Datasets:

cfli
/

ssss

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 73.3k rows

question stringlengths 18 1.2k	facts stringlengths 44 500k	answer stringlengths 1 147
Which animal is known as the ‘Waller’s Gazelle’?	Gerenuks - Waller's gazelle - Giraffe-necked Antelope. Oregon Zoo - YouTube Gerenuks - Waller's gazelle - Giraffe-necked Antelope. Oregon Zoo Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jan 26, 2014 Cute animals - Gerenuks at Oregon Zoo. Gerenuk (Waller's gazelle) eating grass, walking. The gerenuk, Litocranius walleri, also known as the Waller's gazelle, is a long-necked species of antelope found in dry thorn bush scrub and desert in East Africa, from Somalia, Djibouti and eastern Ethiopia through northern and eastern Kenya to northeastern Tanzania. The word gerenuk (pronounced with a hard g) comes from the Somali language, meaning "giraffe-necked". Gerenuk are sometimes also called the giraffe-necked antelope. It is the sole member of the genus Litocranius. Gerenuks have a relatively small head for their body, but their eyes and ears are proportionately large. Only the males have horns and they also have a more muscular neck than females. Both sexes have ruddy brown coats with a paler underbelly . They have short, black tipped tails. From head to tail, the gerenuk is around 150 centimetres (59 in) long. Males are a little taller than females, at 89--105 cm (35--41 in) tall, with the females typically 80--100 cm (31--39 in) tall. The male is also heavier than the female, weighing 45 kilograms (99 lb), while females weigh around 30 kg (66 lb). Gerenuks feeding Gerenuks seldom graze but browse on prickly bushes and trees, such as acacias. They can reach higher branches and twigs than other gazelles and antelope by standing erect on their rear legs and stretching their elongated necks. They appear to favour the more tender leaves and shoots, but will also eat buds, flowers, fruit, and herbaceous plants. Gerenuks do not appear to drink water; they get enough water from the plants they eat. Because of this, they can survive in very dry habitats. Gerenuks are often prey for lions, cheetahs, jackals and leopards. Gerenuk reproduce throughout the year. Females reach sexual maturity at around one year, and males reach sexual maturity at 1.5 years, although in the wild they may only be successful after acquiring a territory (perhaps 3.5 years).The gestation period is about seven months. They are born one at a time, weighing about 3 kg (6.6 lb) at birth. Gerenuk can live 13 years or more in captivity, and at least eight years in the wild. Music: "Tonto" from Youtube Audio Library. Category	Gerenuk
In the novel ‘The Lord of the Rings’ by Tolkein, what is the name of the horse given to Gandalf by King Theoden?	1000+ images about Gazelles on Pinterest \| Horns, Africa and Giraffes The gerenuk (Litocranius walleri), also known as the Waller's gazelle, is a long-necked species of antelope found in dry bushy scrub and steppe in East Africa See More	i don't know
Philip Morris launched which cigarette brand in 1924?	Marlboro Cigarettes History \| CigarettesReporter.com - Your cigarettes guide Marlboro Cigarettes History 20May by Jenny Novac Marlboro is the largest selling brand of cigarettes in the world. It is made by Philip Morris USA (a branch of Altria) within the US, and by Philip Morris International outside the US. It is famous for its billboard advertisements and magazine ads of the Marlboro Man. The brand is named after Great Marlborough Street, the location of its original London factory. Richmond, Virginia is now the location of the largest Marlboro cigarette manufacturing plant. Marlboro cigarettes packs Philip Morris launched the Marlboro brand in 1924 as a woman’s cigarette, based on the slogan “Mild As May”. In the 1920s, advertising for the cigarette was primarily based around how ladylike the cigarette was. To this end, the filter had a printed red band around it to hide lipstick stains, calling it “Beauty Tips to Keep the Paper from Your Lips”. The brand was sold in this capacity until World War II when the brand faltered and was temporarily removed from the market. At the end of the war, three brands emerged that would establish a firm hold on the cigarette market: Camel , Lucky Strike , and Chesterfield . These brands were supplied to US soldiers during the war, creating an instant market upon their return. After scientists published a major study linking smoking to lung cancer in the 1950s, Philip Morris repositioned Marlboro as a men’s cigarette in order to fit a market niche of men who were concerned about lung cancer, but not wanting to admit it. At the time, filtered cigarettes were considered safer than unfiltered cigarettes, but had been until that time only marketed to women. Men at the time indicated that while they would consider switching to a filtered cigarette, they were concerned about being seen smoking a cigarette marketed to women. The repositioning of Marlboro as a men’s cigarette was handled by Chicago advertiser Leo Burnett. The proposed campaign was to present a lineup of manly figures: sea captains, weightlifters, war correspondents, construction workers, etc. The cowboy was to have been the first in this series. While Philip Morris was concerned about the campaign, they eventually greenlighted the campaign. Within a year, Marlboro’s market share rose from less than one percent to the fourth best-selling brand. This convinced Philip Morris to drop the lineup of manly figures and stick with the cowboy imagery. In order to comply with a court ruling USA vs. Philip Morris, Philip Morris is now prevented from using Marlboro products previously marketed in the United States as “Lights”, “Ultra-Lights”, “Medium”, “Mild”, or any similar designation that yields an impression that some tobacco products are comparatively safe. Similar restrictions were applied in the European Union some years ago.	Marlboro
Which British monarch is portrayed in the 1940 film ‘The Sea hawk’, starring Errol Flynn?	Marlboro logo \| Logok Tourism logo Marlboro logo Marlboro is a American cigarettes brand launched in 1924 by Philip Morris, which is now a branch of Altria. Marlboro is the largest selling cigarettes brand in the world. Established by the Redstone family in 1879 in London, the Sobranie is one of the ... 12 Jun Marlboro is a American cigarettes brand launched in 1924 by Philip Morris, which is now ... 20 Aug Camel is a cigarettes brand that was produced by American company R.J. Reynolds Tobacco since ... \\ Recent logo Waymo logo The Waymo logo was designed by Manual and Waymo In-house. Founded in December 2016, Waymo ... Juventus logo The cuurent bold Juventus logo was released on January 16, 2017, and... ENO logo The current ENO logo was redesigned in 2016 from its 1991 prototype... Adnoc logo The current Adnoc logo was released on 1 November 2016. Founded in... Citroën logo The current Citroën logo launched on Oct 2016, a new, flat-design 2D... Featured logo	i don't know
What is the title of William Shakespeare’s longest play?	Shakespeare's Longest Play Which play is Shakespeare's longest? The average length of a play in Elizabethan England was 3000 lines. With 4,042 lines and 29,551 words, Hamlet is the longest Shakespearean play (based on the first edition of The Riverside Shakespeare, 1974). How to cite this article: Mabillard, Amanda. Shakespeare's Longest Play. Shakespeare Online. 20 Sept. 2004. (date when you accessed the information) < http://www.shakespeare-online.com/faq/shakespearelongestp.html >. ______	Hamlet
The International Society of Krishna Consciousness, also known as The Hare Krishna Movement, has its headquarters in which Indian city?	William Shakespeare - Poet, Playwright - Biography.com William Shakespeare William Shakespeare, often called the English national poet, is widely considered the greatest dramatist of all time. IN THESE GROUPS » quotes “The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool.” “This above all: to thine own self be true, and it must follow, as the night the day, thou canst not then be false to any man.” “There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.” “Cowards die many times before their deaths; the valiant never taste of death but once.” “Lord, what fools these mortals be!” “To weep is to make less the depth of grief.” “In time we hate that which we often fear.” “Men at some time are masters of their fates: the fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, but in ourselves, that we are underlings.” “What's done cannot be undone.” “We are such stuff as dreams are made on, and our little life is rounded with a sleep.” “Madness in great ones must not unwatched go.” “The first thing we do, let's kill all the lawyers.” “All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.” “Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice.” “I say there is no darkness but ignorance.” “I wasted time, and now doth time waste me.” “Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them.” William Shakespeare William Shakespeare - Mini Biography (TV-14; 4:43) Though little is known about William Shakespeare's personal life, his works such as "Hamlet," "Romeo and Juliet," and "King Lear," have influenced literature and theater for over 400 years. Synopsis William Shakespeare was baptized on April 26, 1564, in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. From roughly 1594 onward he was an important member of the Lord Chamberlain’s Men company of theatrical players. Written records give little indication of the way in which Shakespeare’s professional life molded his artistry. All that can be deduced is that over the course of 20 years, Shakespeare wrote plays that capture the complete range of human emotion and conflict. Mysterious Origins Known throughout the world, the works of William Shakespeare have been performed in countless hamlets, villages, cities and metropolises for more than 400 years. And yet, the personal history of William Shakespeare is somewhat a mystery. There are two primary sources that provide historians with a basic outline of his life. One source is his work—the plays, poems and sonnets—and the other is official documentation such as church and court records. However, these only provide brief sketches of specific events in his life and provide little on the person who experienced those events. Early Life Though no birth records exist, church records indicate that a William Shakespeare was baptized at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon on April 26, 1564. From this, it is believed he was born on or near April 23, 1564, and this is the date scholars acknowledge as William Shakespeare's birthday. Located 103 miles west of London, during Shakespeare's time Stratford-upon-Avon was a market town bisected with a country road and the River Avon. William was the third child of John Shakespeare, a leather merchant, and Mary Arden, a local landed heiress. William had two older sisters, Joan and Judith, and three younger brothers, Gilbert, Richard and Edmund. Before William's birth, his father became a successful merchant and held official positions as alderman and bailiff, an office resembling a mayor. However, records indicate John's fortunes declined sometime in the late 1570s. Scant records exist of William's childhood, and virtually none regarding his education. Scholars have surmised that he most likely attended the King's New School, in Stratford, which taught reading, writing and the classics. Being a public official's child, William would have undoubtedly qualified for free tuition. But this uncertainty regarding his education has led some to raise questions about the authorship of his work and even about whether or not William Shakespeare ever existed. Married Life William Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway on November 28, 1582, in Worcester, in Canterbury Province. Hathaway was from Shottery, a small village a mile west of Stratford. William was 18 and Anne was 26, and, as it turns out, pregnant. Their first child, a daughter they named Susanna, was born on May 26, 1583. Two years later, on February 2, 1585, twins Hamnet and Judith were born. Hamnet later died of unknown causes at age 11. After the birth of the twins, there are seven years of William Shakespeare's life where no records exist. Scholars call this period the "lost years," and there is wide speculation on what he was doing during this period. One theory is that he might have gone into hiding for poaching game from the local landlord, Sir Thomas Lucy. Another possibility is that he might have been working as an assistant schoolmaster in Lancashire. It is generally believed he arrived in London in the mid- to late 1580s and may have found work as a horse attendant at some of London's finer theaters, a scenario updated centuries later by the countless aspiring actors and playwrights in Hollywood and Broadway. Theatrical Beginnings By 1592, there is evidence William Shakespeare earned a living as an actor and a playwright in London and possibly had several plays produced. The September 20, 1592 edition of the Stationers' Register (a guild publication) includes an article by London playwright Robert Greene that takes a few jabs at William Shakespeare: "...There is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blank verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in a country," Greene wrote of Shakespeare. Scholars differ on the interpretation of this criticism, but most agree that it was Greene's way of saying Shakespeare was reaching above his rank, trying to match better known and educated playwrights like Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe or Greene himself. By the early 1590s, documents show William Shakespeare was a managing partner in the Lord Chamberlain's Men, an acting company in London. After the crowning of King James I, in 1603, the company changed its name to the King's Men. From all accounts, the King's Men company was very popular, and records show that Shakespeare had works published and sold as popular literature. The theater culture in 16th century England was not highly admired by people of high rank. However, many of the nobility were good patrons of the performing arts and friends of the actors. Early in his career, Shakespeare was able to attract the attention of Henry Wriothesley, the Earl of Southampton, to whom he dedicated his first- and second-published poems: "Venus and Adonis" (1593) and "The Rape of Lucrece" (1594). Establishing Himself By 1597, 15 of the 37 plays written by William Shakespeare were published. Civil records show that at this time he purchased the second largest house in Stratford, called New House, for his family. It was a four-day ride by horse from Stratford to London, so it is believed that Shakespeare spent most of his time in the city writing and acting and came home once a year during the 40-day Lenten period, when the theaters were closed. By 1599, William Shakespeare and his business partners built their own theater on the south bank of the Thames River, which they called the Globe. In 1605, Shakespeare purchased leases of real estate near Stratford for 440 pounds, which doubled in value and earned him 60 pounds a year. This made him an entrepreneur as well as an artist, and scholars believe these investments gave him the time to write his plays uninterrupted. Writing Style William Shakespeare's early plays were written in the conventional style of the day, with elaborate metaphors and rhetorical phrases that didn't always align naturally with the story's plot or characters. However, Shakespeare was very innovative, adapting the traditional style to his own purposes and creating a freer flow of words. With only small degrees of variation, Shakespeare primarily used a metrical pattern consisting of lines of unrhymed iambic pentameter, or blank verse, to compose his plays. At the same time, there are passages in all the plays that deviate from this and use forms of poetry or simple prose. Early Works: Histories and Comedies With the exception of Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare's first plays were mostly histories written in the early 1590s. Richard II, Henry VI (parts 1, 2 and 3) and Henry V dramatize the destructive results of weak or corrupt rulers, and have been interpreted by drama historians as Shakespeare's way of justifying the origins of the Tudor Dynasty. Shakespeare also wrote several comedies during his early period: the witty romance A Midsummer Night's Dream, the romantic Merchant of Venice, the wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the charming As You Like It and Twelfth Night. Other plays, possibly written before 1600, include Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew and The Two Gentlemen of Verona. Later Works: Tragedies and Tragicomedies It was in William Shakespeare's later period, after 1600, that he wrote the tragedies Hamlet, King Lear, Othello and Macbeth. In these, Shakespeare's characters present vivid impressions of human temperament that are timeless and universal. Possibly the best known of these plays is Hamlet, which explores betrayal, retribution, incest and moral failure. These moral failures often drive the twists and turns of Shakespeare's plots, destroying the hero and those he loves. In William Shakespeare's final period, he wrote several tragicomedies. Among these are Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale and The Tempest. Though graver in tone than the comedies, they are not the dark tragedies of King Lear or Macbeth because they end with reconciliation and forgiveness. William Shakespeare - 5 Little Known Facts (; 3:00) James Shapiro, author of “The Year of Lear: Shakespeare in 1606,” shares five discoveries about the famous Bard. (Video Courtesy of Simon & Schuster) Death Tradition has it that William Shakespeare died on his birthday, April 23, 1616, though many scholars believe this is a myth. Church records show he was interred at Trinity Church on April 25, 1616. In his will, he left the bulk of his possessions to his eldest daughter, Susanna. Though entitled to a third of his estate, little seems to have gone to his wife, Anne, whom he bequeathed his "second-best bed." This has drawn speculation that she had fallen out of favor, or that the couple was not close. However, there is very little evidence the two had a difficult marriage. Other scholars note that the term "second-best bed" often refers to the bed belonging to the household's master and mistres—the marital bed—and the "first-best bed" was reserved for guests. Controversy and Literary Legacy About 150 years after his death, questions arose about the authorship of William Shakespeare's plays. Scholars and literary critics began to float names like Christopher Marlowe, Edward de Vere and Francis Bacon —men of more known backgrounds, literary accreditation, or inspiration—as the true authors of the plays. Much of this stemmed from the sketchy details of Shakespeare's life and the dearth of contemporary primary sources. Official records from the Holy Trinity Church and the Stratford government record the existence of a William Shakespeare, but none of these attest to him being an actor or playwright. Skeptics also questioned how anyone of such modest education could write with the intellectual perceptiveness and poetic power that is displayed in Shakespeare's works. Over the centuries, several groups have emerged that question the authorship of Shakespeare's plays. The most serious and intense skepticism began in the 19th century when adoration for Shakespeare was at its highest. The detractors believed that the only hard evidence surrounding William Shakespeare from Stratford-upon-Avon described a man from modest beginnings who married young and became successful in real estate. Members of the Shakespeare Oxford Society (founded in 1957) put forth arguments that English aristocrat Edward de Vere, the 17th Earl of Oxford, was the true author of the poems and plays of "William Shakespeare." The Oxfordians cite de Vere's extensive knowledge of aristocratic society, his education, and the structural similarities between his poetry and that found in the works attributed to Shakespeare. They contend that William Shakespeare had neither the education nor the literary training to write such eloquent prose and create such rich characters. However, the vast majority of Shakespearean scholars contend that William Shakespeare wrote all his own plays. They point out that other playwrights of the time also had sketchy histories and came from modest backgrounds. They contend that Stratford's New Grammar School curriculum of Latin and the classics could have provided a good foundation for literary writers. Supporters of Shakespeare's authorship argue that the lack of evidence about Shakespeare's life doesn't mean his life didn't exist. They point to evidence that displays his name on the title pages of published poems and plays. Examples exist of authors and critics of the time acknowledging William Shakespeare as author of plays such as The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Comedy of Errors and King John. Royal records from 1601 show that William Shakespeare was recognized as a member of the King's Men theater company (formerly known as the Chamberlain's Men) and a Groom of the Chamber by the court of King James I, where the company performed seven of Shakespeare's plays. There is also strong circumstantial evidence of personal relationships by contemporaries who interacted with Shakespeare as an actor and a playwright. What seems to be true is that William Shakespeare was a respected man of the dramatic arts who wrote plays and acted in some in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. But his reputation as a dramatic genius wasn't recognized until the 19th century. Beginning with the Romantic period of the early 1800s and continuing through the Victorian period, acclaim and reverence for William Shakespeare and his work reached its height. In the 20th century, new movements in scholarship and performance have rediscovered and adopted his works. Today, his plays are highly popular and constantly studied and reinterpreted in performances with diverse cultural and political contexts. The genius of Shakespeare's characters and plots are that they present real human beings in a wide range of emotions and conflicts that transcend their origins in Elizabethan England. Videos	i don't know
‘Where Everybody Knows Your Name’ is the theme tune to which US tv series?	Cheers full theme song (with subtitiles) - YouTube Cheers full theme song (with subtitiles) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Feb 13, 2008 This is the cheers full theme song. It has to be one of my favorite shows and im glad i was able to do this one Category	Cheers
Dendrophilia is the love of what?	Gary Portnoy - IMDb IMDb Gary Portnoy was born on June 8, 1956. He is known for his work on Punky Brewster (1984), Mr. Belvedere (1985) and Cheers (1982). See full bio » Born: 21 October 2013 5:45 AM, -08:00 \| The Guardian - TV News Around The Web Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Gary Portnoy's work have you seen? User Polls Nominated for 2 Primetime Emmys. Another 13 wins. See more awards » Known For Music department (5 credits) Cheers (TV Series) (composer - 271 episodes, 1982 - 1993) (performer - 249 episodes, 1983 - 1993) (music performer - 21 episodes, 1982 - 1987) (singer - 1 episode, 1989) - The Baby (1990) ... (composer: theme music) - Runaways (1990) ... (composer: theme music) - Mumsy (1990) ... (composer: theme music) 2015 Le talent de mes amis ("Everytime I Turn Around - Punky Brewster") 2014 Monkey Pudding Face (TV Series short) (writer - 1 episode) 2013 Toddler Sings Punky Brewster Theme (Video short) (writer: "Every Time I Turn Around" - uncredited) 2013 Adventure Time (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Simon & Marcy (2013) ... (writer: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name") 2011 Cheers (TV Series) (writer: "Donde la gente se divierte") 20 to 1 (TV Series documentary) (performer - 1 episode, 2010) (writer - 1 episode, 2010) - All Time Favourite TV Themes (2010) ... (performer: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name") / (writer: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name") 2009 ¡Pechos fuera! (TV Movie documentary) (performer: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name") / (writer: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name") 2004 Nicholas Colasanto: His Final Season (Video short) (lyrics: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name") / (music: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name") / (performer: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name") 2004 Strictly Top-Shelf: The Guys Behind the Bar (Video documentary short) (lyrics: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name") / (music: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name") / (performer: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name") 2003 Setting the Bar: A Conversation with Ted Danson (Video documentary short) (lyrics: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name") / (music: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name") / (performer: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name") Skeppsholmen (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2003) (writer - 1 episode, 2003) - Episode #2.8 (2003) ... (performer: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name") / (writer: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name") 2002 The Jedi Hunter (Short) (performer: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name" (Theme from Cheers)) / (writer: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name" (Theme from Cheers)) 1998 A Night at the Roxbury ("Where Everybody Knows Your Name (Theme from 'Cheers')") Friends (TV Series) (lyrics - 1 episode, 1998) (music - 1 episode, 1998) (performer - 1 episode, 1998) - The One with Ross's Wedding: Part One (1998) ... (lyrics: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name" - uncredited) / (music: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name" - uncredited) / (performer: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name" - uncredited) 1994 The Simpsons (TV Series) (1 episode) - Fear of Flying (1994) ... ("Theme From Cheers (Where Everybody Knows Your Name)") 1993 Cheers: Last Call! (TV Short) (performer: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name") / (writer: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name") Cheers (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 1993) (writer - 1 episode, 1993) - Loathe and Marriage (1993) ... (performer: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name") / (writer: "Where Everybody Knows Your Name") 1987 Marblehead Manor (TV Series) (performer: "It's A Grand Life") / (writer: "It's A Grand Life") 1985 No Complaints! (TV Movie) (writer: "No Complaints") 1985 Mr. Belvedere (TV Series) (writer: "According To Our New Arrivals") Fame (TV Series) (lyrics - 6 episodes, 1982 - 1984) (music - 6 episodes, 1982 - 1984) (writer - 2 episodes, 1983) - Equals (1984) ... (lyrics: "Childhood's End") / (music: "Childhood's End") - Break Dance (1983) ... (lyrics: "I Still Believe In Me") / (music: "I Still Believe In Me")	i don't know
Which British TV chef co-founded a band called ‘Scarlet Division’ in 1989?	Jamie Oliver Celebrity Chef Biography Updated November 07, 2016. Childhood Jamie Trevor Oliver was born May 27, 1975, in Clavering, Essex, England. Jamie grew up in Cambridge where his parents, Trevor and Sally, own a pub and restaurant called The Cricketers (still in business). When he was 8 years old, Jamie began working in his parent's restaurant. At age 11 Jamie could cut vegetables as well as any of the kitchen staff. In 1989, at the age of 14, Jamie formed the band Scarlet Division with composer/musician Leigh Haggerwood. Culinary Career Jamie began attending the Westminster Catering College at the age of 16. Later, he worked in France learning as much as he could before returning to London. His first job back was working for Antonio Carluccio as Head Pastry Chef at The Neal Street Restaurant (CLOSED) (one of the best Italian restaurants in England). Here Jamie worked alongside Gennaro Contaldo, who Jamie considers one of his mentors. After The Neal Street Restaurant, Jamie worked 3 1/2 years at the famous River Cafe in London. continue reading below our video How to Turn Leftover Summer Produce into Jam It was here, Jamie says, where he learned "all about the time and effort that goes into creating the freshest, most honest, totally delicious food." The Television Star The River Cafe was also his big break into television. The day after appearing in a documentary about the restaurant called Christmas at the River Cafe, five television production companies contacted Jamie about starring in his own show. He accepted an offer from Optomen Television to produce his first show The Naked Chef. The title is a reference to the simplicity of his recipes. Two seasons of the show, which also aired in the U.S., were filmed in 1998 and 1999. Jamie's Kitchen was Oliver's second television series. The show, produced by Channel 4, is a documentary that follows Jamie as he mentors 15 unemployed youths (1000 applied for the position). Jamie trains the youngsters to be professional chefs and help staff his first restaurant, Fifteen , a not-for-profit endeavor. The restaurant is still open for business and on its third class of students. Later, Jamie would film another charitable project, Jamie's School Dinners. This four-part series documents Jamie as he takes responsibility for running the kitchen at Kidbrooke School, Greenwich. It also showcases the Feed Me Better campaign, his crusade to change the poor eating habits of children and improve school meal systems. The campaign was directly responsible for the British government's pledge of 280 million pounds (over 3 years) to improve school dinners. Jamie's latest series (2002-present), Oliver's Twist, appears on the Food Network. The show follows Jamie as he shops for the best food in London and takes it home to cook for his friends. In 2005, Jamie's Great Escape premiered. The show is a travelogue of Jamie's trek across Italy (in a camper van) as he tries to rediscover his joy of cooking. The Prolific Writer Aside from his many cookbooks, Jamie has a regular column in the Saturday Times Magazine, is a monthly editor of Marie Claire (UK), and is the food editor for Britain's GQ magazine . The Good British Citizen In 1999, Jamie and his staff of 15 students were invited to 10 Downing Street to prepare lunch for the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, who was entertaining the Italian Prime Minister. In June 2003, Jaimie was awarded an MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) in the Queen's Birthday Honours List for services to the Hospitality Industry. The Family Man On June 24, 2000, Jamie married his childhood sweetheart, Juliette (Jools) Norton. They have two daughters, Poppy Honey (born March 2002) and Daisy Boo (born April 2003).	Jamie Oliver
Which actress played the Red Queen in the 2010 film ‘Alice in Wonderland’?	Jamie Does - Jamie Oliver New hardcover cookbook Spain Italy France Morocco Greece Sweden There are no items in your shopping cart. Jamie Does - Jamie Oliver New hardcover cookbook Spain Italy France Morocco Greece Sweden Jamie Does - Jamie Oliver New hardcover cookbook Spain Italy France Morocco Greece Sweden JAMIE DOES ... Spain, Italy, Sweden, Morocco, Greece, France by Jamie Oliver See other international cookbooks click here Brand new hardcover book, 360 pages. Published 2010. Superb colour photos of food, people and places throughout. Jamie says: The food I've embraced on each trip is a mixture of what you could call the clichéd star dishes - the tagines of Morocco, the flamboyant paella of Spain and the zingy fresh flavours of a classic Greek salad - and the recipes that I've been inspired to make after walking through the markets and soaking up the vibes of each place. What you'll find in this book is fun, optimistic, escapist food you can actually cook and enjoy in your own home. Jamie Does celebrates the vibrant food of six very different countries. Each chapter focuses on a different city or region: Marrakech, Athens, Venice, Andalucia, Stockholm and the Ardeche region of France. The food in each chapter isa mixture of classic dishes and new recipes inspired by the things Jamie learns on his travels. Beautiful reportage photography of the faces, places and ingredients accompanies each chapter. Jamie visited: Jamie Does ... is a UK publication. Measurements are in metric and metric cup & spoon About the author Jamie Oliver was born in May 1975, and grew up in Clavering, Essex, where his parents owned a pub-restaurant, The Cricketers. From an early age, Oliver helped in the pub kitchen; by the time he was 11, he was adept at vegetable prep and could chop "like a demon". In 1989, Oliver formed the band Scarlet Division with best friend Leigh Haggerwood, and dreamed of pop stardom. He was the drummer of the band. However, by age 16, Oliver knew he wanted to be a chef, so he attended Westminster Catering College and then studied in France, learning as much as he could, before returning to London to work as head pastry chef for Antonio Carluccio at The Neal Street Restaurant. After The Neal Street Restaurant, Oliver worked for Rose Gray and Ruth Rogers at the River Cafe for three and a half years; Oliver credits Gray and Rogers with teaching him to create the fresh and simple food which would become his signature. The result was "The Naked Chef", a cooking programme. Two highly successful seasons of "The Naked Chef" were filmed in 1998 and 1999. The popular series brought Oliver worldwide fame, and more television programmes and book deals followed. As of 2006, Oliver had six additional television series and eight books to his name. In 2007, he has a new TV show called " Jamie at Home ," which shows people how easy it is to grow fresh produce from scratch and make good meals. He also has a book out with the same name. In 2005 Jamie Oliver received the prestigious Beacon Fellowship Prize for his contribution to disadvantaged young people, offering training and practical experience in the catering industry. Oliver is married to former model Juliette Norton, also known as "Jools". The couple have 4 children. They live in Hampstead, London. After a brief appearance on "The Naked Chef", Oliver's band, Scarlet Division, was offered a record deal by Sony. Its debut single "Sundial" reached 42 in the UK charts, but, in spite of having been together for ten years, the band had trouble being taken seriously due to Oliver's fame as a chef, and was dropped by Sony. Soon after, Oliver asked Haggerwood to write the music for his new show, "Oliver's Twist". The series, a massive worldwide success, featured Haggerwood's popular theme song "Just The Start". Wanting to create something positive' using his wealth and fame, Oliver conceived and established the Fifteen charity restaurant where he trains 15 disadvantaged young people to work in the hospitality industry. Following the success of the original restaurant in London, more Fifteens have opened around the globe: Fifteen Amsterdam opened in December, 2004, Fifteen Cornwall in Newquay opened in May, 2006, and Fifteen Melbourne opened in September, 2006, with Australian friend and fellow chef, Tobie Puttock . The process of creating and opening the original Fifteen was documented in the series "Jamie's Kitchen". Next, Oliver began a formal campaign to ban unhealthy food in British schools and get kids eating fresh, tasty, nutritious food instead. Oliver's efforts to bring radical change to the school meals system, chronicled in the series "Jamie's School Dinners", challenged the junk food culture by showing schools they could serve healthy, cost-efficient meals that kids enjoyed eating. In June, 2003, Oliver was appointed an MBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours List. Reputedly a multimillionaire, he has also written columns for The Times. A great proponent of fresh organic foods, in May, 2005, Oliver was named the most influential person in the UK hospitality industry when he topped the inaugural CatererSearch 100. The list saw Oliver beating off Sir Francis Mackay, the then-chairman of the contract catering giant, Compass Group, which Oliver had soundly criticised in "Jamie's School Dinners". Jamie has written for The Times, as well as for GQ and Marie Claire magazines. He currently writes for Delicious magazine in the UK and Australia. See other books by Jamie Oliver click here Jamie Does Spain, Italy, Sweden, Morocco, Greece, France by Jamie Oliver Cookbooks Australia has a great range of new, used and out of print recipe books to suit all tastes and palates. Basic, how-to and general cookbooks, international cuisines, favourite chefs and cooks, cake decorating and cupcake recipe books, slow cooker, pressure cooker, quick and easy, comfort food, cookbooks especially for chldren, Australian Women's Weekly recipe books, vintage old favourites from the CWA, Green and Gold, Commonsense Cookery Books. If you are looking for a family favourite recipe or cookbook to give to your daughter, son or to replace your mother's or your own falling-apart copy, it might be here!	i don't know
The Nigerian port of Lagos lies on which Gulf?	Nigeria: FG to Partner NPA On Maritime Security - allAfrica.com Nigeria: FG to Partner NPA On Maritime Security more By Eromosele Abiodun The federal government has said that it will collaborate with the new management of the Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) to ensure adequate security within Nigeria's waterways. The Minister of Transportation, Rotimi Amaechi stated this, weekend in Lagos at the commissioning of NPA's Command, Control, Communication and Intelligence System (CCCIS). CCCIS is a cutting edge security technology, capable of tracking, recording and delivering ships movements within the country's ports domain. The facility, the minister stated, will significantly boost the nation's security and ensure increased revenue from the sector. He said: "With the installation, maritime activities within and beyond the six Nigerian Ports of Lagos, Port Harcourt, Calabar, Onne, Warri can now be meticulously monitored, simultaneously in Lagos. This achievement is a remarkable milestone in the development of the nation's port operational system. It is pertinent to note that the development of this facility began with an approval in 2013 with the aim of providing business Intelligence for the movement of vessels and Cargoes, as well as providing improved and secured communications within our waterways. It will lead to enhancement of efficiency within the nation's seaports." The minister explained that the infrastructure comprises "long and short range video surveillance monitoring systems, as well as several other software applications which are in line with the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and the Ships and Ports Security (ISPS) Code." Amaechi assured the international community that Nigeria as an IMO member remained committed to upholding the thrust of the organisation in the areas of safety, security, environmental protection and trade facilitation. He stressed that he was not in doubt that the, "conceptualisation, development and installation of the CCCIS by the NPA will in no small way promote the ratings of our ports, by the IMO." Speaking earlier, the Managing Director of NPA, Ms. Hadiza Bala Usman said by virtue of the facility the NPA as a worthy stakeholder, would now be capable of assisting the country to surmount security and safety challenges, within Nigeria and the entire Gulf of Guinea. This, she stated, is alongside the capability of an interface with other relevant stakeholders, to track as well as record maritime security breaches. "This technology will enable the Nigerian Ports Authority, not just to generate adequate revenue, but also to ensure that all revenue leakages are blocked, in furtherance of the federal government efforts towards revitalising our economy. Let me reiterate that in the days ahead, the NPA will be playing pro-active roles in the digital space, ensuring that there is synergy and collaboration amongst relevant agencies such as the Nigerian Navy, the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA), the Nigerian Customs Service (NCS) and other security and intelligence agencies, for the purpose of sharing information, documentation to enhance maritime safety, security, as well as block revenue leakages, "she said. She added: "It is pertinent to note that this project comprises of the Marine Operational Centre (MOC), which will enable the actual monitoring of vessels ; the Network Operations Centre (NOC) which is the support; and infrastructure data base, that stores all information, including recorded videos." The facility, she added, covers maritime activities in the nation's six ports and four pilotage districts. She added that the facility should be seen as a running project, representing a journey, and not a destination. "It will incorporate other port automotive devices, like the Vessel Traffic System (VTS) pursuant to the IMO prescription on SOLAS and the Integrated Port Community Information System (IPCIS), with the ultimate goal of establishing an automated Single Window System (SWS)." Copyright © 2016 This Day. All rights reserved. Distributed by AllAfrica Global Media ( allAfrica.com ). To contact the copyright holder directly for corrections — or for permission to republish or make other authorized use of this material, click here. AllAfrica publishes around 700 reports a day from more than 140 news organizations and over 500 other institutions and individuals , representing a diversity of positions on every topic. We publish news and views ranging from vigorous opponents of governments to government publications and spokespersons. Publishers named above each report are responsible for their own content, which AllAfrica does not have the legal right to edit or correct. Articles and commentaries that identify allAfrica.com as the publisher are produced or commissioned by AllAfrica . To address comments or complaints, please Contact us .	Gulf of Guinea
In which English county is the town of Ashby-de-la-Zouch?	Lagos, city, Nigeria Encyclopedia > Places > Africa > Nigeria Political Geography Lagos Lagos (lāˈgŏs, läˈgôs) [ key ], city (1991 est. pop. 1,274,000), SW Nigeria, on the Gulf of Guinea. It comprises the island of Lagos. Lagos is Nigeria's largest city, its administrative and economic center, and its chief port. Industries include railroad repair, motor vehicle assembly, food processing, and the manufacture of metal products, textiles, beverages, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, soap, and furniture. The city is a road and rail terminus and has an international airport. Among its educational and cultural institutions are Moshood Abiola Univ. (formerly the Univ. of Lagos; 1962), Yaba College of Technology (1947), and the National Museum; the city also has a large, multiuse sports stadium. An old Yoruba town, Lagos, beginning in the 15th cent., grew as a trade center and seaport. From the 1820s until it became a British colony, Lagos was a notorious center of the slave trade. Britain annexed the city in 1861, both to tap the trade in palm products and other goods with the interior and to suppress the slave trade. In 1906, Lagos was joined with the British protectorate of Southern Nigeria, and, in 1914, when Southern and Northern Nigeria were amalgamated, it became part of the small coastal Colony of Nigeria. In 1954 most of the colony was merged with the rest of Nigeria, but Lagos was made a separate federal territory. From the late 19th cent. to independence in 1960, Lagos was the center of the Nigerian nationalist movement. Lagos was the capital of Nigeria from independence until 1991, when the capital was moved to Abuja . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.	i don't know
Who played hitman Martin Q Blank in the 1997 film ‘Grosse Pointe Blank’?	Grosse Pointe Blank (1997) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Martin Blank is a professional assassin. He is sent on a mission to a small Detroit suburb, Grosse Pointe, and, by coincidence, his ten-year high school reunion party is taking place there at the same time. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 40 titles created 09 Jun 2012 a list of 38 titles created 25 Jul 2013 a list of 40 titles created 14 Sep 2014 a list of 38 titles created 27 Mar 2015 a list of 43 titles created 11 months ago Title: Grosse Pointe Blank (1997) 7.4/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 2 wins & 6 nominations. See more awards » Videos Rob, a record store owner and compulsive list maker, recounts his top five breakups, including the one in progress. Director: Stephen Frears A teenager has to deal with his girlfriend dumping him among family crises, homicidal paper boys, and a rival skier. Director: Savage Steve Holland A college student plans a cross-country trip to get laid, but ends up traveling with a young woman. They hate each other, so naturally... Director: Rob Reiner A noble underachiever and a beautiful valedictorian fall in love the summer before she goes off to college. Director: Cameron Crowe A feud develops between two air traffic controllers: one cocky and determined while the other is restrained and laidback, which inevitably affects their lives. Director: Mike Newell Edit Storyline Martin Blank is a freelance hitman who starts to develop a conscience, which causes him to muff a couple of routine assignments. On the advice of his secretary and his psychiatrist, he attends his 10th year High School reunion in Grosse Pointe, Michigan (a Detroit suburb where he's also contracted to kill someone). Hot on his tail are a couple of over-enthusiastic federal agents, another assassin who wants to kill him, and Grocer, an assassin who wants him to join an "Assassin's Union." Written by Afterburner <[email protected]> Even A Hit Man Deserves A Second Shot! See more » Genres: Rated R for strong violence, language and some drug content \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 11 April 1997 (USA) See more » Also Known As: $6,870,397 (USA) (11 April 1997) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia The Brand and Flavor of gum that Martin takes while being attacked at the Ultimart is Trident, Original flavor. See more » Goofs During the introducing shots of Grosse Pointe there is a shot of a boat, you can see the helicopter blades on the very top of the screen. See more » Quotes Marty : Why are you so interested in me going to my high school reunion? Marcella : I just find it amusing that you came from somewhere. Courtesy of Warner Bros. Records Inc. By Arrangement with Warner Special Products (Brighton; England) – See all my reviews I love this film! Starring John Cusack, England's patriotically-named Minnie Driver, plus Dan Ackroyd, Alan Arkin & Joan Cusack, Grosse Pointe Blank' is funny, clever, action-packed & has a great eighties soundtrack. John Cusack - as the film's protagonist Martin Blank - is superb, & virtually carries the whole movie. He plays an assassin who started out working for the U.S. Government but has now gone freelance, having managed to rationalise his cold-blooded killing. He is an amoral, sharp, ruthless killer, but also vulnerably human, neurotic, conscience-ridden, tender & romantic. Despite these ostensibly impossible personality contradictions, you never once question that his character is real, you can't help but like the guy, & never stop hoping that things work out for him. Pulling this off is a remarkable achievement & Cusack does it brilliantly. He reluctantly accepts a commission that takes him back to his hometown, Grosse Pointe, coincidentally at exactly the same time as his old High School reunion. While there he visits his childhood sweetheart, local DJ Debi (Driver), for the first time in 10 years when in a fit of madness he had ditched her on their prom night to run off & join the army. As neither she nor anyone else had heard anything from him since then, her feelings about this are understandably rather mixed! Blank visits his institutionalised Mum & the family home, which to his great distress is now an Ultimart', & eventually convinces Debi to go with him to the reunion. His reacquaintances with his former schoolmates are very funny & even quite touching, & are sure to strike a chord with anyone who's ever been to one of those things. Meanwhile various other assassins, chief of which is Blank's rival Grocer (Ackroyd brilliant as ever) are out to kill him. Their reasons are many & varied mainly involving an Assassin's union', secret Government operations & a dead dog (yes, really!). As you can probably guess, these are not the sort of things that are conducive to a successful High School reunion, & mayhem ensues. Grosse Pointe Blank' is extremely funny, full of deadpan, twisted humour - mainly from Cusack, but ably supported by Ackroyd & Arkin. I particularly liked the running gag of Blank's response to the inevitable "what do you do for a living?" question: a completely matter-of-fact "professional killer", which of course not one person takes seriously. I also loved the hilariously neurotic exchanges between Blank & his hounded shrink (Arkin), who ends every conversation with "Don't kill anyone!" There's also a lovely little story involving a pen... The film is also a great action flick - it has some brilliantly choreographed & executed gunfight & hand-to-hand fight sequences in fact some of the best I've ever seen. Cusack looks, or at least is made to look, like a pretty decent athlete himself. The finale is a real tour-de-force, & for me sums up the movie itself: a great gunfight, clever & hilariously funny. This film is wonderful from start to finish if you haven't done so already, see it now! 101 of 113 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	John Cusack
In surfing, ‘Men in Grey Suits’ is another name for what?	Why I’d like to be … John Cusack in Grosse Pointe Blank \| Film \| The Guardian Role model Why I’d like to be … John Cusack in Grosse Pointe Blank This, perhaps the greatest romcom ever conceived with the male viewer in mind, sees puppy-eyed Cusack reinvented as a hard-edged hitman healed by his love for Minnie Driver – exactly the kind of guy my adolescent self couldn’t help but aspire to Share on Messenger Close I was too young to connect to the brimmingly sensitive John Cusack an entire generation fell for: I was but seven at the time of 1985’s The Sure Thing, and 11 when Lloyd Dobler raised his boombox to Ione Skye in 1989’s Say Anything. The Cusack I tuned into was the slightly bruised figure visible by the end of the century: the lovelorn Rob of 2000’s High Fidelity, a film engineered so as to rhyme with any boyish pop-lover’s romantic ups-and-downs; before that, the hitman of 1997’s Grosse Pointe Blank, which may stand as the greatest romantic comedy ever conceived with the male viewer in mind, in that it features one character being bloodily skewered with a Biro, and another with a job sourcing mildly obscure 80s vinyl. There’s a scene two-thirds of the way through the latter film that gets me every time – an unexpectedly tender interlude between the bloodletting and sharp-edged social satire. Our ambiguous hero, the self-improving assassin Martin Q. Blank (Cusack), has retreated to a balcony overlooking his high-school reunion with DJ Debi Newberry (Minnie Driver), the sweetheart he abandoned on prom night. To the sound of Pete Townshend’s Let My Love Open The Door, the pair begin to pick over some unfinished personal business. “I think I was overly harsh when I said you were broken,” offers Debi, by way of conciliation. “I don’t think you’re broken. I think you’re mildly sprained. Nothing that can’t be mended.” “Sorry if I fucked up your life,” Martin ventures, perhaps sensing how that “if” might be superfluous. “It’s not over yet.” In a film that posits contract killing as a metaphor for the damage we can wreak whenever we get close to someone, the scene works because it opens up the possibility of change and redemption – that a partner might recognise our pain and forgive us all previous trespasses. Grosse Pointe Blank is a peculiarly potent watch for men because the script, written by Cusack with Steve Pink, DV DeVincentis and Tom Jankiewicz, on some level acknowledges all our worst instincts: the desire (often misplaced) to put the world to rights, the anger that can shade over into murderous aggression, the persistent need to do something, anything, with our fists, our dicks, a gun – because that’s what we’ve been hardwired to do. Blank’s temporary solution has been to isolate himself, first on prom night, now as an “independent contractor”. Note Cusack’s distinctive walk: fast, clipped, guarded, one hand forever poised on the pistol in his pocket. He is, however, more vulnerable than threatening: though he insists his were deserving victims (“You should read the files on some of these fuckers!”), we see the toll this lonely life has taken in the dark rings beneath his eyes, and how he comes alive again circling Debi. Cusack and Driver were a thing once upon a time, and their chemistry remains a joy: not just affectionate and sexy but regenerative, suggestive of all manner of blanks being filled. My inchoate late-adolescent self couldn’t help but aspire to that. For some while, there was talk of a follow-up – perhaps one in which Martin Blank finds spirituality? But, really, who needs God when you have Debi Newberry? Instead, we got 2008’s War, Inc, a spiritual sequel in which Cusack played a Blankish contractor stalking the Middle East; its Bush-bashing got blunt, and it missed Driver, for all the zip Hilary Duff brought to her role as the Yemeni Britney Spears. There may nevertheless be something equally instructive in the morally compromised figure Cusack now cuts on screen: consider his greasy killer in The Paperboy, The Frozen Ground’s curdled misogynist, or his sweaty, vote-grabbing Nixon in The Butler. Where earlier Cusack characters displayed a puppy-eyed idealism, here are men tainted by exactly those grim compulsions Grosse Pointe Blank diagnoses. They reflect what might have happened to Martin Blank if he hadn’t met Debi Newberry, and his hurt hadn’t healed; if he’d given into the worst aspects of his nature, and gone more or less entirely to seed. We don’t all wind up bombing Cambodia or masturbating in front of Nicole Kidman, thankfully, but in Cusack’s recent reinvention as a prolific character actor, there lurks a valuable warning about what can happen to us once the dewy sheen of youth has evaporated.	i don't know
John Ridd is the hero of which novel by R D Blackmore?	Lorna Doone Characters - eNotes.com Lorna Doone Characters link Link John Ridd John Ridd, the narrator and courageous hero. His hatred of the outlaw Doone clan is at variance with his love for beautiful Lorna Doone. At last, after many adventures, including the vanquishing of the Doones, he marries Lorna. Sir Ensor Doone Sir Ensor Doone, the head of the Doone clan, loved by Lorna. Dying, he gives his blessing to her and John Ridd. Lorna Doone Lorna Doone, Sir Ensor’s ward. Captured by the Doones when a small child, she turns out to be an heiress, Lady Dugal. In love with John Ridd and hating the savage members of the Doone clan, she bravely resists the Doones’ tyrannical efforts to marry her to Carver Doone. Carver Doone Carver Doone, Sir Ensor’s son and the most villainous of the Doones. The actual murderer of John Ridd’s father, he is finally slain by John. Annie Ridd Annie Ridd, John’s sister. Tom Faggus Tom Faggus, a highwayman and John Ridd’s cousin. Annie’s love for Tom involves John in his concerns, almost resulting in John’s execution. Jeremy Stickles Jeremy Stickles, the king’s messenger. Saved by John Ridd from death at the hands of the Doones, he is later able to rescue John from execution. Reuben Huckaback Reuben Huckaback, John Ridd’s great-uncle, who is also a victim of robbery by the Doones. Ruth Ruth, the granddaughter of Huckaback, who wants John Ridd to marry her. John Fry John Fry, who, at the start of the novel, is sent to bring John Ridd home from school. Returning, they discover that the Doones have murdered John Ridd’s father. Lord Alan Brandir Lord Alan Brandir, Lorna’s relative, whose brutal murder by Carver Doone is instrumental in causing her to hate the clan.	Lorna Doone
What is the nickname of the Beijing National Stadium?	Amazon.fr - Lorna Doone - R. D. Blackmore - Livres 5.0 Ã©toiles sur 5 A multidimensional masterpiece 18 septembre 2016 Par TH - PubliÃ© sur Amazon.com Format: Format Kindle Achat vÃ©rifiÃ© Blackmore's Lorna Doone: a Romance of Exmoor is one of the true classics of English literature, a work that anyone interested in virtually any aspect of the traditions of English life, culture history and English literature's traditions must read. I read it relatively late in life, past my mid seventies and found the novel to fill in gaps in my knowledge and understanding of English history and life that I did not even know were there. However, my primary reason for giving the novel a five star rating has to do with the pure pleasure of the experience of becoming involved with the characters and immersed in their lives. Each character receives full development and one cannot but feel passionately toward them. No individual is more steadfast than John Ridd; no woman more beautiful of figure and soul than Lorna Doone; no woman more noble and tragic than Ruth Huckelback; no person more relentlessly evil than Carver Doone; and so on. But for me, the most entrancing passages of the novel are the lyric paeans to nature and country life, worthy in my opinion of the greatest of lyric poets. Lorna Doone is a v_e_r_y long novel. One can almost imagine that Blackmore published it as a magazine serial, but he did not; indeed, he had difficulty getting it published the first time. On the other hand, one can also imagine, a family having the book in its possession, the members would, after dinner, gather round to read and listen to it communally, as families now gather to watch telenovelas or soap operas, for which this novel might serve as model. The twists and turns of plot continue through the final chapter, and at almost every stopping point, one is left hanging. Besides being master of the variety of dialects spoken at the time in England, Blackmore in this novel is also fiendish in his ability to write chapter concluding sentences that both transition to the next chapter and leave one breathlessly suspended. Of course, this novel is in the public domain. The copy whose cover accompanies these remarks is both totally generic (cheap) and completely adequate. 5.0 Ã©toiles sur 5 Wonderful, fantastic romance 29 juin 2016 Par Burwood - PubliÃ© sur Amazon.com Format: Format Kindle Achat vÃ©rifiÃ© Wonderful, fantastic romance. Read it again for the fourth time. Every 5 or 6 years I get it out and dust off the cover. It takes a chapter or two to get in the rhythm of the old English language and then I settle down to take in all the detailed descriptions of character and surroundings. I'm 80 yrs old and never tire of the dedicated, spoken commitment of the two lovers. I wonder if it is still required reading in high school? It has personal meaning for me. My father went to the eighth grade. My mother graduated from college, yet I saw the dedication and love between them, in spite of those differences. Read it. It will lift your soul. 3.0 Ã©toiles sur 5 Lorna Doone: a Romance of Exmoor 7 juin 2014 Par Cphe - PubliÃ© sur Amazon.com Format: Format Kindle Achat vÃ©rifiÃ© I struggled with this novel and wanted to cast it aside quite a few times. I know that many reviewers have loved it but I just think it wasn't for me. To my mind the novel ebbed and flowed - I really enjoyed the wonderful descriptions of farm life and the beautiful and lonely countryside that lent itself to secrecy and the dastardly, villanous Doones. My main quibble with the book were the characters themselves. I've never known a leading female character to spend so much time weeping and falling upon the leading characters breast. The love story between John Ridd and Lorna Doone was sugary sweet. I just didn't perceive Lorna Doone as a strong woman in her own right. However I did enjoy how events and many of the characters came full circle - very cleverly done. I did enjoy the "action" scenes of this quite epic novel but the romantic element was wanting in my opinion.	i don't know
Dina Ruiz married which Hollywood actor and director in March 1996?	Clint Eastwood - Hollywood Life Clint Eastwood Also Known As: Clinton Eastwood, Walt Kowalski, Tommy Nowak, Nick Pulovski, Robert Kincaid FameFlynet Date of Birth: May 30, 1939 Height: 6'4" Hometown: San Francisco, California, United States In a Relationship With: Divorced Best Quotes: “I have a very strict gun control policy: if there's a gun around, I want to be in control of it.” “I think being able to age gracefully is a very important talent. It is too late for me.” “There's only one way to have a happy marriage, and as soon as I learn what it is I'll get married again.” Bio: Clint Eastwood (born Clinton Eastwood, Jr. in San Francisco, California on May 30, 1930) is an American actor, director, producer, and politician. In his extensive career, he has appeared in more than 50 major films, acting, directing, producing, and creating music for most of his roles. Some of his standout roles include work on films True Crime, Flags of Our Fathers, The Bridges of Madison County, The Rookie, and Gran Torino. He also directed major films like Invictus, J. Edgar, Pale Rider, and Heartbreak Ridge. He won Academy Awards for both Best Director and Best Picture for Million Dollar Baby and Unforgiven. He was nominated for the same awards for Letters to Iwo Jima and Mystic River. Clint served in the United States Army during the Korean War. Clint famously gave a speech at the 2012 Republican National Convention to an empty chair, in which he pretended President Barack Obama was sitting. Best Known For: Clint Eastwood is best known as a film director and actor in westerns, dramas, and action films. Personal Life: Clint Eastwood married Maggie Johnson in 1953, just six months after meeting her on a blind date. During their marriage, he had an affair with dancer Roxanne Tunis, which resulted in the 1964 birth of his first daughter, Kimber Tunis. Clint did not publicly acknowledge Kimber until 1996. He then had two children with Maggie — Kyle and Alison Eastwood. Clint filed for separation from Maggie in 1978 but they did not divorce until 1984. Clint began a relationship with actress Sondra Locke in 1975. The pair lived together for 14 years, all while Sondra was legally married to her gay husband. Sondra had two abortions before electing to have her tubes tied. While still living with Sondra, Clint secretly had two children with flight attendant Jacelyn Reeves: Scott and Kathryn Reeves. In 1990, he began living with actress Frances Fisher. Their daughter, Frances Fisher-Eastwood, was born in 1993. After ending his relationship with Frances, Clint started dating television news anchor Dina Ruiz, who is 35 years younger than him. They got married in March 1996. The couple had one daughter together, Morgan Eastwood, in 1996. In 2013, Dina revealed that she and Clint were separated and living apart.	Clint Eastwood
In January 1986 who did George Younger succeed as British Secretary of State for Defence?	Clint Eastwood \| Biography and Filmography \| 1930 Directed the feature film adaptation of the widely popular Broadway musical "Jersey Boys"; also produced 2014 Directed and produced the Oscar-winning war drama "American Sniper," which went on to become the highest-grossing film of 2014, as well as the most financially successful war film of all time, when adjusted for inflation 2012 Starred as a retiring baseball scout in drama "Trouble with the Curve"; first acting role in a film he did not direct since 1993's "In the Line of Fire" 2011 Directed and produced biographical drama "J. Edgar," starring Leonard DiCaprio 2010 Directed the film "Hereafter," which told three parallel stories about three people affected by death in different ways 2009 Executive-produced "Johnny Mercer: The Dream's On Me" for TCM, which earned an Emmy nomination in 2010 for Outstanding Nonfiction Special 2009 Directed Morgan Freeman as former South African President Mandela in "Invictus," about the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa; earned a Golden Globe nomination for Best Director 2008 Directed the period thriller "Changeling," starring Angelina Jolie; also scored the music; earned a Golden Globe nomination for Best Original Score 2008 Helmed and starred in drama "Gran Torino"; earned a Golden Globe nomination for performing the title song 2007 Composed the score for "Grace is Gone" starring John Cusack; earned Golden Globe nominations for Best Original Score and Best Original Song for a Motion Picture 2006 Helmed the WWII drama "Flags of Our Fathers," which centered around the six men that raised the American flag at the Battle of Iwo Jima; received one of two Golden Globe nominations for Best Director 2006 Directed "Letters from Iwo Jima," the companion piece to the Iwo Jima drama "Flags of Our Fathers," told from the Japanese viewpoint; received Golden Globe and Oscar nominations for Best Director and an Oscar nomination for Best Picture 2004 Produced, directed, starred in and composed the music for "Million Dollar Baby" starring Hilary Swank and Morgan Freeman; nominated for Golden Globes for Best Picture and Best Original Score; earned an Oscar nomination for Best Actor 2003 Directed Sean Penn and Kevin Bacon in the film adaption of "Mystic River"; received Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations for Best Picture and Best Director; was nominated by the Directors Guild of America for Outstanding Directorial Achievement 2002 Starred in and directed "Blood Work" 2000 Was subject of documentary "Clint Eastwood: Out of the Shadows," directed by David Ricker; screened at Venice Film Festival 2000 Teamed with James Garner, Tommy Lee Jones and Donald Sutherland for the sci-fi adventure "Space Cowboys"; also produced and directed 1999 Directed and starred in "True Crime" about a journalist who becomes convinced a man on Death Row is innocent; also produced 1997 Directed (also produced) the film adaptation of "Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil"; co-starred his daughter Alison Eastwood 1997 Portrayed a thief who becomes embroiled in a murder with political overtones in "Absolute Power" 1995 Launched the record label, Malpaso Records; first project was the soundtrack for "The Bridges of Madison County"; also directed and co-starred with Meryl Streep 1995 Produced "The Stars Fell on Henrietta" featuring Frances Fisher and Robert Duvall 1993 Had the Clint Eastwood Scholarship Award named after him by Warner Bros. 1993 Teamed with Kevin Costner in the taut "A Perfect World"; also directed and composed a song for the soundtrack 1993 Played an aging Secret Service agent in "In the Line of Fire" 1993 Documentary "Clint Eastwood – The Man From Malpaso" aired on Cinemax 1992 Re-established his superstar status and won widespread acclaim with "Unforgiven"; film won the Best Picture and Best Director Oscar 1990 Portrayed a John Huston-like film director in "White Hunter, Black Heart"; also produced and directed 1988 First credit as an executive producer, "Thelonius Monk: Straight, No Chaser" 1988 Helmed "Bird," the biopic of jazz legend Charlie Parker 1986 Won a landslide victory as mayor of Carmel, CA; served for two years 1985 Made TV directorial debut with an episode of NBC's "Amazing Stories" entitled "Vanessa in the Garden"; story by Steven Spielberg 1984 Earned critical praise for playing a troubled police detective in "Tightrope"; also produced 1983 Last feature with Sondra Locke, "Sudden Impact" 1982 Producing debut, "Firefox"; also starred in and directed 1980 Sang on the soundtrack to "Bronco Billy"; also starred in and directed 1978 Teamed with an orangutan in the comedy "Every Which Way But Loose" 1976 Third outing as Callahan in "The Enforcer" 1975 First of six films with off-screen companion Sondra Locke, "The Outlaw Josey Wales" 1975 Moved production company, Malapaso Co. to Warner Bros. on a "handshake deal" 1973 Directed William Holden and Kay Lenz in "Breezy"; first directing assignment in which he did not also act 1973 Reprised Harry Callahan in "Magnum Force" 1972 Starred in title role of "Joe Kidd" 1970 First played the role of detective Harry Callahan in "Dirty Harry" after Frank Sinatra turned down the part 1970 Made feature directorial debut with "Play Misty For Me"; also starred 1969 Directed first film, a documentary short about the filming of "The Beguiled" (1971) 1969 Starred opposite Shirley MacLaine in "Two Mules for Sister Sara," directed by Siegel 1968 Made singing debut in the film musical "Paint Your Wagon" 1968 First film with director Don Siegel, "Coogan's Bluff" 1966 Re-teamed with Leone for the sequel "For a Few Dollars More" 1964 Delivered breakthrough screen role as the man with no name in the Sergio Leone directed "A Fistful of Dollars" 1959 Starred as Rowdy Yates on popular TV Western "Rawhide" (CBS) 1957 Appeared on the anthology series "The West Point Story" (CBS 1956-1957; ABC 1957-1958) 1955	i don't know
An Aswang, or Asuwang, is a mythical vampire-like creature in the folklore of which Asian country?	Aswang \| Cryptid Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Artist's rendering of an Aswang "Aswang" is a generic term applied to all types of witches, vampires, manananggals, shapeshifters, werebeasts Aswang stories and definitions vary greatly from region to region and person to person, and no particular set of characteristics can be ascribed to the term. However, the term is mostly used interchangeably with manananggal and are also usually depicted as female. Appearance and activities The wide variety of descriptions in the aswang stories make it difficult to settle upon a fixed definition of aswang appearances or activities. However, several common themes that differentiate aswangs from other mythological creatures do emerge: Aswangs are shapeshifters. Stories recount aswangs living as regular townspeople. As regular townspeople, they are quiet, shy and elusive. At night, they transform into creatures such as a cat, pig, bird, or most often, a dog. They enjoy eating unborn fetuses and small children, favoring livers and hearts. Some have long proboscises, which they use to suck the children out of their mothers' wombs or their homes. Some are so thin that they can hide themselves behind a bamboo post. They are fast and silent. Some also make noises, like the Tik-Tik, (the name was derived from the sound it produces) which are louder the further away the aswang is, to confuse its potential victim; and the Bubuu, an aggressive kind of aswang that makes a sound of a laying hen at midnight. They may also replace their live victims or stolen cadavers with doppelgangers made from tree trunks or other plant materials. This facsimile will return to the victim's home, only to become sick and die. An aswang will also have bloodshot eyes, the result of staying up all night searching for houses where wakes are held to steal the bodies. Artist's rendering of an Aswang Kinds of Aswang Manananggal (means "The Remover" in Tagalog) - a woman who is normal by day and by night detaches her torso and sprouts bat wings and eats unborn fetuses. Tik-tik (sometimes known as Wak-wak) - Giant humanoid crows who belong to witches (or "magkukulam"). To stop them, one must remove the crow that is inside of their stomachs. Busaw - resembles human in appearance and behavior. They are corpse thieves/grave robbers. It dwells in cemeteries, sometimes steals fresh corpses from funerals or tragic accidents like car crashes etc. Their weakness is salt. Bubuu - aswang with bloodshot eyes that makes the sound of a laying hen at night. Aswang Festival On October 29 to 30, 2004, Capiz inaugurated the Aswang Festival, organized by a nongovernmental group Dugo Capiznon, Incorporated. It was a Halloween-like Fiesta as a prelude to All Souls Day and All Saints Day festivals. It was, however, condemned by the Catholic hierarchy and some local officials, as an act of adoring the devil. When former Capiz Gov. Vicente Bermejo assumed office as mayor of Roxas City in July 2007, the controversial festival was stopped. Canada's High Banks Entertainment Ltd.’s filmmaker Jordan Clark, 36, traveled to Capiz to film a documentary entitled Aswang: A Journey Into Myth (shot entirely in Victoria, British Columbia’s downtown). The Docu-Movie/suspense film stars Filipina-Canadian stage actress Janice Santos Valdez, with a special appearance of Maricel Soriano. The documentary's proceeds will help raise funds to help restore power in Olotayan Island, Roxas City and support patients of dystonia parkinsonism in Capiz. Capiz has the highest prevalence at 21.94/100,000 cases, which translates to one for every 4,000 men. Aklan has the next highest rate at 7.72/100,000. The figures suggest that XDP is endemic in Panay, particularly in Capiz. Some believe that dystonia was the origin of the belief in the existence of aswang. Especially during the times in the past when disorders like dystonia were yet to be diagnosed and understood in the Philippines, some people assumed that individuals afflicted with dystonia were aswang. Some physical manifestations of dystonia resemble the typical characteristics of an aswang, thus giving the illusion of a sufferer being an aswang.	Philippines
An Izba is a type of log house traditional to which country?	Vampire - Mythical Creatures Mythical Creatures Wendigo Vampire Vampires are mythological or folkloric beings who subsist by feeding on the life essence (generally in the form of blood) of living creatures, regardless of whether they are undead or a living person/being. Although vampiric entities have been recorded in many cultures, and may go back to "prehistoric times", the term vampire was not popularized until the early 18th century, after an influx of vampire superstition into Western Europe from areas where vampire legends were frequent, such as the Balkans and Eastern Europe, although local variants were also known by different names, such as vrykolakas in Greece and strigoi in Romania. This increased level of vampire superstition in Europe led to mass hysteria and in some cases resulted in corpses actually being staked and people being accused of vampirism. While even folkloric vampires of the Balkans and Eastern Europe had a wide range of appearance ranging from nearly human to bloated rotting corpses, it was interpretation of the vampire by the Christian Church and the success of vampire literature, namely John Polidori's 1819 novella The Vampyre that established the archetype of charismatic and sophisticated vampire; it is arguably the most influential vampire work of the early 19th century, inspiring such works as Varney the Vampire and eventually Dracula. The Vampyre was itself based on Lord Byron's unfinished story "Fragment of a Novel", also known as "The Burial: A Fragment", published in 1819. However, it is Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula that is remembered as the quintessential vampire novel and which provided the basis of modern vampire fiction.Dracula drew on earlier mythologies of werewolves and similar legendary demons and "was to voice the anxieties of an age", and the "fears of late Victorian patriarchy". The success of this book spawned a distinctive vampire genre, still popular in the 21st century, with books, films, video games, and television shows. The vampire is such a dominant figure in the horror genre that literary historian Susan Sellers places the current vampire myth in the "comparative safety of nightmare fantasy". The notion of vampirism has existed for millennia; cultures such as the Mesopotamians, Hebrews, Ancient Greeks, and Romans had tales of demons and spirits which are considered precursors to modern vampires. However, despite the occurrence of vampire-like creatures in these ancient civilizations, the folklore for the entity we know today as the vampire originates almost exclusively from early-18th-century southeastern Europe, when verbal traditions of many ethnic groups of the region were recorded and published. In most cases, vampires are reverants of evil beings, suicide victims, or witches, but they can also be created by a malevolent spirit possessing a corpse or by being bitten by a vampire. Belief in such legends became so pervasive that in some areas it caused mass hysteria and even public executions of people believed to be vampires. Creating Vampires The causes of vampiric generation were many and varied in original folklore. In Slavic and Chinese traditions, any corpse that was jumped over by an animal, particularly a dog or a cat, was feared to become one of the undead. A body with a wound that had not been treated with boiling water was also at risk. In Russian folklore, vampires were said to have once been witches or people who had rebelled against the Russian Orthodox Church while they were alive. Cultural practices often arose that were intended to prevent a recently deceased loved one from turning into an undead revenant. Burying a corpse upside-down was widespread, as was placing earthly objects, such as scythes or sickles, near the grave to satisfy any demons entering the body or to appease the dead so that it would not wish to arise from its coffin. This method resembles the Ancient Greek practice of placing an obolus in the corpse's mouth to pay the toll to cross the River Styx in the underworld; it has been argued that instead, the coin was intended to ward off any evil spirits from entering the body, and this may have influenced later vampire folklore. This tradition persisted in modern Greek folklore about the vrykolakas, in which a wax cross and piece of pottery with the inscription "Jesus Christ conquers" were placed on the corpse to prevent the body from becoming a vampire. Other methods commonly practised in Europe included severing the tendons at the knees or placing poppy seeds, millet, or sand on the ground at the grave site of a presumed vampire; this was intended to keep the vampire occupied all night by counting the fallen grains, indicating an association of vampires with arithmomania. Similar Chinese narratives state that if a vampire-like being came across a sack of rice, it would have to count every grain; this is a theme encountered in myths from the Indian subcontinent, as well as in South American tales of witches and other sorts of evil or mischievous spirits or beings. In Albanian folklore, the dhampir is the son of the karkanxholl or the lugat. If the karkanxholl sleeps with his wife, and she is impregnated with a child, the offspring is called dhampir and has the unique ability to discern the karkanxholl; from this derives the expression the dhampir knows the lugat. The lugat cannot be seen, he can only be killed by the dhampir, who himself is usually the son of a lugat. In different regions, animals can be revenants as lugats; also, living people during their sleep. Dhampiraj is also an Albanian surname. Apotropaics, items able to ward off revenants, are common in vampire folklore. Garlic is a common example, a branch of wild rose and hawthorn plant are said to harm vampires, and in Europe, sprinkling mustard seeds on the roof of a house was said to keep them away. Other apotropaics include sacred items, for example a crucifix, rosary, or holy water. Vampires are said to be unable to walk on consecrated ground, such as that of churches or temples, or cross running water. Although not traditionally regarded as an apotropaic, mirrors have been used to ward off vampires when placed, facing outwards, on a door (in some cultures, vampires do not have a reflection and sometimes do not cast a shadow, perhaps as a manifestation of the vampire's lack of a soul). This attribute, although not universal (the Greek vrykolakas/tympanios was capable of both reflection and shadow), was used by Bram Stoker in Dracula and has remained popular with subsequent authors and filmmakers. Some traditions also hold that a vampire cannot enter a house unless invited by the owner, although after the first invitation they can come and go as they please. Though folkloric vampires were believed to be more active at night, they were not generally considered vulnerable to sunlight. Methods of Destruction Methods of destroying suspected vampires varied, with staking the most commonly cited method, particularly in southern Slavic cultures. Ash was the preferred wood in Russia and the Baltic states, or hawthorn in Serbia, with a record of oak in Silesia. Potential vampires were most often staked through the heart, though the mouth was targeted in Russia and northern Germany and the stomach in north-eastern Serbia. Piercing the skin of the chest was a way of "deflating" the bloated vampire; this is similar to the act of burying sharp objects, such as sickles, in with the corpse, so that they may penetrate the skin if the body bloats sufficiently while transforming into a revenant. Decapitation was the preferred method in German and western Slavic areas, with the head buried between the feet, behind the buttocks or away from the body. This act was seen as a way of hastening the departure of the soul, which in some cultures, was said to linger in the corpse. The vampire's head, body, or clothes could also be spiked and pinned to the earth to prevent rising. Gypsies drove steel or iron needles into a corpse's heart and placed bits of steel in the mouth, over the eyes, ears and between the fingers at the time of burial. They also placed hawthorn in the corpse's sock or drove a hawthorn stake through the legs. In a 16th-century burial near Venice, a brick forced into the mouth of a female corpse has been interpreted as a vampire-slaying ritual by the archaeologists who discovered it in 2006. Further measures included pouring boiling water over the grave or complete incineration of the body. In the Balkans, a vampire could also be killed by being shot or drowned, by repeating the funeral service, by sprinkling holy water on the body, or by exorcism. In Romania, garlic could be placed in the mouth, and as recently as the 19th century, the precaution of shooting a bullet through the coffin was taken. For resistant cases, the body was dismembered and the pieces burned, mixed with water, and administered to family members as a cure. In Saxon regions of Germany, a lemon was placed in the mouth of suspected vampires. In Bulgaria, over 100 skeletons with metal objects, such as plough bits, embedded in the torso have been discovered. Ancient Beliefs Lilith (1892), by John Collier Tales of supernatural beings consuming the blood or flesh of the living have been found in nearly every culture around the world for many centuries.Today, we would associate these entities with vampires, but in ancient times, the term vampire did not exist; blood drinking and similar activities were attributed to demons or spirits who would eat flesh and drink blood; even the Devil was considered synonymous with the vampire. Almost every nation has associated blood drinking with some kind of revenant or demon, or in some cases a deity. In India, for example, tales of vetālas, ghoul-like beings that inhabit corpses, have been compiled in the Baitāl Pacīsī; a prominent story in the Kathāsaritsāgara tells of King Vikramāditya and his nightly quests to capture an elusive one. Piśāca, the returned spirits of evil-doers or those who died insane, also bear vampiric attributes. The Persians were one of the first civilizations to have tales of blood-drinking demons: creatures attempting to drink blood from men were depicted on excavated pottery shards. Ancient Babylonia and Assyria had tales of the mythical Lilitu, synonymous with and giving rise to Lilith and her daughters the Lilu from Hebrew demonology. Lilitu was considered a demon and was often depicted as subsisting on the blood of babies. And Estries, female shape changing, blood drinking demons, were said to roam the night among the population, seeking victims. According to Sefer Hasidim, Estries were creatures created in the twilight hours before God rested. And injured Estrie could be healed by eating bread and salt given her by her attacker. Ancient Greek and Roman mythology described the Empusae, the Lamia, and the striges. Over time the first two terms became general words to describe witches and demons respectively. Empusa was the daughter of the goddess Hecate and was described as a demonic, bronze-footed creature. She feasted on blood by transforming into a young woman and seduced men as they slept before drinking their blood. The Lamia preyed on young children in their beds at night, sucking their blood, as did thegelloudes or Gello. Like the Lamia, the striges feasted on children, but also preyed on young men. They were described as having the bodies of crows or birds in general, and were later incorporated into Roman mythology as strix, a kind of nocturnal bird that fed on human flesh and blood.[74] Christianity With the arrival of Christianity in Greece, and other parts of Europe, the vampire "began to take on decidedly Christian characteristics." As various regions of the continent converted to Christianity, the vampire was viewed as "a dead person who retained a semblance of life and could leave its grave-much in the same way that Jesus had risen after his death and burial and appeared before his followers." In the Middle Ages, the Christian Church reinterpreted vampires from their previous folk existence into minions of Satan, and used an allegory to communicate a doctrine to Christians: "Just as a vampire takes a sinner's very spirit into itself by drinking his blood, so also can a righteous Christian by drinking Christ's blood take the divine spirit into himself." The interpretation of vampires under the Christian Church established connotations that are still associated in the vampire genre today. For example, the "ability of the cross to hurt and ward off vampires is distinctly due to its Christian association." Medieval and later European Folklore The 800-year-old skeleton found in Bulgaria stabbed through the chest with iron rod. Many of the myths surrounding vampires originated during the medieval period. The 12th-century English historians and chroniclers Walter Map and William of Newburgh recorded accounts of revenants, though records in English legends of vampiric beings after this date are scant. The Old Norse draugr is another medieval example of an undead creature with similarities to vampires. Vampires proper originate in folklore widely reported from Eastern Europe in the late 17th and 18th centuries. These tales formed the basis of the vampire legend that later entered Germany and England, where they were subsequently embellished and popularized. One of the earliest recordings of vampire activity came from the region of Istria in modern Croatia, in 1672. Local reports cited the local vampire Giure Grando of the village Khring near Tinjan as the cause of panic among the villagers. A former peasant, Guire died in 1656; however, local villagers claimed he returned from the dead and began drinking blood from the people and sexually harassing his widow. The village leader ordered a stake to be driven through his heart, but when the method failed to kill him, he was subsequently beheaded with better results. During the 18th century, there was a frenzy of vampire sightings in Eastern Europe, with frequent stakings and grave diggings to identify and kill the potential revenants; even government officials engaged in the hunting and staking of vampires. Despite being called the Age of Enlightenment, during which most folkloric legends were quelled, the belief in vampires increased dramatically, resulting in a mass hysteria throughout most of Europe. The panic began with an outbreak of alleged vampire attacks in East Prussia in 1721 and in the Habsburg Monarchy from 1725 to 1734, which spread to other localities. Two famous vampire cases, the first to be officially recorded, involved the corpses of Peter Plogojowitz and Arnold Paole from Serbia. Plogojowitz was reported to have died at the age of 62, but allegedly returned after his death asking his son for food. When the son refused, he was found dead the following day. Plogojowitz supposedly returned and attacked some neighbours who died from loss of blood. In the second case, Paole, an ex-soldier turned farmer who allegedly was attacked by a vampire years before, died while haying. After his death, people began to die in the surrounding area and it was widely believed that Paole had returned to prey on the neighbours. Another famous Serbian legend involving vampires concentrates around a certain Sava Savanović living in a watermill and killing and drinking blood from millers. The character was later used in a story written by Serbian writer Milovan Glišić and in the Serbian 1973 horror film Leptirica inspired by the story. The two incidents were well-documented: government officials examined the bodies, wrote case reports, and published books throughout Europe. The hysteria, commonly referred to as the "18th-Century Vampire Controversy", raged for a generation. The problem was exacerbated by rural epidemics of so-claimed vampire attacks, undoubtedly caused by the higher amount of superstition that was present in village communities, with locals digging up bodies and in some cases, staking them. Although many scholars reported during this period that vampires did not exist, and attributed reports to premature burial or rabies, superstitious belief increased. Dom Augustine Calmet, a well-respected French theologian and scholar, put together a comprehensive treatise in 1746, which was ambiguous concerning the existence of vampires. Calmet amassed reports of vampire incidents; numerous readers, including both a critical Voltaire and supportive demonologists, interpreted the treatise as claiming that vampires existed. In his Philosophical Dictionary, Voltaire wrote: These vampires were corpses, who went out of their graves at night to suck the blood of the living, either at their throats or stomachs, after which they returned to their cemeteries. The persons so sucked waned, grew pale, and fell into consumption; while the sucking corpses grew fat, got rosy, and enjoyed an excellent appetite. It was in Poland, Hungary, Silesia, Moravia, Austria, and Lorraine, that the dead made this good cheer. The controversy only ceased when Empress Maria Theresa of Austria sent her personal physician, Gerard van Swieten, to investigate the claims of vampiric entities. He concluded that vampires did not exist and the Empress passed laws prohibiting the opening of graves and desecration of bodies, sounding the end of the vampire epidemics. Despite this condemnation, the vampire lived on in artistic works and in local superstition. Non-European Beliefs: Africa Various regions of Africa have folkloric tales of beings with vampiric abilities: in West Africa the Ashanti people tell of the iron-toothed and tree-dwelling asanbosam, and the Ewe people of the adze, which can take the form of a firefly and hunts children. The eastern Cape region has the impundulu, which can take the form of a large taloned bird and can summon thunder and lightning, and the Betsileo people of Madagascar tell of the ramanga, an outlaw or living vampire who drinks the blood and eats the nail clippings of nobles. The Americas The Loogaroo is an example of how a vampire belief can result from a combination of beliefs, here a mixture of French and African Vodu or voodoo. The term Loogaroo possibly comes from the French loup-garou (meaning "werewolf") and is common in the culture of Mauritius. However, the stories of the Loogaroo are widespread through the Caribbean Islands and Louisiana in the United States. Similar female monsters are the Soucouyant of Trinidad, and the Tunda and Patasola of Colombian folklore, while the Mapuche of southern Chile have the bloodsucking snake known as the Peuchen. Aloe vera hung backwards behind or near a door was thought to ward off vampiric beings in South American superstition. Aztec mythology described tales of the Cihuateteo, skeletal-faced spirits of those who died in childbirth who stole children and entered into sexual liaisons with the living, driving them mad. During the late 18th and 19th centuries the belief in vampires was widespread in parts of New England, particularly in Rhode Island and Eastern Connecticut. There are many documented cases of families disinterring loved ones and removing their hearts in the belief that the deceased was a vampire who was responsible for sickness and death in the family, although the term "vampire" was never actually used to describe the deceased. The deadly disease tuberculosis, or "consumption" as it was known at the time, was believed to be caused by nightly visitations on the part of a dead family member who had died of consumption themselves. The most famous, and most recently recorded, case of suspected vampirism is that of nineteen-year-old Mercy Brown, who died in Exeter, Rhode Island in 1892. Her father, assisted by the family physician, removed her from her tomb two months after her death, cut out her heart and burned it to ashes. Asia Rooted in older folklore, the modern belief in vampires spread throughout Asia with tales of ghoulish entities from the mainland, to vampiric beings from the islands of Southeast Asia. South Asia also developed other vampiric legends. The Bhūta or Prét is the soul of a man who died an untimely death. It wanders around animating dead bodies at night, attacking the living much like a ghoul. In northern India, there is the BrahmarākŞhasa, a vampire-like creature with a head encircled by intestines and a skull from which it drank blood. The figure of the Vetala who appears in South Asian legend and story may sometimes be rendered as "Vampire" (see the section on "Ancient Beliefs" above). Although vampires have appeared in Japanese cinema since the late 1950s, the folklore behind it is western in origin. However, the Nukekubi is a being whose head and neck detach from its body to fly about seeking human prey at night. There's also the Kitsune who are spiritual vampires that need life force to survive and use magic. As such, they acquire it from making love with humans. The manananggal of Philippine mythology Legends of female vampire-like beings who can detach parts of their upper body also occur in the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia. There are two main vampire-like creatures in the Philippines: the Tagalog mandurugo ("blood-sucker") and the Visayan manananggal ("self-segmenter"). The mandurugo is a variety of the aswang that takes the form of an attractive girl by day, and develops wings and a long, hollow, thread-like tongue by night. The tongue is used to suck up blood from a sleeping victim. The manananggal is described as being an older, beautiful woman capable of severing its upper torso in order to fly into the night with huge bat-like wings and prey on unsuspecting, sleeping pregnant women in their homes. They use an elongated proboscis-like tongue to suck fetuses from these pregnant women. They also prefer to eat entrails (specifically the heart and the liver) and the phlegm of sick people. The Malaysian Penanggalan may be either a beautiful old or young woman who obtained her beauty through the active use of black magic or other unnatural means, and is most commonly described in local folklore to be dark or demonic in nature. She is able to detach her fanged head which flies around in the night looking for blood, typically from pregnant women. Malaysians would hang jeruju (thistles) around the doors and windows of houses, hoping the Penanggalan would not enter for fear of catching its intestines on the thorns. The Leyak is a similar being from Balinese folklore. A Kuntilanak or Matianak in Indonesia, or Pontianak or Langsuir in Malaysia, is a woman who died during childbirth and became undead, seeking revenge and terrorizing villages. She appeared as an attractive woman with long black hair that covered a hole in the back of her neck, with which she sucked the blood of children. Filling the hole with her hair would drive her off. Corpses had their mouths filled with glass beads, eggs under each armpit, and needles in their palms to prevent them from becoming langsuir. This description would also fit the Sundel Bolongs. Jiang Shi (simplified Chinese: 僵尸; traditional Chinese: 僵屍 or 殭屍; pinyin: jiāngshī; literally "stiff corpse"), sometimes called "Chinese vampires" by Westerners, are reanimated corpses that hop around, killing living creatures to absorb life essence (qì) from their victims. They are said to be created when a person's soul (魄 pò) fails to leave the deceased's body. However, some have disputed the comparison of jiang shi with vampires, as jiang shi are usually mindless creatures with no independent thought. One unusual feature of this monster is its greenish-white furry skin, perhaps derived from fungus or mold growing on corpses. Modern Beliefs In modern fiction, the vampire tends to be depicted as a suave, charismatic villain. Despite the general disbelief in vampiric entities, occasional sightings of vampires are reported. Indeed, vampire hunting societies still exist, although they are largely formed for social reasons. Allegations of vampire attacks swept through the African country of Malawi during late 2002 and early 2003, with mobs stoning one individual to death and attacking at least four others, including Governor Eric Chiwaya, based on the belief that the government was colluding with vampires. In early 1970 local press spread rumours that a vampire haunted Highgate Cemetery in London. Amateur vampire hunters flocked in large numbers to the cemetery. Several books have been written about the case, notably by Sean Manchester, a local man who was among the first to suggest the existence of the "Highgate Vampire" and who later claimed to have exorcised and destroyed a whole nest of vampires in the area. In January 2005, rumours circulated that an attacker had bitten a number of people in Birmingham, England, fuelling concerns about a vampire roaming the streets. However, local police stated that no such crime had been reported and that the case appears to be an urban legend. The female vampire costume In 2006, a physics professor at the University of Central Florida wrote a paper arguing that it is mathematically impossible for vampires to exist, based on geometric progression. According to the paper, if the first vampire had appeared on 1 January 1600, and it fed once a month (which is less often than what is depicted in films and folklore), and every victim turned into a vampire, then within two and a half years the entire human population of the time would have become vampires. The paper made no attempt to address the credibility of the assumption that every vampire victim would turn into a vampire. In one of the more notable cases of vampiric entities in the modern age, the chupacabra ("goat-sucker") of Puerto Rico and Mexico is said to be a creature that feeds upon the flesh or drinks the blood of domesticated animals, leading some to consider it a kind of vampire. The "chupacabra hysteria" was frequently associated with deep economic and political crises, particularly during the mid-1990s. In Europe, where much of the vampire folklore originates, the vampire is usually considered a fictitious being, although many communities may have embraced the revenant for economic purposes. In some cases, especially in small localities, vampire superstition is still rampant and sightings or claims of vampire attacks occur frequently. In Romania during February 2004, several relatives of Toma Petre feared that he had become a vampire. They dug up his corpse, tore out his heart, burned it, and mixed the ashes with water in order to drink it. Vampirism and the Vampire lifestyle also represent a relevant part of modern day's occultist movements. The mythos of the vampire, his magickal qualities, allure, and predatory archetype express a strong symbolism that can be used in ritual, energy work, and magick, and can even be adopted as a spiritual system. The vampire has been part of the occult society in Europe for centuries and has spread into the American sub-culture as well for more than a decade, being strongly influenced by and mixed with the neo gothic aesthetics. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire	i don't know
In the 2009 animated film ‘Up’ who is the voice of explorer Charles F Muntz?	Charles F. Muntz \| Disney Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia [Source] Charles F. Muntz is a famous explorer admired by Carl Fredricksen and his wife Ellie as children, and the main antagonist of Disney/ Pixar 's 2009 film Up . In the movie, he found the bones of a tropical bird in South America but the scientific community claimed they were fake. Insulted, Muntz searches the South American wilderness for a live member of the same bird species, traveling in a zeppelin with his many pet dogs, whom he equips with special collars he invented that enable them to speak. They are lead by Alpha and his assistants Beta and Gamma . Contents Background Physical Description Charles F. Muntz has white hair. He wears a white dirty short-sleeved shirt with a brown winter jacket. He wears tan pants and brown shoes and carries a cane. His eyes are aqua. He also has a mustache. Personality At the peak of his career, Muntz was a charismatic, smart and daring young man whose spirit inspired countless fans to look for adventure. However, Muntz's quest for the bird that caused his disgrace destroyed him, as his search turned to obsession. Now a ghost of his former self, he became a heartless man, consumed by bitterness, paranoid to the extreme, and convinced that anyone who comes across him is after the bird. It is implied he killed two explorers already, and was intending to do the same with Russell and Carl . It is shown that Muntz's obsession is such that he doesn't care anymore for the rest of his collection, showing no hesitation to destroy some of his unique specimens when trying to take down Carl. Muntz largely serves as parallel to Carl. He was a man broken because he lived obsessed with his former existence and desperately trying to relive it at any cost, showing what Carl could have become, had he not learned to accept loss and move on with his life. Appearances Up Charles F. Muntz was a renowned explorer and entrepreneur while Carl and Ellie were children. He often traveled in his zeppelin, "The Spirit of Adventure", with his many canine companions. Thanks to Muntz's own ingenuity, he crafted many devices in his dirigible to make his life and his dogs as comfortable as possible. He also created the communicators in their collars later so they could be able to talk to each other. During one eventful return from Paradise Falls in South America, Muntz reveals an astonishing discovery—the skeleton of "The Monster of Paradise Falls". Scientists, however, believed the skeleton was a fabrication and Muntz was publicly disgraced. He vowed to capture the creature alive and not return to the United States until he did. Almost seventy years later, he is all but forgotten on the mainland, but his sole focus is to finally capture the rare bird. He apparently discovers where it hides, a monstrous rocky labyrinth, but can't go in himself and claims to have lost many of his dogs when he sent them in to capture the bird. The time he has spent alone and concentrating only on his mission has made him extremely paranoid and dangerous. It is hinted that he has murdered other visitors to Paradise Falls whom he thinks were after the bird. Later in the film he meets up with Carl and Russell and invites them over to his zeppelin for dinner, telling them of his search for the rare valuable bird, whom Kevin is a perfect match for his description. After Russel blurts out that Kevin is his pet and the bird he's looking for, Muntz becomes convinced that they are out to take credit for the bird's existence, so he sends his dogs after them. Carl, Russell, and Dug manage to escape by getting Kevin to fly over a cliff, but her leg is injured by Alpha. That night, their location is given away by Dug 's collar and Muntz captures Kevin in a net just before she can make it back to her babies. He gives Carl the ultimatum of either rescuing Kevin or saving his house, which he has set on fire. Carl rushes to put out the blaze and Muntz easily incapacitates Russell as he gets away with Kevin. Russell, thinking Carl only cares about his home, goes off to rescue by himself, but is tied up by Muntz and Alpha. Knowing that Carl can't be far behind, he leaves Russell as bait as he returns to pilot the dirigible. Charles F. Muntz confronts Carl and they fight while Russell goes to rescue Kevin. Dug saves Carl from Muntz, no longer trusting him as his master. Dug, Russel, and Kevin make their way to Carl's floating house with Charles in pursuit, trying to bring down the house with a hunting rifle. He makes his way into the house and tries to shoot them with his rifle, but Carl lures Kevin out of the house with a piece of chocolate, knocking away the rifle, while Dug and Russell are on her back. When Muntz leaps out of the window after them to grab hold, his foot gets entangled in some balloon strings, and when they snap, Muntz falls to his presumed demise thousands of feet below. Muntz is mentioned by Alpha in the short as "Master". Gallery The Disney Wiki has a collection of images and media related to Charles F. Muntz . Trivia Considering that Muntz is 23 and Carl 9 at the beginning of the movie, [1] and that Carl is 78 by the time he takes off with his house, Muntz would be 92 years old when they meet. Muntz's full middle name is unknown. His name comes from Charles Mintz, who tried to sue Walt Disney for their Oswald the Lucky Rabbit character (from where the Mickey Mouse character later spawned). The name "Carl" is also a Germanic form of the name "Charles", suggesting that both characters are foils of each other and how Muntz represents a side of Carl. Muntz's objectives, actions and fate are very similar or arguably nearly identical to those of McLeach , the antagonist in The Rescuers Down Under . At the start of the film, Muntz was thought to have been a minor character but is revealed to actually be the antagonist. When talking to Carl, Muntz talks about being on safari with Roosevelt. It is hard to tell if he means Theodore Roosevelt (a well-known explorer and adventurer) or one of Roosevelt's sons or his nephew, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, as Theodore Roosevelt passed away in 1919 when Charles was only 3 years old. The ultimate fate of Muntz was a work in progress for Pixar as they tried several versions to get him out of the way so the film could get back to Carl and his connection to Ellie. First, they tried giving Muntz a chance to redeem himself to the point where it resorted to just him talking with Carl. Then they tried an ending that was reminiscent of Stanley Kubrick's version of The Shining where Muntz goes after Kevin in the labyrinth, where he's left to wander forever, but it felt more like Muntz's ending than Carl's ending. At that point, Pixar decided to place the climax on the Spirit of Adventure and one version had Muntz trapped in the house as it floats away, but it felt wrong due to the house being seen as Ellie. Another version had Muntz caught in a bunch of balloons and floating upwards, but it left an uncertainty as to whether he was dead. It was at this point that Pixar decided the best comeuppance for Muntz was for him to get caught in the balloons and fall with them. This is discussed on the DVD extra "The Many Endings of Muntz." Director Pete Docter indirectly mentioned in the DVD bonus "The Many Endings of Muntz" that Charles F. Muntz represented Carl's side that gave up on sanity after losing his most prized possession ( Ellie to Carl, the bird to Muntz). In order for Carl to overcome his grief, his dark side had to be defeated, in other words, Muntz had to die. This commentary indirectly implies that Muntz did not survive the fall. Although he dies at the end of the film, he is shown to be still alive in the Kinect Rush: A Disney/Pixar Adventure video game, along with that his dogs are still evil in the game. It could be that he might have survived the fall and that he used some different dogs. An Easter egg found in the Blu-ray version titled "The Egg" discusses an idea about Kevin's eggs restoring youth when consumed. The egg is what Muntz goes after in this version and it is not known if he still wants to clear his name. The idea was later abandoned. Christopher Plummer , Muntz's voice actor, played Captain von Trapp from The Sound of Music and voiced the Grand Duke of Owls from Rock-a-Doodle and voiced the narrator in the Madeline franchise. Muntz has his own musical theme composed by Michael Giacchino that's the first piece of music heard in Up. It echoes through the film when Carl and Russell meet him 70 years after young Carl sees Muntz in the newsreel at the beginning. A twisted version plays when Carl realizes Muntz's intention of capturing Kevin and killing anyone who gets in his way. Finally, the theme plays against Ellie's theme during the climactic battle between Carl and Muntz. Muntz is never referred to by his middle initial anywhere in the film. His defeat is one of the best-known villain defeats of any Pixar villain. References	Christopher Plummer
Convalleria majalis is the Latin name for which flower?	Up \| Film review \| Film \| Film \| The Guardian The Guardian The Observer Up Superb animation turns Disney's tale of a grumpy old man and plump little boy into a touching and exciting flight of fancy Carl and Russell set off for Paradise Falls in Disney's Up Saturday 10 October 2009 19.06 EDT First published on Saturday 10 October 2009 19.06 EDT Share on Messenger Close The first golden age of Hollywood animation occurred in the late 1930s and early 40s when Walt Disney produced a succession of feature-length masterpieces beginning with Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and continuing with Pinocchio and Bambi. Then, in 1992, Beauty and the Beast, the best Disney cartoon for half a century, ushered in a second golden age.This has reached new artistic heights through the work of the Pixar company which became part of the Disney organisation, made necessary the creation of an Academy Award for best feature-length animated film and has helped give computers a good name. It's latest production, Up, made in 3D, is co-directed by Pete Docter and Bob Petersen, who have worked on most Pixar productions including both Toy Story films. It's one of its best: touching, funny and graphically exciting. Pixar offers exceptional value, invariably opening with a dazzling short and closing with final credits that keep popular audiences (though not, I'm sad to say, film critics) sitting in their seats to the very end. Its last film, Wall-E, for instance, which Docter scripted, was preceded by Presto, a brilliantly frenetic five-minute cartoon directed by Douglas Sweetland, in which an Edwardian music hall magician is challenged by his fiendishly rebellious assistant, the rabbit Alec Kazam. I was almost exhausted with laughter and in need of a rest before Wall-E even started. Pete Sohn's somewhat gentler Partly Cloudy, the curtain-raiser for Up, is a wholly delightful affair and tangentially related to the full-length film it precedes. Storks pick up bundles from anthropomorphic clouds to deliver to grateful earthly homes. Most are packed with cheerful pussycats, puppies and human babies. One stork, however, is tasked with carrying a succession of increasingly difficult passengers, including an aggressive goat, an alligator, a porcupine, a shark and an electric eel. These creatures do far more than ruffle his feathers until he stoically arms himself for the fray. At the centre of Up is Carl Fredricksen (gruffly voiced by Ed Asner), a curmudgeonly widower and retired balloon salesman in late middle age. He's rather like the characters Walter Matthau specialised in or a less offensive version of Clint Eastwood's ex-factory worker in Gran Torino. We first see him as a schoolboy, his youthful sense of adventure whetted by the appearance of his hero, Charles F Muntz (Christopher Plummer), in a black-and-white newsreel shown in a cinema back in the 1930s. Muntz travels the world in his airship, The Spirit of Adventure, visiting exotic places and collecting strange animals, and Carl and his spirited childhood sweetheart, Ellie, are determined to emulate him. In a moving, dialogue-free sequence, Carl and Ellie marry, do up an old Victorian house and grow old together, but unfortunately cannot have children. They put money into a glass jar to fund their journey to the mythical Paradise Falls in South America, but they have to break it open to pay for a series of accidents and Ellie is dead before they have the chance to leave home. This echoes the story of George Bailey in It's a Wonderful Life. Then the film slips into Wizard of Oz mode when Carl's wooden frame-house (rather like the one behind the couple in the Grant Wood painting American Gothic) is threatened by property developers. He accidentally injures a builder, is denounced as a danger to the public and faces a future in a retirement home. Rebelling against his fate, Carl attaches several thousand toy balloons to the house and takes off into the blue yonder, bound for Paradise Falls. Unbeknown to him, an accidental stowaway, the nine-year-old Russell, a plump, dead keen Wilderness Explorer, a sort of Boy Scout, is aboard. He'd been hoping Carl would help him win a badge for helping old people. Eventually, the two bond on their way to Paradise Falls, and the irascible Carl discovers both the son he never had and his own youthful self by fulfilling the adventure he and Ellie didn't manage. But after dragging their house across the rugged South American terrain in the manner of Werner Herzog's Fitzcarraldo, they meet a friendly, 15-foot bird of paradise and have a disillusioning encounter with the man obsessed with tracking it down, the celebrated explorer Muntz. This obsessed sadist lives alone on his airship tethered in the jungle with slavering dogs he's taught to speak and to kill and thinks only of restoring his early fame. Muntz seems largely inspired by the adventurer-film-maker Merian C Cooper who in the 1930s made two movies back to back using the same sets: King Kong and the thriller The Most Dangerous Game, about a reclusive genius, forerunner of the Bond villains, using a pack of ferocious dogs to hunt intruders on his domain. Both these films are evoked in Up, which features a number of inventive, superbly drawn chases on land and in the air that are as exciting as the best action movies of recent years. Yet at the end, what we most remember are the characters: the lovable Carl, hiding behind his protective shell and cherishing his memories of Ellie; the eager, idealistic Russell; and the exotic bird; and Dug, the talking dog, who attach themselves to them. The moral is the familiar one that Dorothy discovered on returning from Oz – that the bluebird of happiness is to be found in your own back yard. But it is accompanied by another message, the one Muntz has failed to grasp – that fabulous creatures of nature should be left to live in their native habitats rather than snared and brought into captivity.	i don't know
Blinky, Pinky, Inky and Clyde are the enemies of which game character?	Blinky, Inky, Pinky, and Clyde: A small onomastic study Blinky, Inky, Pinky, and Clyde: A small onomastic study 2008-10-23 15:10:06· 6 minute read · Ashley Davis 0 Have you ever stopped in the middle of playing a game to think about why someone or something was given a certain name? The answer is most likely no. The gamer's mind is too busy being assaulted by how things appear and story text to be able to give things such as a character's name or the label given to a specific potion a second thought. But if one were to look a little deeper, the titles given to people, places and things in video games can turn out to be very important tools that aid in the understanding and conquering of whatever game is laid out before you. Not only that, but they can serve as a tie between the player and his character, especially if he is given the option to name his character. And in the case of older games, they might be the only means of identification, due to old hardware's inability to give objects much visual detail. There are many instances in which a second thought on the matter is undeserved. Items can have unimaginitive names, such as "sword", "bat", or "hero". But other times, there can be a of thought put into a given title. A great example of this can be found in the arcade classic Pac-Man. The names of the four ghost enemies are some of the most widely recognizable names in gaming history, but these famous monikers are merely nicknames. As displayed on the introductory screen, the ghosts' real names are Shadow, Speedy, Bashful, and Pokey. But these names are so simple, what signifigance could they possibly contain? A lot more than you would think. You are logged out. Login \| Sign up The spectres may appear to behave in the exact same way, but they have their own unique personalities and behaviors. This defines who each ghost is and helps explain their different approaches towards Pac-Man. All of this information can be found within their names. That being said, Clyde's name is actually a little bit misleading. Pokey suggests sluggish movement ("to poke around"), but his speed isn't much different than that of the other ghosts. To delve deeper into his personality, we must also look at his Japanese title. Overseas, he is known as Otoboke, which translates to something like "stupid" or "dopey"; while Americans would have likely thought a character named Stupid to be unnecessarily mean, the name does fit the bill a whole lot better. Pokey is not slow as he navigates the maze, but slow-thinking. Paying close attention to the way that Clyde moves about each maze, you will begin to realize that he is not at all in hot pursuit of the enemy. He goes where he pleases, not even really giving chase if he happens to accidentally stumble upon Pac-Man's location. Because of his disinterest in engaging the enemy, it can be assumed that perhaps he does not feel dislike towards Pac-Man as the other ghosts seem to. Or, he could just be too dim to really care one way or the other. Clyde is truly the idiot of the group, and the ghost to be least worried about. An odd note about Clyde was that while the other ghosts kept their original names for Ms. Pac-Man, he was renamed Sue in order to give the female Pac some same-gender competition. His personality remained intact, but you have to wonder if his gender did as well. Like Clyde, Inky also moves about somewhat erratically, though it is not due to a lack of brains. He can very well navigate the maze and help the other two ghosts trap Pac-Man, but he chooses not to because of a bad case of social anxiety. As the name Bashful implies, Inky's shyness leads to attempts to avoid all the action going on around him. However, if he does accidentally edge too close to where Pac-Man is located, he will give chase for a little while. It seems that something about being near to Pac-Man temporarily brings out the bloodlust in Inky that is always in the forefront for Pinky and Blinky. This is a strange occurrence that a name simply cannot explain. Maybe Inky's social awkwardness is only a ploy to lull Pac-Man into a false sense of security. Pinky, despite his real name being Speedy, is no really no faster than his brethren. The name could be more of a reference to his knack for covering more of the map than any other ghost. At first glance, his moves may appear to make no sense, but Pinky has a method to his madness. He is just taking the most roundabout path he possibly can to get to Pac-Man. Pinky's real name also lost a lot of its meaning in translation. In Japan, Pinky is known as Machibuse ("ambusher"), which makes a lot more sense when contrasted with his actions. He is unable to work alone, and instead employs the help of his red brother Blinky to help him ambush Pac-Man and trap him in corners. While Blinky gives constant chase, Pinky covers all corners of the map to cut down Pac-Man's choices of where to hide. Because of his ability to strategize, one can assume that Pinky is the most intelligent ghost of the group, and one to be very wary of. As far as personality goes, Blinky seems to be a whole lot more simple than his brethren. His real name is Shadow, a very fitting name, as he is the most aggressive chaser of Pac-Man. During most of the game, it is Blinky who remains stuck to the hind end of the rotund hero as if he were the shadow beneath him. There is not much to the guy except for the fact that he plain hates Pac-Man. This hatred is what fuels his constant mad pursuit, making him unquestionably the deadliest ghost of the four. But there is a little more to Blinky than what meets the eye. Perhaps the name Shadow also serves as an allusion to an even darker side of the angry red ghost. As we all know, there are pellets scattered around each maze that Pac-Man gobbles down as he passes them by. Once a certain number of pellets are eaten (this number decreases as you progress), it causes a change in Blinky. Experts call this phenomenon Cruise Elroy Mode. Once transformed, Blinky is also known as Cruise Elroy. A Google search for the name yields no real results other than this page where one curious Internet user asks, "What is the origin of the name Cruise Elroy?". There are a few theories there as to what the name refers to, but there is no solid information on what inspired the name. "Cruise Elroy" is a pretty nonsensical phrase, and nothing can really be taken from it like the normal ghost names. But a little name research can help to slightly clear the mystery of this special ghost. From its Irish origins, the name Elroy means "red haired youth". This is a valid description of the ghost, for although they have no hair, Cruise Elroy/Blinky is most certainly red in color. Elroy also has roots in old French, where it is a variant of Leroy, a name which means "the king". This is a title that also fits the bill, as he can be considered the greatest of the ghosts in terms of ability. The reasoning behind using "cruise" in his name is not quite as clear. Cruise Elroy retains Blinky's tendency to stick close to Pac-Man, but can run (float?) at a much faster speed than his normal self. While it does represent movement, "cruise" is not a word more often applied to casual movement. What it most likely refers to is his ease in keeping up with his target. This is all only theory, of course. But the meanings match up to the actions eerily well. I originally began to write this after discovering the mystery surrounding the Cruise Elroy name a few months ago. But my interest in etymology and onomatology took over, and it became a study of all the ghosts' names after learning there was so much information packed into them. Regardless of whether or not it is important information, it is extremely interesting to know. It made me realize how important the names that are given to everything in a video game can be, and how much they are overlooked. Some names are nothing more than bland labels, but others can unlock a whole world of information that is otherwise inaccessible.	Pac-Man
Jacob’s Creek wine comes from which country?	Inky \| Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Share Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Inky is a supporting character in Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures . He is the second oldest of the Ghost Gang . Inky is the blue ghost. He is voiced by Lee Tockar. Contents	i don't know
Which Charles Dickens character has a pet dog called Bull’s Eye?	Celebrating National Dog Day with 13 Favourite Fictional Dogs – Better Reading Contact Celebrating National Dog Day with 13 Favourite Fictional Dogs It’s National Dog Day in Australia this Wednesday, 26th August. To celebrate we look at some our favourite fictional hounds… Lassie Come-Home by Eric Knight Who hasn’t sobbed their heart out watching one of the popular Lassie movies? But before her movie incarnation, Lassie was a beloved collie in the 1940 book by Eric Knight. In the original –Lassie Come Home – Lassie has to be sold when Joe’s father loses his job. The amazing Lassie escapes and finds her way home three times before she is taken to a remote part of Scotland… The Call of the Wild by Jack London Formerly a pet dog with a nice life, poor Buck is kidnapped and forced into a life of hardship as a sled dog in the harsh 1890s Gold Rush. The classic tale of how he must fight for his survival in the wild. The Eye of the Sheep by Sofie Laguna Of course fictional dogs don’t only make their appearance in the classics – loving dogs have universal appeal and in this year’s Miles Franklin-winning The Eye of the Sheep, difficult child Jimmy Flick bonds with his uncles’s dog, Ned. Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens And not all fictional dogs are cute and cuddly either. One of Dickens’ darkest characters, the frightening, drunken villain Bill Sykes owns an English Bull Terrier, Bulls Eye. Before Bill drowns his girlfriend Nancy, he viciously beats the pitiable Bulls Eye. Cujo by Stephen King Stephen King in classic horror mode when a good-natured family dog, a St. Bernard, is bitten by a rabid bat and goes mad. Poor old Cujo then goes on a murderous rampage. Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone by J.K. Rowling Hagrid’s massive boarhound, Fang, is not as scary as he looks and accompanies Hagrid as well as other Potter characters on their adventures through the Forbidden Forest. Fluffy the three-headed dog is far more frightening. Marley and Me by John Grogan A New York Times bestseller, Marley and Me is an autobiographical book about the writer’s golden labrador retriever, Marley, ‘the world’s worst dog’. Famous Five by Enid Blyton Anyone who loved the Famous Five will remember George’s loyal dog Timmy, a mongrel who doesn’t like ginger beer and a key member of the intrepid Five. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum Who couldn’t love small but brave Toto who gives the Wicked Witch of the West a good telling (yapping) off? Clifford the Big Red Dog by Norman Bridwell The runt of the litter, Clifford was chosen by a city child Emily Elizabeth as a Christmas present. First published in 1963, the big red dog is still going strong. He’s sweet and lovely, but sometimes his size gets him into trouble. Tintin by Hergé The white wire fox terrier Snowy is the faithful companion of Belgian cartoonist Hergé’s creation Tintin and is central to the little guy’s adventures. Peter Pan by J.M. Barrie The children’s faithful nurse, the dog Nana, was said to be inspired by J.M. Barrie’s own dog, a St. Bernard called Porthos. The 101 Dalmatians by Dodie Smith Long before the Disney movies, the black and white puppies were immortalised in the 1956 children’s book by Dodie Smith.	Bill Sykes
The London Bridge, built in 1831, was transported stone by stone to which US state?	Bill Sykes \| Disney Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia “Now I lent you money. And I don't see it. Do you know what happens when I don't see my money, Fagin? People get hurt. People like you get hurt. Do I make myself clear?” ―Bill Sykes Bill Sykes is the main antagonist from Disney's 1988 animated film, Oliver & Company . He is based on the Bill Sikes of Charles Dickens ' Oliver Twist , of which the film is actually a modern reimagining. He is a Mafia crime boss who operates out of a warehouse by the docks and the owner of two Dobermans, Roscoe and DeSoto . Contents Background Personality Sykes is one of Disney's most heavy-set villains, shown usually in shadows like most stereotypical villains. He is brutal, shadowy, sarcastic, psychotic, impatient, uncaring, clean-shaven, eerily charming, evil, cruel, slightly naive, cunning, opportunistic, murderous, ruthless, greedy, sadistic, and villainous. Unusually for Disney, the lifestyle and behavior of a mob boss is not glamorized or made more child-friendly. Beneath his businessman-like exterior, Sykes is clearly a ruthless, brutal murderer - during a scene with Fagin , he is heard clearly on the phone discussing with a supposed underling about their manner of torturing and murdering some unknown victim. He appears to know anyone important and wealthy in New York City , even their home addresses and phone numbers, as seen when he calls the Foxworth estate to begin the ransom. Sykes' minions are his two Dobermans, Roscoe and DeSoto , which he takes care of a lot; however, in the final chase, when he was so determined to get Jenny back, he didn't notice that his dogs died and even if he did, he didn't seem to care. Physical Appearance Sykes is a big muscular man who is roughly in his early sixties. He is half bald, has gray hair, and as well as this, he wears square spectacles. He smokes large cigars and is always seen in a sharp suit to further emphasize his role as an intelligent businessman in command of the situation, and not merely some common thug taking orders from someone else (a rather stark contrast to the character he's based on). Because of his smoking, he speaks with a hoarse voice which makes his character more menacing. Appearances Oliver & Company Sykes has lent a large amount of money to the petty criminal, Fagin for an unknown reason, sending his two evil Dobermans, Roscoe and DeSoto , to tell Fagin to go up and meet with him. Fagin, unfortunately, finds himself unable to pay the money back and begs for more time. Sykes tells him that he has three days to find the money, threatening Fagin, his home , and dogs if they don't. Then, he honks his horn to call his own dogs back; startling Fagin, causing him to lose his balance, and fall off the dock and into the Hudson River. When Fagin learns that Oliver 's new owner is exceedingly wealthy, he instructs "Mr. very rich cat-owner-person" to bring him a large sum of money in return for Oliver. He tells Sykes about the plan; awkwardly at first, which causes him to lose his patience and snap his fingers to order his dogs to attack Fagin, when they are actually confronting one of Fagin's dogs, Dodger . During the attack, Fagin is able to tell him the plan in a loud and proper way this time and shows him Oliver as proof, which convinces Sykes and causes him to snap his fingers to cease the attack. After seeing the Foxworth family address on Oliver's collar, he makes the assumption that this is a ruse to kidnap and ransom the cat owner rather than Oliver. He congratulates Fagin and gives him one more chance with only 12 hours left while feeding biscuits to his dogs as Fagin and Oliver come to Dodger's aid after he lays injured and unconscious with severe (but invisible) injuries from the attack. When Jenny Foxworth comes to get Oliver, she shows Fagin that all she has brought with her is her piggy bank, with Sykes and his dogs unknowingly watching from afar in his Cadillac . When he sees Fagin abandoning the plan by freely returning Oliver to Jenny without asking for the ransom money, he seizes his chance. Driving up, he grabs Jenny by the arm into his car and takes her to his warehouse after throwing Oliver out the window. He tells Fagin to keep his mouth shut and consider their account closed. Later, Sykes ties a crying Jenny to a chair in the center of his office, all the while taunting her about his dogs, cruelly joking that he'll have his dogs eat her only when he tells them to. He hears a strange sound and sends Roscoe and DeSoto to check it out. While watching Jenny, Sykes calls the Foxworth family's butler, Winston , and tells him to call Jenny's father. Oliver, Dodger, and the gang follow them to the warehouse, where they discover that Jenny is being held for ransom. While Tito , Einstein , and Francis manage to stall Sykes by dressing up as a pizza delivery guy, Sykes is shown loading a handgun, acknowledging that he did not order any pizza. When he leaves to look for his dogs, Oliver, Dodger, and the other dogs manage to enter his office. Finally, he finds his dogs trapped under a net and frees them. When he and his dogs return and find the door locked, he thinks it was Jenny's doing and warns her to open it. Oliver and the gang manage to pull her up into a higher part of the room, with the help of a crane and Tito's electric specialties, before Sykes and his dogs burst through the door. But just when it looks like they are home free, Sykes grabs an emergency fire axe and destroys the crane's controls, thus, causing Oliver and the gang to fall and land on a long slide. At its end, Sykes and his dogs confront them as he prepares to signal his dogs to attack. Before he can, however, Fagin bursts through the window on his scooter and the gang, along with Jenny, hop on and drive away as fast as they can. Unfortunately, Sykes and his dogs follow them in his car. Fagin goes onto the subway tracks, hoping that Sykes could not follow them, but he does anyway. Now driving like a maniac (and not thinking rationally, as he does not even seem to consider the danger), Sykes pulls on the gearshift so hard that it breaks off and then presses hard on the gas. He goes at full speed, causing his car's tires to wear away and run on the tracks. He bumps into Fagin's scooter, causing Jenny to fall onto his hood. He then punches his hand out of the window and grabs her arm. However, Oliver sees this, jumps onto Sykes' hand, and bites it. But Sykes throws him into the back seat with Roscoe and DeSoto. Dodger manages to jump on and fights off Roscoe, while Oliver fights off DeSoto, causing both dogs to fall onto the tracks and get electrocuted. Sykes does not notice this and continues to chase the gang. He goes up through his sun roof and grabs Jenny by the leg, trying to pull her back in. Just as he is doing so, Dodger and Oliver jump onto him and fight him off, causing him to lose his grip on Jenny. Even as he manages to throw both animals off, Sykes turns to see a train rushing straight towards him just before his car collides with it, killing him in a fiery blaze and throwing what remains of him and his car into the Hudson River. Gallery The Disney Wiki has a collection of images and media related to Bill Sykes . Trivia Sykes is clearly seen loading a handgun. This was the first time a modern pistol was seen in Disney. Robert (Salvatore) Loggia is famous for playing the role of gangsters and mob bosses, including a gangster named Salvatore (his actual name) "The Shark" Macelli in Innocent Blood . Sykes is the last male villain until Hades not to sing a song. Percival C. McLeach technically did not have an original number either, but he was heard singing a parody of "Home on the Range" in one scene and one of "The Crawdad Song" in another. Along with Roscoe and DeSoto , (both electrocuted by the subway tracks), Sykes' death is one of the more graphic deaths in Disney history. Sykes appears as more of a main antagonist to Fagin while Roscoe and DeSoto are secondary ones to him. In the original novel, Sykes' name is written as "Sikes". Also, he had only one dog, a bull terrier named Bull's Eye, whom he would beat until it needed stitching. Sykes' appearance may have been an inspiration to John Silver as they are both pot-bellied, tall, and some of their facial expressions are similar. Also, they were both animated by Glen Keane , which could also explain the same physical appearances. Coincidentally, in the 1990's Swedish redubs, they had the same voice actor. Marlon Brando was offered the role of Sykes by Michael Eisner himself. He, however, turned it down, fearing the movie would bomb. Sykes shares similarities to The Hangover Part III villain, Marshall, as both are mafia bosses, don't get what they want back (Sykes wanted his money back, and Marshall wanted his gold back), both kidnap another character in their respective movie (Jenny in Sykes' case, and Doug in Marshall's case), give other characters a few days to get back what they are after and die near the end of their respective films. Unlike Marshall, Sykes has no minions (though his dogs may count as such). Interestingly, both characters have guard dogs (Dobermans in Sykes' case, and Rottweillers in Marshall's case).	i don't know
In which year was women’s football officially introduced into the Summer Olympics?	Football - Summer Olympic Sport Football Singapore 2010 adopts new sport formats 12 Aug 2010 Football has its roots in ancient China, while the modern version of the game began on the streets of medieval England before evolving into the most popular sport in the world. Medieval origins Modern football has its origins in the streets of medieval England. Neighbouring towns would play each other in games where a heaving mass of players would struggle to drag a pig’s bladder by any means possible to markers at either end of town. A royal ban Football became so violent in England it was banned by the king for more than 300 years. English public schools are credited with subsequently establishing the modern football codes, thus turning the mob riot into a sport in the 16th century. Olympic history Football first appeared on the programme of the Games of the II Olympiad, Paris 1900. It has been on the programme of each edition of the Games ever since, with the exception of Los Angeles 1932. Europe dominated the competition until after 1992 in Barcelona, where Spain became the last European team to win a gold medal. Since the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, African and South American teams have won all the gold medals. Also in 1996, women’s football was introduced into the Olympic programme. Three times, the USA has been on the highest step of the podium - in 1996, in 2004 in Athens and in 2008 in Beijing. But this team was beaten by the Norwegians in the final of the 2000 Games in Sydney.	1996
Which sea creature has been adopted as the symbol of the Parramatta Rugby League Club in Sydney, Australia?	Olympic Basketball History By Charlie Zegers Updated January 11, 2016. Basketball made the leap from "idea in James Naismith's head" to the international stage in a remarkably short period of time. Dr. Naismith first published the rules of the game he called "Basket Ball" in January, 1892 . By 1904, the game was a demonstration sport at the Olympic Games in St. Louis. Another demonstration tournament was held at the London games in 1924. The First Olympic Basketball Tournament: Berlin, 1936 Thanks in large part to the efforts of legendary Kansas coach Phog Allen, basketball was added to the Olympics as a medal sport in 1936. But that first Olympic basketball tournament bore very little resemblance to the game we know today - or even as it was played in gyms all over America at the time. The Olympic organizers held the games outdoors on a court made of clay and sand, and used a ball that was significantly lighter (and more vulnerable to gusts of wind) than a standard basketball. Despite all that - and a downpour that turned the court into a mud puddle during the final game, an American team comprised primarily of AAU players from Kansas and California won the gold medal, defeating Team Canada by the comically-low score of 19-8. continue reading below our video 10 Best Basketball Players of All Time Worth noting: the best college basketball team of that era - the Blackbirds of Long Island University - passed up the chance to represent the United States in Berlin as a protest against Adolf Hitler's government . Team USA's Dominance That gold medal was the first of many for Team USA, which would go on to dominate Olympic competition for much of the next six decades. America was represented by AAU teams and players at the 1948, 1952 and 1956 games. In 1960, college ball took over, as California's Pete Newell coached a team featuring future hall-of-famers Oscar Robertson, Jerry West, Jerry Lucas and Walt Bellamy to the top of the medal stand. Team USA continued to dominate Olympic basketball through the 1964 and 1968 Games, and remained undefeated in Olympic competition. That all changed in 1972. Team USA's First Loss: The 1972 Gold Medal Game The Americans seemed headed for yet another gold medal in 1972, cruising to the championship game against the Soviet Union in impressive fashion. But after what may have been the worst display of late-game officiating in basketball history , the USSR was atop the medal stand, and Team USA's overall Olympic record dropped to 63-1. Women's Hoops and Boycotts America re-claimed the top spot in men's basketball at the 1976 games in Montreal. Women's basketball became an Olympic sport for the first time at those games; the USSR won the inaugural Olympic women's basketball tournament, which featured just six teams. In 1980, Yugoslavia became the first team other than the United States or USSR to win men's basketball gold - of course, the American-led boycott of the Moscow games had a lot to do with that outcome. The Soviet bloc returned the boycott favor at the Los Angeles games in 1984, though it is difficult to imagine any team beating an American squad that featured future Dream Teamers and hall-of-famers Michael Jordan, Patrick Ewing and Chris Mullin. The American women's team also won gold in Los Angeles. Amateur Basketball's Last Stand The 1988 games in Seoul, South Korea saw the end of America's reign as the undisputed kings of men's Olympic basketball. Once again, Team USA lost to the Soviets. But in '88, there was no controversial call or official's screw up. The American team - which featured future NBA stars like David Robinson, Danny Manning and Mitch Richmond - was good. The USSR squad, which included Arvydas Sabonis and Sarunas Marciulionis - was better. Team USA went undefeated in the preliminary round, but lost to the Soviets in the quarterfinals and finished a disappointing third. On the women's side, Team USA won their second consecutive gold. The Dream Team By 1992, the international basketball landscape had changed significantly. In 1989, FIBA eliminated the distinction between amateur and professional players. That opened the door for NBA players to participate in the World Championships and the Olympics. And the breakup of the Soviet Union eliminated Team USA's biggest rival. Many of the best players from the 1988 gold medalists - including Sabonis and Marciulionis - played for Lithuania. Other former Soviet nations played under the curiously-named banner of "The Unified Team." Free to bring the very best American ballplayers, USA Basketball assembled what many consider to be the most impressive collection of talent ever to share the hardwood. The Dream Team's twelve-man roster featured eleven future hall-of-famers, with three more (Chuck Daly, Mike Krzyzewski and Lenny Wilkens) on the coaching staff. Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Magic Johnson and the rest dominated the competition; the biggest challenge they'd face was figuring out how a bunch of Nike-sponsored athletes would appear on the medal stand wearing warmumps manufactured by Reebok. (Jordan and others famously solved that problem by covering the Reebok logos with American flags.) The World Catches Up Some expected the addition of NBA superstars to the Olympic games to kick-start a new era of American dominance. But the world closed the gap at a surprising rate. The 1996 team won in fairly impressive fashion. The 2000 team barely squeaked into the gold medal game, beating Lithuania 85-83 in the semifinals. The low point for Team USA came at the 2004 games in Athens, as a squad of big-name NBA stars like Allen Iverson, Tim Duncan and Stephon Marbury was blown out in their Olympic opener by lightly-regarded Puerto Rico, barely squeaked into the medal round with a fourth-place finish in the group stage, and then lost to eventual champion Argentina in the semifinals before rebounding to win bronze. A Change in Strategy and "The Redeem Team" It was clear that simply throwing together an all-star team a few weeks before the Olympics was no longer enough to make Team USA competitive at the highest levels of international hoops. USA Basketball revamped the men's national team, requiring that players make multi-year commitments to build continuity, and handed the reins to Duke coach (and veteran of the 1992 Dream Team) Mike Krzyzewski . Coach K's charges placed third at the 2006 FIBA World Championships, dominated the 2007 FIBA Americas tournament, and returned to the top of the medal stand at the Beijing games in 2008 . Team USA's women's team saw no such stumble, and has won every Olympic gold since 1984, with the exception of a bronze in 1992.	i don't know
What is the first name of Mildred’s sister in the UK television sitcom ‘George and Mildred’?	George & Mildred (TV Series 1976–1979) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error George and Mildred Roper are forced to leave their home in South Kensington (as the landlords in Man About the House (1973)) when they receive a compulsory purchase order from the council. ... See full summary » Stars: George is not happy. Not only has Oscar the budgie died but Mildred has donated all his gardening magazines to the vicar for the local church jumble sale,on the basis that George never does any ... 7.9 Jeffrey is directing the neighbourhood's Christmas pantomime - 'Cinderella' - and Mildred is only too happy to be playing one of the Ugly Sisters. Unfortunately on the opening night she loses her ... 7.9 Mildred is not happy about George mending his motor-bike in the house but when Ann goes into labour with Jeffrey away in Birmingham and no chance of a mini-cab it comes in handy for rushing her to ... 7.9 a list of 40 titles created 23 Jun 2011 a list of 29 titles created 10 Dec 2011 a list of 42 titles created 19 Feb 2012 a list of 46 titles created 20 Apr 2014 a list of 40 titles created 8 months ago Search for " George & Mildred " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Title: George & Mildred (1976–1979) 7.1/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Finally the house that Robin, Chris and Jo share a flat in is demolished an two spin offs are made - Robin's Nest and George & Minded (Mr & Mrs Roper). Stars: Richard O'Sullivan, Paula Wilcox, Sally Thomsett Now a qualified chef, Robin from "Man About the House" (1973) sets up home with his girlfriend, and a business with his girlfriend's father. Stars: Richard O'Sullivan, Tessa Wyatt, Tony Britton Mildred decides that she and George will celebrate their anniversary at a posh London hotel - whatever the cost. However, a shady businessman mistakes George for a hit man. Director: Peter Frazer-Jones Bless This House centres on life in Birch Avenue, Putney, where travelling stationery salesman Sid Abbott (Sidney James) and his wife Jean (Diana Coupland) live with their teenagers: Mike (... See full summary » Stars: Sidney James, Diana Coupland, Sally Geeson Terry and Bob from The Likely Lads (1964) continue their life after Terry arrives home from serving in the Army to discover that Bob is about to marry his girlfriend Thelma. Can Thelma lead... See full summary » Stars: James Bolam, Rodney Bewes, Brigit Forsyth A working-class Cockney bigot with a biased and expirienced opinion of everything shares them bluntly and almost carelessly. Stars: Warren Mitchell, Anthony Booth, Una Stubbs Albert Steptoe and his son Harold are junk dealers, complete with horse and cart to tour the neighbourhood. They also live amicably together at the junk yard. But Harold, who likes the ... See full summary » Director: Cliff Owen Jack-the-lad bus driver and conductor Stan and Jack enjoy the female employees more than their work and Inspector Blake is relentless in his attempts to make their lives a misery. Stars: Anna Karen, Bob Grant, Stephen Lewis BBC Television comedy detailing the fortunes of Reginald Iolanthe Perrin. Disillusioned after a long career at Sunshine Desserts, Perrin goes through a mid-life crisis and fakes his own ... See full summary » Stars: Leonard Rossiter, Pauline Yates, John Barron Stan and Jack seek work at a bus driving holiday camp after being fired from the bus company for crashing two buses, only to find Inspector Blake works there also. Director: Bryan Izzard Ria, a happily married suburban housewife, reaches the age where she feels as if life is passing her by. Being taken for granted by her butterfly collecting dentist husband doesn't help. So... See full summary » Stars: Wendy Craig, Geoffrey Palmer, Bruce Montague Stan gets a little annoyed when his Mum and Sister keep buying expensive items on hire purchase, but the money he earns for overtime working as a bus driver means that he can afford it... ... See full summary » Director: Harry Booth Edit Storyline George and Mildred Roper are forced to leave their home in South Kensington (as the landlords in Man About the House (1973)) when they receive a compulsory purchase order from the council. Mildred talks George into buying a nice middle-class house in suburbia, and they move next door to Jeffrey and Ann Fourmile. Unfortunately, Mildred's dream of upward mobility seems doomed to failure, as George relentlessly embarrasses her in every way possible. Poor Mildred not only has to cope with George's gormless behavior, she has to try and deal with the the snobbish Jeffrey as well as her rich-bitch sister Ethel and mad old mum. Written by Roseanne Hodge <[email protected]>	Ethel
Freddy Eynsford Hill is a character in which play?	George and Mildred - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on George and Mildred Wikis Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics Top rankings for George and Mildred 53rd From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia George and Mildred British comedy series George & Mildred Format 6 September 1976 – 25 December 1979 Chronology The Ropers George and Mildred was a British sitcom produced by Thames Television that aired from 1976 to 1979. It was a spin-off from Man About the House and starred Brian Murphy and Yootha Joyce as an ill-matched married couple, George and Mildred Roper. The premise of this series had George and Mildred leaving their flat as depicted in Man About the House and moving to a modern, upmarket housing estate, to the horror of their snobbish neighbour Jeffrey Fourmile, an estate agent who despairs that the Ropers' presence will devalue his home. It was written by Brian Cooke and Johnnie Mortimer . Like many sitcoms of the day, George and Mildred was also turned into a film , which was dedicated to actress Yootha Joyce who died suddenly in 1980, just as the cast had been looking forward to recording a sixth series. Contents Nicholas Bond-Owen - Tristram Fourmile [1] Simon Lloyd - Tarquin Fourmile (from series 3) Roy Kinnear - Jerry Plot George and Mildred Roper have left their old house after receiving a compulsory purchase order from the Council and move to 46 Peacock Crescent in Hampton Wick . While Mildred enjoys the chance to better herself in her new surroundings she is always being thwarted - usually by the lazy, and generally unemployed George, who has no interest in climbing the social ladder, and also continues to show a lack of interest in sexual relations with Mildred. George and Mildred's yuppie next-door neighbours are Jeffrey Fourmile, a snobbish estate agent , and his wife Ann. They have a young son called Tristram, who gets on well with Mildred and George, and in series 3 a second child called Tarquin is born. The Conservative supporting Jeffrey is greatly irritated by George, who frequently annoys him. Mildred's snobbish sister Ethel and her wealthy husband Humphrey occasionally visit, as does Mildred's mother. Mildred often makes subtle, and unsubtle digs at Ethel's age, or social status and pretensions, when Ethel visits. George's friend Jerry, a jack-of-all-trades, also visits, much to Mildred's annoyance. Jerry is fond of referring to Mildred as "Mildew". In the first series, Mildred buys a Yorkshire Terrier called Truffles (played by dog actor Pussy Galore). Episodes Family Planning 8 November 1976 Ethel arrives in her 'new bottle green automatic Jaguar XJ6 ', to have a chat with Mildred about their mother. She's getting on - too old to be left on her own. George doesn't see the problem; 'She's got her own home in Dagenham ; if it's good enough for the Girl Pipers it's good enough for her.' And Ethel and Humphrey want their spare room for, 'a billiard room and sauna bath'. A family conference is called to decide the issue of who should look after her. And Tristram gets a black eye from a girl at school - so Jeffrey teaches him boxing . Series Two (1977) The title sequence for series two features Mildred worriedly getting into a motorcycle sidecar. George puts on his goggles and pulls away, but the sidecar, with Mildred sitting in it, is left at the kerb. The motorcycle, a 1933 Brough Superior was also in Dad's Army . (Chased by a runaway wheel packed with explosives, Captain Mainwaring , Pike , and Hodges commandeer the bike from a man trimming a hedge). The motorcycle is now at the London Motorcycle Museum . [2] Episode Number No Business Like Show Business 26 December 1977 Jeffrey Fourmile is producing, and directing, the Hampton Wick Players Christmas pantomime , Cinderella . A problem arises however, which leaves the production short of a second ugly sister. Mildred, who has been eager to take part, is offered the rôle, and accepts. Ethel and Humphrey arrive for the evening of the performance, but by then Mildred has fallen ill and lost her voice. 'You've really let them down you have - still, try not to think about it' counsels George. ( Roy Barraclough , playing an ugly sister, Sue Bond , and Derek Deadman also appear in this episode). Series Three (1978) The Twenty Six Year Itch 25 December 1979 Guest appearance of Patsy Rowlands as a barmaid who George takes a shine to while Mildred attends The Young Conservatives Christmas Dinner and Dance with Mr Fourmile after Ann insists on visiting her mother. Stage show During 1977, Brian Murphy and Yootha Joyce, joined at one stage by Reginald Marsh, toured in a successful stage version of the programme. In 1976-77, Murphy and Joyce appeared as the ugly sisters , Georgina and Mildred, in the London Palladium pantomime , Cinderella . Film version Main article: George and Mildred (film) Following the fifth TV series, the programme was made into a film in 1980. The film was written not by Cooke and Mortimer but by Dick Sharples . The Fourmiles only played a small role in the film. Despite the presence of original title characters, plus stars like Stratford Johns and Kenneth Cope and up-and-coming actors like Vicki Michelle , the film was not a critical nor box office success. The abrupt end of George and Mildred The final caption of the George and Mildred film read 'The End - or is it the beginning?' It was to prove the abrupt end, as Yootha Joyce died, from chronic alcoholism , on 24 August 1980, before the film was even released. Her friends and colleagues were astonished to discover that she had been drinking a litre of brandy every day, as it never affected her performance or professionalism. In 2004, on an audio commentary on the Australian Umbrella DVD release of George and Mildred: the Complete Series 2, Brian Murphy revealed that there had been plans for a sixth series of eight episodes of the show. These were to have been recorded in late 1980. Murphy also revealed that this was due to have been the final series of George and Mildred, as he and Yootha Joyce wished to focus on other work. However, despite scripts being written, Joyce's hospitalisation and death put an enforced end to the show. Her funeral took place on the very day the cast were due to begin rehearsals for the new series. Thames Television did talk of producing a spin-off for the character of George, looking at him cope with life as a widower. However, this project did not materialise. But Brian Murphy did reunite with George and Mildred co-star Roy Kinnear and writers Johnnie Mortimer and Brian Cooke for The Incredible Mr. Tanner, a comedy produced for Thames soon after Yootha Joyce's death. Adaptations George and Mildred was adapted in the United States as The Ropers , a spin-off of Three's Company , the US version of Man About the House. Yootha Joyce and Brian Murphy appeared, in character as George and Mildred, on the magic show The David Nixon Show. DVD releases The first DVD release of George and Mildred was from Clear Vision in the UK in 2001 (and simultaneously appeared on VHS). Although the top of the sleeve says "Series One", the bottom says "episodes 1 to 6", so the remaining four episodes do not appear. Complaints about picture quality of this and the accompanying Man About the House release, and minor edits of the ad break captions, etc. probably went some way to explaining why no more Clear Vision releases materialised. In Australia, the first series was released in May, 2003. Unlike the Clear Vision release of series one, all 10 episodes were included, as were the original ad captions and the Thames tv idents (the music for this is called "Salute to Thames") at the start and original end boards. Many fans from the UK imported these versions instead, not only due to their superiority, but the favourable exchange rates made them no more expensive than the Clear Vision title. Series 2 followed in March, 2004 and the movie that same November. Unlike the UK Network release of series 2, the Australian version contained some audio commentaries with series star Brian Murphy. Contract and clearance re-negotiations for all worldwide regions put a halt to Umbrella's plans to proceed with the remaining episodes, and while the shows have been cleared for UK release (as evidenced by the Network releases), Fremantle Media still have not, as of 2007, worked out clearances for the Australian/New Zealand regions yet, so Umbrella's hands are still tied. On Wednesday, 16 July 2008, Series 3 was finally released in Australia, followed by Series 4 on 3 September 2008 and Series 5 on December 3 2008, Soon after the release of Series 5, Series 3, 4 and 5 were discontinued, at this stage Series 1 and 2 were also out of production but remaining copies were continuing to be sold. In April 2009, Freemantle Media re-released the first three seasons with the same cover art as of the UK releases (Season 1 now being a 2 Disc set as the original version all 10 episodes were on one disc), Season 4 was re-released on 5 November 2009 and Season 5 re-release on 3 December 2009, although some delays occurred. The entire first series of George and Mildred was released by Network DVD in Region 2 (UK) in 2005 without the annoying edits or the over-compressed picture quality. The second, third and fourth series were released in 2006. The fifth and final series was released in 2007. The movie has been available in the UK for many years on both video and DVD, both individually and bundled as special double- and triple-bills with other "small screen to big screen" efforts. The complete box set with all 5 seasons has been released in the UK. A book dedicated to the Situation Comedy, entitled The Man About the House and George & Mildred Companion is due to be published in 2010. Recent broadcasts The show is now shown regularly on Comedy Central Extra in the United Kingdom complete with Thames Television ident. In Spain it shown on Cuatro and in Canada it is shown on Country Canada . In 2007 some episodes were shown on the Seven Network in Australia and is shown occasionally on pay-TV channel UK.TV on Foxtel . It has also been shown in Cuba . Granada Plus used to repeat the show until the close in 2004. See also List of films based on British sitcoms Footnotes ^ He was sometimes credited as Nicholas Owen having added Bond because he was a fan of James Bond . ^ Radio Times 3-9 October 2009 References	i don't know
Which breed of dog won Best In Show at Crufts 2011?	Retriever brings back the 'ultimate prize' by winning Best in Show at Crufts \| Daily Mail Online comments It had been a claw-biting few days for dogs and owners alike, but after much jumping through hoops (and over fences), a flatcoated retriever has been crowned Best In Show at Crufts. Sh Ch Vbos The Kentuckian, or Jet to his friends, shook off competition from 21,422 other dogs at the four-day show in England last night. Around 138,000 people piled into Birmingham's NEC arena to watch as Jet and breeder Jim Irvine, from Edinburgh, were presented with the prestigious trophy, which was almost the same size as the dog. Top dog: Jet, a flatcoated retriever, beat more than 20,000 others to win Best in Show 2011 at Crufts Mr Irvine said winning Crufts was the 'ultimate prize'. 'There have been lots of good dogs here over the last four days but he has a very happy and outgoing personality and it shows in the ring.' Jet’s thrilled owner, Iain Ross said: 'I am over the moon, I can’t believe it. It’s a lifetime achievement, it’s wonderful.' Once round: Jet and breeder, Jim Irvine, from Scotland, take to the ring to impress the judges Last minute nerves: A Standard Poodle waits to be groomed back stage on the final day of the four-day event Jet had won the Best Gundog category before becoming top dog at the show, now in its 120th year. Runner-up went to Jilly, a Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen from Oxfordshire, winner of the Best Hound group. Also competing for the title were: German Shepherd Elmo, who won the pastoral group; Boxer Max, who won the Working Group; and Wire Fox Terrier Henry, who won the Best Terrier category; Theo, a Standard Poodle, who took first place in the Utility group; and Eric, a Bishon Frise which won the Toy category. Well heeled: Weimaraners stand poised for the scrutiny of judges in the parade ring for the Gun Dogs section on the first day of the annual show Shampoo and setter: A lady poses with her Red Setter at the show, left, while a group of Lhasa Apso dogs line up to be judged Touch up: A leonberger dog looks on as its owner applies lipstick in the stalls on the second day of the show The show was not without its controversy though. Julie Evans, from North-West Wales caused a stir when The Kennel Club agreed to let her show her 'mongrel' dalmatian Fiona. Fiona, a dalmatian and pointer crossbreed, was imported from Nevada last summer. Mrs Evans, who has bred dalmatians for 30 years had been concerned about the health problems which afflict British dalmatians as they carry a mutant gene which makes them prone to a potentially fatal chemical imbalance that affects the urinary system. Mop with a mouth: A Komondor dog shakes its thang in the ring during the annual show You barkin' at me? A Weimaraner has a natter over his pink be-towelled fence at the show Dotty determination: Fiona, second dog from the right, with owner Julie Evans, right, her daughter and their other dogs Dynamite, Disco and Molly By getting permission from The Kennel Club to import and breed, she hopes that Fiona will be able to mother puppies with a wider gene pool that can rid the breed of this problem. Mrs Evans said: ‘My efforts have been unpopular. Breeders and clubs don’t want impure dogs and they see this genetic modification as interfering with the breed. 'It is interfering, but it is to introduce a healthy gene. Cats and dogs: A woman walks her pet past a giant picture of a cat on the final day of Crufts Let sleeping dogs lie: A Dogue De Bordeaux taking a snooze during the show 'I hope one day I can persuade them it is the right thing to do.’ The Best in Show prize has been awarded for the past 83 years, during which time 41 different breeds have won the title. Last year Hungarian Vizsla Yogi took the title of Best in Show. Best friends: An elderly woman feeds her beloved Samoyed dog with its brilliant white coat on the second day of the show Jaw dropping: A Mastiff-type dog pokes his nose from behind a wall to see what's going on while English Setter 'Sparsett Hembury Explorer' takes a rest as he waits waits for his turn to go into the judging ring Head to head competition: Two Dogue de Bordeaux sniff each other out as they rest in their stalls on the second day of the annual dog show	Flat-Coated Retriever
The format of which British television show is based on the American show ‘College Bowl’?	DFS Crufts 2011 Results \| Best In Show Judge: Dr Paolo Dondina [Italy] DFS Crufts 2011 SH CH VBOS THE KENTUCKIAN Flat Coat	i don't know
The Buckingham Fountain, built in 1927, is in which US city?	Buckingham Fountain - Things to See & Do > Grant Park - Choose Chicago Back to Previous Page The centerpiece of Grant Park is the Clarence Buckingham Memorial Fountain, a gift from philanthropist Kate Sturges Buckingham. Constructed in 1927, the fountain is one of the largest of its kind with a center jet that streams water 150 feet in the air. The structure was designed by Chicago architect Edward Bennet who, along with French sculptor Marcel Loyau and engineer Jazques H. Lambert, built the fountain in the vein of the Latona Basin at Versailles. DID YOU KNOW? The fountain is made to represent Lake Michigan, with four pairs of Art Deco style sea horses that symbolize the four states that border Lake Michigan's shoreline. During its more impressive water displays, the fountain circuits through more than 15,000 gallons of water per minute. In total, the fountain contains more than 1,500,000 gallons of water and contains nearly 200 jets. The fountain was constructed at a cost of $750,000 with an endowment fund established by Buckingham to help take care of the maintenance. Today, it's known as the "front door to Chicago's front yard" in reference to its flagship position in Grant Park. Featured Partners	Chicago
Euronext is an electronic stock exchange based in which European city?	Buckingham Fountain Buckingham Fountain Presented to this city by Miss Kate Buckingham in memory of her brother, Clarence, this fountain in Grant park east of the Congress street plaza, was modeled after the Latonia fountain of Versailles. About twice the size of the original and by far the largest and most elaborate fountain in the world, it was unveiled Aug 26, 1927. Provision for its perpetual maintenance was made by its donor. Four pairs of bronze seahorses, cast in France, appear to be swimming in the main basin in tribute to the states bordering Lake Michigan - Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and Wisconsin. It is the first fountain to make use of modern plumbing and lighting equipment, the latter being especially designed. A 45,000 candlepower system of colored flood lights provides illumination for the water display, the central column of which raised to a maximum height of 90 feet. Clarence Buckingham Clarence Buckingham, for many years prominent in financial circles in Chicago, a collector of rare paintings and a director of the Art Institute, died last Thursday night (August 28, 1913) of heart disease at his residence at 2036 Prairie avenue. Mr. Buckingham never married, and the only surviving members of his immediate family are two sisters, the Misses Kate and Maude Buckingham. He was born at Zanesville, O., November 2, 1854, and moved with his parents to Chicago when only a boy. He became associated with his fatherï¿½s concern, the J. and E. Buckingham Co., dealers in grain, later absorbed by the Illinois Central railroad. He then became a broker and was elected to the directorate of the Corn Exchange National Bank and the Illinois Trust and Savings Co. At one time he served as president of the Northwestern Elevated railroad company. He took a keen interest in art, serving as a director of the Art Institute and exhibiting his collection of etchings and Japanese prints. He was a member of the Calumet, Chicago, Union League, Onewentsia and South Shore clubs. Chicago Tribune. August 30, 1913. Kate Sturges Buckingham Kate Sturges Buckingham was born in Zanesville, Ohio, August 3, 1858, and as an infant was brought to Chicago by her parents. All her conscious life Chicago was her beloved home and she was pre-eminently a Chicagoan. Her grandfather, Solomon Sturges, and her father, Ebenezer Buckingham, were important factors in the making of Chicago, so that her for the city had a possessive background - possessive with that keen sense of ï¿½noblesse obligeï¿½ which gave her a personal obligation to serve it, but which never allowed her to believe that what her family had done for Chicago, or what she did or could do for it gave her privileges among her fellow citizens. Before and behind the Zanesville days, both sides of her family had records of high achievement in the East and in the Old Country to which she never referred. She saw Chicago grow from a village into a great city and gradually one of her chief aims in life became that of making beauty and art available to the people of Chicago, and part of their daily lives. This she had in mind when she built the Clarence Buckingham Fountain in memory of her brother. This was in her mind when she sought great artists to design the memorial she wished built in Chicago to Alexander Hamilton. This was in her mind as she added to her great collection in the Art Institute. She often said, ï¿½When I was a girl, Chicagoans had to travel far and wide to see things of beauty. I am glad I have lived to see the day when people now come from far and wide to see beautiful things in Chicago.ï¿½ Two things were significant about her gifts and artistic collections. She gave nothing with her own name attached to it. Her gifts were always memorials to others, and she kept for her own private use no object of art without first offering to one of Chicagoï¿½s museums. Here, as well as with her many donations to music, she wanted to serve people. Hers was truly the spirit that built a great Chicago, and the only spirit that will keep Chicago the great city its builders made it. NOTE: The following text was handwritten on the Chicago Historical Society document, By Ruth Hanneman. (JDK) Father of Kate, Maude and Clarence Was: Ebenezer Buckingham (from Old Northwest Genealogical Quarterly, January 1901 - has pictures) Ebenezerï¿½s father was Ebenezer Buckingham Born Feb 9, 1778, Greenfield, Conn.; died 1832. Married Nov 27, 1805, Kate Putnam (daughter of General Rufus Putnam). (She died Mar 14, 1808, at birth of son.) He traces lineage thru Thomas Buckingham (one of the founders of Yale College). Second marriage: Sarah Sturges of Fairfield, Conn., Mar 31, 1812. Third marriage: Eunice Hale of Glastonberry, Conn., Aug 15, 1816. Ebenezerï¿½s mother was Esther (Bradley) Buckingham Children: Stephen, Milton, Ebenezer, and others. Father of Kate: Did a lot at Zanesville, Ohio...banking, school systems, merchandise store, State Senate *1815-1816 and 1823-1824), promoted building (?) Canal (Ohio).	i don't know
The alcoholic drink Absinthe originated in which European country?	Absinthe Alcohol - Absinthe-drink Sitemap Absinthe alcohol content is very interesting when compared to the alcoholic content of liquor such as whisky, gin and vodka. Although alcohol content varies by brand, it contains nearly twice as much alcohol as whisky, gin and vodka. Absinthe is a very interesting distilled alcoholic drink which originated in Switzerland but was made famous in France by its association with Bohemian Paris and artists and writers such as Van Gogh, Verlaine, Pablo Picasso, Oscar Wilde, Charles Baudelaire and Ernest Hemingway. Absinthe was nicknamed “The Green Fairy” or La Fee Verte, in French, because of its green color. Blanche Absinthe, or La Bleue, is a clear Absinthe. Absinthe is a spirit, not a liqueur and has the flavor of anise , like Pernod Pastis which was produced to take its place when Absinthe sales were banned in the early 19th century by the USA and many European countries. Its flavor comes from its herbal ingredients which include the herb, grand wormwood, (Artemesia Absinthium), anise and fennel. Some brands of Absinthe also contain licorice, hyssop, angelica root and other herbs. The active chemical, thujone , which comes from the herb wormwood, was thought to have psychedelic effects on the brain like the drug cannabis, due to thujone’s similarity to THC which is present in cannabis. Many studies have now shown that this is a myth and that Absinthe is no more dangerous than any other strong liquor. Absinthe was reviewed for safety in the 1990s and was legalized for purchase in most European countries. Many countries now produce Absinthe including the Czech Republic, Spain, France and Switzerland and there are many different brands on sale. You can order and buy Absinthe from various companies including AbsintheKit.com who sell Absinthe essences. A kit is a great idea because it contains an essence which will make up to 14 bottle of Absinthe! Buying online is very easy. Absinthe Alcohol Preparation Ritual There is an amazing ritual involved in the preparation of original Absinthe. Here is a brief outline of the steps involved to make real Absinthe:- – Pour Absinthe into a glass like the Absinthe glasses that are available online from AbsintheKit.com – Place a cube of sugar on a special Absinthe slotted spoon and rest over the glass. – Pour ice cold water over the sugar cube to dilute the Absinthe to the required ratio. The oils of anise, fennel and star anise are not soluble and so cloud the drink. This clouding is called “louching” and Absinthe is meant to do this. The finished drink will look milky and cloudy. Absinthe can also be used in cocktails. Ernest Hemingway’s famous recipe was to mix Absinthe with champagne. Other cocktails with Absinthe include the Tomate which is Absinthe mixed with grenadine and iced water. Absinthe alcohol content is not to be worried about – just remember that it is twice as strong as whisky, gin and vodka and that you should drink it in moderation. <a href='http://postboxen.com/pictures/net/provide/ck.php?n=a7ea7cf4&cb=INSERT_RANDOM_NUMBER_HERE' target='_blank'><img src='http://postboxen.com/pictures/net/provide/avw.php?zoneid=50&cb=INSERT_RANDOM_NUMBER_HERE&n=a7ea7cf4&ct0=INSERT_ENCODED_CLICKURL_HERE' border='0' alt='' /></a>	Switzerland
The company ‘Longines’ are famous for manufacturing which luxury items?	6 Ways to Drink Absinthe - wikiHow Six Methods: Classic French Czech or Modern Bohemian "Glass in a Glass" "Backdraft" Neat Absinthe Enjoying Absinthe in Cocktails Community Q&A Absinthe is a formerly banned spirit drink that is made with Artemisia absinthium (wormwood) and other herbs. It is also known as la fée verte (the green fairy). During the 19th century absinthe became a very popular drink in central Europe, although it was eventually banned. After being illegal for many years, true absinthe is once again legal in many countries. And like any great spirit, there are many drinking rituals surrounding it. Try one, try all — just don't start seeing green. Steps 1 Select a quality bottle of absinthe. Absinthe is made using many different methods and ingredients. There are several standards that help one to determine if a particular brand of absinthe is authentic and of high quality. It is also possible to make absinthe , although this is dangerous and not recommended. Different brands of absinthe will contain anywhere from negligible amounts of thujone up to about 35 mg/kg thujone. See the Tips below for more about the role of thujone in absinthe. International standards require that alcoholic beverages that contain greater than 25 percent alcohol by volume contain no more than 10 mg/kg thujone, while bitter spirits may contain up to 35 mg/kg thujone. If an absinthe is labeled as a bitter, it will probably contain 10 to 35 mg/kg thujone. Thujone is illegal as a food additive in the United States, but authentic absinthe containing negligible amounts of thujone can be legally sold. Vintage bottles of pre-ban absinthe can be obtained, and it is reputed that some of the lesser quality versions contained inordinately high levels of thujone and harmful adulterants such as copper salts, aniline dye and antimony trichloride. These circumstances may have led to absinthe's poor reputation. 2 Be aware that quality absinthe should show the louche effect. It is desirable for absinthe to gradually demonstrate increasing turbidity (opaqueness) or turn partially translucent as ice water is gradually added to it. This is known as the louche effect. The louched color should demonstrate complexity as well as nuance, and the absinthe should not turn opaque rapidly. However, it must be noted that not all quality absinthe will turn opaque, as the louche effect is primarily produced by the herbs anise and fennel. Absinthe typically tastes like licorice due to the addition of such herbs. The louche effect is produced by the precipitation of the herbal essential oils. 3 Select absinthe that is made from natural, whole herbal ingredients. The finest absinthe is made with whole, natural herbs and does not contain any artificial ingredients such as artificial colors and flavors. The herbs are merely ground up so that they can be efficiently used during the distillation and extraction processes. The pale-green color of typical high-quality absinthe is imparted by the chlorophyll that is extracted from whole, natural herbs. Absinthe that is bright green may be artificially colored. However, not all quality absinthe has a green color. Quality absinthe may also be clear, orange, or red, but the color should be imparted by natural herbal ingredients such as petite wormwood. Vintage absinthe may have an amber color, as the chlorophyll will have faded over time. If you're lucky enough to obtain a bottle of vintage absinthe, consider opening the bottle with a food scientist in order to ensure that the spirit is indeed safe to drink. 4 Select absinthe that has a high alcohol content. The best tasting absinthe falls into the range of 45-68 percent alcohol by volume. Absinthe has traditionally been about 136-proof. A very high alcohol content is not considered to be excessive because absinthe is traditionally diluted with water before drinking and it is meant to be sipped slowly over time, so as not to allow the effects of alcohol to overwhelm the subtle and pleasant effect of the herbs. Method Classic French 1 Pour about one ounce (30ml) of absinthe into a glass. There are various types of glasses that can be used, some of antique or historical design and others of more modern design. French absinthe glasses, such as reservoir pontarlier glasses, are quite suitable for the French absinthe ritual. Different styles of reservoir glasses are available, but every style will have a distinct or bulbous bottom area that indicates the amount of absinthe that is to be initially poured. 2 Lay a flat, perforated absinthe spoon across the rim of the glass, and place a single cube of sugar on the perforated area of the spoon. This is customary but is not necessary. The sugar is traditionally used to balance the bitter taste of the wormwood. 3 Drip very pure ice cold water into the absinthe from a small pitcher. This very slow and gradual addition of the water forms the heart of the absinthe ritual, and is done with or without the sugar. When using sugar, the cold water is dripped over the sugar and into the drink, causing the sugar to slowly dissolve into the absinthe. Very high quality absinthe can be expertly experienced simply with the ice cold water. Three or four ounces of water are added per ounce of absinthe. Ice cubes can be added to the pitcher of water if desired, but be sure that they don't fall into the glass of absinthe. As the water is added to the absinthe, the absinthe should gradually louche. Absinthe fountains were traditionally used to drip the ice cold water into absinthe drinks. Brouilleur devices can also be used to automatically drip the water into individual glasses. The brouilleur is placed over the glass, and water, ice cubes, or ice water (as well as sugar if desired) is added to it. The water will gradually drip through the brouilleur into the absinthe. The brouilleur is removed before drinking the prepared absinthe. 4 Stir the drink with the absinthe spoon after the water has been added. Two or three ice cubes can be added to the finished drink, but this practice may be frowned upon by absinthe purists. Method Czech or Modern Bohemian 1 Pour a dose of absinthe into a glass, then place a sugar cube on an absinthe spoon or teaspoon. 2 Soak the sugar in absinthe by dipping it into the absinthe with the spoon or pouring a little absinthe over it. 3 Light the absinthe-soaked sugar on fire for about one minute, allowing the sugar to begin to caramelize. (This is not recommended because it can be extremely dangerous due to the high alcohol content which makes the absinthe very flammable). If an absinthe spoon is used, take care that the sugar does not burn, nor drip into the absinthe, ruining its flavor. 4 Pour ice-cold water over the sugar cube before it begins turning brown and burning. This process should produce the louche effect. 5 Use this method appropriately. Though frowned upon by some absinthe aficionados, this untraditional method has become popular in recent years. Absinthe with a high alcohol content will ignite more readily, but it is certainly not recommended that high-quality absinthe be set aflame. Method "Glass in a Glass" 1 Place a small glass full of absinthe (containing one ounce of absinthe) inside a larger empty glass. 2 Drip the cold water into the small glass, causing the contents of the small glass to overflow into the larger glass. Once the three or four ounces of water have been added, the large glass will contain the absinthe and water mixture, while the small glass will just contain water. 3 Remove the small glass from the larger glass before drinking the absinthe from the larger glass. Method "Backdraft" 1 Note that this method can be dangerous if done improperly. Because it involves lighting the absinthe on fire and then placing your palm over the shot glass to extinguish the flame, you're quite literally toying with fire. If you are unsure about the directions or feel unsafe about the thought of performing them, please do not attempt. You're literally toying with fire. Also understand that this method involves drinking a shot of absinthe straight, without dilution. As absinthe can be an incredibly strong alcohol, this method is not recommended for light drinkers. 2 Get a small shot glass and fill about ¾ of it with absinthe. Make sure the absinthe does not fill the shot glass completely. Also make sure that the palm of your hand fits comfortably over the whole rim of the shot glass. You will not be able to perform the backdraft trick if the rim of the glass is bigger than your palm. 3 With a match or a lighter, set fire to the shot of absinthe. The flame should take immediately and burn easily because of the alcohol content of absinthe. Note: Do not let the absinthe burn for a long time. Bad things can happen the longer you let the absinthe burn. The shot glass gets hotter, increasing the risk of burning your hand. The flame also burns away the alcohol and herbs of the absinthe, ruining the delicate flavors. Also, your glass can crack if you let the flame burn too long, or, if you're using a plastic cup, it can melt (and also release plastic fumes). 4 Quickly place your palm over the rim of the shot glass, covering it completely and extinguishing the fire.Do this no longer than 5 seconds after setting the drink ablaze. You should feel a suction effect if you place your hand over the entire rim of the shot glass. Although you'd think it would burn to place your hand over the flame, the flame is pretty much immediately choked out since it no longer has any oxygen to serve as fuel. Counterintuitively, this process shouldn't hurt at all if you don't let the absinthe burn for very long. 5 Bring the shot glass to your nose, slowly break the suction, and breathe in the alcohol vapor produced by the flame. Lightly remove only a portion of your palm from the shot glass instead of removing your entire hand at once. 6 Sip or shoot the shot of absinthe. Enjoy it at your leisure or down it in one fell swoop. Method Neat Absinthe 1 Drink absinthe straight (neat). It may be ideal to taste vintage absinthe neat, as this will enable one to evaluate some of the particular nuances of a particular sample of absinthe. 2 Keep in mind that this is not customary due to the very high alcohol content of traditional absinthe. 3 Remember that the louche effect is a very important quality of absinthe, however, and should therefore be experienced when preparing quality absinthe. Method Enjoying Absinthe in Cocktails 1 Try a Death in the Afternoon. Simple and sophisticated, this drink was famously described by Ernest Hemingway. Quoth the American master: "Pour 1 jigger of absinthe into a champagne glass. Add iced [brut] champagne until it attains the proper opalescent milkiness. Drink three to five of these slowly." [1] 2 Try an absinthe sazerac. The sazerac, created by Antoine Amédée Peychaud in the early 1800s, is one of the oldest known cocktails. [2] Add a little absinthe to this stellar recipe to make it really stand out. Add three dashes of absinthe to a bucket glass nearly filled with ice cubes. In a cocktail shaker with ice, mix vigorously: 2 ounces Osocalis brandy If this question (or a similar one) is answered twice in this section, please click here to let us know. Tips The primary active botanical constituent in absinthe has been thought until recently to be thujone. However there is debate that the push and pull effect of the many herbs such as valerian root for example which is a depressant and the stimulant effect of other herbs used in its production may simply be at work. Thujone is derived from wormwood, although varieties of wormwood that are grown in certain geographical locales may not contain appreciable or significant amounts of thujone and other botanicals such as common sage contain much higher concentrations. As such, authentic absinthe that is made with grand wormwood need not contain measurable amounts of thujone. Roman or petite wormwood (Artemisia pontica) also contains thujone, and is commonly used in addition to Artemisia absinthium. Artemisia absinthium should be used during the primary distillation of absinthe, while Artemisia pontica may be used to naturally color the distilled absinthe. Thujone can be extracted during the distillation and coloring processes. Purchase absinthe that has been produced by reputable, traditional European distillers. France, Spain, Switzerland, and the Czech Republic produce authentic, high-quality absinthe. Wormwood is quite bitter, and the additional herbs are used to improve and mask the bitter taste of absinthe. Quality absinthe is also distilled using certain methods to produce a less bitter product. Like fine cognac, the "heart" of the distillation should be used for the finest absinthe, while the "heads" and "tailings" of the distillation (the beginning and the end of the distillation process) are used to make lower-quality absinthe ordinaire or are used to process (soak) the herbal maceration. However, authentic absinthe should have a somewhat bitter taste, as this bitter taste is an indication that wormwood has been used. Wormwood and other herbs can be added during different stages of the absinthe production process, and various production methods are utilized. This results in different flavors, variable final absinthe color, and variable concentrations of thujone. As such, different absinthe distillers produce absinthe that contains high levels of thujone, medium to low levels of thujone, and negligible levels of thujone. Some modern absinthe distilleries produce absinthe that is similar to pre-ban absinthe. As absinthe was banned for such a long time, the art of absinthe production is still being researched and re-learned. As such, some very high quality absinthe is produced using antique pre-ban distillation equipment as well as historical recipes and techniques. Some of the pre-ban absinthe production techniques were apparently quite complex, and are difficult to reproduce. Quality absinthe is made by using herbs during the distillation process. The herbs used during this process are not used to impart the characteristic color to the absinthe. The color is created later during the absinthe production process when herbs are merely soaked in the alcohol that has already been distilled with herbs. This is referred to as an herbal maceration (without subsequent distillation). Lower quality absinthe is essentially made from an herbal maceration, and no herbs are used during the distillation process. Very low quality absinthe may be made using cheap herbal extracts or essences, as well as artificial flavors and colors. Such absinthe may in fact be quite expensive and be labeled with somewhat misleading information. Traditional absinthe recipes call for a maceration of natural, whole wormwood and other herbs such as anise, licorice, hyssop, veronica, fennel, lemon balm, and angelica. An initial maceration may be distilled, then the resulting alcohol may be used for a subsequent maceration that is not distilled. When purchasing absinthe and absinthe-related products, be sure to read product labels or follow the advice of trusted absinthe connoisseurs. If you don't like the licorice taste of traditional absinthe, there are various brands of absinthe that are made without anise and other herbs that impart the licorice flavor to absinthe. Warnings Always drink alcoholic beverages responsibly. Do not drive or operate heavy machinery while your judgment is impaired. Absinthe that contains high levels of thujone may be harmful and is more than likely "bathtub" or homemade variety and not the authentic item. Thujone is toxic, especially when high concentrations are consumed. Thujone is a convulsant and binds to gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptors in the central nervous system. The level of thujone in European absinthe is regulated, and such set levels are not thought to be harmful. Absinthe is not an illegal drug, although thujone is regulated due to its potential toxicity. It is not recommended that one drink more than three or four servings of absinthe in one sitting. The acute intake of absinthe is not thought to be harmful, but chronic, long-term consumption may cause harm as with any other alcohol. Absinthe that is labeled as a "bitter" may contain a relatively large amount of thujone, perhaps up to 35 mg/kg. Never consume wormwood extract or oil, as these are very toxic and can be lethal. Never drink absinthe just because it contains thujone. The GABA-type brain receptors that thujone acts upon are also acted upon or influenced by antioxidant polyphenol flavonoids. These flavonoids are not toxic like thujone, and are found in non-toxic herbs such as chamomile and valerian. Absinthe has a high alcohol content.	i don't know
Who became Prime Minister of New Zealand in August 1989?	Biographies - Premiers and Prime Ministers \| NZHistory, New Zealand history online Premiers and Prime Ministers Page 3 – Biographies Leaders of the nation Find out more about the 39 premiers and prime ministers who have held office in New Zealand since 1856. Each biography links to a page with further information. The entries are in chronological order of term served. Henry Sewell Premier: 7–20 May 1856 Henry Sewell, our first premier, was more of a sojourner than a settler. Although he spent 17 years in New Zealand in three periods between 1853 and 1876, he never put down deep roots. More... William Fox Premier: 20 May–2 Jun 1856; 12 Jul 1861–6 Aug 1862; 28 Jun 1869–10 Sept 1872; 3 Mar–8 Apr 1873 William Fox headed New Zealand governments four times. A rug-puller rather than a bridge-builder, he was better at defeating governments than he was at leading them. More... Edward Stafford Premier: 2 Jun 1856–12 Jul 1861; 16 Oct 1865–28 Jun 1869; 10 Sept–11 Oct 1872 Edward Stafford was New Zealand's youngest leader and a stable influence on the early colonial government. He held the post of premier on three different occasions between 1856 and 1872. More... Alfred Domett Premier: 6 Aug 1862–30 Oct 1863 Alfred Domett is best remembered for establishing the Parliamentary Library and for his much-derided epic verse Ranolf and Amohia: A South-Sea Daydream. More... Frederick Whitaker Premier: 30 Oct 1863–24 Nov 1864; 21 Apr 1882–25 Sept 1883 Despite Frederick Whitaker’s advanced views on electoral reform, this two-time premier tarnished his reputation by land speculation and confiscation. More... Frederick Weld Premier: 24 Nov 1864–16 Oct 1865 Frederick Weld was only briefly premier, but the fact that he was a Roman Catholic showed how different New Zealand was to Britain (which has still never had a Catholic PM). More... George Waterhouse Premier: 11 Oct 1872–3 Mar 1873 George Waterhouse, who never stood for elected office here, was a premier on both sides of the Tasman, leading South Australia (1861-3) and New Zealand (1872-3). More... Julius Vogel Premier: 8 Apr 1873–6 Jul 1875; 15 Feb–1 Sept 1876 Although he spent just 18 years in New Zealand, journalist, businessman and politician Julius (Sir Julius from 1874) Vogel dominated this country's political scene. More... Daniel Pollen Premier: 6 Jul 1875–15 Feb 1876 Largely forgotten today, Daniel Pollen was considered a ‘safe man’ and a good administrator. In July 1875 he took over the premiership from the absent Sir Julius Vogel, although Harry Atkinson really ran things. More... Harry Atkinson Premier: 1 Sept 1876–13 Oct 1877; 25 Sept 1883–16 Aug 1884; 28 Aug–3 Sept 1884; 8 Oct 1887–21 Jan 1891 Harry Atkinson was premier four times – five if you count the ‘reconstitution’ of his first ministry a fortnight into its life. Like Edward Stafford, he was a stabilising force who transcended regionalism for national interests. More... Sir George Grey Premier: 13 Oct 1877–8 Oct 1879 Sir George Grey was our only politician for whom the premiership was an anticlimax. He had governed autocratically from 1845 to 1853 (greatly shaping our constitutional arrangements) and returned as governor in 1861. More... John Hall Premier: 8 Oct 1879–21 Apr 1882 John (later Sir John) Hall was a force in our politics for several decades. In the late 1880s and early 1890s he led the parliamentary campaign for votes for women. More... Sir Robert Stout Premier: 16–28 Aug 1884; 3 Sept 1884–8 Oct 1887 The careers of Sir Robert Stout and Sir Julius Vogel were so closely intertwined that Stout’s governments are usually referred to as Stout-Vogel ministries. Both men started their public lives in Otago and followed similar policies. More... John Ballance Premier: 24 Jan 1891–27 Apr 1893 John Ballance, who led the Liberals to power in 1891, was called ‘the rainmaker’ by voters relieved to see the return of prosperity. More... Richard Seddon Premier: 1 May 1893–10 Jun 1906 Richard Seddon’s nickname, ‘King Dick’, says it all. Our longest-serving and most famous leader didn't just lead the government – many argued he was the government. For 13 years he completely dominated politics. More... William Hall-Jones Prime Minister: 21 Jun–6 Aug 1906 Although William Hall-Jones merely warmed the seat while Richard Seddon’s designated successor, Sir Joseph Ward, returned from Europe, he was the first leader to enter office as prime minister, not premier. More... Sir Joseph Ward Prime Minister: 6 Aug 1906–12 Mar 1912; 10 Dec 1928–28 May 1930 Sir Joseph Ward, New Zealand’s political Lazarus, led governments nearly a quarter of a century apart. He entered Parliament in 1887 and used his interest in technology and business to strengthen the early Liberal Cabinets. More... Thomas Mackenzie Prime Minister: 28 Mar–10 Jul 1912 The Liberals were already yesterday’s men when they named Thomas Mackenzie as successor to Sir Joseph Ward. He only lasted three and a half months before being defeated in the House – the last New Zealand PM to lose power in this fashion. More... William Massey Prime Minister: 10 Jul 1912–10 May 1925 William Massey is our second-longest serving leader. Reviled by the left for crushing 1913 strikers with his ‘Massey’s Cossacks’, he kept most of the Liberals’ reforms, cleaned up the public service, increased home ownership rates and spent more on education, roads and electricity. More... Sir Francis Henry Dillon Bell Prime Minister: 14–30 May 1925 Sir Francis Bell was PM for only 16 days, but held several distinctions – he was our second-oldest PM (74), the first born in New Zealand, and the last to come from the Legislative Council. More... Gordon Coates Prime Minister: 30 May 1925–10 Dec 1928 Gordon Coates seemed unbeatable. Tall and handsome, this affable war hero embodied modernity – he was the ‘jazz premier’. In 1925’s presidential-style election voters were invited to take their ‘Coats off with Coates’. More... George Forbes Prime Minister: 28 May 1930–6 Dec 1935 George Forbes succeeded the dying Sir Joseph Ward, but his term in office coincided with the harsh economic and social climate of the 1930s Great Depression. More... Michael Joseph Savage Prime Minister: 6 Dec 1935–27 Mar 1940 Michael Joseph Savage, New Zealand’s first Labour PM, was probably also its best-loved. His avuncular image hung in the homes of the Labour faithful for decades. More... Peter Fraser Prime Minister: 27 Mar 1940–13 Dec 1949 Peter Fraser, New Zealand’s wartime PM, led the nation for nine years. He was respected rather than loved like his predecessor Savage. But he is rated by many experts as our finest PM. More... Sidney Holland Prime Minister: 13 Dec 1949–20 Sept 1957 The National Party's first PM came from a Canterbury political dynasty. His father, Henry, a mayor of Christchurch, entered Parliament in 1925. Sid's son Eric later followed his father into the House. More... Keith Holyoake Prime Minister: 20 Sept–12 Dec 1957; 12 Dec 1960–7 Feb 1972 ‘Kiwi Keith’ Holyoake is our third-longest-serving leader. Although criticised for sending troops to the Vietnam War, he is now seen as ‘the most dovish of the hawks’, doing the bare minimum to keep America happy. More... Walter Nash Prime Minister: 12 Dec 1957–12 Dec 1960 At almost 76, Walter Nash was New Zealand’s oldest incoming PM and the last one born outside New Zealand. He had two wives, Lotty, and Parliament. He was still an MP when he died aged 86. More... John (Jack) Marshall Prime Minister: 7 Feb–8 Dec 1972 ‘Gentleman Jack’ Marshall, for long – too long, he felt towards the end – Keith Holyoake’s deputy, spent mere months as PM. But he served Cabinet well for two decades. More... Norman Kirk Prime Minister: 8 Dec 1972–31 Aug 1974 In 1972 Norman Kirk broke National’s 12-year-long grip on the Treasury benches and became Labour’s first New Zealand-born PM. Two years later he became the fifth PM to die in office. More... Wallace (Bill) Rowling Prime Minister: 6 Sept 1974–12 Dec 1975 Norman Kirk’s death brought Bill Rowling to the prime ministership unexpectedly in August 1974. A member of an old Tasman Bay farming family, and a teacher by training, he had been finance minister since 1972. More... Robert Muldoon Prime Minister: 12 Dec 1975–26 Jul 1984 Rob Muldoon was one of our most polarising PMs. To supporters he was the voice of ‘the ordinary bloke’; to his opponents he was a dictatorial bully. More... David Lange Prime Minister: 26 Jul 1984–8 Aug 1989 Seven years and one stomach-stapling operation after entering Parliament in 1977, David Lange became PM just a month short of his 42nd birthday. More... Geoffrey Palmer Prime Minister: 8 Aug 1989–4 Sept 1990 Geoffrey Palmer, the hardworking, loyal deputy who became PM when David Lange resigned dramatically in August 1989, knew that Labour was doomed. ‘What I got from Lange was a hospital pass.’ More... Mike Moore Prime Minister: 4 Sept 1990–2 Nov 1990 In September 1990, just weeks from an election Labour seemed certain to lose, the caucus made Mike Moore New Zealand’s third PM in 13 months. More... Jim Bolger Prime Minister: 2 Nov 1990–8 Dec 1997 New Zealand’s most openly republican PM, Jim Bolger presided over major electoral reform and Treaty of Waitangi settlements. He also outflanked Cabinet opposition to funding the new national museum. More... Jenny Shipley Prime Minister: 8 Dec 1997–5 Dec 1999 ‘This ain’t a damn beauty contest. If you come into politics to be popular, then you’ve picked the wrong sport’, Jenny Shipley declared. New Zealand’s first woman PM came to power in 1997 after staging a carefully planned coup against Jim Bolger. More... Helen Clark Prime Minister: 5 Dec 1999–19 Nov 2008 Jenny Shipley may have been our first female PM, but Helen Clark was the first elected one. In 2008 she became our fifth-longest-serving PM and the first Labour leader to win three consecutive elections. More... John Key Prime Minister: 19 Nov 2008–12 Dec 2016 John Key’s parliamentary apprenticeship before becoming PM was the shortest since David Lange’s. Like Lange, he was one of the few recent PMs without prior Cabinet experience. More... Bill English Prime Minister: 12 Dec 2016- Coming soon	Geoffrey Palmer
Nicole Kidman and Sandra Bullock play sisters from a long line of witches in which 1998 film?	Geoffrey Palmer \| NZHistory, New Zealand history online Biography Geoffrey Palmer Geoffrey Palmer, the hardworking, loyal deputy who became PM when David Lange resigned dramatically in August 1989, knew that Labour was doomed. ‘What I got from Lange was a hospital pass.’ Although often described as too academic (‘an elegant wading bird unsuited to the mud of politics’), Palmer rose fast – MP in 1979, deputy leader in 1983, deputy PM in 1984 and PM in 1989. Labour’s second term was terrible. Cabinet, caucus and party were divided, a worldwide share market crash intensified the pain of 'Rogernomics' (Roger Douglas’s neo-liberal economics) and Labour’s polling plummeted. Palmer fell after MPs made a panicky leadership change just weeks from the election but nothing could prevent an electoral wipe-out. While Palmer held the country’s top political job for 13 months, his major achievements were his earlier management of Cabinet and more particularly of Lange. The author of the influential book Unbridled Power?, he set up the royal commission that recommended switching to the Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) voting system, passed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1986 and laid the groundwork for the Resource Management Act. Knighted in 1991, Palmer returned to academia and established Chen Palmer & Partners. He has published and broadcast on matters of constitutional law and in 2005 became President of the New Zealand Law Commission. By Gavin McLean	i don't know
Actress Audrey Hepburn won her only Oscar for which film?	Audrey Hepburn's 1953 'Roman Holiday' an enchanting fairy tale - latimes 2014 Audrey Hepburn's 1953 'Roman Holiday' an enchanting fairy tale Oscar Archives: William Wyler's 1953 Cinderella-esque comedy made Audrey Hepburn an overnight sensation and launched a new fashion trend for the gamin young star's hair and chic clothes. December 12, 2013 \|By Susan King Belgian-born actor Audrey Hepburn holds the hand of American actor Gregory… (Paramount Pictures / Getty…) William Wyler's enchanting 1953 Cinderella-esque comedy, "Roman Holiday," made Audrey Hepburn an overnight sensation. She not only won the Academy Award for best actress but she also received a Golden Globe, a British Academy of Film and Television Arts Award and the New York Film Critics Circle honor for her role as Ann, a sheltered princess on a goodwill tour of Europe who escapes her guardians in Rome and finds adventure and a storybook romance. And the gamin actress, who was born in Belgium in 1929, also set a new fashion trend with her short hair and casually chic clothes — even as Edith Head won an Oscar for the film's costume design. "Many familiar stars have given great performances," said film critic-historian Leonard Maltin. "But there are times when being an unknown is an invaluable asset. I think of Ben Kingsley in 'Gandhi' as an emblematic example of that and, certainly, Audrey Hepburn." FULL COVERAGE: Oscars 2014 Part of the film's charm, said Maltin, "is there is a parallel between the character's story and Audrey Hepburn. If you know anything about the background of the film itself, you can't avoid thinking about that. It is not just a fresh, charming performance, it is a fresh, charming performance by someone blossoming into stardom right before your eyes." Though reports state that Jean Simmons was briefly considered for the role of Ann, Wyler wanted an unknown to play the part. "With anybody familiar, you have to first forget your previous associations with them, shed that baggage before you completely accept and embrace them in this new role," said Maltin. "With an unknown, there is no such barrier." Hepburn had appeared in few films before being selected by Wyler, who at that time had won director Oscars for 1942's "Mrs. Miniver" and 1946's "The Best Years of Our Lives." The young actress had small parts in 1951's "Laughter in Paradise" and "The Lavender Hill Mob" and a more substantial role in the forgettable 1952 film "Secret People." Choosing a virtual unknown, said Maltin, was one of "many smart decisions William Wyler made regarding this film." TIMELINE: The Academy Awards through the years Even before finding Hepburn, Wyler had insisted that Paramount allow him to shoot in Rome. Gregory Peck, who plays Joe Bradley, the American journalist whom the princess falls for, was hesitant to take on a secondary role, but Wyler persuaded him to join the film. While in pre-production in Rome, the director traveled to London to look at ingenues for the lead. That's where he met Hepburn, whom he described as "very alert, very smart, very talented and very ambitious." With Wyler on his way back to Rome, he asked Thorald Dickinson, who had directed Hepburn in "Secret People," to do a screen test with her at Pinewood Studios in England — and to keep the cameras rolling after she completed her scene so he could watch the young actress in a more relaxed, natural state. Unaware she was still being filmed, Hepburn went on to have a lively chat with Dickinson about her experiences during World War II. VIDEO: Highlights from the Envelope Screening Series "She was absolutely delightful," Wyler was quoted as saying when he saw the test. "Acting, looks and personality!" He was so taken with her that he held up production for the actress to fulfill her commitment to star on Broadway in an adaptation of Colette's "Gigi." And in 1952, Audrey Hepburn began work on the movie that would change her life. Hepburn's career blossomed after "Roman Holiday." Not only did she win the Academy Award in 1954 but she also snagged a Tony Award for "Ondine." She would go on to earn Oscar nominations for 1954's "Sabrina," 1959's "The Nun's Story," 1961's "Breakfast at Tiffany's" and 1967's "Wait Until Dark," and also starred in such classics as 1957's "Funny Face," 1963's "Charade," 1964's "My Fair Lady" and 1967's "Two for the Road."	Roman Holiday
On a mobile phone keypad, the letters ‘tuv’ are on which number button?	��ࡱ�>�� 57��234��` ��>jbjb�� 'Pd�d�g8q��X@�@�@�8x�� Xé��ʋʋʋ��:�<�<�<�<�<�<�,a�R��h��h��ʋʋ�}��B�ʋ�ʋ:��:��rJ�T��J� �� "B��@��V��0é��y��y� V��XX�I�Md9XX�M www.FAMOUS PEOPLE LESSONS.comAUDREY HEPBURN http://www.famouspeoplelessons.com/a/audrey_hepburn.html CONTENTS:The Reading / Tapescript2Synonym Match and Phrase Match3Listening Gap Fill4Choose the Correct Word5Spelling6Put the Text Back Together7Scrambled Sentences8Discussion9Student Survey10Writing11Homework12Answers13THE READING / TAPESCRIPT Audrey Hepburn was an award-winning actress. The American Film Institute considered her to be the third greatest actress of all time. She also became a fashion and cultural icon, and continues to be so today. She was also a magnificent humanitarian. The memories of World War II horrors shaped her desire to help children and so she served as a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. Hepburn was born in 1929 as Audrey Ruston in Brussels, Belgium. She was the only child of an Englishman and a Dutch aristocrat. She was educated at a private school in England. Her parents divorced in 1935 and her father left. His leaving was the most traumatic moment of her life. After World War II, Hepburn studied ballet in London. Audrey was too tall to be a ballerina and went into acting. In 1951, her first big break came when she starred as Gigi in a London theatre. She won an award and lots of publicity. Her second break came two years later in the movie classic �Roman Holiday�, for which she won an Oscar for best actress. Hepburn became one of Hollywood's most successful stars and starred in many unforgettable movies. She used her fame to work with UNICEF for several decades. She declared, "I have a broken heart�, after seeing Ethiopia�s famine in 1988. She also famously said: �'Third World' is a term I don't like very much, because we're all one world.� Hepburn died in 1993 but remains a much-loved legend. 247 words Flesch Kinkaid 8.0 SYNONYM MATCH: Match the words from the article on the left with their synonyms on the right. Are your answers the same as other students�? Paragraphs 1 and 21.considereda.schooled2of all timeb.wonderful3.magnificentc.heartbreaking4.aristocratd.believed5.educatede.noblewoman6.traumaticf.everParagraphs 3 and 47.went intog.masterpiece8.publicityh.phrase9.classici.stardom10.famej.entered11termkis still12remainslmedia attentionPHRASE MATCH: Match the following phrases from the article. 1.the third greatest actress a.as Audrey Ruston2World War II horrors shaped b.term I don't like very much3.a fashion andc.of all time4.Hepburn was born in 1929 d.�Roman Holiday�5.His leaving was the most traumatic e.her desire to help children6.Audrey was too f.movies7.the movie classic g.moment of her life8.starred in many unforgettable h.to work with UNICEF9.She used her fame i.cultural icon10.'Third World' is a j.tall to be a ballerina LISTENING GAP FILL: Audrey Hepburn ________________-winning actress. The American Film Institute considered ________________ third greatest actress of all time. She also became a fashion ________________, and continues to be so today. She was also a magnificent humanitarian. The memories of World War II horrors ________________ to help children and so she served as a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. Hepburn __________________ Audrey Ruston in Brussels, Belgium. She ________________ of an Englishman and a Dutch aristocrat. She was educated at a private school in England. Her parents ________________ and her father left. His leaving was the ________________ moment of her life. After World War II, Hepburn studied ballet in London. Audrey was ________________ ballerina and went into acting. In 1951, her first big break came when she starred as Gigi in a London theatre. She won an award and ________________. Her second break came two years later in ________________ �Roman Holiday�, ________________ an Oscar for best actress. Hepburn became one of Hollywood's most successful stars and starred in many ___________________. She used her fame to work with UNICEF for ________________. She declared, "I have a broken heart�, after seeing Ethiopia�s famine in 1988. She also famously said: �'Third World' ________________ like very much, because we're all one world.� Hepburn died in 1993 but remains a ________________. CHOOSE THE CORRECT WORD: Delete the wrong word in each of the pairs in italics. Audrey Hepburn was an award-winning actress. The American Film Institute considerate / considered her to be the third greatest actress of all / every time. She also became a fashion and cultural iconic / icon, and continues to be so today. She was also a magnificent humanitarian. The memories of World War II horrors shaped / shaping her desire to help children and so she served as a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. Hepburn was born in 1929 as / was Audrey Ruston in Brussels, Belgium. She was the only child of an Englishman and a Dutch aristocrat. She was educated / education at a private school in England. Her parents divorced in 1935 and her father leaving / left. His leaving was the most traumatic moment for / of her life. After World War II, Hepburn studied ballet in London. Audrey was too tall to be a ballerina / ballet and went into / in acting. In 1951, her first big break came when she starred as Gigi in a London theatre. She won an award and lots of publicly / publicity. Her second break came two years later in the movie classic / classical �Roman Holiday�, for which she won an Oscar for best actress. Hepburn became one of Hollywood's most successful stars and starred in many unforgettable movies. She used her famous / fame to work with UNICEF for several decades. She declared, "I have a broken heart�, after seeing Ethiopia�s famine / farming in 1988. She also famously said: �'Third World' is a term / team I don't like very much, because we're all one world.� Hepburn died in 1993 but remains a much- / many-loved legend. SPELLING: These jumbled words are from the text. Spell them correctly. Paragraph 11.a fashion and rucuallt icon2.The eimseomr of World War II horrors3.shaped her eiedsr to help children4.she vdrsee as a UNICEF Goodwill AmbassadorParagraph 25.the only hdcli6.educated at a atverip school7.Her parents vrcidode in 19358.Hepburn studied etlabl in LondonParagraph 39.too tall to be a alairnelb10.a London etatreh11.lots of cptbliuyi12.the movie lssccia �Roman Holiday�Paragraph 413.several ecdedsa14.I have a nbreko heart15.Ethiopia�s afnmie16.remains a much-loved ndgeel PUT THE TEXT BACK TOGETHER Number these lines in the correct order. ( )a Dutch aristocrat. She was educated at a private school in England. Her parents divorced in 1935 and her father( )Audrey was too tall to be a ballerina and went into acting. In 1951, her first big break came when she( 1 )Audrey Hepburn was an award-winning actress. The American Film Institute considered her to be the third( )movies. She used her fame to work with UNICEF for several decades. She declared, "I have a broken( )Hepburn was born in 1929 as Audrey Ruston in Brussels, Belgium. She was the only child of an Englishman and( )later in the movie classic �Roman Holiday�, for which she won an Oscar for best actress.( )starred as Gigi in a London theatre. She won an award and lots of publicity. Her second break came two years( )greatest actress of all time. She also became a fashion and cultural icon, and continues to be so( )left. His leaving was the most traumatic moment of her life. After World War II, Hepburn studied ballet in London.( )heart�, after seeing Ethiopia�s famine in 1988. She also famously said: �'Third World' is a( )Hepburn became one of Hollywood's most successful stars and starred in many unforgettable( )term I don't like very much, because we're all one world.� Hepburn died in 1993 but remains a much-loved legend.( )today. She was also a magnificent humanitarian. The memories of World War II horrors( )shaped her desire to help children and so she served as a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. SCRAMBLED SENTENCES With your partner, put the words back into the correct order. 1.all the greatest of time third actress2.also She icon cultural and fashion a became3.World horrors desire children II her help War shaped to4.Englishman Dutch only an a the of and aristocrat child5.most moment her the traumatic of life6.be to tall too was Audrey ballerina a7.she Gigi big when as first came starred her break8.of lots and award an won She publicity9.with work to fame her used She UNICEF10.very term like 'Third World� a don't much is I AUDREY HEPBURN DISCUSSION: STUDENT A�s QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student B)1.What do you know about Audrey Hepburn?2.Would you like to have met Audrey Hepburn?3.What would you like to know about Audrey Hepburn and why?4.___________________________________________________5.___________________________________________________6.___________________________________________________7.___________________________________________________8.___________________________________________________Copyright � www.FamousPeopleLessons.com ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ AUDREY HEPBURN AUDREY HEPBURN DISCUSSION: STUDENT B�s QUESTIONS (Do not show these to student A)1.What did you learn from this text about Audrey Hepburn?2.What questions would you like to have asked Audrey Hepburn?3.What would her answers have been to those questions?4.___________________________________________________5.___________________________________________________6.___________________________________________________7.___________________________________________________8.___________________________________________________ AUDREY HEPBURN SURVEY: Write five questions about Audrey Hepburn in the table. Do this in pairs/groups. Each student must write the questions on his / her own paper. Without your partner, interview other students. Write down their answers. STUDENT 1 _____________STUDENT 2 _____________STUDENT 3 _____________Q.1. Q.2. Q.3. Q.4. Q.5. Return to your original partner(s) and share and talk about what you found out. Make mini-presentations to other groups on your findings. WRITING: Write about Audrey Hepburn for 10 minutes. Show your partner your paper. Correct each other�s work. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ HOMEWORK 1. VOCABULARY EXTENSION: Choose several of the words from the text. Use a dictionary or Google�s search field (or another search engine) to build up more associations / collocations of each word. 2. INTERNET: Search the Internet and find more information about Audrey Hepburn. Talk about what you discover with your partner(s) in the next lesson. 3. AUDREY HEPBURN POSTER: Make a poster showing the different stages of the life of Audrey Hepburn. Show your poster to your classmates in the next lesson. Did you all find out similar things? 4. MAGAZINE ARTICLE: Write a magazine article about Audrey Hepburn. Include an imaginary interview with her. Write about what she did every day and what she thought about. Read what you wrote to your classmates in the next lesson. Give each other feedback on your articles. 5. LETTER: Write a letter to Audrey Hepburn. Ask her three questions about her life. Tell her how important she is in today�s world. Read your letter to your partner(s) in your next lesson. Your �Audrey Hepburn expert� partner(s) will try and answer your questions. ANSWERS SYNONYM MATCH: Paragraphs 1 and 21.considereda.believed 2of all timeb.ever 3.magnificentc.wonderful 4.aristocratd.noblewoman 5.educatede.schooled6.traumaticf.heartbreakingParagraphs 3 and 47.went intog.entered8.publicityh.media attention9.classici.masterpiece 10.famej.stardom 11termkphrase 12remainslis still PHRASE MATCH: 1.the third greatest actress a.of all time2World War II horrors shaped b.her desire to help children 3.a fashion andc.cultural icon 4.Hepburn was born in 1929 d.as Audrey Ruston 5.His leaving was the most traumatic e.moment of her life 6.Audrey was too f.tall to be a ballerina7.the movie classic g.�Roman Holiday� 8.starred in many unforgettable h.movies 9.She used her fame i.to work with UNICEF 10.'Third World' is a j.term I don't like very much ALL OTHER EXERCISES Look at the text on page 2. AUDREY HEPBURN Copyright � www.FamousPeopleLessons.com PAGE \* Arabic \* MERGEFORMAT 13 ./RSTbghijktuv��Ŷ��m^Z��L=� h�8�h�1�5�BCJphh@yfh�1�5�CJ$OJQJh�1� h _�h�1�5�BCJph$h@�h�1�5�BCJOJQJph333$h��h�1�5�BCJOJQJph333 h�1�5�BCJOJQJph333$hih�h�1�5�BCJOJQJph333 h< �h�1�5�BCJxphh�1�5�BCJxph hA^�h�1�5�BCJ4ph hA^�h�1�5�BCJ4ph�� h�?sh�1�5�BCJaJph /hi��s[K$Ifl� �$�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� �$��$Ifa$gd�1�l� �Tkd$$If�l��$h% � t�� 6�� 4� l4�`� ��a�p� ��h��$Ifgd�1�l� ��gd�1�g>�>��ijkuv��\|&Vkd�$$If�l�u��$h% � t�� 6�� 4� l4�`� ��a�p� ��$Ifgd�1�l� �Vkdp$$If�l��$h% � t�� 6�� 4� l4�`� ��a�p� ��$�h��$Ifa$gd�1�l� �v��^��tkdX$$If�l�8�0�� $\ � t��6�� 4� l4�`� ��a�p��$�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� ��x$Ifgd�1�l� ��v��#$%&01234FGHOPST\]_`ahiklm� ��޿��ϸ��!h@yfh�1�BCJOJQJphh�1�BCJOJQJph%h\C�h�1�BCJOJQJaJph h _�h�1� h�1�5�BCJOJQJph333 hA^�h�1�5�BCJ4ph h��h�1�5�BCJph333$h��h�1�5�BCJOJQJph3334��v^$�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� ��x$Ifgd�1�l� ��tkd�$$If�l�5�0�� $\ � t��6�� 4� l4�`� ��a�p��v^$�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� ��x$Ifgd�1�l� �tkd�$$If�l�5�0�� $\ � t��6�� 4� l4�`� ��a�p��v^$�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� ��x$Ifgd�1�l� �tkd8$$If�l�5�0�� $\ � t��6�� 4� l4�`� ��a�p�� v^$�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� ��x$Ifgd�1�l� �tkd�$$If�l�5�0�� $\ � t��6�� 4� l4�`� ��a�p��#%�v^$�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� ��x$Ifgd�1�l� �tkdx$$If�l�5�0�� $\ � t��6�� 4� l4�`� ��a�p��%&13�v^$�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� ��x$Ifgd�1�l� �tkd$$If�l�5�0�� $\ � t��6�� 4� l4�`� ��a�p��34DG�v^$�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� ��x$Ifgd�1�l� �tkd�$$If�l�5�0�� $\ � t��6�� 4� l4�`� ��a�p��GHPS�v^$�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� ��x$Ifgd�1�l� �tkdX$$If�l�5�0�� $\ � t��6�� 4� l4�`� ��a�p��ST]`�v^$�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� ��x$Ifgd�1�l� �tkd�$$If�l�5�0�� $\ � t��6�� 4� l4�`� ��a�p��`ail�v^$�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� ��($Ifgd�1�l� �tkd�$$If�l�5�0�� $\ � t��6�� 4� l4�`� ��a�p��lm��L y � ��wwwlbZQ��gd�1�$a$gd�1� $�xa$gd�1� $d�a$gd�1� $d��xa$gd�1��gd�1�tkd8$$If�l�5�0�� $\ � t��6�� 4� l4�`� ��a�p�� . / � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ��̿��~m^�R�~mA�R�~mA� h��h�1�KHOJQJ_HaJh�1�OJQJ_HaJ h��h�1�OJQJ_HaJ h�z`h�1�CJOJQJ_HaJho )h�1�CJ h��h�1�OJQJ_HaJ h�Q4h�1�6�CJOJQJ_H"h��h�1�6�OJQJ]�_HaJ h��h�1�h��h�1�BCJph333 h��h�1�5�BCJ ph333h��h�1�CJ \�aJ h< �h�1�!h@yfh�1�BCJOJQJph� � � � � � � � � ��_kd�$$If�l�F��>��$P 5��6�� 4� la��$Ifgd�1�l� �� xxxx��$Ifgd�1�l� �rkdP $$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la�� xxxx��$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd� $$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la� (+3458ADNOPS]`defxyz{\|��˺��˺��ܗ��܅q]L� h��h�1�KHOJQJ_HaJ&h��h�1�6�CJKHOJQJ]�_H&h��h�1�6�KHOJQJ]�_HaJ"h��h�1�6�OJQJ]�_HaJ$h�z`h�1�CJKHOJQJ_HaJ h�Q4h�1�6�CJOJQJ_H h��h�1�KHOJQJ_HaJ h�z`h�1�CJOJQJ_HaJho )h�1�CJ h��h�1�OJQJ_HaJh�1�OJQJ_HaJ (+4�xxxx��$Ifgd�1�l� �rkdl $$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la�458ADO�xxxx��$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd� $$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la�OPS]`e�zzzz$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd� $$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la�efyz{�vvv��$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd $$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la�{\|��$Ifgd�1�l� �_kd� $$If�l�F��>��$P 5��6�� 4� la�\|��ʸ��~ޚ�m�~ޚ�m�~�]�L� h1Qh�1�KHOJQJ_HaJ h��h�1�6�CJOJQJ_H h��h�1�KHOJQJ_HaJ$h�z`h�1�CJKHOJQJ_HaJho )h�1�CJ h�Q4h�1�6�CJOJQJ_Hh�1�KHOJQJ_HaJ"h��h�1�6�CJOJQJ]�_H&h��h�1�6�CJKHOJQJ]�_H h��h�1�KHOJQJ_HaJ h��h�1�CJKHOJQJ_H��xxxx��$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd $$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la��xxxx��$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd� $$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la��xxxx��$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd8$$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la��xxxx��$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd�$$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la�� I��̼��̇w�f�VI5'h��h�1�5�BCJOJQJ\�ph333h��h�1�OJQJaJ h@yfh�1�5�CJ OJQJaJ h��h�1�KHOJQJ_HaJ h�Q4h�1�6�CJOJQJ_Hh�1�6�CJOJQJ_Hho )h�1�CJ h1Qh�1�KHOJQJ_HaJh�1�KHOJQJ_HaJ h��h�1�6�CJOJQJ_H h��h�1�KHOJQJ_HaJ$h�z`h�1�CJKHOJQJ_HaJ h�1�CJKHOJQJ_HaJ��zzzz$Ifgd�1�l� �rkdT$$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la�KNjm~��llll��$Ifgd�1�l� � $�X��@&gd�1�rkd�$$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la�IJKNjm}~��7:UVWZjmstux��н��н��н��н��н��$h�z�h�1�CJKHOJQJ_HaJho )h�1�CJ h��h�1�CJOJQJ_H h1{h�1�6�CJOJQJ_H%h��h�1�BCJOJQJaJph h�z�h�1�CJOJQJ_HaJh��h�1�OJQJaJ!h�1�5�BCJOJQJ\�ph3333~��xxxx��$Ifgd�1�l� �rkdp$$If�l�\��v5�$7: �,�6�� 4� la��xxxx��$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd�$$If�l�\��v5�$7: �,�6�� 4� la��xxxx��$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd�$$If�l�\��v5�$7: �,�6�� 4� la�7:V�xxxx��$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd$$If�l�\��v5�$7: �,�6�� 4� la�VWZjmt�xxxx��$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd�$$If�l�\��v5�$7: �,�6�� 4� la�tux��xxxx��$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd6$$If�l�\��v5�$7: �,�6�� 4� la��xxxx��$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd�$$If�l�\��v5�$7: �,�6�� 4� la��xxxx��$Ifgd�1�l� �rkdR$$If�l�\��v5�$7: �,�6�� 4� la�� 5678BKL��bz��Wg��Ĵ��ħ��{�taLLLL(h��h�1�6�BCJOJQJaJph$hih�h�1�5�BCJOJQJph333 h2zh�1�h�1�%h\C�h�1�BCJOJQJaJph h�A�h�1� h _�h�1� h< �h�1�h< �h�1�BCJ ph333 h�1�CJKHOJQJ_HaJho )h�1�CJ h��h�1�CJOJQJ_H h1{h�1�6�CJOJQJ_H%h��h�1�BCJOJQJaJph 6�xeUU$Ifl� �$Ifgd�1�l� ��<$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd�$$If�l�\��v5�$7: �,�6�� 4� la�67L�@��wwwl�`S $d��<a$gd�1� $�x��a$gd�1� $d�a$gd�1� $d��a$gd�1��gd�1�tkdn$$If�l�d�\��v5�$7: �,�6�� 4� la� g��FZ��FXbk��=��a q � � ' ( 0 2 4 p q } � � � ��ƿʯ��whZh�1�>BOJQJph h� �h�1�BOJQJph!hPsXh�1�BOJQJaJph'hPsXh�1�6�BOJQJ]�aJph$h�~ h�1�5�BCJOJQJph333 h�1�5�BCJOJQJph333 h _�h�1�h�1�h< �h�1�BCJ ph333(h��h�1�6�BCJOJQJaJph%h\C�h�1�BCJOJQJaJph#�\|' 4 q } ~ � � ��y��>kd$$If�l��$h% t��6�� 4� l4�a�$dh�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� � $�x��a$gd�1��xgd�1� $d�a$gd�1� $d��<a$gd�1� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ) - 6 ; < @ N U \ ] a m u } ~ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ��ν��Λ��Λ��h�1�BOJQJph'hPsXh�1�6�BOJQJ]�aJphh�1�>BOJQJph!h� h�1�BOJQJaJph!hPsXh�1�BOJQJaJph!h1{h�1�BOJQJaJph h� �h�1�BOJQJph8� � � � � � � ��B��Qkd�$$If�l�0��$<," t��6�� 4� l4�a�$dh�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� �QkdD$$If�l�0��$<," t��6�� 4� l4�a�� BQkdR$$If�l�0��$<," t��6�� 4� l4�a�$dh�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� �Qkd�$$If�l�0��$<," t��6�� 4� l4�a� ) - < = @ ��8�Qkd�$$If�l�0��$<," t��6�� 4� l4�a�$dh�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� �>kd�$$If�l��$h% t��6�� 4� l4�a� $dh�,�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� �@ ] ^ a ~ � � ��B��Qkd�$$If�l�0��$<," t��6�� 4� l4�a�QkdJ$$If�l�0��$<," t��6�� 4� l4�a�$dh�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� �� S88$dh�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� �>kdX$$If�l��$h% t��6�� 4� l4�a� $dh�,�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� �Qkd�$$If�l�0��$<," t��6�� 4� l4�a�� B��Qkd�$$If�l�0��$<," t��6�� 4� l4�a�$dh�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� �Qkd�$$If�l�0��$<," t��6�� 4� l4�a�� # $ ��BQkd�$$If�l�0��$<," t��6�� 4� l4�a�$dh�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� �QkdP$$If�l�0��$<," t��6�� 4� l4�a� " # $ 0 5 = D E J S Y _ ` e p v w \| � � � � � � � � � � ��vfV h�1�BCJOJQJ_Hph h��h�1�5�OJQJ\�aJ!h�1�5�BCJOJQJ\�ph333 h _�h�1�h�1�h�1�BCJ ph333!h�M�h�1�BOJPJQJph'hPsXh�1�6�BOJQJ]�aJph!hPsXh�1�BOJQJaJph!h1{h�1�BOJQJaJph h� �h�1�BOJQJphh�1�>BOJQJph $ 0 1 5 E F J ��8�QkdH$$If�l�0��$<," t��6�� 4� l4�a�$dh�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� �>kd$$If�l��$h% t��6�� 4� l4�a� $dh�,�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� �J ` a e w x ��BQkd�$$If�l�0��$<," t��6�� 4� l4�a�Qkd�$$If�l�0��$<," t��6�� 4� l4�a�$dh�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� �x \| � � � � � ��zqgR�h$Ifgd�1�l� � $��a$gd�1��xgd�1�QkdV $$If�l�0��$<," t��6�� 4� l4�a�$dh�x$Ifa$gd�1�l� �$dh$Ifa$gd�1�l� �� V W ^ � � � ��:�Lkd $$If�l�0��$Q7��6�� 4� la��h$Ifgd�1�l� �Lkd� $$If�l�0��$Q7��6�� 4� la�$��$Ifa$gd�1�l� �� V W ^ � � � � � 4!5!��$�� 5��6�� 4� la�1;2;5;@;C;O;�waaad$Ifgd�1�l� �dh$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd�4$$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la�O;P;S;\;_;h;�waaad$Ifgd�1�l� �dh$Ifgd�1�l� �rkdv5$$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la�h;i;l;v;y;�;�waaad$Ifgd�1�l� �dh$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd6$$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la��;�;�;�;�;�s[[dh�x$Ifgd�1�l� �dh�x�x$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd�6$$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la��;�;�;�;�;�;��tttd$Ifgd�1�l� �dh$Ifgd�1�l� �_kd 7$$If�l�F��>��$P 5��6�� 4� la��;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;�;< < < <<< < < <(<<4<5<B<C<F<b<e<p<q<r<��±��±��±��±��±��¥��w�wh_h 6�h�1�CJ h�lh�1�CJOJQJ_H%h�lh�1�BCJOJQJaJph h 6�h�1�CJOJQJ_Hh]hrh�1�5�OJQJh�o�h�1�5�OJQJ h@yfh�1�CJKHOJQJ_Hh@yfh�1�CJ h�lh�1�6�CJOJQJ_H$h�lh�1�CJKHOJQJ_HaJ"h�lh�1�6�CJOJQJ]�_H%�;�;�;�;�;�;�waaad$Ifgd�1�l� �dh$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd�7$$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la��;�;�;�;�;�;�waaad$Ifgd�1�l� �dh$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd&8$$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la��;�;�;�;< <�waaad$Ifgd�1�l� �dh$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd�8$$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la� < < <<< <�waaad$Ifgd�1�l� �dh$Ifgd�1�l� �rkdB9$$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la� < < <(<<4<�waaad$Ifgd�1�l� �dh$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd�9$$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la�4<5<C<F<b<e<q<��kUUUd$Ifgd�1�l� �dh$Ifgd�1�l� � $�h�xa$gd�1�rkd^:$$If�l�\��>��$�� 5��6�� 4� la�q<r<t<�<�<�<�waaad$Ifgd�1�l� �dh$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd�:$$If�l�\��! �$7� ��6�� 4� la�r<t<�<�<�<�<�<�<�<�<�<�<�<�<�<�<== = =0=3=F=G=H=K=[=^=t=u=v=y=�=�=�=�=�=�=�=�=�=�=�=�=�=�=�=�=�=>>>5>6>7>K>f>��޿��޿��޿��޿��޿��޿��޿��޿��޿��h�xjh�1�OJQJh�xjh�1�5�OJQJ h 6�h�1�CJKHOJQJ_Hh 6�h�1�CJ h�lh�1�CJOJQJ_H h�lh�1�6�CJOJQJ_H%h�lh�1�BCJOJQJaJph h 6�h�1�CJOJQJ_H8�<�<�<�<�<�<�waaad$Ifgd�1�l� �dh$Ifgd�1�l� �rkdz;$$If�l�\��! �$7� ��6�� 4� la��<�<�<�<�<=�waaad$Ifgd�1�l� �dh$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd<$$If�l�\��! �$7� ��6�� 4� la�= = =0=3=G=�waaad$Ifgd�1�l� �dh$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd�<$$If�l�\��! �$7� ��6�� 4� la�G=H=K=[=^=u=�waaad$Ifgd�1�l� �dh$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd$=$$If�l�\��! �$7� ��6�� 4� la�u=v=y=�=�=�=�waaad$Ifgd�1�l� �dh$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd�=$$If�l�\��! �$7� ��6�� 4� la��=�=�=�=�=�=�waaad$Ifgd�1�l� �dh$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd@>$$If�l�\��! �$7� ��6�� 4� la��=�=�=�=�=�=�waaad$Ifgd�1�l� �dh$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd�>$$If�l�\��! �$7� ��6�� 4� la��=�=>>>6>�waaad$Ifgd�1�l� �dh$Ifgd�1�l� �rkd\?$$If�l�\��! �$7� ��6�� 4� la�6>7>K>g>i>j>l>m>o>p>r>s>�sqqqqqqqq $�x�xa$gd�1� $�X�xa$gd�1�tkd�?$$If�l�d�\��! �$7� ��6�� 4� la� f>g>h>j>k>m>n>p>q>u>�>�>�>�>�>�>�>�>�>�>�>�>��屙��0h�?sh�1�BCJOJQJaJmHnHph333u.jh�?sh�1�BCJOJQJUaJph333%h�?sh�1�BCJOJQJaJph333#hGbh�1�5�BOJQJ\�ph h�1�5�BOJQJ\�phh�1�jh�1�U h�o�h�1�5�BCJph333s>t>u>�>�>�>�>�>�>�>�>�� $�x�xa$gd�1� ��!�$gd�1�gd�1�$a$gd�1� $�<�<a$gd�1� % 0:p�1� ��/ ��=!��"��#��$��%�n$$If�!vh5�h%#vh%:V �l � t�� 65�h%`� ��p� �r$$If�!vh5�h%#vh%:V �l�� t�� 65�h%`� ��p� ��r$$If�!vh5�h%#vh%:V �l�u � t�� 65�h%`� ��p� ��$$If�!vh5�\ 5� #v #v\ :V �l�8 � t��65� 5�\ `� ��p��$$If�!vh5�\ 5� #v #v\ :V �l�5 � t��65� 5�\ `� ��p��$$If�!vh5�\ 5� #v #v\ :V �l�5 � t��65� 5�\ `� ��p��$$If�!vh5�\ 5� #v #v\ :V �l�5 � t��65� 5�\ `� ��p��$$If�!vh5�\ 5� #v #v\ :V �l�5 � t��65� 5�\ `� ��p��$$If�!vh5�\ 5� #v #v\ :V �l�5 � t��65� 5�\ `� ��p��$$If�!vh5�\ 5� #v #v\ :V �l�5 � t��65� 5�\ `� ��p��$$If�!vh5�\ 5� #v #v\ :V �l�5 � t��65� 5�\ `� ��p��$$If�!vh5�\ 5� #v #v\ :V �l�5 � t��65� 5�\ `� ��p��$$If�!vh5�\ 5� #v #v\ :V �l�5 � t��65� 5�\ `� ��p��$$If�!vh5�\ 5� #v #v\ :V �l�5 � t��65� 5�\ `� ��p��$$If�!vh5�\ 5� #v #v\ :V �l�5 � t��65� 5�\ `� ��p��v$$If�!vh5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�:V �l��6�5�5�55�P 4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4�v$$If�!vh5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�:V �l��6�5�5�55�P 4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�S5��5��5�� #v� #v�#v�#vS:V �l�6�5�,5��5�: 5�74��$$If�!vh5�S5��5��5�� #v� #v�#v�#vS:V �l�6�5�,5��5�: 5�74��$$If�!vh5�S5��5��5�� #v� #v�#v�#vS:V �l�6�5�,5��5�: 5�74��$$If�!vh5�S5��5��5�� #v� #v�#v�#vS:V �l�6�5�,5��5�: 5�74��$$If�!vh5�S5��5��5�� #v� #v�#v�#vS:V �l�6�5�,5��5�: 5�74��$$If�!vh5�S5��5��5�� #v� #v�#v�#vS:V �l�6�5�,5��5�: 5�74��$$If�!vh5�S5��5��5�� #v� #v�#v�#vS:V �l�6�5�,5��5�: 5�74��$$If�!vh5�S5��5��5�� #v� #v�#v�#vS:V �l�6�5�,5��5�: 5�74��$$If�!vh5�S5��5��5�� #v� #v�#v�#vS:V �l�6�5�,5��5�: 5�74��$$If�!vh5�S5��5��5�� #v� #v�#v�#vS:V �l�d�6�5�,5��5�: 5�74�B$$If�!vh5�h%#vh%:V �l t��65�h%X$$If�!vh5�<5�,"#v,"#v<:V �l t��65�,"5�<X$$If�!vh5�<5�,"#v,"#v<:V �l t��65�,"5�<X$$If�!vh5�<5�,"#v,"#v<:V �l t��65�,"5�<X$$If�!vh5�<5�,"#v,"#v<:V �l t��65�,"5�<B$$If�!vh5�h%#vh%:V �l t��65�h%X$$If�!vh5�<5�,"#v,"#v<:V �l t��65�,"5�<X$$If�!vh5�<5�,"#v,"#v<:V �l t��65�,"5�<X$$If�!vh5�<5�,"#v,"#v<:V �l t��65�,"5�<X$$If�!vh5�<5�,"#v,"#v<:V �l t��65�,"5�<B$$If�!vh5�h%#vh%:V �l t��65�h%X$$If�!vh5�<5�,"#v,"#v<:V �l t��65�,"5�<X$$If�!vh5�<5�,"#v,"#v<:V �l t��65�,"5�<X$$If�!vh5�<5�,"#v,"#v<:V �l t��65�,"5�<X$$If�!vh5�<5�,"#v,"#v<:V �l t��65�,"5�<B$$If�!vh5�h%#vh%:V �l t��65�h%X$$If�!vh5�<5�,"#v,"#v<:V �l t��65�,"5�<X$$If�!vh5�<5�,"#v,"#v<:V �l t��65�,"5�<X$$If�!vh5�<5�,"#v,"#v<:V �l t��65�,"5�<X$$If�!vh5�<5�,"#v,"#v<:V �l t��65�,"5�<`$$If�!vh5�p5�� #v� #vp:V �l��6�5�75�Q4�`$$If�!vh5�p5�� #v� #vp:V �l��6�5�75�Q4�`$$If�!vh5�p5�� #v� #vp:V �l��6�5�75�Q4�`$$If�!vh5�p5�� #v� #vp:V �l��6�5�75�Q4�`$$If�!vh5�p5�� #v� #vp:V �l��6�5�75�Q4�`$$If�!vh5�p5�� #v� #vp:V �l��6�5�75�Q4�`$$If�!vh5�p5�� #v� #vp:V �l��6�5�75�Q4�`$$If�!vh5�p5�� #v� #vp:V �l��6�5�75�Q4�`$$If�!vh5�p5�� #v� #vp:V �l��6�5�75�Q4�`$$If�!vh5�p5�� #v� #vp:V �l��6�5�75�Q4�`$$If�!vh5�p5�� #v� #vp:V �l��6�5�75�Q4�`$$If�!vh5�p5�� #v� #vp:V �l��6�5�75�Q4�`$$If�!vh5�p5�� #v� #vp:V �l��6�5�75�Q4�`$$If�!vh5�p5�� #v� #vp:V �l��6�5�75�Q4��$$If�!vh5�L5� ##v ##vL:V �l�� t��0��6�5�U5�3/� ��/� ��$$If�!vh5�L5� ##v ##vL:V �l�� t��0��6�5�U5�3/� ��$$If�!vh5�L5� ##v ##vL:V �l�� t��0��65�U5�3/� ��$$If�!vh5�L5� ##v ##vL:V �l�� t��0��65�U5�3/� ��$$If�!vh5�L5� ##v ##vL:V �l�� t��0��65�U5�3/� ��$$If�!vh5�L5� ##v ##vL:V �l�� t��0��65�U5�3/� ��$$If�!vh5�L5� ##v ##vL:V �l�� t��0��65�U5�3/� ��$$If�!vh5�L5� ##v ##vL:V �l�� t��0��65�U5�3/� ��$$If�!vh5�L5� ##v ##vL:V �l�� t��0��6�5�U5�3/� ��$$If�!vh5�L5� ##v ##vL:V �l�� t��0��6�5�U5�3/� ��B$$If�!vh5�h%#vh%:V �l t��65��X$$If�!vh5��5��"#v�"#v�:V �l t��65�5�nX$$If�!vh5��5��"#v�"#v�:V �l t��65�5�nX$$If�!vh5��5��"#v�"#v�:V �l t��65�5�nX$$If�!vh5��5��"#v�"#v�:V �l t��65�5�nX$$If�!vh5��5��"#v�"#v�:V �l t��65�5�nX$$If�!vh5��5��"#v�"#v�:V �l t��65�5�nX$$If�!vh5��5��"#v�"#v�:V �l t��65�5�nX$$If�!vh5��5��"#v�"#v�:V �l t��65�5�nB$$If�!vh5�h%#vh%:V �l t��65��X$$If�!vh5��5��"#v�"#v�:V �l t��65�5�nX$$If�!vh5��5��"#v�"#v�:V �l t��65�5�nX$$If�!vh5��5��"#v�"#v�:V �l t��65�5�nX$$If�!vh5��5��"#v�"#v�:V �l t��65�5�nX$$If�!vh5��5��"#v�"#v�:V �l t��65�5�nX$$If�!vh5��5��"#v�"#v�:V �l t��65�5�nX$$If�!vh5��5��"#v�"#v�:V �l t��65�5�nX$$If�!vh5��5��"#v�"#v�:V �l t��65�5�n�$$If�!vh5�� 5�K 5�K 5�K #vK #v� :V �l�� t��0��65��5��p�(��$$If�!vh5�� 5�K 5�K 5�K #vK #v� :V �l�J t��0��65��5��p�(��$$If�!vh5�� 5�K 5�K 5�K #vK #v� :V �l�K t��0��65��5��p�(��$$If�!vh5�� 5�K 5�K 5�K #vK #v� :V �l�J t��0��65��5��p�(��$$If�!vh5�� 5�K 5�K 5�K #vK #v� :V �l�K t��0��65��5��p�(��$$If�!vh5�� 5�K 5�K 5�K #vK #v� :V �l�K t��0��65��5��p�(��v$$If�!vh5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�:V �l��6�5�5�55�P 4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4�v$$If�!vh5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�:V �l��6�5�5�55�P 4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�&5��5�P5�n #vn #vP#v�#v&:V �l��6�5�5�55�� 5��4��$$If�!vh5�T5�95��5�� #v� #v�#v9#vT:V �l��6�5��5��5�� 5�74��$$If�!vh5�T5�95��5�� #v� #v�#v9#vT:V �l��6�5��5��5�� 5�74��$$If�!vh5�T5�95��5�� #v� #v�#v9#vT:V �l��6�5��5��5�� 5�74��$$If�!vh5�T5�95��5�� #v� #v�#v9#vT:V �l��6�5��5��5�� 5�74��$$If�!vh5�T5�95��5�� #v� #v�#v9#vT:V �l��6�5��5��5�� 5�74��$$If�!vh5�T5�95��5�� #v� #v�#v9#vT:V �l��6�5��5��5�� 5�74��$$If�!vh5�T5�95��5�� #v� #v�#v9#vT:V �l��6�5��5��5�� 5�74��$$If�!vh5�T5�95��5�� #v� #v�#v9#vT:V �l��6�5��5��5�� 5�74��$$If�!vh5�T5�95��5�� #v� #v�#v9#vT:V �l��6�5��5��5�� 5�74��$$If�!vh5�T5�95��5�� #v� #v�#v9#vT:V �l�d��6�5��5��5�� 5�74��<@��< �o�NormalCJ_HmH sH tH TT _� Heading 1$��<@&5�CJ KH OJQJaJ V@V Q}� Heading 2$�h�h@&gdQ}�5�CJ$OJQJ_HDA@��D Default Paragraph FontZi@��Z Table Normal :V �4� l4�a� _H(k��(No List 0U@��0 < � Hyperlink>Bj��j < � Table Grid7:V�0��4 @4 < �Header ��!4 @"4 < �Footer ��!�8P�� z� ��z� ��z� ��z� ��z� ��z� ��z� ��z� �� z� �� z� �� z� �� z� �� z�m 8 �(�� "�'�)q0�4�8�� /hijkuv�� #%&134DGHPST]`ailm��Ly �� (+458ADOPS]`efyz{\|�� K N j m ~ � � � � � � � � � � � � � 7 : V W Z j m t u x � � � � � � � � � � � � 6 7 L � @��\|'4q}~�� )-<=@]^a~��#$015EFJ`aewx\|��VW^��45<�� s t { � � � R S Z � � � 1 2 9 � � � i j q � � � W X [ � � � � � � E!F!I!�!�!�!�!�!�!"""Q"R"U"�"�"�"�"�"�"0#1#4#[#\#_#�#�#�#�#�#�#$$$8$9$<$p$q$t$�$�$�$�$�$ %X%g%h%�%�%�%�%�%�%�%6&7&:&o&p&s&�&�&�&�&�&�&'''O'P'S'�'�'�'0(z({(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�)�)�)D��1+�+�+ ,m,�, -Z-�-�-G.�.�.4/�/�/!0p0z0>1�1�2B3�3�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4 5 5555#5&5152555@5C5O5P5S5\5_5h5i5l5v5y5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�56 6 6 666 6 6 6(664656C6F6b6e6q6r6t6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�67 7 70737G7H7K7[7^7u7v7y7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�78886878K8g8i8j8l8m8o8p8r8s8t8u8�8�8�8�8�8�8�8�0��0�� 0�� 0��0��0��0�� 0��ĩ��0�� 0��0�� 0�� 0��0�� 0�� 0�� 0�� 0�� 0��Ė頷 �0�� 0�� 0�� 0�� 0�� 0�� 0�� 0�� 0��ec�� 0�� 0�� 0�� 0�� 0�� 0�� 0�� 0�� 0��TP�� 0�� 0�� 0�� 0�� 0�� 0�� 0�� 0�� 0�� 0��0�n��0�n��0�n��0�n��0�n��0�n��0��p��0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� t�� 0��p��0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� �� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� �� 0� p�� 0� �� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� �� 0� p�� 0� �� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� �� 0� p�� 0� �� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� �� 0� p�� 0� �� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� �� 0� p�� 0� �� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� �� 0� p�� 0� �� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� �� 0� p�� 0� p�� 0� t�� 0� p�� 0� �� 0� p�� 0� �� 0� t�� 0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p��0��p�� 0��t�� 0��p�� 0��p�� 0��t�� 0��p�� 0��p�� 0��t�� 0��p�� 0��p�� 0��t�� 0��p�� 0��p�� 0��t�� 0��p�� 0��t�� 0��p�� 0��p�� 0��t�� 0��p�� 0��p�� 0��t�� 0��p�� 0��p�� 0��t�� 0��p�� 0��p�� 0��t�� 0��p�� 0��t�� 0��p�� 0��p�� 0��t�� 0��p�� 0��p�� 0��t�� 0��p�� 0��p�� 0��t�� 0��p�� 0��p�� 0��t�� 0��p�� 0��t�� 0��p�� 0��p�� 0��t�� 0��p�� 0��p�� 0��t�� 0��p�� 0��p�� 0��t�� 0��p�� 0��p�� 0��t�� 0��p��0�p��0�p�� 0�p�� 0�t�� 0�p�� 0�p�� 0�t�� 0�p�� 0�p�� 0�t�� 0�p�� 0�p�� 0�t�� 0�p�� 0�p�� 0�t�� 0�p�� 0�p�� 0�t�� 0�p�� 0�p�� 0�t�� 0�p�� 0�p�� 0�t�� 0�p�� 0�p�� 0�t�� 0�p�� 0�p�� 0�t�� 0�p�� 0�p�� 0�t�� 0�p�� 0�p�� 0�t�� 0�p�� 0�p�� 0�t�� 0�p�� 0�p�� 0�t�� 0��p��0�A p��0�A p�� 0�A p�� 0�A t�� 0�A p�� 0�A p�� 0�A t�� 0�A p�� 0�A p�� 0�A t�� 0�A p�� 0�A p�� 0�A t�� 0�A p�� 0�A p�� 0�A t�� 0�A p�� 0�A p�� 0�A t�� 0�A p�� 0�A p�� 0�A t�� 0�A p�� 0�A p�� 0�A t�� 0�A p�� 0�A p�� 0�A t�� 0�A p�� 0�A p�� 0�A t�� 0��p��0�V"p�� 0�V"t�� 0�V"p�� 0�V"p�� 0�V"t�� 0�V"p�� 0�V"p�� 0�V"t�� 0�V"p�� 0�V"p�� 0�V"t�� 0�V"p�� 0�V"p�� 0�V"t�� 0�V"p�� 0�V"p�� 0�V"t�� 0�V"p�� 0�V"p�� 0�V"t�� 0�V"p�� 0�V"p�� 0�V"t�� 0�V"p�� 0�V"p�� 0�V"t�� 0��pV"��0�V"p��0��p��0��$p��0��p��0��$p�� 0��$t�� 0��$p�� 0��$p�� 0��$t�� 0��$p�� 0��$p�� 0��$t�� 0��$p�� 0��$p�� 0��$t�� 0��$p�� 0��$p�� 0��$t�� 0��$p�� 0��$p�� 0��$t�� 0��$p�� 0��$p�� 0��$t�� 0��$p�� 0��$p�� 0��$t�� 0��$p�� 0��$p�� 0��$t�� 0��p��0�'p��0�'p��0�'p�� 0�'p��0�'p�� 0�'p��0�'p�� 0�'p��0�'p�� 0�'t�� 0�'p��0�'p�� 0�'p�� 0�'p�� 0�'p�� 0�'t�� 0�'p��0�'p�� 0�'p�� 0�'p�� 0�'p�� 0�'t�� 0�'p��0�'p�� 0�'p�� 0�'p�� 0�'p�� 0�'t�� 0�'p��0�'p�� 0�'p�� 0�'p�� 0�'p�� 0�'t�� 0�'p��0�'p�� 0�'p�� 0�'p�� 0�'p�� 0�'t�� 0�'p��0��p��0�)p��0�)p��0�)p��0�)p��0�)p��0�)p��0�)p��0�)p��0�)p��0�)p��0�)p��0�)p��0�)p��0�)p��0�)p��0�)p��0�)p��0�)p��0�)p��0�)p��0�)p��0�)p��0��p��0��/p��0��/p��0��/p��0��/p��0��/p��0��/p��0��p��0�=4p��0�=4p�� 0�=4p�� 0�=4p�� 0�=4t�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4��0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��p=4�� 0��t=4�� 0��p=4��0��p��0��0��0��0��0��0��0��0��0��0��0��p��0��p��0��0��p��0��p��0�� h /hijkuv�� #%&134DGHPST]`ailm��Ly �� (+458ADOPS]`efyz{\|�� K N j m ~ � � � � � � � � � � � � � 7 : V W Z j m t u x � � � � � � � � � � � � 6 7 L � @��\|'4q}~�� )-<=@]^a~��#$015EFJ`aewx\|��VW^��45�� s t � � R S � � 1 2 � � i j � � W X � � � � E!F!�!�!�!�!""Q"R"�"�"�"�"0#1#[#\#�#�#�#�#$$8$9$p$q$�$�$�$�$�%�%�%�%6&7&o&p&�&�&�&�&''O'P'�'�'�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�4�4�4�4�4�4 5 555#5&5152555@5C5O5P5S5\5_5h5i5l5v5y5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�56 6 6 666 6 6 6(664656C6F6b6e6q6r6t6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�67 7 70737G7H7K7[7^7u7v7y7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�78886878K8�8��P�0\|��0 ��P�0\|��0 �� 0 ��0 ��0 ��P�0\|��0l ��P�0\|��0w ��0w ��P�0\|��0� ��0� ��P�0\|��0� ��0� ��P�0\|��0� ��0� ��P�0\|��0� ��0� ��P�0\|��0� ��0� ��P�0\|��0 ��0 ��P�0\|��0' ��0' ��P�0\|��05 ��05 ��P�0\|��0I ��0I ��P�0\|��0U ��0U ��P�0\|��0b ��0b ��P�0\|��P�0\|��P�0\|��P�0\|��P�0\|��P�0\|��P�0\|��P�0\|��P�0\|��P�0\|��P�0\|��]/T\3p ��0 �� 1��0� ��0� ��0� ��0� ��0�� @��0 ��0 ��0 ��0 ��0�0! ��0! ��0! ��0! ��@�`(@��@� @D@�?�0= ��0= ��0= ��0= ��0�$�0W ��0W ��0W ��0W ��0�0o ��0o ��0o ��0��0� ��0� ��0� ��0� �� @0�` 8/d �0� ��0� ��0� ��0� ��%v�@ �dd �0� ��0� ��0� ��0� ��0'� C@\|`�0� ��0� ��0� ��0� ��0��(��0� ��0� ��0� ��0� ��0�D@�0 ��0 ��0 ��0 ��0��P�00o ��@0h ��@0h ��@0h ��0y ��@0� ��@0� ��@0� ��@0� ��0�� @0� ��@0� ��@0� ��@0� �� 0t�� @0� ��@0� ��@0� ��@0� ��0� ��@0 ��@0 ��@0 ��@0 ��0� ��@0- ��@0- ��@0- ��@0- ��0 ��@0d ��@0d ��@0d ��@0d ��0> ��@0� ��@0� ��@0� ��@0� ��0b ��@0� ��@0� ��@0� ��@0� ��0� ��@0 ��@0 ��@0 ��@0 ��0� ��P�00o ��P�00o ��P�00o ��P�00o ��0 ��0 ��0 ��0 ��0 ��0 ��0 ��0 ��0 ��0 ��0 ��0� В@\|`��0� ��0� ��1��0 ��0 ��0��$��0/ ��0/ ��8/��0V ��0V ��0��0� ��0� ��0� ��0� ��0� ��0 � @\|`��0� ��0� ��0��0� ��0� ��$��0 ��0 ��0 ��0�$��08 ��08 �� 08/ ��0N ��0N ��0��0e ��0e �� p�`- ��0� ��.1t��0� ��0� ��0&�@��0� ��0� ��1��0� ��0� ��2�$��0� ��0� ��0��0 ��0 ��0 ��0 ��0��0� ��0� ��p� 8/� ��0. ��0. ��0� �� .12d�@ �`��0 �� 0��0{ ��0,��0� ��1��0Q �� 0��$��0� ��; 2;��8/��06 �� 0��0� �� 0��0� �� 0��0u �� 0��0� �� 0��00 �� 0��0� �� 0��0 �� 0��0Y �� 0��0� �� 0��0� �� 0��0)! �� 0��0z! �� 0��0�! �� 0��0�! �� 0��0E" �� 0��0�" �� 0��0�" �� 0��0�" �� 0� ��70P�\|��01# ��0P�\|��0i# �� 00 ��0�# �� 0��0P�\|̠�0�# �� 0P�\|��0$ �� 0w ��0I$ �� 0 ��0��05% �� 0��0��0q% �� 00P�\|��0�% �� 00� ��0�% �� 0��0��0"& �� 0� ��0Z& ��P�0\|��0�& �� 0 ��0P��0�& �� 0��0'��0' ��005 ��0>( �� 0��0I( �� 0��0P�\|̠�0T( �� 0U ��0_( �� 0b ��0j( �� 0��0P��0u( �� 0��0P�\|�� @�� @�� @�� 0P�\|�� @0� �� @0� �� @0� ��p\|�0�� @0 �� @0 �� @0 �� @0��0P�\|̠ @0�4�� @0! �� @0! �� @0! �� @��0��@0�4 �� @0= �� @0= �� @0= ��@�� @0�4 ��@0W ��@0W ��@0W ��@�0 ��1��0 5 ��0 5 ��0 5 �� 0��0��@0 5 �� @0� �� @0� �� @0� ��00�$��@075 �� @0� �� @0� �� @0� �� p0 ��@0P5 �� @0� �� @0� �� @0� �� @ 0��@0w5 �� @0� �� @0� �� @0� �� @0�0 ��@0�5 �� @0� �� @0� �� @0� ��@0! ��@0�5 ��@0 ��@0 ��@0 ��`�@�� @D@�?�0��0�5 ��@0�5 �� @0h �� @0h ��0y �� @0��0=��@0�5 �� @0� �� @0� �� @�0�� 00��@086 �� @0� �� @0� �� 0t�� p0W ��@0c6 �� @0� �� @0� �� @0� �� @ 0��@0�6 �� @0 �� @0 �� @0� �� @��0 ��@0�6 �� @0- �� @0- �� @0 �� @0��@0�6 �� @0d �� @0d �� @0> �� @�0 ��0��@0!7 �� @0� �� @0� �� @0b �� @0�� 0@\|`��@0N7 �� @0� �� @0� �� @0� ��00�$��@0\|7 ��@0 ��@0 ��@0� ��p0� ��P�00o �� pppsv \|�I�g� � &1)�-z6�:�;r<f>�>"'37=BENQS[`ht��iv��%3GS`l� � � 4Oe{��~��Vt��6�� @ � � � $ J x � � �!{"Z#9$%�%W&�&�&E'�'�'(Q(�(�(1)�)<��+6,s,�,O-�-�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.�.p6�:�:;1;O;h;�;�;�;�;�; < <4<q<�<�<=G=u=�=�=�=6>s>�>#%&()+,-./01245689:;<>?@ACDFGHIJKLMOPRTUVWXYZ\]^_abcdefgijklmnopqrsuvwxyz{\|}~��>$Hjms!t��8�@ ��0�( � ��B �S � �� ?�ks ��6;NUmu�� =DSYpv��$�$�$�$�$% %W%X%^%g8�8�8�8�8�8�8 g8�8�.( L��b�@�2��D^ L��6O�Yxl 8��h��^��`��OJQJo(�h�H��h��^��`��OJQJo(�h�Ho�h�p��p^�p`��OJQJo(�h�H��h�@ ��@ ^�@ `��OJQJo(�h�H��h��^�`��OJQJo(�h�Ho�h��^��`��OJQJo(�h�H��h��^��`��OJQJo(�h�H��h��^��`��OJQJo(�h�Ho�h�P��P^�P`��OJQJo(�h�H��h ��^��`��h�H)�h ��^��`��h�H.�h �p�L��p^�p`�L��h�H.�h �@ ��@ ^�@ `��h�H.�h ��^�`��h�H.�h ��L��^��`�L��h�H.�h ��^��`��h�H.�h ��^��`��h�H.�h �P�L��P^�P`�L��h�H.h ��^��`��h�H)�h ��^��`��h�H.�h �p�L��p^�p`�L��h�H.�h �@ ��@ ^�@ `��h�H.�h ��^�`��h�H.�h ��L��^��`�L��h�H.�h ��^��`��h�H.�h ��^��`��h�H.�h �P�L��P^�P`�L��h�H.h ��^��`��h�H.�h ��^��`��h�H.�h �p�L��p^�p`�L��h�H.�h �@ ��@ ^�@ `��h�H.�h ��^�`��h�H.�h ��L��^��`�L��h�H.�h ��^��`��h�H.�h ��^��`��h�H.�h �P�L��P^�P`�L��h�H.��D�b�@6O�Y�.( �� jkuv�� #%&134DGHPST]`ailm �� (+458ADOPS]`efyz{\|�� K N j m ~ � � � � � � � � � � � � � 7 : V W Z j m t u x � � � � � � � � � � � � 6 7 4q}~�� )-<=@]^a~��#$015EFJ`aewx\|��VW^��45<�� s t { � � � R S Z � � � 1 2 9 � � � i j q � � � W X [ � � � � � � E!F!I!�!�!�!�!�!�!"""Q"R"U"�"�"�"�"�"�"0#1#4#[#\#_#�#�#�#�#�#�#$$$8$9$<$p$q$t$�$�$�$�$�$h%�%�%�%�%�%�%�%6&7&:&o&p&s&�&�&�&�&�&�&'''O'P'S'�'�'0(z({(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�(�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4�4 5 5555#5&5152555@5C5O5P5S5\5_5h5i5l5v5y5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�56 6 6 666 6 6 6(664656C6F6b6e6q6r6t6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�6�67 7 70737G7H7K7[7^7u7v7y7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�7�78886878f8�8��G��e��@��8@ @��Unknown��G�Times New Roman5��Symbol3� Arial7� Verdana3�Times?� Courier New;��Wingdings ��hQs�&�ɦ��&1�- �/{�/ �C!��~4dX9�7X 2�q��X��< ��&Famous People Lessons - Audrey HepburnAudrey Hepburn Sean Banville Sean Banville �� Oh��+'��0�� ( @L h t � ��' 'Famous People Lessons - Audrey Hepburn ԳP Sean Banvillel Audrey Hepburnl ԳP Normal Sean Banvillel 8�P Microsoft Word 11.0@J�6@L$xJ��@N�^��@ؾ�M� 1�-�� ՜.��+,��D��՜.��+,��\|8x�� ' �ؠ �ؠ �ؠ/�X9 'Famous People Lessons - Audrey Hepburn TitleP :B_PID_LINKBASE'A !"#$%&'()+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{\|}~�� !��#$%&'()��+,-./01��6��Root Entry�� Fݝ5o�8�Data ��\|@1Table��WordDocument��'PSummaryInformation(��"DocumentSummaryInformation8��*CompObj��X�� FMicrosoft Word Document��NB6WWord.Document.8	i don't know
What was the name of the tavern in London where the Masonic Grand Lodge of England was founded in the 18th Century?	The Masonic London Guide. PS Review of FM Search Engine: WALKING IN MASONIC LONDON by R.W. Bro. Yasha Beresiner In this article the author talks about his new book: THE CITY OF LONDON - A Masonic Guide. R.W. Bro. Yasha Beresiner has been an active Freemason in England, Italy and Israel since 1975 and is a Past Master of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge #2076, the Lodge of Research of the United Grand Lodge of England. He is a City of London Guide and the Editor of the Guide's Association Magazine. In November 2001 I was honoured to be elected the Master of the Worshipful Company of Makers of Playing Cards, one of the City of Londonï¿½s ancient Livery Companies, which was granted its charter by Charles II in 1682. I felt at the time duty bound to improve my knowledge of the City beyond the courses offered by the Corporation of London (now named the City of London Corporation) for the benefit of liverymen and others. What better way than by enrolling in the Guideï¿½s Course, which already had an excellent reputation? It was a wise decision. Before we were half-way through the course, inspired by the late and much-lamented Katrine Prince and the indefatigable Paul Taylor, I was, just like all of my colleagues, hooked on the Square Mile. Following the presentation of our certificates by the then Lord Mayor, Sir Michael Oliver, at the Mansion House in June of the following year, I immediately invited family first and friends thereafter, week after week, on city walks which had so enthralled me during the course. It does not take long, however, to run out of family members and even friends evermore reluctant to go on yet another walk. The alternative to walking alone or losing the fascinating knowledge which I had only just begun to acquire, was to join The Streets of London, a quasi-professional body of some 15 qualified guides. We each prepared our own specialised walks for publication in a bi-annual leaflet. My interests in the history of Freemasonry, which I had developed over the past two decades or so, now served me well. Freemasonry and the City of London sat comfortably side by side and this booklet is the result of those two combined interests. THE INTERVIEW THE MASONIC 'SQUARE MILE'. Bruno Gazzo interviews Yasha Beresiner about his new book 'The City of London - A Masonic Guide' BG: Congratulations on your new publication. You have now written several books on many different subjects. How do you compare City of London : A Masonic Guide to your other books? YB: I can honestly say that I enjoyed writing this book much more than the others. When I wrote my first book The Story of Paper Money in 1983, there were no computers and certainly no internet to assist with research and just simple spelling queries, It was really a pleasure and very gratifying to write this particular book. BG You say in the book: The City of London and Freemasonry lie comfortably side by side. What do you mean? YB: What I mean is that when you walk in the ï¿½square mileï¿½, which constitutes the boundaries of the City of London and you apply your mind to freemasonry, there is something Masonic in every corner you turn. Historically, organised freemasonry began in the City, the Goose and Gridiron near St Paulï¿½s Cathedral in 1717 and Masonic meetings have been taking place in the taverns and other City venue ever since. The imposing Bank of England was built by the same architect who built Freemasonsï¿½ Hall, the freemason John Soane and several other City architects have been Masons including Horace Jones who built the beautiful City Markets and the Tower of London. . . . you can see what I am getting at. BG: Letï¿½s stop awhile upon the ï¿½tavernsï¿½. Isnï¿½t it exciting to find out that both ï¿½Modernsï¿½ and ï¿½Antientsï¿½ met at the same tavern? YB: It is quite extraordinary that rival Lodges belonging to the Premier or ï¿½Modernsï¿½ Grand Lodge of 1717 and those of the ï¿½Antientsï¿½ of 1751 met at Mitre Tavern, Fleet Street. The Lodge of Antiquity n 2, one of the four founding Lodges of the premier Grand Lodge that met at the Goose and Gridiron, moved to the Mitre Tavern in 1769. It continued to meet there until 1781 when it moved to Freemasonsï¿½ Hall in Great Queen Street. During the same period in 1778 the Antients Lodge of Hope number 4, which had been meeting at the Sun Tavern in Ludgate, moved to the same Mitre Tavern. Under these circumstances, it seems almost logical that the short-lived and rebel ï¿½ Grand Lodge of England South the River Trentï¿½, should also have met here. BG: What was your intention, the reason for writing this particular book? YB: I have always found that writing - a book or an article ï¿½ is the best way by far of learning and getting to know a subject thoroughly. It is also a very gratifying way of conveying information and knowledge that you gain. City of London: A Masonic Guide fulfils both these senses. I hope that the reader will identify with me and find in the book a generally readable and interesting historical background to London and Freemasonry, as well as a step by step guide showing him the way from Freemasonsï¿½ Hall to the Bank of England ï¿½ using my book as a practical and informative illustrated guide. BG: Good luck, Yasha YB: Thank you, Bruno ï¿½ I hope you will soon come on one of my Masonic walks soon. BG: Just booked: 11.00 am Bank underground station exit 3 outside the Royal Exchange last Friday of the month. The booklet is intended both as a do-it-yourself guide to the walk and as a general historical survey of some city sites and of related aspects of Masonic interest. I have selected 26 locations between Freemasonsï¿½ Hall (incidentally just outside the boundaries of the city - yet a logical and convenient starting point) and The Royal Exchange in the Bank. As the crow flies, this is a mere 20-minute brisk walk. With this guidebook in your hand and following the route indicated, the walk will take you two hours or so through two thousand years of history. The booklet covers just one of many possible walks combining city sites of historical interest with elements of Freemasonry in its various manifestations. Sometimes there is a direct link and relevance - when, for example, you walk down the quaint Masonï¿½s Avenue. At other times the Masonic connection is tenuous or non-existent. In this latter case let us remember, whilst avoiding any discourse as to the origins of Freemasonry, that a speculative Freemason uses and applies to modern charitable practices the emblems and symbols of the ancient operative working Masonsï¿½ trade. In this context alone every building, every church and mansion that surrounds us as we walk in the city will be a constant reminder of our Masonic heritage and ancestry. STOP 12 Cheshire Cheese Tavern Directions: Walk through the archway to the left of the statue of Hodge the cat into Gunpowder Square. Wine Office Court faces you and extends to your right. Turn right toward the Cheshire Cheese sign visible less than fifty yards ahead. Wine Office Court derives it name from the tax offices situated here, where payment for wine and spirit licences were made in the 17th and 18th century. STOP (12) at the rails opposite the entrance to the Cheshire Cheese Tavern. Historical Notes: Cheshire Cheese Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese is one of the few taverns that can genuinely call itself ï¿½oldï¿½. Several parts of the original building are still intact as they were in 1667, when the Tavern was rebuilt after the great fire of 1666. These premises are the nearest we are likely to encounter to the Goose and Gridiron which would have looked this in 1717 at the time Grand Lodge was formed. The Cheshire Cheese dates much further back to the 16th century and the board on display lists fifteen monarchs whose reigns it has survived. The interior is dark and wooden and an enchanting warren of corridors and narrow staircases that lead to several bars and dining rooms on five levels, three below ground and two above. The quaint tavern retains the early style and arrangement of fireplaces in each of the several small rooms furnished with tables and benches. The famous small ground floor bar room is decorated with black timber, including the panelled ceiling. An open fire gives the room a special atmosphere. The portrait above the fireplace is that of a waiter who began to work at the Cheshire Cheese in 1829. Until recently on the shelf behind the bar, a leather-bound visitorsï¿½ book containing the names and autographs of hundreds of dignitaries: prime ministers, ambassadors and peers, academics and artists, was available to view. It is now stored away for safety and posterity. Dr Johnsonï¿½s well publicised and regular attendance at the Cheshire Cheese made the tavern a place of pilgrimage for many 19th century literary figures. Mark Twain, Thackeray and Charles Dickens are among those who patronised this most famous and popular tavern off Fleet Street. Of Masonic Interest: Lodge Meeting Places Organised Freemasonry had its origins in The Goose and Gridiron where the first Grand Lodge in the world was formed on 22 June 1717. Although, with the advent of nobility in our midst just a few years later, lodge meetings were sometimes held in the private homes and mansions of members of the aristocracy, the majority of the lodges continued to meet in taverns and a few coffee houses. The 18th century tavern was an ideal meeting place for Freemasons who congregated in an atmosphere of good fellowship, fun and happiness. Frequently the publican owner of the tavern was made a Freemason, often acting as the Tyler. Grand Lodge discouraged this practice. The well-known engraved Lists of Lodges published since 1723, leading to the current familiar Year Book, identified each lodge with a quaint copper engraved illustration of the tavern or coffee house sign where the lodge met. Famous artists were commissioned to execute the engravings: John Pine, Emanuel Bowen and Benjamin Cole, all Freemasons. By the time Freemasonry began to spread at the end of the 17th century, the coffee house had been on the scene for well over half a century, yet Freemasons showed a preference for the tavern, probably because of the availability of alcohol, this, notwithstanding the high social mixture and more sophisticated atmosphere of the coffee house. Of the thirty lodges in London in 1726, only two met at a coffee house. In the next one hundred and fifty years, some four hundred new lodges were consecrated, only thirty-four of them in coffee houses. The Royal Inverness Lodge, No. 648, the first lodge warranted by the newly established United Grand Lodge of England, in 1814 was the last lodge to be consecrated in a coffee house, the Grayï¿½s Inn in Holborn. At the start of the 19th century, the establishment of Masonic Halls and especially Freemasonsï¿½ Hall, which incidentally, began its life as a tavern in its own right, changed the meeting habits of most lodges. Interestingly today some lodges still meet in public houses, which are particularly popular with Schools and Lodges of Instruction. Freemasonry generally attracted support from the gentry, merchants and the middle classes and members were often affiliated to other clubs and societies of the time. It should be noted that unlike Europe, where Freemasons had to meet in secret because the Craft was suppressed and attacked, here in England, British Freemasons operated openly, allowing them to meet publicly in taverns and coffee houses. The book can be ordered at Lewis Masonic .	goose and gridiron
Actress Betty Joan Perske is better known by what name?	Premier Grand Lodge of England - Metapedia Premier Grand Lodge of England From Metapedia Jump to: navigation , search This section or article contains text from Wikipedia which has not yet been processed. It is thus likely to contain material which does not comply with the Metapedia guide lines . You can help Metapedia by editing the article and cleaning it from bias and inappropriate wordings. Masonic Bodies Masonic DeMolay · A.J.E.F. · Job's Daughters · International Order of the Rainbow for Girls Views of Masonry Anti-Masonry · Anti-Masonic Party · Anti-Freemason Exhibition · Christianity and Freemasonry · Catholicism and Freemasonry · Suppression of Freemasonry · Masonic conspiracy theories · Taxil hoax People and Places Masonic Temple · James Anderson · Albert Mackey · Albert Pike · Prince Hall · John the Evangelist · John the Baptist · William Schaw · Elizabeth Aldworth · List of Freemasons · Lodge Mother Kilwinning · Freemasons' Hall, London · House of the Temple · Solomon's Temple · Detroit Masonic Temple · List of Masonic buildings Other related articles This box: view • talk • edit The Premier Grand Lodge of England was founded on 24 June 1717 as the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster and it existed until 1813 when it united with the Ancient Grand Lodge of England to create the United Grand Lodge of England . It was the first Masonic Grand Lodge to be created. The basic principles of the Grand Lodge of England were inspired by the ideal of tolerance and universal understanding of the Enlightenment and by the Scientific Revolution of the 17th century. Contents 6 Sources History The Grand Lodge was founded shortly after George I , the first Hanoverian king of the Kingdom of Great Britain , ascended to the throne on 1 August 1714 and the end of the first Jacobite rising of 1715. [1] Officially, the Grand Lodge of England was founded in London on St. John the Baptist 's day, 24 June 1717, when four existing Lodges gathered at the Goose and Gridiron Ale-house in St. Paul's Church-yard in London and constituted themselves a Grand Lodge. The four lodges had previously met together in 1716 at the Apple-Tree Tavern, "and having put into the Chair the oldest Master Mason (now the Master of a Lodge), they constituted themselves a Grand Lodge pro Tempore in due form." It was at that meeting in 1716 that they resolved to hold the Annual Assembly and Feast and then choose a Grand Master from among themselves, which they did the following year. All four lodges were simply named after the public houses where they were accustomed to meet, at the Goose and Gridiron Ale-house in St. Paul's Church-yard (Lodge now called Lodge of Antiquity No. 2); the Crown Ale-house in Parker's Lane off Drury Lane; the Apple-Tree Tavern in Charles Street, Covent Garden (Lodge now called Lodge of Fortitude and Old Cumberland No. 12); and the Rummer and Grapes Tavern in Channel Row, Westminster (Lodge now called Royal Somerset House and Inverness Lodge No. IV). While the three London lodges were mainly operative lodges, the Rummer and Grapes, by the Palace of Westminster, appears to have been primarily a lodge of accepted and speculative gentlemen masons. [2] [3] During the early decades of the Grand Lodge it was not the "Grand Lodge of England," either by function, in name on in the minds of its members. Rather, it limited its scope to lodges in London and Westminster, a restriction that also applied to the old London Masons' Company. [4] Constitution George Payne , in his second term as Grand Master in 1720, wrote the General Regulations of a Free Mason , which were printed in 1722/3 [5] . In 1723 the Grand Lodge of England set up a constitution for Free and Accepted Masons The Constitutions of the Free-Masons containing the History, Charges, Regulations, & of that most Ancient and Right Worshipful Fraternity: For use of the Lodges , written by the Revd. Dr. James Anderson (1680–1739). A reworked version of the Constitutions was published in 1738 (by Anderson) and again in 1818 after the union of Ancients' Grand Lodge and the Moderns Grand Lodge. Grand Masters	i don't know
Cointreau, lemon juice and which spirit make a Sidecar cocktail?	Sidecar Cocktail Recipe You must be logged in to post a comment. Adding comment … aronsjoberggmailcom515827292 posted 7 months ago I like the so-called French version of the Sidecar, with equal parts of cognac/brandy, Cointreau and lemon juice! San Francisco posted 6 years ago I have had trouble with the Sidecar too. It is a bar favorite for me, but to get the best drink at home, I find I need add to the traditional recipe: 1.5 oz. Remy Martin VSOP cognac, 1 oz lemon juice, .75 oz Cointreau and .25 oz. simple syrup in a sugar-frosted cocktail glass. This one, like most cocktails needs a real good stir to get enough water into the mix. J. MPK posted 6 years ago I bought a bottle of Cointreau a while ago for some recipe or another that my wife was making and they a small orange plastic shaker attached to the top. The shaker had markings for the correct proportions for a Sidecar, a margarita, etc. Just fill to the proper level for each ingredient. Simple and convenient. I had never had a Sidecar before and now I must say it is becoming one of my favorite cocktails. The proportions are the same as in the above recipe. TinyInThePark posted 6 years ago I use 2.5oz. Brandy, 1oz triple sec or cointreu, and lemon juice from a bottle. I use Christian Bros brandy. but I shake it over ice and pour entire contents into a low ball. TotheMoonAlice posted 6 years ago I would love a good recommendation for brandy or Cognac for the Sidecar. I don't have a grand liquor budget and don't keep Cognac on hand, but I might if I knew what was a good value -- or even a solid brandy. I was surprised to hear that a local restaurant that takes pride in it's cocktails used Christian Brothers brandy for their sidecar. Still, when I make it at home it doesn't taste as good -- I do use fresh lemon juice and Cointreau. Of course, the ratios I've been using seem too "simple" to have been well-honed (two parts brandy/Cognac to one part each fresh lemon juice and Cointreau)... So if anyone has more finely-tune ratios, I'd love to hear them! A.	brandy cognac
Which cigarette brand was launched in 1924 with the slogan ‘Mild As May’?	Sidecar Cocktail Recipe You must be logged in to post a comment. Adding comment … aronsjoberggmailcom515827292 posted 7 months ago I like the so-called French version of the Sidecar, with equal parts of cognac/brandy, Cointreau and lemon juice! San Francisco posted 6 years ago I have had trouble with the Sidecar too. It is a bar favorite for me, but to get the best drink at home, I find I need add to the traditional recipe: 1.5 oz. Remy Martin VSOP cognac, 1 oz lemon juice, .75 oz Cointreau and .25 oz. simple syrup in a sugar-frosted cocktail glass. This one, like most cocktails needs a real good stir to get enough water into the mix. J. MPK posted 6 years ago I bought a bottle of Cointreau a while ago for some recipe or another that my wife was making and they a small orange plastic shaker attached to the top. The shaker had markings for the correct proportions for a Sidecar, a margarita, etc. Just fill to the proper level for each ingredient. Simple and convenient. I had never had a Sidecar before and now I must say it is becoming one of my favorite cocktails. The proportions are the same as in the above recipe. TinyInThePark posted 6 years ago I use 2.5oz. Brandy, 1oz triple sec or cointreu, and lemon juice from a bottle. I use Christian Bros brandy. but I shake it over ice and pour entire contents into a low ball. TotheMoonAlice posted 6 years ago I would love a good recommendation for brandy or Cognac for the Sidecar. I don't have a grand liquor budget and don't keep Cognac on hand, but I might if I knew what was a good value -- or even a solid brandy. I was surprised to hear that a local restaurant that takes pride in it's cocktails used Christian Brothers brandy for their sidecar. Still, when I make it at home it doesn't taste as good -- I do use fresh lemon juice and Cointreau. Of course, the ratios I've been using seem too "simple" to have been well-honed (two parts brandy/Cognac to one part each fresh lemon juice and Cointreau)... So if anyone has more finely-tune ratios, I'd love to hear them! A.	i don't know
Which US artist died in a car crash in August 1956, aged 44?	Jackson Pollock \| artnet Jackson Pollock × Biography Jackson Pollock was one of the most famous post-war artists in the United States. As a pioneer of Abstract Expressionism, Pollock’s drips and splatters of paint across his large-scale canvases ushered in a new era of non-representational art. “The painting has a life of its own,” he explained of his intuitive technique. “I try to let it come through.” Born Paul Jackson Pollock January 28, 1912 in Cody, WY, he studied painting at the Manual Arts High School in Los Angeles in the late 1920s and by the fall of 1930, he had moved to New York to study at the Art Students League. Although his early figurative work displayed an influence of Surrealism, the “action paintings” that emerged in his practice in 1947 are what he is best known for—Number 1, 1950 (Lavender Mist) (1950) being one of his most popular. These quickly iconic paintings generated enormous media attention, turning Pollock into a celebrity beyond the scope of the art world, causing the artist gradually withdraw from public life. As an early champion of his work, Peggy Guggenheim gave him his first solo show at her gallery Art of This Century in 1943. His celebrated career was cut short when Pollock died in a car accident on August 11, 1956 in East Hampton, NY at the age of 44. Related Categories Architectural and garden elements (2) ×	Jackson Pollock
In humans, the condition erythema affects which part of the body?	Jackson Pollock' Biography of Jackson Pollock Biography of Jackson Pollock Jackson Pollock (January 28, 1912 - August 11, 1956), was an influential American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement. During his lifetime, Pollock enjoyed considerable fame and notoriety. He was regarded as a mostly reclusive artist. He had a volatile personality, and struggled with alcoholism for most of his life . In 1945, he married the artist Lee Krasner, who became an important influence on his career and on his legacy. Pollock died at the age of 44 in an alcohol-related car accident. In December 1956, he was given a memorial retrospective exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York City, and a larger more comprehensive exhibition there in 1967. More recently, in 1998 and 1999, his work was honored with large-scale retrospective exhibitions at MoMA and at The Tate in London. Early Life Pollock was born in Cody, Wyoming in 1912, the youngest of five sons. His parents, Stella May McClure and Leroy Pollock, grew up in Tingley, Iowa. His father had been born McCoy but took the surname of his neighbors, who adopted him after his own parents had died within a year of each other. Stella and LeRoy Pollock were Presbyterian; the former, Irish; the latter, Scotch-Irish. LeRoy Pollock was a farmer and later a land surveyor for the government. Jackson grew up in Arizona and Chico, California. While living in Echo Park, California, he enrolled at Los Angeles' Manual Arts High School, from which he was expelled, after having been expelled another high school in 1928. During his early life, he experienced Native American culture while on surveying trips with his father. In 1930, following his brother Charles Pollock, he moved to New York City where they both studied under Thomas Hart Benton at the Art Students League of New York. Benton's rural American subject matter shaped Pollock's work only fleetingly, but his rhythmic use of paint and his fierce independence were more lasting influences. From 1938 to 1942, Pollock worked for the WPA Federal Art Project. In attempts to fight his alcoholism, from 1938 through 1941 Pollock underwent Jungian psychotherapy with Dr. Joseph Henderson and later with Dr. Violet Staub de Laszlo in 1941-1942. Dr. Henderson was an eclectic who drew upon the spectrum of psychoanalytic theory, including Freud and Jung. Henderson made the decision to engage him through his art and had Pollock make drawings, which led to the appearance of many Jungian concepts in his paintings. Recently it has been hypothesized that Pollock might have had bipolar disorder. The Springs period and the unique technique In October 1945 Pollock married American painter Lee Krasner, and in November they moved to what is now known as the Pollock-Krasner House and Studio, at 830 Springs Fireplace Road, in Springs on Long Island, NY. Peggy Guggenheim lent them the down payment for the wood-frame house with a nearby barn that Pollock converted into a studio. There he perfected the technique of working with paint with which he became permanently identified. Pollock was introduced to the use of liquid paint in 1936 at an experimental workshop operated in New York City by the Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros. He later used paint pouring as one of several techniques on canvases of the early 1940s, such as "Male and Female" and "Composition with Pouring I." After his move to Springs, he began painting with his canvases laid out on the studio floor, and he developed what was later called his "drip" technique, turning to synthetic resin-based paints called alkyd enamels, which, at that time, was a novel medium. Pollock described this use of household paints, instead of artist's paints, as "a natural growth out of a need." He used hardened brushes, sticks, and even basting syringes as paint applicators. Pollock's technique of pouring and dripping paint is thought to be one of the origins of the term action painting. With this technique, Pollock was able to achieve a more immediate means of creating art, the paint now literally flowing from his chosen tool onto the canvas. By defying the convention of painting on an upright surface, he added a new dimension by being able to view and apply paint to his canvases from all directions. One possible influence on Pollock was the work of the Ukrainian American artist Janet Sobel (1894-1968) (born Jennie Lechovsky). Sobel's work is related to the so-called "drip paintings" of Jackson Pollock. Peggy Guggenheim included Sobel's work in her The Art of This Century Gallery in 1945. The critic Clement Greenberg, with Jackson Pollock, saw Sobel's work there in 1946, and in his essay "American-Type' Painting" Greenberg cited those works as the first instance of all-over painting he had seen, stating that "Pollock admitted that these pictures had made an impression on him". In the process of making paintings in this way, he moved away from figurative representation, and challenged the Western tradition of using easel and brush. He also moved away from the use of only the hand and wrist, since he used his whole body to paint. In 1956, Time magazine dubbed Pollock "Jack the Dripper" as a result of his unique painting style. “My painting does not come from the easel. I prefer to tack the unstretched canvas to the hard wall or the floor. I need the resistance of a hard surface. On the floor I am more at ease. I feel nearer, more part of the painting, since this way I can walk around it, work from the four sides and literally be in the painting” -Jackson Pollock, My Painting “When I am in my painting, I'm not aware of what I'm doing. It is only after a sort of 'get acquainted' period that I see what I have been about. I have no fear of making changes, destroying the image, etc., because the painting has a life of its own. I try to let it come through. It is only when I lose contact with the painting that the result is a mess. Otherwise there is pure harmony, an easy give and take, and the painting comes out well.” -Jackson Pollock, My Painting Pollock observed Indian sandpainting demonstrations in the 1940s. Other influences on his dripping technique include the Mexican muralists and Surrealist automatism. Pollock denied "the accident"; he usually had an idea of how he wanted a particular piece to appear. His technique combined the movement of his body, over which he had control, the viscous flow of paint, the force of gravity, and the absorption of paint into the canvas. It was a mixture of controllable and uncontrollable factors. Flinging, dripping, pouring, and spattering, he would move energetically around the canvas, almost as if in a dance, and would not stop until he saw what he wanted to see. Studies by Taylor, Micolich and Jonas have examined Pollock's technique and have determined that some works display the properties of mathematical fractals. They assert that the works become more fractal-like chronologically through Pollock's career. The authors even speculate that Pollock may have had an intuition of the nature of chaotic motion, and attempted to form a representation of mathematical chaos, more than ten years before "Chaos Theory" itself was proposed. Other experts suggest that Pollock may have merely imitated popular theories of the time in order to give his paintings a depth not previously seen. The 1950s Pollock's most famous paintings were made during the "drip period" between 1947 and 1950. He rocketed to popular status following an August 8, 1949 four-page spread in Life magazine that asked, "Is he the greatest living painter in the United States?" At the peak of his fame, Pollock abruptly abandoned the drip style. Pollock's work after 1951 was darker in color, including a collection painted in black on unprimed canvases. This was followed by a return to color, and he reintroduced figurative elements. During this period Pollock had moved to a more commercial gallery and there was great demand from collectors for new paintings. In response to this pressure, along with personal frustration, his alcoholism deepened . Death In 1955, Pollock painted Scent and Search which would be his last two paintings. Pollock did not paint at all in 1956. After struggling with alcoholism for his entire adult life, Pollock, on August 11, 1956, at 10:15 pm, died in a single-car crash in his Oldsmobile convertible while driving under the influence of alcohol. One of the passengers, Edith Metzger, was also killed in the accident, which occurred less than a mile from Pollock's home. The other passenger, Pollock's mistress Ruth Kligman, survived. After Pollock's demise at age 44, his widow, Lee Krasner, managed his estate and ensured that Pollock's reputation remained strong despite changing art-world trends. They are buried in Green River Cemetery in Springs with a large boulder marking his grave and a smaller one marking hers. MOST POPULAR PAINTINGS	i don't know
The Aviva Premiership is a professional English league competition in which sport?	Aviva Premiership \| Rugby Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Add Image The English Premiership, also currently known as the Aviva Premiership because of the league's sponsorship by Aviva, is a professional league competition for rugby unionfootball clubs in the top division of the English rugby system. There are twelve clubs in the Premiership. The competition has been played since 1987, and has evolved into the current Premiership system employing relegation to and promotion from the RFU Championship, known as National Division One before the 2009–10 season. Clubs competing in the Aviva Premiership qualify for Europe's two club competitions, the Heineken Cup and the European Challenge Cup. The current champions are Saracens.Worcester Warriors returned to the top flight at their first opportunity after defeating Cornish Pirates in the RFU Championship Final on 18 May 2011, while Leeds Carnegie returned to the second tier after two seasons in the Premiership.	Rugby union
‘On Stranger Tides’ and ‘Dead Man’s Chest’ are subtitles of which series of films?	Pro Rugby to run rugby union competition in North America - BBC Sport BBC Sport Pro Rugby to run rugby union competition in North America 10 Nov 2015 From the section Rugby Union Share this page Pro Rugby says the league will be made up of an initial six teams from the United States North America's first ever professional rugby union league is to be launched next year. The league, sanctioned by USA Rugby and World Rugby, will begin in April 2016 with six teams from the United States, before Canadian sides join in 2017. Each team will be allowed no more than five non-North American players. "As the fastest growing team sport in the USA, it is time to have a sanctioned professional competition," said USA Rugby chairman Bob Latham. "We are very happy to partner with the Professional Rugby Organisation (Pro Rugby) in taking this step to popularise the game, to inspire Americans to fall in love with rugby, and to show the rugby world what American players can do." Pro Rugby, the organisation set up to run the competition, said the initial six teams would be based in the north-east United States, the Rocky Mountains and California. The US national team lost all four of its matches at this year's World Cup, finishing bottom of Pool B. Canada also lost all of their matches at the tournament, finishing bottom of Pool D. Meanwhile, Premiership Rugby announced in October that London Irish will play their "home" match with champions Saracens in New York early next year - the first Premiership game to be staged overseas. Share this page	i don't know
In the game of darts, what is the name of the line behind which the players stand to throw their darts?	Patrick Chaplin: Explains where name The Oche come from The Oche WHERE DOES THE WORD OCHE ORIGINATE? This is one question that I am asked time and time again and one for which I can only offer a theory. 'Oche' as a word meaning the throwing line that a dart player stands behind to throw his or her darts is comparatively recent, being introduced by the British Darts Organisation in the mid-1970s. The actual word is believed to be derived from Old Flemish meaning a ‘notch’ or ‘nick’. However, when the game of darts was first standardised in the 1920s, the word used in tournament rules was actually ‘hockey’. This word was used by the News of the World for their individual darts competitions from the late 1920s onwards. The word ‘hockey’ had previously been used to mean ‘a line from which you throw’ in the game of Aunt Sally a skittles-type game played mainly in Gloucestershire and parts of the southern counties. Whether or not the original word was ‘oche’ and was misheard and turned into ‘hockey’ is pure speculation. The derivation of the word ‘oche’ is obscure but my best guess is that it derives from the word 'hocken' an old English word, utilised more in the North of the country than anywhere else and meaning 'to spit.' Given that darts was originally played in the public bar or vault of the English public house where the floor was often covered in sawdust and the room liberally furnished with spittoons, my theory is that the ‘hockey’ line was determined by the length that a given player could spit from a position with his back to the dartboard. As far as I know no one else has tried to solve this mystery and even the Oxford English Dictionary cannot help! Anyone who has any alternative theory is invited to drop me a line. However, BEFORE YOU DO THAT, please do not tell me that the word has its origins in a brewer in the West Country of England called ‘Hockey and Sons.’ I know that’s what many darts websites declare as fact but it is completely and utterly untrue. The ‘Hockey and Sons’ theory runs like this: The original regulation throwing distance for darts – nine feet – was first established in a pub served or owned by the brewers S. Hockey & Sons, a company well known in Dorset, Devon and Cornwall which used to deliver their bottled beer in wooden crates exactly 3ft (0.91m) long. After darts became popular in West Country pubs at the turn of the twentieth century, in about 1908, several pubs in Portsmouth decided to place three ‘Hockey’ beer crates end to end to determine exactly a nine feet (three crates x 3 feet) throw line. After a few months the brewers’ name had been adopted by all the players and from that time the throw line became known as the ‘hockey’. This theory was first published in 1981 when, even then, it was described as ‘an entertaining explanation of the derivation of the word ‘hockey’’. Despite this warning about the credibility of the claim, the Hockey & Sons theory spread like wildfire and eventually became historical ‘fact’. Even though it is complete and utter fiction, the theory has been featured in numerous darts books and darts websites and become part of darts’ folklore. Let us be absolutely clear. There has never ever been a brewer anywhere in Britain called ‘S. Hockey & Sons’. This was confirmed in the early 1990s by those who know about such things at the Brewery History Society - www.breweryhistory.com – a society of which I am proud to be a member. Darts did not reach the West Country until much later than 1908. Folks in Dorset, Devon and Cornwall played skittles, not darts, and it was not until the 1970s that darts proved popular but, even then, skittles ruled – and still does to a great extent today. The ‘Hockey & Sons’ theory is pure invention. It is a complete fabrication – and I know who fabricated it! Apart from that load of old drivel I am prepared to listen to any other theories, provided they can be backed up by evidence. Please let me have your ideas via my Contacts page. Original article posted September 2002, revised article posted October 2007, second revision December 2009; all text ©2009 Patrick Chaplin Sub Navigation	Oche
What is the word for ‘Friend’ in Swahili?	World Wide Words: Oche Oche Pronounced /ˈɒki/ The classic pub game, darts is the ultimate non-sportsman’s sport — you don’t need any special clothing and little equipment (a set of darts is a good idea, but pubs lend those out), and you don’t need to be fit (the aptitude of players often appears to be in direct proportion to the size of their beer guts). All you have to remember is to count back from 501, end on a double, and avoid putting your toes over the oche. Oche, for the line behind which darts players stand when throwing, is the classic bit of darts jargon, even more obscure and basic than double top for a double twenty, bag o’ nuts for a score of 45 (don’t ask where it comes from because I don’t know), Shanghai for a score made up of a single, treble and double in that order of the same number, usually 20 when you need 120 to end a game (ditto), mugs away as an invitation to the losing player to start the next round, or mad house for a double one (because getting it can drive you crazy). Oche is pronounced like hockey without the initial h. Attempts are sometimes made to derive it from an obsolete word meaning to chop off, from Old French ochen to cut a deep notch in something, though the link with darts is obscure. Eric Partridge preferred an origin in hoggins line, for no good reason that one may discern. However, the earliest written examples — from the 1930s — are all spelled hockey and the oche form didn’t become standard until the late 1970s. But why hockey? One story holds that it’s from the name of a West Country brewery, S Hockey and Sons, whose crates were just the right size with which to mark out the throwing distance. That’s so unlikely as to be merely funny. After this piece first appeared, Peter Brooke e-mailed to suggest that the word might well come from the Victorian hockey-dockies for shoes. This is an elaboration of hock-dock, using hock as a slang term for the foot. A hock-dock might be a place where one docks one’s hocks, that is, places one’s feet, but is probably a nonsense reduplication. Share this page	i don't know
What type of acid is secreted by red ants and stinging nettles?	Ants Use Acid to Make "Gardens" in Amazon, Study Says Ants Use Acid to Make "Gardens" in Amazon, Study Says John Roach for National Geographic News Updated March 20, 2006 Ants in the Amazon rain forest labor to keep their territory free of all plants except for one tree species, according to a new study. Scientists call these cultivated spaces devil's gardens, after the local legends that hold they're home to evil spirits. Some of the gardens are at least 800 years old. The ants' gardening tool of choice is a built-in herbicide: formic acid. Formic acid is a simple organic acid, used by humans to preserve foods and by nettles and red ants as a stinging agent. Army Ants Obey Traffic Plans to Avoid Jams, Study Says "To my knowledge, no [other] insectsants or otherwiseuse formic acid as a herbicide," Megan Elizabeth Frederickson, a graduate student in biology at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, wrote in an e-mail. Frederickson, who is currently conducting ant research in the Peruvian Amazon, is the lead author of the study, which appeared last September in the journal Nature. Paul Fine, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, also studies insect and plant interactions in the Amazon. He deemed the finding "very cool." "I've never heard of that before," he said. Fine, who was not involved with the research, added that future studies should look into whether ants behave similarly in other parts of the world. Devil's Gardens According to Frederickson, devil's gardens consist almost exclusively of lemon ant trees. Local legend in the Peruvian Amazon holds that the gardens are cultivated by an evil spirit called the Chuyachaqui. The Chuyachaqui is a mythical dwarf with one human foot and one hoof. He is able to transform himself to anyone's likeness. He often appears as a friend or family member to lone travelers in the jungle and leads them around in circles until they are lost. "The devil's gardens are considered his home, and people avoid devil's gardens in fear of him, or at least traverse devil's gardens very cautiously," Frederickson said. Previous research has suggested that the gardens are created as a result of allelopathy, a process by which one plant prevents another nearby plant from taking root through the secretion of chemicals. Frederickson, however, noticed that the gardens only exist in the presence of the lemon ant (Myrmelachista schumanni). Lemon ant trees occupied by other ant species, or by no ants, always had other plants growing nearby.	Formic acid
What is the extreme sport called in which a person hurls themselves down a hill inside a large hollow ball?	Natural Nettle Sting for Arthritis Relief - Health and Wellness - Mother Earth Living Resources Natural Nettle Sting for Arthritis Relief A clinical study shows daily application of nettle sting for arthritis relief works, read the complete results of using stinging nettle and consumption of stewed nettle leaf as a natural arthritis remedy. By Evelyn Leigh This folk remedy suggests a daily application of nettle sting for arthritis relief. Photo By Fotolia/Hetizia The folk remedy of using nettle sting for arthritis relief is used by many cultures to relieve arthritis pain. Natural Nettle Sting for Arthritis Relief The practice of urtication—intentionally inflicting nettle stings upon one’s body—is not for the faint of heart. But a new clinical study suggests that this folk remedy for arthritis pain may deserve a closer look. The small British study is the first to scientifically investigate this particular traditional use of the plant, which is still employed by various cultures around the world. According to the placebo-controlled study, daily application of fresh stinging nettle to painful joints was significantly more effective than a placebo in relieving pain. The study participants were twenty-seven people with osteoarthritis pain at the base of the thumb, none of whom had ever used nettle as a treatment before. For a placebo, the investigators chose white deadnettle (Lamium album), which resembles stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) but does not sting. Participants were told that two different kinds of nettle were being studied and that they might experience a mild stinging sensation. Participants applied stinging nettle leaf to the painful joints once daily for one week; then, after a five-week period of no treatment, repeated the procedure using deadnettle. Neither the researchers nor the participants were aware of the treatment order. Participants reported significantly greater reductions in pain and disability after treatment with stinging nettle. Twenty-three of the participants reported that the slight rash and itching caused by the live nettles was “acceptable;” two found it “unpleasant but not distressing;” the remaining two participants did not complete the study. The researchers concluded, “The stinging nettle is a freely available plant and its sting seems a safe treatment for musculoskeletal pain.” Before designing the clinical study, the same research team conducted exploratory interviews with eighteen people who had used nettle stings in the past to treat a variety of painful conditions, from osteoarthritis to tendinitis and back pain. All but one of the participants reported that nettle had been effective in relieving their pain, and several considered themselves “cured.” While this type of information is purely anecdotal, it points the way for interesting future research. These new studies add to a growing body of evidence supporting the use of the nettle plant in the treatment of arthritis. Two clinical trials conducted since 1996 showed that consumption of stewed nettle leaf in combination with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs significantly enhanced the effectiveness of the arthritis drugs for people with osteoarthritis. Whether or not consumption of nettle leaf alone relieves arthritis pain remains to be investigated. Nettle’s botanical name, Urtica, is a Latin word meaning “to sting.” (The technical term for hives, urticaria, is derived from the same root word.) A brush with live nettles results in a mildly painful, itchy rash that can last anywhere from an hour to more than a day, depending on the severity of the sting and the sensitivity of the individual. The stinging sensation comes from chemicals delivered by tiny, hollow hairs that cover the entire plant. One of these chemicals, formic acid, is the one that puts the sting in red ant bites. Nettles’ stinging hairs are inactivated when the herb is dried or cooked. References Randall C., et al. “Randomised controlled trial of nettle sting for treatment of base-of-thumb pain.” Journal of the Royal Study of Medicine 2000, 93: 305–309. Randall C., et al. “Nettle sting of Urtica dioica for joint pain—an exploratory study of this complementary therapy.” Complementary Therapies in Medicine 1999, 7: 126–131.	i don't know
How many pins are on a SCART connector, used to connect video equipment?	scart.htm A Brief Guide To the SCART Socket. What is a SCART socket?. A SCART socket is a 21 pin connector fitted on many European TV, VCR, and Satellite products, it provides stereo sound and video signals both in and out of the item of equipment (obviously depending on the particular type of equipment), it can also provide RGB signals, which can be useful for connecting Video Game Consoles or Digital TV Set Top Boxes (STB's). The main reason for using a SCART lead is to provide stereo sound from a stereo VCR, STB or satellite receiver, this is the only way to get stereo from these sources via your TV, a NICAM (or other kind of stereo TV) won't provide stereo sound unless the source includes a stereo encoder (NICAM or other), and these are too expensive for domestic equipment. It may also provide slightly better picture quality, but with the high quality modulators used these days it often doesn't - and in fact sometimes seems slightly worse. The SCART connector was developed by the French, originally for the sole purpose of preventing foreign TV imports, previously the French had legislation that prevented any TV imports unless the set was capable of receiving the old French 819 line monochrome system. This effectively stopped any foreign sets from being imported, but the demise of the 819 line system prevented this from being a valid reason for banning imports, so in order to try and maintain their private market they introduced the SCART socket, and passed legislation that said all TV's sold in France since 1980 must have a SCART socket. This was obviously much less of a deterrent, it was far simpler for TV manufacturers to add a SCART socket than to produce a dual-standard set, and the SCART was actually useful elsewhere with the development of cheap home video recorders. SCART stands for Syndicat des Constructeurs dï¿½Appareils Radio Recepteurs et Televisieurs, it is also known as a PERITEL Socket, or a Euro Connector. SCART socket connections. - What it all means!. In general use, most of the connections are not used, from a VCR to a TV the only ones that would require connecting would be the Right and Left Audio Out, and CVBS Out (on the VCR end), and Right and Left Audio In, and CVBS In (on the TV end) plus the relevant earth connections. Normally pin 8 would be connected as well, this forces the TV to accept input from the SCART socket when it goes high, pin 8 from a VCR SCART switches high when play is pressed (or Menu selected on modern VCR's), however, this can give rise to problems. Some TV's are totally overridden when pin 8 is high, preventing any viewing of normal channels, for this reason I would usually advise disconnecting pin 8. It's not normally too bad with VCR's, but with Satellite receivers it can be a real problem, whenever the Satellite receiver is turned on the TV will switch to SCART - a huge problem if (like many people) you feed the Satellite receiver around your aerial distribution system, so never normally turn it off. Which lead do I need? There are two normal types of lead that can be bought, a fully wired lead (hardly ever needed) and a partially wired lead (does for almost all requirements). The partially wired lead has the video and audio connections both ways, plus the pin 8 switching wire, if you have problems disconnect pin 8. This lead would be suitable for connecting from a VCR to a TV, from a Satellite Receiver to a TV, and from a Satellite Receiver to a VCR. The fully wired lead has all the pins connected, and is only really used if you are using RGB, the main sources for this are Games Consoles and Digital STB's (and some D-MAC decoders), however, there are many problems with RGB from STB's, including horizontal picture shift, and disablement of Teletext on the TV. I've tried a number of different TV's from STB's and haven't seen one yet which gives as good a picture via RGB as it does via composite video. It certainly has the capability of far better quality, but the MPEG compression used seems to reduce the quality well below that possible, and, of course, very little of the programming comes from a sufficiently high quality source. My personal view - don't bother with RGB, except for Games Consoles - it makes a Sony PlayStation look superb!. Problems! You sometimes get problems with connecting a SCART lead to a TV set where the CVBS output interferes with the CVBS input (often when the TV is forced to SCART by pin 8, the set still outputs the original tuner video signal from pin 19), if the lead isn't sufficiently well screened this can give rise to picture problems. Easiest solution is to disconnect pin 19 at the TV end of the SCART lead, this doesn't cause any problems as it's not normal practice to record the output of your TV. TV stuck on AV - disconnect pin 8 in the SCART lead. Teletext on TV won't work (or is poor contrast) - disconnect the RGB leads from the SCART lead. Reliability - as you can see from looking at a SCART plug, they are not a very sturdy connector, and in practice tend to give a fair few problems. If swapping the lead doesn't cure the problem, it may be there are dry joints on the socket. This is quite common in VCR's, the socket is often mounted solely by it's soldered connections, and frequent use can make these become loose, creating intermittent problems. There are more SCART details (particularly for Satellite) available on Martin Pickering's Satcure Site - Link To Satcure	twenty one
Pomiculture is the cultivation of what?	The saga of the SCART and how to make it digital! The saga of the SCART The saga of the SCART and how to make it digital! We are all familiar with the funny connector we plug in the back of our TV and video recorder, but how many of us know the details? Wouldn’t it be great to use a standard TV receiver and feed it with digital video ? We are grateful to Dr John Emmett of Broadcast Projects Research for the following explanations... The 1960’s The French had a problem. They had started their post-war television service with old German equipment that employed 441 lines. After a major fire in the Paris studio centre, the French manufacturers looked outwards at the blossoming European television industry with envy, but where could they go from there? The British 405 line system was of course unthinkable, (as well as being distinctly antique), and 625 lines would mean competition with the neighbours, so would 819 lines do ? (Line numbers had to be odd in order to interlace between the two fields that make up one TV frame or picture), and the frequencies involved had to be dividable by simple valve circuits, so factors such as 3, 5 or 7 seem to always be involved.) For a start, the European radio frequency allocations had to be stretched to accommodate the bandwidth needed, and it is quite possible that the cameras and receivers never made the best of the 14 MHz that they were eventually allocated. However, on the up side the sets were certainly impressive; uncannily silent in operation (the line frequency was just over 20kHz, so only the poodles could hear it) and they cost so much that only the bars in the typical small village could afford one. That made the bar owners supportive, for a start! Even in the early 1950’s, the 525 line US television system had adopted FM audio, although there was a nasty tendency for the typical receiver audio to whistle until the harmonics of the line frequency were lined up with the 4.5 MHz sound carrier. To do this change, the Americans simply moved the field rate down 0.1% from 60 Hz to 59.94 Hz, and in doing so they instantly built a fantastic millstone around their own necks ready for when time-code arrived. Regardless of this, they pushed on towards adopting colour with the aid of a genuinely intelligent and powerful, National Television System Committee (NTSC). The BBC toyed with the NTSC colour system adapted to our then current 405 lines, but ABC television, at that time occupying Teddington Studios, were very keen to generate as many overseas programme sales opportunities as possible, and so were not keen on any short sighted solution. They experimented with a colour system called SECAM (SequEntial Colour Avec Memoire), invented by Henri de France (who wasn’t, I believe, actually French). SECAM used an FM sub-carrier to carry the colour information, which made the receiver easy to manufacture. However, in the studio it was impossible to fade a picture to black, as the FM sub-carrier remained stubbornly fixed as the luminance (black and white) information faded down. Eventually, the advantages of the German PAL (Phase Alternating Lines) system were recognised by nearly everyone, and 625 lines was adopted throughout Europe. Not to be snubbed by this, the French went for SECAM colour with AM sound, whilst the Russians went for FM sound and another version of SECAM colour. The early 1980’s The home video recorder came to Europe largely from Japan. The French dug in, waiting for a European videocassette format to catch on, but they waited in vain. Somewhere in France, someone must have suggested leapfrogging the commercial battles of the previous years, and this time they intended to make French televisions future proof. After all, the Mintel system genuinely introduced the French public to using an internet type of service, long before any other national government even knew what the internet was about. The main result of this work was the SCART connector (Syndicat des Constructeurs d’Appareils Radiorécepteurs et Téléviseurs). This was intended to interconnect a home television system much in the same way that hi-fi systems were interconnected. You could then update items one by one, and your TV could become a high quality RGB monitor, independent of the television system originally used. At that time in the US and the UK, the best we could do for interconnection were dreadful RF modulators. Today the SCART connector is also known as Pertitel connector or Euroconnector, and if you are really keen, a formal description can be found in the CENELEC EN 50 049-1:1989 standard or in the IEC 60933-1 standard. The SCART in the 21st century Different pin-configurations exist today, and which configuration or configurations are appropriate for you depends on the video device used. Sometimes you can choose between configurations by changing a software setting or a switch. (Such as choosing composite or S-video outputs on a DVD.) Two status signals on pins 8 and 16 can be used to define electrically which video signals are active, and a video device can use these status signals to automatically switch between internal or external audio/video signals. The actual voltage levels on these pins have been enhanced over the years for extra functions such as for carrying low-level data. There are tables at www.bpr.org.uk which, hopefully, represent the latest connection versions. Yes, but what use is a SCART plug within professional systems? A professional Serial Digital Interface (SDI) monitor costs upwards of £1000. It consists of a high-quality CRT and driver circuit, along with a digital decoder that provides red, green and blue signals from the digital video input. The SDI signal in turn arrives on an ordinary looking piece of video coax cable, terminated in an ordinary looking BNC connector. Indeed it is just this ordinariness that makes the Serial Digital Interface so useful, as you can use old analogue cables, and changing cables in studio centres often costs more than changing the technical equipment. Now the modern telly is a remarkably good device, slight chromaticity (colour rendering) errors being the only obvious outward differences to those professional monitors. So why not use the SCART connection to turn it into a high quality RGB monitor? All you need is a digital SCART adapter. Once you have one of those, and the reverse one to turn your DVD or Video into a SDI digital video source, you have the core of an affordable professional TV Studio The Broadcast Projects Research JEM is just such a SDI to SCART adapter, constructed in a metal case with integral SCART plug. A BNC connector is used to connect the incoming SDI signal and power is provided by an external plug-top power supply. The MEJ is the companion to the JEM, and generates SDI signals from the output of say a VCR, TV or set-top box. Both devices are available from Canford (see page 317 of the 2002-2003 catalogue) as are most of the BPR products. OK, so what is this SDI? To see where the SDI came from, we need to look back to the 1980’s when all those different TV systems were starting to prove a headache to the professional programme makers and the (newly international) professional equipment manufacturers as well. The US television system had a line scan frequency which had been altered to be a sub multiple of 4.5 MHz, (or 2.25 MHz) whilst the 625 line system already had a line frequency related to 2.25 MHz. Digital sampling of the high-resolution luminance part of either signal at 13.5MHz would then give an excellent luminance resolution for both systems, and the two derived colour parts of the picture could be sampled separately at a lesser rate, as the colour part is not perceived as sharply as the luminance. The result was independent of colour system, as it used the fundamental colour components (and is therefore called a component television system, rather than a combined (composite) system such as NTSC, PAL, or SECAM), and it became known internationally as "CCIR 601" (now known as ITU-R BT601) standard, although only the sampling and filtering was really covered in this standard. The sample rates given, were quite near to four times the NTSC sub-carrier sample rate which had previously been used for composite signal encoding. As a result this sampling structure (13.5, 6.75, 6.75) became known as "4.2.2" sampling. As first proposed, the digital component standard used a parallel cable and connector system using nine twisted-pairs (an example being BBC type "PSN18/1"). Eight signal bits and a clock line were used, so when 10-bit video coding was proposed, it was time to look at a serial connection format. The serial format became the ITU-R 656 Standard, and it could use existing 75ohm video coaxial cable and BNC connectors What else can I do with SDI? Because the 601/656 SDI system maintain the timings of the analogue system, the time gaps between lines and fields are still in place. These had been allowed for in the 1930’s for cathode ray tube (CRT) scan "flyback". That spare time amounts to around 25% of the entire data rate, so would it surprise you to learn that you could carry 16 tracks of "embedded" audio in this spare space? And as well you can have it in 24-bit 48kHz sampled form along with lots of data. That makes quite a handsome 16-track distribution system using simple video coax, doesn’t it? Forget the pictures, and take a look at BPR’s multichannel embedders and de-embedders! TechZone	i don't know
In September 2011, who became the oldest living artist to have a number one album, with Duets II, in the US charts?	Tony Bennett & Lady Gaga's "Cheek To Cheek" Number 1 on Billboard 200 \| News \| Great Performances \| PBS Tony Bennett & Lady Gaga’s “Cheek To Cheek” Number 1 on Billboard 200 October 3, 2014 0 Comments Congratulations to Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga! Their collaborative album Cheek To Cheek debuted September 23 and went straight to Number 1 according to the Billboard 200, which tracks the top-selling records across all genres. The dynamic duo, who first sang together on Bennett’s Duets II in 2011, outsold Kenny Chesney’s new album, The Big Revival which debuted at Number 2. The 60-year age difference between the singers helps brings together longtime fans of Bennett’s jazz interpretations and crooner hits of the 1950s and the “Little Monsters” who devour Gaga’s international electronic pop hits. Bennett became the oldest living artist to land a number one album with Duets II (on which Gaga joined him on “The Lady Is A Tramp”) and he’s outdone himself with this record at the age of 88. Cheek To Cheek is Gaga’s second Number 1 album within a year, following her solo album, ARTPOP. Both native New Yorkers and Italian-Americans, the two beloved entertainers have very different niches but share a love of the Great American Songbook, selections of which make up a majority of the album. People may be surprised by Lady Gaga’s jazz inclination, but she’s been singing jazz since she was a teenager. In a Reddit AMAA Lady Gaga interview on October 3, Gaga writes, “I was in a classic rock cover band at the same time I was in jazz band in high school and doing jazz state competitions.” Bennett praised Lady Gaga’s jazz skills in an interview with NPR . “She’s actually a very authentic jazz singer,” he said. “She’ll turn a phrase, she’ll make it different, because of the moment that she’s singing. And so, what happens is it keeps the songs alive; the interpretations become very intimate and everlasting.” See the two perform the songs live during Tony Bennett & Lady Gaga: Cheek to Cheek LIVE! airing on Great Performances as part of the PBS ARTS Fall Festival on Friday, October 24 at 9/8c on PBS.	Tony Bennett
Tom, Barbara, Jerry and Margo are all characters in which 1970’s UK television sitcom?	Managing Dad: How Danny Bennett Helped Take Tony Bennett's 'Duets II' To No. 1 \| Billboard Managing Dad: How Danny Bennett Helped Take Tony Bennett's 'Duets II' To No. 1 \| October 20, 2011 12:45 PM EDT Managing Dad: How Danny Bennett Helped Take Tony Bennett's 'Duets II' To No. 1 0 0 0 Flying Together To The Moon: Danny Bennett (right) with his father/"client" Tony Bennet at last year's Whitney Gala and Studio Party at The Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City (Photo: Getty Images) "I don't just handle a career, I manage a legacy," proclaimed Danny Bennett, referencing the long-running success of father Tony Bennett, whom he has managed for over three decades. Danny Bennett has been an innovative force behind his father's team for years, though he was particularly instrumental in coordinating his latest album. "Duets II," released September 20, moved 179,000 units in its first week according to Nielsen Soundscan, making the Columbia Records veteran the oldest living artist to have a Billboard 200 No. 1 album. On this follow-up to 2006's "Duets: An American Classic," each track features Bennett in a duet with another prominent vocalist, ranging from Mariah Carey to Willie Nelson to Queen Latifah. Its release commemorates the legendary entertainer's 85th birthday, five years after "Duets: An American Classic" celebrated his 80th. "The bar was very high after 'Duets,' said Danny Bennett. "In working 'Duets II,' I had two main goals: One was to raise our digital sales. The other was to bring our foreign sales up." Bennett claimed success on both counts. Digital sales represented about 20% (59,000 of 396,000, according to Nielsen Soundscan) of all units sold Bennett said, marking a sharp rise in his father's digital presence. In the weeks leading up to release, teaser videos were placed on iTunes, along with a free download of the Michael Buble team-up, "Don't Get Around Much Anymore." Though the United States remains Bennett's strongest market, "Duets II" fared well elsewhere as well: it peaked at #2 on the Canadian Albums Chart and at #5 on the United Kingdom Albums Chart. On the physical front, Bennett's team worked an exclusive retail deal with Target, making that chain the sole distributors of a special edition of "Duets II," which includes two additional songs and access to behind-the-scenes videos. The same tactic had proved successful with 2006's first installment in the "Duets" series. "We have this saying - 'O.P.M.' ...other people's money," joked Bennett. In working with Target, Bennett made a strong effort to relate to the retailer's point of view, seeking out figures such as "average basket size," or the amount customers generally spent in each shopping trip. Next month, Barnes & Noble will serve as the exclusive retailer (along with Bennett's website) of "Tony Bennett: The Complete Collection," a career-spanning box set of 73 CDs and 3 DVDs. The set contains numerous rarities, including, as Bennett proudly announced, "Tony's first ever recording, singing 'St. James Infirmary Blues' while he was still with the U.S. Army following World War II." He was still a teenager at the time. "You don't release music in a vacuum," explained Danny, emphasizing the importance of time and context in the success of an album. Following the success of "Duets: II" and released in holiday shopping season while Bennett tours North America, the box set (with 200 copies personally signed by Tony) appears ready to continue the singer's banner year. At Sony, Bennett's team includes Rob Stringer (Chairman Columbia Epic Label Group), Steve Barnett (Chairman Columbia Records), Fran DeFeo (Senior VP Media), Steve Kennedy (Senior VP of Sales and Retail Marketing), and Christian Schraga (VP of Digital Marketing). Rounding out Bennett's team are RPM Music Productions' Hadley Spanier (VP of Marketing) and Sylvia Weiner (VP of Publicity), as well as Ocean View Marketing's Jay Krugman (Marketing Consultant). Aside from marketing, "Duets II" can trace much of its success to the music itself. Currently, the Bennett team is focusing on two singles, each with a compelling backstory. After Amy Winehouse's death in July, the Tony Bennett duet "Body and Soul" took the spotlight as the UK singer's last recorded work. A close friend of the Winehouse family, Danny Bennett witnessed the great respect the two singers had for each other, and remembered how his father expressed concern in wanting to help his friend through her struggles. After the tragic news, both he and the Winehouse family agreed to pause plans for the song, leaving time for reflection. They eventually agreed to release the single, with all proceeds going to the Amy Winehouse Foundation, set up by father Mitch Winehouse to help troubled young people. To their great satisfaction, iTunes decided to do the same with digital sales of the song. The album's other focal track is "The Lady Is A Tramp," featuring Lady Gaga, who has been riding the success of her 2011 album, "Born This Way." Along with Aretha Franklin, Gaga was a late addition to the mix, though Bennett noted their "instant chemistry" in the studio. "She was dressed like Marilyn Monroe," he said, recalling his first-hand experience with Gaga's larger-than-life persona. As the two went through several takes of the song, the younger Bennett captured the session on film, as he did with all of the album's collaborations. "'The Zen Of Tony Bennett'," he said, "is going to be a very in-depth film, one that places the studio sessions into context with his entire career. It's not just going to be a 'making of.'" Danny Bennett had played a significant role in his father's career long before the "Duets" series. In 1994, his creative vision was a key factor in the unexpected decision to record an album in MTV's "Unplugged" series. A devoted Beatles fan, the younger Bennett also admitted to being a supporter of Generation X favorites like the Pixies and Nirvana, which influenced his decision to work his father's music to a younger generation. "In live concerts, Tony's '90s material like 'Steppin' Out With My Baby' would sometimes get a better reception than his classic songs," he explained. When the music video for that song began receiving airtime on MTV, Bennett's team began to realize how successful their bold plan had been. Following a North American tour through mid-December, the Bennett team will focus on the upcoming Grammy season, hoping voters again recognize Tony among the industry's biggest achievers. Bennett, a fifteen-time Grammy winner, claimed two awards in 2007 for "Duets: An American Classic." "Tony is definitely the favorite when it comes to that," said Bennett with a degree of time-tested certainty, expressing hope that his father would have the opportunity to perform some of "Duets: II" alongside its collaborators. Regardless of how the Bennett family and its partners fare at Grammy time, they've once again proven themselves a dynamic force behind Tony's legend.	i don't know
Russian dessert ‘Pashka’ is traditionally eaten during which religious holiday?	Food in Russia - Russian Food, Russian Cuisine - traditional, popular, dishes, recipe, diet, history, meals, staple, main Food in Russia - Russian Food, Russian Cuisine Russia Recipes 1 GEOGRAPHIC SETTING AND ENVIRONMENT Russia is the largest country in Europe, with 6.6 million square miles (17 million square kilometers). It is 1.8 times the size of the United States. Russian land extends to the Arctic Ocean in the north. Russia shares borders with China and Mongolia to the south, and Ukraine, Latvia, Belarus, Lithuania, and Finland to the west. About three-fourths of the land is arable (able to be farmed), although the output from farms decreased during the 1980s and 1990s. After the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) broke apart in 1991, the Russian government started a program to encourage small farmers. From 1991 to 2001 about 150,000 new small farms were established. 2 HISTORY AND FOOD Russia has a history of a diet based on crops that can thrive in cold climates, such as grains (rye, barley, buckwheat, and wheat), root vegetables (beets, turnips, potatoes, onions), and cabbage. Ivan III (ruled 1462–1505) brought Italian craftsmen to Russia to build public buildings. These craftsmen introduced pasta, frozen desserts (gelato and sherbet), and pastries to the Russian diet. Peter I (ruled 1682–1725), known as "The Great," included a French chef in his court. It was during his reign that Russians began to serve meals in courses, rather than to serve all the food at once. From that time until the Russian Revolution in 1917, many wealthy Russian families employed French chefs. When French chefs returned home to France, they introduced popular Russian dishes to the people of Europe. The Salade Russe, known in Russia as Salat Olivier or Salad Rusky was created during the era of Nicholas II (in power until 1917) by a French chef. Salat Olivier (Russian Salad) 2 carrots, boiled and diced 4 hardboiled eggs; 3 should be chopped and 1 cut into quarters for garnish ½ onion, finely chopped ½ cup canned or frozen peas, drained ¼ pound bologna, chopped 2 to 4 Tablespoons mayonnaise 4 to 6 large lettuce leaves Procedure Peel the potatoes, cut them in half, and place them in a saucepan. Cover the potatoes with water, heat over high heat until the water boils, and simmer until the potatoes can be pierced with a fork (about 15 to 20 minutes). Drain and allow to cool. Repeat the same process with the two carrots. When both are cooled, cut into cubes and place in a large mixing bowl. Add remaining ingredients (except mayonnaise) and toss gently to combine. Stir in 2 Tablespoons of mayonnaise, or enough mayonnaise to hold ingredients together. Arrange clean, dry lettuce leaves on a platter, and mound the salad in a pyramid shape in the center. Spread more mayonnaise over the top of the salad like frosting. Garnish with hardboiled egg slices. Serves 6 to 8. From the time of the Russian Revolution in 1917 until 1981, all of the restaurants in Russia (then part of the USSR) were owned and operated by the government. Most stores were run by the government, too. Due to food shortages and inefficient store management, families had to stand in long lines to buy bread, meat, and other basic food items. In 1981 President Mikhail Gorbachev began reforms that culminated in the 1991 breakup of the USSR and the beginnings of a democracy. But the sale and purchase of food was still regulated by the government as of the end of the twentieth century. 3 FOOD OF THE RUSSIANS Traditional Russian cooking relied on a pech' or oven, rather than a burner as a heat source. The oven had two compartments—one for slow cooking and the other for quick baking. The pech' also heated the homes of the peasants, and therefore occupied a central spot in the main room of the house. Traditional dishes include roasted meats, vegetables, soups, and stews. A staple of the Russian diet is dark, heavy bread. It is not uncommon for a family of four to eat three Fresh bread is sold and carried home unwrapped. It is not uncommon for a Russian family to eat three or four loaves of bread each day. Cory Langley or four loaves of bread a day. Also popular are bliny (thin pancakes), and a variety of savory and sweet pies called either piroghi (large pies) or pirozhki (small pies). They are usually filled with fish, cheese, jam, cabbage, mushrooms, chopped hard-cooked eggs, or meat. The possibilities are unlimited. These pies are served alone or with soup at lunch. Hot sweetened tea, called chai, is served frequently from a samovar (large brass boiler) that heats water and steeps the tea leaves to form a concentrated mixture. Russians eat more fish than most other cultures because, under the Russian Orthodox Church, many days of the year were fasting days and fish was the only meat allowed. Sturgeon is the favorite fish of the Russians, from which black caviar (fish eggs) is collected. Kissel , a piece of stewed fruit thickened with cornstarch with milk poured over it, is a traditional dessert. Bliny is a traditional Russian dish that is eaten in great quantity during Maslyanitsa (Butter Week, the Russian equivalent of Mardi Gras), the last week before Lent. Good bliny must be very thin, the thinner the better. Bliny may be served with sweet or savory filling or with butter, sour cream, caviar, fresh fruit, or smoked fish. Bliny (Russian Pancakes) 1 cup flour (buckwheat flour is traditional) ½ teaspoon vanilla Beat eggs until foamy in a medium mixing bowl. Add sugar, salt, and milk. Add flour and mix well until no lumps remain. Add vanilla. Pour a little vegetable oil into a small frying pan. Heat the pan over medium heat. Using a ladle, pour a very thin layer of batter into the pan. Cook until edges begin to curl and brown, and then carefully turn to brown the other side. Serve with filling (recipe follows). May also be served with butter, jam, sour cream, or fresh fruit. Bliny Filling 1 package frozen berries (strawberries, raspberries, or blueberries) ¼ cup water Thaw frozen berries, and place into a saucepan. In a measuring cup or drinking glass, dissolve cornstarch completely in ¼ cup water. Stir cornstarch mixture into berries and heat slowly until the berry mixture thickens. Cabbage Pirozhki or Piroghi This recipe involves three steps: making the dough, making the filling, and assembling the pies. Ingredients for dough 2½ cups sifted flour 1½ teaspoons baking powder 1 teaspoon salt 5 cups chopped cabbage (2 small heads of cabbage) 2 Tablespoons salt 1 Tablespoon dill or parsley, minced 2 hard-boiled eggs Procedure Make dough: Sift dry ingredients together. Add shortening and butter into dry mixture, mixing with a pastry blender or a fork until the mixture looks like oatmeal. Beat the egg slightly in a measuring cup and add enough ice water to make ½ cup fluid. Pour egg and water into the flour mixture and mix well. Roll out the dough on a board or countertop dusted with more flour. If the dough seems sticky, sprinkle the surface of the dough and the rolling surface with more flour. To make piroghi (large pie): Roll dough into a rectangle approximately 24 inches x 16 inches. It is ready for stuffing. To make pirozhki (small pies): Take eggsized balls of dough, flatten, and roll out. Repeat with remaining dough. The small pies are now ready for stuffing. Make filling: Remove the tough outer leaves from 2 heads of cabbage, and cut the heads into quarters, removing the tough core. Chop the cabbage leaves finely. Mix cabbage with salt in a bowl and let stand for 15 minutes. Pour the cabbage into a colander in the sink and drain. Heat 4 cups of water to boiling and carefully pour boiling water over the cabbage in the colander. Let drain. Next, melt the butter in a large skillet and add the chopped onion. Sauté until softened (about 5 minutes). Add the drained cabbage to the skillet and continue cooking, stirring frequently with a wooden spoon, until the cabbage is soft (about 30 minutes). While the cabbage is cooking, remove the shells from the hard-boiled eggs and chop the eggs. Add dill or parsley and chopped eggs to the cooked cabbage and cook for 2 or 3 minutes longer. Remove from heat. Preheat oven to 375°F. To assemble piroghi: Transfer the dough rectangle to the greased cookie sheet. Spread the cabbage mixture over ½ the dough, fold the dough over and pinch the edges together. To assemble pirozhki: Fill each pirozhki with about 1½ Tablespoons of the cabbage mixture. Pinch edges together and place on a greased cookie sheet with the seamless edge up. Bake the piroghi for about 30 minutes, until golden. Bake the pirozhkis for about 15 minutes. Serves 8 to 10. Pirozhki (small pies) may be filled with fish, cheese, jam, cabbage, mushrooms, chopped hard-cooked eggs, or meat. These pies are served alone or with soup at lunch. EPD Photos 4 FOOD FOR RELIGIOUS AND HOLIDAY CELEBRATIONS The Russian Orthodox Church celebrates the New Year on January 1, Christmas on January 7 and Epiphany on January 19. At New Year's, Ded Moroz (Grandfather Frost), a character from folklore, may be seen at holiday events distributing pryaniki, a sweet cookie to signify wishes for a sweet new year. The Russian equivalent for Mardi Gras happens during Maslyanitsa (Butter-week) when bliny are eaten nonstop. For Easter, Orthodox Russian women bake cakes and decorate them elaborately to resemble the rounded domes of the Orthodox churches. The cakes are given either to the priest on Easter Sunday, or served at home. The Easter bread is always cut lengthwise instead of in vertical slices. Pashka , a cold mixture of soft cheese ( tvorog ), butter, almonds, and currants, is formed in a special mold shaped like a pyramid with the top cut off to represent the tomb of Jesus. Russian Easter eggs are often colored red to signify the resurrection of Jesus. This is done by hard-boiling eggs with either red onion peel or beets. Roast pork is served for the main meal at Easter. A roast goose is traditional at Christmas. Pashka 2 packages (8-ounces each) cream cheese 1 cup (2 sticks) butter at room temperature 1¾ cup confectioners' sugar 2 teaspoons vanilla 1 cup currants 1 cup toasted almonds Optional: Clean new flowerpot and clean muslin fabric (or clean fabric from a sheet or pillowcase) to mold pashka Procedure Put cream cheese into a large mixing bowl and beat until very smooth. Add butter and continue beating until well mixed and very smooth and creamy. Add sugar, a little at a time, beating well. Add vanilla. Add currants and toasted almonds and stir gently to combine. If flowerpot is not being used to mold pashka, pour cheese mixture into a pie pan, cake pan, or other serving dish. Smooth the top surface, cover with plastic wrap, and refrigerate at least two hours, until ready to serve. To use flowerpot mold: Line the flowerpot with the fabric, smoothing it to line the surface of the pot. Transfer the cheese mixture to the flowerpot, pushing the mixture down to remove air pockets. Fold the fabric over the top, and place a small saucer on the top to weight down the mixture. Refrigerate on a plate (some liquid may leak out of the hole in the bottom of the flowerpot) for at least two hours. To serve, remove saucer, unwrap fabric, and put a serving plate over the flowerpot and turn it upside down to unmold. Carefully remove the fabric. Serves 10 to 12. Sbiten (Russian National Winter Beverage) Ingredients Procedure Prepare onions and carrots by chopping them. Pour a little vegetable oil into a skillet and add the carrots and onions. Cook until softened, and set aside. Peel the beets and chop or slice both into small bite-sized pieces. Remove the seeds from the green pepper and chop. Put the chopped beets and green pepper into a small saucepan and add about ½ cup of broth and the tomato paste. Cover the pot and simmer the vegetables for about 30 minutes until the beets are tender. While the beets and peppers are cooking, pour the remaining broth into a large saucepan and heat it almost to boiling. Chop the cabbage and add it to the broth. Peel the potatoes, cut them into bite-size pieces and add to broth. Add cooked onions and carrots to broth. Simmer the soup for about 20 minutes. When the beets are tender, add them to the broth. Add lemon juice, salt, sugar, parsley, and garlic cloves. Simmer 10 more minutes, and serve hot, with a dollop of sour cream in each bowl. Serves 10 to 12. 3 tart apples, such as Granny Smith Procedure Preheat oven to 350°F. Combine flour, sugar, and eggs, beating well to completely dissolve the sugar. Wash the apples, cut them into quarters, and cut away the core and seeds. Cut the apples into thin slices. Grease a round cake pan and dust it lightly with flour or plain, unseasoned white bread crumbs to prevent the cake from sticking. Arrange all apple slices on the bottom of the pan. Pour the batter mixture over the apples, spreading it gently with a rubber spatula. Bake for 25 minutes until a toothpick, inserted into the center of the cake, comes out dry and the cake is beginning to pull away from the edges of the pan. Cool 10 minutes on a wire rack. Run a knife around the edges of the pan, and place a serving plate over the pan. Invert the pan (turn the pan upside-down) onto the serving plate. May be served warm or at room temperature. Serves 10 to 12. Klyukva S Sakharom (Frosted Cranberries) Ingredients 2-foot long piece of wax paper Procedure Preheat the oven to 150°F (lowest setting possible). Beat the egg white with an electric mixer or wire whisk until foamy but not stiff. Rinse the cranberries in a colander, discarding any shriveled or spoiled berries. Pour the cranberries into the egg white, stirring gently until the berries are all completely coated. Measure the sugar into another large bowl. Add the cranberries, and toss until the berries are completely covered with sugar. Spread the cranberries on a shallow baking pan, such as a cookie sheet, with edges. Bake for about 12 minutes until the sugar has melted. Spread a 2-foot long piece of wax paper out on the counter or table. Spread the cranberries out on the paper, separating them, to dry. Leave them undisturbed overnight. The frosted cranberries will keep in an airtight container or plastic bag for 2 weeks. Historically, when guests first arrived at a Russian home, the hostess welcomed them with a loaf of bread and a small amount of salt. The guest was expected to take a piece of the bread, dip it in the salt, and eat it. This explains the Russian word for hospitality, khlebosol'stvo ( khleb "bread" and sol "salt"). The hostess sits at the head of the table with the most respected guest at her right. Her husband sits where he wants to sit. Semechki (Toasted Sunflower Seeds) Procedure Measure tea into a saucepan. Add water and cardamom and bring to a boil. Remove from heat and allow to steep for 2 minutes. Pour tea through a strainer into cups. Add slices of lemon or cream to taste. (Do not use lemon and cream together, as the lemon will curdle the cream.) A meal might consist of borscht (beet soup) with bread and pickles, or could be more elaborate. The soup must be served very hot. All dishes are served at the table from large serving dishes. It is proper for the hostess to encourage her guests to eat more than they really want to eat. Lining many city streets are vending machines selling gazirovannaya voda (sparkling water), not in cans or bottles, but dispensed into a glass. The machine includes a scrubbing brush with cold water for the customer to use to clean the glass before using it. Also readily available are sunflower seeds sold by vendors at open stalls from large burlap sacks. Many Russians snack on sunflower seeds daily. 6 POLITICS, ECONOMICS, AND NUTRITION At the beginning of 2001, Russians continued to struggle with shortages of some food items. According to a World Bank report, about 3 percent of children under age five are underweight, and about 13 percent have not grown to the appropriate height for their age. These are both signs that a small percentage of young children in Russia are not receiving adequate nutrition from their daily diet. 7 FURTHER STUDY Books Goldstein, Darra. A La Russe: A Cookbook of Russian Hospitality. 2nd ed. Montpelier, VT: Russian Life Books, 1999. Kropotkin, Alexandra. The Best of Russian Cooking. New York: Hippocrene Books, 1997. Toomre, Joyce. Classic Russian Cooking: Elena Molokhovets' A 'Gift to Young Housewives.' Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1992. Visson, Lynn. The Russian Heritage Cookbook. Dana Point, CA: Casa Dana Books, 1998. Volokh, Anne with Mavis Manus. The Art of Russian Cuisine. New York: MacMillan, 1983. Web Sites	Easter
What is the name of the jockey who won the 2011 English Grand National on Ballabriggs?	1000+ images about Russian Easter on Pinterest \| Tulip, Folk costume and Russian orthodox Forward Pussy willow near Pokrovsky Cathedral in Vladivostok on the eve of Paskha, Russian Orthodox Church's Easter. Russia is the only country in the world where the day celebrating Jesus’ entry into Jerusalem is called Pussy Willow Sunday and not Palm Sunday: Russia’s climate is too cold for palm trees but it is just right for pussy willows, which begin to bud at this time of the year. Orthodox believers have a tradition of keeping the hallowed willow twigs throughout the year to decorate icon See More	i don't know
In the UK television series ‘Sharpe’, starring Sean Bean, what is Sharpe’s first name?	The Sharpe Series The Sharpe Series Last Update: 04 September 2003 (You need a browser capable of viewing tables to see this page properly) Richard Sharpe is the dashing maverick British rifleman fighting against Napoleon in 19th century Europe in this British television series. Based on the best-selling novels by Bernard Cornwell, the series also stars Assumpta Serna as Teresa, Daragh O'Malley as Harper, Abigail Cruttenden as Jane and Cecile Paoli as Lucille. Trivia: The name of the horse Sean rode in the series was Fantastice. The Video Diaries of Rifleman Harris. Click here for an insider's look behind the scenes of the Sharpe Series. The complete listing of all of the Sharpe episodes (dates shown are the original UK airdates). Click on the episode title for cast and crew details and additional pictures. Series 1: Sharpe's Eagle (May 12, 1993) Series 2:	Richard
The diameter of a standard CD measures how many centimetres?	1000+ images about Sean Bean on Pinterest \| Sean o'pry, Beans and Black death Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas Sean Bean Sean Bean is an English actor who has acted in such movies: Lord of the Rings, Goldeneye, The Adventures of Richard Sharpe, Game of Thrones, and National Treasure. 94 Pins277 Followers	i don't know
Olympus is the highest peak on which Mediterranean island?	The island of Cyprus is geographicaly located in the mediterranean sea Contact Cyprus Geography The island of Cyprus is situated in the Eastern Basin of the Mediterranean Sea. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean, measuring 240 km in length, and 100 km in width. Due to its geographic location, Cyprus can be included in the Middle East, Western Asia, or Europe. Turkey is 75 km to the north, Syria is 105 km to the east, Lebanon is 108 km to the east, Israel is 200 km to the southeast, Egypt is 380 km to the south, the Greek mainland is 800 km to the west-northwest: Rhodes is 400 km away, and 280 km from Cyprus to the small Dodecanese island of Kastellórizo (Meyísti). Cyprus’ physical setting is dominated by the mountain masses and the central plain they encompass, the Mesaoria. The Troodos Mountains cover most of the southern and western portions of the island and account for roughly half its area. The narrow Kyrenia Range, extending along the northern coastline, occupies substantially less area, and has lower elevations. Coastal lowlands surround the island with varying widths. The Mesaoria (meaning between the mountains) is a sweeping plain that makes up the centre of the island. The Mesaoria plain is bounded on the east and west by the Mediterranean Sea, on the south by the Troodos mountains, and on the north by the Kyrenia mountains. It has an area of approximately 1000 square km. It rises to an altitude of 325 metres, with an average elevation of around 100 meters. There are a number of rivers and other water courses crossing this plain, but none of them have water all year round. The Mesaoria is the most settled region on the island, containing dozens of villages and many of the largest towns, including the capital, Nicosia. The Troodos mountain range is the biggest mountain range of Cyprus, located in the center of the island, it stretches across most of the western side of Cyprus. Its highest peak is Mount Olympus at 1,952 metres. The area has been known since ancient times for its copper mines, and in the Byzantine period it became a great centre of Byzantine art, as churches and monasteries were built in the mountains, away from the threatened coastline, and they still exist today. The Kyrenia mountain range is a long, narrow chain of mountains that runs approximately 160 km along the north coast of Cyprus. The collective range is also known as the Pentadactylos. The mountains are primarily limestone, with some marble. The highest mountain, Kyparissovouno is 1,024 metres in elevation. The western half of the range is known as the Pentadactylos (five fingers) mountains. Though only half the height of the Troodos mountains, the Kyrenia mountains are very rugged and rise abruptly from the Mesaoria plain making them a spectacular sight. The Cyprus Mediterranean Forests ecoregion encompasses the high and steep Troodos massif and hills and low plains of the island, which host a wide range of habitats. With approximately 1,800 species and subspecies of flowering plants, Cyprus is a botanist's paradise. Oak, strawberry, juniper, and cypress trees thrive at lower elevations, whilst the driest low plains in the center host a semi-arid, shrub-like vegetation and wild olive trees, and carob trees. In the medium elevations pine forests are wide-spread and endemic evergreen oak forests. The higher elevations of the mountains are covered in pine forests and juniper woodlands which provide an ideal habitat for many specialised species of plants and animals. It is a fact that each mountain range hosts a number of plants and animals that are found nowhere else on earth. One such animal is the Cyprus mouflon, also called Agrino from Greek Αγρινό , although few in number, they still survive on the mountains of the protected reserve of the Paphos Forest Station. The Cyprus mouflon is a reclusive, indigenous rare type of wild mountain sheep, and is a protected species, as well as a national symbol, displayed on some of the Cyprus euro coins and Cyprus stamps , and was also the emblem of the former national airline. Cyprus is also a major bird migration route, with it being on a north-south migration route. Thousands of birds every year transit via Cyprus, some in vast flocks and some in small clusters. The resting period of each type of bird varies, with some only resting for a few days to a week, and others for several weeks or months. The Northward migration period is from March to May, whilst the Southward migration period is from August to October. The most popular of the migrating birds are the pink flamingos that flock every year to the Larnaca salt lake for the winter months. People come from far and wide to take in the spectacular view of the beautiful pink flamingos, which migrate in their thousands annually. More recently, the Greater flamingo has been seen also. With over 360 different species of birds having been documented on the island, many of them migratory, Cyprus is a perfect haven for the many bird watchers of the world.	Cyprus
In the nursery rhyme, who met a Pieman going to the fair?	Mt Olympus \| Article about Mt Olympus by The Free Dictionary Mt Olympus \| Article about Mt Olympus by The Free Dictionary http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Mt+Olympus Also found in: Dictionary , Thesaurus , Wikipedia . Mount Olympus: see Cyprus Cyprus , Gr. Kypros, Turk. Kıbrıs, officially Republic of Cyprus, republic (2005 est. pop. 780,000), 3,578 sq mi (9,267 sq km), an island in the E Mediterranean Sea, c.40 mi (60 km) S of Turkey and c.60 mi (100 km) W of Syria. ..... Click the link for more information. ; Olympic Mountains Olympic Mountains, highest part of the Coast Ranges, on the Olympic Peninsula, NW Wash. Mt. Olympus (7,965 ft/2,427 m) is the highest point in the mountains, which are composed mainly of sedimentary rock. ..... Click the link for more information. ; Olympus Olympus , Gr. Ólimbos, mountain range, c.25 mi (40 km) long, N Greece, on the border of Thessaly and Macedonia, near the Aegean coast. It rises to c.9,570 ft (2,920 m) at Mt. Olympus, the highest point in Greece. The peak was first ascended in 1913. ..... Click the link for more information. . Olympus, Mount: see Cyprus Cyprus , Gr. Kypros, Turk. Kıbrıs, officially Republic of Cyprus, republic (2005 est. pop. 780,000), 3,578 sq mi (9,267 sq km), an island in the E Mediterranean Sea, c.40 mi (60 km) S of Turkey and c.60 mi (100 km) W of Syria. ..... Click the link for more information. ; Olympic Mts. Olympic Mountains, highest part of the Coast Ranges, on the Olympic Peninsula, NW Wash. Mt. Olympus (7,965 ft/2,427 m) is the highest point in the mountains, which are composed mainly of sedimentary rock. ..... Click the link for more information. ; Olympus Olympus , Gr. Ólimbos, mountain range, c.25 mi (40 km) long, N Greece, on the border of Thessaly and Macedonia, near the Aegean coast. It rises to c.9,570 ft (2,920 m) at Mt. Olympus, the highest point in Greece. The peak was first ascended in 1913. ..... Click the link for more information. .	i don't know
Who became US Secretary of State in 2009?	Former Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton: 2009 to 2013 Former Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton: 2009 to 2013 (Please note: The schedule page is updated with new schedules for Secretary Kerry. Access prior years (and months) in left-hand navigation.) In This Section: U.S. Embassies The Office of Website Management, Bureau of Public Affairs, manages this site as a portal for information from the U.S. State Department.External links to other Internet sites should not be construed as an endorsement of the views or privacy policies contained therein.Note: documents in Portable Document Format (PDF) require Adobe Acrobat Reader 5.0 or higher to view, download Adobe Acrobat Reader .	Hillary Clinton
In Britain, ‘The Habeas Corpus Act’ of 1679 was passed during the reign of which monarch?	John Kerry Biography (U.S. Secretary of State/U.S. Senator) Birthplace: Denver, Colorado Best known as: U.S. Secretary of State, 2013-present John Kerry is the U.S. Secretary of State and a former United States senator from Massachusetts. He was also the Democratic candidate for president in 2004. John Kerry graduated from Yale University in 1966 and joined the U.S. Navy during the Vietnam War. He won the Silver Star, the Bronze Star and three Purple Hearts in action in Vietnam, and returned home as a hero who then became an outspoken opponent of the war; he earned national attention for his testimony before the U.S. Senate in 1971. He attended Boston College Law School and worked as a prosecuting attorney in Middlesex County, Massachusetts before jumping into politics. After two years as the state's lieutenant governor, John Kerry was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1984. He was reelected in 1990, 1996, 2002 and 2008. (Despite his long tenure, he was still Massachusetts' junior senator until the death of Ted Kennedy in 2009.) Kerry ran for president in 2004; he won the Democratic Party nomination, but he and his running mate, Senator John Edwards , lost to President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney in the general election. In 2013 John Kerry was named Secretary of State by President Barack Obama , who was just beginning his second term. Kerry succeeded Hillary Clinton in the position. A highlight of his term was the negotiation of a nuclear treaty with Iran in 2016. After Donald Trump won the presidential elections of 2016, he nominated Exxon CEO Rex Tillerson to succeed Kerry. Extra credit: John Kerry married his second wife, Teresa Heinz Kerry , in 1995. She is the widow of H. John Heinz III, who served as a U.S. senator from Pennsylvania from 1977 until his death in a plane crash in 1991… John Kerry’s first wife was the former Julia Thorne, whom he married in 1970. The couple separated in 1982, and their divorce became final in 1988. The marriage was annulled by the Catholic Church in 1997. They have two children: Alexandra (b. 1973) and Vanessa (b. 1976)… John Kerry is no relation to former Nebraska senator Bob Kerrey, who also served in Vietnam and lost part of his leg to a grenade wound. Copyright © 1998-2017 by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved.	i don't know
In which 1984 film did Johnny Depp make his debut film appearance?	Johnny Depp - Biography - IMDb Johnny Depp Biography Showing all 328 items Jump to: Overview (4) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (2) \| Trade Mark (8) \| Trivia (175) \| Personal Quotes (122) \| Salary (16) Overview (4) 5' 10" (1.78 m) Mini Bio (1) Johnny Depp is perhaps one of the most versatile actors of his day and age in Hollywood. He was born John Christopher Depp II in Owensboro, Kentucky, on June 9, 1963, to Betty Sue (Wells), who worked as a waitress, and John Christopher Depp, a civil engineer. Depp was raised in Florida. He dropped out of school when he was 15, and fronted a series of music-garage bands, including one named 'The Kids'. However, it was when he married Lori Anne Allison ( Lori A. Depp ) that he took up the job of being a ballpoint-pen salesman to support himself and his wife. A visit to Los Angeles, California, with his wife, however, happened to be a blessing in disguise, when he met up with actor Nicolas Cage , who advised him to turn to acting, which culminated in Depp's film debut in the low-budget horror film, A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984), where he played a teenager who falls prey to dream-stalking demon Freddy Krueger. In 1987 he shot to stardom when he replaced Jeff Yagher in the role of undercover cop Tommy Hanson in the popular TV series 21 Jump Street (1987). In 1990, after numerous roles in teen-oriented films, his first of a handful of great collaborations with director Tim Burton came about when Depp played the title role in Edward Scissorhands (1990). Following the film's success, Depp carved a niche for himself as a serious, somewhat dark, idiosyncratic performer, consistently selecting roles that surprised critics and audiences alike. He continued to gain critical acclaim and increasing popularity by appearing in many features before re-joining with Burton in the lead role of Ed Wood (1994). In 1997 he played an undercover FBI agent in the fact-based film Donnie Brasco (1997), opposite Al Pacino ; in 1998 he appeared in Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998), directed by Terry Gilliam ; and then, in 1999, he appeared in the sci-fi/horror film The Astronaut's Wife (1999). The same year he teamed up again with Burton in Sleepy Hollow (1999), brilliantly portraying Ichabod Crane. Depp has played many characters in his career, including another fact-based one, Insp. Fred Abberline in From Hell (2001). He stole the show from screen greats such as Antonio Banderas in the finale to Robert Rodriguez 's "mariachi" trilogy, Once Upon a Time in Mexico (2003). In that same year he starred in the marvelous family blockbuster Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), playing a character that only the likes of Depp could pull off: the charming, conniving and roguish Capt. Jack Sparrow. The film's enormous success has opened several doors for his career and included an Oscar nomination. He appeared as the central character in the Stephen King -based movie, Secret Window (2004); as the kind-hearted novelist James Barrie in the factually-based Finding Neverland (2004), where he co-starred with Kate Winslet ; and Rochester in the British film, The Libertine (2004). Depp collaborated again with Burton in a screen adaptation of Roald Dahl 's novel, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), and later in Alice in Wonderland (2010) and Dark Shadows (2012). Off-screen, Depp has dated several female celebrities, and has been engaged to Sherilyn Fenn , Jennifer Grey , Winona Ryder and Kate Moss . He was married to Lori Anne Allison in 1983, but divorced her in 1985. Depp has two children with French singer/actress Vanessa Paradis : Lily-Rose Melody, born in 1999 and Jack, born in 2002. He married actress/producer Amber Heard in 2015. - IMDb Mini Biography By: mikedavies86 and Sidhartha Shankar Spouse (2) Often stars alongside Helena Bonham Carter Frequently plays British characters: Sleepy Hollow (1999), From Hell (2001), the "Pirates of the Caribbean" films, Dark Shadows (2012), etc. Dark, intense eyes and highly defined cheekbones Known for wearing outlandish clothing and numerous tattoos Never watches his own movies Trivia (175) Chosen by Empire magazine as one of the "100 Sexiest Stars in Film History" (#1). [1995] Arrested for being in a fight with paparazzis in front of a restaurant in London. [January 1999] Ranked #67 in Empire (UK) magazine's The Top-100 Movie Stars of All Time list. [October 1997] Chosen by People (USA) Magazine as one of the 50 Most Beautiful People in the World. [1996] Voted Empire's (UK) Sexiest Male Movie Star of All Time. [1995] Has twice recorded with British band Oasis . Most notably, he plays lead slide guitar on the track "Fade In-Out", from the 1997 album Be Here Now. Noel Gallagher , Oasis's lead guitarist, was allegedly too drunk to perform it himself, so celebrity pal Depp stepped in and nailed the lead on one take. Arrested for trashing a New York hotel room. Depp claimed that an armadillo was responsible, saying that he had found the animal hidden in a closet and it had gone crazy, wrecking the hotel room before leaping out the window. [1994] When engaged to Winona Ryder , he had "Winona forever" tattooed on his arm. After the broke up, he had the n and a surgically removed to simply say "Wino forever!" Was the guitarist in a band called The Kids and currently plays in a band called P. Adopted Goldeneye, the one-eyed Andalusian horse who played Gunpowder, Ichabod Crane's steed in Sleepy Hollow (1999), thereby saving him from the glue factory. Got his "Betty Sue" tattoo May 31, 1988. Named one of E!'s Top 20 Entertainers of 2001. Chosen #2 on E!'s 25 sexiest entertainers list With Chuck E. Weiss , Depp reportedly paid US $350,000 for the Central Nightclub in Los Angeles, California, and turned it into the Viper Room at 8852 Sunset Blvd. Other stars in contention to buy the club in 1993 included Arnold Schwarzenegger and, separately, Frank Stallone . Lists British comedy The Fast Show (1994) -- renamed "Brilliant" for American television -- as his favorite television program of all time. He used to take tapes of the series on tour with him to keep him amused. Made a guest appearance in the last-ever sketch in its last-ever episode. Was named one of the 50 Most Beautiful People by People Magazine in 2001. Wrote the foreword to Mark Salisbury's biography of Tim Burton , "Burton on Burton." He credits Burton's belief in him for rescuing him from being "a loser, an outcast, just another piece of expendable Hollywood meat." Johnny's two children with Vanessa Paradis have the same names of the two main characters in Legend (1985): Lily (b. 1999) and Jack (b.2002). Gave Noel Gallagher a white guitar with the letter "P" on it, which he regularly plays during Oasis ' gigs. "P" is the name of a band that Depp was in. Has a song about him by the late famed schizophrenic Chicago street artist Wesley Willis . Parents: John Christopher Depp and Elizabeth "Betty" Sue Wells. His parents divorced when he was 15. He wanted some of his teeth to be gold-capped for Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) but thought the producers would never agree. He found a dentist and had lots more capped than he wanted. Disney boss Michael Eisner like them but thought there were way too many and told Depp to remove all but a few. Resides in France, Los Angeles, and an island he owns in the Bahamas. Divides his time in France between Meudon, a suburb of Paris and a villa in Plan-de-la-Tour, an hour outside of St Tropez in Southern France. Siblings: Danny ( D.P. Depp ), Christi Dembrowski , and Deborah (Debbie). Was People Magazine's Sexiest Man Alive in 2003. The building in which Depp's Viper Room is housed was once owned by infamous gangster Bugsy Siegel . Chosen as E!'s 2003 Entertainer of the Year. According to the liner notes for the soundtrack CD of Once Upon a Time in Mexico (2003), he wrote his own theme music, the music for Sands (Track 9 on the CD). Shot all of his scenes in nine days for Once Upon a Time in Mexico (2003), but after his filming was done he didn't want to leave. So he suggested to Robert Rodriguez that he play a small part, the priest that Antonio Banderas talks to in the church, and use his Marlon Brando impression. Reportedly based his portrayal of "Ichabod Crane" in Sleepy Hollow (1999) on "Withnail" from Withnail & I (1987), as played by Richard E. Grant . Has been in seven films in which the title contains the name of the character he plays: Edward Scissorhands (1990), Cry-Baby (1990), What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), Ed Wood (1994), Don Juan DeMarco (1994), Donnie Brasco (1997) and Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007). Persuaded actor Rey-Phillip Santos to give acting a try. Received a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7018 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on November 19, 1999. Tim Burton and Martin Landau were guest speakers. Has a niece, Megan; she works for popular online entertainment magazine TYCP. Was ranked #5 on VH1's 100 Hottest Hotties. Based the character of Captain Jack Sparrow on rock legend Keith Richards and the Looney Tunes character, Pepe Le Pew. Purchased Bela Lugosi 's Los Angeles home. Sports his son's nickname, Jack, tattooed on his arm and a beaded bracelet made by his daughter Lily Rose. Is hugely interested in Jack the Ripper. He starred in From Hell (2001), which was about Jolly Jack. Ranked #4 in TV Guide's list of TV's 25 Greatest Teen Idols (23 January 2005 issue). Has something in common with actor Robert Englund , famed for portraying dream-stalking Freddy Krueger in the "Nightmare on Elm Street" movies. Both of them appeared in the first A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984), and both had played characters with blades for hands: Englund as Freddy Krueger, and Depp as the title character in Edward Scissorhands (1990). And, strangely, both of them were born in June, with their birthdays three days apart, and they share the same height, which is 5' 10". A movie buff with a somewhat encyclopedic knowledge of older films, he admits he watches few movies anymore, other than the children's films that his "kiddies" prefer. He also enjoys most of them. Loves watching animated films with his daughter such as Shrek (2001) and Finding Nemo (2003). Co-owns a restaurant/club in Paris called Man Ray (named after avant-garde artist Man Ray ) with Sean Penn and John Malkovich . The restaurant is located in a renovated theater and serves Tibetan cuisine. Premiere Magazine ranked him as #47 on a list of the Greatest Movie Stars of All Time in their Stars in Our Constellation feature (2005). When he was cast as "Willy Wonka" in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), many newspapers published headings about "Depp's Willy" and "Deppy's Willy is a Bit Wonkier". Apparently conceived his portrayal of Edward D. Wood Jr. as a cross between Ronald Reagan (the wobbly-headed thing), the Tin Man from The Wizard of Oz (1939), and the voice of Casey Kasem . Dropped out of high school at age 16 to pursue a career as a musician. As a teen, he and his punk rock/New Wave band "The Kids" opened for Iggy Pop , Duran Duran , and The B-52's , among others. As a child, he was allergic to chocolate. In 2004, Renée Zellweger accepted the Screen Actors Guild Award for "Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role" on his behalf, because he wasn't present at the awards ceremony Learned French to be able to converse with Vanessa Paradis ' parents. He also played slide for an acoustic recording of Fade Away, recorded in 1995 for the War Child: Help album. Had come into professional contact with the great screen villains Vincent Price and Christopher Lee . Price co-starred with Depp in Edward Scissorhands (1990), and Lee co-starred with him in Sleepy Hollow (1999), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) and Corpse Bride (2005). Oddly, all of them were Tim Burton films. Great admirer of Marlon Brando . He was also good friends with the legendary actor, who described Depp as one of the greatest actors of his generation. Although unable to attend, he was awarded the Gary Cooper Spirit of Montana Award at the 2005 HatcH audiovisual festival in Bozeman, Montana. HatcH honored Depp for his outstanding career and his role as a mentor and inspiration to young and aspiring artists. Has portrayed a real-life character in ten films: Edward D. Wood Jr. in Ed Wood (1994), Lt. Victor/Bon Bon in Before Night Falls (2000), Hunter S. Thompson in Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998), Insp. Fred Abberline in From Hell (2001), Joseph D. Pistone /Donnie Brasco in Donnie Brasco (1997), George Jung in Blow (2001), J.M. Barrie in Finding Neverland (2004), 'John Wilmot, The Second Earl of Rochester' in The Libertine (2005), Jack Kerouac in The Source: The Story of the Beats and the Beat Generation (1999), and John Dillinger in Public Enemies (2009). Sherilyn Fenn 's name is scrawled across his helmet in Platoon (1986). Johnny's family has lived in Kentucky for many generations, and many of his antecedents have lived in the United States, in general, since the 1600s. His ancestry includes English, as well as Irish, Scots-Irish, Scottish, Welsh, French, Dutch, Belgian (Flemish), and German. Also, in 2013, researchers for Ancestry.com established that Johnny has remote African ancestry; they traced his lineage back to Elizabeth Key, a biracial woman, born c. 1630, who was the first woman of African ancestry to successfully sue to emancipate herself from slavery in the North American colonies (she emancipated her son, as well). Johnny has frequently stated that he believes that he has Cherokee, or other recent Native American, ancestry, although this ancestry has never been verified by genealogists. Asked the origin of his last name by James Lipton on Inside the Actors Studio, Depp stated, perhaps jokingly, that his name means "idiot" in German. Was listed as a potential nominee on the 2006 Razzie Award nominating ballot. He was suggested in the Worst Actor category for his performance in the film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), however, he failed to receive a nomination. His ownership of the Viper room ended in 2004 when he signed it over to Amanda Fox, the daughter of his missing partner in the club, Anthony Fox. Was voted the Second Greatest Actor (behind Marlon Brando ) in British Channel Channel 4's Greatest Actor Poll. His performance as Edward Scissorhands in Edward Scissorhands (1990) is ranked #22 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Performances of All Time (2006). His performance as Captain Jack Sparrow in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) is ranked #79 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Performances of All Time (2006). He turned down the lead role in Oz the Great and Powerful (2013) in favour of The Lone Ranger (2013). Ranked #1 in the "Best Hollywood Signers 2006" list by "Autograph Collector" magazine (May 2006). Was close with his grandfather who died when he was seven years old. His performance as Captain Jack Sparrow in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) is ranked #87 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time (2006). His performance as Edward Scissorhands in Edward Scissorhands (1990) is ranked #65 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time. Ranked #18 on Premiere's 2006 "Power 50" list. Had ranked #23 in 2005. A rule he has towards fans requesting his autograph and picture is that no photography is allowed of his children. Is the second actor to be nominated for the Oscar in the Lead Actor category in a Disney film ( Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003)). The first was Richard Farnsworth for The Straight Story (1999). Frequently cites Captain Jack Sparrow ( Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003)) and Edward Scissorhands (1990) as the favorite characters that he has played. Oliver Stone seriously considered casting him in Charlie Sheen 's role in Platoon (1986), but the studio thought Depp was "too young." Sheen is actually two years younger than Depp! He missed out on several roles that went to Keanu Reeves . He was considered for Johnny Utah in Point Break (1991); he was Francis Ford Coppola 's original choice for Johnathan Harker in Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992), but the studio wanted a heartthrob; he turned down the role of Jack Traven in Speed (1994); and he was the Wachowskis' choice for Neo in The Matrix (1999), but the studio didn't think he was a big enough name. Has been described as the "jester of cinema, the Method clown." His incredibly bizarre on-screen persona brings to mind the off-screen behavior of the late Marlon Brando , who was famously eccentric and quirky once he retired from acting. Once painted on a billboard featuring his 21 Jump Street (1987) character because he didn't like his picture or the message the billboard gave. He was stopped by a security guard who actually let him finish what he was doing when he realized it was Johnny's own face. As of 2014, has appeared in eight films directed by Tim Burton : Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), Corpse Bride (2005), Sleepy Hollow (1999), Ed Wood (1994), and Edward Scissorhands (1990), Alice in Wonderland (2010), Dark Shadows (2012). He was good friends with Hunter S. Thompson until his death. Depp helped to fulfill Thompson's last wish after the writer died. Thompson wanted his remains to be shot out of a 150 foot long canon. Born in Kentucky but moved to Florida at age 7. He is the youngest of four children. Has admitted in interviews that one of his favorite pastimes is watching cartoons (especially Dave the Barbarian (2004), of whom he is a big fan) with his children. Named after his father, John Christopher Depp. Was considered for the role of Florentino Ariza in Love in the Time of Cholera (2007), but director Mike Newell refused to work with big name Hollywood stars. Javier Bardem got the role instead. Owns a customised 1960's 650cc Triumph Bonneville motorcycle. Has two silver teeth. Originally cast as John Smith in Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005), but turned it down after being overworked with other movies he was shooting. Is a great admirer and good friend of Tom Baker . His children have the same names as "Mad" Jack and Lilly the Mermaid from the movie Magic Island (1995). Was engaged to Sherilyn Fenn , whom he met on the set of the 1985 short student film "Dummies" directed by Laurie Frank . Their engagement was broken off after three years and a half. Is a fan of The Rolling Stones and the gypsy musical group Taraf de Haidouks . Turned down the role of Jack Traven in action blockbuster Speed (1994). 2007 - Ranked #21 on EW's The 50 Smartest People in Hollywood. Was named Empire Magazine's #5 in the list of 100 Sexiest Stars. In 2007, it was reported by Forbes Magazine that his earnings for the year 2006 were estimated to be $92 million. Was named Top Money Making Star for the second year in a row in the 76th annual Quigley Publishing Co. poll for year 2007. Is a godfather of Tim Burton 's son Billy Ray Burton. Donated $2 million to the Great Ormond Street Hospital in London. He gave the gift as thanks for the treatment his daughter Lily-Rose received at the facility in March 2007 after contracting an E. Coli infection that caused kidney failure. Was a fan of the British improvisational show "Whose Line Is It Anyway?". Good friend of Serbian film director Emir Kusturica . Guest with Jim Jarmusch of Belgrade Film Festival FEST in 1992. With Jarmusch, Emir Kusturica and Serbian rock 'n' roll band Partybreakers (Partibrejkersi) he held a concert. Had a nightclub named after him in Tartu, Estonia. The nightclub was called "Who wouldn't like Johnny Depp?". Was originally set to play the lead character Jean-Dominique Bauby in Julian Schnabel 's movie The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007). However, he dropped from the project due to scheduling conflicts. Is good friends with actress Helena Bonham Carter , partner of his best friend Tim Burton . Made a voice message for seventeen-year-old British girl who has been in a coma for five months. Parents of the girl asked him to tape a voice message because he's the favorite actor of their daughter and they will play that message to her every day hoping she'll wake up. Depp was touched by the letter and he said that he'll do whatever he can to help. [March 2008] Co-wrote the song "Mary" by the hard rock band Rock City Angels. Was originally supposed to play the on screen version of Billy Loomis in the original version of Scream 2 (1997), but was replaced by Luke Wilson . He and Vanessa Paradis grow grapes and have wine making facilities in their vineyard in Plan-de-la-Tour north of Saint-Tropez. Closed down the "Viper Room" for two weeks after River Phoenix died there and he also closed it on every 31 October until 2004 (when he sold his share of the club), which was the date of Phoenix's death. Nicolas Cage got him his first acting job. Ranked #6 in the 2008 Forbes The Celebrity 100 list. Is a fan of the popular British series Midsomer Murders (1997). He also stated that he would like to make a guest appearance in this long-running show. Was originally going to play opposite the English comedian Sally Phillips in The Man Who Killed Don Quixote, which Terry Gilliam was going to direct, but the movie got scrapped. Has expressed interest in getting French, British or Australian citizenship when he retires from an active movie career. Donated his fee earned for The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus (2009) to the daughter of late Heath Ledger . Jude Law and Colin Farrell did the same thing after Depp gave that idea. Was considered for the role of Cal McCaffery in State of Play (2009) after Brad Pitt dropped out. The role went to Russell Crowe instead. Was considered for the role of Detective Trupo in American Gangster (2007). Is scared of clowns (coulrophobia), spiders (arachnophobia), and ghosts (phasmophobia). Was considered one of the top three actors of his generation by Dustin Hoffman , his co-star in Finding Neverland (2004). Based his characterization of Edward D. Wood Jr. on a mixture of "the blind optimism of Ronald Reagan , the enthusiasm of "The Tin Man" from The Wizard of Oz (1939) and Casey Kasem ". Turned down the role of Bruce Banner in Hulk (2003). Named beaches on his own island in Bahamas after his once-girlfriend Vanessa Paradis , his children and public figures like Hunter S. Thompson and Marlon Brando . There is also a patch of water named "Heath's Place" after Heath Ledger . Was considered for the role of Pumpkin/Ringo in Pulp Fiction (1994), but Tim Roth was cast instead. Is a fan of Doctor Who (1963) and Downton Abbey (2010). People Magazine's "Sexiest Man Alive" in 2009. Received the prestigious Career Achievement Award at 2009. Bahamas International Film Festival (BIFF). Festival Patron Sean Connery presented Depp with his award. Attended the Küstendorf Film and Music Festival in Serbia. [January 2010] Nominated for Grammy award along with Douglas Brinkley in the category of Best Album Notes for Gonzo: The Life and Work of Dr. Hunter S. Thompson Music from the Film. [2010] At the 2010 People's Choice Awards, he won the award for Favorite Movie Actor of the Decade. Depp was honored by Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) co-star Sacha Baron Cohen . Was present during the filming of then-girlfriend Sherilyn Fenn 's movie The Wraith (1986) and was living in the film crew's hotel with Fenn. [1986] While dining at Chicago's famous Gibsons Bar and Steakhouse with a group of friends, including Public Enemies (2009) co-star Marion Cotillard and director Michael Mann , Depp dropped a mammoth tip in the amount of $4,000 on a bill for $4,400, in effect, leaving an incredible 90% gratuity. The party of 15 were celebrating a red carpet screening of Depp's then latest release Public Enemies (2009). [June 2009] Is the only actor to appear in 3 of the 10 films to gross $1 billion with Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006), Alice in Wonderland (2010) and Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011). Appeared on the cover of GQ magazine three times: October '93, August '03 and February '10. As of 2011, his favorite characters played are Jack Sparrow, Edward Scissorhands and Ed Wood. Johnny Depp was interested in playing "Arturo Bandini" in the movie, Ask the Dust (2006), back in 1993 but they couldn't get financing on it. It was later made and released in 2006 with Colin Farrell playing "Arturo". Depp was honored with a life-size statue in Serbia (2010). The statue was unveiled to him by his friend, Serbian director Emir Kusturica . His performance as Captain Jack Sparrow in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) was ranked at #79 by Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Performances of All Time. Has amicably separated from Vanessa Paradis , his girlfriend of fourteen years. [June 2012] June 2012 won the MTV Generation Award. Hasn't yet met his fan, actress Tippi Hedren , even though she named one of her house cats after him. He did act with her son-in-law, Antonio Banderas , in Once Upon a Time in Mexico (2003) and had a cameo in the feature film version of 21 Jump Street (2012), which featured her granddaughter, Dakota Johnson , in a supporting role. Ranked #13 on Empire Online list of the 100 Sexiest Movie Stars in 2013. Became a father for the 1st time at age 35 when his [now ex] partner Vanessa Paradis gave birth to their daughter Lily-Rose Depp on May 27, 1999. Became a father for the 2nd time at age 38 when his [now ex] partner Vanessa Paradis gave birth to their son John Christopher "Jack" Depp II on April 9, 2002. According to Bob Gale , he auditioned for Marty McFly in Back to the Future (1985). "I looked through the notes, and I said, 'Geez, I don't even remember that we read Johnny Depp!' So whatever he did, it wasn't all that memorable, I guess!". He turned down the lead role in Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986). He has no regrets about missing out on this one. He auditioned for the lead role in Near Dark (1987) that went to Adrian Pasdar . He turned down the role of Sam Wheat in Ghost (1990) in favour of Edward Scissorhands (1990). He was considered for JD in Thelma & Louise (1991). He turned down the role of Jack Dawson in Titanic (1997). He was Disney's first choice to star in The Rocketeer (1991). He was James O'Barr 's preferred choice to star in The Crow (1994). He turned down the role of Lestat in Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles (1994). He was going to star in a Howard Hughes biopic written and directed by the Hughes Brothers that never got made. Working with the Entertainment Industry Foundation, the Montblanc and the National Arts Initiative to give children more access to the Arts. [November 2004] Engaged to Amber Heard [January 17, 2014]. Suffers from near-sightedness since birth, and is nearly blind in his left eye. He claims that the condition cannot be corrected by surgery. It took Depp two years to learn how to play the guitar. Depp has said that he wears two silver skull rings to remind him that life is short and every moment needs to be lived to the fullest. Depp once left a $4,000 tip for a dinner at a Chicago restaurant. Depp owns a vineyard in Plan-de-la-Tour, France. Is good friends with Marilyn Manson , owns the prosthetic breasts Manson wore on the cover of his 1998 album Mechanical Animals, and also played guitar on Marilyn Manson's 2012 cover of Carly Simon's "You're so vain". As of 2014, has appeared in three films that were nominated for the Best Picture Oscar: Platoon (1986), Chocolate (2000) and Finding Neverland (2004). Of those, Platoon won in the category. He was rumored to star in Doctor Strange (2016). He has made six films with Christopher Lee : Sleepy Hollow (1999), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), Corpse Bride (2005), Alice in Wonderland (2010), Hugo (2011) and Dark Shadows (2012). Namechecked in the opening lines of the song "Mermaid" by US band Train (2012): "Can't swim so I took a boat / To an island so remote / Only Johnny Depp has ever been to it before". He was considered for the role of Charles Chaplin in Chaplin (1992) before Robert Downey Jr. was cast. Black Mass (2015) is his favorite of his own films. Good friends with: Christina Ricci , Helena Bonham Carter , Abigail Breslin , Freddie Highmore , Orlando Bloom and Robert Downey Jr. . In 2015 Johnny, as part of the rock group Hollywood Vampires , released an album, "Hollywood Vampires", with fellow band members Joe Perry and Alice Cooper . The album featured guest appearances by Dave Grohl , Paul McCartney and Christopher Lee . In 2015 Johnny Depp , Aerosmith guitarist Joe Perry and Alice Cooper formed the band Hollywood Vampires . The name of the band was derived from "The Hollywood Vampires", a celebrity drinking club that was formed in the 1970s by Alice Cooper and included members such as Ringo Starr of The Beatles and Keith Moon of The Who . On May 24 2016, Johnny as part of the band Hollywood Vampires , embarked on their first concert tour across Europe. Amber Heard filed for divorce from Johnny Depp on 25th May, 2016. The following day, Heard was granted a domestic violence restraining order against Depp in relation to a physical altercation between the couple, which resulted in Heard filing for divorce in the first place. Heard was granted $7 million as part of the former couple's divorce, all of which she donated to charity. Personal Quotes (122) Anything I've done up till 27 May, 1999 was kind of an illusion, existing without living. My daughter, the birth of my daughter, gave me life. [on the money he makes] You use your money to buy privacy because during most of your life you aren't allowed to be normal. I don't pretend to be captain weird. I just do what I do. [on Vincent Price ] One of the most incredible moments I've ever had was sitting in Vincent's trailer . . . I was showing him this first-edition book I have of the complete works of [ Edgar Allan Poe ], with really amazing illustrations. Vincent was going nuts over the drawings, and he started talking about The Tomb of Ligeia (1964). Then he closed the book and began to recite it to me in this beautiful voice, filling the room with huge sounds. Such passion! I looked in the book later, and it was verbatim. Word perfect. It was a great moment. I'll never forget that. The only creatures that are evolved enough to convey pure love are dogs and infants. One of the greatest things I've ever seen happen was the morning I opened the newspaper and it said that some very powerful government officials had decided to change the name of "french fries" to "freedoom fries" and "french toast" to "freedom toast". It was impressive. I wanted to write a letter to them just to thank them, just for proving globally that they were absolute imbeciles. America is dumb. It's like a dumb puppy that has big teeth that can bite and hurt you, aggressive. My daughter is four, my boy is one. I'd like them to see America as a toy, a broken toy. Investigate it a little, check it out, get this feeling and then get out. Taken in context, what I was saying was that, compared to Europe, America is a very young country and we are still growing as a nation. It is a shame that the metaphor I used was taken so radically out of context and slung about irresponsibly by the news media. There was no anti-American sentiment. In fact, it was just the opposite. I am an American. I love my country and have great hopes for it. It is for this reason that I speak candidly and sometimes critically about it. I have benefited greatly from the freedom that exists in my country and for this I am eternally grateful. France and the whole of Europe have a great culture and an amazing history. Most important thing, though, is that people there know how to live! In America they've forgotten all about it. I'm afraid that the American culture is a disaster. [on his character in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003)] Captain Jack Sparrow is like a cross between Keith Richards and Pepe Le Pew. I can remember when I finished Edward Scissorhands (1990), looking in the mirror as the girl was doing my make-up for the last time and thinking -- it was like the 90th or 89th day of shooting -- and I remember looking and going, "Wow, this is it. I'm saying goodbye to this guy, I'm saying goodbye to Edward Scissorhands". You know, it was kind of sad. But in fact, I think they're all still somehow in there. With any part you play, there is a certain amount of yourself in it. There has to be, otherwise it's just not acting. It's lying. The only gossip I'm interested in is things from the Weekly World News 'Woman's bra bursts, 11 injured.' That kind of thing. I'm an old-fashioned guy . . . I want to be an old man with a beer belly sitting on a porch, looking at a lake or something. [when asked by James Lipton on Inside the Actors Studio (1994) what attracts him to funny hats] I don't know, maybe I just read too much Dr. Seuss as a kid. [asked if he is a romantic] Am I a romantic? I've seen Wuthering Heights (1939) ten times. I'm a romantic. [about being dragged behind a carriage in the woods on Sleepy Hollow (1999)] I wasn't afraid of getting hurt. I was just afraid that the horses may relieve themselves on the journey. I'm shy, paranoid, whatever word you want to use. I hate fame. I've done everything I can to avoid it. When kids hit one year old, it's like hanging out with a miniature drunk. You have to hold onto them. They bump into things. They laugh and cry. They urinate. They vomit. This is a rumor-filled society and if people want to sit around and talk about whom I've dated, then I'd say they have a lot of spare time and should consider other topics... or masturbation. The character I've played, that I've responded to, there has been a lost-soul quality to them. Sure, I find it touching, honestly, but awards are not as important to me as when I meet a ten-year-old kid who says, "I love Captain Jack Sparrow" . . . that's real magic for me. The term "serious actor" is kind of an oxymoron, isn't it? [Like] "Republican party" "airplane food". On a film you start to get closer and closer with the people you're working with, and it becomes like this circus act or this travelling family. If you turn on the television and see the horrors that are happening to people in the world right now, I think there's no better time to strive to have some kind of hope through imagination. I think it's a time to close your eyes and try to make a change, or at least hope to make a change, or we're going to explode. I suppose nowadays it's all a question of surgery, isn't it? Of course the notion is beautiful, the idea of staying a boy and a child forever, and I think you can. I have known plenty of people who, in their later years, had the energy of children and the kind of curiosity and fascination with things like little children. I think we can keep that, and I think it's important to keep that part of staying young. But I also think it's great fun growing old. All the little films I've done that were perceived by Hollywood as these obscure, weird things, I always thought could appeal to a larger audience. I mean, box office is such a mystery to me that I can't . . . you know . . . I have enough trouble doing my own gig. [asked why he hides his looks behind strange wigs, fake teeth and girly squeals] I think it's an actor's responsibility to change every time. Not only for himself and the people he's working with, but for the audience. If you just go out and deliver the same dish every time . . . it's meat loaf again . . . you'd get bored. I'd get bored. We had been shooting [ Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005)] for about a month, and I was beginning to get nervous because there weren't any phone calls. I called my agent and asked, "Has no one called from the studio to complain or say, 'Hey, what's he doing?' or 'Hey, he's freaking us out?' " And when she said, "No", I thought, "Christ, I'm not doing enough! Something's wrong!" Then some of the studio brass came over to the set, and they were sitting in my trailer and I was all decked out as Wonka with the little bangs. And I just had to know. So I said, "Okay, who was the first one, when you started seeing the dailies, that got a little worried?" And there was this beautiful 30-second silence. And [Warner Bros. president] Alan Horn finally said, "Yeah, that was me". I felt better instantly. [on Gene Wilder 's comment on the remake of Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)] Hearing about that was disappointing, but I can understand where he's coming from, I guess. The one thing I didn't understand was that apparently he was quoted as saying, "Well, they just did this for money". Well, hey, man, where have you been? When didn't they ever do anything for money? Nobody's ever made a film in the history of cinema where they weren't expecting some return on their dough. [on his daughter, Lily-Rose] I see this amazing, beautiful, pure angel-thing wake up in the morning, and nothing can touch that. She is the only reason to wake up in the morning, the only reason to take a breath. Everything else is checkers. [on director Tim Burton ] He can ask me everything. If he wants me to have sex with an aardvark in one of his next movies, then I will do that. [on reactions to his directorial debut] You know what was traumatizing, what was very, very strange in terms of this film I directed a few years back called The Brave (1997). Well, I guess I wouldn't say traumatizing, but I would say weird: at the premiere of the film the reception of it was beyond any expectation that I had. I had no idea I'd be looking at [ Bernardo Bertolucci ] or [ Michelangelo Antonioni ] sitting there watching my film. And then to receive the applause that my film got, it was so incredible. And then the next day the majority of the American press just turn it into this horrible thing. Once again, everybody is entitled to their opinion, man. Maybe it's a bad film? Maybe it's a good film? To me it's just a film. It's something I needed to make. I started out as a guitarist in the early '80s. I hooked up with a guy who idolized James Dean and he gave me a copy of the Dean biography, "The Mutant King", which I thought was really interesting. While reading the book I watched Rebel Without a Cause (1955), and I thought, "Wow, this guy really has something", and I was hooked. I wasn't really into acting at the time - but James Dean was the catalyst. I don't have a mental picture of the houses we lived in because there were so many. [on being an uncle] My sister Christi had a baby when I was 17, and I had just heard about crib death. The horrible thing was that it wasn't understood. For some unknown reason the baby would stop breathing. So I would sneak into where the baby was sleeping and put my hand in her crib, hold her little finger, and I'd sleep on the floor like that. It was stupid, I'm sure. But I thought the warmth of my hand might help, that maybe if she felt my pulse it would remind her to breathe. Marlon Brando is maybe the greatest actor of the last two centuries. But his mind is much more important than the acting thing. The way that he looks at things, doesn't judge things, the way that he assesses things. He's as important as, uh... who's important today? Jesus, not many people... Stephen Hawking ! There's nothing - you know - nothing else like music. Nothing that touches us on that, uh, that deep level. Music can open up so many emotions that we didn't know we had. It's the magical thing about musicals, you know, on the stage or on film or whatever. Love songs. They work so well because music touches us, emotionally, where words alone can't. As a teenager I was so insecure. I was the type of guy that never fitted in because he never dared to choose. I was convinced I had absolutely no talent at all. For nothing. And that thought took away all my ambition, too. [asked by Rolling Stone if there was a "gay undercurrent" in his character Capt. Jack Sparrow in the "Pirates of the Caribbean' films] Well, there was a great book I read . . . What was it called? "Sodomy and the Pirate Tradition". A very interesting book. I wasn't exactly going for that with the character. And Keith is not flamboyant in his actions. Keith is pretty stealth. But with Jack, it was more that I liked the idea of being ambiguous, of taking this character and making everything a little bit . . . questionable. Because women were thought to be bad luck on ships. And these pirates would go out for years at a time. So, you know, there is a possibility that one thing might lead to another. [ Marlon Brando ] wanted me to escape movies for a while - "Take a year off. Go on. Study Shakespeare". So it's one of the things that keep ricocheting around in my head. He told me that by the time he had got to the point where he felt he could do "Hamlet", it was too late. So he said, "Do it now, do it while you can". And I would like to do it - although it's one of the more frightening ideas I've had. I think as an actor it is good to feel the fear of failing miserably. I think you should take that risk. Fear is a necessary ingredient in everything I do. But if I do "Hamlet" it will probably be in a small theater on a small stage and it will have to be very, very soon because I'm getting a little long in the tooth for it. Having kids was a huge change for me. Becoming a father. But I think more than changing, I feel like I've been revealed to myself, I kind of found out who I was. When you meet your child for the first time and you're looking at this angel, you start realizing what an idiot you've been for so many years and how much time you've wasted. As far as being feet-on-the-ground, once again my kids and ['girlfriend Vanessa Paradis ] have given me a proper foundation. A sense of home that I never had in my life, a real sense of a place to be. I loved playing Edward Scissorhands (1990) because there's nothing cynical, jaded or impure about him. It's almost a letdown to look in the mirror and realize I'm not Edward. What I said was, the United States of America is a young country compared to Europe, compared to, you know, other countries. We're young. We're 200 and something years old. [on director Tim Burton ] What more can I say about him? He is a brother, a friend, my godson's father. He is a unique and brave soul, someone that I would go to the ends of the earth for, and I know, full and well, he would do the same for me. (on preparing to sing as Sweeney Todd] It's a bit like jumping into cold water. There's no preparing, you just do it. [about Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003)] It was mentioned that they were considering a movie based on the Pirates of the Caribbean ride, and I said I was in. There was no screenplay, no director, nothing. For some unknown reason, I just said I was in. [about girlfriend Vanessa Paradis ] I pretty much fell in love with Vanessa the moment I set eyes on her. As a person, I was pretty much a lost cause at that time in my life. She turned all that around for me with her incredible tenderness and understanding. I love our house in the country. I can walk to the nearby village and have a coffee and no one pays any notice. I'm just another dad with my daughter on my knee. The time I've spent in France with [girlfriend Vanessa Paradis ] has solidified my belief that I can keep a major distance from Hollywood and still keep in the game. Acting is my living, but I don't want to live it. Living in France is the first time I can honestly say I feel at home. There's a drive in me that won't allow me to do certain things that are easy. I can weigh all the options, but there's always one thing that goes: "Johnny, this is the one." And it's always the most difficult - it's always the one that will cause the most trouble. All the amazing people that I've worked with - Marlon Brando , Al Pacino , Dustin Hoffman - have told me consistently: don't compromise. Do your work, and if what you're giving is not what they want, you have to be prepared to walk away. [about Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003)] I only wanted to be in a movie that my kids could see. I had never experienced that before. And it's been fun to visit Hollywood and talk to studios as a bankable actor for a change. I've been around long enough to know that one week, you're on the exclusive list of guys who can open a movie, and then the next week, you're off the list. It's been a fun ride, and I'm enjoying it for all it's worth. [about Edward D. Wood Jr. ] Like him I also grew up feeling like an obtuse piece of machinery. It was the same feeling I had about Edward Scissorhands." (about his mother, Betty Sue) Years and years I watched her wait tables. I'd count her change at the end of the night. She cursed like a sailor, played cards and smoked cigarettes. I was a weird kid. I wanted to be Bruce Lee . I wanted to be on a SWAT team. When I was five, I think I wanted to be Daniel Boone. My cousins had a gospel group and they came down and played gospel songs, and that was the first time I ever saw an electric guitar. I got obsessed with the electric guitar, so my Mom bought me one from them for $25. I was about twelve years old. Then I locked myself in a room for a year and taught myself how to play, learned off records, and then I started playing in little garage bands. The first group I was ever in was called Flame. Then I was in The Kids. They were the ones who moved to Hollywood. [about living in the small town of Miramar as a kid] Miramar was like Endora, the town in What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993). It had two identical grocery stores opposite each other and nothing much ever happened there. At first we'd wear T-shirts that said "Flame" on them. At 13 I was wearing plain T-shirts. Then I used to steal my mom's clothing. She had all these crushed velvet shirts with French-cut sleeves. And, like, seersucker bell bottoms. I dreamed of having platforms, but couldn't find any. I'd been in high school three years, and I may have just walked in yesterday. I had, like, eight credits. I was in my third year of high school and I didn't want to be there. I was bored out of my mind and I hated it. I hung around with bad crowds. We used to break and enter places. We'd break into the school and destroy a room or something. I used to steal things from stores. [about one of his old teachers asking for an autograph] I mean, what was I supposed to say? He'd failed me. I remember one time this teacher yelled at me so heavily in front of the entire class. He didn't have any time for me then, and now, all of a sudden, he wants my autograph? They all thought I was going to end up a drug addict, in jail. I started smoking at 12, lost my virginity at 13 and did every kind of drug there was by 14. Pretty much any drug you can name, I've done it. I wouldn't say I was bad or malicious, I was just curious. I certainly had my little experiences with drugs. Eventually, you see where that's headed and you get out. I played rock'n'roll clubs in Florida. I was underage, but they would let me come in the back door to play, and then I'd have to leave after the first set. That's how I made a living, at about $25 a night. At times we could make $2,100 - we used to make that for the entire group and the road crew, which is a lot. My father left and my mother was deeply hurt and sick physically and emotionally. That's a very traumatic thing for a family to go through, so we all pulled together and did the best we could. These are the most important people in my life. You know, I would die for these people. If someone were to harm my family or a friend or somebody I love - I would eat them. I might end up in jail for 500 years - but I would eat them. I remember carving my initials on my arm and I've scarred myself from time to time since then. In a way your body is a journal and the scars are sort of entries in it. I can remember my parents fighting and us kids wondering who was going to go with whom if they got divorced. [about his first marriage] I guess I have very traditional kinds of sensibilities about that kind of stuff - you know, a man and a woman sharing their life together and having a baby, whatever - and I think for a while I was trying to right the wrongs of my parents because they split up when I was a kid, so I thought I could do it differently - make things work. I had the right intentions, but the wrong timing - and the wrong person. But I don't regret it; I had fun and I learned a lot. You know, I was married, when I was 20. It was a strong bond with someone, but I can't necessarily say I was in love. That's something that comes around once, man, maybe twice if you're lucky. And I don't know that I experienced that, let's say, before I turned 30. [about a scene in A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)] I love this stuff. The kid falls asleep and it's all over, he's sucked right into the bed and spit out as blood. His bloody body rises straight out and then topples over, too. I heard somebody talk about having a dummy shot out of the bed, but I said, "Hey, I want to do this! It'll be fun! Lemme do it!" [about A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)] I was just not what [director Wes Craven ] had written for the story. He had written the part of a big, blond, beach jock, football player guy. And I was sort of emaciated, with old hairspray and spiky hair, earrings, a little catacomb dweller. Then five hours later that agent called me and said, "You're an actor". [about his career as a salesman] The last couple of times I did it, I just said, "Listen, you don't want this stuff, man". [about his job of selling pens over the phone] I was working a day job selling ink pens over the phone and getting maybe $100 a week, but I thought, "What have I got to lose?" [about The Kids in Hollywood] It was horrible. There were so many bands it was impossible to make any money. So we all got side jobs. We used to sell ads over the telephone. Telemarketing. We got $100 a week. We had to rip people off. We'd tell them they'd been chosen by so-and-so in their area to receive a grandfather clock. They would order $500 worth of these fucking things and we would send them a cheap grandfather clock. It was horrible. I like to think that I'm very considerate of other people's feelings, and I was trained as a small child to always try my best at everything. I think I'm a mixture of romantic and realist. I'm a realist about some stuff, but I also wholeheartedly believe that in a society where people get divorced every five minutes you can still stay married for 50 or 75 years. It's been done and it's beautiful. When I see a couple celebrating their 75th wedding anniversary, I just think that it's totally incredible. (About his early relationship) I don't regret any of them. I had a good time. Most of what's been written about me has been completely false. People have created an image that has absolutely nothing to do with me, and they have the power to sell it, to shove it down the throats of people. I'm an old-fashioned guy who wants marriage and kids. (About Platoon) I went to read for Oliver Stone, and Oliver scared the shit out of me! I read for him and he said, "OK, I need you for ten weeks in the jungle." It was a great experience. I made some shitty movies when I was first starting out, but I'm not embarrassed by them, especially as I didn't think I was going to be an actor - I was just trying to make some money. I was still a musician. When I first started out I was just given the opportunity, and there was no other way to make that kind of money. Apart from crime. I couldn't believe how much they were paying me. [on the difficulties of his singing in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007)] The one [song] that was probably the most challenging was "Johanna [Act II]"... And as far as I was concerned, when Stephen Sondheim writes the note and it has to be held for this many beats, you do it. I don't care if you're from Miramar or Kentucky or you're an ass and you don't sing. It doesn't matter. Don't be a pussy, you fucking hold that note. You can't cheat. You can't whisper. You can't do the William Shatner thing. You just gotta belt it out. So I really beat myself up, making sure I could hold those notes. In "Johanna," some are, like, twelve beats. That was a bugger. At one point, I was very close to passing out-- I got dizzy and saw black. But that's what Sondheim wrote, so that's what you do. (About teen magazines) They had come to me in the beginning and said, "We want you to do these interviews and stuff for these magazines," and I said, "What magazines?" And they said, "Sixteen! Teen Beat! Teen Dream! Teen Poop! Teen Piss! Teen Shit!" (About Peter DeLuise, friend from 21 Jump Street) If Peter wasn't on the show I would have gone insane or jumped into the river. He's my savior. (About his character in 21 Jump Street) Hanson is not someone I'd want to have pizza with. I don't believe in having undercover cops in high school - it's spying. The only thing I have in common with Tom Hanson is that we look alike. (About 21 Jump Street) I got a call from my agents, who said, "These people want you to come and read for this TV thing." And I said, "No, no, no, no, no". I didn't want to sign some big contract that would bind me for years. So they hired somebody else to do it, and they fired him after about a month, and then they called me again and said, "Would you please come in and do it?" My agent said, "The average span of a TV series is thirteen episodes, if that. One season." So I said OK. When I see someone who just follows their dream and succeeds, and just does basically what they want to do and doesn't have to answer to anyone, obviously not harming anyone, that's great. Now it's starting to get to profound [things]. She sat me down the other day, sort of like, "Dad, I need to have a talk with you." You know, she's four. I said, "Alright sweetheart, what do you got?" She said, "I just want to ask you three questions." I said, "Ok, what do you got?" She said, "Is God afraid of dogs?" I thought about it. I said, "No honey, I don't think he is. Probably not." She said, "Ok. Has He seen the dinosaurs?" I said, "Yes, I think he has." And then she said, "Does God have a maid?" And I didn't know how to answer it! (About 21 Jump Street) I'm afraid I started navel-gazing. I started thinking like, There are 365 days in a year, but for 275 of those days, I'm saying someone else's words. And they're bad words. And I only get to say my own for 90 days. Kids write to me and say they are having these problems or they want to commit suicide or something. It's scary. I have to say, Listen, I'm just an actor, not a professional psychologist. If you need help, you should go and get it. I've gotten weird letters, suicide letters, girls threatening to jump if I don't get in touch with them. So you think, This is bullshit, but then you think, What if it's not? Who wants to take that chance? I write them back, tell them to hang in there - if things are that bad they have to get better. But I'm not altogether stable myself, so who am I to give advice? It's scary. It's terrifying. People come up to you and start crying. Everybody compares everyone to James Dean these days. If you're lucky they mention Brando [ Marlon Brando ] or De Niro [ Robert De Niro ]. They invite you to put on an instant image. (About teen magazines) Those are things that are out of my control. It's very nice to be appreciated, but I'm not really comfortable with it. I've never liked being the centre of attention. It comes with the territory. (about his high school) I was around 15 when I left. I went back 2 weeks later, thinking "You know what, this is crazy, I should go back." So I went back, and I talked to the dean of the school, and he said, "Johnny... we don't want you to come back." He said, it was really sweet actually, "You have this music thing, I think you should run with it. That's your passion, you should go with it." So I did. [on buying a private island] Money doesn't buy you happiness, but it buys you a big enough yacht to sail right up to it. [on Elizabeth Taylor ] The best old-school dame I've ever met. A regular, wonderful person. I have a really soft spot for blondes. I find myself attracted to blonde women the most. I'm not sure I could give up pork. Steak, OK. Maybe hamburgers. But nothing in the world can make me stop eating swine. I mean, I had a great-grandmother, Mimmy, who ate the greasiest food you ever saw and chewed tobacco till the day she died, and she lived to be 102. I pray on airplanes. I get instant religion during takeoff, then when we're safely in the air I sit there thinking about the fact that any little thing that goes wrong could send us crashing to the ground. (On growing up) We moved like gypsies. From the time I was five until my teens we lived in 30 or 40 different houses. That probably has a lot to do with my transient life now. But it's how I was raised so I thought there was nothing abnormal about it. Wherever the family is, that's home. We lived in apartments, on a farm, in a motel. Then we rented a house, and one night we moved from there to the house next door. I remember carrying my clothes across the yard and thinking, This is weird, but it's an easy move. (1996 - On fame) If there's anything I really want, it's privacy. You do get to where your money can help your family, and that's a great thing. You can buy that wristwatch you want, too. But mostly you now have to pay for simplicity. You use your money to buy privacy because during most of your life you aren't allowed to be normal. You're on display, always looked at, which puts you at a disadvantage for the people looking at you know that it's you. They say, "It's you!" But you don't know them. That's bad for an actor because the most important thing you can do is observe people. And now you can't because you're the one being observed. (On first seeing himself on-screen) I got sick. I went to see dailies on Nightmare on Elm Street. I was 21, and didn't know what was going on. It was like looking in a huge mirror. It wasn't how I looked that bothered me, though I did look like a geek in that movie. It was seeing myself up there pretending. (Joking about Ryan Reynolds taking over the title "Sexiest Man Alive 2010") I feel emasculated.I feel like I've been beaten down like some horrible ... you know, like some pathetic harp seal. But, I mean, that's how it goes, isn't it?I think I can work my way forward, but will I try for it again? No. ... I worked so hard to gain that title. [1995] You can never, ever understand fully what a woman's life might be like until you step into her shoes. The same thing goes for transvestites. [Talking about his role in 'Ed Wood (1994)'] [1995] I think the stuff I do could be accepted by the wide movie going audience if the audience weren't programmed to think in certain ways...but maybe we'd be better off if there were more films around that made you think, made you have to use your own brain to figure things out. That's why people don't read any more. They don't chew their own food. They just want to swallow it, get it fucking down then move on. [When asked if it bugs him that the Studios' sell films as 'What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993)' as "small and "special"] [on what he hopes for in his future career] Smooth sailing with no big ups, no big downs. Just full steam ahead. {Maybe a geriatric Jack?] Yeah, I think they could wheel me in. Interestingly enough, with a character like Captain Jack, you just feel you could continue. The possibilities are endless, limitless. There's any possibility of madness and absurdity that could commence. With this character you feel that you're never really done. [on a scene involving a flight through the streets of London] It was horrible. It was gruelling. I've done many things in my life under the influence of - life - but I'd never actually thought of straddling two carriages while they're moving and then of jumping on people's heads and then onto another sort of cart. And then the thing catches fire. And this is how daddy brings home the bacon. [on performing with Penelope Cruz] Having done the film 'Blow' together 10 or 11 years ago, something like that - the weird thing when we saw each other again was that we felt like we'd wrapped 'Blow' like the week before. It just clicked instantly, so whatever exists in terms of chemistry was just firing instantly on all cylinders. It felt completely right. [on Hunter S. Thompson ] The beauty with Hunter was that there was a very profound element of trust between us. The one side that sticks out to me about [him] is the side that not a lot of people recognized or had the opportunity to see, which was that he was a southern gentleman. [on playing Barnabas in Dark Shadows (1966)] We decided a vampire should look like a vampire. It was our rebellion against vampires who look like underwear models. So, yeah, there was a bit of Nosferatu. If you love two people at the same time, choose the second. Because if you really loved the first one, you wouldn't have fallen for the second I've always admired actors who can try their hand at anything and, more often than not, succeed at it... people like Daniel Day-Lewis and Gary Oldman are just inspiring to watch. [ on playing Tonto in 'The Lone Ranger'] In the history of cinema, the Native Americans have been portrayed as the savage and something less than that. We thought at least we should take a shot at erasing that. We all approached it that way. When you add up the amount of dialogue that you say per year and you realize that you've said written words more than you've had a chance to say your own words, you start thinking about that as an insane option for a human being. I like that, each time, before I even go in front of the cameras, the studio's reaction will be fear. I've always enjoyed hiding behind these characters. I could stand up in front of, it doesn't matter how many people, as a character. But if I had to do it as myself and give a speech, I would be liquid. There are those who meet their heroes and go, "Aw, fuck." And I've never had that, luckily. I was never disappointed by the people I've admired. I still approach a scene as one would approach a guitar solo. You don't exactly know how you're going to phrase this or that. Which I think is beautiful. That idea of chance. I love the idea of changing my look. I think one owes it to the audience, to go out there and give them something different each time, so as not to bore them to death. The choices I made when I was in a position where it was do-or-die were made with my heroes in mind. I didn't want to disappoint the people who had busted down doors before. [on considering the role of fatherhood] Let's face it: practising for it is fun and it's all wonderful. Man, I'd make a hundred! [on Wes Craven casting him in A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)] Wes Craven was the guy who gave me my start, from my perspective, for almost no reason in particular. I read scenes with his daughter when I auditioned for the part. At the time, I was a musician. I wasn't really acting. It was not anything very near to my brain or my heart, which is how it pretty much remains to this day. But Wes Craven was brave enough to give me the gig based on his daughter's opinion. I guess she had read with a bunch of actors, and after the casting sessions, she said, "No, that's the guy." I always think of her for putting me in this mess, and certainly Wes Craven for being brave enough to give me this gig. But he was a good man - so rest in peace, old Wes. If Donald Trump is elected President of the United States, in a kind of historical way it's exciting because we will see the actual last President of the United States. Salary (16)	A Nightmare on Elm Street
Which English actor played Pinhead in eight of the ‘Hellraiser’ series of films?	One of the most criative horror movies I ever saw! Lucas Martins Super Reviewer Really like this one - classic 80's horror. Acting is a bit hammy, but it works. Nancy is a likeable lead and Freddie Krueger is just horrible and still quite scary even now. Just bought the box set of 6 movies, so will be working my way through them this long weekend. (Happier about this than I probably should be!). Nicki Marie Super Reviewer ½ Nancy: Whatever you do don't fall asleep. "If Nancy Doesn't Wake Up Screaming She Won't Wake Up At All..." A Nightmare on Elm Street is a horror classic and deserves every bit of praise it has gotten. This is one of Wes Craven's best movies, probably only behind Scream. An iconic villain is created here in Freddy Krueger, and is effect would be felt through countless sequels and even a remake. None of the sequels or the remake can touch this one though. It's a great mixture of gore and atmosphere. There's always that ominous feeling in the air. A former child murderer comes back to life and kills by taking kids when they are asleep. As kids continue to die, Nancy must find a way to bring an end to it all. The story is one that was pretty groundbreaking for the time and also extremely smart. This is a story that can truly keep people up at night, because if you fall asleep; Freddy might get you. Wes Craven has always been hit or miss for me, but this one lands squarely in the hit section. The atmosphere he creates is absorbing to say the least. There's also always a cool appeal to the film. It's just one of those classic horror movies that I can watch many, many times; like Halloween or Scream. A Nightmare on Elm Street is required viewing for the horror fanatic in us all. It spins a web of crazy dream sequences, blood, and intelligence. It isn't the same old, same old slasher, but one with something to spice up the normal formula. Some scenes are among some of the coolest the genre has ever seen, and there's something about Freddy that makes him more than the average villain. It's almost as if, he were truly alive. Melvin White Super Reviewer ½ [img]http://images.rottentomatoes.com/images/user/icons/icon14.gif[/img] Wes Craven's benchmark creature of terror: Freddy Kreuger. Combined with the brilliantly intelligent premise has strongly helped make this deservedly remain one of the greatest suspense horror's of all time. It's an incredibly smart slasher movie that never loses it's ability to bring forth a unique enigmatic and eery sense of isolation among it's victims. The victims? Us. Directors Cat	i don't know
Which star of the US television series ‘Friends’ made their film debut in the 1993 film ‘Leprechaun’?	Leprechaun (1993) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error An evil, sadistic Leprechaun goes on a killing rampage in search of his beloved pot of gold. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 32 titles created 11 Aug 2013 a list of 30 titles created 22 Jul 2015 a list of 33 titles created 25 Aug 2015 a list of 31 titles created 01 Oct 2015 a list of 40 titles created 1 month ago Search for " Leprechaun " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. On his one thousandth birthday, an evil leprechaun selects the descendant of one of his slaves to have as his bride, leaving it up to the girl's boyfriend to save her. Director: Rodman Flender An evil leprechaun finds himself in Las Vegas, where he proceeds to cause mischief by killing people, granting twisted wishes, and infecting a young man with his green blood. Director: Brian Trenchard-Smith Our deadly leprechaun is in space to woo a beautiful princess who is impressed with his gold and desires to separate him from it. Director: Brian Trenchard-Smith When three rappers want to get even with a pimp, they accidentally unleash a leprechaun who goes on a killing rampage in the 'hood. Director: Rob Spera 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3.9/10 X When Emily Woodrow and her friends happen on a treasure chest full of gold coins, they fail to to heed the warnings of a wise old psychic who had foretold that they would encounter trouble with a very nasty and protective Leprechaun. Director: Steven Ayromlooi Two young couples backpacking through Ireland discover that one of Ireland's most famous legends is a terrifying reality. Director: Zach Lipovsky Edit Storyline When Dan O'Grady returns to the U.S. after stealing some Irish leprechaun's pot of gold, he thinks he can settle down and enjoy his newfound wealth. He thought wrong. The leprechaun followed him and O'Grady barely gets away with his life, having locked the little monster in his basement. Ten years later, J.D. and his spoiled daughter Tory move in. By accident, the leprechaun is released and almost immediately the annoying creature starts to look for his gold, not displaying any respect for human life. Written by Peter Zweers <[email protected]> Her luck just ran out [DVD] See more » Genres: Rated R for horror violence and language \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 8 January 1993 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Jennifer Aniston 's feature film debut. See more » Goofs When the Leprechaun is chasing Tory around the nursing home, his arms turn the wheelchair wheels magically quickly. But in one shot of him in the chair (that also includes Tory), his arms are moving at normal speed. See more » Quotes [first lines] Leprechaun : [the Leprechaun talks to himself while sitting over his pot of gold] Ah! Try as they will, and try as they might, who steals me gold won't live through the night. You have to appreciate stupid horror movies to like this one 5 May 2002 \| by kraziken (Seattle) – See all my reviews This movie is rather ridiculous and predictable. First of all, understand, that there are absolutely no scary scenes in this movie. I don't think this movie would even scare me as a kid. I love horror movies, and heard a lot about leprechaun, so I thought I'd give it a look. If you are looking for a scare, I'd recommend that you pass this movie up. However, it may be worth while to watch for a couple of reasosn. Pure curiousity may be worth it as it is kind of funny. It can be boring to you if you don't appreciate this genre. Jennifer Aniston is awfully cute in this movie. I personally thought it was worth while just for that. If you have fast internet access, I recommend you check out www.cinemanow.com You can view Leprechaun for free as it is one of their free movie offerings. 16 of 25 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Jennifer Aniston
What is the name of the hotel in the 1980 film ‘The Shining’, starring Jack Nicholson?	Leprechaun (1993) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error An evil, sadistic Leprechaun goes on a killing rampage in search of his beloved pot of gold. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 32 titles created 11 Aug 2013 a list of 30 titles created 22 Jul 2015 a list of 33 titles created 25 Aug 2015 a list of 31 titles created 01 Oct 2015 a list of 40 titles created 1 month ago Search for " Leprechaun " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. On his one thousandth birthday, an evil leprechaun selects the descendant of one of his slaves to have as his bride, leaving it up to the girl's boyfriend to save her. Director: Rodman Flender An evil leprechaun finds himself in Las Vegas, where he proceeds to cause mischief by killing people, granting twisted wishes, and infecting a young man with his green blood. Director: Brian Trenchard-Smith Our deadly leprechaun is in space to woo a beautiful princess who is impressed with his gold and desires to separate him from it. Director: Brian Trenchard-Smith When three rappers want to get even with a pimp, they accidentally unleash a leprechaun who goes on a killing rampage in the 'hood. Director: Rob Spera 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3.9/10 X When Emily Woodrow and her friends happen on a treasure chest full of gold coins, they fail to to heed the warnings of a wise old psychic who had foretold that they would encounter trouble with a very nasty and protective Leprechaun. Director: Steven Ayromlooi Two young couples backpacking through Ireland discover that one of Ireland's most famous legends is a terrifying reality. Director: Zach Lipovsky Edit Storyline When Dan O'Grady returns to the U.S. after stealing some Irish leprechaun's pot of gold, he thinks he can settle down and enjoy his newfound wealth. He thought wrong. The leprechaun followed him and O'Grady barely gets away with his life, having locked the little monster in his basement. Ten years later, J.D. and his spoiled daughter Tory move in. By accident, the leprechaun is released and almost immediately the annoying creature starts to look for his gold, not displaying any respect for human life. Written by Peter Zweers <[email protected]> Her luck just ran out [DVD] See more » Genres: Rated R for horror violence and language \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 8 January 1993 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Jennifer Aniston 's feature film debut. See more » Goofs When the Leprechaun is chasing Tory around the nursing home, his arms turn the wheelchair wheels magically quickly. But in one shot of him in the chair (that also includes Tory), his arms are moving at normal speed. See more » Quotes [first lines] Leprechaun : [the Leprechaun talks to himself while sitting over his pot of gold] Ah! Try as they will, and try as they might, who steals me gold won't live through the night. You have to appreciate stupid horror movies to like this one 5 May 2002 \| by kraziken (Seattle) – See all my reviews This movie is rather ridiculous and predictable. First of all, understand, that there are absolutely no scary scenes in this movie. I don't think this movie would even scare me as a kid. I love horror movies, and heard a lot about leprechaun, so I thought I'd give it a look. If you are looking for a scare, I'd recommend that you pass this movie up. However, it may be worth while to watch for a couple of reasosn. Pure curiousity may be worth it as it is kind of funny. It can be boring to you if you don't appreciate this genre. Jennifer Aniston is awfully cute in this movie. I personally thought it was worth while just for that. If you have fast internet access, I recommend you check out www.cinemanow.com You can view Leprechaun for free as it is one of their free movie offerings. 16 of 25 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	i don't know
Who played the title roles in the 1941 film ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’?	Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) trailer Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) - (Original... Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) Spencer Tracy plays both title roles in... Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) - (Original Trailer) A scientist's experiments on himself result in a dangerous split personality in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941).> Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip) Are... Dr. Jekyll (Spencer Tracy) is giving the brush-off to... Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip) Are You Ill? Dr. Jekyll (Spencer Tracy) is giving the brush-off to despairing Beatrice (Lana Turner) until "Hyde" emerges, leading to a foggy gothic London chase in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 1941.> Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) - (Movie Clip) Can... Jekyll (Spencer Tracy) awakens from his first dose of his... Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) - (Movie Clip) Can This Be Evil? Jekyll (Spencer Tracy) awakens from his first dose of his potion, to discover that he's now Hyde, with the butler Poole (Peter Godfrey) outside creating a problem in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 1941.> Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip) A... Dazzling barmaid Ivy (Ingrid Bergman) may not seem English... Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip) A Sovereign, My Dear Dazzling barmaid Ivy (Ingrid Bergman) may not seem English but she does appear frightened when her new customer Hyde (Spencer Tracy) somehow reminds her of another named Jekyll in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 1941.> Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip)... Ivy (Ingrid Bergman) is dumbfounded when Hyde (Spencer... Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip) Cheap Little Dreams! Ivy (Ingrid Bergman) is dumbfounded when Hyde (Spencer Tracy) interrupts her private celebration and proves his intimate knowledge of her relations with Jekyll, in William Dieterle's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 1941.> Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip) The... Hyde (Spencer Tracy) visits Ivy (Ingrid Bergman) at her... Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip) The Moment Is Mine! Hyde (Spencer Tracy) visits Ivy (Ingrid Bergman) at her flat, cruelly playing on his knowledge of her earlier relations with his alter-ego Jekyll, in Victor Fleming's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 1941.> Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip)... Hyde (Spencer Tracy) mixes and consumes his serum for the... Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip) Jekyll's Experiment Hyde (Spencer Tracy) mixes and consumes his serum for the first time, leading to the famous hallucination featuring Ivy and Beatrix (Ingrid Bergman and Lana Turner) in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 1941.> Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip) If... Dr. Jekyll (Spencer Tracy), with science on his mind, has a... Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip) If You Had A Balloon Dr. Jekyll (Spencer Tracy), with science on his mind, has a theoretical chat with night-watchman Mr. Weller (Billy Bevan) in Victor Fleming's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 1941.> Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip)... Lusty scene in which Dr. Jekyll (Spencer Tracy) has rescued... Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip) Physicians! Lusty scene in which Dr. Jekyll (Spencer Tracy) has rescued barmaid Ivy (Ingrid Bergman) from a mugging and they review her injuries, in Victor Fleming's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 1941.> Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip) In... A nicely staged piece of Anglican high church sees the... Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip) In God's Own Time... A nicely staged piece of Anglican high church sees the Bishop (C. Aubrey Smith) interrupted by the erratic Higgins (Barton MacLane) who is then rescued by the intrigued Jekyll (Spencer Tracy) in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 1941.> Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip)... Arriving late for dinner, Jekyll (Spencer Tracy) argues with... Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1941) -- (Movie Clip) Call It The Soul! Arriving late for dinner, Jekyll (Spencer Tracy) argues with his elders (Lawrence Grant, C. Aubrey Smith, Donald Crisp) and admires his fiance` Beatrix (Lana Turner) in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 1941.> Ben Mankiewicz Intro -- Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde... Ben Mankiewicz introduces Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde, 1941. Ben Mankiewicz Intro -- Dr. Jekyll And... Ben Mankiewicz Intro -- Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde (1941) Ben Mankiewicz introduces Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde, 1941. >	Spencer Tracy
The 1953 film ‘House of Wax’, starring Vincent Price, is set in which city?	"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" - Ingrid Bergman at 100 - Pictures - CBS News Ingrid Bergman at 100 Next A Screen Legend Ingrid Bergman (Aug. 29, 1915-Aug. 29, 1982) was renowned for the beauty, charm and strength she brought to the characters she played on film and the stage. An international star who won three Academy Awards , Bergman was both a celebrated icon of Hollywood's Golden Age, and the subject of gossip and tabloid press smears owing to her affair and marriage in the 1950s with Italian director Roberto Rossellini. More than three decades after Bergman's death, she remains immortal. In honor of the centenary of her birth, view our gallery of career highlights. Left: Bergman in the 1938 Swedish drama, "A Woman's Face." By CBSNews.com senior producer David Morgan Credit: Svensk Filmindustri Modeling Left: Ingrid Bergman as photographed by Ake Lange in 1935. ( langefoto.se ) Born in Stockholm, Sweden on August 29, 1915, Ingrid Bergman lost her mother (a German native) when she was three years old, and her father when she was 12. The owner of a photography shop, he had encouraged her acting. Ingrid would later work as a film extra, before attending the Royal Dramatic Theater School in Stockholm. She made her first appearance in a speaking role as a maid in the 1935 film, "Munkbrogreven." Credit: Ake Lange/Courtesy langefoto.se "Walpurgis Night" "Walpurgis Night (Valborgsmassoafton)" (1935) was a romantic melodrama about a secretary (Ingrid Bergman) who has an affair with her married boss (Lars Hanson), only to find herself pregnant, and blackmailed following a visit to an abortionist. The film arrived in New York several years later, censored. Credit: Svensk Filmindustri "Intermezzo" A world-famous violinist (Gosta Ekman) and a music student (Ingrid Bergman) begin a romantic duet, despite his married state, in the 1936 film "Intermezzo." The film was a major international success. Credit: Svensk Filmindustri "På solsidan" Ingrid Bergman in the 1936 Swedish production, "On the Sunny Side (På Solsidan)," a comedy about a bohemian who marries a wealthy country gentleman. Complications ensue once she invites her artistic friends (including a former beau) to her estate. Variety noted in its review that Bergman "is pretty and capable, rating a Hollywood berth." Credit: Svensk Filmindustri "A Woman's Face" A woman disfigured since childhood is given a new face by a plastic surgeon, but is drawn into a murderous scheme by a duplicitous aristocrat in the melodrama "A Woman's Face (En Kvinnas Ansikte)" (1938). Joan Crawford starred in a 1941 Hollywood remake. Credit: Svensk Filmindustri Ingrid Bergman, post-surgery, in "A Woman's Face" (1938). Credit: Svensk Filmindustri "Intermezzo: A Love Story" After her performance in "Intermezzo" was brought to the attention of Hollywood producer David O. Selznick, he bought the remake rights and brought Bergman to the U.S. to star in an English-language version. "Intermezzo: A Love Story" (1939) co-starred Leslie Howard. The film's success tagged her as a bright new star. Credit: United Artists "June Night" Bergman returned to Sweden (and to her husband, Dr. Peter Lindstrom, and daughter, Pia, a future television journalist), to shoot the film "June Night (Juninatten)" (1940), in which she played a victim of both a lover's bullet and a tabloid press. She then returned to the United States. Credit: Svensk Filmindustri Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman in New York City, January 20, 1940. Credit: AP Photo "Rage in Heaven" In the thriller, "Rage in Heaven" (1941), Robert Montgomery played a man - who may be insane - who believes his wife (Ingrid Bergman) has been unfaithful, and concocts a plot to implicate her suspected lover. Credit: MGM An undated publicity photo of Ingrid Bergman. Credit: CBS News "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" Spencer Tracy, Lana Turner and Ingrid Bergman in the 1941 thriller, "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde." Credit: MGM "Casablanca" "Of all the gin joints, in all the towns, in all the world, she walks into mine." In the World War II drama "Casablanca" (1944), Ingrid Bergman stars as Ilsa, once romantically involved with Rick (Humphrey Bogart), who must use her past relationship with the nightclub owner to obtain exit visas from Morocco for herself and her husband, a leader of the Czech Resistance on the run from the Nazis. Credit: Warner Brothers "Casablanca" "If that plane leaves the ground and you're not with him, you'll regret it. Maybe not today. Maybe not tomorrow, but soon and for the rest of your life." Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman in the finale of "Casablanca" (1944). The film received eight Academy Award nominations and won three Oscars, including for Best Picture and Best Director (Michael Curtiz). Credit: Warner Brothers "Joan of Lorraine" In 1946 Sam Wanamaker and Ingrid Bergman starred in the New York production of Maxwell Anderson's "Joan of Lorraine," about actors putting on a play about Joan of Arc. Bergman won the Tony Award for Best Actress. Credit: New York Public Library "For Whom the Bell Tolls" Ingrid Bergman in Ernest Hemingway's tale of the Spanish Civil War, "For Whom the Bell Tolls" (1943), which costarred Gary Cooper. She earned her first Oscar nomination. The two reteamed for the 1945 film version of Edna Ferber's "Saratoga Trunk." Credit: Paramount Pictures An undated portrait of actress Ingrid Bergman. Credit: CBS News "Gaslight" In the suspense film "Gaslight" (1944), Ingrid Bergman played the wife of a man (Charles Boyer) who is trying to slowly drive her insane. Credit: MGM Who's crazy now? Ingrid Bergman gets the upper hand against Charles Boyer in "Gaslight." Credit: MGM Academy Award Winners Bing Crosby, honored for his performance in "Going My Way," and Ingrid Bergman, recognized for her role in "Gaslight," compare their Oscars in Los Angeles, March 15, 1945. Credit: Harold P. Matosian/AP Photo "Spellbound" In Alfred Hitchcock's "Spellbound" (1945), Ingrid Bergman played a psychoanalyst treating the new head of the psychiatric institution (Gregory Peck), whose amnesia masks the turmoil within his subconscious that may also be masking a murder. Credit: United Artists "Spellbound" Ingrid Bergman in costume for a section of a Salvador Dali-designed dream sequence that was ultimately cut from Alfred Hitchcock's "Spellbound." Credit: United Artists "The Bells of St. Mary's" Ingrid Bergman starred as Sister Mary Benedict in "The Bells of St. Mary's" (1945), a sequel to "Going My Way," in which she and Father Chuck O'Malley (Bing Crosby) try to save an inner-city school from closing. Credit: RKO Pictures "Notorious" In Alfred Hitchcock's "Notorious" (1946), Ingrid Bergman plays a woman with a colored past who is recruited by an American intelligence agent (Cary Grant) to infiltrate a gang of Nazis in South America. It was one of the director's greatest films, with a two-minute long kissing scene between Grant and Bergman that flouted the Hays Code's prohibitions against long kisses. Credit: RKO Pictures "Notorious" "I am married to an American agent." Leopoldine Konstantin and Claude Rains are Nazis in South America who are faced with an inconvenient new member of the family (Ingrid Bergman) in Alfred Hitchcock's "Notorious." Credit: RKO Pictures Director Alfred Hitchcock on the set of "Notorious" with stars Ingrid Bergman and Cary Grant. Credit: RKO Pictures A "Notorious" publicity shot of Ingrid Bergman. Credit: RKO Pictures "Arch of Triumph" Set in pre-war Paris, "Arch of Triumph" (1948) reunited the stars of "Gaslight" (Ingrid Bergman and Charles Boyer) as a doctor who saves a refugee from suicide, only to become romantically involved with her. Credit: United Artists "Joan of Arc" Ingrid Bergman's performance in the title role of "Joan of Arc" (1949) earned the actress her fourth Academy Award nomination. Credit: RKO Pictures "Under Capricorn" Ingrid Bergman's third film for Alfred Hitchcock was the director's period romantic drama, "Under Capricorn" (1949), costarring Michael Wilding (left) and Joseph Cotton. Credit: Warner Brothers "Stromboli" Ingrid Bergman had admired the work of Italian director Roberto Rossellini ("Rome, Open City," "Paisan," and "Germany, Year Zero"). The two agreed to collaborate on "Stromboli" (1950), about a young WWII refugee who marries an Italian fisherman, only to feel displaced and isolated upon moving to his island home. There's also a volcanic eruption. The real eruption was in the press once it was learned that Bergman and Rossellini - both married, both with children - began an affair during production. Credit: RKO Pictures Roberto Rossellini and Ingrid Bergman Italian film director Roberto Rossellini and actress Ingrid Bergman are photographed at the Excelsior Hotel in Rome, April 20, 1949. Credit: AP Photo Rome Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman is photographed on the streets of Rome on April 24, 1950, after the birth in February of a baby boy. Bergman, who divorced her surgeon husband, Peter Lindstrom, married Italian film director Roberto Rossellini in May 1950. Credit: AP Photo "Europe '51" Ingrid Bergman next starred in Robert Rossellini's "Europa '51" (1952), the neorealist director's vision of the life of St. Francis of Assini transplanted to post-war Italy. Bergman played an ambassador's wife who takes on helping the downtrodden as her new mission in life. Although the film faced heavy political censorship upon its release, it received accolades at the Venice Film Festival. Credit: Criterion Collection Ingrid Bergman in Robert Rossellini's neorealist drama, "Europa '51." Credit: Criterion Collection Twins Actress Ingrid Bergman bends over the beds of her twins, Isotta Ingrid Rossellini (left) and Isabella Rossellini, at the Rossellinis' villa at Santa Marinella, north of Rome, on July 9, 1952. Credit: Mario Torrisi/AP Photo Ingrid's Family An undated photo of Ingrid Bergman with her children with Roberto Rosselini, including Robertino (born February 1950), and her twin daughters Isotta and Isabella (born June 1952). Credit: AP Photo "Fear" An unfaithful wife (Ingrid Bergman) becomes a target of blackmail in the 1954 drama, "Fear (La Paura)." It was her fifth and final film with director Roberto Rossellini. Credit: Astor Pictures "Elena and Her Men" Ingrid Bergman left husband Roberto Rossellini in 1956, divorcing the following year. She worked with director Jean Renoir in his 1956 romantic comedy, "Elena and Her Men" (left). She starred as a newly-engaged Polish princess who finds potential suitors crawling out of the woodwork in Paris. Credit: Warner Brothers "Elena and Her Men" was retitled as "Paris Does Strange Things" for its U.S. release. Credit: Warner Brothers "Anastasia" In "Anastasia" (1956), Ingrid Bergman played a woman central to a Russian general's plot to impersonate the youngest daughter of the murdered Czar Nicholas II. Helen Hayes costarred as the Dowager Empress Marie Feodorovna, who must be convinced that Anna Koreff is the Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna. Bergman won her second Oscar for Best Actress for her performance. Credit: 20th Century Fox "The Inn of the Sixth Happiness" Ingrid Bergman played British missionary Gladys Aylward in Asia in the 1958 drama, "The Inn of the Sixth Happiness," which took great liberties with the life and story of its historical subject. The mountains of Wales stood in for pre-World War II China. Credit: 20th Century Fox "Indiscreet" In Stanley Donen's romantic comedy "Indiscreet" (1958), Cary Grant plays a bachelor tycoon who pretends to be married, which only beguiles Ingrid Bergman's character all the more as she falls in love with him. Credit: Warner Brothers "Goodbye Again" The philandering of Yves Montand (left, with Jackie Lane) only drives lover Ingrid Bergman into the arms of Anthony Perkins in the 1961 romantic drama, "Goodbye Again." Credit: United Artists "The Yellow Rolls-Royce" In the anthology film 'The Yellow Rolls-Royce" (1965), directed by Anthony Asquith, Omar Sharif played a Yugoslavian fleeing the Nazis who uses a traveling American (Ingrid Bergman) to make his escape. Credit: MGM Backstage Actress Ingrid Bergman with her daughter, Pia Lindstrom, in her dressing room in Los Angeles on Sept. 12, 1967, following the opening night's performance of Eugene O'Neill's "More Stately Mansions." The production later moved to Broadway. Bergman appeared on the New York stage twice more, in George Bernard Shaw's "Captain Brassbound's Conversion" (1972), and W. Somerset Maugham's "The COnstant Wife" (1975). Credit: AP Photo "Cactus Flower" In the 1969 comedy "Cactus Flower," Ingrid Bergman starred as the assistant of a dentist (Walter Matthau) who agrees to masquerade as his wife in order to fool the dentist's lover (played by Oscar-winner Goldie Hawn). Credit: Columbia Pictures "A Walk in the Spring Rain" Ingrid Bergman and Anthony Quinn in the 1970 romantic melodrama, "A Walk in the Spring Rain." Credit: Columbia Pictures "Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler" Ingrid Bergman appeared in "From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler" (a.k.a. "The Hideaways")(1973), based on E.L. Kongsburg's novel about children who run away to live at New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art. Credit: Cinema 5 "Murder on the Orient Express" Ingrid Bergman starred as Greta Ohlsson, a missionary and one of a baker's dozen suspects being interrogated by detective Hercule Poirot (Albert Finney) in Sidney Lumet's 1974 film of the Agatha Christie thriller, "Murder on the Orient Express." Credit: Paramount Pictures Academy Awards Ingrid Bergman won her third Academy Award for her supporting performance in "Murder on the Orient Express." Credit: AMPAS "A Matter of Time" In Vincente Minnelli's musical fantasy "A Matter of Time" (1978), starring Liza Minnelli, Ingrid Bergman co-starred as Countess Sanziani. The movie - which featured Bergman's "Gaslight" and "Arch of Triumph" costar Charles Boyer as her husband, Count Sanziani - also included the first film appearance by Bergman's daughter, Isabella Rossellini. Credit: AIP "Autumn Sonata" Ingrid Bergman's final feature film performance was in Swedish director Ingmar Bergman's "Autumn Sonata" (1978), costarring with Liv Ullman, as an estranged mother and daughter reconnecting after several years. Bergman received her seventh Academy Award nomination, for Best Actress. Credit: New World Pictures "A Woman Called Golda" Ingrid Bergman played Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir in the 1982 TV movie, "A Woman Called Golda." Three weeks after Bergman died, in London on August 29, 1982 at age 67, she was awarded an Emmy for her performance. Credit: Paramount Television Cannes Film Festival Workers place a banner depicting actress Ingrid Bergman on the Palais during preparations for the 68th international film festival in Cannes, southern France, Monday, May 11, 2015. The festival hosted the debut of a new documentary, "Ingrid Bergman: In Her Own Words," which will be released in U.S. theatres in November 2015. Credit: Thibault Camus/AP Photo An undated, signed portrait of Ingrid Bergman, auctioned in 2013 by Profiles in History. Credit: Profiles in History	i don't know
Which UK-based film company, founded in 1934, was best known for producing horror films between the mid 1950’s until the 1970’s?	Ellie's AS Film Blog Ellie's AS Film Blog Plan Dracula is a sexual predator The first shot of Draculas wife gives a good indication that she is controlled strongly by Dracula, as she tries to make Mr Harker fall for her sympathetic plead for help, that Dracula is keeping her prisoner. This shows how she is manipulating Mr Harker into Draculas arms. (Dracula has some sort of hold over his wife). Lucy Holmwood ( a victim of Dracula).. She appears to be severely ill but when alone she opens her door, to which Dracula appears and drinks her blood. In this shot Lucy appears to want Dracula to suck her blood, you know this by her uncovered neck and her content reaction to his arrival. Mina (victim of Dracula) she is attack after her morning walk, like Lucy she is willing to be a victim of Dracula. All the women in ‘The Horror of Dracula’ appear to be willing for Dracula to suck their blood, this is shown through the response the women have toward him (what they are wearing, how they respond to him being there, the allow him to approach them easily without any fuss), . Also the fact that Dracula in all scenes seems to be in a higher status to them physically highlights how he has more authority over the women (hierarchy at the time) Posted by Plan The Castle is an inviting prison Binary oppositions- camera angle starts at the opening on the eagle and slowly ends up on Dracula who is positioned underneath the castle. This could show the contradiction of heaven and hell Mr Harker explains how the coach driver wont drop him to the castle, this could highlight how the castle is seen to be dangerous to outsiders. (uninviting) The image on entering the castle, flowing water, view of the mountains in the background, then the view of the castle. Is the castle really that bad? Or is it a way of showing how outside the castle it is happy and not dangerous but once entering the castle, stepping into danger a trap? Mr Harkers entrance in to the castle-The dark atmosphere, the silence and not being greeted by the owner of the castle. Steps into the next room which is lit up, candles and dinner plates set. Show the paradox from dark to light. Seen to be inviting, could this be how Dracula draws people in? once inside is it as bad as expected? Posted by Laura Malvey and Hammer Horror Hammer Film Productions is a film production company based in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1934, the company is best known for a series of Gothic "Hammer Horror" films made from the mid-1950s until the 1970s. Hammer also produced science fiction , thrillers , film noir and comedies – and in later years, television series . During its most successful years, Hammer dominated the horror film market, enjoying worldwide distribution and considerable financial success. This success was due, in part, to distribution partnerships with major United States studios, such as Warner Bros. During the late 1960s and 1970s the saturation of the horror film market by competitors and the loss of American funding forced changes to the previously lucrative Hammer-formula, with varying degrees of success. The company eventually ceased production in the mid-1980s and has since then been, in effect, in hibernation. In 2000, the studio was bought by a consortium including advertising executive and art collector Charles Saatchi . [1] The company announced plans to begin making films again after this, but none were produced. In May 2007, the company behind the movies was sold again, this time to a group headed by Big Brother backers, the Dutch consortium Cyrte Investments, who have announced plans to spend some $50m (£25m) on new horror films. The new owners have also acquired the Hammer group's film library. Laura Mulvey on film spectatorship Whilst these notes are concerned more generally with ‘the gaze’ in the mass media, the term originates in film theory and a brief discussion of its use in film theory is appropriate here. As Jonathan Schroeder notes, 'Film has been called an instrument of the male gaze, producing representations of women, the good life, and sexual fantasy from a male point of view' (Schroeder 1998, 208). The concept derives from a seminal article called ‘Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema’ by Laura Mulvey, a feminist film theorist. It was published in 1975 and is one of the most widely cited and anthologized (though certainly not one of the most accessible) articles in the whole of contemporary film theory. Laura Mulvey did not undertake empirical studies of actual filmgoers, but declared her intention to make ‘political use’ of Freudian psychoanalytic theory (in a version influenced by Jacques Lacan) in a study of cinematic spectatorship. Such psychoanalytically-inspired studies of 'spectatorship' focus on how 'subject positions' are constructed by media texts rather than investigating the viewing practices of individuals in specific social contexts. Mulvey notes that Freud had referred to (infantile) scopophilia - the pleasure involved in looking at other people’s bodies as (particularly, erotic) objects. In the darkness of the cinema auditorium it is notable that one may look without being seen either by those on screen by other members of the audience. Mulvey argues that various features of cinema viewing conditions facilitate for the viewer both the voyeuristic process of objectification of female characters and also the narcissistic process of identification with an ‘ideal ego’ seen on the screen. She declares that in patriarchal society ‘pleasure in looking has been split between active/male and passive/female’ (Mulvey 1992, 27). This is reflected in the dominant forms of cinema. Conventional narrative films in the ‘classical’ Hollywood tradition not only typically focus on a male protagonist in the narrative but also assume a male spectator. ‘As the spectator identifies with the main male protagonist, he projects his look onto that of his like, his screen surrogate, so that the power of the male protagonist as he controls events coincides with the active power of the erotic look, both giving a satisfying sense of omnipotence’ (ibid., 28). Traditional films present men as active, controlling subjects and treat women as passive objects of desire for men in both the story and in the audience, and do not allow women to be desiring sexual subjects in their own right. Such films objectify women in relation to ‘the controlling male gaze’ (ibid., 33), presenting ‘woman as image’ (or ‘spectacle’) and man as ‘bearer of the look’ (ibid., 27). Men do the looking; women are there to be looked at. The cinematic codes of popular films ‘are obsessively subordinated to the neurotic needs of the male ego’ (ibid., 33). It was Mulvey who coined the term 'the male gaze'. Mulvey distinguishes between two modes of looking for the film spectator: voyeuristic and fetishistic, which she presents in Freudian terms as responses to male ‘castration anxiety’. Voyeuristic looking involves a controlling gaze and Mulvey argues that this has has associations with sadism: ‘pleasure lies in ascertaining guilt - asserting control and subjecting the guilty person through punishment or forgiveness’ (Mulvey 1992, 29). Fetishistic looking, in contrast, involves ‘the substitution of a fetish object or turning the represented figure itself into a fetish so that it becomes reassuring rather than dangerous. This builds up the physical beauty of the object, transforming it into something satisfying in itself. The erotic instinct is focused on the look alone’. Fetishistic looking, she suggests, leads to overvaluation of the female image and to the cult of the female movie star. Mulvey argues that the film spectator oscillates between these two forms of looking (ibid.; see also Neale 1992, 283ff; Ellis 1982, 45ff; Macdonald 1995, 26ff; Lapsley & Westlake 1988, 77-9). This article generated considerable controversy amongst film theorists. Many objected to the fixity of the alignment of passivity with femininity and activity with masculinity and to a failure to account for the female spectator. A key objection underlying many critical responses has been that Mulvey's argument in this paper was (or seemed to be) essentialist: that is, it tended to treat both spectatorship and maleness as homogeneous essences - as if there were only one kind of spectator (male) and one kind of masculinity (heterosexual). E Ann Kaplan (1983) asked ‘Is the gaze male?’. Both Kaplan and Kaja Silverman (1980) argued that the gaze could be adopted by both male and female subjects: the male is not always the controlling subject nor is the female always the passive object. We can ‘read against the grain’. Teresa de Lauretis (1984) argued that the female spectator does not simply adopt a masculine reading position but is always involved in a ‘double-identification’ with both the passive and active subject positions. Jackie Stacey asks: ‘Do women necessarily take up a feminine and men a masculine spectator position?’ (Stacey 1992, 245). Indeed, are there only unitary ‘masculine’ or ‘feminine’ reading positions? What of gay spectators? Steve Neale (1983) identifies the gaze of mainstream cinema in the Hollywood tradition as not only male but also heterosexual. He observes a voyeuristic and fetishistic gaze directed by some male characters at other male characters within the text (Stacey notes the erotic exchange of looks between women within certain texts). A useful account of 'queer viewing' is given by Caroline Evans and Lorraine Gamman (1995). Neale argues that ‘in a heterosexual and patriarchal society the male body cannot be marked explictly as the erotic object of another male look: that look must be motivated, its erotic component repressed’ (Neale 1992, 281). Both Neale and Richard Dyer (1982) also challenged the idea that the male is never sexually objectified in mainstream cinema and argued that the male is not always the looker in control of the gaze. It is widely noted that since the 1980s there has been an increasing display and sexualisation of the male body in mainstream cinema and television and in advertising (Moore 1987, Evans & Gamman 1995, Mort 1996, Edwards 1997). Gender is not the only important factor in determining what Jane Gaines calls 'looking relations' - race and class are also key factors (Lutz & Collins 1994, 365; Gaines 1988; de Lauretis 1987; Tagg 1988; Traube 1992). Ethnicity was found to be a key factor in differentiating amongst different groups of women viewers in a study of Women Viewing Violence (Schlesinger et al. 1992). Michel Foucault, who linked knowledge with power, related the 'inspecting gaze' to power rather than to gender in his discussion of surveillance (Foucault 1977). Posted by	Hammer Film Productions
The 1957 film ‘The Curse of Frankenstein’ was based on a novel by which author?	The SF Site: In Memoriam 2011 In Memoriam: 2011 by Steven H Silver Science fiction fans have always had a respect and understanding for the history of the genre. Unfortunately, science fiction has achieved such an age that each year sees our ranks diminished. The science-fictional year 2011 could have been much worse for the science fiction community in sheer numbers. While there were a few tragic surprises, the mortality rate for 2011 was no higher than would normally be expected. [Editor's Note: Here you will find the other In Memoriam columns .] January Actress Anne Francis (b.1930) died on January 2. Francis is best known is science fiction circles for her role as Altaira in Forbidden Planet, a role further immortalized in the theme song to the Rocky Horror Picture Show. She also appeared in episodes of Fantasy Island, The Twilight Zone, The New Adventures of Wonder Woman, and the film The Rocket Men. Actor Pete Postlethwaite (b.1946) died on January 2 following a long battle with cancer. Postlethwaite, who won an Oscar for his role in In the Name of the Father, appeared in several genre films, including Alien3, The Lost World: Jurassic Park, Inception, Solomon Kane, and the remake of Clash of the Titans. Actress Jill Haworth (b.1945) died on January 3. Haworth appeared in the films It!, Horror on Snape Island, and Horror House as well as an episode of The Outer Limits. She provided voicework in the dubbed version of Gandahar. She made her screen debut in the film Exodus and originated the role of Sally Bowles in Cabaret on Broadway. Author Dick King-Smith (b.1922) died on January 4. King-Smith may be most famous for his novel The Sheep-Pig, which was adapted into the film Babe, but he also wrote fantasy novels such as The Queen's Nose. The majority of his novels were aimed at children and almost invariably included animals. Fan Ruth Kyle (b.1930, nee Landis) died on January 5, the day after her 81st birthday. Kyle entered fandom in the mid-1950s and served as the Secretary for NyCon II, the 1956 Worldcon. The following year, she attended Loncon, the Worldcon in London, while on her honeymoon with Dave Kyle, flying over on a specially chartered flight. Jerry Weist (b.1949) died on January 7 after a lengthy struggle with cancer. Weist has authored numerous books, including Bradbury: An Illustrated Life, the first two editions of The Comic Art Price Guide, and a book on Frank R. Paul, which he was updated at the time of his death. Actor Peter Donaldson (b.1952) died on January 8 following a two-year battle with cancer. Donaldson is best known for his work at the Stratford Festival, but he also appeared in the SF film Invasion!, The fantasy movie Deeply, and an episode of Forever Knight. Artist Gene Szafran (b.1941) died on January 8. Szafran appeared on the scene during the New Wave and painted covers for Heinlein, Bradbury, Anderson, Silverberg, and more. In addition to SF covers, he also painted for Playboy and album covers, for which he won a Grammy in 1969. Australian fan Edward Russell (b.1927) died on January 9. Russell was an Australian fan who, with his brother Eric, published the fanzine Ultra in the 1940s. Russell was an artist whose work appeared on the cover of Ultra and other Australian fanzines of the period. Director Peter Yates (b.1925) died on January 9. Yates directed the film Krull, as well as Year of the Comet, Curtain Call, Needful Things, and The Deep. Perhaps his best known films were Bullitt and Breaking Away. Pittsburgh fan Ann Cecil (b.1940) died on January 11, a couple of days after entering hospice. Cecil was active in convention-running, having co-founded PARSEC, Confluence, SouthWrites, and the Pittsburgh Filk Underwriting Initiative. She was the Listener Guest at OVFF 12 and Fan Guest of Honor at Off-Key Contraption in 1994. Actor Barry Hobart (b.1942) died on January 11. Hobart is best known for his role of Dr. Creep, a horror movie host on WKEF Television in Dayton, Ohio. Hobart's character debuted in 1972, introducing late night horror films, moving to Saturday afternoons later in the decade and eventually leaving the airwaves in 1985, although Hobart remained at the station until 1991. Throughout the 90s, he would continue to make appearances as the character. Actress Susannah York (b.1939) died on January 14. York appeared as Lara, Superman's Kryptonian mother, in Superman, Superman II, and Superman IV: The Quest for Peace. Other genre films included Milo in the Land of Faraway, A Christmas Carol, and The Awakening. She was nominated for an Oscar for her appearance in They Shoot Horses, Don't They and may be best known for her non-genre appearance in Tom Jones. Author Edward Wellen (b.1919) died on January 15 of congestive heart failure. Wellen wrote numerous science fiction and mystery short stories, as well as mystery novels. Actor Bruce Gordon (b.1916) died on January 20. Gordon appeared in the original Piranha, The Tower of London, and Curse of the Undead. Gordon may be best known for his role as Frank Nitti on the television series The Untouchables. He made his film debut opposite the Marx Brothers in Love Happy. Belarus author Nicholas Trofimovich Chadovich (b.1948) died on January 21. Chadovich published many of his works in collaboration with the late Yuri Mikhailovich Brayder, including the novels Words Under Pole Axe and Citizen of Hell Louisville fan Jack C. Young (b.1946) died on January 21. Young was a long-time science fiction fan and had worked as a projectionist for Showcase Cinemas until his retirement. Film editor Stanley Frazen (b.1919) died on January 23. Frazen worked as an editor on the films The Amityville Horror, Kiss and Kill, and Venus in Furs. He also worked on the television shows Space Academy and My Favorite Martian. Model maker Richard Datin (b.1929) died on January 24 in Reno, Nevada. Datin created the original model of the Starship Enterprise and led the team that built the eleven foot model used for Star Trek as well as other models used in the original series. In 1979, Datin left model-making and became the founding curator of the Nevada State Railroad Museum. Producer and director Bernd Eichinger (b.1949) died on January 24. Eichinger is best known for producing The Mists of Avalon, The Neverending Story, Prince Valiant, the Resident Evil films, the two Fantastic Four films, as well as several other genre movies. He won a Saturn Award for writing for the script of Perfume: The Story of a Murderer. Actor Charlie Callas (b.1924) died on January 28. Callas appeared in Pete's Dragon, Dracula: Dead and Loving It, Amazon Women on the Moon and a variety of other genre films, usually with a comedy bent. He also appeared in several Mel Brooks films. One of his first television roles was on The Munsters and he later played of Sinestro in Legends of the Superheroes. Callas was also an amateur astronomer. Texas author Melissa Mia Hall (b.1956) died on January 29 after suffering an heart attack. Hall began publishing in 1979 and over her career published stories, poems, interviews, reviews, and illustrations. Composer John Barry (b.1933) died on January 30 after suffering an heart attack. Barry composed music for genre films including The Black Hole, Moonraker, the 1976 remake of King Kong, Somewhere in Time, Peggy Sue Got Married, and many more. Barry won four Oscars (for Born Free, The Lion in Winter, Out of Africa, and Dances with Wolves) and a Saturn Award for Somewhere in Time. February Actress Margaret John (b.1926) died on February 2. John appeared on Doctor Who in the second Doctor serial "Fury from the Deep" and in the tenth Doctor episode "The Idiot's Lantern." In addition, she appeared in episodes of Doomwatch, The Boy Merlin, and Blakes 7. She was scheduled to appear in an episode of the forthcoming HBO series A Game of Thrones. Actress Maria Schneider (b.1952) died on February 3. Schneider was best known for her role in 1972?s Last Tango in Paris, but she also appeared in the Arthurian film Il cuore e la spade, the horror movie Mama Dracula, and the futuristic Bunker Palace H�tel. Actress Tura Satana (b.1935) died on February 4 in Reno, NV. Satana began erotic dancing at the age of 13 and appeared in films including The Astro-Zombies, Mark of the Astro-Zombies, and provided voice work for The Haunted World of El Superbeasto. She is best known for he appearance in Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill!. She got her start in film after posing for silent film comedian Harold Lloyd, who suggested she go into film. British author Brian Jacques (b.1939) died on February 5 of an heart attack. Jacques is the author of the novel Redwall and the subsequent series of books. A television series and various ancillary products about the series were also produced. In addition to Redwall, Jacques published three volumes in the Castaways of the Flying Dutchman series and various short stories. Cinematographer Don Peterman (b.1931) died February 5. Peterman began working as a cinematographer in 1972 and has had a hand in several genre films, including Splash, Men in Black, Cocoon, Addams Family Values, and How the Grinch Stole Christmas. Peterman was twice nominated for an Oscar, including one nod for his work on Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home. Actress Peggy Rea (b.1921) died of congestive heart failure on February 5. Rea is best known for her work on The Waltons and The Dukes of Hazzard, but also appeared in episodes of The Wild Wild West, Monsters, and The Immortal, as well as the film The 7 Faces of Dr. Lao. Screenwriter Donald S. Sanford (b.1918) died on February 8. Sanford may be best known for writing the script for the film Midway, but he also worked on several genre projects, including writing The Outer Limits episode "The Guest," several episodes of Thriller, and the film Ravagers. Animator Bill Justice (b.1914) died February 10. Justice joined Walt Disney Studios in 1937 and worked on Fantasia, Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan. He was the primary animator for the character Thumper in Bambi. In 1965, he moved over to Disney Imagineering and helped create animated figures for The Pirates of the Caribbean and Haunted Mansion rides at Disneyland. Producer David F. Friedman (b.1923) died on February 14. Friedman produced many horror films, including Two Thousand Maniacs, The Adult Version of Jekyll & Hide, and others. He often acted in his own, or other, films, including An American Werewolf in Paris. Many of the films he produced skirted the line (or crossed over) into erotica. Actor Kenneth Mars (b.1936) died on February 14 of pancreatic cancer. Mars appeared as Inspector Kemp in Mel Brooks's Young Frankenstein (and as Franz Liebkind in the original The Producers). He provided voice work for King Triton in The Little Mermaid and the Kingdom Hearts video game series, appeared in multiple versions of Superman, appeared in The Twilight Zone, and The Adventures of Wonder Woman, and had many more genre credits. Margaret K. McElderry (b.1912) died on February 14. McElderry began her career as a librarian, working at the New York Public Library. She left the library in 1945 to become head of the juvenile department at Harcourt, Brace and Company, where she was the first editor to have books with the Newbery and Caldecott in the same year. In 1971, she moved to Atheneum to found Margaret K. McElderry, becoming the first juvenile books editor to have her own imprint. Joanne Siegel (b. Joanne Carter, 1918) died on February 14. Siegel was married to Jerry Siegel, one of the creators of Superman and was one of the models of Lois Lane. She met Siegel when she placed an ad to become a model. Siegel's partner, Joe Shuster, hired her and Siegel married Joanne in 1948, after he divorced his first wife. She filed a lawsuit in 1999, claiming the Siegel and Shuster estates owned part of Superman and in 2008, a federal judge ruled in her favor, although details of the settlement have not been finalized. Author Hans Joachim Alpers (b.1943), who also wrote as Jurgen Andreas, died on February 16. He was the founder of the German gaming company Fantasy Productions and his novels Das zerrissene Land and Die graue Eminenz both received the Kurd-La�witz-Preis. Alpers edited several anthologies and wrote critical essays which appears in Science Fiction Studies. Actor Len Lesser (b.1922) died on February 16. Lesser appeared as a guest star in several science fiction and fantasy television shows, including My Favorite Martian, The Wild, Wild West, The Munsters, The Outer Limits, and Land of the Giants, but is probably best known for his non-genre role as "Uncle Leo" on Seinfeld. Producer Perry Moore (b.1971) was found dead in his apartment on February 17. Moore served as Executive Producer on the first three The Chronicles of Narnia films, The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, Prince Caspian, and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. In addition, in 2007, Moore published a young adult novel, Hero, about a teenage superhero struggling with his powers and sexual identity. Producer Walter Seltzer (b.1914) died February 18 of pneumonia at the Motion Picture and Television Fund Home. Seltzer was the producer for the Saturn and Nebula Award winning film Soylent Green and The Omega Man. Swedish fan Peder Carlsson (b.1945) died on February 22. Carlsson was active in fandom from the 1960s to the 1980s and translated works by such authors as Philip K. Dick and Ursula K. Le Guin into Swedish. Carlsson also wrote his own novels, including Enhorning pa te. Actor Nicholas Courtney (b.1929) died February 22. Courtney is best known for his portrayal of Brigadier Alistair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart on Doctor Who, appearing opposite every actor who portrayed the Doctor from William Hartnell through Paul McGann. Courtney was also the honorary president of the Doctor Who Appreciation Society. He reprised his role as the Brigadier on The Sarah Jane Adventures. Other genre work includes Journey to the Far Side of the Sun and The Brides of Fu Manchu. Romanian SF author Ion Hobana (b.Aurelian Manta Roşie, 1931) died February 22 in a Bucharest hospital. Hobana's most recent work was an history of French science fiction prior to 1900. Among many novels, short stories, and critical works, Hobana's stories "A Kind of Space" and "Night Broadcast" were translated into English. Producer Dwayne McDuffie (b.1962) died February 22. McDuffie joined Marvel in the late 1980s, and by 1993 had founded Milestone Media, with the goal of expanding the role of minorities in comics. McDuffie served as story editor for the animated series Justice League Unlimited, wrote for Fantastic Four and Justice League of America, and wrote the script for the animated All Star Superman. Author Lisa Wolfson (b.1963) died February 23. Wolfson, who wrote under the pseudonym L. K. Madigan, had published two children's fantasy novels, Flash Burnout and The Mermaids Mirror. Wolfson won the William C. Morris Award for first time authors for Flash Burnout. A twenty year survivor of breast cancer, Wolfson announced last month that she had been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Brazilian author Moacyr Scliar (b.1937) died on February 27 following a stroke. Scliar published more than 70 books over the course of his career, including Histórias de Médico em Formação and O Centauro no Jardim. His works were translated into several different languages and he received three Jabuti Awards, the Casa de las Americas Prize, and was elected to the Brazilian Academy of Letters. Producer Gary Winick (b.1961) died on February 27. Winick was producer of the science fiction film Final. He produced the horror film Curfew and the fantasies Charlotte's Web and 13 Going on 30. Author Pam "Pogo" Poggiani died in February from cardiac arrest. Poggiani was active on the Baen Bar boards and published the essay "A Looming Challenge" in Grantville Gazette IV. Poggiani was also active in the ReadAssist program to aid fans who have physical problems that make reading or communicating difficult. She was known as Lady Melusine Whitcroft the Petite in the Society for Creative Anachronism. March Astronaut John Mike Lounge (b.1946) died of liver cancer on March 1. Lounge flew on three shuttle missions between 1985 and 1990, including the first mission after the Challenger disaster. From 1989-1991, Lounge served as the Chief of the Space Station Support Office. After leaving NASA, he worked for SPACEHAB and in 2002 became Director of Space Shuttle and Space Station Program Development for Boeing. Publisher Walter Zacharius (b.1925) died on March 2. Zacharius founded of Kensington Publishing in 1974 after working for Lancer Books. Over the years, Zacharius published science fiction under the Zebrea imprint (which is now a Romance imprint). Director Charles Jarrott (b. 1927) died on March 4 of prostate cancer. Jarrott directed the 1973 production of Lost Horizon, the television production of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Disney's superhero spoof Condorman, and multiple episodes of the television series Out of This World. He won a Golden Globe for his film Anne of the Thousand Days, perhaps one of his best known films, and is also known for the historical Mary, Queen of Scots. Actor Kan Tokumaru (b.1941) died on March 6. Tokumaru was a Japanese voice actor whose work appeared frequently in anime, including work in Mobile Suit Gundam, Ky�ry� sentai J�renj�, and Vampire Hunter D. Dutch author W. J. Maryson (b. Wim Stolk, 1950) died on March 9. Maryson won the 2004 Elf Fantasy Award for best fantasy novel for his work De Heer van de Diepten and also won the Paul Harland Prize for the story "Nietzsche Station" in 2007. Maryson's novel Onmagiër: De torens van Romander was translated into English as The Towers of Romander in 2010. In addition to his work as an author, Maryson organized the Paul Harland Prize for fantasy, science fiction and horror stories. He was a frequent attendee at the World Fantasy Con. Comics scholar Bill Blackbeard (b.1926) died on March 10. Blackbeard was the founder-director of the San Francisco Academy of Comic Art. Blackbeard wrote or contributed to more than 200 books about comics, defended comic strips as the only wholly American indigenous art form. Blackbeard received a 2004 Eisner Award for Krazy & Ignats. Chemistry teacher John Nettleship (b.1939) died on March 12. Nettleship was a chemistry teacher who served as the inspiration for J.K. Rowling's character Severus Snape. Originally upset with his portrayal, he came to embrace the character and was an enthusiastic Harry Potter fan, including writing the book Harry Potter's Chepstow, in which he looked at areas which helped inspire Rowling. James Vanover (b.1957), an employee of United Space Alliance, fell to his death from Launch Pad 39A at the Kennedy Space Center on March 14. Vanover was helping prepare the space shuttle Endeavour for its final launch, scheduled for April 19. Vanover had worked at NASA since 1983. According to NASA officials, Vanover is the first launch pad fatality since 1981, shortly before the maiden launch of Columbia. More details have not been released pending a safety investigation. Actor Michael Gough (b.1917) died on March 17. Gough has appeared in numerous science fiction films and television shows, including the role of the the Celestial Toymaker in the William Hartnell Doctor Who serial of the same name and later appeared opposite Peter Davison in "Arc of Infinity." He also appeared as Alfred Pennyworth in the Batman films of the 1980s and 90s. Other genre roles include Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland, Corpse Bride, and Sleepy Hollow. Fan Steve Davis (b.1938) died on March 18 following a battle with cancer. Davis was married to Grania Davis, who had formerly been married to Avram Davidson. Davidson lived with Steve and Grania for several years before Davidson's death. Davis assisted in the translation of stories for the anthology The Best Japanese Science Fiction Stories. Hugo Award winning fanzine editor Mike Glicksohn (b.1946) died on March 18 after suffering a stroke. Glicksohn won the Hugo in 1973 for Energumen, published with his wife, Susan Wood Glicksohn. He also published the fanzine Xenium. A founding member of the Ontario Science Fiction Club, Glicksohn was fan Guest of Honor at multiple conventions, including Aussiecon in 1975. Artist Jim Roslof (b.1945) died on March 19. Roslof worked at TSR as art director in the 1980s and helped transform the artwork used in TSR products from simple amateurish line art to full illustrations. Roslof, himself, produced the cover to the module Keep on the Borderlands, one of the biggest selling D&D modules. Roslof went on to work for Goodman Games, which produced the Blood Wars card game and Dungeon Crawls reminiscent of early D&D adventures. April R. Derleth (b.1954), the President and CEO of Arkham House, died on March 21. Derleth was the daughter of author August Derleth. Arkham House has announced that all sales and unfilled orders are temporarily being suspended. Actress Elizabeth Taylor (b.1932) died on March 23. Taylor only appeared in a couple of genre films, including The Flintstones, Night Watch, and The Blue Bird. Taylor was also the guest of honor at Rovacon in Virginia in 1978 and 1979 when she was married to Virginia politician John Warner. Taylor's best known work was out of genre and included National Velvet, Cleopatra, Father's of the Bride, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf, and Butterfield 8, the last two of which garnered her Academy Awards. Author Diana Wynne Jones (b.1934) died on March 26 after a year-long struggle with cancer. Jones was the author of the Dalemark Quartet, the Chrestomanci cycle, The Tough Guide to Fantasyland, Howl's Moving Castle (which was turned into a film by Studio Ghibli), and numerous other fantasy novels aimed at the young adult market, but enjoyed by many adults. Jones won the Mythopoeic Award for The Crown of Dalemark and Dark Lord of Derkholm as well as the World Fantasy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2007. Actor Farley Granger (b.1925) died on March 27. Granger may have been best known for appearing in the films Strangers on a Train and Hans Christian Andersen, but he also appeared in genre television shows The Invisible Man, The Six Million Dollar Man, and Tales from the Darkside and several horror films. Author H.R.F. Keating (b.1926) died on March 27. Published most often outside the genre, his dystopian novel The Strong Man and his disaster novel A Long Walk to Wimbledon are both science fiction. UK fan Marjorie Edwards (b.1947) died on March 30. Edwards began attending conventions in the mid-1960s and was heavily involved in the Festival of Fantastic Films beginning in the 1990s. She, and her husband, Tony, were involved in the Manchester and District SF Society as well as the group's film-making organization, the the Delta SF Film Group. April Sound mixer Bill Varney (b.1934) died on April 2. Varney worked mixing sound for such iconic films as Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Escape from New York, Dune, Back to the Future, Young Sherlock Holmes, and Dragonheart. Varney was nominated for the Oscar for Best Sound, winning it twice back-to-back for his work on The Empire Strikes Back and Raiders of the Lost Ark. Screenwriter Kevin Jarre (b.1954) died on April 3 of heart failure. Jarre wrote the screenplay to the 1999 version of The Mummy. Other, non-genre films he wrote include The Devil's Own, Tombstone, Glory, and Rambo: First Blood, Part II, the last of which won him a Golden Raspberry Award. Filker Marty Burke died on April 4. Burke wrote the songs "Rise and Strike for Dorsai" and "Drink to the Health of the Dorsai," which won the Pegasus Award for Best Dorsai Song in 2007. Burke served as a president of the Michigan Astrological Research Society and was a student of Catholic Christian Rosicrucian mysticism. Burke and his wife, Diana Gallagher, were Super Secret Guests as GAFilk in 2003. UK fan Dave Lamb died on April 4. Lamb was an early member of the Prime Amateur Press Association which later became the British Amateur Press Association. Lamb had an interest in comics fandom. Author Larry Tritten (b.1939) died on April 6. Tritten began published science fiction in 1968 with the story "West is West," in If. Over the years, he published several more stories and articles in Fantasy and Science Fiction, Harper's, Asimov's, Twilight Zone, and other magazines. Director Sidney Lumet (b.1924) died on April 9. Lumet served as casting director for 1960?s Beyond the Time Barrier and directed the films Fail-Safe and The Wiz. Lumet was best known for his out-of-genre work, including 12 Angry Men, Network, Dog Day Afternoon, and Serpico. Actress Yolande Palfrey (b.1957) died on April 9 from a brain tumor. Palfrey appeared in the Doctor Who serial "Terror of the Vervoids" as Janet and had bit roles in an episode of Blake's 7 and the film Dragonslayer. Screenwriter Sol Saks (b.1910) died on April 16. Saks is best known for creating the television show Bewitched, for which he wrote the pilot episode. He also wrote the made-for-tv SF film Out of the Blue. Japanese animator Osamu Dezaki (b.1943) died on April 17. Dezaki was the director of Space Adventure Cobra, The Mighty Orbots, and Visionaries: Knights of the Magical Light. Dezaki was known for his signature "Postcard Memory," in which the animation would freeze and be replaced by a stylized illustration of the same image. Dezaki also worked under the pseudonym "Makura Saki." Actor Michael Sarrazin (b.1940) died on April 17. Sarrazin appeared in episodes of The Outer Limits, The Ray Bradbury Theater, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, and Earth: Final Conflict. Sarrazin played the role of the monster in the film Frankenstein: The True Story. Actress Elisabeth Sladen (b.1948) died on April 19. Sladen is best known for her role as Sarah Jane Smith on Doctor Who from 1973 through 1976, a role she reprised several times, including on the new series of Doctor Who, which led to the creation of the Sarah Jane Adventures, on which she starred. In the 1980s, she also appeared in the television productions of Alice in Wonderland and Gulliver in Lilliput. Artist Douglas S. Chaffee (b.1936) died on April 26. After doing artwork for NASA, the US Navy, and National Geographic, Chaffee began working in the gaming industry in the mid-1980s. He worked for TSR, FASA, and several gaming magazines. He was the Guest of Honor at the World Gaming Convention and the Artist Guest of Honor at DragonCon/Origins in 1990. Author Bernard J. "Jack" Daley (b.1918) died on April 27. Daley, along with Bob Hyde and Walter Albert edited the APAzine Three from Thuria in Edgar Rice Burroughs Amateur Press Association for two decades. His first story, "The Gun," appeared in 1955 in Fantastic and he had two more stories appear in Infinity, one of them, "The Man Who Liked Lions," being reprinted in Judith Merril's SF:'57: The Year's Greatest Science Fiction and Fantasy. Actor William Campbell (b.1926) died on April 29 . Campbell debuted in 1950 and appeared in several genre roles, including the roles of Koloth in the Star Trek and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episodes "The Trouble with Tribbles" and "Blood Oath." He also appeared in the original series as Treane in "The Squire of Gothos." Campbell also appeared in the TV movie The Return of the Six-Million-Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman and in an episode of the television series Shazam! and The Wild, Wild West. Author Joanna Russ (b.1937) died on April 29 following a series of strokes. Russ was the author of the groundbreaking novel The Female Man and Picnic on Paradise. In addition to writing fiction, Russ wrote numerous non-fiction works, including the feminist study What Are We Fighting For?. Russ won a Hugo Award for her novella "Souls" and a Nebula and retro-Tiptree for her short story "When It Changed." The Female Man was also award a retro-Tiptree and a Gaylactic Spectrum Hall of Fame Award. May Actor Jackie Cooper (b.1922) died on May 3 Cooper began appearing in films in 1929, when he was 7 years old and received an Academy Award nomination when he was nine for the title role of Skippy. Cooper is perhaps best known for portraying Perry White in the four Christopher Reeve Superman films from 1978-87. He also appeared in episodes of The Twilight Zone, Tales of Tomorrow, and The Invisible Man. In addition to acting, Cooper was also a director, working on The Adventures of Superboy and the pilot for Holmes and Yo-Yo. Actress Dana Wynter (b.1931) died on May 5 of congestive heart failure. Wynter is best known for her role as Becky Driscoll in Invasion of the Body Snatchers, for which she won a Golden Globe as Best Newcomer. Wynter also appeared in episodes of Fantasy Island and The Wild Wild West and the films The Questor Tapes and Knights of the Round Table. Argentine comic writer Carlos Trillo (b.1943) died on May 8. Trillo is perhaps best known for the comic Cybersix. He also wrote for Clara de noche, Boy Vampire, The Big Hoax, and more. His work won the Yellow Kid Award twice and the Angouleme Award. Actress Dolores Fuller (b.1923) died on May 9. Fuller's first role was in It Happened One Night, but her career really began after she met Ed Wood. Fuller appeared in the films Mesa of Lost Women, Bride of the Monster, The Ironbound Vampires, and Corpse Grinders 2. She also appeared in an episode of The Adventures of Superman. In the film Ed Wood, she was portrayed by Sarah Jessica Parker. Scientist and author Martin Sherwood (b.1942) died on May 10. Sherwood spent most of his career as the editor of Chemistry & Industry, but in the 1970s, he published two science fiction novels, Survival and Maxwell's Demon. Actress Barbara Stuart (b.1930) died on May 15. Stuart appeared in episodes of several genre television shows, including Otherworld, The Twilight Zone, Out of This World, and Batman. She also appeared in the film Pterodactyl Woman from Beverly Hills. Screenwriter Martin Woodhouse (b.1932) died on May 15. Woodhouse wrote for television series Supercars, Emerald Soup, and The Avengers. Woodhouse wrote three novels about Leonardo da Vinci in the 1970s which can be classified as alternate histories in which da Vinci's sketchbook inventions were put into practice. Actor Edward Hardwicke (b.1932) died in on May 16. The son of Sir Cedric Hardwicke, he was best known for his portrayal of Dr. Watson opposite Jeremy Brett's Sherlock Holmes. He also appeared in the films Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend, Journey into Darkness, and Photographing Fairies. Artist Jeffrey Catherine Jones (b.1944) died on May 19. Jones provided cover art for authors including Jack Williamson, Robert E. Howard, and numerous others. Jones's art appeared on the poster for Dragonslayer and she published several collections of her own work. Special Effects artist Harry Redmond, Jr. (b.1909) died on May 23. Redmond worked on special effects for genre shows The Outer Limits, Sea Hunt, and Science Fiction Theatre, among many others. Redmond also created special effects for A Night in Casablanca, Lost Horizon, The Last Days of Pompeii, King Kong, and Son of Kong, in many cases without receiving credit on the films. Author Mark Shepherd died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound on May 24. Shepherd began publishing with the novel Wheels of Fire, co-written with Mercedes Lackey, for whom he had worked as a personal secretary. He went on to write several solo novels in both the Serrated Edge series and the Bard's Tale series. Actor Jeff Conaway (b.1950) died on May 27. Conaway may be best known for his roles as Bobby Wheeler on Taxi and Kenickie in Grease, but he also had numerous genre roles including Prince Erik Greystone in the short-lived series Wizards and Warriors, Willy in Pete's Dragon, and Zack Allen on Babylon 5. Fan artist Terry Jeeves died on May 29. Jeeves was a founder of the British Science Fiction Association and served as editor of its 'zine, Vector. He also published his own fanzine, Erg for more than forty years and was the co-editor of Triode with Eric Bentcliffe. Jeeves won the Doc Weir Award for service to British fandom , the Rotsler Award, and in 2010 was inducted into the First Fandom Hall of Fame. In 2010, Thomas Sadler published Wartime Daze, a fanzine tribute to Jeeves that included numerous articles and art by Jeeves. Artist Kazuhiko Sano (b.1952) died on May 31. Sano is best known for his science paintings, which have appeared in the pages of National Geographic, but he also has provided art for Walt Disney and the iconic Return of the Jedi movie poster. June Author Joel Rosenberg (b.1954) died on June 2, the day after he suffered a respiratory depression that caused a heart attack, anoxic brain damage and major organ failure. Rosenberg was the author of the "Guardians of the Flame" series, as well as the "Metzada," "D'Shai," and "Keepers of the Hidden Ways." In addition to his work as a science fiction author, Rosenberg worked as a guns rights advocate and had written books on guns rights. Artist Lee J. Ames (b.1921) died on June 3. Ames began working for Disney when he was 18 and had work appear as parts of Donald's Snow Fight , Fantasia, and Pinocchio. He went on to work in the comics field, working for several different publishers, before he began writing the Draw 50 series of educational books. Actor James Arness (b.1923) died on June 3. Arness is best known for his role as Marshall Matt Dillon on the television show Gunsmoke, but he also appeared in the science fiction films Two Lost Worlds, The Thing from Another World, and Them!. Arness became an actor after his younger brother, Peter Graves, suggested he pursue the career while Arness was recuperating from wounds suffered during World War II. Actor Wally Boag (b.1920) died on June 3. Boag was best known for appearing in the Golden Horseshoe Revue more than 40,000 times at Disneyland, but also appeared in such Disney films as The Absent-Minded Professor and Son of Flubber. Boag did voice work for Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room and helped develop the script for the Haunted Mansion ride. He was reportedly Disney's favorite for the voice of Tigger, but lost the role after Disney died. Boag also helped discover Julie Andrews when he brought her up on stage at the London Palladium in 1947. Boag was inducted as a Disney Legend in 1995. Director Pat Jackson (b.1916) died on June 3. Jackson directed several episodes of the television series Arthur of the Britons. He was the last surviving director of The Prisoner, for which he directed four episodes. Jackson made a name for himself in the 1930s and 40s directing documentaries before he moved into feature films and television. Actress Miriam Karlin (b.1925) died on June 3. Karlin appeared in A Clockwork Orange, Children of Men, The Phantom of the Opera, and other genre films and television shows as well as on the stage in London's West End. She received the OBE in 1975. Author Alan Ryan (b.1943) died on June 3. Ryan wrote the horror novels The Kill, Dead White, and Cast a Cold Eye, as well as numerous short stories. In addition to his fiction, Ryan also edited several anthologies, including Vampires, Perpetual Light, and Night Visions 1. Ryan won a World Fantasy Award for his short story "The Bones Wizard" and was a nominee for the John W. Campbell Award in 1979. In recent years, he has suffered a stroke, a heart attack, and pancreatic cancer. Actor Donald Hewlett (b.1922) died on June 4. Hewlett appeared in Come Back Mrs. Noah as Carstairs and in the Doctor Who serial "The Claws of Axos" as Hardiman. While stationed in the Orkney Islands, he helped found the Kirkwall Arts Club. Actor Betty Taylor (b.1919) died on June 4. Long-partnered with Wally Boag, who died on June 3, Taylor appeared in more than 45,000 shows at Disneyland's Golden Horseshoe Review. British author John Glasby (b.1928) died on June 5. Glasby began writing in the 1950s, using numerous pseudonyms and house names. In 1971, he published the novel Project Jove under his own name. In addition to his science fiction novels and short stories, he also wrote numerous horror and ghost stories, including several in the Cthulhu mythos. Among the pseudonyms he used were "A. J. Merak," "John E. Muller", "Karl Zeigfreid," and "Victor LaSalle." Screenwriter and producer Leonard Stern (b.1923) died on June 7. Stern worked in both capacities on Get Smart and Holmes and Yoyo. Perhaps his biggest contribution to pop culture dates from his days writing for The Honeymooners. When Stern needed a word, he'd call out the sort of word he needed and his partner, Roger Price would response, leading the two to invite Mad Libs. Stern also wrote the book A Martian Wouldn't Say That, about memos written by Hollywood executives. Dutch fan Kees Huizer (b.1950), also known as Uncle Kees, died on June 8. Huizer ran security at the 1990 Worldcon in the Hague. Huizer was a police instructor and used the event to train police in the Hague. Actor Roy Skelton (b.1932) died on June 8. Skelton is perhaps best known for providing the voice for the Doctor Who villains the Daleks, from 1967 to 1988. He also provided voice work for the Cybermen and the Krotons. Skelton also appeared as the mock turtle in a version of Alice in Wonderland and was a puppeteer and voice artist on the show Rainbow. Author Malcolm M. Ferguson (b.1919) died on June 11 following hip surgery. Ferguson published stories in Weird Tales and The Arkham Sampler in the late 1940s and early 1950s, during which time he also ran an antiquarian bookstore. After closing the store, Ferguson became a librarian. Producer Laura Ziskin (b.1950) died on June 12. Ziskin was a producer of the three Spider-Man films as well as the forthcoming The Amazing Spider-Man. She also worked as a producer on The Eyes of Laura Mars and Stealth. Following a 2004 breast cancer diagnosis, Ziskin co-founded Stand Up to Cancer, a charity that has raised more than $200 million for cancer research. Artist Lew Sayre Schwartz (1926) died on June 19 following a fall which resulted in a brain hemorrhage. Schwartz worked as a ghost artist for Bob Kane on Batman from 1946 through 1953, when he went to work for King Features. Schwartz's work in advertising would eventually win him 4 Emmys and 6 Clios. Schwartz also helped create the title sequence for the film Dr. Strangelove and taught at the School of Visual Arts,where he founded the film department. June (continued) Artist Gene Colan (1926) died on June 23. Colan began working on comics in 1944 and his art appeared in Batman, Daredevil, Tomb of Dracula, and Howard the Duck, among other titles. Colan also co-created the Falcon, the first mainstream African-American superhero. Colan was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2005. Composer Fred Steiner (b.1923) died on June 23. Steiner provided music for several different Star Trek series and films, including the original series. He also worked as a conductor on The Wild, Wild West, and The Twilight Zone. Other genre work included The Coneheads, Salvage 1, and Return of the Jedi. Actor Peter Falk (b.1927) died on June 23. Falk, who has recently been suffering from dementia, starred in numerous comedies, many of them with a fantastic or sf-nal element, perhaps most obviously as the grandfather/narrator in The Princess Bride. He also appeared in an episode of The Twilight Zone and the non-genre films (but well-worthy of mention) The Great Race, The In-Laws, and Murder by Death. Editor Martin H. Greenberg (b.1941) died on June 25 after a lengthy battle with cancer. Greenberg has worked for several decades as an anthologist, packager, and editor, publishing anthologies in conjunction with scores of other editors/authors including Isaac Asimov, Robert Silverberg, Esther Friesner, Gregory Benford, Jane Yolen, Mike Resnick, and many more. Greenberg received the Prometheus Award in 2005 and was one of the first recipients of the Solstice Award in 2009. Actress Alice Playten (b.1947) died on June 25 of heart failure. She created the role of Ermengarde in Hello, Dolly! on Broadway. She went on to appear on the Krofft television show The Lost Saucer, and the films Legend and Amityville II: The Possession. Actress Margaret Tyzack (b.1931) died on June 25. Best known for her dramatic and stage work, Tyzack appeared in numerous films, including genre movies 2001: A Space Odyssey, A Clockwork Orange, and Quatermass Conclusion. She played Indiana Jones's tutor in several episodes of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. Tyzack was awarded an OBE in 1970 and a CBE in 2010. She won the Lawrence Olivier Theatre Award and a Tony. Belgian author Thierry Martens (b.1942) died on June 27. In the 1970s, Martens worked for Journal de Spirou and began publishing anthologies and essays about Holmesian novels of the early twentieth century. Using the pseudonym Yves Varende, Martens published Les Gadgets de l'Apocalypse, Les Tueurs de l'Ordre, and Tuez les Tous. Fan Shirlene Annanayo (b. 1967) died on June 30 after suffering two major strokes two weeks earlier. Annanayo was active in the South Florida Science Fiction Society and helped run several Tropicons, including chairing the 2001 convention. Annanayo was also active in Mercedes Lackey fandom. July Actress Anna Massey (b.1937) died on July 3. Massey appeared in The Vault of Horror, An Angel for May and Haunted, as well as an episode of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. She portrayed Queen Victoria in the 1989 version of Around the World in 80 Days. She was the daughter of actor Raymond Massey and received a CBE in 2005. Author Theodore Roszak (b. 1933) died on July 5. Roszak was best known as an historian of the 1960s, who published The Making of a Counter Culture. While working as an history professor from California State University, East Bay, he published the novel The Memoirs of Elizabeth Frankenstein, for which he received a James Tiptree, Jr. Award in 1995. Actor Gordon Tootoosis (b. 1941) died on July 5. Born in Saskatchewan, Tootoosis was a Cree Indian who was active in First Nation issues. He appeared in numerous films and television shows, including genre works Smallville, The X-Files, Mr. Soul, and Let There Be Light. He may be most famous for his role in Legends of the Fall. He also portrayed Ed's father in an episode of Northern Exposure. Japanese manga artist Shinji Wada (b.1950) died on July 5 from ischaemic heart disease. Wada created Sukeban Deka, which went on to have a three series television run and two live-action films. Wada also worked on Kuma-san no Shiki, Kait? Amaryllis, and Kugutsushi Rin, among many other manga. Actor Roberts Blossom (b. 1924) died on July 8. Blossom may be best known as the elderly neighbor in the first Home Alone film. His genre roles included parts in Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Christine, Slaughterhouse-Five, Northern Exposure, and multiple episodes of The Twilight Zone and Amazing Stories. As a playwright, Blossom won four Obie Awards. Producer Sherwood Schwartz (b. 1916) died in his sleep on July 12. Schwartz is best known as the producer of The Brady Bunch and Gilligan's Island (and wrote the theme songs for both shows). His genre work included being a script editor for My Favorite Martian, creating It's About Time, producer of Big John, Little John, and a consultant on Gilligan's Planet. Actress Googie Withers (b. 1917) died on July 15. Withers appeared in the 1940s genre films Miranda, They Came to a City, and Dead of Night. Withers debuted in 1933 and had a career that lasted through 1996. Actress Linda Christian (b.1923, Blanca Rosa Welter) died on July 22. Shortly after she moved to Hollywood, she married Tyrone Powers and began getting acting jobs, appearing in Tarzan and the Mermaids, The Devil's Hand, and, in 1954, the role of Valerie Mathis in the first james Bond adaptation, Casino Royale. Animator Toyo-o Ashida (b.1944) died on July 23. Ashida worked on the television series Space Battleship Yamato and later on the film of the same name. Ashida also directed Vampire Hunter D and his only feature length film, Fist of the North Star. Ashida was one of the founders of the Japan Animation Creators Association (JAniCA) labor group. Robert Ettinger (b.1918) died on July 23. Ettinger was best known as a proponent for cryogenics and was the founder of the Cyronics Institute in 1976. He published two stories "The Ultimate Trump" (1948) and "The Skeptic" (1950) Publisher Philip Rahman (b.1952) died on July 23. In 1989, Rahman, along with college friend Dennis Weiler, founded Fedogan & Bremer in order to publish a collection by Charles Wandrei which had been announced by Arkham House in the 1960s and never published. The company went on to publish numerous Lovecraftian style books and in 1996 began a line of mystery publishing. The company won a World Fantasy Award, Special Award � Non-Professional in 1996. Japanese author Sakyo Komatsu (b.1931) died on July 26. Komatsu is considered to have been one of the big three Japanese science fiction authors. His novel Nihon Chinbotsu was published in the United States as Japan Sinks. Komatsu was honored as one of the Guests of Honor at Nippon 2007, the 65th World Science Fiction Convention. August Author Leslie Esdaile (b.1959), who wrote as L. A. Banks died on August 2. In June 2011, Esdaile had announced she had been diagnosed with late stage adrenal cancer. Using a variety of pseudonyms, Esdaile published romance, non-fiction, crime, and horror novels. Actor Richard Pearson (b.1918) died on August 2, a day after his 93rd birthday. Pearson appeared as Mole in the BBC series based on The Wind in the Willows and also provided the voice of Gordy in Men in Black II and appeared in Scrooge and episodes of Tales of the Unexpected and Out of the Unknown. He played Professor Watkins in the first series of Stranger from Space. He also had a bit part in Royal Flash. Author William Sleator (b.1945) died on August 2 in Thailand, where he maintained a residence. Sleator wrote young adult science fiction and horror, including the novels House of Stairs and Interstellar Pig. He began publishing with the novel The Angry Moon. Actor John Wood (b.1930) died on August 6. Wood portrayed Stephen Falkyn in the film WarGames and also appeared in a bit role in Slaughterhouse-Five. He appeared in both The Avengers television series and later movie. Wood portrayed Charles Leadbeater in an episode of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles and had roles in the filmes Ladyhawke and The Purple Rose of Cairo. Del Connell (b.1918) died on August 12. Connell began working for Disney in 1939 and contributed storyboards for Alice in Wonderland, The Three Caballeros, and Ben and Me. In addition, he did character modeling and spent many decades illustrating comic books. From 1968 to 1988, he served as the script writer for the Mickey Mouse newspaper comic strip. Author Colin Harvey (b.1960) died on August 16 after suffering a massive stroke. Harvey edited the anthologies Killers and Dark Spires and published several novels, including Lightning Days, Winter Song, and Damage Time. His short fiction appeared in Albedo One, Future Bristol, Interzone, and other places. Director Alastair Reid (b.1939) died on August 17. Reid directed the films The Night Digger, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Artemis 81, and two episodes of Tales of the Unexpected. Scriptwriter and director Jimmy Sangster (b.1927) died on August 19. Sangster began working as a production assistant in 1943, After World War II, he worked various jobs in the movie industry until he landed at Hammer Films and was offered the chance to direct X: The Unknown. His films included The Curse of Frankenstein, The Mummy, and Lust for a Vampire. In addition to directing, Sangster also wrote many of the films he worked on. In 1977, he won a Golden Scroll Award from the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films. Fan Paul Roberts (b.1962) died on August 21 while driving home to Utah from Renovation. Roberts was killed when he struck a car making an illegal U-turn. Roberts had been working the Westercon table at Renovation and was active in Utah fandom. Fan and publisher Bill Trojan died on August 21 in his hotel room shortly after the end of Renovation. Trojan, was a Eugene, Oregon area fan, the owner of Escape Books, and a collector and reseller of SF, Collectable Comic, and Pulp Fiction era books and original cover artwork. Trojan had been in Reno for the convention, where he was working as a volunteer. Actor Michael Showers (b.1967) was found dead in the Mississippi River on August 24. Initial tests indicated he was probably in the water for two days. Showers has appeared in episodes of The Vampire Diaries and Tekken, as well as the films The Collector and Immortally Yours. Actress Eve Brent (b.1929) died on August 27. Brent won a Saturn Award in 1980 for her role in Fade to Black. Other genre appearances included The Green Mile, BrainWaves, The Bride and the Beast and in episodes of the television series Weird Science, Roswell, and Tales from the Crypt. In the 1950s, she appeared as Jane in a pair of Tarzan movies. Fan Paul Metz (b.1961) committed suicide on August 27. Metz was active in Bay Area fandom and a frequent attendee at Baycon. He worked for Atari writing computer games and hosted gaming nights at his home. Washington DC area fan Dan Hoey committed suicide on August 31 at his home. Dan served as Disclave chair in 1995 and was active is WSFA in the 1980s and 90s. In the 90s, he served WSFA as a trustee. Cosmonaut Valery Rozhdestvensky (b.1939) died on August 31. Rozhdestvensky joined the Cosmonaut corps in 1965 and flew his only mission aboard Soyuz 23 in 1976. Scheduled to serve aboard the Salyut 5 space station, his mission was aborted when an equipment malfunction didn't allow for docking. Upon return, poor conditions led to the spaceship landing in the half-frozen Lake Tengiz and a recovery mission which took more than nine hours. Oklahoma City fan Paul Cherry died near the end of August. Cherry was active in running Soonercon and went into the hospital near the end of July. Actress Anne Ridler died in early August. Ridler appeared in episodes of The Tomorrow People, Terrahawks, Cloud Burst, Moonbase 3, and portrayed Dr. Gemma Corwyn in "The Wheel of Space" serial of Doctor Who. September Fan artist Bill Kunkel (b.1950) died on September 4 following a fall. Bill's artwork consisted of satirical cartoons and he also c0-founded the first magazine devoted to video and computer games, Electronic Games. Kunkel worked as a game designer, a comic book writer, and professional cartoonist. Director Charles S. Dubin (b.1919) died on September 6. Dubin directed episodes of the television series Starman, The Man from Atlantis, Tales of Tomorrow, and the television movie Death in Space. He was nominated for the Emmy three times for his work on MASH. Michael S. Hart (b.1947) died on September 6. Hart founded Project Gutenberg in 1971 and is credited with being the inventor of the electronic book. Director and artist George Kuchar (b.1942) died on September 6. Kuchar directed numerous horror films and cartoons, including The Fury of Frau Frankenstein and The Slasher. He appeared in many of his own films. Most of his work was short subject during a time when he earned a living drawing weather maps. In 1975, he published a comic biography of H.P. Lovecraft. Barrister Jane Belson died on September 7. Belson married author Douglas Adams in 1991 and their daughter was born in 1994. After Adams's death, Belson worked to shepherd some of his projects to fruition and had a cameo in the film The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy. Actor Cliff Robertson (b.1923) died on September 10. Robertson won an Oscar for his portrayal of the title character in the film Charly, based on Daniel Keyes's novel Flowers for Algernon. He played the cowboy villain "Shame" in four episodes of Batman in the 1960s and also appeared on The Outer Limits, The Twilight Zone, and Rod Brown of the Rocket Rangers. He appeared in Escape from L.A. and among his final role was portraying Peter Parker's Uncle Ben in three Spider-Man movies. Fan Ella Mirkin (b.1949) died on September 14. Mirkin was an attendee at many Boston area conventions and served for many years on the concom for Readercon. Actress Norma Eberhardt (b.1919) died on September 16 following a stroke. Eberhardt, whose professional career started as a model, appeared in the horror film The Return of Dracula as well as other films and television shows. Former DC Comics vice president Jack Adler (b.1918) died on September 18. Adler worked at DC Comics from 1946 through 1981 and in 1971 won the Shazam Award for Best Colorist. He also served as DC's production manager and vice president of production. Producer John Dunning (b.1927) died on September 19. Dunning co-founded Cinepix, which was later renamed Lion's Gate Films. Dunning produced many of David Cronenberg's early films such as Shivers. He also produced My Bloody Valentine, Satan's Sabbath, and Whispers. He was inducted into the Canadian Film and Television Hall of Fame in 2007 Horror author and editor Mark W. Worthen (b.1962) died on September 19. Worthen began publishing in 1993 and from 1998 to 2005 edited on the on-line zine Blood Rose. He served as the webmaster for the Horror Writers of America for several years and sat on the Stoker Committee. In 2007, he received the organization's Richard Laymon President's Award for Service. Author and editor John Burke (b.1922) died on September 20. Burke worked as a story editor for Twentieth Century Fox and began writing in the 1940s, winning the Atlantic Award for Literature in 1949 for Swift Summer. In 1953, he turned his attention to writing science fiction, publishing both books and short stories. He also wrote numerous movie novelizations, including Chitty Chitty Bang Bang and Dr. Terror's House of Horrors. Italian comics writer Sergio Bonelli (b.1932) died on September 26. Bonelli, who used the pen name Guido Nolitta, began writing comics in 1957 when he translated Verdugo Ranch from Spanish to Italian. He created Un ragazzo nel Far West the following year and in 1961 created Zagor. He eventually became the president of Sergio Bonelli Editore, which had formerly been called CEPIM. Screenwriter David Z. Goodman (b.1930) died on September 26. Goodman wrote the screen plays for the horror films The Stranglers of Bombay and The Eyes of Laura Mars as well as for the science fiction film Logan's Run. Australian author Sara Douglass Warneke (b.1957) died on September 26 of ovarian cancer, with which she was diagnosed in 2010. Warneke, who wrote as Sara Douglass, had several of her historical based fantasies published in the US, including The Wayfarer Redemption series, the Crucible series, The Troy Game, and The Devil's Diadem, published in August. October Composer David Bedford (b.1937) died on October 1. A classical composer, Bedford enjoyed science fiction and his work The Tentacles of the Dark Nebula included words taken from Clarke's "Transcience." Another work, Star's End, was inspired by Asimov's Foundation and he wrote the background music for the play Rigel 9, based on the writings of Le Guin. Las Vegas fan Frank Harwood (b.1952) died on October 2. Harwood was a founding member of Las Vegas Fandom in 1990 and throughout the 1990s was a regular attendee at meetings of SNAFFU and social events. Italian author Vittorio Curtoni (b.1949) died on October 4 following an heart attack. Curtoni translated several of the New Wave writers into Italian and edited the Galassia paperback line from 1970-1975. He founded the magazine Robot in 1976. In his long career, he published nearly 200 stories. Baltimore area fan Amy Paul (b.1957) died on October 4 from lymphoma. Paul lived at the slanshack Fandom Republic in Baltimore in the mid-1980s when she became active in fandom. Paul was active in Balticon and helped run their Short (Amateur) Film contest. She went by the name Revered Blessing Bird. Derrick Bell (b.1930) died on October 5. Bell was a civil rights attorney who taught at Harvard. He wrote the science fiction short story "The Space Traders" in 1992. It was adapted for the television series Cosmic Slop two years later. Computer entrepreneur Steve Jobs (b.1955) died on October 5 following a lengthy battle with cancer. Jobs was one of the founders and leading guides for Apple, Inc., having founded the company with Steve Wozniak and Mike Markkula. When Jobs left Apple in 1985, he founded NeXT, which was eventually bought by Apple and in 1986 he acquired Pixar Animation Studio from LucasFilm. Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple on August 24, 2011. He was first diagnosed with a form of pancreatic cancer in 2004. Actor Charles Napier (b.1936) died on October 5. Napier appeared in the Star Trek episode "The Way to Eden" as well as episodes of The Incredible Hulk, Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman, and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. Napier also did voice work for numerous animated television series as well as video games. Napier also appeared in Rambo: First Blood, Part II and as the leader of "The Good Ol' Boys" in The Blues Brothers. Actress Diane Cilento (b.1933) died on October 6. Cilento, who was married to Sean Connery for 11 years, Cilento appeared in The Wicker Man, The Angel Who Pawned Her Harp, and several episodes of Halfway Across the Galaxy and Turn Left. Actress Marilyn Nash (b.1924) died on October 6. Nash only appeared in two films. Her second film was the 1951 science fiction movie Unknown World. Her only other movie role was as the girl in Charlie Chaplin's Monsieur Verdoux. Actor George Baker (b.1931) died on October 7. Baker may have been best known for appearing in the Ruth Rendall Mysteries, but he also had numerous genre roles, including an appearance in the Doctor Who serial "Full Circle," the 1980s television series Robin Hood, The Curse of the Fly, The Sword of Lancelot, and several James Bond films. Actor David Hess (b.1942) died on October 8. Hess appeared in several horror films, including Zombie Nation, The House That Wept Blood, House on the Edge of the Park and its sequel. He also appeared in an episode of Knight Rider and Manimal and was in the film Swamp Thing. Chicago area fan Barry Polonsky (b.1964) died on October 10 after a battle with cancer. Polonsky, who was known as "Oneleggedman," was an attendee at many Chicago area science fiction conventions and was an active organizer of the Chicago Speculative Fiction Community. Comic book author Alvin Schwartz (b.1916) died on October 26. Schwartz began writing for comics in 1939 and became a writer for Captain Marvel before working on Batman in 1942 and, beginning in 1944, the Batman and Superman newspaper strips. He went on to write for many of DC's top titles in the 1940s and helped create the Superman villain Bizarro. Schwartz retired from the comics field in 1958 and received a Bill Finger Award in 2006. Comics writer Mick Anglo (b.1916) died on October 31. Anglo is best known for his creation Marvelman (later known as Miracleman). Anglo got his start in Westerns before turning to science fiction, where he also created Wonderman and draw Captain Valiant. November Austrian author Viktor Farkas (b.1945) died on November 1 after a battle with cancer. Farkas primarily wrote non-fiction, including Esoterik: Die verborgene Wirklichkeit and Jenseits des Vorstellbaren: Ein neuer Reiseführer durch unsere phantastische Realität. In 1984, he published The SF Quiz Book. In addition to writing, he was an avid collector and he donated his collection to the Villa Fantastica, a Viennese SF library founded in 2011 by Helmuth W. Mommers. Producer Richard Gordon (b.1925) died on November 1. Gordon moved from the UK to New York and founded Gordon Pictures, which imported and distributed numerous low budget horror films from the UK before he turned his attention to production. Beginning with the short Return to Glennascaul, which featured Orson Welles, Gordon went on to produce Devil Doll, Horror on Snape Island, The Playgirls and the Vampire, and Corridors of Blood. Actor Sid Melton (b.1920, Sidney Meltzer) died of pneumonia on November 2. his largest genre role was as Ichabod 'Ikky' Mudd, the sidekick, on Captain Midnight. Melton also appeared in The Lost Continent and on an episode of The Adventures of Superman. Actor Leonard Stone (b.1923) died November 2, the day before his 88th birthday. Stone may be most famous for his role as Sam Beauregarde in Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory. He also appeared in Soylent Green and in many episodes of television series such as The Outer Limits, Land of the Giants, and The Six Million Dollar Man. In 1959, Stone was nominated for a Tony Award for his work in Redhead. Author Les Daniels (b.1943) died from an heart attack on November 5. Daniels has written five historical novels about the vampire Don Sebastian de Villanueva. In addition to his fiction, Daniels has written about the history of comics. Actress Margaret Field (b.1923) died on November 6 following a six year battle with cancer. Field appeared in the films The Man from Planet X, Night Has a Thousand Eyes, and Captive Women. She also made appearances on The Twilight Zone and Science Fiction Theatre. Field's daughter is actress Sally Field. New Zealand fan Michelle Muijsert (b.1962) died on November 8. Muijsert published the fanzine The Space Wastrel from 1980-1988 with Mark Loney and Julian Warner. She moved to Australia in 1983 and became active in the convention running scene. British fan Chris "Keris" Croughton was killed in an head-on collision on November 10. Keris was active in the filk community from 1991, often running sound boards. In addition, Keris was a musician and a founding member of the n'Early Music Consort. Keris was inducted into the Filk Hall of Fame as part of the class of 2007. Boston fan Wendall Ing (b.1940) died on November 11 after a lengthy illness. Ing was active in Boston fandom and had been named a Fellow of NESFA. He was active in the search which found the building that became the NESFA Clubhouse. Agent John Hawkins (b.1939) died on November 13. Hawkins founded John Hawkins & Associates, one of the country's oldest literary agencies. His clients included Tananarive Due, Joyce Carol Oates, Alex Haley. In 1976, he is believed to have negotiated the first million dollar advance for James Clavell. Non-fiction author Kathleen Stein (b.1944) died in a fall on November 13. Stein was a founding editor and writer at Omni, where she honed her science writing skills and her knowledge of neuroscience. Her book The Genius Engine was published in 2007 and examined the role of the prefrontal cortex of the brain. Actor Karl Slover (b.1918) died on November 15. Slover's highest profile role was as a Munchkin in The Wizard of Oz, where he claims he was the shortest Munchkin. Slover also appeared in the films Bringing Up Baby, The Lost Weekend, and The Terror of Tiny Town. Animator Mark Hall (b.1936) died on November 17. With partner Brian Cosgrove, he formed animation studio Cosgrove Hall, which adapted three Terry Pratchett novels, episodes of Doctor Who, The BFG, The Wind in the Willows, and several other fantasy and science fiction features and television shows. Actor John Neville (b.1925) died on November 19. Neville may be best known for his portrayal of Baron Munchausen in Terry Gilliam's The Adventures of Baron Munchausen. Neville provided the voice for Eternity in the animated Silver Surfer series and portrayed The Well-Manicured Man in The X-Files. Neville also appeared as Isaac Newton in an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation. Jazz musician Russell Garcia (b.1916) died on November 20 in Kerikeri, New Zealand. Garcia scored numerous films including Atlantis, the Lost Continent and George Pal's The Time Machine. In 2009, Garcia, who was born in Oakland, California but lived for many years in New Zealand, received the Queen's Service Medal for his musical work. Author Anne McCaffrey (b.1926) died on November 21 following an heart attack. McCaffrey, who was best known for her Pern series, had her first story published in 1953. McCaffrey won a Hugo Award in 1968 for the first Pern story, "Weyr Search" and won a Nebula the following year for "Dragonrider." In 2005, she was named Grandmaster by the SFWA and is an inductee into the SF Hall of Fame. Other works by McCaffrey include The Ship Who Sang and its sequels, The Crystal Singer and many more. McCaffrey worked on several collaborations with younger writers over the course of her career. Fan Susan Palermo-Piscitello (b.1952) died on November 23. Palermo-Piscatello was active in fandom in the early 1970s, taking pictures that appeared in The Monster Times and working for the company that brought Japanese monster films, including Battle for the Planets and Time of the Apes to the US. She was among the first bartenders at CBGB and was in the band Cheap Perfume. She had recently returned to fandom after several years of gafiation. Irish fan John Berry died on November 25, eighteen months after undergoing treatment for cancer. Berry entered organized fandom in 1954 after meeting Walt Willis. Over the years, he was involved in British club fandom and published several different fanzines. He ran for TAFF in 1958, losing to Ron Bennett, but the following year, Berry was the fan Guest of Honor at Detention, the Worldcon in Detroit. The following year, Berry was voted best fan writers in a poll conducted in the fanzine Skyrack. By 1962, Berry had gafiated, only returning to fandom after twenty years had passed. Fan Robert E. Briney (b.1933) died on November 26. Active in Chicago fandom in the 1950s and 60s, Briney was one of the founding partners of Advent:Publishing. He edited the 1953 anthology Shanadu and co-edited the 1972 reference work SF Bibliographies: An Annotated Bibliography of Bibliographical Works on Science Fiction and Fantasy Fiction. Briney also published the fanzine Contact Is Not a Verb from 1980 through 2006. Director Ken Russell (b.1927) died on November 27. Russell directed the films Altered States, The Lair of the White Worm, Gothic, and the Who's Tommy. December Japanese anime artist Shingo Araki (b.1939) died on December 1. Araki joined Mushi Production as animator in 1965 founded Studio Jaguar a year later. His anime work included UFO Robo Grendizer, Goodbye Battleship Yamato: Warriors of Love, and Uch� Densetsu Ulysses 31. Spanish author Juan Carlos Planells (b.1950) died on December 3. Planells edited the magazine Neuva Dimension and published short stories in most of Spain's genre magazines. He published two science fiction novels, El Enfrentimiento and El Corazon de Atenea. Fan Bob Sabella died on December 3 after being hospitalized and diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumor. Sabella was the editor of the fanzine Visions of Paradise as well as the OE of FAPA, the oldest and longest running SF Amateur Press Association. In 2000, Sabella published the book Who Shaped Science Fiction? Through October, 2011, he published 170 issues of Visions of Paradise. Casting director Marion Dougherty (b.1923) died on December 4. Dougherty cast the films Slaughterhouse-Five, The Lost Boys, Batman and Batman Returns, Ladyhawke, and dozens of other films. In 1987, she won the Hoyt Bowers Award from the Casting Society of America. Artist Darrell K. Sweet (1934) died on December 5. Sweet was scheduled to be the artist guest of honor at LoneStarCon 3, the 2013 Worldcon and had been honored as the artist guest of honor at Tuckercon, the 2007 NASFiC, in St. Louis and at the 2010 World Fantasy Con. Sweet's art appeared on numerous book covers over the years and was known for having an extremely high sell through rate. Some of his art was collected in the book Beyond Fantasy. Actor Harry Morgan (b.1915) died on December 7. Morgan was best known for playing Colonel Potter on MASH, as well as Bill Gannon on Dragnet, but also had several genre credits, including a recurring role on Third Rock from the Sun, episodes of Night Gallery and The Twilight Zone, and the films The Cat from Outer Space and The Flight of Dragons. Morgan won one Emmy for his work on MASH out of eleven nominations. Comic artist Jerry Robinson (b.1922) died on December 7. Robinson is best known for co-creating Robin, the boy wonder, and creating the Joker. Robinson also worked on the creation of Alfred and Two-Face. Robinson began working for Batman creator Bob Kane in 1939. In the 1970s, Robinson worked to get credit for his friends, Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster for their part in creating Superman. Robinson is in the Comic Book Hall of Fame and has received lifetime achievement awards from the Cartoon Art Society and the National Cartoonists Society. Scots critic Gilbert Adair (b.1944) died on December 8 from a brain haemorrhage. Adair wrote sequels to Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland and J.M. Barrie's Peter and Wendy. He translated Georges Perec's novel La Disparition into English and, like Perec, avoided using the letter "e" in the book. Fantasy author Euan Harvey succumbed to cancer on the morning of December 9. Harvey began publishing short fantasy in 2007 when "The Tao of Crocodiles" appeared in Realms of Fantasy. In the years since, Harvey published seven additional stories in that magazine. His story "Kamaratunga's Masterpiece" is slated for publication in a future issue of Black Gate. French author Louis Thirion (b.1923) died on December 9. Thirion published his first novel, Waterloo, morne plaine in 1964 and continued to publish for more than 40 years. In addition to his novels, he also wrote radio plays. Beginning in 1968, most of his fiction was published by Fleuve Noir, including his Jord Maogan series, Les Stols, Les Whums se vengent, Ysée-A, Sterga la noire, and Le Secret d'Ipavar. His work was often focused on eco-disasters and was dystopian in nature. In the 2000s, he published three historical novels. Actress Susan Gordon (b.1949) died on December 11. Gordon's film debut occurred in Attack of the Puppet, directed by her father, when the actress who had been cast became ill. She also appeared in The Twilight Zone episode "The Fugitive" and the films Picture Mommy Dead, Tormented, and The Boy and the Pirates. Australian actor Harold Hopkins (b.1944) died on December 11. Hopkins appeared in episodes of Nightmares & Dreamscapes: From the Stories of Stephen King, Beastmaster, Time Trax, and the film The Clinic. Author Thomas J. Bassler (b.1932), who wrote science fiction as T. J. Bass died on December 13. Bass's two novels, Half Past Human and The Godwhale were both nominated for the Nebula Award. In addition, Bass published a handful of short stories. A doctor, Bassler was an early proponent of the use of Marathon-running for health purposes. Author Russell Hoban (b.1925) died on December 13. Hoban's novel Riddley Walker won the John W. Campbell, Jr. Award and the Australian Science Fiction Achievement Award, it was also nominated for the Nebula Award. His novels covered a range of genres, including science fiction, historical fiction, magic realism, and fantasy. Italian author Gianluca Casseri (b.1961) killed himself on December 14 after murdering two Senegalese immigrants to Italy and wounding three others. His shooting spree led to a march by the Florentine Senegalese community. Casseri wrote the fantasy novel The Key of Chaos. He also wrote an academic paper about Dracula folklore and was the editor of a magazine about fantasy and horror fiction and comics. Comic author Joe Simon (b.1913) died on December 14. Simon co-created Captain America along with Jack Kirby. The two men created numerous characters in the 1940s and helped pioneer both the romance and horror comics fields. Simon was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1999. Comic artist Eduardo Barreto (b.1954) died on December 15. Barreto, from Uruguay, worked on titles including Elvira, Mistress of the Dark, The New Teen Titans, and his last work, DC Retroactive The 70?s: Superman, published earlier this year. Also in 2011, Barreto became the artist for the Sunday The Phantom comic strip. Actor Nicol Williamson (b.1938) died on December 16. Williamson, who hasn't appeared on film since 1997, is best known for his role as Merlin in John Boorman's 1981 film Excalibur, has appeared in numerous genre films over the years, including Venom, Spawn, Return to Oz, and The Exorcist III. Williamson also took great pride in a recording of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit. He also played Little John in Robin and Marion and Sherlock Holmes in The Seven-Per-Cent Solution. Australian director Don Sharp (b.1922) died on December 18. Sharp directed and wrote numerous films, including The Kiss of the Vampire, Rasputin: The Mad Monk, Curse of the Fly, and Those Fantastic Flying Fools. Much of his work was done for Hammer Studios. French author Henri-Richard Bessière (b.1923) died on December 22. Bessière, who began publishing under the name F. Richard-Bessière and later went by Richard Bessière, was the first author published by Fleuve Noir's Anticipation line in 1951 and proceeded to publish 98 titles between 1951 and 1985. Bessière wrote three major series for Anticipation, the Professor Béac books, the Sydney Gordon books, and the Harry Stewart books, as well as numerous stand-alone novels. His work was discussed in English in the recent volume The Anticipation Novelists of 1950s French Science Fiction, by Bradford Lyau. US fan A.J. Barker (b.1947) died on December 23. Barker, also known as Andre Barker Bridget, was a southern fan married to Bill Bridget. The two of them were active in the Southern Fandom Press Alliance in the 1980s. Violinist Israel Baker (b.1919) died on December 25. Baker performed on the soundtracks of many films, including Raiders of the Lost Ark, but his most famous performance in a genre film was when he served as first violinist (and concertmaster) for the orchestra on Psycho. Canadian fan Dieter Darker, whose real name was Klaus Dieter Preschl, died on December 25. Darker was an artist and involved with the music scene. Alice E. Washburn (b.1967) died on December 26 of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Washburn was an active participant in Boston fandom, including Arisia, Boskone, and Readercon and helped organize film events. She frequently went by the name "Badger." Fan James "Rusty" Hevelin (b.1922) died on December 27. Hevelin became active in fandom in the 1930s, publishing the apazine H-1661. He attended Denvention 1 before joining the army and serving in the South Pacific during World War II. Returning to fandom, Hevelin became a huckster and frequent con attendee, serving as a guest of honor at numerous cons, including Denvention 2, the 1981 Worldcon. He received the First Fandom Sam Mosckowitz Archive Award for collections and the Big Heart Award. Hevelin was a founder of Pulpcon. Artist Ronald Searle (b.1920) died on December 30. Searle's line drawings were used in the Nigel Molesworth books by Geoffrey Willans. Searle also created St. Trinian's and illustrated the music collection Too Many Songs by Tom Lehrer with Not Enough Drawings by Ronald Searle. Editor and Agent Glenn Lord (b.1931) died on December 31. Lord was the agent for Robert E. Howard's estate and edited several collections of Howard's stories, as well as writing The Last Celt: A Bio-Bibliography of Robert Ervin Howard. Lord's essays about Howard and those who knew him appeared in a variety of fanzines, magazines, and books. Lord also worked to re-publish Howard's story in their original form and to find lost Howard works and fragments.	i don't know
In the 1971 film ‘Willard’, the title character has a strange affinity for which creatures?	Willard Reviews & Ratings - IMDb IMDb 32 out of 35 people found the following review useful: Good Film, Great Performance from United States 20 April 2004 Before you let the advertising fool you, understand that "Willard" isn't exactly your normal horror flick. I know that the marketing people tried to put all the scary bits into the trailer and such, but I urge you to reconsider your views on it. The movie itself is more of an in-depth character study. It follows the events that lead one man into the pits of insanity, taking you along for the ride. Forget "Psycho," (Which was an awesome film in its own right) though the movie does have Norman Bates/Hitchcock elements. We're taken from lonely, shy, and sad, to hollering, glaring, weeping, and finally, silent. Only one man was tailor-made for this role...and that man was Mr. Glover. Through every blink, every wide-eyed stare, the audience is drawn into the character. We believe in his connection with the rats, and marvel at his ability to train them. And when he gets even with Mr. Martin, we celebrate. And I loved the undoubted sexual frustration that Willard is feeling. It's more apparent in one of the deleted scenes on the DVD. But the writer didn't succumb to this frustration; he let it build. All of this combines to form one of the greatest character movies I have ever seen, and probably will ever see. I must say that this is one movie I will not soon forget... Was the above review useful to you? 24 out of 25 people found the following review useful: Devilsihly dark remake is a fresh breath of air... 11 September 2003 * This review may contain spoilers * Crispin Glover gives a splendidly dark and evil performance in "Willard," a performance that creeps you out more than any idea of killer rats ever will. The movie feels like a Tim Burton Lite, and a few times throughout the film I came close to imagining how Tim Burton would have directed the film. He probably would have gotten Johnny Depp for Willard, though, and I'm not sure if Depp would have been able to pull it off as well as Glover, who has always been a very strange character, even back when he played the shy and quirky George McFly in "Back to the Future." If Crispin was odd in "Back to the Future," then he's part of the Manson family here. It seems to be an almost tailor-made role, one fit just for him. His character, Willard, is a mix between Anthony Perkins' Norman Bates and Adam Sandler's Barry Anderson from "Punch-Drunk Love." I half-expected to see Willard's mother jump out in front of the screen at some point in the film, only for "her" to be Willard. Anyone familiar with the seventies should remember "Willard," and perhaps even its sequel, "Ben." I didn't know quite what to expect walking into "Willard," as I had never seen the original. It is a very dark and creepy movie, perhaps not for everyone, but I enjoyed it. It's quirky. It's creepy. It's dark and brooding. And it has a sly sinister side to it. When Willard retreats to his basement every night to train a gang of rats to carry out his evil deeds it's not really scary but rather strange in execution. Given another director this could have been another summer horror flick like "Jeepers Creepers 2," but it turned out to be a bit more than a scary movie - it's more of a freaky movie. Willard (Glover) is a grown man who lives in a large, creepy home with his bitter old mother. He cares for her and goes to work to help support her, where he works for "Mr. Martin," a gruff old guy who claims that the reason he drives a Mercedes is for the company's benefit. He relentlessly picks on Willard, who bites his tongue in return and counts to ten. Extremely lonely, Willard retreats into his mother's basement one night to try to get rid of some rodent infestation. Once there, he finds that he has caught a smart little white rat in one of his traps, which he frees from the sticky paper and names Socrates (because the rat is smart). Soon he finds that Socrates can understand him, as do all the other rats. He also realizes that the rats will do whatever he wants, whether it be attacking Martin's Mercedes or eating Martin to death. And so he uses them at his psychopathic will; that is, except for a very large rat named Ben, who is about the size of a small dog. Ben is smart, and tries to win Willard's attention, but Willard ignores Ben (one can understand why), and pays all the attention to Socrates. Ben doesn't like this, and so he starts commanding the gang of rats against Willard. The film ends in a strange showdown between rats and man, to say the least. I used to have a little white rat just like Socrates, which I named Socrates, and I used to have another big, black rat, which I named Ben. (Yes, I named them after the rats from the old film.) Rats are kind little creatures but you get the idea that they are a very smart species, always scheming. Watching the "real" Ben from "Willard" is funny, because as he sits there scheming it is in all truth very honest - rats are smarter than they seem. Willard seems to have a psychic connection between the rats. It's like the story of the dog that followed his master all the way across the Atlantic ocean, running up to him in the middle of a WWII battlefield. Some experts say that animals have boundaries with their masters that they can somehow feel, relate to or are attached to psychically. By charming Socrates, it seems that Willard opened up a sort of psychic connection between the rats, and the way he carries them around on his shoulder, and says to Socrates, "You are the only friend I've ever had," is strangely disturbing. I wasn't sure what to expect going into "Willard," and I'm still not sure if the film used up all the potential it had. They could have spent more time focusing on Willard's development into a psychopath, more time on what the rats did, more time showing the audience that Willard is the bad guy. It seems that they go wishy-washy - are we supposed to root for Willard or not? I don't really know, but I enjoyed the movie. It's not an incredible achievment in any regard, and I left feeling a little empty but I'm glad I saw it. 3.5/5 stars - from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 28 March 2004 Willard Stiles (Crispin Glover) is a lonely and deranged man living in an old mansion with his sick mother Henrietta Stiles (Jackie Burroughs). His father committed suicide after losing his own company to his former partner and friend Frank Martin (R. Lee Ermey). Due to a clause in the selling contract, Willard can not be fired from his job while his mother is alive. However, Frank abuses of Willard, humiliating and spending a horrible treatment with him in front of his colleagues. The basement of Willard's house is infested of rats and mice, and Willard capture a beautiful white mouse in a trap. Willard rescues the mouse, calls him Socrates and becomes his friend. Socrates is a leader and the other rats obey him, except the huge Ben. The animals are trained by Willard, who uses them for his revenge. This weird tale about loneliness, friendship, greed and revenge has the same style of most Tim Burton's movies. It is a black comedy very dark, quite gothic, having weird characters, but great performances and good effects. Although dealing with a nasty theme (rats and mice), it is not a disgusting film. It is not recommended for all audiences, but I liked it a lot. My vote is eight. Title (Brazil): `A Vingança de Willard' (`The Revenge of Willard') Was the above review useful to you? 27 out of 34 people found the following review useful: Macabre fairy tale. Very atmospheric!! from the Draconian Swamp of Unholy Souls 20 March 2004 Glen Morgan's Willard isn't your ordinary mainstream remake! Unlike the bombastic and computerized money-making films like oh, I don't know Texas Chainsaw Massacre, 13 Ghosts and Dawn of the Dead who're merely loud updates of classic horrific tales. Willard is a modest and respectful production that lays the stress on atmosphere and scenery instead of gory effects and good-looking young flesh. Willard is the tale of an extremely introvert middle-aged man (lives with his needy mother, no girlfriend, stuck in a hopeless job) who discover his ability to control and command little rodentsrats in particular. By communicating with these rats, he finally discovers what friendship feels like and it also gives him the opportunity to satisfy his deepest feelings of anger and vengeance towards his boss Frank Martin. But the mob of rats slowly turns against Willard as he doesn't treat them alike. Thanks to the depressing scenery (Willard's old house, the morbid factory) and the under-exposure at times, Willard often looks like a 40's chiller! There's a good and constant variation of tension and sadistic humor, with the cat-chase as the absolute highlight to state this. Crispin Glover the man with the most incomprehensible cult following in the film industry is brilliantly cast as Willard. His goofy yet spooky charisma fits his character really well. R. Lee Ermey receives the change to be his old boisterous self again as the dreary factory-owner who's out to destroy Willard life. To conclude the cast, Laura Harding is very charming as the understanding and helpful Cathryn. This film may not show as many bloodshed and eccentric slaughtering as the nowadays public demands, but it surely made an impression on me. Willard is a very atmospheric and often frightening horror storytelling with some adorable fairy-tale aspects and playfully imaginative aspects. Highly recommended. I saw this film at a during a festival-nightafter a series of gory slashers. The over-enthusiast public didn't appreciate it that much but I trust in the fact that Willard will build up a solid cult reputation. Was the above review useful to you? 16 out of 18 people found the following review useful: Strange and different, but not particularly scary from Tucson, AZ 14 March 2003 Maybe self-parody isn't such a bad word in the case of Willard. While I will state that the film was funny and interesting to watch, it wasn't nearly as twisted or as scary as it could have been. But then again, it's so damn tough to scare the jaded masses of critics and movie goers anyway. However, I did find this film wildly entertaining, especially the likes of Glenn Morgan and James Wong helming the project, two guys who helped put together The X-Files and Space: Above and Beyond (a truly underrated show). The only downside to this film was the editing. It was sometimes dull, and often did little to help the plot move in a smooth fashion. However, the random close-ups of the rat/wombat "Big Ben" were hillarious, making it look like the rat would actually start talking. Also, I give a big kudos to R. Lee Ermey, who went back to his old Full Metal Jacket days, making him a scary and evil bad guy to focus on. Oh, and Crispin Glover plays the loser role perfectly. Was the above review useful to you? 28 out of 43 people found the following review useful: Beautiful Author: Tanyaa 28 September 2004 OK, it took me a long time, but better late than never. So, the main reason why most people didn't liked it, because it was not a horror film. So what? If you can understand that it's not a horror, then why don't you watch it wherever you think it is? "Willard" is an absolutely beautiful movie. I couldn't believe how atmospheric it was. I didn't expected much from the movie, esp. I was worried about CGI rats, but I wanted to see it for Crispin Glover. And the moment I've heard the music score I knew it is going to be something special. I don't think that it is weird movie at any point. It was beautiful movie. This is probably the word that describes it best. It may sound stupid, but I know that I have a good taste in movies. coughs That's why I can say that "Willard" is definitely one of the best recent movies and I can tell that it is not just personal opinion, it is one of the best movies. If it is a bad movie, then what do you consider a good movie?.. OK, it worked just because of Crispin Glover. He glued everything together. Without him it would be stupid and pointless. But he makes the concept believable. It should of get a few Oscar nomination, that's for sure, but no one surprised that it didn't. The music score was really outstanding, gave it a real feeling, kudos to composer. Definitely deserves an Oscar nom. The production design as well. Superb atmosphere. CGI was great! It was a real surprise and delight to see that CGI is great. Glen Morgan, he did such a great job. He had some small mistakes, but he is way much more superior than today's directors. It still hard to say about his style, because there is a lot of Hitchcock in him, but he did a great job in "Willard" without doubt. Kudos! Now, the acting. What can I say about Crispin Glover? He is a genius! An absolutely amazing genius! The Academy is just an ass, but it is not surprise. But he definitely deserves an Oscar, he owns it, it is THE best performance of 2003! He scared me to death, in good way. He has so much emotion in him, I couldn't believe how amazing his performance is! I have no right words to give him a credit. I'm just speechless R. Lee Ermey, I like him a lot. He is one of my favorites too. Such a fun man. Kudos to you, R. Lee Ermey! Jackie Barroughscreepy! In a good way, she did a great job, she really is! I mean, without her scary mother the movie wouldn't be the same! Laura Harring, I like her too, she was great in "Mullholand Drive". I know some people say that she was completely wasted and they right, but she still was a nice touch. I mean, it is always nice to look at her, she has that good quality about her. I don't know, but maybe she regret that she wasted her time here, but if I could I would say to her, that I think it's better to be a part of this labor of love, than some crappy Hollywood s***. If you watch deleted scenes on DVD it doesn't seem like she is wasted at all. And, the end. I like the new ending better, because it gives you to think about more, the old ending, IMHO, is quite pointless. So, to end the review. It is a masterpiece on its own right. It is an absolutely beautiful movie. So sensitive, so atmospheric, so emotional. My eyes were just glued to the screen. I know that Glen Morgan feels bad about the movie's failure, but he shouldn't, it was not his fault! It IS a great movie! When it ended I hoped that the teenagers will love it (I'm a teenager, myself), because the studio target at them, I hoped that this beautiful movie will be an exception, when they gonna love it for not being a usual stupid movies. But when they didn't, I just realized that some people will always be stupid no matter what. Well, their loss. It is one of my favorites. It is a deep, emotional movie. I'm sure Crispin Glover would be happy to know that "Willard" makes people think. It really is, esp. about human condition. I thought a lot about this movie and I'm not the only one. I recommend it highly. Definitely 10/10. Was the above review useful to you? 17 out of 22 people found the following review useful: Willard: 8/10 from Anywhere, USA 26 October 2003 One of the least successful movies of the year, when it should have been one of the most, is Willard, the remake of the Bruce Davison version. It has everything going for it, and it was really the dismal marketing campaign that brought it to its early demise. If more people had given it a chance, then hopefully it would have been more successful and more people would have been able to see this masterwork. That's what Willard is, it's a masterpiece, at least of the movies of the last ten years or so. No movies have been up to par in so many different levels. Crispin Glover puts in the best acting performance of the year, and possibly one of the best of all time is the title character. He has a dead-end job at his late father's business, now run by his father's partner, Frank Martin (R. Lee Ermey), who just keeps him on until Willard's mother (Jackie Burroughs) dies. When his mother makes him go look for rats, Willard finds one, keeps it, and names it Socrates. He discovers more, and they do whatever Socrates tells him. However, a huge rat named Ben wants control, and fights with Socrates for power, while Willard uses the rats for his own sociopathic will. As I said earlier, Willard has everything going for it. I'll go one at a time. The directing, by X-Files alum Glen Morgan (also written by him and co-produced with James Wong) was perfect. He has an obvious style (and probably studied Hitchcock in college), and creates a sense of realism in this implausible movie. Also, Morgan's screenplay has some of the best humor to come out of a movie this year, especially from Ermey and Burroughs. I won't spoil them, although they're still funny on repeat viewings. The acting, especially by Glover, who isn't a forerunner in big Hollywood names, is spectacular. Glover portrayed a young, aimless man so well. No one can scream like this man can. He's not afraid to let go and let his emotions run him over. He must have some deep repressed memories. Ermey is outstanding, but, then again, when is he not? He just plays an evil character, and that's what he's great at. Laura Elena Harring (Mulholland Drive) does what she can with her very small role. I noticed she tried to repress an accent, but I couldn't tell from where. Sounded Spanish, but I digress. Burroughs is great, although more of her (not really looking at her, thoughshe's hideous) would have been great. Morgan takes what could have been disastrous and turned it around to become a truly creepy film. Willard shows the side of every person who wants to do something evil, but can't find the will to do it. That's where Willard succeeds, you end up rooting for someone you normally wouldn't because he's doing something that you desperately want to do. Willard is a modern masterpiece, one that will thankfully find a huge audience on DVD. My rating: 8/10 Rated PG-13 for terror/violence, some sexual content and language. Was the above review useful to you? 11 out of 12 people found the following review useful: Rats horror film Author: ma-cortes 7 July 2004 The movie centers about Crispin Glover a quirky and lone man about thirty years old . He lives with her ill mother and amount of mouses into his home . He has got as enemy to the office chief . Rats will help him to revenge . The film will have to flee whom don't like the rats because they appear in everyone shots , close-ups , foreground and background of the flick . There are thousand rats and they have been made by animatronics and computer generator specials effects(FX). Acting by Crispin Glover is excellent , interpreting to Willard as a twisted mind is fantastic , likeness to Norman Bates/Anthony Perkins of Psychosis . R. Lee Ermey as the evil and villain chief is perfect such as his acting in ¨Full metal jacket¨ , Laura Elena Harring (Mulholland drive) is cute . Direction by Glen Morgan is nicely made , cinematography by Robert MacLachlan is first-rate and Shirley Walker's musical score is gorgeous. It's a remake to another 1971 film featured by Bruce Davison who only appears in photography as Willard's father into this 2003 film. Rating 6/10 , average . from Boston, MA 16 June 2004 Mr. Culkin should have taken the role that this movie offered him. For an actor who is trying to prove something to the industry in Hollywood, this movie is an excellent example. Crispin Glover has had a reputation in the film industry as a strong, yet weird actor. Many of the roles that he has received makes Crispin look crazy if not odd. Here, Crispin shows his serious and comic side. The movie alone holds up as a gritty thriller. A horror movie none-the-less, Willard is an interesting film that we don't see too often. A well made movie with decent production value, the cast adds to its greatness. Much like River's Edge, the audience is left wondering where Crispin Glover came from. No longer a young actor, Crispin has worked his way up to become a veteran performer and a good actor. Was the above review useful to you? 11 out of 14 people found the following review useful: Genre expectations tainted most viewers from Ohio, USA 25 March 2004 People who hated this movie went to see it with the preconceived notion that rats would be doing a lot bloodier leg work for Willard. What they got was a movie wherein Crispin Glover kisses his best rattie friend and slowly ambles toward insanity. Willard has flaws, and plenty of them, but they rarely detract from what is, at heart, a psychological parable and subtle love story. Crispin Glover's performance is one of his most genuinely human and believable, evoking ugly emotions rarely seen in Hollywood, while still retaining a manic kind of dignity. You can hardly fault New Line for marketing Willard as a horror flick, since that is what would inevitably sell better. But Willard is really more of a movie for people who genuinely like rats, not those who fear them. It's a movie for people who find greater horror in failure and abuse and solitude than buckets of blood and gore. Willard is the kind of movie that aims to make you uncomfortable, but not truly horrified. It uses few of the common elements of the horror movie, including graphic violence, deformity, fear of the unknown, and sudden, unexpected movement or loud noises to propel you from your seat. It is slow moving and subtle, and often uses crude humor to detract from the more creepy moments. It shows itself as a juvenile in those moments, a child who has put on his father's suit and is masquerading as a serious adult. It is much like the character of Willard, in that sense, and the coincidence is almost admirable. The movie is unquestionably more subtle, evocative, and well-crafted than its predecessor; it is also more faithful to the original novel, Ratman's Notebooks, than the version starring Bruce Davison. It's a dubious honor, some might say. Willard deserves no prizes, but it is well-made to be what it is... not a horror movie, nor a drama, nor a thriller. It's an intimate little movie about a boy and his rat, and it is all the better for it. Was the above review useful to you? Page 1 of 22:	Rat
Jason Vorhees is a fictional character, who uses a machete on his victims, in which series of films?	Pest Controller - TV Tropes Pest Controller You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share YMMV When you think of Attack Animal , you'll probably think of something big and/or badass, such as wolves, or tigers, or even dragons. Some people, however, have a kick with using... a certain creepier kind of creature. This trope is a Stock Superpower of pest manipulation (most common with insects, although rodents and arthropods and the like also counts here). The pest in question could be from little tiny life-eating bugs to more gigantic ones the size of buildings. Those who have this ability will often be portrayed as creepy themselves - they may be wicked, but they may just as often be just a decent, if quirky, fellow. Expect The Swarm and Zerg Rush to be their standard tactic. Sometimes the controller doesn't only control insects but is also made of them, in which case this overlaps with The Worm That Walks . They may also be Friend to Bugs (especially for the insects version), but not always. Subtrope of The Minion Master and Attack Animal . Super Trope to Bee Bee Gun ; bees are indeed among the most popular choice of insect, for many good reasons . Examples: open/close all folders Anime & Manga Get Backers has an entire race of this, the Kiryuudo race. They even have different "clans", where each clan control different type of bugs (one clan controls spiders, one clan controls butterflies, and so on). They're the Arch Enemy of the Maryuudo race, who controls more traditional beasts. Lutecia Alpine from Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha Striker S could control insects on muliple levels, even summon one as large as Kaiju monsters. Shino and the Aburame clan from Naruto allow chakra bugs to live inside their bodies while giving them control over said bugs. They mainly used the bugs to subdue their opponent quickly by sucking their chakra off their body. Another example is one of the Sound Four, Kidomaru, who can summon and control either a swarm of big spiders, or a Giant Spider . The clone of Jean Henri Fabre in the Read or Die OVA can control bees and other bugs. The giant grasshopper he rides is mechanical, but the smaller bugs seem to be normal, organic insects. The Taoist Shiki in Black Cat uses multiple insect-related attacks, such as with moths, bees, and he can even ride on a giant dragonfly. Friesia from The Seven Deadly Sins has the ability to control swarms of bugs. The Godhand member Conrad from Berserk is capable of using plague carrying rats. Tommyrod from Toriko . For bonus disturbing points, he keeps the eggs of his insects inside his stomach and hatches them at will, vomiting them at the enemy. Yes, this includes even the enormous insectoid chimera abominations many times the size of a human . Comic Books Marvel Comics . At one point in his superhero career Henry Pym went by the name Ant-Man and wore a helmet that could control ants. In the movie the helmet itself only facilitates breathing when shrunken. Ant commands are issued via a small device worn over the ear that translates thought waves into an olfactory signal the ants can act on. Parodied with Squirrel Girl : she has the uncanny ability to control squirrels. It is actually rather powerful since she has defeated many super powered beings with it, most notably Doctor Doom. The Movement : Jayden Revell aka the Mouse showed a closeness with rodents even as a baby, his parents were once horrified to find him sleeping soundly in his crib with rats. As he grew older, his learned to talk and control rats and mice. The Batman villain Ratcatcher, who trains and controls rats. PS238 has The Flea, who can talk to, see and hear through , and control insects. He's also extremely good at it. If he weren't Fun Personified he'd probably be absolutely terrifying. Films — Animated In The Nightmare Before Christmas , the Big Bad —Oogie Boogie—is an insect that controls other insects . His origin story reveals that he's the Anthropomorphic Personification of a forgotten holiday devoted to insects, meaning he's the embodiment of this trope. Films — Live-Action Giselle from Enchanted has a singing voice that can summon animals to aid her in housework chores ala Snow White. In the beautiful animated land of Andalasia, these animals are the sweet forest animals. In the real world of New York, these animals are cockroaches, pigeons, flies and rats . In Phenomena , Jennifer Connelly has the power to control insects, and uses corpse flies to assist in a murder investigation. Bruce Almighty has the eponymous character use his newly acquired "God-hood" to get revenge on a group of gang members who jumped him earlier in the film. When they refuse to apologize, he makes a monkey come out of the lead gang member's butt and spews a swarm of flies from his mouth, sending the others running away in panic. Literature In PC Hodgell 's Chronicles of the Kencyrath , a dozen or so of the students at Tentir, the military college, can "bind" animals. One (Gari) can control insects, another can control small rodents (mice and rats). The The Pied Piper of Hamelin is renowned for his Magic Music to enthrall rats. So much so that many similar characters found in other works are usually homages to him. Willard, in the original Ratman's Notebooks novel, the 1971 film entitled with his name , and the 2003 film remake, has a deep affinity for rats that he is able to command them to do his bidding. However, it is not total control as the rats tend to outright turn on him when they have a falling out with him. In Thomas Disch's The Roaches the main character discovered that she possessed the ability to telepathically communicate with and command cockroaches. Let's just say that it turned out to be not so good of a thing in the end... In one Homer Price story the town hires a pied piper type who uses a mechanical contraption to play the music in order to lead mice out of town. Homer and his friends decide to follow along and see what happens, but since Homer is Genre Savvy he has all the kids stuff cotton in their ears so they won't hear the music. Despite this, when the adults see the piper with a gaggle of kids following behind they fear the worst. The Big Bad of The Spiral Labyrinth by Matthew Hughes has an army of insects at its command. Under its control, they can even take down attacking dragons. In the Marla Mason series, Somerset—a former chief sorcerer of Felport—had the power to control hordes of rats and pigeons. Marla calls this " vermomancy ". Members of the Blue Ajah in The Wheel of Time are taught a technique to summon swarms of insects. They can even specify the type. While this potentially has lots of uses, in the books it's only seen used for pranks. Worm is a Web Serial Novel centred around Taylor, a teenager who can psychically command invertebrates, such as insects, arachnids, and crustaceans. She has lots of fine control over them, to the point where she can summon them unconsciously to aid her when under stress. Uses for the power include making a costume out of spider silk and threatening people with brown recluse spiders . Live Action TV Luna, the first Big Bad of the Chinese Pretty Cure Balala The Fairies , has the power to use insects, which come in handy in many tough problems. Mythology and Religion Beezelbub is literally "Lord of the Flies" and is attributed the power to both summon and dismiss pestilence and disease. Podcasts The Magnus Archives features Jane Prentiss, who emerges as the Big Bad of season 1. She (or the being using her body) commands masses of strange silver worms which infest more people and thus kill or enslave them. It is hinted that she may also control be able to control ordinary insects, spiders and other creepy-crawlies. Toys BIONICLE . There is a Kraata with the Insect Control ability. By extension, Makuta have this power as well. Tabletop Games In the both the Old and New World of Darkness game lines, many of the splats have powers that can allow them to control vermin. Vampires have the Animalism Discipline, werewolves and other shifters have Gifts, mages can use the Life Sphere, etc. Some of the splats even have a more intimate relationship with vermin, like the Nosferatu and Baali vampires, Ratkin wererats, Black Spiral Dancers werewolves, Fomors and Nephandi mages. Drycha Hamadreth from Warhammer: Age of Sigmar is able to command the swarms of centipede-esque squirmling spites that nest in her body to attack her enemies. She can also play host to the ravenous, beetle-like flitterfury spites that will attack anything, friend or foe, on their mistresses command. Druids and other spellcasters have long had access to spells that allow them to summon and direct swarms of insects and other pests in Dungeons & Dragons . Video Games This is a power that the ecaflip race from Dofus and especially Wakfu have. They can siphon HP from enemies using "fleeces" that can be as big as a hand. Webber from Don't Starve . He can control a very large number of spiders, and he is also a spider himself! Using the Insect Swarm plasmid, you yourself can pull this off in BioShock and BioShock2 . Web Comics Awful Hospital features this with the character "Maggie," who can command swarms of flies that form elemental attacks such as a lightning bolt , fireballs, and a protective bubble . Western Animation The Powerpuff Girls episode "Insect Inside". The villain Roach Coach can control an army of cockroaches. Played with since Roach Coach is revealed to be a roach himself, controlling a robotic suit made to look like a man ( the episode title is a bit of a give-away ). His ability to control roaches has less to do with being a superpower, and more to do with being a charismatic leader. Xiaolin Showdown has the Sheng Gong Wu, the Tongue of Saping, which allows the user to talk to insects and somewhat control them. Sometimes, it can work too well... Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated : The fake monster in " When The Cicada Calls " is able to control cicadas and is covered in a swarm as their disguise. Ben 10 "Side Effects": While redeveloping a dilapidated residential area, the workers run afoul of Clancy, homeless man who can control bugs who taken up residence in one of the buildings to be demolished. When the building is destroyed in a fight with Ben, he vows revenge. He then tries to causie a nuclear meltdown, planning to survive the blast with an armor made of cockroaches. He is eventually defeated after being frozen by heatblast (who was turned An Ice Person due to a cold) and his control over insects was disrupted by Max's homemade medicine. He later shows up as part of the Negative 10, somehow becoming an insect-human hybrid. The Rat King from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles tends to be depicted as having control over rats in some adaptations. In the first cartoon , he is initially capable of doing so via a flute ala The Pied Piper of Hamelin , and in later episodes he can do it psychically. In the 2003 and the 2012 cartoons, he is able to do so mentally from the start. From an episode of Extreme Ghostbusters , there is the Piper, an homage to The Pied Piper of Hamelin , who is capable of controlling pesky ghosts via his music. Subverted however though since he is actually a ghost himself who was scamming people, and the pesky ghosts he was controlling were actually a part of him. Confectioner Heinrich von Sugarbottom uses mind control juice injected via intelligent mosquitos to compel the local wildlife, including the visiting Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers , to transplant cacao trees closer to his Incan temple cum Secret Base in the CDRR episode "Chocolate Chips." Batman Beyond has Patrick Poundstone aka Ratboy from the episode, " Rats ", who can control the giant rats that live below Gotham He is a Stalker with a Crush to Dana Tan, Terry's Love Interest and kidnaps her. When she rebuffs him, he orders his rats to kill her but Batman manages to save her. Other people were not so lucky. Real Life In the modern military, as of 2010, bees are trained and used to search for explosives. It is only as of 2010 because at that moment a few corporations started to understand how to create bee hotels for that purpose. :: Indexes ::	i don't know
In the 1990 film ‘Misery’, what occupation does Paul Sheldon, played by James Caan, have?	Misery (1990) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error After a famous author is rescued from a car crash by a fan of his novels, he comes to realize that the care he is receiving is only the beginning of a nightmare of captivity and abuse. Director: a list of 45 titles created 26 Jun 2013 a list of 46 titles created 08 Dec 2013 a list of 46 titles created 21 May 2014 a list of 22 titles created 07 Jan 2015 a list of 38 titles created 3 months ago Search for " Misery " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 1 Oscar. Another 3 wins & 8 nominations. See more awards » Photos Carrie White, a shy, friendless teenage girl who is sheltered by her domineering, religious mother, unleashes her telekinetic powers after being humiliated by her classmates at her senior prom. Director: Brian De Palma Behind a young family's home in Maine is a terrible secret that holds the power of life after death. When tragedy strikes, the threat of that power soon becomes undeniable. Director: Mary Lambert In 1960, seven pre-teen outcasts fight an evil demon who poses as a child-killing clown. Thirty years later, they reunite to stop the demon once and for all when it returns to their hometown. Stars: Richard Thomas, Tim Reid, Annette O'Toole A big-city reporter travels to the small town where her mother has been arrested for the murder of an elderly woman that she works for as a maid. Director: Taylor Hackford Cujo, a friendly St. Bernard, contracts rabies and conducts a reign of terror on a small American town. Director: Lewis Teague Edit Storyline Best-selling novelist Paul Sheldon is on his way home from his Colorado hideaway after completing his latest book, when he crashes his car in a freak blizzard. Paul is critically injured, but is rescued by former nurse Annie Wilkes, Paul's "number one fan", who takes Paul back to her remote house in the mountains (without bothering to tell anybody). Unfortunately for Paul, Annie is also a headcase. When she discovers that Paul has killed off the heroine in her favorite novels, her reaction leaves Paul shattered (literally)... Written by Andrew Backhouse (andback74) Paul Sheldon used to write for a living. Now, he's writing to stay alive. See more » Genres: 30 November 1990 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia In 2015, "Misery" was adapted into a play starring Bruce Willis and Laurie Metcalf. Sixteen years before, in 1999, Ramón Langa, famous for being the Spanish Bruce Willis official dubber, starred on a theater adaptation alongside Beatriz Carvajal. See more » Goofs Annie's weight fluctuates from scene to scene. It is especially noticeable when Annie is setting up Paul's writing desk. She is much heavier here than in previous scenes. See more » Quotes Waitress : I just wanted to tell you I'm your number one fan. Paul Sheldon : That's... very sweet of you... Misery the Pig - Herself See more » Connections (L.A. CA) – See all my reviews Misery has to be the best adaptation of a Stephen King novel. A close runner up is Stand By Me, but for suspense and tension that just gets tighter and tighter, watch Misery. Kathy Bates can go from nice and cheerful to downright crazy like someone turning on a light switch. While watching James Caan suffer through the torture that Bates puts him through, you can't help but sympathize with the guy. Rob Reiner presents us with the problem, and he slowly escalates the tension and the dread that creeps over the movie. Even though the book was different in the "hobbling" process, Annie Wilkes' method of hobbling still gives me the chills whenever I watch it. 66 of 76 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Novelist
The 1992 film ‘Candyman’ is based on which short story by Clive Barker?	Amazon.com: Customer Reviews: Misery Customer Reviews 4.7 out of 5 stars 1,562 2 people found this helpful 5.0 out of 5 starsMisery Loves Company, and I Love Misery ByFat Paton October 11, 2016 This is essential viewing. It's a testament to the adage, "Less is more." Many horror movies suffer nowadays from being overstuffed with gore and scenes designed for shock (admittedly this movie has at least one truly horrifying scene involving violence). This is what horror is really all about. Two characters played by two amazing actors in a claustrophobic setting with an excellent premise. That's really all you need, and the rest plays out naturally. It's a tense and well constructed ride. I'd also like to add that with the rise of the Internet, fanbases have been more vocal in their disdain for creative minds (George Lucas comes to mind). This movies' themes seem even more relevant today than they were in 1990. It's definitely a film for the ages. 2.0 out of 5 starsAnd I love the actors ByJoey Billupson October 28, 2016 I know this is an important movie. And I love the actors. But I just didn't have the energy to endure all this angst and anger and torture for the hour plus it would have taken me to see it all. I remember when this movie was newer, and I didn't want to see it then. And, after all these years, I feel the same way. So...great movie. Great actors. Great everything about this movie. But, it just isn't for me. Format: DVD \| Verified Purchase This movie tells the story of author Paul Sheldon after a car crash has shattered his legs and a retired nurse named Annie Wilkes takes him to her home to recover. Unfortunately, for Paul, the esteemed Miss Wilkes is crazy as a loon and it becomes obvious pretty quickly that he's a prisoner, not a patient or a guest. I don't want to give away much of the plot, but she coerces him into writing a new novel just for her. One that will resurrect a character that Annie loves but that Paul had killed in his latest book. Paul's struggles with Annie to survive, write the book, keep his sanity, and escape are what form the core of the story. There have been so many mediocre to poor adaptations of Stephen King books that one tends to expect that any movie based on his work will be a waste of time. Misery is the rare exception that proves the rule because this is a taut, suspenseful movie. Kathy Bates won an Oscar for her portrayal of Annie Wilkes and she deserved it. Annie is truly insane and Bates nailed the transitions from the sweet and caring Annie to the psycho screamer with a hair trigger in a way that seemed so natural it's unlikely many actresses could have matched it. James Caan is equally good as the tortured Paul Sheldon even if his part is less compelling. Richard Farnsworth also has a nice supporting role in the movie as the town sheriff even if it is an addition to the book. Misery is a riveting movie that will keep you on the edge of your seat and make you squirm at the same time. As sadistic as this version of Annie is, the violence has actually been toned down from the book, but it's extremely intense all the same. This is not a gore splashed slasher film, but the tension between Annie and Paul is sky high and there is one scene, in particular, that is tough to watch. I don't recommend this for the faint of heart, but anyone else should dive in and enjoy one of the very best adaptations of the modern master of horror. Format: DVD \| Verified Purchase This movie tells the story of author Paul Sheldon after a car crash has shattered his legs and a retired nurse named Annie Wilkes takes him to her home to recover. Unfortunately, for Paul, the esteemed Miss Wilkes is crazy as a loon and it becomes obvious pretty quickly that he's a prisoner, not a patient or a guest. I don't want to give away much of the plot, but she coerces him into writing a new novel just for her. One that will resurrect a character that Annie loves but that Paul had killed in his latest book. Paul's struggles with Annie to survive, write the book, keep his sanity, and escape are what form the core of the story. There have been so many mediocre to poor adaptations of Stephen King books that one tends to expect that any movie based on his work will be a waste of time. Misery is the rare exception that proves the rule because this is a taut, suspenseful movie. Kathy Bates won an Oscar for her portrayal of Annie Wilkes and she deserved it. Annie is truly insane and Bates nailed the transitions from the sweet and caring Annie to the psycho screamer with a hair trigger in a way that seemed so natural it's unlikely many actresses could have matched it. James Caan is equally good as the tortured Paul Sheldon even if his part is less compelling. Richard Farnsworth also has a nice supporting role in the movie as the town sheriff even if it is an addition to the book. Misery is a riveting movie that will keep you on the edge of your seat and make you squirm at the same time. As sadistic as this version of Annie is, the violence has actually been toned down from the book, but it's extremely intense all the same. This is not a gore splashed slasher film, but the tension between Annie and Paul is sky high and there is one scene, in particular, that is tough to watch. I don't recommend this for the faint of heart, but anyone else should dive in and enjoy one of the very best adaptations of the modern master of horror. 0Comment \| One person found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Comment Format: DVD \| Verified Purchase My favorite part is when Kathy Bates screams hysterically: MISERY CHASTAIN CANNOT BE DEAD. Because it was so over-the-top and in-your-face. I also love the part during the high-impact climactic scene between Annie and Paul when she maliciously called him a: c-o-c-k sucker. OMG so funny!! IMHO, "Misery" is an updated version of the classic "What Ever Happened To Baby Jane" because Annie is just as nutty and attention-starved as Baby Jane Hudson. I don't think she had a specific obsession with Paul, instead, I think she was just obsessed with the idea of being near a warm body. She would have done this to anyone! But, Paul was absolutely the perfect victim to be kept hostage because he was such a normal, sane person who would never otherwise have been caught dead (pardon the pun) with Annie Wilkes. Kathy Bates very rightfully won the Academy Award for her portrayal of this whack-job. She did such a bang-up job. As a matter of fact, there's even times when I'm watching "Fried Green Tomatoes" (another favorite of mine) when I actually think for a split second that I see Annie Wilkes return! James Caan was just as perfect as Kathy Bates although he received considerably less fanfare. But it's always like that, isn't it? The kooks always get the sympathy and the limelight while the otherwise sane are forgotten about. You gotta love it! Format: DVD \| Verified Purchase MISERY is one of those movies that gets better with each screening. A genuine edge-of-your-seat, suspense nail-biter by Rob Reiner (STAND BY ME) based on the novel by Stephen King. James Caan in one of his best roles in recent memory pays hommage to Jimmy Stewart in REAR WINDOW. He's the bed/wheelchair-ridden Paul Sheldon, a romance novelist whose car crashes near a remote Colorado town in the dead of winter. He is saved and nursed to health by his so-called number 1 fan (Kathy Bates as Annie Wilkes) of his series of romance novels whose main character is a woman named 'Misery Chastain'. Annie Wilkes is one of moviedoms greatest characters in the history of cinema. Kathy Bates deserved her Oscar Winning Best Actress nod as the obsessed fan whose good Samaritan personality turns into that of jack the ripper. Her obsession with Sheldon and 'Misery' keeps him secretly locked up in her home to w(right) what was wronged (in her own obsessed opinion) to her favorite literary character. He is literally a prisoner forced to write while he is nursing his injuries. There are many memorable scenes in this film especially the 'hobbling' scene. Annie finds out that Paul has been sneaking out of his locked room and snooping around while she's out. In order to keep him at bay, she literally has to break his ankles. It is one of the most harrowing parts of the film. Caan and Bates are both excellent. However, the forgotten standout performance is that of Richard Farnsworth as Buster, the small town sheriff whose investigative tenacity of the disappearance of Paul Sheldon was another bright spot in the film. Overall, a well crafted suspense film with three outstanding performances, good direction, and great production values (the wide outdoor winter scenes were a great contrast to the claustophobic indoor scenes). 0Comment \| One person found this helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes No Report abuse Comment	i don't know
The plot of which 1999 film revolves around a giant, 30-foot long man-eating crocodile of Black Lake, Maine?	Lake Placid \| Horror Film Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Edit An officer of Maine Fish and Game researching American beaver populations is scuba diving in Black Lake, Aroostook County, Maine, when he is savagely attacked and bitten in half by something unseen in the water. A tooth is found in the diver's remains and, as it appears to be a prehistoric fossil, a request is made for assistance to the Natural History Museum in New York City. Paleontologist Kelly Scott (Bridget Fonda) gets the job, mainly because her boss, with whom she has had an office affair, wants her out of his way so that he can pursue another relationship with one of Kelly's co-workers. Upon arriving in Maine, Kelly informs Fish and Game officer Jack Wells (Bill Pullman) and Sheriff Hank Keough (Brendan Gleeson), who himself witnessed the fatal attack, that the tooth appears to be reptilian in nature, and is not a fossil, but something much more recent. They also meet Delores Bickerman (Betty White), one of few people living on the lake, who claims her husband was killed by something in the lake. Later that afternoon, a helicopter arrives at the camp where we are introduced to Hector Cyr (Oliver Platt), an eccentric mythology professor, flamboyant multi-millionaire and crocodile enthusiast who believes, despite Hank's intense skepticism, that the creature doing the attacks is indeed a crocodile. While the four are out exploring the lake, the creature is shown settling under Kelly and Hank's canoe. Hector's radar begins to pulsate as Kelly and Hank are thrown off their canoe and into the water. That night, due to his antagonistic nature and free spirit, Hector angers Hank and the two get into an argument. After the two are broken up, Kelly tells Jack and Hank that Hector believes crocodiles are godly creatures (since he's never been bitten by one). The next day Jack and Hector go diving in the lake to find the creature. After the two enter the water, a speaker producing the sound of baby crocs in distress is placed in the water. The creature is shown sneaking up on them. It pulls the boat anchor, but Hank orders his deputy Burke to cut the anchor cable and the boat escapes. Kelly falls overboard, but is saved just in time as the croc was preparing to attack. Jack and Hector come back up separately and while removing the speaker, Burke is attacked by the creature and his head is bitten off. Hank mourns the deputy and blames himself for his death. Hector's attempts to console him backfire and anger him, and they get into another fight. During the brawl, Hank chases Hector to the lakeside and as the others follow, a grizzly bear appears. Jack pulls Kelly out of the way, but the bear looms over them. Suddenly a giant crocodile leaps out of the water and drags the bear back into the lake. Kelly and Jack share a moment of awkward intimacy as Kelly dresses Jack's cut. Jack, Kelly, and Hank visit Delores again. They find her feeding the crocodile by bringing a blindfolded cow to the edge of the lake. Delores reveals to have been feeding the crocodile for six years after it followed her husband home and killed him. She is placed under house arrest for not telling the police what she knew when they visited her before. Hector has shared a relationship with one of Hank's deputies and decides to take her on a trip in the helicopter. Hector lands the helicopter in the cove where the crocodile lives. While he is diving it attacks him but he escapes by throwing an inflatable raft which it chases while they escape in the helicopter. On their return, Jack berates Hector for foolishly risking the life of the deputy. Hector sulks in his tent, where Kelly consoles him and he regains his confidence. Jack and Hank plan to allow Florida Fish and Game to kill the crocodile when they arrive, but Hector stops them and suggests instead that he lure it out of the water and drug it. Jack reluctantly accepts the proposal and they use one of Delores' cows, dangled from the helicopter, as bait. After a few hours of trying this without success, when they are about to give up the crocodile turns up and lunges at the cow. Hector pulls up, loses the cow, and crashes the helicopter into the lake. The crocodile then comes on land and attacks Jack and Kelly, and Kelly is knocked into the lake by its tail. When the crocodile approaches her, Hector tells her to swim to him and go underwater. The croc follows her underwater and she goes behind a tree to hide. She doesn't notice her foot gets stuck in a hole. She tries to swim but can't get out. The croc comes and shakes the tree and she gets free and swim above the surface to Hector. The croc then smashes through the cockpit and gets wedged in, trapping it and allowing Hector and Kelly to swim to the shore. Despite Hector and Kelly's protests to let the animal live, Jack grabs a gun from a deputy and shoots it, but the gun is revealed to be a tranquilizer rifle. As Hector comes out of the water, a second crocodile attacks him, but Hank blows it up with his grenade launcher. Florida Fish and Game arrive seconds later. They load the crocodile on a truck and take it to Portland, Maine until they can figure out what to do with it. Kelly and Jack also appear to start a relationship, the wounded Jack warmly tells Kelly, "I already miss the crocodile". The last scene shows Delores feeding bread crumbs to what appears to be many baby crocodiles implying the two adults were a mating pair. During the end credits, the surviving adult crocodile is seen tied to the back of a flat-bed truck speeding down a road. Cast Bill Pullman as Jack Wells Bridget Fonda as Kelly Scott Oliver Platt as Hector Cyr Brendan Gleeson as Sheriff Hank Keough Betty White as Mrs. Delores Bickerman David Lewis as Walt Lawson Tim Dixon as Stephen Daniels Natassia Malthe as Janine Mariska Hargitay as Myra Okubo Meredith Salenger as Deputy Sharon Gare Jed Rees as Deputy Burke Richard Leacock as Deputy Stevens Jake T. Roberts as Officer Coulson Warren Takeuchi as Paramedic Ty Olsson as State Trooper Production Edit The film was produced by Fox 2000 Pictures, Phoenix Pictures, and Rocking Chair Productions. The 30-foot (9.1 m) long crocodile was created by Stan Winston Studios. Almost the entire film was shot on location in remote locations in British Columbia, Canada, which stood in for the fictional locations of the film in the American State of Maine. Some scenes were shot in Vancouver and Surrey, B.C. Three different lakes stood in for the fictional "Black Lake"; these were Shawnigan Lake, Vancouver Island, B.C.; Buntzen Lake, Anmore, B.C.; and Hayward Lake, Mission, B.C. [4] Betty White's character is told that PETA would be interested to learn of her alleged mistreatment of her cows. In reality, Betty White is a major on-air spokesperson for PETA. Reception Edit Although Lake Placid was a financial success at the box office, critical reception was mixed. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 37% rating with the critical consensus being "Faux horror schtick fails to elicit any laughs or scares." [6] Roger Ebert described it as "completely wrong-headed from beginning to end". [7] Empire gave the film four out of five stars, saying "You can enjoy Placid as a straightforward camping-holiday nightmare, or as a sly, ironic take on the same. It works deliciously as both." [8] Sequels Edit Lake Placid 2, produced by Sony Pictures and the Sci Fi Channel, is a made-for-television movie aired as a Sci Fi Channel original movie on April 28, 2007. It has a completely different cast from the original film, although the setting is the same. The unrated DVD release of the film was distributed by 20th Century Fox and released on January 29, 2008. Lake Placid 3, produced by the Sci Fi Channel is a made-for-television horror film starring Colin Ferguson (Eureka). This sequel to the 2007 film, Lake Placid 2, and the 1999 film, Lake Placid, aired as a Sci Fi Channel original movie on August 21, 2010. [9] It was released as a DVD on October 26, 2010. Lake Placid 3 has 2 versions; The TV version was rated R, the DVD version was unrated and contains nudity. [10]	Lake Placid
Daniel Radcliffe stars as solicitor Arthur Kipps in which 2012 film?	Lake Placid (Film): Amazon.es: Frederic P. Miller, Agnes F. Vandome, John McBrewster: Libros en idiomas extranjeros Libros en idiomas extranjeros AÃ±adir a la Lista de deseos Â¿Tienes uno para vender? Volver atrÃ¡s Ir adelante Escuchar Reproduciendo... Interrumpido EstÃ¡s escuchando una muestra de la ediciÃ³n de audio Audible. Tapa blanda, 19 sep 2010 "Vuelva a intentarlo" DescripciÃ³n del producto Reseña del editor Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Lake Placid is a 1999 American/Canadian monster movie with elements of comedy, horror, romance and the buddy genre. It was written and produced by David E. Kelley, directed by Steve Miner, and stars Bill Pullman, Bridget Fonda, Brendan Gleeson, Oliver Platt, and Betty White. The plot revolves around two giant, 30-foot-long man-eating crocodiles which terrorize the fictional location of Black Lake, Maine, United States, and also follows the dysfunctional group who attempt to capture or destroy the creatures. The film was produced by Fox 2000 Pictures and Stan Winston Studios (which did the special effects for the creatures) and principal photography was shot in British Columbia, Canada. The film was distributed by 20th Century Fox and released in cinemas in the United States on July 16, 1999, and in the United Kingdom on March 31, 2000. Despite some good reviews, critical reception to the film was generally mixed to negative. However, the film was still a financial success at the box office and it spawned from two made-in-television sequels, Lake Placid 2 in 2007 and Lake Placid 3 in 2010. No es necesario ningÃºn dispositivo Kindle. DescÃ¡rgate una de las apps de Kindle gratuitas para comenzar a leer libros Kindle en tu smartphone, tablet u ordenador. Apple	i don't know
What type of fruit is a Comice?	Comice - USA Pears PEAR VARIETIES Comice Comice are among the sweetest and juiciest of all varieties of pears, and are a favorite in holiday gift boxes and baskets. Their flesh is silky soft, and can best be described as creamy in texture, abundantly full of juice, and very sweet. For many pear lovers, Comice is the pinnacle variety of pears. We’ve even seen knees buckle at first bite! FEATURED RECIPES Mulligatawny Soup with Chicken, Pears, and Coconut Tangy Pear Mojito Pear Rice Pudding with Maple and Candied Pecans Pear Compote with Earl Grey & Vanilla Roasted Pears with Camembert Pear and Cardamom Granita with Pistachio Biscotti PEARings Spicy Fish Tacos with Pear Mango Salsa Southwest Chicken and Pear Salad Pear-Stuffed French Toast identifying Comice Comice appear in all sizes, but their shape is unique among varieties; having a rotund body with a very short, well-defined neck. They are most often green in color, and sometimes have a red blush covering small to large areas of the skin surface. However, some newer strains are almost entirely red in color. The succulent Comice can grow to be very large, and the jumbo sized beauties are often the ones that appear in gift boxes. seasonality Although pears of all types have a popular association with the winter holidays, Comice have earned special recognition as the "Christmas Pear." They are often the stars in holiday gift baskets and boxes, purchased in grocery store produce departments. Many stores feature Comice during the holiday season, but don't limit yourself of this special variety to just holidays! You can find Comice pears in many grocery store produce departments for several months of the year. Comice can be purchased from September through March. Look for Northwest Comice pears in the fresh fruit section where you buy produce. ripening Any area of green color on the skin of Comice may take on a slight yellow hue as the fruit ripens, however color is not the best determination for ripeness. Check the Neck for Ripeness™ by applying gentle thumb pressure near the stem end, and when the fruit gives slightly, it is ready to eat. Because Comice have very fragile skins, the pears may appear to be bruised on the surface, but more often than not this does not indicate damage on the juicy interior. Take special care in handling the fruit even before it is ripe. Bruising may not be apparent right away, but can show their signs as the fruit ripens. culinary uses The sweet buttery flesh of Comice can find no better compliment than when served with cheese, especially soft ripening cheeses like Brie, Camembert, or any of the blues. It is the extreme juiciness of Comice, which coincidentally makes them a poor choice for any process requiring cooking, that earns them such high accolades for eating freshly sliced. Ripen a Comice pear, section it and serve with your favorite cheese. Comice aficionados know this combination well... others have yet to realize what they've been missing! Let your tastebuds be your guide! the history of Comice Known properly as Doyenné Du Comice, this French variety of pear was first propagated near Angers in the mid-1800's. The first red sports were discovered in the 1900's near Medford, Oregon. A "sport" is a rare, naturally occurring transformation that develops spontaneously on fruit trees. The first red sport of Comice, discovered in 1960, presented a somewhat striped pattern. A full-red sport was discovered about 10 years later, also in the Medford area LINKS	Pear
A Saturniid is what type of creature?	A Visual Guide to Pears \| Epicurious.com \| Epicurious.com A Visual Guide to Pears Learn how to distinguish European pears from Asian varieties Text by Esther Sung; photos by Chris Astley share print P ears can be divided into two simple categories: European and Asian. The former is what we typically think of: a smooth-skinned fruit with gentle bumps and curves in that typical bottom-heavy shape. Asian pears are uniform in color (yellowish-tan) and shaped more like apples, with a completely different texture and taste. Asian pears do not change color after being harvested, whereas some European ones do. While many of the pears presented in this guide can be found in your local supermarket, gourmet shop, or farmers' market, you can also order harder-to-locate varieties from online companies such as Harry & David and FruitGiftBasketsOnline.com . To grow your own pear trees, visit your local garden nursery or try an online nursery that specializes in fruit trees, such as Adams County Nursery and Van Well Nursery . For buying and preparation advice, check out our guide to cooking with pears . Forelle Characteristics: This pear is easy to identify due to its small size, an ovalish shape, smooth skin, and striking yellowish-green freckled skin, which turns a beautiful red as it ripens. Sweet and delicate, Forelles are an old European variety. Because of their sweetness and size, Forelles are a good fruit choice for young children's snacks. Bosc Pears Alternate Name: Kaiser Pears Characteristics: The Bosc pear stands a head taller than other pears with its elongated slender neck. Its brown skin has a relatively rough texture and can have hints of yellow or green. The pear's white flesh is sweet, crisp, and firm to the touch. If a recipe calls for poaching, Bosc pears are a good choice since they will keep their shape and not turn to mush. They're also good for eating raw and baking . Bartlett Alternate Names: Williams pear, Williams' Bon Chrétien pear Characteristics: Pictured is a fully-ripened yellow Bartlett; red Bartletts are also common throughout the U.S. Other than a difference in color, the two varieties share many qualities: a delicate thin skin, a sweet taste, and a bite that's juicy and soft. The Bartlett is an old pear variety, first developed in the late 1700s in the United States. Bartletts used to make up most of America's pear production (they have since given way to Anjou and Boscs), and they are still the most popular variety in the country. Most canned and processed pears (purées, juices) are made from Bartletts. Use the Bartlett when baking. Taylor's Gold Alternate Names: Gold Pear, Taylor's Golden Characteristics: Related to the Comice pear, this large New Zealand pear is almost round and has a golden-brown skin. Its sweet juicy flesh is so smooth that it almost melts in your mouth. This is a good pear for making jams, jellies, and sauces. Anjous Pictured, left to right: Green Anjou, Red Anjou Alternate Names: Anjou, d'Anjou, Beurre d'Anjou Characteristics: Of the two types of Anjou pears, the green is easier to find, although red Anjous are gaining ground. Short, squat, and very plump, these pears look as if they almost have no neck—giving them an egglike appearance. Both varieties have a smooth skin with flesh that's juicy and firm. Green Anjous stay green, even when fully ripened. These are best eaten raw. Asian Alternate Names: nashi pear, Japanese pear, Korean pear, Taiwan Pear, sand pear, apple pear Characteristics: This apple-shaped pear is unusual in many regards. First, it has a very unpearlike shape. Second, the skin's texture is a little gritty and not as soft as that of other pears. Third, the flesh isn't especially juicy (relatively speaking) and has a crispness that borders on crunchy. Fourth, it lacks a typical "pear" flavor. And finally, unlike many fruits, the Asian pear is ripe when it's firm, not when it becomes more pliable to the touch. Take advantage of the Asian pear's characteristics by eating it raw and in salads and slaws . Comice Alternate Names: Doyenne du Comice, Christmas pear Characteristics: Pictured here is a red Comice, a variety of Comice pears that is still relatively new on the market (first found in the orchard in the 1970s). Like the Anjou, the Comice is also available in green. Both red and green Comice pears have skin that breaks very easily, and they are very sweet, creamy textured, and juicy. It's popular in holiday gift fruit baskets, so it has become known as the "Christmas pear." These pears aren't ideal for poaching because of their relatively delicate nature and juiciness, but they're great for baking and eating with cheese. Highly prized by the French, enjoy this pear with a good French Brie or another soft creamy fromage.	i don't know
A polynya is a stretch of open water surrounded by what?	Polynya - definition of polynya by The Free Dictionary Polynya - definition of polynya by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/polynya Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . po·lyn·ya An area of open water surrounded by sea ice. [Russian polyn'ya, from polyĭ, open, hollow; see pelə-2 in the Appendix of Indo-European roots.] polynya (ˈpɒlənˌjɑː) n (Physical Geography) a stretch of open water surrounded by ice, esp near the mouths of large rivers, in arctic seas [C19: from Russian, from poly open, hollowed-out] po•lyn•ya an area of open sea water surrounded by ice. [1850–55; < Russian polyn'yá, Old Russian polynĭi=pol(ŭ) empty, open + -ynĭi n. suffix] ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: 1. polynya - a stretch of open water surrounded by ice (especially in Arctic seas) body of water , water - the part of the earth's surface covered with water (such as a river or lake or ocean); "they invaded our territorial waters"; "they were sitting by the water's edge" Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: water References in periodicals archive ? Indicative of what will happen as temperatures rise and sea ice disappears, this thread of open water, also called a polynya, is literally on the front line of climate change. Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.	Sea ice
In British politics, who had the nickname ‘The Beast of Bolsover’?	Polynya synonyms, polynya antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com Polynya synonyms, polynya antonyms - FreeThesaurus.com http://www.freethesaurus.com/polynya Also found in: Dictionary , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . noun a stretch of open water surrounded by ice (especially in Arctic seas) Related Words Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Write what you mean clearly and correctly. References in periodicals archive ? Polynyas play a crucial role in energy exchange and ice formation, so the occurrence of one inevitably draws the attention of researchers. Mathematician on Ice Now, however, a study led by researchers from McGill University suggests a new explanation: The 1970s polynya may have been the last gasp of what was previously a more common feature of the Southern Ocean, and which is now suppressed due to the effects of climate change on ocean salinity. Criscitiello is exploring the relationship between the two phenomena, as well as another factor that may be playing an important role: polynyas. Polynyas, a Russian word meaning "natural ice holes," are patches of open ocean surrounded by sea ice. 2000 An Active Year in Government Relations For example, Moore and Reeves (1993:315-319) report: "Much of the Bering Sea bowhead stock overwinters in polynyas and along the edges of the pack ice in the western and central Bering Sea. Distribution and abundance of Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus, on the Asian Coast, 1720's-2005 The majority of the Bering Sea population appear to spend the winter in ice-free areas of the Bering Sea, while some may overwinter in polynyas of the Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea, and in the Gulf of Anadyr and Bristol Bay (Hazard, 1988; Frost and Lowry, 1990).	i don't know
Avian influenza affects which type of creatures?	WHO \| Animal influenza Animal influenza Human and animal influenza Influenza is a disease common to man and a limited number of lower animal species mainly horses, pigs, domestic and wild birds, wild aquatic mammals such as seals and whales, minks and farmed carnivores. There are 3 types of influenza viruses A, B and C. Types B and C are human viruses mainly affecting young children and causing a mild disease. Type A virus is the important type as far as cross-species infections are concerned. Influenza type A is distributed worldwide and usually causes a mild respiratory disease in humans and animals. Human influenza epidemics due to new epidemic strains occur at regular intervals of 2 to 3 years and affect mainly elderly people. However, influenza is a potentially devastating disease in both humans and animals thereby very important for both human and veterinary medicine. Pandemics are major epidemics characterized by the rapid spread of a novel type of virus to all areas of the world resulting in an unusually high number of illnesses and deaths in humans in most age groups. Three pandemics of human influenza have affected the world population (1918, 1957 and 1968). The most infamous pandemic was “Spanish Flu” which is thought to have killed at least 40 million people in 1918-1919. Birds, especially aquatic birds represent a vast reservoir of type A influenza viruses. These viruses have the capacity to spread to many lower mammalian species and sometimes cause high morbidity and mortality. A small number of cases of animal influenza in humans has been described in the past. In these cases the virus originated from pigs, seals, ducks and chicken. Avian influenza In birds, highly pathogenic avian influenza is an extremely contagious and aggressive disease that causes rapid systemic illness and death in susceptible birds. Domestic chickens and turkeys are most severely affected; mortality in these birds often exceeds 50%. From 1959 to 2003 only 21 outbreaks occurred worldwide, mainly in the Americas and Europe. Although all had serious consequences for the poultry industry, most remained geographically circumscribed. After its first detection in 1996 in Guangdong, a province of China, the disease broke out in Hong Kong in 1997. In the beginning of 2003 mortality in wild and domestic birds in East and South-East Asia extended; an epidemic started. From the recent findings it can be assumed that interspecies transmission of influenza A viruses occurs more frequently than we think, mainly from birds to mammalian species. 41 human deaths have been confirmed in this region since the start of the epidemic till 28 January 2005. Although the outbreaks in poultry have weakened economies and jeopardized food security, the greatest concern for human health is the risk that present conditions could give rise to an influenza pandemic.	Bird
Bubble Eye, Shubunkin and Oranda are all types of which creature?	USGS National Wildlife Health Center - Avian Influenza Wildlife Chart Influenza A virus (A/ostrich/HeNan/14/2002(H5N1)) nucleoprotein (NP) gene, partial cds. Chart Bibliography: Chen, H., Smith, G.J.D., Zhang, S.Y., Oin, K., Wang, J., Li. K.S., Webster, R.G., Peiris, J.S.M., and Guan, Y. 2005, H5N1 virus outbreak in migratory waterfowl: Nature online, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature03974.html , accessed 07/06/05 Chen, H., Deng, G., Li, Z., Tian, G., Li, Y., Jiao, P., Zhang, L., Liu, Z., Webster, R.G., and Yu, K., 2004, The evolution of H5N1 influenza viruses in ducks in southern China: PUBMED online, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15235128 , accessed 06/20/05. Ellis, T.M., Bousfield, R.B., Bisset, L.A., Dyrting, K.C., Luk, G., Tsim, S.T., Sturm-Ramirez, K., Webster, R.G., Guan, Y., and Peiris, J.S. 2004, Avian Pathology v.33(5), p.492-505. Govorkava, E.A., Rehg, J.E., Krauss, S., Yen, H., Guan, Y., Peiris, M., Nguyen, T.D., Hanh, T.H., Puthavanthana, P., Long, H.T., Buranathai, C., Lim, W., Webster, R.G., and Hoffman, E. 2004, Lethality to ferrets of H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from humans and poultry in 2004: Journal of Virology online, http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/79/4/2191 , accessed 06/21/05. Guan, Y., Peiris, M., Kong, K.F., Dyrting, K.C., Ellis, T.M., Sit, T., Zhang, L.J., and Shortridge, K.F. 2001. H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from geese in Southeastern China: Evidence for genetic reassortment and interspecies transmission to ducks: Virology v.292, pg. 16-23. Keawcharoen, J., Oraveerakul, K., Kuiken, T., Fouchier, R., Amonsin, A., Payungporn, S., Noppornpanth, S., Wattanodorn, S., Theamboonlers, A., Tantilertcharoen, R., Pattanarangsan, R., Arya, N., Ratanakorn, P., Osterhaus, A., and Poovorawan, Y. 2004, Avian influenza H5N1 in tigers and leopards: Center for Disease Control (CDC) online, http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol10no12/04-0759.htm , accessed 06/21/05. Kuiken, T., Rimmelzwaan, G.F., Van Amerongen, G., and Osterhaus, A. 2003, Pathology of human influenza A (H5N1) virus infection in cynomologus macaques (Macaca fascicularis): Veterinary Pathology online, http://www.vetpathology.org/cgi/content/short/40/3/304 , accessed 06/21/05. Kuiken, T., Rimmelzwaan, G., van Riel, D., van Amerongen, G., Baars, M., Fouchier, R., and Osterhaus, A. 2004: Avian H5N1 influenza in cats: PUBMED and Science online, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15345779&dopt=Abstract , accessed 06/20/05. Liu, J., Xiao, H., Lei, F., Zhu, Q., Qin, K., Zhang, X., Zhang, X., Zhao, D., Wang, G., Feng, Y., Ma, J., Liu, W., Wang, J., and Gao, F. 2005, Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection in migratory birds: Science online, www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1115273/DC1 , accessed 07/11/05. *Zhang, Xiaowei and Zhang, Xinglin Mase, M., Tsukamoto, K., Imada, T., Imai, K., Tanimura, N., Nakamura, K., Yamamoto, Y., Hitomi, T., Kira, T., Nakai, T., Kiso, M., Horimoto, T., Kawaoka, Y., and Yamaguchi, S. 2005. Characterization of H5N1 influenza A viruses isolated during the 2003-2004 influenza outbreaks in Japan: Virology v.332 pg.167-176. Perkins, L.E.L, and Swayne, D.E. 2002, Pathogenicity of a Hong Kong origin H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus for emus, geese, ducks and pigeons: Avian Diseases v.46, pg.53-63. Perkins, L.E.L., and Swayne, D.E. 2003, Comparative susceptibility of selected avian and mammalian species to Hong Kong-origin H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus: Avian Diseases v.47, pg.956-967. Thanawongnuwech, R., Amonsin, A., Tantilertcharoen, R., Damrongwatanapokin, S., Theamboonlers, A., Payungporn, S., et al.2005, Probable tiger-to-tiger transmission of avian influenza H5N1: Emerging Infectious Diseases online, http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol11no05/05-0007.htm , accessed 06/20/05. 1. Report of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Infection Route Elucidation Team, Food Safety and Consumer Bureau, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Tokyo, Japan. June 30, 2004. Kwon YK, Joh SJ, Kim MC, Lee YJ, Choi JG, Lee EK, Wee SH, Sung HW, Kwon JH, Kang MI, and Kim JH. 2005, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Magpies (Pica pica sericea) in South Korea: J Wildl Dis. v.41, pg618-23. ProMED 20051021.3075; 20051022.3085.	i don't know
On a standard dartboard, which number lies between 13 and 18?	The Dartboard Sequence The Dartboard Sequence The arrangement of the numbers around the circumference of a standard dart board is as shown below 20 1 18 4 13 6 10 15 2 17 3 19 7 16 8 11 14 9 12 5 Oddly enough, no one seems to know for sure how this particular arrangement was selected. It evidently dates back at least 100 years. Some say the pattern was devised by a carpenter named Brian Gamlin in 1896, while others attribute it to someone named Thomas William Buckle in 1913, but both of these attributions are relatively recent, and neither can be traced back to a contemporary source. Also, although it's clear that the numbers are ordered to mix the large and small together, and possibly to separate numerically close values as far as possible (e.g., 20 is far from 19), no one seems to know of any simple criterion that uniquely singles out this particular arrangement as the best possible in any quantitative sense. It may be just an accident of history that this particular arrangement has been adopted as the standard dart board format. It's interesting to consider various possible criteria for choosing a circular arrangement of the first n positive integers. In order to get as "flat" a distribution as possible, we might try to minimize the sum of the squares of each k consecutive terms. For example, setting k = 3, the standard dard board sequence gives (20+1+18)^2 + (1+18+4)^2 + (18+4+13)^2 + ... + (5+20+1)^2 = 20478 Apparently the standard board layout described above is called the "London" dart board, and there is another, less common, version called the "Manchester" dart board, which has the sequence 20 1 16 6 17 8 12 9 14 5 19 2 15 3 18 7 11 10 13 4 for which the sum of squares of each set of three consecutive numbers is 20454, just slightly less than the London arrangement. In contrast, if we were to arrange the numbers by just inter-weaving the largest and smallest numbers like this 20 1 19 2 18 3 17 4 16 5 15 6 14 7 13 8 12 9 11 10 the resulting sum of squares of each 3 consecutive elements is 20510, so the standard dart boards are, in this sense, more flat distributions. Needless to say, all of these arrangements are much more flat than the natural monotonic sequence 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 which has a sum of 24350. By the way, note that if the sum of the squares of every sum of three consecutive numbers for a given arrangement is S, then we can form another arrangement with the same sum simply by taking the "21-complement", i.e., subtracting each number from 21. For example, the complement of the standard London arrangement is 1 20 3 17 8 15 11 6 19 4 18 2 14 5 13 10 7 12 9 16 which has the same sum (20478) as the London arrangement. This works because if we begin with an arrangement a,b,c,d,... having the sum S = (a+b+c)^2 + (b+c+d)^2 + (c+d+e)^2 + ... and replace each of the numbers a,b,c,... with 21-a, 21-b, 21-c,... respectively, the sum S' of this complementary arrangement is S' = [(21-a)+(21-b)+(21-c)]^2 + [(21-b)+(21-c)+(21-d)]^2 + ... = [63-(a+b+c)]^2 + [63-(b+c+d)]^2 + ... = S + 20(63)^2 - 2(63)[(a+b+c)+(b+c+d)+...] Each of the numbers from 1 to 20 appears three times in the summation inside the square brackets in the last term, so that summation equals 630, and hence S' = S. (The same identity applies to the N+1 complement for sums of squares of every sum of k consecutive terms of a circular arrangement of the first N integers.) How would we go about finding the circular arrangement of the integers 1 to 20 that gives the smallest sum of squares of every sum of three consecutive numbers? One possible approach would be to begin with the monotonic arrangement and then check each possible transposition of two numbers to see which one gives the lowest result. Then make that change and repeat the process, at each stage always choosing the transposition that gives the steepest reduction in the sum. This "greedy algorithm" produces arrangements with the following sums (of squares of each 3 consecutive terms around the cycle): 24350 21650 20678 20454 20230 20110 19990 19970 19950 19946 19938 19936 19930 19926 19918 Once it reaches the arrangement with the sum 19918, no further transposition of two numbers gives any reduction in the sum. Of course, this doesn't imply that 19918 is the minimum possible sum, it simply means that it is a "local" minimum. We might try to make our search algorithm more robust by considering all possible permutations of THREE numbers at each stage. (This includes permutations of two, since some of the permutations of three numbers leave one of the numbers fixed.) Applying the greedy algorithm to permutations of any three numbers gives dartboard arrangements with the sums 24350 21542 20362 20098 19978 19954 19942 19930 Once we reach 19930, no further permutation of three numbers gives any reduction in the sum. Interestingly, this doesn't even produce as low a result as the simple transpositions, and it illustrates the fact that a local minimum need not be a global minimum. By applying permutations of three elements, the algorithm is too greedy and enters a region of the configuration space that cannot be extended by such permutations, whereas the transpositions follow a less-steep path that leads them ultimately to a lower level. Expanding our algorithm to examine all permutations of FOUR numbers, we get a sequence of dartboard arrangements with the following sums: 24350 20678 20190 19974 19932 19918 19910 19908 19902 19900 19896 19894 Thus we arrive at the lowest sum we've seen so far, but of course this is still just a local minimum, with no guarantee that it is the lowest possible sum. Expanding our algorithm to take the best of all the permutations of FIVE number at each stage, we get the sequence of dartboard arrangements 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 6 2 19 4 5 16 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 3 17 18 1 20 1 2 19 9 5 18 7 8 16 10 11 12 4 14 15 3 17 13 1 20 10 2 19 9 5 18 7 8 16 6 11 15 4 14 13 3 17 12 1 20 These arrangements have the sums 24350, 20406, 19992, and 19874 respectively. By applying various combinations of these algorithms to various initial arrangements, we can often arrive at the ultimate sum 19874, but never to any lower sum. However, there appear to be three distinct arrangements with this sum (up to rotations and reflections). Each of them has 1 adjacent to 20, so to compare the arrangements directly we will rotate and reflect them if necessary so that they begin with 20 and 1. With this convention, the three minimal sequences, labeled (a), (b), and (c), are (a) 20 1 11 19 2 12 16 3 14 13 5 15 10 6 17 7 8 18 4 9 (b) 20 1 11 18 2 13 15 4 14 12 5 16 9 7 17 6 8 19 3 10 (c) 20 1 12 17 3 13 14 4 15 11 6 16 8 7 18 5 9 19 2 10 The differences between the (a) and (b) sequences, and between the (c) and (b) sequences, are shown below: 0 0 0 1 0 -1 1 -1 0 1 0 -1 1 -1 0 1 0 -1 1 -1 0 0 1 -1 1 0 -1 0 1 -1 1 0 -1 0 1 -1 1 0 -1 0 Interestingly, if we reverse the order of the lower differences and then rotate two places to the right, the result is exactly the negative of the upper differences. This is because the (a) and (c) arrangements are the 21-complements of each other (as defined above). The (b) arrangement is "self-dual", i.e., it is its own complement. We also note that (a) and (b) differ by the transpositions (3,4) (6,7) (9,10) (12,13) (15,16) (18,19) whereas (b) and (c) differ by the transpositions (3,2) (6,5) (9,8) (12,11) (15,14) (18,17) Thus the three minimal sequences differ from each other by permutations of six numbers, and no permutations of just five or fewer numbers can transform one of these to the others using the greedy algorithm, if we require the sum to drop or remain constant on each permutation. But if we allow permutations of six numbers it becomes possible to oscillate between these three arrangements in steps with constant sums. This is an interesting example of "symmetry breaking". At lower "energies" (permutations of fewer terms) every sequence of arrangements progresses to one of several different possible stable limiting arrangements, but at higher "energies" (permutations of more terms) these asymptotic arrangements can transform into each other, so the sequence can oscillate between them. (Of course, if we allow permutations of all 20 terms at once, then any arrangement can be transformed to any other in a single step.) Despite the extensive numerical evidence, and the apparently unique symmetry of the (a), (b), and (c) arrangements, one could still question whether our search algorithm based on permutations of five elements is guaranteed to find the global minimum. To prove that the three arrangements (a),(b),(c) presented above are indeed the absolute minimal solutions, note that the sum of the sums of three consecutive elements must be 630, which is three times the sum of the integers from 1 to 20. If we didn't require integer values, the minimal solution would be given by uniformly distributing this, so each sum of three consecutive terms would be 31.5, but since we require integer values, this is ruled out. We could consider arrangements such that every sum of three consecutive terms is either 31 or 32, but it's easy to see that this cannot lead to an acceptable solution. Notice that the two consecutive 3-sums for the four elements n1,n2,n3,n4 are n1+n2+n3 and n2+n3+n4, so if the two 3-sums are equal, it follows that n4=n1, and hence this is not an acceptable solution (the 20 elements are distinct). Similarly we can show that two 3-sums can't alternate more than twice. Hence the flattest possible arrangements that are not ruled out by these simple considerations must have more than two distinct values for the 3-sums Indeed the solutions with 19874 consist of the 3-sum values 30, 31, 32, and 33 with valences 6,4,4,6 respectively. These 3-sums for the (a), (b) and (c) arrangements are as shown below (a) 32 31 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 (b) 32 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 31 (c) 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 33 30 32 33 30 31 32 31 By examining each sequence of the values 30, 31, 32, and 33, checking to see which ones correspond to 3-sums of the integers 1 to 20, we find that indeed the only viable sequences are those corresponding to the arrangements (a), (b), and (c). Thus these are the circular arrangements of the integers 1 through 20 such that the sum of squares of every 3 consecutive terms has the smallest possible value, namely 19874. (If we evaluate the sum of squares of every three consecutive elements of these 3-sum sequences we find that they yield 178614, 178618, and 178614 respectively.) The (a), (b), and (c) sequences each consist of three interleaved arithmetic progressions. If we designate the position of each number by the integers modulo 20, then the positions of the values are as shown in the table below. positions modulo 20 values (a) (b) (c) 3k+1 -3k-3 6k 6k k = 0 to 6 3k+2 6k 6k+3 -3k-3 k = 0 to 6 3k+3 6k+3 -3k-3 6k+3 k = 0 to 5 By the way, to find the arrangement that maximizes (rather than minimizes) the sum, it's fairly intuitive that we would cluster the largest numbers together as tightly as possible. This leads to the arrangement 20 19 17 15 13 11 9 7 5 3 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 which has the sum 25406. Indeed this is the highest sum I've found using the greedy algorithm with permutations of 2, 3, 4, and 5 elements (selecting the highest rather than the lowest at each stage), although it's interesting that there are many initial arrangements from which this algorithm does not lead to this global maximum. In general if H(n,k) and L(n,k) are the highest and lowest sums of squares of every k consecutive elements in a circular arrangement of the first n positive integers, are the values of H(n,k) and L(n,k) well known and/or easily computed? Another possible way of "optimizing" the arrangement of the numbers 1 through 20 on a dart board would be to minimize the sum of the squares of every sum of TWO (rather than three) consecutive numbers. In general, I think the minimum sum of squares of every sum of two consecutive numbers in a cyclical arrangement of the integers 1 through N is S_min(N) = N^3 + 2N^2 + 2N - j where j is 1 if N is odd, and j is 2 if N is even. For the particular case N=20 this formula gives a minimum sum of 8838. For even N the minimum arrangement has the odd and even numbers restricted to separate halfs of the cycle, as illustrated below for N=20 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 19 17 15 13 11 12 14 16 18 20 For odd N the minimum arrangement is very simple, as shown below for N=19. 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 This raises some interesting questions. Given any circular arrangement of the integers 0 through n-1, let S denote the sum of squares of every sum of two contiguous numbers, and let v(n) denote the number of distinct values of S for all n! possible arrangements. Following is a table of the number of distinct values of v(n) n v(n) ----- --------- 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 3 5 8 6 21 7 43 8 69 9 102 10 145 Hugh Montgomery, A. M. Odlyzko, and Bjorn Poonen developed a very nice approach to this problem, showing that the general term with n>6 is given by / (n^3 - 16n + 27)/6 if n is odd v(n) = ( \ (n^3 - 16n + 30)/6 if n is even A whole family of interesting sequences can be produced by generalizing the definition as follows: Given any circular arrangement of the integers 0 through n-1, let S denote the sum of the qth powers of every sum of k contiguous numbers. Then let v(q,k,n) denote the number of distinct values of S for all possible arrangements. With this nomenclature, the previous sequence is denoted as v(2,2,n). Of course, we have v(1,k,n) = 1 for all k and n, because the sum of the 1st powers is independent of the arrangement. We also have v(q,1,n) = 1 because the sum of any fixed power of the individual numbers is also independent of the arrangement. Also, for fixed values of q and n, the function v is PERIODIC in k. Another generalization is to add some constant integer j to each of the numbers 0 to n-1. Thus, the general function has four indices, v(q,k,j,n). Notice that v is independent of j for q<3, but for larger values of q, j becomes significant. Can v(q,k,j,n) be expressed in closed form as a function of the indices? Which other integer sequences are contained in this family? Which continuous functions (e.g., sin(x), cos(x), exp(x), etc) can be approximated by sequences of this form?	four
What is the profession of Bill Murray’s character in the 1993 film ‘Groundhog Day’?	Standard Normal Distribution Table Standard Normal Distribution Table It is a Normal Distribution with mean 0 and standard deviation 1. It shows you the percent of population: between 0 and Z (option "0 to Z") less than Z (option "Up to Z") greater than Z (option "Z onwards") It only display values to 0.01% The Table You can also use the table below. The table shows the area from 0 to Z. Instead of one LONG table, we have put the "0.1"s running down, then the "0.01"s running along. (Example of how to use is below) Z Example: Percent of Population Between 0 and 0.45 Start at the row for 0.4, and read along until 0.45: there is the value 0.1736 And 0.1736 is 17.36% So 17.36% of the population are between 0 and 0.45 Standard Deviations from the Mean. Because the curve is symmetrical, the same table can be used for values going either direction, so a negative 0.45 also has an area of 0.1736 Example: Percent of Population Z Between -1 and 2 From −1 to 0 is the same as from 0 to +1: At the row for 1.0, first column 1.00, there is the value 0.3413 From 0 to +2 is: At the row for 2.0, first column 2.00, there is the value 0.4772 Add the two to get the total between -1 and 2: 0.3413 + 0.4772 = 0.8185 So 81.85% of the population are between -1 and +2 Standard Deviations from the Mean.	i don't know
The controversial Boruca Dam is in which South American country?	Boruca Dam \| Lessons from World Travels Lessons from World Travels Insights from Arcadia University Students: Both Graduate International Peace & Conflict Resolution and Undergraduate Posts Tagged With: Boruca Dam Posted on January 26, 2013 by mwierzel It is difficult writing and reflecting on this incredible trip while holed up in tonight’s snow, but the warm feelings evoked from the pictures that follow are certainly helping keep the cold away. But first, here are the five questions I put forth before departure with what answers I found in Costa Rica. 1. What are the corporate and international monetary ties to the dam? There are a few monetary ties to the dam, most notably that of the Costa Rican government through ICE. We discovered while at one of our hotels in Costa Rica that the energy generated by the dam in Boruca (since shifted to a new location higher up the mountain that would impact fewer people, but still displace many of the Teribe) would not serve the native Borucans or even any Costa Ricans (José Carlos, personal communication, January 9, 2013).. It would be sold by the government as revenue to other Central and South American nations. From the government’s stakeholder perspective, increased revenue would be a boon for a developing nation that seeks to continue to grow and develop. 2. Have there been any inter-group conflicts among the indigenous groups that delayed mediation? According to José Carlos, there is not complete, widespread organization among the eight largest indigenous peoples who would be affected. They are the Bribri, Cabecar, Brumca, Ngobe, Huetar, Maleka, Chonotega, and Teribe (personal communication, January 9, 2013). From José Carlos’ lecture, it is apparent that some people are selling their land to ICE because of the money they receive or because a family member on whom they depend for income works for ICE. So while it appears that there is not large-scale conflict within indigenous groups, there is not complete consensus either (José Carlos, personal communication, January 9, 2013). 3. Which cultural landmarks are threatened by the dam problem? The dam would no longer directly threaten Boruncan land (José Carlos, personal communication, January 9, 2013) but it would still impact members of its neighboring tribe the Teribe. Cultural legacies like medicinal plants and sacred sites would be destroyed by the new dam project in Teribe territory. Additionally, “300 places of archeological significance are located in the affected area” according to Elon University student research on the Teribe. The land and water that comprise the tribe’s home are an integral part of their identities, so this is an issue greater than simply who can own a measurable square footage of land – cultural identity is at stake. 4. How is any UN or World Bank involvement perceived by all stakeholders? I did not get an answer to this question directly, however from the readings we were given and José Carlos’ talk about how some people’s land was illegally taken or purchased leads me to believe that the indigenous people would not be sympathetic to World Bank intrusions, especially when its actions prompt the removal of people from their ancestral homes. The UN’s involvement on behalf of indigenous people via ILO-169 it appreciated, though (José Carlos, personal communication, January 9, 2013). There was also movement to bring up racial discrimination against the Térraba people in the formal UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. The government and ICE welcome the World Bank as a means for additional funding and prestige; however, the work sections of the UN are doing now for the indigenous people is likely not well-loved. This dam project (or some iteration of it) has been in the works for over 30 years, so ICE would like to see some movement on it soon. 5. Are other nations waiting on the outcome of this conflict to use as precedent for similar issues in their own countries? I likewise did not get a clear understanding of this question, since most of the discussion topics centered around José Carlos’ history and work experience. However, from what I could glean from the readings, there do not appear to be nations explicitly awaiting this case before moving on similar projects in their own countries. This is not to say that other nations are not paying attention to how the proceedings impact human rights law, but it looks like in regards to this dam project in particular, there is no country waiting on its outcome. Now for a few selected memories from the trip! Above is where we stayed in Boruca, the ladies to the right and gentlemen to the left. I can now proudly say I’ve lived in a thatch house for a few nights! In all honesty, though, it was rather comfortable – we had bunk beds inside with linnens, so it didn’t feel campy at all. I loved the sounds and smells of our little area as well – one night, I awoke to what sounded like flutes playing all around the campsite. I don’t know what kind of creature produced such a melody, but a piece of me likes to believe it was the spirits of the forest watching over us. This was the alter of the opening cleansing ceremony we participated in. We all held hands in a circle, left hand palm down and right hand palm up to signify that we each must give and take in life. We were reminded about our spiritual connections to one another regardless of one’s faith, and then cleansed with a mixture of incenses. It felt wonderful to feel at once so close to nature, the group, and oneself. We ate so well while we were there! The green stalks in the foreground are actually a part of a vine indigenous to the area. It was my first time trying yucca as well, and I loved it. Leila, José Carlos’ wife and world-renowned cookbook author prepared our meals and she was a wealth of information on local flora and fauna. I wish I had more time to speak with her, but the knowledge she has already passed on to me will always live in my heart. Speaking of flora and fauna, here is a chia bush! Yes, that cha-cha-cha-chia! It’s called ‘chan’ in Bruncan and we had it in a light lemonade the first night we arrived. As a huge fan of chia seeds and all their nutritional glory, I was ecstatic to see it growing before my eyes. Taylor hamming it up as we cleaned up after dinner. I loved the community feel of all of our meals in Boruca; it brought me back to the rituals of setting and clearing the table that I rebelled against as a child and now miss. This trip helped me realize the spiritual and community rituals that I’ve lacked in recent years, and with that knowledge in the light I can move to change it. Lastly, a group of us on our way down the mountain from our campsite to the village for a day of sightseeing and exploring. It had been so long since I’d ridden in the back of a truck! The friendships I made or strengthened on this trip were one of the most meaningful gifts Costa Rica has given me, and I hope to try to repay that gift by keeping the fires of friendship lit as I begin the next leg of my journey. Peace to you all! Posted on December 4, 2012 by clhooper The prospect of immersing myself in a conflict as steeped in environmental conservation and human rights as the Boruca Dam conflict is an exciting one. Perhaps the most exciting element of this journey for me is the opportunity to understand the personal and cultural impact of projects like this one on indigenous people groups. Being able to sit and converse with local people about their insights, their experiences, understanding the extremely human element of development is an incredible opportunity. To that end, there are several questions that I intend to observe and ask about during my time in Costa Rica. I would like to focus observations on the ways in which the indigenous culture of the Boruca is tied to the environment, specifically through traditional practices, beliefs and spirituality, above and beyond the subsistence lifestyle that might play a major role. I would like to develop a deeper understanding of how the Boruca themselves frame the issue surrounding the dam project. I would like to observe intra-group divisions relating to the dam project in terms of issue framing as well as general opposition or support for the project. I would also like to better understand how these divisions are handles within the society. I would like to ask questions that will enable me to understand how the elders in the community feel about the project. I would also like to understand what their reactions are to the younger generation’s attitude towards the project and whether or not they are comfortable with the idea of them taking over the role of primary advocates for the tribe in regards to this issue. I would like to ask the people from the younger generation what their experiences have been like growing up under the shadow of the dam project. Posted on December 4, 2012 by clhooper There are many aspects of the situation we are studying in Costa Rica, which are troubling and unclear. They are not isolated questions or concerns, but interrelated issues of social justice, ecology, and sustainability. For a culture or community to be sustainable and sustained, the aspects of social justice and ecology must be seriously considered and carefully addressed. From the readings that we have been studying, I get the impression that the issue of the Boruca Dam is a challenge both to social justice and ecological sustainability. Our trip to Costa Rica will be an opportunity for us to investigate and explore the actual effects of the dam upon both the ecological and social environment. The questions that I am suggesting are catalysts to provoke this investigation. 1. In what ways are the ecological impacts of the Boruca Dam controversial? 2. What are dangers to natural resources posed by the Boruca Dam? 3. What means of protesting and challenging the dam are available to the indigenous people? 4. What are the primary challenges facing the people and the government (or all of the shareholders) in Costa Rica? 5. What is the relationship between the indigenous and non-indigenous peoples? How has it evolved over the course of time? Why has the government sided with the non-indigenous people? In what ways are the indigenous peoples working to rectify this imbalance? Posted on December 4, 2012 by clhooper 1.) Environmentalists feel the construction of the dam exceeds the needs of the Costa Rican people. Which individuals at the negotiating table are opposing their views and how are they presenting their case today regarding the impact on ecological systems, if this could set a precedent for the damming of all of Costa Rica’s rivers and control of natural resources? 2.) Has the process ever begun for the IDA and ICE to work with indigenous tribes to demarcate the proper boundaries of the 39km of reserved land that could cause potentially cause a territory dispute? 3.) Borucan tribes are adversely affected by the creation of the dam, so in what additional ways have they attempted to gain international support for their fight for recognition of their basic human rights? 4.) Carls & Haffar stated the living condition of indigenous tribes on reservations was poor and essentially violated their human rights. Have these conditions improved recently or have there at least been efforts made to draw greater public attention to help rectify these situations? 5.) How do the indigenous peoples culturally express their take on their current situation and share their emotions (anger, frustration, helplessness, hopefulness, etc.)? Through song, oration, art or other means? How is it received by those outside of their culture? Posted on December 4, 2012 by clhooper I am incredibly excited to visit Costa Rica. I have never been to Central America and have been looking forward to the opportunity to do so for many years. The image in my mind of Costa Rica and its rainforests and sandy beaches is basically paradise. I look forward to experiencing the natural beauty of the country, spending time with indigenous peoples and learning about their ways of life, and also to see the Boruca dam environmental conflict and mediation process first hand. My Research Questions: Boruca Dam Project: What is the level of distrust between parties in the Boruca dam mediation process? Has distrust been a big factor in failed negotiations? What are the techniques used to alleviate this? The negotiations have been going on for decades. How stable have the mediators been? Has the stability of the mediator(s) lead to improved negotiations or has it hindered them? Are there any new factors present that have not been discussed in the conflict assessments that I have read? Indigenous Peoples: How have the indigenous people of Costa Rica preserved their native cultures? How do they balance their own identity of their tribe as well as being Costa Rican? How has globalization and/or tourism influenced their cultures? Sustainable Development: What lessons from Costa Rica regarding environmentalism and sustainable development can be learned? Are there any aspects that can be applied within the United States? Posted on December 2, 2012 by clhooper The following student posts will ask at least five questions that they want to explore and hopefully find answers to when we are in Costa Rica, while some of the questions may be answered before we leave. For this class, we are studying the overall concepts of human rights and sustainable development to be able to apply them to the case study of the Boruca Dam conflict in Costa Rica. This dam project has created a conflict with some indigenous communities because it is planned to flood their land. The following posts will pose questions that investigate this conflict more in-depth and will also help guide learning during our trip in January. Learn more about the case study here: Resolving the Boruca Dam Conflict in Costa Rica	Costa Rica
The ‘Hats’ and the ‘Caps’ were political factions during the 18th Century ‘Age of Liberty’ in which European country?	Chinese dam business in South America on the rise\|Americas\|chinadaily.com.cn Chinese dam business in South America on the rise Updated: 2014-01-20 05:37 By CHRIS DAVIS in New York (China Daily Latin America) 分享按钮 0 Latin America, with its vast array of powerful and beautiful rivers, may be a relatively recent new frontier for Chinese dam builders, but they are coming on strong now, not only providing hydroelectric power and water for irrigation, but also expanding China's geopolitical clout. International Rivers, a US-based watchdog that monitors dam building worldwide, said that Chinese dam builders have 22 hydropower projects in total in Latin America, with three completed, seven under construction and 12 in the proposal stage. Many new power plants will go into operation in Brazil in five years, including a 700-megawatt hydropower project in the Amazon. Dado Galdieri / Bloomberg All of the projects, except for two of the completed ones in Belize — one on the Chalillo River completed in 2005 and funded by the Canadian International Development Agency and the Vaca Hydroelectric Project completed in 2010 — started after 2010, and really gained momentum after 2011. Both were built by Sinohydro. The third completed dam, on the Mazar Dudas River in Ecuador, was built by the China National Equipment Corp and funded by the China Development Bank. "It's fair to say that Chinese dam-building companies are targeting the Latin American market," said International River's China program director Grace Mang. Sinohydro has dams under construction in Costa Rica — the 50 Megawatt Chucas Hydroelectric Project, scheduled for completion in 2013, and in Ecuador with the Coca Codo Sinclair, a 1,500 MW $1.7 billion project bankrolled by China Exim Bank and scheduled for completion in 2015. Sinohydro also has two controversial projects in Honduras, one near completion — the 55-meter-high 105 MW dam on the Patuca, which IR says is likely to have impact on the Rio Platano World Heritage site, a threatened tropical rainforest biosphere that has already been put on UNESCO's endangered list because of illegal logging, poaching and general lawlessness from the presence of heavy illegal drug trafficking. IR warns that Sinohydro's other project in Honduras — the 22 MW Aqua Zarca which started construction in 2013 — could displace communities and reduce access to their water and territory. Chinese dam builders have two other projects under construction in Ecuador, one by China International Water and Electric Corporation and another by Hydro China, totaling 361 MW and combined price tag of $480 million. Patricia Adams, executive director of Probe International, a Canadian NGO, told the South China Morning Post that China was expanding its dam-building into Latin America partly for geopolitical reasons. IR's Peter Bosshard agreed. "There is often a bit of geopolitics involved in these projects," he told China Daily. "Obviously, Brazil has a very active dam-building industry as well and is kind of the regional powerhouse. But there are governments that are trying to become a bit more independent from Brazilian influence, so that is where China plays a more active role in Ecuador." Of the 12 proposed dam projects under discussion, there is one each in Costa Rica, Guyana, Peru and Argentina, two in Honduras, and six in Ecuador, for upwards of $4.5 billion worth of investment. Bossard explained that around 2003, dam-builders from China, Brazil, India and Thailand, were appearing on the global market and they weren't initially necessarily concerned with following international environmental and humanitarian standards. They had the view that it was up to the host government to set the standards they wanted to apply in their projects. It was the beginning of a new trend where these new dam builders over the past 10 years who have pretty much taken over the global market. "Nowadays Chinese companies and financiers are the most important actors in the global hydro-power business," he said. To pursue its mission, IR had to reinvent the way they worked. "We couldn't just go to Chinese actors and tell them what they should or should not be doing," Bosshard said. "But we felt there was a lot of international experience to offer them, a lot of mistakes to avoid, a lot of positive approaches to learn from. So we started to translate a lot of case studies into Chinese." They visited China frequently, met with the management of China Import-Export Bank, which is the biggest financier, and with SinoHydro, the biggest State-owned hydro-power enterprise. They explained to them why environmental sustainability was the shared responsibility of all involved and it couldn't just be left to the host governments, which were often very short term, if they wanted investors and partners in these countries for the long term. 8.03K	i don't know
Ornithophobia is the irrational fear of which creatures?	Fear of Birds Phobia – Ornithophobia You are here: Home / Phobias / Fear of Birds Phobia – Ornithophobia Fear of Birds Phobia – Ornithophobia A phobia is an irrational fear about certain objects, features or animals that is out of proportion to the existing circumstances. Thus, Ornithophobia, or the fear of birds makes the sufferers extremely uncomfortable around birds. For some individuals, such fear is only directed towards the birds of prey such as vultures, hawks, and eagles etc, whereas in other cases, even household birds like parrots or parakeets as well as the sight of their feathers are enough to trigger an anxiety attack. Causes of Ornithophobia There may be different causes or reasons behind the excessive fear of birds: Young children can develop Ornithophobia if they have felt threatened by aggressive birds like vultures, hawks or geese. In some cases, the birds might not have shown any violence, but their mere presence at traumatic events such as funerals or accidents can be enough to trigger a phobia in a young child. Birds flying inside the homes through an open window and causing upheaval might have made the parents nervous and this can trigger anxiety attack in the child. Ornithophobia can also be instigated by folklore or movies. Alfred Hitchcock’s film The Birds, or Edgar Allan Poe’s poem ‘The Raven’ also portray birds in negative light or as killing machines. Images of carnivorous birds attacking small prey like rabbits seen on TV shows can sometimes develop a fear of birds in young minds. Most cases of childhood Ornithophobia go away on their own while others may persist even in adulthood. Symptoms of Ornithophobia The symptoms of this phobia vary based on the severity of the condition. As with any other type of phobia, Ornithophobia symptoms can be categorized broadly as mental, physical or emotional. Some people refuse to eat in places where birds may be present from the fear of having their food stolen by the birds. Ornithophobic individuals are afraid of birds preserved by taxidermists and present in museums etc. Still others are afraid of all images, photos or even the feathers of birds. Physical symptoms of this phobia typically include breaking in cold sweat, trembling or shaking, screaming or crying, having an increased heart rate, freezing in place or attempting to flee at the sight of birds. Some individuals are known to experience such anxiety attacks days before an actual confrontation with the birds. Like many other types of phobias, the fear of birds can sometimes be severely debilitating in that; the individual might refuse to leave his home entirely, thereby affecting the day-to-day life. Treatment for fear of birds Overcoming Ornithophobia is essential specially if it causing one to be anxious or depressed all the time. A severely crippling phobia needs professional treatment. In milder cases, one can develop and stick to some self help routines such as positive reaffirmations and visualizations, meditation, or controlled deep breathing and so on. For people with severe anxiety, doctors might prescribe tranquilizers and other medicines to reduce the severity of the symptoms. However, care must be taken when using them. Weaning off such medications can cause withdrawal symptoms and they do not do much for the fear itself rather than providing symptomatic relief. Since most phobias are defined as “a conditional reflex or learning gone wrong”, psychotherapists also recommend behavior therapy to help the phobic individual unlearn these reflexes. Behavior therapy is known to be effective in nearly 9 out of 10 cases of Ornithophobia. Gradual desensitization is another effective method of treating the fear of birds or fear of feathers. Ten to thirty sessions (depending on individual cases) may be used for exposing the person to his/her objects of fears. The patient is shown slides or images of birds or their feathers, taught to imagine approaching the birds until s/he gradually learns to cope without distress. In conclusion Here are the Top 10 Books for Overcoming Phobias If you or a person you know is suffering from Ornithophobia so much so that it causing great deal of tension or anxiety all the time, then one of the aforementioned psychotherapies is sure to help treat the condition successfully. What do you fear? Share your phobias with visitors on this site, read their stories and connect with them.	Bird
The town of Purgatory is in which US state?	Learn About Phobias – Deep Irrational Fears Phobia SHARE Learn About Phobias – Deep Irrational Fears There are many things in life that need to cause some fear. Fear is a natural part of life – a healthy warning sign that there are things in the world that represent danger. There's nothing wrong with fear. As the saying goes: The problem isn't fear. The problem is irrational fear. The problem is when your fears cause you to change your lifestyle and run your life in a way that no fear should. When you have something – or many things – that cause you intense, irrational fear, then you have developed a phobia. What is an "Irrational Fear?" The word irrational can be offensive for some people. After all, the fear seems very real – and in some cases, there may be a reason to have that fear. But even a legitimate fear can be irrational depending on the way that it runs your life. For example, let's say you have a fear of snakes – known as Ophidiophobia. Snakes can be dangerous – there are many poisonous snakes – but 99.99% of the time there are no snakes around you, and even if there were, snakes don't bite on a whim. In fact, in the United States, you have a 1 in 48,942,807 chance of being killed by a snake. Read that again: 1 in 48,942,807. You have a better chance of dying in an earthquake (1 in 9,788,561). You have a better chance of being struck by lightning (1 in 576,000). There are reasons that someone may want to fear a poisonous snake, since snakes can be dangerous and possibly cause pain. But if you actually change your life to address that fear, you're likely suffering from a phobia. There are many examples of these type of phobias. Some of them are based on real fears, some of them are not. Examples include: Arachnophobia (fear of spiders) Mysophobia (fear of germs) Ornithophobia (fear of birds). Phobias don't have to be common either. Almost anything can cause a phobia. There is a phobia known as hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia, or "fear of long words" which, if you have that fear probably forced you to run away from your computer. Phobias generally fall into the following categories: Animal Type Phobias: Fear of dogs, cats, snakes, rats, dogs, mice, or other animals. Natural Environment Type: Fear of heights, firestorms, water, aging, or other natural phenomena. Blood-Injection-Injury Type: Fear of contamination, seeing blood, needles and similar phenomena. Situational Type: Fear of closed spaces, of the dark, of going to the dentist or other situations. Other Type: Fear of the number thirteen, fear of clowns or mimes, fear of loud noises and other phenomena. Some types of phobias – such as agoraphobia and social phobia – that are considered a bit different than traditional phobias. It's not just the existence of an intense fear that causes the diagnosis of a phobia. The be diagnosed with a phobia, you need to show one or more of the following: You experience severe anxiety when faced with a stimulus (the thing that causes fear). You experience severe anxiety when anticipating the possibility of facing the stimulus. The fear is uncontrollable, to the point where it can escalate – possibly into an anxiety attack. You alter your life in some way to avoid the stimulus. A little bit of fear may still be considered a phobia in the traditional sense, but probably won't require treatment. If you get a little scared when you see spiders but can still pick them up and throw them outside, it's still a phobia, but it's not one that plays much of a role in your life. But if you're genuinely changing who you are because of your phobias, or you're going out of your way to avoid the fearful stimulus, or you experience severe and uncontrollable anxiety over the idea or the sight of the object that causes you fear, you have a phobia that needs help. Stop What Fears You Take my free 7 minute anxiety test to get started . What Causes These Phobias? As with most anxiety problems, it can be hard to pinpoint an exact cause of the fear. There may be some evolutionary reasons for some of the fears – at one point during evolution, there may have been reasons to fear some of these issues, even though now those fears make less sense. It may also be a misfiring of natural fear. There is reason to have a bit of fear of heights, for example (otherwise you would be jumping off buildings), but it's possible that a phobia is a misfiring of the natural fear system inside you. For others, the fear is learned. Those that have a parent that shows extreme fear at the sight of a spider will often develop their own fear of spiders. Those that have been attacked by a scary dog may develop phobias of dogs. These are all examples of learned fears. Finally, a fear may also be developed out of nothing, but reinforced by fear itself. This is why phobias are somewhat of a catch-22. What happens is the following: You have a fear that you know is a bit unusual. You tell yourself that it shouldn't cause that much fear. You see the object that causes fear and experience severe anxiety. Your fear is now reinforced – your brain tells yourself that it really IS something that you should fear, and you become more likely to fear the object next time. Fear causes more fear, because fear tells yourself that you're right to fear it. Your brain convinces you that you must be afraid of something very real, because otherwise why would you experience that much fear? In the end, every time you encounter your phobia (even if it's just in a dream), your fear of that stimulus becomes even more pronounced. How Common is it to Experience a Phobia? Because there are such a broad range of phobias in the world, nearly half of the country has some type of mild phobia. But as far as those that would be diagnosed with a specific phobia, the numbers are still very high. Some estimates put the number at 11% or higher, with many more that don't report it because they don't encounter the stimulus often enough to seek help. It may also be hard to diagnose specific phobias because the person may be suffering from other anxiety disorders. When other anxiety disorders are present, the "phobia" may really be the result of other anxieties, and if you can reduce those disorders, the hardest parts of living with the phobia should go away with them. Check out the chart below. You'll see a simplified way to get an idea of your anxiety: Of course the easiest way to tell what kind of anxiety you're suffering from is to take my free 7 minute anxiety test , where I look at your symptoms and give you an idea of what best characterizes your anxiety. If you haven't yet, take the test now . What Treatment is There For Specific Phobias? There are numerous treatments for phobias. Cognitive behavioral therapy is one of the best tools, as it deals with the fear itself rather than the cause, which is less unimportant for controlling phobia fears. One of the most common ways to treat phobias in known as "exposure therapy." Exposure therapy seeks to reduce the way that the phobia impacts you – causing you to face your fear in a way that is gradual and easy, until the phobia treatment has had time to work effectively. The best way to explain exposure therapy is with an example, so we'll take a look at treatment for arachnophobia (fear of spiders) and how a therapist or expert may go about reducing your anxiety: First, spiders need to become less of a mystery. So the therapist may have you simply learn more about them. You'll read how they work – the percentage of them that are poisonous (hint, it is EXTREMELY small), where they live, how often people are hurt by them, and so on. You'll read these until you are more comfortable with the idea of moving forward. If you feel anxiety, you'll go through relaxation strategies until you feel calm again. Next, you'll start imagining spiders. You'll be told to think about encountering them. Even if you feel fear, you'll be told to continue thinking about them until it no longer causes fear. The therapist or counselor will help you if you feel too anxious. You need to keep thinking about them until it almost feels silly – until the idea of a spider annoys you, and isn't something that causes any fear at all. You may also be asked to imagine them on you, etc., until the same result happens. Next you'll move up to start looking at pictures of different spiders. Once again, you'll keep viewing each one until they no longer cause anxiety. If you have a phobia, you'll likely feel much more anxious at the photos. But you'll talk yourself down and use your anxiety reduction strategies until you feel calmer, and once you do you'll move on to the next one. Only when photos don't cause anxiety will you move forward. Next comes the harder step. Your therapist will actually get a spider, and put it in front of you in an enclosed location. It'll be in a cup or a tank so that it can't get on you, but you'll be asked to look at it. You'll likely feel a great amount of fear if your phobia is still very strong. Your therapist will work with you, talking you down, so that you're more comfortable around it. Eventually, being in the spider's presence where you can't avoid it will no longer lead to fear. Finally, in some cases, once you're able to be in the room with one, you'll be asked to go further. You may be asked to touch a spider or place one on your body. Right now, if you're afraid of spiders, the very idea will cause a great deal of anxiety. But through exposure therapy, you'll eventually control that anxiety and be able to have the object of your fear genuinely touching you without causing you to flee or experience severe anxiety attacks. Each type of phobia has a different phobia treatment, so it won't necessarily occur exactly as described above, but exposure therapy uses this type of technique to cure people of their phobias and decrease the amount of fear they experience. Right now, chances are this entire idea causes a great deal of fear, but rest assured that when completed in a controlled environment, this type of system has a high efficacy rate and is a great tool for combatting your specific phobias. You'll also need to control your overall anxiety, since how you feel in your day to day life can also affect the degree to which your phobias affect you. For that, take my 7 minute anxiety test now. I've used it for years to help people just like you overcome their anxieties and their phobias. References Complete List of known phobias: http://www.phobialist.com/reverse.html . Chapman, T. F. (1997). The epidemiology of fears and phobias . In G. C. L. Davey (Ed.), Phobias: A handbook of theory, research and treatment (pp. 415-434). New York: Wiley. Why Anxiety Causes a Fear of Talking The Dangers (and Benefits) of Yohimbe Niacinamide as Treatment for Anxiety Drugs & Medications for Panic Attacks What are Panic Attacks? Sore Muscles May Be Caused By Anxiety The Links Between OCD and Serotonin Deficiency Anxiety As The Cause Of Muscle Tension More... Need help with anxiety? Then take our scientifically based anxiety test - completely free (takes no more than 7 minutes). After completing it, you will find out whether your anxiety is within "normal range," which parts are out of balance and, most importantly, how to proceed with beating your symptoms. It is made specifically for anxiety sufferers, please make use of it.	i don't know
What was the first scheduled television programme to be shown in the UK on BBC2?	BBC 2 Aborted Launch Night BBC 2 Aborted Launch Night A special welcome if you've found yourself here after doing some Googling as a result of tonight's (17th April) The One Show piece about the disasterous BBC TWO launch night. Yes, that was me showing Giles Brenreth the original tape! We filmed that segment of the piece at the BBC's new archive centre in West London. When BBC2 launched on April 20th 1964, widespread power failure in Central London prevented the channel from broadcasting its intended schedule from BBC Television Centre, which was affected by the power cut. Instead, the channel launched with a short news bulletin, read by reporter Gerald Priestland, from the BBC's news studios in Alexandra Palace, followed by an evening of instrumental music from contemporary west end musicals and "BBC 2 WILL START SHORTLY" captions occasionally interrupted by "MAJOR POWER FALIURE" captions accompanied by apologetic announcements explaining why people weren't able to watch Cole Porter's Kiss Me Kate or fireworks from Southend Pier. Even this short broadcast was dogged with technical difficulties - the first two and a half minutes were broadcast in complete silence, with Priestland completely unaware we couldn't hear him. BBC 2's first scheduled programme was in fact Playschool, broadcasting the following morning. A second "launch" programme, which featured the now famous scene of presenter Denis Tuohy blowing out a candle in the darkened studio was shown as part of the news bulletin later in the evening, which is just as well as it's now folklore that someone had forgotten to put hands on the studio clock for the intended first night! Since all the recording equipment at BBC Television Centre were out of action, the only recordings of the aborted launch programme were believed to be amateur audio recordings made by enthusiasts in their homes. No video was believed to exist since video recorders were very rare in 1964, well out of the price range of a household (then, about �100,000). Until now. Early in February 2003, an engineer was sorting out tapes in BBC Research & Development's modest tape archive at Kingswood Warren in Surrey when he came across a 2 inch Quad spool tape with associated paperwork reading "Opening of BBC 2" dated 20th April 1964. The archive itself comprises mainly of experimental HDTV recordings but it seems the 2 inch spool had been kept as an example of obsolete technology after an extensive clear out in the mid '90s. Since the only Quad tape machines that now exist in the BBC in London are based in the main archive at Windmill Road, it was several days before it was indeed confirmed that the tapes did contain the original news bulletin in its entirety. The tape was made on Kingswood Warren's own Quad recorder on the evening of launch, off-air from Crystal Palace, and the recording was in very good condition - almost as good as the day it was recorded! What's most remarkable about the tape is that back in 1964 (only 7 years after the first high-band video recorder had been invented), tapes were very expensive and were routinely bulk erased and re-used (I'm told that this spool would have costed around �100 in 1964!). The fact that this tape survived provides what's believed to be the earliest surviving recording off-air of a 625 line broadcast in the UK and probably the world. The original spool alongside a conventional VHS tape for scale comparison A detail of the label on the spool The recording gives a remarkable insight into what news broadcasts were like in the mid 1960s. Today, the production gallery communicates with the news reader using talk-back through an ear piece worn by the presenter, with the news usually being read off auto-cue. In this recording, the news reader reads from cards on his desk, with a single card for each news item. Twice, breaking news items were brought in from a teletype by one of the men sitting behind him, and on more than one occasion, Priestland is interrupted by phone calls from the production gallery. The first phone call, like the broadcast had a technical difficulty and Priestland couldn't hear the other person! The news stories themselves seem remarkably trivial by today's standards; the very first story we hear after the sound is restored is about a Yorkshire bus conductress who was sacked and then given her job back after she appologised to some Pakistani men to whom she'd made some racist remarks, which are repeated in full by the news presenter! As news of the tape's discovery spread, Ariel, the BBC's in-house news paper took an interest and ran this story the following week: Dusted down - a piece of BBC Two's history By Clare Barrett It's a well documented piece of broadcasting history: the major power failure that blacked out Television Centre, together with most of Central and West London, and scuppered the launch of BBC Two on April 20, 1964. The channel did come to life briefly via a hurriedly rearranged broadcast from the BBC's news operation at Alexandra Palace in north London. But with TV Centre's recording facilities also falling foul of the power cut, no archive tape exists� or so it was thought. Thirty nine years on, staff at Kingswood Warren have stumbled across a recording of BBC Two's first moments in a dusty corner of their tape archive. 'It was unbelievable to find that an off-air recording of the aborted launch had been made at Kingswood - and that the tape still existed', said research and development engineer James Insell. 'It was even more remarkable that the tape had not been reused - the fate of most '60s VT. The quadruplex video tape claimed to be a high band 625 line recording - probably the oldest surviving UK example'. Insell called on the BBC's film and video tape library in Brentford to verify the tape's contents. Senior technical operator Edwin Parsons ran the tape on one of the BBC's two surviving quad VTRs, transferring the contents to a modern digital format. 'After what seemed like hours of test signal, the screen went black', said Insell. 'Then, as if it was recorded yesterday, video appeared of a man at a desk, with a '2' on a large piece of card beside him.' It was news reader Gerald Priestland, who explained what had happened and delivered a news bulletin - interrupted a couple of times by phone calls - from Ally Pally. The recording may be no great shakes as entertainment - far from the promised launch line-up which included Cole Porter's Kiss Me Kate and fireworks from Southend Pier - but it does provide the missing piece of the jigsaw for the channel, celebrating its 40th birthday next year. Instead of the promised BBC 2 launch line-up, including fireworks and Cole Porter's Kiss Me Kate, a resigned looking Gerald Priestland had to deliver the bad news on that fateful, in between fielding calls from Alexandra Palace. The article isn't clear on the origin of the broadcast - it came from studio A at Alexandra Palace, where the original experiments on television were made using Baird & EMI Marconi camera equipment. BBC 1 also switched over to emergency cover at Alexandra Palace, showing films instead of the scheduled lineup. There was another news bulletin from Alexandra Palace at around 10:35 that evening. It is believed that no copies of this exist and the engineers at Kingswood Warren had given up and gone home long before then. Since the Ariel article was published, the engineer who made the original recording, now retired, has been in touch with the BBC and I have since had the opportunity to meet him. He informed me that the recording itself was an achievement against adversity! Although the power hadn't failed at Kingswood Warren, the power cut in the centre of London had caused the power supply in the south east of England to alter by several volts and more significantly for the sensitive video equipment, the phase had also significantly changed and was continually changing meaning the equipment had to be re-calibrated on the fly. He described this process as operating the machine "like a spinning dervish with a screw driver"! I can confirm he did a superb job - the recording only loses lock once briefly during the entire broadcast. I've been told that a more recent transfer from the tape has even managed to correct this problem. The effort however was worth it and 39 years on, a significant event in British television history has been recovered for the archive. The broadcast has now been transferred to digital tape meaning that deterioration of the original spool is no longer an issue. It's remarkable that it has remained in such good condition for as long as early Quad tapes were known to deteriorate quite badly over time, depositing chunks of oxide on the spinning head. Personally, I hope this will be shown to the public soon as it gives a wonderful view of how current affairs programmes appeared in the 1960s and also how the BBC coped with a disaster which put all it's major broadcasting facilities out of action in London. The First Public Screening The "world premiere" screening of this recording took place on September 3rd 2003 at an annual gathering organised by the Alexandra Palace Television Society and the Test Card Circle for their members. Coincidentally, the screening not only took place in Alexandra Palace where the broadcast originated, but it was shown in Studio A, the very studio used by BBC2 on the night of the power cut! The projection screen was even situated roughly where the news desk was originally situated! This of course added a lot of atmosphere to the event! Being in the studio where the world's first regularly scheduled television service started on September 2nd 1936 was a fantastic experience. Today, the studio looks very much as it did then, though most of the lighting has now been removed and the walls are now lined with antique television and radio equipment. Although both studios and associated machine rooms are now closed to the public, Studio A is part of the regular conducted tours of Alexandra Palace. See their web site for more details. Studio A is the only part of the building now accessible as the rest of the "BBC Area" including the original Baird Studio B is now quite derelict. "Where can I see it? Is it going to be shown on television?" Extracts of this historic broadcast were shown on television for the first time since the original broadcast in 1964 on BBC2's anniversary programme "Happy Birthday BBC2", being shown on 20th April 2004 (8pm - 11pm on BBC 2 - where else?). That week's Radio Times even has a picture of the "BBC 2 WILL START SHORTLY" caption shown above. The Alexandra Palace screening mentioned above was given to members of the aforementioned societies only, but the first time it was shown publicly in its entirety was during The 10th Anniversary Missing Believed Wiped event at the national Film Theatre in London on 29th November. This event proved so popular that it's being re-screened there (again in its entirety) on the 17th April as part of a special presentation about the history of BBC 2. On BBC2's 40th birthday, BBCi put a short Real Media clip of the broadcast online. The clip consists of the first 6 minutes of the broadcast (the second half is essentially a repeat of the first - with sound!) Unfortunately, for some inexplicable reason, the clip has been cropped down to 16:9 losing quite a bit of detail on the top and bottom of the picture. You can see the clip here , or from following the link on this page . The clip is quite obviously captured from a DVD presentation originally made to show to staff at Kingswood Warren (I recognise the "don't adjust your sets" caption!). April 17th addenum: Having reviewed these links again, the technology used for the video clip on the BBC web site is so out of date that most PCs and tablets will no longer play the video! However, the Alexanra Palace Tlevision Society and You Tube have come to the rescue and you can now watch the video by clicking on the following two links for the broadcast in its entirety: Part 1 and Part 2 With the 50th anniversary of BBC TWO coming up in late April 2014, I know for certain that segments of this original broadcast will be shown as part of this celebration. In deed, some clips were shown on BBC ONE's The One Show on 17th April 2014 about the rediscovery of this very tape. I was acutally interviewed by Gyles Branderyth about my involvement it the tape's re-discovery on the programme at the BBC Archive Centre (flying in from Cork, Ireland just for a day for the filming). Those reading this after the transmission date have 7 days to watch the programme as it aired on the BBC iPlayer. What's your involvement in all this? I was one of the people involved in the tape's discovery and the one who first realized the significance of the find. It's been known for some time that a tape of BBC2's launch night existed in the Kingswood Warren tape archive, but it was either believed to be the Dennis Tuohy re-launch on the 21st April 1964, or its significance wasn't realized by the people who handled it. In February 2003, a colleague showed me the tape after finding it during a routine clear up of the archive (no, nothing was being thrown away!!). As soon as I read the label, I realized that if what the label said was true, I had something that "didn't exist" in my hands. I rushed the tape to another colleague who has contacts in the main BBC archive, who still have video machines capable of playing the QUAD format. Within a few days, the tape had been transferred to a digital format for preservation and confirmed that it was in fact the aborted launch of the 20th April 1964. It's always been a dream of mine of finding a "lost episode" of a series such as Dr. Who or Dad's Army, but I never thought I'd be this instrumental in finding something so integral to the very history of broadcasting in the UK - a tape of a broadcast that's gone down in UK broadcasting folklore as never have been in existance in the first place...! Addenum Since I wrote this piece, BBC Research & Development have left their Kingswood Warren facilites in Surrey and moved to Manchester and a location near central London - the BBC decided to sell the 19th century mansion that housed its purpose built labs, studios and in some cases totally world unique facilities, and surrounding land to property developers who have turned the entire mansion and surrounding location into "millionaire's properties". R.I.P. BBC Kingswood Warren, the birth place or major facilitator of colour television, NICAM Stereo, DAB, Teletext, Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting (Freeview) and so many other technologies that wouldn't have happened were it not for the "boffins" who worked there. I hope your new owners will love you and your quirks as we did when we were your residents. 21st March 2003	Play School
Which English agriculturalist developed a horse-drawn seed drill in 1701?	BBC2 at 50: The 50 facts you might not know \| The Independent News BBC2 at 50: The 50 facts you might not know The corporation’s second channel has come a long way since a power cut marred its launch night Saturday 19 April 2014 23:01 BST Click to follow The Independent Culture Billie Jean King, who won the women’s Wimbledon title in 1967, when the first colour pictures were broadcast Today marks 50 years since audiences first clapped eyes on a new channel: BBC2. Since then it’s given us classic sitcoms, quiz shows, Sir David Attenborough and the gorillas and, more recently, Jeremy Paxman’s beard. To mark 50 years, we’ve compiled 50 things you might not have known about BBC2. 1 A kangaroo was present at its launch. The logo of a mother kangaroo with a baby emerging from her pouch was used to advertise BBC2 in the run-up to the channel’s first transmission, and a live animal was brought in for opening night. It became stuck in a lift and “went berserk”, according to witnesses. It was, as it happened, the least of producers’ worries that night. 2 The channel was the result of a recommendation in the Pilkington Committee review of broadcasting in 1962. 3 On launch night, 20 April 1964, a huge power cut in west London forced transmissions to switch to Alexandra Palace, where newsreader Gerald Priestland stoically delivered a news bulletin before the channel was cut off. 4 As a result of the disastrous first night, the first programme to be aired in its entirety was Play School, the following day. 5 The main programme on the opening night was a production of Cole Porter’s Kiss Me, Kate. 6 On the day that BBC2 was born, Nelson Mandela gave his Rivonia Trial speech from the dock. 7 Michael Peacock, the channel’s first controller, had been the editor of Panorama responsible for the Spaghetti Tree April Fool. 8 The channel started with loose nightly themes known as the “seven faces of the week”, but this was abandoned within months. After four months, only 90,000 people were watching. 9 The first edition of Match of the Day aired on BBC2 in August 1964 – only 20,000 people watched. 10 The channel’s first genuine hit was the documentary The Great War – commissioned to mark the conflict’s 50th anniversary. Channel stars: David Attenborough (left) and BBC2’s first controller, Michael Peacock 11 David Attenborough became BBC2 controller in 1965. He went on to become director of BBC programmes in 1969. 12 BBC2’s 1967 hit, The Forsyte Saga, was the first BBC programme to be sold to the Soviet Union. 13 On 1 July 1967, BBC2 became the first European channel to broadcast regularly in colour, allowing a previously neglected sport to pick up TV coverage for the first time – snooker. Pot Black became one of the more successful shows. 14 The first colour pictures broadcast were of the Wimbledon tennis championships in 1967. 15 The announcement of the plan for regular colour broadcasts was made in Parliament by Tony Benn, the then Postmaster General, in March 1966. 16 All three cast member of The Goodies – whose show first aired on BBC2 in November 1970, are OBEs. 17 The Old Grey Whistle Test, which ran from 1971 until 1987, hosted the first British TV performance by Bob Marley and the Wailers in 1973. The cast of The Goodies 18 Also in 1973, Labour MP Marcus Lipton said in Parliament: “Are there not a number of people who are grateful for the fact they cannot receive BBC2?” 19 Early on in BBC2’s history, the channel struck a deal with the Open University. Professors hosted brief lectures on air in a collaboration that continues to this day. 20 Despite BBC2’s reputation for comedy, Monty Python’s Flying Circus spent only one series – its last – on the channel in 1974. 21 Play School presenter Johnny Ball revealed many years later that co-presenters had been “stoned out of their minds” during a nativity scene in the 1970s. 22 The five toys which were always present on the Play School set are now on display in the National Media Museum in Bradford. 23 Morecambe and Wise broke records on Christmas Day, 1977, when 27 million people – about half of the UK’s population at the time – watched their festive special. 24 Perhaps BBC2’s greatest ever sitcom, Fawlty Towers, ran for just two series, with only 12 episodes made. 25 Top Gear aired nationwide for the first time on BBC2 in 1978. Originally it had been viewable only in the Midlands. 26 Top Gear’s theme music comes from a song called “Jessica” by the Allman Brothers Band. 27 BBC2’s production of Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy, which starred Alec Guinness as George Smiley, also featured Patrick Stewart in the role of Soviet spy Karla. 28 Former BBC2 controller David Attenborough’s first documentary on the channel was the hugely successful Life on Earth, in 1979. 29 During his much-viewed encounter with a family of gorillas, Attenborough departed entirely from his script: “It seems really very unfair that man should have chosen the gorilla to symbolise everything that is aggressive and violent, when that is the one thing that the gorilla is not – and that we are.” 30 The channel’s twin-striped “2” symbol, introduced in 1979, was the first computer-generated logo to appear on TV anywhere in the world. 31 The Young Ones featured live music in each episode because it allowed the series to classify as “light entertainment” and draw from a larger budget than that for comedy. 32 The highest ratings for BBC2 date back to 25 April 1985, when Dennis Taylor took on Steve Davis in the world snooker final. More than 18 million people were hooked to their tellies well past midnight for the gripping match. 33 Red Dwarf, which began in 1988, ran for 10 series, making it the longest-running British sci-fi series after Doctor Who. 34 Jeremy Paxman presented Newsnight for the first time in 1989 – a quarter of a century ago. 35 Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit, an adaptation of Jeanette Winterson’s autobiographical novel of young lesbian love, was broadcast in 1990. 36 Have I Got News for You, which started on BBC2 in 1990, has run for 46 series but moved to BBC1 in 2000. 37 Steve Coogan’s Alan Partridge made his television debut in 1994’s The Day Today. 38 James Bond producer Barbara Broccoli first noticed future 007 Daniel Craig in his breakthrough role in BBC2’s 1996 drama series Our Friends in the North. 39 BBC2’s idents, the small breaks between programmes showing the channel’s logo, have been through many versions which include the number two pictured as a kebab and as chocolate on top of a cappuccino. 40 When Noel Gallagher of Oasis was asked whether his song “Half the World Away” could be used as theme music for 1998’s The Royle Family, a bad phone line led him to believe that the Royal Family wanted to use it for a documentary. 41 It was the first BBC channel to have a female controller, Jane Root, who took over in 1999. She was nicknamed “the High Priestess of Lifestyle Television”. 42 In 2004, one of her commissions, The Office, became the first British sitcom to receive a Golden Globe award. 43 The Weakest Link first aired on 14 August 2000. Forty-six countries have adopted their own version. 44 A 2005 revival of 1960s quiz show Ask the Family was derided by the original’s presenter Patricia Owtram and ran for only one series. 45 Out of a total of 1,234 episodes, the challengers have beaten the Eggheads only 105 times. 46 The Kumars at No 42 transferred to the US, where it became The Ortegas – a Hispanic family that better suited the American demographic. 47 The international success of BBC2’s Top Gear was marked by the launch in 2011 of Top Gear Korea, joining Top Gear Australia, Top Gear USA and Top Gear Russia. 48 Later … with Jools Holland has been running for 22 years. 49 The final of 2013’s Great British Bake Off, with Mary Berry (above), drew 8.4 million viewers – the most of any BBC2 show since the current ratings system began. 50 There is an “I Love BBC2” campaign in Nashville, Tennessee, but this is actually the name of a fundraising drive for Bellevue Baptist Church’s new building.	i don't know
British comedian Michael Joseph Pennington is better known by what name?	Johnny Vegas Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements & Timeline Film & Theater Personalities Johnny Vegas Biography Johnny Vegas is an English actor and comedian. Read through this biography to know in details about his life, career, works and timeline. Quick Facts St Helens, Lancashire (now Merseyside), England Personality Type Maia Dunphy (m. 2011), Catherine Donnelly (m. 2002â2008) education Upholland Image Credit http://www.hippowallpapers.com/gabourey-sidibe-wallpapers Christened Michael Joseph Pennington, Johnny Vegas is one of the most popular comedians and actors of the entertainment industry. Famous for his angry outbursts and weird humor, he has made quite a name for himself as a comedian. Blessed with a portly figure and husky voice, his appearance adds on to his perfect comic timing, thus making him one of the most celebrated figures. Trained in ceramics, he tried his hand at making pottery his chief profession but soon gave up on the same to pursue acting. Interestingly, unlike other comedians and actors of his generation, he made his debut as a contestant in the television show, âWin Lose or Drawâ. Over the years, he built quite a reputation for himself as a comedian. However, in the course, he did not give up on his ceramic love and continued to pursue the art form. His artistic designs were exhibited as a collection in the Victoria and Albert Museum. To know more about his life and works, read through the following lines. Childhood & Early Life Johnny Vegas was born as Michael Joseph Pennington to Laurence and Patricia Pennigton in Thatto Health, St Helens, Lancashire. He was the youngest of the four children born to the couple. He had three siblings, two elder brothers Robert and Mark and an elder sister Catharine. Raised as a Roman Catholic, he attained his formal education from West Park School, Alder Hey Road, St Helens. He then studied at St Joseph College, a boarding school seminary in Upholland. Though originally intended to train himself for priesthood, he returned after four terms being homesick. He later on enrolled at the Middlesex University to study art and ceramics. After three years, he gained a third class degree in the same. Career Completing his education, he tried to have a career in pottery but in vain. For survival, he took up various odd and menial jobs. He started working in an Argos warehouse, selling boiler insurance and packing bottles of Jif in a factory. He then worked as a barman at the Brown Edge pub in Thatto Heath Comedy occurred to him inadvertently. He made a debut as a contestant in the television show, Win, Lose or Draw in UK. It was during the show that he used the stage name, Johnny Vegas which has stayed on with him since then. He made a brief appearance in Channel 4âs 100 Greatest Stand Us and BBC Threeâs Almost Famous 2. It was in the mid-nineties that he took up residence in London with the intention of becoming a stand-up comedian. There, he was trained and mentored by Malcolm Hardee, the godfather of comedy. In 2001, he was the face of the advertising campaign for the launch of the ITV digital. However, the launch was a disastrous one given the fact that the puppet named Monkey, voiced by Ben Miller, gained all the limelight. In 2002, he made an appearance in the Dirk Maggs directorial Radio 4 sitcom âNight Classâ, which he co-wrote with Tony Burgess and Tony Pitts. In the show, he played the character of a former Butlinâs redcoat teaching evening classes in pottery. The show gained a runner-up position at the Sony Radio Academy Awards. While continuing with his television show, he made a big break at the big screen with the feature film, âThe Virgin of Liverpoolâ. Same year, he starred in other films such as âCheekyâ and âBlackballâ. In 2004, he had three movies slated for release including âSex Lives of the Potato Menâ, âTerkel in Troubleâ and âThe Libertineâ. Post âNight Classâ, he followed up with the BBC3 sitcom, âIdealâ in 2005. He starred in a total of 53 episodes posing the character of Moz. Same year, he appeared in other television series, such as 18 Stone of Idiot, Bleak House, Dead Man Weds and ShakespeaRE-Told. In 2007, he yet again appeared in a television commercial for tea brand, PG Tips. Same year, he starred in the television series, âBenidormâ for 24 episodes. While he was a regular in the first three series, he was next seen in the sixth series. Year 2010 and 2011 saw him appear less on television. He made a guest appearance in one episode of âDaveâs One Night Standâ and was seen in 2 episodes of âCelebrity Juiceâ. 2012 was a packed year for this comedian as he starred in a couple of television shows including, âRude Tubeâ, âMoone Boyâ, âA League of their Ownâ and âMr Stinkâ. In 2013, he was seen in the flick, âThe Harry Hill Movieâ. Additionally, he also made a television appearance, âHave I Got News for Youâ, âStill Open All Hoursâ and âNever Mind the Buzzcocksâ The success of the entertainment world had a direct favourable impact on his first love, i.e. pottery. He started receiving encouraging reviews for his work so much so that he was offered a role in âPot Shotsâ, a film basically intended for an international audience. He was even offered to design a bottle of aftershave from Old Spice Personal Life & Legacy He tied the nuptial knot with Catherine âKittyâ Donnelly in August 2002. However, the relationship did not last long and the two parted ways in 2004. Though the two re-united twice in 2005, nothing could work out between them. They finally were legally divorced on March 11, 2008. Three years later, he married columnist and Irish TV producer, Maia Dunphy in Seville. In 2008, he was diagnosed with gout. Trivia Not many people know that this portly figured husky voiced comedian of the television show, âIdealâ fame had originally intended to take up priesthood. Translate this page to Spanish, French, Hindi, Portuguese Pictures of Johnny Vegas Also Listed In	Johnny Vegas
The National Art Library is in which London museum?	Johnny Vegas - IMDb IMDb Actor \| Producer \| Writer Johnny Vegas was born on September 11, 1971 in St. Helens, Merseyside, England as Michael Joseph Pennington. He is an actor and producer, known for Ideal (2005), The Libertine (2004) and Sex Lives of the Potato Men (2004). He has been married to Maia Dunphy since March 2011. He was previously married to Catherine "Kitty" Donnelly. See full bio » Born: a list of 163 people created 03 Jun 2011 a list of 27 people created 17 Jan 2013 a list of 25 people created 21 Oct 2013 a list of 393 people created 26 Aug 2014 a list of 17 people created 9 months ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Johnny Vegas's work have you seen? User Polls 2 wins & 1 nomination. See more awards » Known For 2016 Home from Home (TV Series) Neil Hackett 2015 Drunk History: UK (TV Series) Vicar Andrew 2015 House of Fools (TV Series) Bradford Butcher - The Botox Affair (2015) ... Bradford Butcher 2014 Psychobitches (TV Series) 2014 Warren United (TV Series) Fat Baz (voice) 2013 Moving On (TV Series) Drive-through Burger Server / Taxi Controller - Back by Six (2013) ... Drive-through Burger Server (voice, uncredited) - That's Amore (2013) ... Taxi Controller (voice, uncredited) 2013 Common Ground (TV Series short) Rupert 2012 Mr. Stink (TV Movie) Dad 2012 Rude Tube (TV Series) Computer 2011 Little Crackers (TV Series) Kevin - Christmas Special (2011) ... The Artful Codger 2005-2011 Ideal (TV Series) 2010 Chekhov Comedy Shorts (TV Series) Tolkachov 2002 Tipping the Velvet (TV Mini-Series) Gully Sutherland 2002 Staying Up (TV Movie) Frank O'Hanlon 2002 Black Books (TV Series) Landlord 2009 Johnny Vegas - Live at the Benidorm Palace (Video) (producer - as Michael Pennington) Hide 1998 The Johnny Vegas Television Show (TV Movie) (as Michael Pennington) Hide 2008-2016 Benidorm (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes) - Episode #8.4 (2016) ... (performer: "We are Family") - Episode #2.2 (2008) ... (performer: "Pop Musik") Hide 2008-2016 Loose Women (TV Series) Himself 2016 The Making of Grimsby (Video documentary short) Himself 2015 Very British Problems (TV Series) Himself 2015 Travel Guides (TV Series) Himself - Narrator 2005-2014 This Morning (TV Series) Himself 2013 Ross Noble: Freewheeling (TV Series) Himself 2013 Sunday Brunch (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2008-2013 The One Show (TV Series) Himself - Guest / Himself 2011 The Untold Tommy Cooper (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2011 QI Genesis (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2011 Paul O'Grady Live (TV Series) Himself 2011 Celebrity Juice (TV Series) Himself 2009 Victoria Wood: Seen on TV (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2009 Ad of the Decade (TV Movie documentary) Himself - Episode dated 6 November 2009 (2009) ... Himself - Guest Host 2009 Genius (TV Series) 2009 Brit Awards 2009 (TV Special) Himself (voice) 2008 Shooting Stars: The Inside Story (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2008 The Comedy Map of Britain (TV Series documentary) Himself 2008 Celebrity Ding Dong (TV Series) Himself 2007 Comedy Lab (TV Series) Himself - Celebrity Guest 2007 The Beginner's Guide to (TV Series documentary) Himself - Presenter 2007 British Film Forever (TV Mini-Series documentary) Himself 2007 The Culture Show (TV Series documentary) Himself 2007 The F Word (TV Series documentary) Himself 2007 Memoirs of a Cigarette (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2007 The 50 Greatest Television Dramas (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2006 Showbiz Darts (TV Series) Himself - Andy's Group (as Johnny 'The Saint' Vegas) 2006 Capturing 'The Libertine' (Video documentary short) Himself 2006 Wogan Now & Then (TV Series) Himself 2005 Generation Fame (TV Movie) Himself 2005 'Star Wars': Feel the Force (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2005 Comic Aid (TV Movie) Himself - Performer 2005 Orange Playlist (TV Series) Himself 2004 Richard & Judy (TV Series) Himself 2004 Victoria Wood's Big Fat Documentary (TV Mini-Series documentary) Himself 2003 Top Gear (TV Series) Himself 2001-2003 Liquid News (TV Series) Himself 2003 Celebrity Poker Club (TV Series) Himself 2003 This Is Your Life (TV Series documentary) Himself 2002 Shooting Stars (TV Series) Himself 2002 Sport Relief (TV Special) Presenter: Runaround 2002 When Snooker Ruled the World (TV Movie documentary) Himself - Snooker Fan 2002 Room 101 (TV Series) Himself 2002 Brit Awards 2002 (TV Special) Himself - Presenter 2001 Q Awards 2001 (TV Special) Himself - Presenter, Best Live Act Award 2001 I Love the 1990s (TV Series documentary) Himself 2001 The Weakest Link (TV Series) Himself 2001 I Love 1980's (TV Series documentary) Himself 2000 I Love 1970's (TV Series documentary) Himself - Interviewee 2000 Vic Reeves Examines (TV Series) Himself 1992 The Big Breakfast (TV Series) Himself (2002) 2016 North West Tonight (TV Series) Himself 2013 Greatest Stand Up Comedians (TV Movie documentary) Himself - 50th Place 2007 100 Greatest Stand-Ups (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2007 The Comedy Map of Britain (TV Series documentary) Himself Personal Details Other Works: Appeared in McFly 's music video for "All About You", the official single of Comic Relief 2005. See more » Publicity Listings: 3 Interviews \| 2 Articles \| See more » Official Sites: Michael \| Michael Pennington \| Johnny 'The Saint' Vegas \| Jonny Vegas Height: Did You Know? Personal Quote: You get people who come to London, sever links with where they come from and then when they need people, there's nobody there. To feel like you can't go back home would be a horribly sad place to be, as is mistaking fame for genuine love and affection. See more » Trivia: Began his career as a stand-up comedian. See more » Trademark:	i don't know
Which King of Sparta was the husband of Helen of Troy?	About Helen of Troy About Helen of Troy Robert E. Bell H elen of Sparta was perhaps the most inspired character in all literature, ancient or modern. A whole war, one which lasted for ten years, was fought over her. Not only that, nearly all the myths of the heroic age were threaded together in such a way that this most idealized of all wars was the culmination of various exploits, including the Argonaut, the Theban wars, and the Calydonian boar hunt. It is as though this event was in the destiny of every dynasty formed from the beginning of things. Helen, the face that launched a thousand ships, was a tantalizing enigma from the very first. She was flesh and blood certainly, but she was also immortal, since her father was none other than Zeus. Her mother was the beautiful Leda, queen of Sparta, who was ravished by the father of the gods in the form of a swan. Leda's husband was Tyndarecus, who later the same night, unaware of his feathered predecessor, also impregnated his wife. She produced two eggs, one of which yielded Helen and Polydeuces and the other of which contained Castor and Clytemnestra. While a swan's egg can be accepted for the sake of myth, it has never made much sense that the part of her pregnancy initiated by Tyndareus should produce an egg as well. This most curious of births has been subjected to all manner of combinations over the years. As delicious as the story of Leda was, some commentators even went so far as to suggest that Helen and the Dioscuri were conceived at Rhamnus in Attica by Zeus and Nemesis, the usually rather stern and sexless goddess whose job it was to curb excesses. Nemesis, not happy with being raped by a swan, laid an egg and left it. Leda found it, and when the egg hatched it produced Helen and the Dioscuri. In that case, Clytemnestra was not even a sister of Helen. It is difficult to imagine the childhood of the famous egg-born quartet. Two of them could be injured, perhaps, but not fatally; two had special gifts that made them physically and mentally superior. Apparently there was no jealousy among them. Castor and Polydeuces were so closely attached they swore to die together, even if Polydeuces could not hope to fulfill this resolve. The relationship between Helen and Clytemnestra was not so simple. Helen was stunningly beautiful, and this must have caused Clytemnestra some wistful moments when inevitable comparisons were made. When the sisters reached puberty, Helen was kidnapped. Both the aging Theseus, king of Athens, and his friend Peirithous, king of Larissa, wanted to have sex with one of Zeus' daughters before they died. Theseus chose Helen, whose remarkable beauty was already talked of far and wide. The abductors took her to Aphidna, a small city north of Athens, and left her in the safekeeping of one of Theseus' vassals. He put his mother, Aethra, with her as a guardian and companion. Inevitably, stories arose that Theseus took her into safekeeping to do Tyndarcus a favor. One of Tyndarcus' nephews was persistently pursuing her as a suitor, even at her very young age. Another story said the sons of Apharcus, Idas and Lynceus, stole her, which caused the famous fatal battle between them and the Dioscuri. There can be little question that Theseus took Helens virginity. After all, that was the object of the kidnapping. Some suppose that he planned to keep her intact until she reached marriageable age. But the more realistic writers even gave the couple a child. Interestingly, but improbably, the child was Iphigeneia. We cannot know how long Helen was at Aphidna. Theseus had accomplished his goal, so he left her and went with Peirithous to Hades to steal Persephone. This was foolhardy as it turned out, for both were imprisoned, Peirithous forever. The Dioscuri meanwhile raised an army and marched on Athens. The Athenians knew nothing of the outrage to their sister, but one Academus had knowledge of the facts and revealed the hiding place. The brothers razed Aphidna and delivered Helen, whom they carried home to Sparta, along with Aethra and Peirithous' sister as personal slaves to their sister. Clytemnestra married during this time, first to Tantalus, son of Thyestes, and later to Agamemnon, who killed Tantalus. If Helen did bring a baby back from Aphidna, it made good sense for Clytemnestra to adopt it, since Helen was still considered a virgin. If the child was Iphigeneia, some of the drama of sacrifice at Aulis would be diminished, and Clytemnestra's revenge motive would not be as strong. It is probably best to go with the common story that Helen had no child by Theseus and that Iphigeneia was the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. Upon Helen's return to Sparta, an avalanche of suitors started to arrive. It would be interesting to explore the dynamics of this mass courting. Every red-blooded male in Greece who had heard of the gorgeous Helen dreamed of possessing her. But acting on such ambition had a price tag. One had to be able to afford an impressive appearance, complete with attendants, gifts, and other evidence of affluency. It must be pointed out that the suitors were really wooing Tyndarcus, not Helen. Their expense was nothing to what the process cost the father. The suitors and their attendants had to be lodged and entertained, and the laws of hospitality probably did not allow for limits on the duration of one's stay. The roll call of suitors shows that they came from all parts of Greece and represented the finest stock of heroes and heirs to property and wealth. They were Odysseus, son of Laertes; Diomedes, son of Tydeus; Antilochus, son of Nestor; Agapenor, son of Ancaeus; Sthenelus, son of Capaneus; Amphimachus, son of Cteatus; Thalpius, son of Eurytus; Meges, son of Phyleus; Amphilochus, son of Amphiaraus; Menestheus, son of Peteos; Schedius and Epistrophus, sons of Iphitus; Polyxenus, son of Agasthenes; Peneleus, son of Hippalcimus; Leitus, son of Alector; Ajax, son of Oileus; Ascalaphus and Ialmenus, sons of Ares; Elephenor, son of Chalcodon; Eumelus, son of Admetus; Polypoetes, son of Peirithous; Leonteus, son of Coronus; Podaleirius and Machaon, sons of Asclepius; Philoctetes, son of Poeas; Eurypylus, son of Euaemon; Protesilaus and Podarces, sons of Iphiclus; Menelaus, son of Pleisthenes (or Atreus); Ajax and Teucer, sons of Telamon; Patroclus, son of Menoetius; and Idomeneus, son of Deucalion. There were other lists, of course, with considerable variation in the names. In later years it was probably socially advantageous for one to be able to claim an ancestor who had been one of Helens suitors, in much the way descendants of the Argonauts could probably have filled three ships with their ancestors. It is interesting to learn that some of the suitors did not appear in person but sent representatives with offers of handsome dowries. Ajax the Greater promised considerable property, some of it not his own but to be acquired if he was chosen. Odysseus took no gifts, not expecting to win. Idomeneus of Crete appeared in person, depending on his extraordinary good looks to overcome the competition. Tyndareus was at a loss as to how to proceed, because he feared reprisal from the unsuccessful. Happy to settle for Tyndareus' niece, the wily Odysseus offered a solution in exchange for Penelope, a match Tyndareus was able to arrange with his brother Icarius. Odysseus suggested that each suitor swear an oath to stand behind whomever Tyndarcus selected and be ready at any time in the future to defend the favored bridegroom against any wrong done to him in respect to the marriage. Everyone agreed to these terms, and Tyndareus promptly chose Menelaus, whom he had probably had in mind all along. It may be important to realize that Helen really had little say-so in this arrangement. Menelaus was a political choice on her father's part. He had wealth and power, mainly through his brother Agamemnon, but for Helen he did not offer the good looks and glamor of some of her other suitors. It was her lot to grace the palace and the kingdom Menelaus soon inherited. She gave birth to Hermione, Aethiolas, Maraphius, and Pleisthenes, and, according to some, Nicostratus, although many claimed he and Megapenthes were the sons of Menelaus by Pieris, a slave. In that case, we can took at an additional reason for her own infidelity: (She had no way of knowing about another amorous adventure Menelaus was having in Crete during the time he was attending his grandfather's funeral.) According to some writers, Sparta experienced a plague during the early years of their marriage, and Menelaus was advised by an oracle to go to Troy to observe propitiatory rites at the graves of Lycus and Chimaereus, sons of Prometheus, who were buried there. Menelaus did so and was accompanied on his return by Paris, who had accidentally killed his best friend in an athletic contest and needed purification. The two arrived in Sparta, and during the several days necessary for the purification ceremony, Paris had many opportunities to see the gorgeous woman who had been promised to him. About the time the absolution was completed, Menelaus had to leave unexpectedly for Crete to attend funeral ceremonies for his grandfather Catreus. Ingenuously he left the handsome visitor to be entertained by his wife. Helen had been utterly charmed by the stranger. He was by nature already handsome, but Aphrodite, as if to guarantee the success of her project, had made him even more irresistibly beautiful. In addition, he possessed manners and charm, and it was impossible for Helen not to fall in love with this superb young man. He, of course, had fallen under her spell the instant he laid eyes on her. Menelaus had not been gone long before the lovers departed. Some say they left the very next night, but some preparation must have been necessary. Paris had his own ship, and certainly he had retainers with him befitting his royal status. Helen required her own attendants, who included Aethra, the mother of Theseus; Thisadie, sister of Peirithous; and Astyanassa, Clymene, and Electra, servants. According to some reports, Paris helped himself to the royal treasury. It does not speak too well for Menelaus' authority that his security forces would have allowed this flagrant plundering. He must have left a considerable army behind when he went to Crete. It is likely Helen had a sufficiently large number of loyal subjects that she could come and go without question. Undoubtedly many of the palace guards were secretly in love with her. Inevitably there were the stories that sought to make Helen look sinned against rather than sinning. According to these, she was taken by force. One silly version even suggested that Aphrodite deceived her by giving Paris the appearance of Menelaus. It was Aphrodite herself, though, who had pronounced a curse on Tyndarcus that his daughters Clytemnestra, Timandra, and Helen would be adulteresses, and she probably did not allow for such an excuse as involuntary adultery. At Gythium, the port of Sparta, they embarked after Paris dedicated a sanctuary to Aphrodite Migonitis in appreciation for her assistance. They were barely under way before they stopped at the island of Cranae, still within view of Gythium. So far the couple had not been to bed together, even though there was ample opportunity after Menelaus left. Perhaps Paris felt comfortable in robbing the treasury of his host but not further violating the code of hospitality by sleeping with his wife in his own house. For some similar moral reason, Helen may have held him off until they had left the mainland. Or maybe it made good sense to erect the sanctuary at Gythium to Aphrodite, who might otherwise give them trouble at a later time. Paris could have had in mind to make for Onugnathus, farther down the Laconian Gulf and more or less out of immediate range of any pursuers, but biological urgencies probably forced him to cast anchor immediately. The consummation stuns the imagination. What a sublime moment for Paris, who now lay with the most desired woman in the entire world. Undoubtedly his passion was heightened by Aphrodite, who must have considered this her most inspired achievement. As for Helen, there could have been a bittersweet response to the great moment. Until then she had experienced sex with only the aging Theseus and the prosaic Menelaus. This virile young man must have given her bliss she had not imagined, but certainly the shadow of her infidelity and the abandonment of her children must have cast itself across the love couch. The trip thereafter has been variously described. The temptation to embroider on the already rich tapestry was too strong to resist. The ship went to Egypt and Phoenicia. According to one account, Proteus, king in Egypt, took Helen from Paris and gave him a phantom image of her, restoring the real Helen to Menelaus on his return from Troy. This inane account would then make the Trojan War a total mockery. Another similarly tiresome account had Paris robbing the king of Sidon, who had offered the party hospitality on their way up the coast. Already disgraced in most eyes, Paris would then have been little more than a pirate. Whatever minor adventures befell them, the company came at last to Troy. The Trojans, even those who had criticized the rashness of Priams son, could only marvel at the divine beauty who stepped off the ship. A wedding ceremony took place, and it was as though Helen was marrying Troy, since her destiny became at that moment interlocked with the destiny of the city. Even Priam was fully won over and vowed to protect her as long as she wanted to remain. The lovers had barely left Sparta before couriers were running swiftly to all parts of Greece. The unthinkable had happened. Menelaus came swiftly back from Crete, where his loitering with a nymph had allowed the elopers ample time to outdistance any possible pursuit. Agamemnon was furious. Not only was his family dishonored, but he took the insult almost personally. One suspects he himself was in love with his sister-in-law. Swift action was taken. Menelaus, Odysseus, and, according to some, Acamas, the son of Theseus, went to Troy to demand that Helen be returned. Incidentally, this above all would seem to silence the versions that had Paris and Helen taking months to reach Troy. Though counseled by such advisers as Antenor and Aeneas to surrender Helen, Priam stubbornly held to his promise to her. Moreover, he recalled the reverse situation when his sister Hesione had been kidnapped by Heracles and Telamon, and the Greeks had turned deaf ears to entreaties for her return. The envoys returned to Greece, and preparations for war began. The former suitors of Helen were reminded of the oath they had sworn. Armies were recruited and ships were built. Men who had been boys when Helen married came forward to enlist in a cause that the gods transported her to Elysium. This was the most fitting end of the story since Helen was, after all, immortal. Consequently, Menelaus could scarcely have carried out his intention of killing her when he was reunited with her at Troy. Immortal or not, her physical remains and those of Menelaus were supposed to be buried at Therapne in a temple dedicated to them. Writers even followed her into the afterworld, where they had her marry Achilles, making him her fifth husband, following Theseus, Menelaus, Paris, and Deiphobus. From there she was even said to have blinded the poet Stesichorus for writing unflattering things about her; she restored his vision when he recanted and composed a poem in her praise. The most fascinating thing about Helen was her story. It was far better than she was. We do not see any real character development in her and have to regard her as a pawn of the gods. The larger story is involved with the people around her, their rise and fall. She herself seemed almost oblivious to the horrors that surrounded her. She displayed very little emotion and no remorse. She seemed removed and largely unaffected by the outcome of the war. In most accounts of her final years she was not even made to pay for her part in the calamity that touched virtually every family in Greece. It is small wonder some writers contrived alternative versions in which she was made to pay a debt to society. From Women of Classical Mythology: A Biographical Dictionary. Copyright � 1991 by Robert E. Bell. Jean-Louis Back�s Did the Trojan War take place? We have little reason to doubt it, but we have little more to believe that it was the greatest conflict ever to have occurred. The Greeks however, thought that it was: before telling the story of the Peloponnesian War the historian Thucydides felt the need to establish a parallel between it and the Trojan War to emphasize the importance of his subject. With the passage of time these heroic exploits had entered the realm of legend, people were convinced that the gods had taken part, and history became myth. The Trojan War glows with a dark fire at the dawn of time as the unsurpassable model for all the wars that were to come. An extraordinary phenomenon must have an extraordinary cause. Did Homer think so? It is impossible to tell: his Iliad recounts only one episode in the conflict, the death of Hector, otherwise contenting itself with allusions or prophetic pronouncements. One thing is clear: each time the contenders started negotiations, it was said that the Trojans would have to hand back 'Helen and the treasures'. The affair started with a woman being raped and a raid -- an act of brigands. Paris went off with plundered treasure, and a queen to boot. With Aphrodite's blessing, he made the queen his wife. But other bards, whose work has been lost, were not satisfied with such a humble explanation. They built up a cycle of epics telling the whole story of the war from the beginning. They described the origin of the affair ab ovo. They accepted that Zeus wanted to decimate the human race which had become too numerous, and posited a whole series of events: rivalry among three goddesses over an apple given 'to the most beautiful' by Eris (Discord); a verdict favouring Aphrodite pronounced by Paris, a Trojan prince brought up among shepherds; Paris being rewarded with the most beautiful woman ever seen. This woman, Helen, was the daughter of Zeus and Leda; as Zeus had disguised himself as a swan to seduce his beloved, Helen and her brothers the Dioscuri were born ab ovo -- from an egg. This explication of the whole episode entails several difficulties. The main question is the extent to which Helen accepted the fate assigned to her. Did she act of her own free will? It was not long before people wondered if she had followed Paris voluntarily. It is an important distinction. In the first instance it could be said that she was the occasion of the war, which makes her no less odious; in the second she was responsible for the war, and could thus be hated as a scourge, and also condemned on moral grounds. Such condemnation became increasingly necessary in the eyes of the Greeks, who were developing a personal morality, but was ever less acceptable to those among them who saw Helen as a goddess. The immorality of religious myths shocked more than one right-thinking person in the fifth century BC. In some towns, Sparta in particular, there were temples to Helen, feasts of Helen and a cult of Helen, who figured as the protectress of adolescent girls and young married women. It would be shocking if elsewhere she had set an example of adultery. And the closer we go towards presenting the story in human terms, the closer we come to the unacceptable. Aeschylus turned Helen into a being who was both abstract and divine, a sort of curse closely allied to the goddess Nemesis, -- who according to some traditions was her mother, and not Leda. But Euripides saw his heroine purely as a woman; he did not even accept the possible intervention of Aphrodite to inspire Helen with an irresistible passion. Hecabe says so very forcefully in the Troades: 'Paris was an extremely handsome man -- one look,/And your appetite became your Aphrodite. Why,/Men's lawless lusts are all called love' (v. 987, trans. Vellacott). How far is this psychological speech, which uses allegory, also an impious speech casting doubt on the existence of the gods? It is not easy to say. In any case it is almost at the opposite pole from the chorus in Agamemnon where Aeschylus says of Helen that she is the Erinyes, the 'wife of tears' and 'the priest of Ate'; we are also a long way from the suggestion that Helen has a sort of divine mission, making her the instrument of fate: as it is expressed in Vellacott's translation, 'Was born that fit and fatal name/To glut the sea with spoil of ships' (Agamemnon 689). The virtual disappearance of the religious aspect of Helen that surrounded her with an aura of sacred terror laid her open to the most scathing insults. People expressed amazement that the Trojan War should have been fought over such an unimportant creature -- a woman -- adding that the woman in question had absolutely no value because she herself had no sense of her own dignity. A fine assortment of insults could easily be garnered from Euripides. This tradition did not stop with him; at the height of the neoclassical period in Europe the name of Helen became a simple figure of speech, a metonym that could be used to designate any woman who was dangerous because she was flighty; in Schiller's Maria Stuart one of the queen's most persistent opponents can find no worse epithet for her than this: she is a Helen. Euripides was alive at the time when sophistry was born. No doubt he was as amused as anyone else by the idea of pleading lost causes. Gorgias and Isocrates each produced a eulogy of Helen. The tragic poet had shown them the way by putting a plea in the heroine's own mouth (Troades 903ff.). There is censure of the power of the gods, the origin of desire and the power of seduction: a suitable subject for rhetors whose prime concern it was to attract an audience. Or there is praise of beauty. From whatever angle it was approached it was not a comfortable morality: was it possible for a woman who was perfectly beautiful to be corrupt and vile? A philosophical dimension loomed. Homer was happy to concede that the Trojan populace felt ill-will towards Helen, but the finest Trojans, Priam, his advisers and Hector, found it impossible not to respect her. At one point in the Iliad (VI.358) a strange complicity is established between Helen and Hector, both of them unhappy, but sure that they will for ever be celebrated by poets. Homer's successors never tired of pondering a parallel between Helen and Achilles. One of the poets of the epic cycle had proposed a meeting between the most beautiful daughter of Zeus and the most valiant of heroes. Much later it was imagined that these two marvellous beings were united beyond death on the fabled Isles of the Blessed. But Euripides had already pointed out (Helen 99) that Achilles had been prominent among Helen's suitors, and that the Trojan War had been envisaged also with a view to allowing Achilles to distinguish himself (op. cit., 1. 41); moreover the apple of Discord, the origin of the whole affair, had been produced on the occasion of the wedding of Thetis and Peteus, Achilles' parents-to-be. Paradoxically the concern to elevate Helen from the realm of sordid anecdote and restore her to an epic role, was to have the effect of casting doubt on the epic itself. Since it was vital that beautiful Helen should be virtuous, it was claimed that she had never been in Troy, that Zeus had put a phantom in her place or that a king of Egypt had snatched her from Paris to protect her. The second version, which was known to Herodotus, has had a long life: it can be found in the novel Kassandra (1983) by Christa Wolf. Wolf imagines that the Trojans pretended Helen was within their walls so as not to lose face. The first version also effectively makes Helen an object of derision, and again presents in an exaggerated form the bitter judgement so often repeated -- a woman was not a worthwhile cause for people to kill one another. Yet this was not the point of view expressed by Euripides, the poet supposed to hate women, in his tragedy Helen. Not only does he depict her character in the same touching, majestic light as his Alcestis or his Polyxena (in Hecabe), he even extends the study of the sufferings of misrepresented innocence to a tragic interrogation of the identity of the person: Helen is a woman who has been robbed of her very name and face. Saved because the gods finally proclaim the truth, she can rejoin or at least expect to rejoin the pleasant atmosphere of the feasts in Sparta (I. 141ff.), the young girls dancing and the husband towards whom she was led with songs. Writing his 'Epithalamion of Helen' (Idylls 18) more than two centuries after Euripides, Theocritus did not even mention the Trojan War. No doubt he bore in mind that according to a tradition relayed by Plato (Phaedrus 243a) the poet Stesichorus had been blinded by the gods for speaking ill of Helen, recovering his sight only after reciting the Palinode (a recantation). It is impossible to know which of the two traditions Euripides was more committed to, that which he followed in his Helen or the other which is evident in the rest of his plays, where he attacks her as fickle, flirtatious and brazen. We can only note that other heroic characters were also depicted by Euripides in a none too favourable light: wily Odysseus, for example, whose wisdom and ability to confront the most disconcerting situations unperturbed were described by Homer with admiration, tends to become an unscrupulous sophist who loves traps and machinations. If Hecabe reproaches Helen, she does not spare Odysseus. Reading the great tragedies that conjure up the fall of Troy (Traodes, Hecabe and to some extent Andromache as well) we get the impression that the judicious balance that Homer's epic poems preserved between the two opposing sides has been upset, and certainly not in favour of the victors. The legend also became degraded. Once seen as a divine scourge, Helen was now regarded as a hateful woman. She was the butt of obscene jokes even in Euripides' day (the Cyclops), a tradition that was continued in Horace, Jean de Meung, Hofmannswaldau, and Meilhac and Hal�vy. Others merely adopted a light, frivolous, scornful tone when writing about her. [. . . .] The forms in which this myth is expressed are so diverse that it is hard to determine its invariables. How could we justify censuring those poets for whom Helen is perfectly and impudently at ease with her conscience, always supposing she has one? All the same, Helen is cast with remarkable frequency as a burdened soul who finds it hard to recognize her own identity, in the work of both those who stick to the Trojan version and those who adopt the Egyptian variant. One of the first times he mentions Helen Homer speaks of her 'sobs'. And the distress of the innocent Helen in Euripides' play is immense. Beside this motif there is another: Helen is par excellence the woman carried off by a stranger. Abducted by Theseus, then by Paris, recaptured by her brothers, then by her husband, snatched from Paris by an Egyptian king, then from the son of that king by Menelaus, taken off by Simon Magus, then by Faust, sent to the heavens or to the Isles of the Blessed: is Helen the mistress of her fate? It will be remembered that in Troades Helen is 'held prisoner with all the women taken in Troy' (1, 872). She is imprisoned like Hecabe, Andromache and Cassandra. For the film he produced in 1971 Cacoyannis had a cage built in which Helen was discovered, and suddenly booed. And in the plea she makes, however sophistical it may be, the reviled princess claim that her time spent in Troy has always been to her a period of captivity. Morality and psychology would lead one to expect many subtle differences in the relationships between the characters. Euripides, for example, organized his tragedy round a conflict between Helen and Hecabe, and Tennyson made his poem a complaint levelled at Helen by Iphigenia. Beyond these incontrovertible specific aspects, however, one feature remains: of all the heroic chronicles that have attained the status of myth, the saga of Troy is perhaps the one in which the roles played by women were most developed. From the mourning lament in Book XXIV of the Iliad to Christa Wolf's Kassandra, taking in the highly original adaptation by Jean-Paul Sartre of Troades, a veiled figure stands over the corpses, a pitiful victim left to her fate. When the warriors have perished, the women will be dragged far away from their land to the houses of new masters. The epic of Troy tells us that a city can die. Homer finishes the Iliad with a lament. Standing beside Hector's body Helen speaks to him, thanking him for never having insulted her. She is not afraid to compare their misfortunes; there are sensitive feelings that the old myth, facing darkness, may neglect: '. . .these tears of sorrow that I shed are both for you and for my miserable self. No one else is left. . .'. Excerpted from a longer essay in Companion to Literary Myths, Heroes, and Archetypes. Ed. Pierre Brunel. Copyright � 1996 by Routledge.	Menelaus
Which famous monument stands in the centre of the ‘Place Charles de Gaulle’ in Paris?	Helen Of Troy :: Ancient Greece Greek History Open Document Helen Of Troy Helen was the most beautiful woman in the entire Greek known world. She was the daughter of the god Zeus and of Leda, and wife of the King of Sparta. The hero Theseus, who hoped in time to marry her, abducted her in childhood but her brothers rescued her. Because Helen was courted by so many prominent heroes, Menelaus made all of them swear to abide by Helen 's choice of a husband, and to defend that husband's rights should anyone attempt to take Helen away by force. Helen's beauty was the direct cause of the Trojan War. The ten-year conflict began when the three goddesses Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite asked the Trojan prince Paris to choose the most beautiful among them. After each of the goddesses had attempted to influence his decision, Paris chose Aphrodite, who had promised him the world's most beautiful woman. Soon afterward Paris sailed to Greece, where Helen and her husband hospitably received him, Menelaus, king of Sparta. Helen, as the fairest of her sex, was the prize destined for Paris. Although she was living happily with Menelaus, Helen fell under the influence of Aphrodite and allowed Paris to persuade her to run off with him, and he carried her off to Troy . Menelaus then called upon the Greek leaders, including Helen's former suitors, to help him rescue his wife, and with few exceptions they responded to his call. Agamemnon his brother led the forces to Troy. During ten years of conflict, the Greeks and Trojans fought irresolutely. Then Paris and Menelaus agreed to meet in single combat between the opposing armies, and Helen was summoned to view the duel. As she approached the tower, where the aged King Priam and his counselors sat, her beauty was still so matchless and her sorrow so great that no one could feel for her anything but compassion. Although the Greeks claimed the victory in the battle between the two warriors, Aphrodite helped Paris escape from the enraged Menelaus by enveloping him in a cloud and taking him safely to Helen's chamber, where Aphrodite compelled the unwilling Helen to lie with him. Unable to capture the city after a siege of ten years, the Greeks resorted to strategy. Agamemnon's forces, namely Odysseus, came up with a plan. They sailed away and left the Trojan horse, filled with armed warriors, on the shore. Sinon, a Greek spy, persuaded the Trojans to take the horse into the city, convincing them that to do so would mysteriously make Troy invulnerable. How to Cite this Page MLA Citation: Sort By: That night Sinon let out the armed Greek troops; killing the guards, they opened the gates to the Greeks, and Troy was captured and burned. After the death of Paris and the fall of Troy, Menelaus was reunited with his wife, and they soon left Troy for their native Greece. They had, however, incurred the displeasure of the gods and were therefore driven by storms from shore to shore in the Mediterranean Sea, stopping in Cyprus, Phoenicia, and Egypt. Arriving at length in Sparta, Menelaus and Helen resumed their reign and lived the rest of their days in royal splendor. They had one daughter, Hermione.	i don't know
Which US musician launched ‘Mansinthe’, his own brand of Absinthe in 2007?	Absinthe Mansinthe 0,7l, 66.6% Absinthe Mansinthe 0,7l, 66.6% Description Reviews (0) Marilyn Manson drinks Absinthe, now he has his own Absinthe brand - Mansinthe. The Absinthe itself is green with a smooth and balanced taste. It has a low anise level and therefore doesn´t have an extreme licorice taste. Try it and experience what inspires Marilyn! Absinthe was invented at the end of the 18th century, in Val-de-Travers in the Swiss province of Jura. It is traditionally made of vermouth, aniseed, fennel and a range of other herbs. In the mid 19th century, absinthe was the drink of Bohemia. Artists such as Ernest Hemingway, Edgar Allan Poe, Oscar Wilde, Charles Baudelaire, Paul Gauguin, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and Vincent van Gogh regarded the green fairy as a source of inspiration. The same is true for Marilyn Manson, who has been known as an absinthe lover for many years. In July 2007, together with Markus Lion from ABSINTHE.DE and multiple award-winning Swiss speciality distillery Matter-Luginbühl AG, he launched his own absinthe, which is called Mansinthe. Manson intensely involved in the development Two years after the initial idea to do develop an absinthe together with Marilyn Manson, it was finished, Markus Lion looks back. Manson was intensely involved in the development, constantly tasting the samples, giving his opinion and providing suggestions for changes. When he was completely satisfied with a prototype, the final implementation was swift. The artist, whose real name is Brian Hugh Warner, presented his Mansinthe at the private viewing of his exhibition in Galerie Schenk in Cologne, on 27th June 2007. How to prepare Mansinthe: Pour 3cl of Mansinthe into a large stemmed glass, then place a slotted absinthe spoon and sugar cube over the glass. Slowly drip ice-water over the sugar cube until dissolved, then fill glass with water to preferred taste. You may also use an Absinthefountain - that makes a perfect preparation as well as a Brouilleur. This fine spirit is also enjoyed by the most discerning connoisseurs without sugar. Do not: light your Absinthe on fire think, Absinthe will make you hallucinate - it wont! Drink responsibly and with moderation! Gold medal winner at the 2008 San Francisco World Spirits Competition Bronze medal winner at the 2008 IWSC	Marilyn Manson
The Australian city of Melnbourne lies at the mouth of which river?	Marilyn Manson – Lunchbox \| BVMTV Marilyn Manson – Lunchbox Share via E-mail Marilyn Manson (born Brian Hugh Warner; January 5, 1969) is an American musician, artist and former music journalist known for his controversial stage persona and image as the lead singer of the eponymous band Marilyn Manson. His stage name was formed from juxtaposing the names of two 1960s American cultural icons, namely actress Marilyn Monroe and convicted multiple murder mastermind Charles Manson as a critical and, simultaneously, laudatory […] Posted on: February 23, 2012 Tweet Marilyn Manson (born Brian Hugh Warner; January 5, 1969) is an American musician, artist and former music journalist known for his controversial stage persona and image as the lead singer of the eponymous band Marilyn Manson . His stage name was formed from juxtaposing the names of two 1960s American cultural icons, namely actress Marilyn Monroe and convicted multiple murder mastermind Charles Manson as a critical and, simultaneously, laudatory appraisal of America and its peculiar culture . He has a long legacy of being depicted in the media as a detrimental influence on young people. The seemingly outrageous styles for which he models and the controversy surrounding his lyrics have led to his public appeal. Early life Manson was born in Canton , Ohio . He is the only child of Barb (born Wyer) and Hugh Warner. Manson is of Polish and German descent on his father’s side, and is a fourth cousin twice removed of Conservative commentator Pat Buchanan . In his autobiography The Long Hard Road Out of Hell , he detailed his grandfather’s sexual fetishes (including bestiality and sadomasochism ) influence to the forming of Marilyn Manson and the Spooky Kids . As a child, he attended his mother’s Episcopalian church, though his father was Catholic. [10] [11] Warner attended Heritage Christian School from first grade to tenth grade. He later transferred Glenoak Highschool Canton and graduated from there. Manson graduated from high school in 1987, and became a student at Broward Community College in 1990. He was working towards a degree in journalism and gaining experience in the field by writing music articles for a South Florida lifestyle magazine, 25th Parallel . He would soon meet several of the musicians to whom his own band would later be compared, including My Life With the Thrill Kill Kult and Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails . Career Main article: Marilyn Manson (band) Manson performing at 2007’s Eurockéennes . Manson formed Marilyn Manson & the Spooky Kids in Florida in 1989 (the name was shortened to Marilyn Manson in 1992). While with The Spooky Kids, he was involved with Jeordie White (also known as Twiggy Ramirez) and Stephen Gregory Bier Jr. (also known as Madonna Wayne Gacy ) in two side-projects: Satan on Fire , a faux- Christian metal ensemble where he played bass guitar, and drums in Mrs. Scabtree, a collaborative band formed with White and then girlfriend Jessicka (vocalist with the band Jack Off Jill) as a way to combat contractual agreements that prohibited Marilyn Manson from playing in certain clubs. In the summer of 1993, the band drew the attention of Trent Reznor . Reznor produced their 1994 debut album, Portrait of an American Family and released it on his Nothing Records label. The band began to develop a cult following , which grew larger with the release of Smells Like Children in 1995. That EP yielded the band’s first big MTV hit with “ Sweet Dreams (Are Made Of This) ,” a cover of the 1983 Eurythmics hit. Antichrist Superstar (co-produced by Trent Reznor) was an even greater success. In the US alone, three of the band’s albums have been awarded platinum certification, three more gold, and the band has had five releases debut in the top ten, including two number-one albums. Manson first worked as a producer with the band Jack Off Jill . He helped name the band and produce most of the band’s early recordings, and also played guitar on the song “My Cat” and had the band open most of his South Florida shows. Manson later wrote the liner notes to the band’s album Humid Teenage Mediocrity 1992-1995 , a collection of early Jack Off Jill recordings. Manson has appeared as a guest performer on DMX ‘s album Flesh of My Flesh, Blood of My Blood and on Godhead ‘s 2000 Years of Human Error album — the only album released on his vanity label Posthuman. In 2011 it was revealed that Manson was to appear on the singer Skylar Grey ‘s album “Invinsible” on the track entitled “Can’t Haunt Me”. Film and television Manson at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival . Manson made his film debut in 1997, as an actor in David Lynch ‘s Lost Highway . Since then he has appeared in a variety of minor roles and cameos, including Party Monster ; then-girlfriend Rose McGowan ‘s 1998 film Jawbreaker ; Asia Argento ‘s 2004 film The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things ; Rise ; and The Hire: Beat The Devil , the sixth instalment in the BMW Films series. He was interviewed in Michael Moore ‘s political documentary Bowling for Columbine discussing possible motivations for the Columbine massacre and allegations that his music was somehow a factor. He has appeared in animated form in Clone High and participated in several episodes of the MTV series Celebrity Deathmatch , becoming the show’s unofficial champion and mascot; he often performed the voice for his claymated puppet, and contributed the song “ Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes ” to the soundtrack album. In July 2005, Manson told Rolling Stone that he was shifting his focus from music to filmmaking – “I just don’t think the world is worth putting music into right now. I no longer want to make art that other people — particularly record companies — are turning into a product. I just want to make art.” Johnny Depp reportedly used Manson as his inspiration for his performance as Willy Wonka in the film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Manson himself expressed interest in playing the role of Willy Wonka in the film. He had been working on his directorial debut, Phantasmagoria: The Visions of Lewis Carroll , since 2004, with Manson also set to portray the role of Lewis Carroll , author of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland . Initially announced as a web-only release, it was later decided to give the estimated $4.2 million budget film a conventional cinema release, with a slated release date of mid-2007. The film was to have an original music soundtrack with previously unreleased songs. Production of the film had been postponed indefinitely until after the Eat Me, Drink Me tour. In 2010, studio bosses shut down production on the project, reportedly due to viewers responses over the violent content of clips released on the internet. The film was later officially put on “indefinite production hold”. However, according to an interview with co-writer Anthony Silva about the hold, the film was still on and the talk of it being shut down was just a myth. Manson will portray metalband lead singer Lars in the upcoming slasher Splatter Sisters, for which he will also contribute an original soundtrack. Art Manson claimed in a 2004 interview with i-D magazine to have begun his career as a watercolor painter in 1999 when he made five-minute concept pieces and sold them to drug dealers. On September 13–14, 2002, his first show, The Golden Age of Grotesque, was held at the Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions Centre. Art in America ‘s Max Henry likened them to the works of a “psychiatric patient given materials to use as therapy ” and said his work would never be taken seriously in a fine-art context, writing that the value was “in their celebrity, not the work”. On September 14–15, 2004, Manson held a second exhibition on the first night in Paris and the second in Berlin. The show was named ‘Trismegistus’ which was also the title of the center piece of the exhibit – a large, three-headed Christ painted onto an antique wood panel from a portable embalmers table. Manson named his self-proclaimed art movement Celebritarian Corporation. He has coined a slogan for the movement: “We will sell our shadow to those who stand within it.” In 2005 he said that the Celebritarian Corporation has been “incubating for seven years” which if correct would indicate that Celebritarian Corporation, in some form, started in 1998. Celebritarian Corporation is also the namesake of an art gallery owned by Manson, called the Celebritarian Corporation Gallery of Fine Art in Los Angeles for which his third exhibition was the inaugural show. From April 2–17, 2007, his recent works were on show at the Space 39 Modern & Contemporary in Florida. 40 pieces from this show traveled to Germany’s Gallery Brigitte Schenk in Cologne to be publicly exhibited from June 28 – July 28, 2007. Manson was refused admittance to Kölner Dom (Cologne Cathedral), when he was in the city to attend the opening night. This was, according to Manson, due to his makeup. Manson revealed a series of 20 paintings in 2010 entitled Genealogies of Pain, an exhibition showcased at Vienna’s Kunsthalle gallery which the artist collaborated on with David Lynch . Other Manson made an appearance in the video game Area 51 as Edgar, a Grey Alien . His song “Cruci-Fiction In Space” is featured in a commercial for a video game, The Darkness . His likeness is also featured on the Celebrity Deathmatch video game for which he recorded a song for the soundtrack (2003). The song “Use your fist and not your mouth” was the credits score of the game Cold Fear as well as Spawn: Armageddon . The song “Four Rusted Horses” had an alternate version used in trailers for the video game Fear 3. Personal life Manson launched “Mansinthe,” his own brand of Swiss made absinthe , which has received mixed reviews ranging from critics who compared the drink’s odor to sewage water and described the taste as being “just plain”to coming second to Versinthe in an Absinthe top five and winning a gold medal at the 2008 San Francisco World Spirits Competition. After media comments from Manson that he wears his signature black leather pants 24 hours a day, animal rights group PETA added Manson to its “Worst-Dressed Celebrities of 2008”. Relationships Manson was engaged to actress Rose McGowan from February 1999 to January 19, 2001. Manson and Dita Von Teese first met when he asked her to dance in one of his music videos. Though she was unable to, the two kept in contact. On his 32nd birthday they became a couple. He proposed on March 22, 2004 and gave her a 1930s-era, 7 carats (1,400 mg), European round-cut diamond engagement ring. On November 28, 2005, Manson and von Teese were married in a private, non-denominational ceremony in their home. A larger ceremony was held on December 3, at Gurteen Castle, in Kilsheelan , County Tipperary , Ireland, the home of their friend, Gottfried Helnwein . The wedding was officiated by surrealist film director and comic book writer Alejandro Jodorowsky .On December 30, 2006 Von Teese filed for divorce due to “irreconcilable differences.”ET.com and People claimed that Manson was having an extramarital affair with then 19-year-old actress Evan Rachel Wood , who is to co-star in his horror film Phantasmagoria: The Visions of Lewis Carroll , and features in the video for his 2007 single, “ Heart-Shaped Glasses .”The relationship was confirmed by Von Teese in an interview with the Sunday Telegraph , “I get the impression he thinks I was unsupportive, but the truth is I wasn’t supportive of his lifestyle, and someone else came along who was.”Manson’s alcohol abuse and distant behavior were also cited as cause for the split.A judgment of divorce was entered in Los Angeles Superior Court on December 27, 2007. In 2007, attention was brought to Manson’s love life again when a relationship with actress Evan Rachel Wood was made public.Manson and Wood reportedly maintained an on-again off-again relationship for several years. Manson proposed to Wood during a Paris stage performance in January 2010, but the couple broke off the engagement later that year. Lawsuits In September 1996, former bassist Gidget Gein negotiated a settlement with Manson where he would receive $17,500 in cash, 20 percent of any royalties paid for recordings and for any songs he had a hand in writing and his share of any other royalties or fees the group earned while he was a member. Furthermore, the settlement allowed him to market himself as a former member of Marilyn Manson. This settlement was not honored, however. Former guitarist and founding member Scott Putesky (aka Daisy Berkowitz ) filed a $15 million lawsuit in a Fort Lauderdale court against the singer, the band and the band’s attorney, David Codikow in January 1998 after his forcible departure from the group in the spring of 1996. Berkowitz claimed he was cheated by the band out of “thousands of dollars in royalties, publishing rights, and performance fees.” He also filed an attorney malpractice suit against Codikow, alleging that “Codikow represented Warner’s interests more than the band’s and that he gave Warner disproportionate control over the band’s name, recordings, merchandising, and touring proceeds.”By October of that year, the suit had been settled out of court for an undisclosed amount. In November 30, 1998, a few days after the band accumulated “[a] total [of] more than $25,000” in backstage and hotel room damages during the Poughkeepsie, New York stop of their Mechanical Animals Tour , SPIN editor Craig Marks filed a $24 million lawsuit against Manson and his bodyguards for allegedly assaulting his person and threatening to kill his family. According to Mark’s interview with the New York Post , the issue stemmed from Manson’s displeasure with the magazine’s decision to renege on a promised cover story of the band for their January 1998 cover. According to Marks, the last-minute change was made because Manson’s record wasn’t “performing.” The Post described the editor as “bruised and battered.” Manson for his part issued a statement saying, “I had a conversation with Craig Marks expressing I was tired of Spin’s immature business behavior and the series of deals they had broken with me. I told him that I didn’t care what he prints or whether or not I’m on the cover. I simply no longer wanted to work with him or his magazine that obviously has a lack of respect for musicians and their fans.” On February 19, 1999, Manson counter-sued Marks for libel, slander and defamation. The singer was seeking $40 million in reparation, claiming that Marks’ statements were false and “were made … with actual malice, hatred and personal ill will.” According to the counter-suit, Marks’ allegations have “greatly damaged and injured [Manson’s] reputation and standing in the music profession, in the music and entertainment industries, in his community and in the general public, and has been subjected to great shame, humiliation and indignity.”As for the Poughkeepsie incident, Manson apologized and offered to make financial restitution. In a civil battery suit, David Diaz, a security officer from a concert in Minneapolis , Minnesota, on October 27, 2000, sued for $75,000 in a Minneapolis federal court.The federal court jury found in Manson’s favor. In a civil suit presented by Oakland County , Michigan , Manson was charged with sexual misconduct against another security officer, Joshua Keasler, during a concert in Clarkston, Michigan , on July 30, 2001. Oakland County originally filed assault and battery and criminal sexual misconduct charges,but the judge reduced the latter charge to misdemeanor disorderly conduct.Manson pleaded no contest to the reduced charges, paid a $4,000 fine,and later settled the lawsuit under undisclosed terms. On April 3, 2002, Maria St. John filed a lawsuit in Los Angeles Superior Court accusing Manson of providing her adult daughter, Jennifer Syme , with cocaine and instructing her to drive while under the influence.After attending a party at Manson’s house, Syme was given a lift home;Manson claims she was taken home by a designated driver.After she got home she got behind the wheel of her own vehicle and was killed instantly when she crashed it into three parked cars. Manson is reported to have said there were no drugs or alcohol at the party. St. John’s lawyer asked “[if] there were no drinks, no drugs, why would she need a designated driver?” The suit alleged Syme was returning to the party at Manson’s request. The case, BC271111, was dismissed on May 29, 2003. On August 2, 2007, former band member Stephen Bier filed a lawsuit against Manson for unpaid “partnership proceeds,” seeking $20 million in back pay. Several details from the lawsuit leaked to the press.In November 2007, additional papers were filed saying that Manson purchased a child’s skeleton and masks made of human skin. He also allegedly bought stuffed animals , such as a grizzly bear and two baboons and a collection of Nazi memorabilia .In December 2007, Manson countersued, claiming that Bier failed to fulfill his duties as a bandmember to play for recordings and to promote the band.On December 28, 2009, the suit was settled with an agreement which saw Bier’s attorneys being paid a total of $380,000, of which Manson’s insurance company paid $175,000, while the remainder was paid by Bier’s former business managers, according to Manson’s lawyer Howard King. Discography Genealogies of Pain . Nuremberg: Verlag für moderne Kunst Nürnberg, 2011 ISBN 3-86-984129-8 . Campaign . Calabasas: Grassy Slope Incorporated, 2011 ISBN B-00-5J24ZH-S. Appearances in other media Season 2, Episode 18 of South Park features Trey Parker doing a parody of Marilyn Manson singing “Stinky Britches” Episode 2 of Clone High portrays Marilyn Manson singing a song about the Food Pyramid Season 5, Episode 4 of Family Guy portrays Marilyn Manson informing Chris Griffin of nutrition In the final episode of the fourth season of Mr. Show David Cross portrays the character “Marilyn Monster” in a sketch. In The X-Files Season 8, Episode 17 the characters Detective Potter and Agent Reyes discuss Marilyn Manson after finding his cd at the desk of a suspect. Andy Dick created the character “Marilyn Poppins” for The Andy Dick Show as a satirical homage to Marilyn Manson	i don't know
Which ship picked up over 700 Titanic survivors in April 1912?	BBC NEWS \| UK \| Dive to film Titanic rescue ship Dive to film Titanic rescue ship 1,500 passengers died when the Titanic sank in 1912 Divers are preparing to record the first video footage of the wreck of RMS Carpathia, which rescued more than 700 survivors from the Titanic in 1912. The vessel was herself sunk off the Cornish coast in a German torpedo attack six years later. Dive organiser Jeff Cornish said the team of volunteers was also aiming to collect artefacts for an exhibition about the Titanic in London next year. The ship lies 500ft (150m) underwater, 300 miles off south-west England. The ship picked up 705 survivors as the Titanic went down in 1912 after hitting an iceberg. It is believed that without the Carpathia and her skipper, Captain Arthur Rostron, there would have been no survivors from the Titanic. Ship's bell Mr Cornish said the divers were hoping to recover a number of key items from the ship. "The ship's bell is going to be a prize possession which we would like to recover," he said. "(And) what's called a 'loving cup' was given by survivors of the Titanic to Captain Rostron for saving them. "What's present on the bridge, cutlery, plates with the Cunard insignia on it - those sorts of things that I think people will be interested in looking at in the exhibition." The wreck of the 13,000-tonne Cunard liner was discovered in 1999. The passenger steamship had been built at the Swan Hunter yard in Newcastle and was launched in August 1902. It was sailing east from New York on the night of Sunday 14 April, 1912, when it received the Titanic's distress signal. Captain Rostron set a course at maximum speed to reach the Titanic's last known position, about 58 miles away. He ordered the ship's heating and water to be cut off so the engines could use all its steam as it worked through dangerous ice fields to reach the sinking Titanic.	RMS Carpathia
Austria is divided into how many states?	Titanic artifacts in the Museum's collections \| National Museum of American History Titanic artifacts in the Museum's collections Introduction The White Star ocean liner Titanic set off on its maiden voyage from Southampton, England, to New York, on April 10, 1912 with 2,227 passengers and crew aboard. At 11:40 p.m., the night of April 14, the ship struck an iceberg at full speed, on its starboard bow. The iceberg scraped along the starboard side of the hull below the waterline, slicing open the hull between five of the adjacent watertight compartments. If only one or two of the compartments had been compromised, Titanic might have stayed afloat, but with so many damaged, the watertight integrity of the entire forward section of the hull was fatally breached. Less than three hours later, at around 2:20 a.m., Titanic sank approximately 13.5 miles east-southeast of the position from which its distress call was transmitted. More than 1,500 passengers and crew perished. Over 700 surviving passengers and crew, afloat in the ship’s 20 lifeboats, were rescued within a few hours by the Cunard Liner, Carpathia. A few of the Titanic’s passengers were some of the wealthiest and most famous people of the era, including John Jacob Astor IV and Benjamin Guggenheim. However most of the ship’s passengers were immigrants, headed for the United States. Some 150 bodies were recovered from the North Atlantic, but about half were never identified. The deepwater wreck of the Titanic was located by a French and American scientific expedition team September 1, 1985, approximately 350 miles southeast of Newfoundland, Canada. In 1986, another expedition documented the shipwreck more thoroughly. Collections The National Museum of American History has acquired a few items related to the sinking of the Titanic through donations to the museum. The items are held within a number of the museum’s divisions. A selection of the artifacts can be viewed in the On the Water exhibition. In the Photo History collection: Bernice Palmer Ellis' Kodak Brownie camera Sometime around her 17th birthday, Canadian Bernice Palmer Ellis received a Kodak Brownie box camera, either for Christmas 1911 or for her birthday Jan. 10, 1912. In early April, she and her mother boarded the Cunard liner Carpathia in New York, for a Mediterranean cruise. Carpathia had scarcely cleared New York when it received a distress call from the White Star liner Titanic on April 14. It raced to the scene of the sinking and managed to rescue more than 700 survivors from the icy North Atlantic. With her new camera, Palmer Ellis took pictures of the iceberg that sliced open the Titanic’s hull and also took snapshots of some of the Titanic survivors. Lacking enough food to feed both the paying passengers and Titanic survivors, the Carpathia turned around and headed back to New York to land the survivors. Unaware of the high value of her pictures, Palmer Ellis sold publication rights to Underwood & Underwood for just $10 and a promise to develop, print, and return her pictures after use. In 1986, she donated her camera, the pictures and her remarkable story to the National Museum of American History. Photograph: Titanic honeymooners Mr./Mrs. George A. Harder This picture identifies the young facing couple as honeymooners Mr. & Mrs. George A. Harder of Brooklyn, NY. The woman with her back to Palmer Ellis' camera is Mrs. Charles M. Hayes; her husband was President of the Grand Trunk Railway. He died in the shipwreck, but Mrs. Hayes and her two daughters were rescued by Carpathia. Photograph: The iceberg that sank Titanic The Cunard Liner RMS Carpathia arrived at the scene around two hours after Titanic sank, finding only a few lifeboats and no survivors in the 28 degrees Fahrenheit water. Bernice Palmer Ellis took this picture of the iceberg identified as the one which sank Titanic, almost certainly identified by the survivors who climbed aboard Titanic. The large iceberg is surrounded by smaller ice floes, indicating how far north in the Atlantic Ocean the tragedy struck. Photograph: Titanic survivors wearing borrowed clothes When RMS Carpathia arrived at the spot where Titanic sank, all the rescuers could see by the light of the moon was some wreckage and lifeboats with passengers. Many of the passengers had come up on deck in their nightclothes and they were totally unprepared for the weather. The survivors were struck by the cold outdoor temperature, suffering from exposure, extreme stress and shock. Carpathia was able to pick up more than 700 survivors. As they boarded, they tossed their life vests into piles on the deck and were handed heavy, warm clothes by Carpathia's sympathetic passengers. Bernie Palmer Ellis' Titanic contract with Underwood & Underwood The captain of the Titanic's rescue ship Carpathia, imposed a news blackout on all communications from his ship until all of the Titanic survivors had disembarked in New York. The demand for stories was unparalleled, and journalists swarmed Carpathia looking for firsthand accounts of the shipwreck and rescue. An unnamed newsman for Underwood & Underwood, a New York photography agency, scored one of the most valuable scoops when he met 17-year-old Bernice Palmer Ellis, a passenger on Carpathia who happened to have a Kodak Brownie box camera. She had taken pictures not only of the Titanic survivors on Carpathia's deck, but also of the actual iceberg that sank Titanic. The newsman offered to develop, print and return the pictures to Palmer Ellis, along with $10. Not realizing the extraordinary value of her photos, Palmer Ellis readily agreed, and Underwood and Underwood obtained unique images of the Titanic shipwreck for a pittance. This is the contract between Palmer Ellis and the Underwood & Underwood newsman transferring rights to the pictures. In 1986, Palmer Ellis gave her camera, Titanic photographs, and other associated materials to the Smithsonian. In the Work and Industry collection: Titanic life vest Chicago physician, Dr. Frank Blackmarr, was a passenger on Carpathia who helped rescued survivors suffering from hypothermia, exposure and shock. He collected a Titanic life vest during the voyage as a souvenir, and later donated it to the Chicago Historical Society. In 1982, the Chicago Historical Society donated it to the Smithsonian’s National Watercraft Collection held at the museum. Photograph of Titanic clearing the port of Southampton, England, April 10, 1912 Because Titanic sank on its maiden voyage, few original pictures of the ship exist. Most of the photographs were taken in the Harland and Wolff Shipyard in Belfast, Ireland, while the ship was under construction. There is one that shows the new ocean liner entering the port of Southampton, England, with the help of tugboats several weeks before the ship was to take on passengers. There are also a few taken of Titanic as it cleared that port on its maiden voyage April 10, 1912 with a full load of passengers. The museum owns one of the last of these photographs, showing the starboard or right side of the ship against the wharf. The wave at the bow of the vessel indicates that it is already picking up speed, as it readies for the open ocean. Harry Cheetham 1911 radio operator's license Harry Cheetham was one of the pioneers of early radio in the United States. His 1911 radio operator's license was issued shortly before Titanic sank, and the Boston Globe newspaper hired him to listen for and intercept radio communications messages from Carpathia while it steamed back to New York with the Titanic survivors aboard. Although Carpathia's captain had imposed a general radio blackout, it did communicate the names of survivors for the benefit of the families ashore, who were anxiously awaiting news of their relatives' fates. Cheetham intercepted one of the survivor messages and sold the information to the Globe for $175. Harry Cheetham's Leyden jars Shortly after RMS Carpathia's rescue of Titanic survivors, the ship visited Boston, Mass. There Marconi Wireless Radio employee Harry Cheetham boarded Carpathia to service the radio, which had been damaged during the Titanic operations. He replaced two Leyden jars used for storing electric charges. One is intact and the other is broken. Fortunately the broken one shows how the jars were constructed inside to store and relay an electrical charge. Cheetham kept these artifacts as Titanic souvenirs, and donated them to the Smithsonian in 1930. Cheetham antenna breaker: RMS Carpathia's wireless radio was damaged during the rescue of Titanic's passengers, and the next time the ship was in Boston, Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company employee Harry Cheetham went aboard Carpathia to service the wireless. At the time, shipboard radios belonged to the radio company, not the shipping lines. One of the items Cheetham replaced was this lever. Analysis of photographs of contemporary radio rooms indicates that it most likely was a manual breaker for the antenna connection to the radio, which would have been opened in storms to prevent lightning from striking the radio. Picture of Cheetham next to Mass. Volunteer soldiers Harry Cheetham was President of the Somerville High School Wireless Society from 1906-1909, after which he went to sea briefly. This photograph taken shortly before World War I shows Harry in civilian clothing, to the right of the radio among other members of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia. Langdon Carpathia image Both the British and the Americans held formal inquiries and hearings on the Titanic loss. The investigations revealed that although several vessels heard Titanic's distress call and one was closer even than Carpathia when the call went out, only Carpathia responded in time to rescue survivors. As a result, Carpathia saved more than 700 Titanic passengers. The ships that returned to the area of the wreck site later only found bodies and debris that had floated up from the depths. Titanic Sheet Music (two pieces are reference materials in Work & Industry) Shortly after the loss of RMS Titanic, piano sheet music was sold in major cities to capitalize on the catastrophe. In the days before television, widespread movies or even radio, people gathered around the pianos in their parlors or living rooms and sang songs. These social and musical gatherings presented opportunities to think and talk about contemporary events in the recent news. The sheet music covers often had scenes evoking emotional reactions from their users. In the Archives Center: The Sam DeVincent Collection of Illustrated American Sheet Music The DeVincent collection was donated to the National Museum of American History by Sam DeVincent in March 1988. DeVincent started collecting sheet music from an early age and the collection he amassed was one of the largest American sheet music collections in private hands. The collection contains many pieces of sheet music with illustrated covers related to the sinking of Titanic. The collection is housed in the museum’s Archives Center and contains the following items: “As The Titanic Sank Beneath The Waves,” 1928,composed by Mrs. Howard McCarty, in Perry’s Musical Magazine “The Band Played ‘Nearer My God to Thee’ As The Ship Went Down,” 1912,words by Mark Beam and music by Harold Jones “Carpathia Grand March,” 1912,by E. Moore “The Fate of the Titanic,” 1912, words and music by Delbert Rhoades “The Great Titanic Wreck,” 1915, words by Robert Malcom and music by Carl Heil “I Just Cannot Say Goodbye (Memorial Edition),” 1912, words by John G. Knight and music by A. D. Magbee “Just As The Boat Went Down – The First Titanic Song (Souvenir Edition),” 1912, words and music by Marvin Lee “Just As The Ship Went Down,” 1912, words by Edith Maida Lessing and music by Sidney Gibson and Bernie Adler “My Sweetheart Went Down With The Ship,” 1912, words by Roger Lewis and music by F. Henri Klickmann “Titanic,” 1982, by Robert W. Thuggerson “Nearer, Nearer God To Thee,” 1912, words by Ida. A. Long and music by Paul Eugene “Oh! Mister Captain,” 1915, words and music by Clarence A. Stout ”The Sinking of the Titanic March,” 1913, by Mrs. Lulu Wills\ “Titanic for Pianoforte,” 1912, by N. Bek Amir-Khan “The Titanic,” 1980, words and music by Howard Crockett and John Whitten “Titanic Disaster,” no date, by Jessie Bailey “Titanic Heroes,” 1912, words by C. P. Nedergard and music by A. Reuterdahl “Titanic In The Shadows Of The Deep,” 1912, words by John Boland and music by W.M. Held “The Titanic’s Disaster,” 1912, (Title also in Hebrew) words by Soloman Small, arranged for piano by H. A. Russotto “The Wreck Of The Titanic,” 1912, by William Baltzell “The Titanic’s Doom,” 1912, words by Washington Sherman and music by Hazel Fem Sherman “Wreck Of The “Titanic” in Characteristic and Descriptive Pieces for the Piano,” 1912, by Jeanette Forrest “The Band Was Playing As The Ship Went Down,” no date, by Robert Donnelly “Be British! Descriptive Song and Recitation,” 1912, by Paul Pelham and Lawrence Wright “Death Song of The Titanic,” 1912, words by Mrs. C.W. Hea and music by L.F. Malkemus “The End Of The Titanic In The Sea,” 1912, by Jackson and Wright “Heroes Of The Titanic,” 1912, by Signora Peppina Muratori Greeley “A Hero Went Down With The Monarch Of The Sea,” 1912, words by J.W. Willis and music by M.C. Hanford “The Hidden Side,” 1912, by John E. MacCallum “Men Be British”(Solo), 1912, by C. A. Fram “Our Sea Heroes,” 1912, words by Miss E. J. Thibaut and music by Charles J. W. Jerreld “The Parting Of The Ways,” 1912, words by Geraldine B. O’Connor and music by R. Graham Harvey “The Ship That Will Never Return (The Loss Of The “Titanic”),” 1912, by F. V. St. Clair “The Shipwreck Song,” 1912, words by Ludwig Olson and music by Charles J. W. Jerreld, “The Sinking Of The Titanic,” 1912, by Marcellus O. Ruch “The Titanic,” 1912 by Louis S. Florence “The Titanic That Never Returned,” 1912, words by Mrs. E. S. Potter and music by M. C. Hanford “The Wreck Of The Titanic A Descriptive March,” 1912, by John J. Thomas “The Wreck Of The Titanic Descriptive Musical Sketch For The Piano,” 1912, by Haydon Augarde “Nearer My God To Thee” – The collection contains 27 copies of this piece, including a variety of musical arrangements. In the Numismatics collection: Titanic gold medal Founded in 1904 by wealthy financier Andrew Carnegie in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the Carnegie Hero Fund Commission (CHFC) exists to honor acts of individual civilian heroism in the United States and Canada. It is still active today; recipients include both the living, the dead and persons directly affected by the loss of a heroic relative. The emotional impact on the general public of the April 1912 loss of Titanic was astonishing, and the continually updated story lasted for months in the contemporary newspapers. In Pittsburgh, Penn., the Commission felt compelled to honor all the heroes who had risked their lives in the rescue of the more than 700 passengers, so at their April 26, 1912 meeting they authorized a nine-oz. 22-k gold medal to be struck, mounted in an elaborate bronze base, inscribed and presented to the Smithsonian. The Smithsonian accepted the gift and displayed it before adding it to the Numismatics Collection in the National Museum of American History. What is on view? The following items are currently on display in the On The Water exhibit at the National Museum of American History: Photograph: The iceberg that sank Titanic Photograph: Titanic survivors wearing borrowed clothes Bernice Palmer Ellis' Kodak Brownie camera Titanic life vest Titanic Sheet Music (two pieces from Work and Industry collection) Constitution Avenue, NW Between 12th and 14th Streets Washington, D.C.	i don't know

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.