobi is most notable in history as part of the great Mongol Empire, and as the location of several important cities along the Silk Road. Image Credit: PnP 2. Arabian Desert, peninsula Arabian Desert or Eastern Desert, c.86,000 sq mi (222,740 sq km), E Egypt, bordered by the Nile valley in the west and the Red Sea and the Gulf of Suez in the east. It extends along most of Egypt’s eastern border and merges into the Nubian Desert in the south. The Arabian Desert is sparsely populated; most of its inhabitants are based around wells and springs. Today most of the desert can be accessed by roads. Since ancient times Egypt has used the porphyry, granite, limestone, and sandstone found in the desert mountains as building materials. Oil is produced in the north. The name Arabian Desert is also commonly applied to the desert of the Arabian Peninsula. Image Credit: Nick Leonard 1. Sahara Desert, North Africa The Sahara is the world’s largest desert. At over 9,000,000 square kilometers (3,500,000 sq mi), it covers most of Northern Africa, making it almost as large as the United States or the continent of Europe. The desert stretches from the Red Sea, including parts of the Mediterranean coasts, to the outskirts of the Atlantic Ocean. To the south, it is delimited by the Sahel: a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna that comprises the northern region of central and western Sub-Saharan Africa.	i don't know

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